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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 1 of
+2) by Julian, Emperor of Rome
+
+
+
+This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re‐use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license. If you are not located in the United
+States, you’ll have to check the laws of the country where you are located
+before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 1 of 2)
+
+Author: Julian, Emperor of Rome
+
+Release Date: April 7, 2015 [Ebook #48664]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF‐8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 1 OF 2)***
+
+
+
+
+
+                     The Works of the Emperor Julian
+
+                                 Volume 1
+
+                      With an English Translation by
+
+                            Wilmer Cave Wright
+
+                         Harvard University Press
+
+                         Cambridge, Massachusetts
+
+                                   1913
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Introduction
+Bibliography
+Oration I
+Oration II
+Oration III
+   Introduction To Oration III
+Oration IV
+   Introduction To Oration IV
+Oration V
+   Introduction To Oration V
+Index
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               [Cover Art]
+
+[Transcriber’s Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter
+at Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public domain.]
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS,(1) son of Julius Constantius and nephew of the
+Emperor Constantine, was born at Constantinople in 331 A.D. His father,
+eldest brother, and cousins were slain in the massacre by which
+Constantius, Constantine II., and Constans secured the empire for
+themselves on the death of their father Constantine in 337. Julian and his
+elder brother Gallus spent a precarious childhood and youth, of which six
+years were passed in close confinement in the remote castle of Macellum in
+Cappadocia, and their position was hardly more secure when, in 350, Gallus
+was elevated to the Caesarship by Constantius, who, after the violent
+deaths of his two brothers, was now sole ruler of the empire. But Julian
+was allowed to pursue his favourite studies in Greek literature and
+philosophy, partly at Nicomedia and Athens, partly in the cities of Asia
+Minor, and he was deeply influenced by Maximus of Ephesus, the occult
+philosopher, Libanius of Nicomedia, the fashionable sophist, and
+Themistius the Aristotelian commentator, the only genuine philosopher
+among the sophists of the fourth century A.D.
+
+When the excesses of the revolutionary Gallus ended in his death at the
+hands of Constantius, Julian, an awkward and retiring student, was
+summoned to the court at Milan, where he was protected by the Empress
+Eusebia from the suspicions of Constantius and the intrigues of hostile
+courtiers. Constantius had no heir to continue the dynasty of the
+Constantii. He therefore raised Julian to the Caesarship in 355, gave him
+his sister Helena in marriage, and dispatched him to Gaul to pacify the
+Gallic provinces. To the surprise of all, Julian in four successive
+campaigns against the Franks and the Alemanis proved himself a good
+soldier and a popular general. His _Commentaries_ on these campaigns are
+praised by Eunapius(2) and Libanius,(3) but are not now extant. In 357‐358
+Constantius, who was occupied by wars against the Quadi and the
+Sarmatians, and threatened with a renewal of hostilities by the Persian
+king Sapor, ordered Julian, who was then at Paris, to send to his aid the
+best of the Gallic legions. Julian would have obeyed, but his troops,
+unwilling to take service in the East, mutinied and proclaimed him Emperor
+(359 A.D.). Julian issued manifestoes justifying his conduct to the
+Senates of Rome and Athens and to the Spartans and Corinthians, a
+characteristic anachronism, since their opinion no longer had any weight.
+It was not till 361 that he began his march eastward to encounter the army
+of Constantius. His troops, though seasoned and devoted, were in numbers
+no match for the legions of his cousin. But the latter, while marching
+through Cilicia to oppose his advance, died suddenly of a fever near
+Tarsus, and Julian, now in his thirtieth year, succeeded peacefully to the
+throne and made a triumphal entry into Constantinople in December, 361.
+
+The eunuchs and courtiers who had surrounded Constantius were replaced by
+sophists and philosophers, and in the next six months Julian set on foot
+numerous economic and administrative reforms. He had long been secretly
+devoted to the Pagan religion, and he at once proclaimed the restoration
+of the Pagan gods and the temple worship. Christianity he tolerated, and
+in his brief reign of sixteen months the Christians were not actively
+persecuted. His treatise _Against the Christians_, which survives only in
+fragments, was an explanation of his apostasy. The epithet “Apostate” was
+bestowed on him by the Christian Fathers. Meanwhile he was preparing—first
+at Constantinople then at Antioch, where he wrote the _Misopogon_, a
+satire on the luxury and frivolity of the inhabitants—for a campaign
+against Sapor, a task which he had inherited from Constantius. In March,
+362 he left Antioch and crossed the Euphrates, visited Carrhae, memorable
+for the defeat of Crassus, then crossed the Tigris, and, after burning his
+fleet, retired northwards towards Armenia. On the march he fought an
+indecisive battle with the Persians at Maranga, and in a skirmish with the
+retreating enemy he was mortally wounded by a javelin (January 26th, 363).
+His body was carried to Tarsus by his successor the Emperor Jovian, and
+was probably removed later to Constantinople. The legend that as he died
+he exclaimed: Γαλιλαῖε νενίκηκας, “Thou hast conquered, O Galilæan!”
+appears first in the Christian historian Theodoret in the fifth century.
+Julian was the last male descendant of the famous dynasty founded by
+Constantius Chlorus.
+
+In spite of his military achievements, he was, first of all, a student.
+Even on his campaigns he took his books with him, and several of his
+extant works were composed in camp. He had been trained, according to the
+fashion of his times, in rhetorical studies by professional sophists such
+as Libanius, and he has all the mannerisms of a fourth century sophist. It
+was the sophistic etiquette to avoid the direct use of names, and Julian
+never names the usurpers Magnentius, Silvanus, and Vetranio, whose
+suppression by Constantius he describes in his two first _Orations_,
+regularly refers to Sapor as “the barbarian,” and rather than name
+Mardonius, his tutor, calls him “a certain Scythian who had the same name
+as the man who persuaded Xerxes to invade Hellas.”(4) He wrote the
+literary Greek of the fourth century A.D. which imitates the classical
+style, though barbarisms and late constructions are never entirely
+avoided. His pages are crowded with echoes of Homer, Demosthenes, Plato,
+and Isocrates, and his style is interwoven with half verses, phrases, and
+whole sentences taken without acknowledgment from the Greek masterpieces.
+It is certain that, like other sophists, he wished his readers to
+recognise these echoes, and therefore his source is always classical, so
+that where he seems to imitate Dio Chrysostom or Themistius, both go back
+to a common source, which Julian had in mind. Another sophistic element in
+his style is the use of commonplaces, literary allusions that had passed
+into the sophistic language and can be found in all the writers of
+reminiscence Greek in his day. He himself derides this practice(5) but he
+cannot resist dragging in the well‐worn references to Cyrus, Darius, and
+Alexander, to the nepenthe poured out by Helen in the _Odyssey_, to the
+defiance of nature by Xerxes, or the refusal of Socrates to admit the
+happiness of the Great King. Julian wished to make Neo‐Platonism the
+philosophy of his revived Hellenism, but he belonged to the younger or
+Syrian branch of the school, of which Iamblichus was the real founder, and
+he only once mentions Plotinus. Iamblichus he ranked with Plato and paid
+him a fanatical devotion. His philosophical writing, especially in the two
+prose _Hymns_, is obscure, partly because his theories are only vaguely
+realised, partly because he reproduces the obscurity of his model,
+Iamblichus. In satire and narrative he can be clear and straightforward.
+
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+
+
+Manuscripts
+
+
+The _Vossianus_ (V), Leyden, 13th or 14th cent. (contains also the
+_Letters_ of Libanius), is the only reliable MS. of Julian, and was once
+complete except for a few _Letters_. Where pages are lost from V a group
+of inferior MSS. are used, _Marcianus_ 366 (M), 251 (Mb), both 15th cent.,
+five _Monacenses_ (at Munich), and several _Parisini_ (at Paris). Cobet’s
+contributions to the text are in _Mnemosyne_ 8, 9, 10 (old series
+1859‐1861) and 10, 11 (new series 1882‐1883). A. Papadoulos Kerameus
+published in _Rheinisches Museum_, 1887, six new _Letters_ discovered on
+the island of Chalcis.
+
+
+
+
+Editions
+
+
+_Misopogon_ and _Letters_ (with Latin version) Martin, Paris, 1566. Martin
+and Cantoclarus, Paris, 1583. Petau (Petavius) Paris, 1630. Spanheim,
+Leipzig, 1696. _Oration I_, Schaefer, Leipzig, 1802 (with Latin version
+and Wyttenbach’s _Critical Epistle to Ruhnken_). Hertlein, Leipzig
+(Teubner), 1875‐1876.(6) _Against the Christians_, Neumann, Leipzig, 1880.
+_Letters:_ Heyler, Mainz, 1828. Westermann, Leipzig, 1854.
+
+
+
+
+Literature
+
+
+_La Vie de l’Empereur Julien_, Abbé de la Bleterie, Paris, 1735. Strauss,
+_Der Romantiker auf dem Throne der Caesaren_, Mannheim, 1847. Mücke
+_Julian’s Leben und Schriften_, Gotha, 1868. Naville, _Julien l’Apostat_,
+Neufchâtel, 1877. Schwartz, _De vita et scriptis Juliani_, Bonn, 1888.
+Gildersleeve _Julian_ in _Essays and Studies_, Baltimore, 1890. Gardner,
+_Julian_, New York, 1895. France (W. C. Wright), _Julian’s Relation to
+Neo‐Platonism __ and the New Sophistic_, London, 1896. Negri,
+_L’Imperatore Giuliano_, Milan, 1902 (translated by Letta‐Visconti‐Arese,
+London, 1906). Bidez and Cumont, _Recherches sur la tradition manuscrite
+des lettres de Julien_, Brussels, 1898. Asmus, _Julian und Dio
+Chrysostomus_, Tauberbischofsheim, 1895. Brambs, _Studien_, Eichstätt,
+1897. Allard, _Julien l’Apostat_, Paris, 1903. Cumont, _Sur l’authenticité
+de quelques lettres de Julien_, Gaud, 1889.
+
+
+
+
+Translations
+
+
+Latin: _Misopogon_ and _Letters_, Martin in edition. _Oration I_, Schaefer
+in edition. _Letters_, Heyler in edition. French: Tourlet, Paris, 3 vols.
+1821. _Traduction de quelques Ouvrages de l’Empereur Julien_, Abbé de la
+Bleterie, Paris, 1748. _Caesars_, Spanheim, Paris, 1683. German: _Against
+the Christians_, Neumann, Leipzig, 1880. English: _Select Works_ by
+Duncombe, London, 1784 (contains also some translations of Libanius).
+
+
+
+
+Bibliographical Addendum (1980)
+
+
+J. Bidez: _La tradition manuscrite et les éditions des discours de Julien_
+(1929). J. Bidez: _La vie de l’empereur Julien_ (1930). G. W. Bowersock:
+_Julian the Apostate_, Cambridge, Mass. (1978). R. Browning: _The Emperor
+Julian_ (1975). G. Gigli: _Giuliano l’Apostata_ (1960). W. E. Kaegi:
+“Research on Julian, 1945‐1964,” _CW_ 58 (1965) 229ff. G. Ricciotti:
+_Julian the Apostate_, trans. M. J. Costelloe (1960).
+
+
+
+
+
+ORATION I
+
+
+[Transcriber’s Note: The original book had pages with Greek on the left
+page and the corresponding English translation on the facing right page.
+In this e‐book, each Greek paragraph will be immediately followed by the
+English translation paragraph, surrounded in parentheses. The Greek text
+contains markings such as [3] and [B]; they are section and sub‐section
+markings that in the original book were in the right margin. These are
+different from numbers within parentheses such as (10), which are used as
+footnote references in some e‐book formats.]
+
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΟΝ
+
+(PANEGYRIC IN HONOUR OF THE EMPEROR CONSTANTIUS)
+
+Πάλαι με προθυμούμενον, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πράξεις
+ὑμνῆσαι καὶ τοὺς πολέμους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι, καὶ τὰς τυραννίδας ὅπως
+ἀνῄιρηκας, τῆς μὲν λόγῳ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς δορυφόρους ἀποστήσας, τῆς δὲ τοῖς
+ὅπλοις κρατήσας, τὸ μέγεθος εἶργε τῶν πράξεων, οὐ τὸ βραχὺ λειφθῆναι τῷ
+λόγῳ τῶν ἔργων δεινὸν κρίνοντα, ἀλλὰ τὸ παντελῶς τῆς ὑποθέσεως διαμαρτεῖν
+δόξαι. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ περὶ τοὺς πολιτικοῦς ἀγῶνας καὶ τὴν ποίησιν
+διατρίβουσιν οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν εἰ ῥᾳδίως ἔξεστιν ἐγχειρεῖν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις τῶν
+σοι πραχθέντων· [2] περίεστι γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῆς τοῦ λέγειν μελέτης καὶ τῆς
+πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις συνηθείας τὸ θαρσεῖν ἐν δίκῃ. ὅσοι δὸ τοῦ μὲν τοιούτου
+μέρους κατωλιγώρησαν, ὥρμησαν δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ἕτερον παιδείας εἶδος καὶ λόγων
+ξυγγραφὴν οὐ δήμῳ κεχαρισμένην οὐδ᾽ ἐς θέατρα παντοδαπὰ τολμῶσαν
+ἀποδύεσθαι, πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἔχοιεν ἂν εἰκότως εὐλαβεστέρως. ἔστι γὰρ
+οὐκ ἄδηλον τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι [B] τοῦς μὲν ποιηταῖς Μοῦσαι καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν ἐκεῖθεν
+ἐπιπνεομένους τὴν ποίησιν γράφειν ἄφθονον παρέχει τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ
+πλάσματος· τοῖς ῥήτορσι δὲ ἡ τέχνη τὴν ἴσην παρέσχεν ἄδειαν, τὸ μὲν
+πλάττειν ἀφελομένη, τὸ δὲ κολακεύειν οὐδαμῶς ἀπαγορεύσασα, οὐδὲ αἰσχύνην
+ὁμολογουμένην τῷ λέγοντι τὸ ψευδῶς(7) ἐπαινεῖν τοὺς οὐκ ἀξίους ἐπαίνου
+κρίνασα. ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἐπειδὰν καινόν τινα μῦθον καὶ μηδέπω τοῖς πρόσθεν
+ἐπινοηθέντα φέρωσιν αὐτοὶ ξυνθέντες, [C] τῷ ξένῳ τοὺς ἀκούοντας
+ψυχαγωγήσαντες πλέον θαυμάζονται· οἱ δὲ τῆς τέχνης ἀπολαῦσαί φασιν ἐν τῷ
+δύνασθαι περὶ τῶν μικρῶν μειζόνως διελθεῖν, καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἀφελεῖν τῶν
+ἔργων τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ὄλως ἀντιτάττειν τῇ τῶν πραγμάτων φύσει τὴν δύναμιν(8)
+τῶν λόγων.
+
+(I have long desired, most mighty Emperor, to sing the praises of your
+valour and achievements, to recount your campaigns, and to tell how you
+suppressed the tyrannies; how your persuasive eloquence drew away one
+usurper’s(9) bodyguard; how you overcame another(10) by force of arms. But
+the vast scale of your exploits deterred me, because what I had to dread
+was not that my words would fall somewhat short of your achievements, but
+that I should prove wholly unequal to my theme. That men versed in
+political debate, or poets, should find it easy to compose a panegyric on
+your career is not at all surprising. Their practice in speaking, their
+habit of declaiming in public supplies them abundantly with a well‐
+warranted confidence. But those who have neglected this field and chosen
+another branch of literary study which devotes itself to a form of
+composition little adapted to win popular favour and that has not the
+hardihood to exhibit itself in its nakedness in every theatre, no matter
+what, would naturally hesitate to make speeches of the epideictic sort. As
+for the poets, their Muse, and the general belief that it is she who
+inspires their verse, obviously gives them unlimited license to invent. To
+rhetoricians the art of rhetoric allows just as much freedom; fiction is
+denied them, but flattery is by no means forbidden, nor is it counted a
+disgrace to the orator that the object of his panegyric should not deserve
+it. Poets who compose and publish some legend that no one had thought of
+before increase their reputation, because an audience is entertained by
+the mere fact of novelty. Orators, again, assert(11) that the advantage of
+their art is that it can treat a slight theme in the grand manner, and
+again, by the use of mere words, strip the greatness from deeds, and, in
+short, marshall the power of words against that of facts.)
+
+Ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν ἑώρων ταύτης ἐμαυτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν χρείᾳ τῆς τέχνης,
+ἦγον ἂν τὴν προσήκουσαν ἡσυχίαν τοῖς ἀμελετήτως ἔχουσι τῶν τοιούτων λόγων,
+[D] παραχωρῶν τῶν σῶν ἐγκωμίων ἐκείνοις, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην. ἐπεὶ
+δὲ ἅπαν τοὐναντίον ὁ παρὼν ἀπαιτεῖ λόγος τῶν πραγμάτων ἁπλῆν διήγησιν
+οὐδενὸς ἐπεισάκτου κόσμου δεομένην, ἔδοξε κἀμοὶ προσήκειν, τοῦ(12) ἀξίως
+διηγήσασθαι τῶν ἔργων ἀνεφίκτου καὶ τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν(13) ἤδη φανέντος.
+ἅπαντες γὰρ σχεδὸν οἱ [3] περὶ παιδείαν διατρίβοντες σε(14) ἐν μέτρῳ καὶ
+καταλογάδην ὑμνοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν ἅπαντα περιλαβεῖν ἐν βραχεῖ τολμῶντες, οἱ δὲ
+μέρεσιν αὑτοὺς ἐπιδόντες τῶν πράξεων ἀρκεῖν ᾠήθησαν, εἰ τούτων τῆς ἀξίας
+μὴ διαμάρτοιεν. ἄξιον δὲ ἄγασθαι τὴν προθυμίαν τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἁπάντων, ὅσοι
+τῶν σῶν ἐπαίνων ἥψαντο. οἱ μὲν γάρ, ὅπως μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τῶν σοι
+πραχθέντων ἀμαυρωθείη, τὸν μέγιστον ὑποδῦναι πόνον ἐτόλμησαν, οἱ δέ, ὅτι
+τοῦ παντὸς διαμαρτήσειν ἤλπιζον, τὴν αὑτῶν γνώμην ἐν μέρει προύφηναν, [B]
+ἄμεινον τοῦ τῆς σιωπῆς ἀκινδύνου γέρως κρίναντες κατὰ δύναμίν σοι τῶν
+οἰκείων πόνων ἀπάρξασθαι.
+
+(If, however, I had seen that on this occasion I should need their art, I
+should have maintained the silence that befits those who have had no
+practice in such forms of composition, and should leave your praises to be
+told by those whom I just now mentioned. Since, on the contrary, the
+speech I am to make calls for a plain narrative of the facts and needs no
+adventitious ornament, I thought that even I was not unfit, seeing that my
+predecessors had already shown that it was beyond them to produce a record
+worthy of your achievements. For almost all who devote themselves to
+literature attempt to sing your praises in verse or prose; some of them
+venture to cover your whole career in a brief narrative, while others
+devote themselves to a part only, and think that if they succeed in doing
+justice to that part they have proved themselves equal to the task.)
+
+Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς ὢν ἐτύγχανον τῶν τοὺς ἐπιδεικτικοὺς ἀγαπώντων
+λόγους, ἐχρῆν ἐντεῦθεν ἄρχεσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως, τὴν ἴσην εὔνοιαν
+ἀπαιτήσαντα τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ἤδη σοι παρ᾽ ἡμῶν καὶ δεηθέντα τῶν λόγων
+ἀκροατὴν εὐμενῆ γενέσθαι, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκριβῆ καὶ ἀπαραίτητον κριτὴν
+καταστῆναι. [C] ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν ἄλλοις μαθήμασι τραφέντες καὶ παιδευθέντες,
+καθάπερ ἐπιτηδεύμασι καὶ νόμοις, ἀλλοτρίων κατατολμᾶν ἔργων δοκοῦμεν οὐκ
+ὀρθῶς, μικρά μοι δοκεῖ χρῆναι καὶ περὶ τούτων δηλῶσαι, οἰκειοτέραν ἀρχὴν
+προθέντα τοῦ λόγου.
+
+(Yet one can but admire the zeal of all who have made you the theme of a
+panegyric. Some did not shrink from the tremendous effort to secure every
+one of your achievements from the withering touch of time; others, because
+they foresaw that they could not compass the whole, expressed themselves
+only in part, and chose to consecrate to you their individual work so far
+as they were able. Better this, they thought, than “the reward of silence
+that runs no risk.”(15) Now if I were one of those whose favourite pursuit
+is epideictic oratory, I should have to begin my speech by asking from you
+no less goodwill than I now feel towards yourself, and should beg you
+graciously to incline your ear to my words and not play the part of a
+severe and inexorable critic. But since, bred as I have been and educated
+in other studies, other pursuits, other conventions, I am criticised for
+venturing rashly into fields that belong to others, I feel that I ought to
+explain myself briefly on this head and begin my speech more after my own
+fashion.)
+
+Νόμος ἐστὶ παλαιὸς παρὰ τοῦ πρώτου φιλοσοφίαν ἀνθρώποις φήναντος οὑτωσὶ
+κείμενος· ἅπαντας [D] πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν βλέποντας
+ἐπιτηδεύειν ἐν λόγοις, ἐν ἔργοις, ἐν ξυνουσίαις, ἐν πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς τοῖς κατὰ
+τὸν βίον μικροῖς καὶ μείζοσι τοῦ καλοῦ πάντως ἐφίεσθαι. πάντων δὲ ὅτι
+κάλλιστον ἀρετή, τίς ἂν ἡμῖν τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων ἀμφισβητήσειε; ταύτης τοίνυν
+ἀντέχεσθαι διακελεύεται τοὺς μὴ μάτην τουτὶ περιοίσοντας τοὔνομα, προσῆκον
+οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς σφετερισαμένους. ταῦτα δὲ διαγορεύων ὁ νόμος οὐδεμίαν ἰδέαν
+ἐπιτάττει λόγων, οὐδ᾽ ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος τραγικῆς μηχανῆς, φησὶ, χρῆναι
+προαγορεύει τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσ [4] σπεύδειν μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν, ἀποφεύγειν
+δὲ τὴν πονηρίαν, ἀλλὰ πολλαῖς ὁδοῖς ἐπὶ τοῦτο δίδωσι χρῆσθαι τῷ βουληθέντι
+μιμεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκείνου φύσιν. καὶ γὰρ παραίνεσιν ἀγαθὴν καὶ λόγων
+προτρεπτικῶν χρῆσιν καὶ τὸ μετ᾽ εὐνοίας ἐπιπλήττειν τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν
+ἐπαινεῖν τε αὖ τὰ καλῶς πραχθέντα καὶ ψέγειν, ὅταν ᾖ καιρός, τὰ μὴ [B]
+τοιαῦτα τῶν ἔργων. ἐφίησι δὲ καὶ(16) ταῖς ἄλλαις ἰδεαις, εἴ τις ἐθέλοι,
+πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον τῶν λόγων χρῆσθαι, ἐπὶ παντὶ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ λόγῳ καὶ
+πράξει μεμνῆσθαι προστάττων, ὅπῃ τούτων ὑφέξουσιν εὐθύνας, ὧν ἂν τύχωσιν
+εἰπόντες, λέγειν δὲ οὐδὲν ὅ τι μὴ πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἀνοίσουσι. τὰ
+μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου ταῦτα καὶ τοιαῦτα ἕτερα.
+
+(There is an ancient maxim taught by him who first introduced philosophy
+to mankind, and it is as follows. All who aspire to virtue and the
+beautiful must study in their words, deeds, conversation, in short, in all
+the affairs of life, great and small, to aim in every way at beauty. Now
+what sensible man would deny that virtue is of all things the most
+beautiful? Wherefore those are bidden to lay firm hold on her who do not
+seek to blazon abroad her name in vain, appropriating that which in no way
+belongs to them. Now in giving this counsel, the maxim does not prescribe
+any single type of discourse, nor does it proclaim to its readers, like a
+god from the machine in tragedy, “Ye must aspire to virtue and eschew
+evil.” Many are the paths that it allows a man to follow to this goal, if
+he desire to imitate the nature of the beautiful. For example, he may give
+good advice, or use hortatory discourse, or he may rebuke error without
+malice, or applaud what is well done, or condemn, on occasion, what is ill
+done. It permits men also to use other types of oratory, if they please,
+so as to attain the best end of speech, but it enjoins on them to take
+thought in every word and act how they shall give account of all they
+utter, and to speak no word that cannot be referred to the standard of
+virtue and philosophy. That and more to the same effect is the tenour of
+that precept.)
+
+Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἄρα τί ποτε δράσομεν, εἰργόμενοι μὲν τῷ δοκεῖν ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς
+χάριν τὴν εὐφημίαν, [C] τοῦ γένους δὲ ἤδη τῶν ἐπαίνων διὰ τούς οὐκ ὀρθῶς
+μετιόντας ὑπόπτου καθεστῶτος δεινῶς, καὶ κολακείας ἀγεννοῦς, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ
+μαρτυρίας ἀληθοῦς τῶν ἀρίστων ἔργων εἶναι νομισθέντος; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι τῇ περὶ
+τὸν ἐπαινούμενον ἀρετῇ πεπιστευκότες ἐπιδώσομεν ἑαυτοὺς θαρροῦντες τοῖς
+ἐγκωμίοις; τίς ἂν οὖν ἡμῖν ἀρχὴ καὶ τάξις τοῦ λόγου γένοιτο καλλίστη; [D]
+ἢ δῆλον ὡς ἡ τῶν προγόνων ἀρετή, δι᾽ ἣν ὑπῆρξέ σοι καὶ τὸ τοιούτῳ
+γενέσθαι; τροφῆς δὲ οἶμαι καὶ παιδείας ἑξῆς προσήκει μνησθῆναι, ἥπερ σοι
+τὸ πλεῖστον εἰς τῆν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀρετὴν συνεισηνέγκατο, ἐφ᾽ ἅπασι δὲ τούτοις
+ὥσπερ γνωρίσματα τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρετῶν τὰς πράξεις διελθεῖν, καὶ τέλος
+ἐπιτιθέντα τῷ λόγῳ τὰς ἕξεις δηλῶσαι, ὅθεν ὁρμώμενος τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ἔργων
+ἔδρασας καὶ ἐβουλεύσω. [5] τούτῳ γὰρ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων διοίσειν
+τὸν λόγον. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων ἵστανται, ἀποχρῆν οἰόμενοι πρὸς τὴν
+τελείαν εὐφημίαν τὸ τούτων μνησθῆναι, ἐγὼ δὲ οἶμαι δεῖν περὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν
+τὸν πλεῖστον λόγον ποιήσασθαι, ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὁρμώμενος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον τῶν
+κατορθωμάτων ἦλθες. τὰ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστα τῶν ἔργων, σχεδὸν δὲ πάντα, τύχη
+καὶ δορυφόροι καὶ στρατιωτῶν φάλαγγες καὶ τάξεις ἱππέων(17) συγκατορθοῦσι,
+[B] τὰ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργα μόνου τέ ἐστι τοῦ δράσαντος, καὶ ὁ ἐκ τούτων
+ἔπαινος ἀληθής καθεστὼς ἴδιος ἐστι τοῦ κεκτημένου. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ ταῦθ᾽
+ἡμῖν σαφῶς διώρισται, τῶν λόγων ἄρξομαι.
+
+(And now, what am I to do? What embarrasses me is the fact that, if I
+praise you, I shall be thought simply to curry favour, and in fact, the
+department of panegyric has come to incur a grave suspicion due to its
+misuse, and is now held to be base flattery rather than trustworthy
+testimony to heroic deeds. Is it not obvious that I must put my faith in
+the merit of him whom I undertake to praise, and with full confidence
+devote my energies to this panegyric? What then shall be the prelude of my
+speech and the most suitable arrangement? Assuredly I must begin with the
+virtues of your ancestors through which it was possible for you to come to
+be what you are. Next I think it will be proper to describe your
+upbringing and education, since these contributed very much to the noble
+qualities that you possess, and when I have dealt with all these, I must
+recount your achievements, the signs and tokens, as it were, of the
+nobility of your soul, and finally, as the crown and consummation of my
+discourse, I shall set forth those personal qualities from which was
+evolved all that was noble in your projects and their execution. It is in
+this respect that I think my speech will surpass those of all the others.
+For some limit themselves to your exploits, with the idea that a
+description of these suffices for a perfect panegyric, but for my part I
+think one ought to devote the greater part of one’s speech to the virtues
+that were the stepping‐stones by which you reached the height of your
+achievements. Military exploits in most cases, nay in almost all, are
+achieved with the help of fortune, the body‐guard, heavy infantry and
+cavalry regiments. But virtuous actions belong to the doer alone, and the
+praise that they inspire, if it be sincere, belongs only to the possessor
+of such virtue. Now, having made this distinction clear, I will begin my
+speech.)
+
+Ὁ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐπαίνων νόμος οὐδὲν ἔλαττον τῆς πατρίδος ἢ τῶν προγόνων
+ἀξιοῖ μεμνῆσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ οἶδα, τίνα χρὴ πρῶτον ὑπολαβεῖν πατρίδα σήν·
+ἔθνη γὰρ μυρία περὶ ταύτης ἀμφισβητεῖ πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. [C] καὶ ἡ μὲν
+βασιλεύουσα τῶν ἁπάντων πόλις, μήτηρ οὖσα σὴ καὶ τροφὸς καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν
+σοι μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης παρασχοῦσα, ἐξαίρετον αὑτῆς φησιν εἶναι τὸ
+γέρας, οὐ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων δικαίοις χρωμένη· λέγω
+δὲ ὅτι, κἂν ἀλλαχόθεν τυγχάνωσι, τῷ μετέχειν ἅπαντας ἤδη τοῦ πολιτεύματος
+καὶ τοῖς ἐκεῖθεν ἡμῖν καταδειχθεῖσιν ἔθεσι καὶ νόμοις χρῆσθαι πολῖται
+γεγόνασιν· οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς(18) τεκοῦσα τὴν σὴν μητέρα [D] καὶ
+θρεψαμένη βασιλικῶς καὶ τῶν ἐσομένων ἐκγόνων(19) ἀξίως. ἡ δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ
+Βοσπόρῳ πόλις, ὅλου τοῦ γένους τοῦ Κωνσταντίων ἐπώνυμος, πατρὶς μὲν οὐκ
+εἶναι φησι, γεγονέναι δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ὁμολογεῖ, καὶ δεινὰ πάσχειν
+οἰήσεται, εἰ ταύτης γοῦν τις αὐτὴν τῷ λόγῳ τῆς συγγενείας ἀφαιροῖτο.
+Ἰλλυριοὶ δέ, ὅτι παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς γέγονας, οὐκ ἀνέξονται τοῦ καλλίστου τῶν
+εὐτυχημάτων στερόμενοι, [6] εἴ τις ἄλλην σοι πατρίδα προσνέμοι. ἀκούω δὲ
+ἔγωγε καὶ τῶν ἑῴων ἤδη τινὰς λέγειν, ὅτι μὴ δίκαια δρῶμεν ἀφαιρούμενοι
+σφᾶς τὸν ἐπὶ σοὶ λόγον· αὐτοὶ γάρ φασι τὴν τήθην ἐπὶ τὸν τοῦ μητροπάτορος
+τοῦ σοῦ προπέμψαι γάμον. καὶ σχεδὸν ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ προφάσεις
+ἐπινοοῦντες μικρὰς ἢ μείζονας αὑτοῖς σε(20) εἰσποιεῖν ἐκ παντὸς ἐγνώκασιν.
+ἐχέτω μὲν οὖν τὸ γέρας ἣν αὐτὸς ἐθέλεις, [B] καὶ ἣν ἀρετῶν μητέρα καὶ
+διδάσκαλον πολλάκις ἐπαινῶν εἴρηκας, τυγχανόντων δὲ ἑκάστη κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν
+αἱ λοιπαὶ τοῦ προσήκοντος. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπαινεῖν μὲν ἁπάσας ἐθέλοιμ᾽(21) ἂν
+ἀξίας οὔσας δόξης(22) καὶ τιμῆς, ὀκνῶ δὲ μὴ διὰ τὸ μῆκος, εἰ καὶ δοκεῖ
+λίαν οἰκεῖα τοῦ παρόντος λόγου, διὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἀλλότρια φανῇ. τῶν μὲν οὖν
+ἄλλων τοὺς ἐπαίνους διὰ τοῦτ᾽ ἀφήσειν μοι δοκῶ, τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ τὸ κεφάλαιον
+τῶν ἐπαίνων αὐτός, [C] ὦ βασιλεῦ, συλλαβὼν ἐν βραχεῖ καὶ διδάσκαλον ἀρετῆς
+προσειπών, τῷ δοῦναι τὸ κάλλιστον τῶν ἐγκωμίων, τοὺς παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων λόγους
+ἀφῄρησαι. τί γὰρ λέξομεν ἡμεῖς περὶ αὐτῆς τοιοῦτον ἕτερον; τί δὲ ἄλλος τις
+εἰπεῖν ἔχει; ὥστε μοι δοκῶ σεβόμενος εἰκότως τὴν πόλιν τούτῳ τιμᾶν αὐτὴν
+πλέον, τῷ παραχωρεῖν σοι τῶν εἰς αὐτὴν λόγων.
+
+(The rules of panegyric require that I should mention your native land no
+less than your ancestors. But I am at a loss what country I ought to
+consider peculiarly yours. For countless nations have long asserted their
+claim to be your country. The city(23) that rules over them all was your
+mother and nurse, and in an auspicious hour delivered to you the imperial
+sceptre, and therefore asserts her sole title to the honour, and that not
+merely by resorting to the plea that has prevailed under all the emperors.
+I mean that, even if men are born elsewhere, they all adopt her
+constitution and use the laws and customs that she has promulgated, and by
+that fact become Roman citizens. But her claim is different, namely that
+she gave your mother birth, rearing her royally and as befitted the
+offspring who were to be born to her. Then again, the city on the Bosporus
+which is named after the family of the Constantii, though she does not
+assert that she is your native place, but acknowledges that she became
+your adopted land by your father’s act, will think she is cheated of her
+rights if any orator should try to deprive her of at least this claim to
+kinship. Thirdly, the Illyrians, on whose soil you were born, will not
+tolerate it if anyone assign you a different fatherland and rob them of
+the fairest gift of fortune. And now I hear some even of the Eastern
+provinces protest that it is unjust of me to rob them of the lustre they
+derive from you. For they say that they sent forth your grandmother to be
+the consort of your grandfather on the mother’s side. Almost all the rest
+have hit on some pretension of more or less weight, and are determined, on
+one ground or another, to adopt you for their own. Therefore let that
+country(24) have the prize which you yourself prefer and have so often
+praised as the mother and teacher of the virtues; as for the rest, let
+each one according to her deserts obtain her due. I should be glad to
+praise them all, worthy as they are of glory and honour, but I am afraid
+that my compliments, however germane they may seem to my subject, might,
+on account of their length, be thought inappropriate to the present
+occasion. For this reason, then, I think it better to omit a eulogy of the
+others, but as for Rome, your imperial Majesty summed up her praises in
+two words when you called her the teacher of virtue, and, by bestowing on
+her the fairest of all encomiums, you have forestalled all that others
+might say. What praise of mine would come up to that? What indeed is left
+for anyone to say? So I feel that I, who naturally hold that city in
+reverence, shall pay her a higher honour if I leave her praise in your
+hands.)
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας τῆς σῆς ἴσως ἄξιον ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν βραχεῖ
+διελθεῖν. ἀπορεῖν δὲ ἔοικα κάνταῦθα, [D] πόθεν ἄρχεσθαι χρή. πρόγονοί τε
+γάρ εἰσί σοι καὶ πάπποι καὶ γονεῖς ἀδελφοί τε καῖ ἀνεψιοὶ καὶ ξυγγενεῖς
+βασιλεῖς ἅπαντες, αὐτοὶ κτησάμενοι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐννόμως ἢ παρὰ τῶν κρατούντων
+εἰσποιηθέντες. καὶ τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ τί δεῖ λέγειν, Κλαυδίου μνησθέντα, καὶ
+τῆς ἀρετῆς τῆς ἐκείνου ἐναργῆ παρέχειν καὶ γνώριμα πᾶσι τεκμήρια, τῶν
+ἀγώνων τῶν(25) πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἴστρον οἰκοῦντας βαρβάρους
+ἀναμιμνήσκοντα, καὶ ὅπως τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁσίως ἅμα καὶ δικαίως ἑκτήσατο, [7] καὶ
+τὴν ἐν βασιλείᾳ τῆς διαίτης λιτότητα, καὶ τὴν ἀφέλειαν τῆς ἐσθῆτος ἐπὶ τῶν
+εἰκόνων ὁρωμένην ἔτι; τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν πάππων τῶν σῶν ἐστι μὲν τούτων
+νεώτερα, λαμπρὰ δὲ οὐ μεῖον ἐκείνων. ἔτυχον μὲν γὰρ ἄμφω τῆς ἀρχῆς δι᾽
+ἀρετὴν ἀξίω κριθέντε, γενομένω δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων οὕτω πρός τε ἀλλήλους
+εὐνοïκῶς ἔσχον καὶ πρὸς τὸν μεταδόντα τῆς βασιλείας εὐσεβῶς, ὥσθ᾽ ὁ μὲν
+ὡμολόγει μηδὲν τούτου πώποτε κρεῖττον βεβουλεῦσθαι, [B] πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα
+σωτήρια τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐξευρών, οἱ δὲ τὴν μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων κοινωνίαν μᾶλλον ἢ
+τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἀρχήν, εἴπερ οἷόν τε ἦν, ἑκάστῳ περιγενομένην ἠγάπων. οὕτω δὲ
+διακείμενοι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἔργων ἔδρων τὰ κάλλιστα, σεβόμενοι μὲν μετὰ τὴν
+κρείττονα φύσιν τὸν τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτοῖς παρασχόντα, τοῖς ὑπηκόοις δὲ
+πρᾴως(26) καὶ φιλανθρώπως χρώμενοι, καὶ τοὺς [C] βαρβάρους οὐκ ἐλαύνοντες
+μόνον πάλαι κατοικοῦντας καὶ νεμομένους καθάπερ τὴν οἰκείαν ἀδεῶς τὰ
+ἡμέτερα, φρούρια δὲ ἐπιτειχίζοντες αὐτοῖς τοσαύτην πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἰρήνην
+τοῖς ὑπηκόοις κατέστησαν, ὅσην οὐδὲ εὔξασθαι τότε ῥᾴδιον ἐδόκει. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ
+μὲν τούτων οὐκ ἄξιον ἐν παρέργῳ λέγειν. τῆς δὲ ὁμονοίας αὐτῶν τῆς πρὸς
+ἀλλήλους τὸ μέγιστον σημεῖον παραλιπεῖν οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον, καὶ ἄλλως
+προσῆκον τῷ λόγῳ. [D] κοινωνίαν γὰρ τὴν καλλίστην τοῖς αὑτῶν παισὶν
+ἐπινοήσαντες τῶν σῶν πατέρων τοὺς γάμους ἥρμοσαν. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καὶ
+περὶ τούτων ἐν βραχεῖ διελθεῖν, ὅπως μῆ τῆς ἀρχῆς φανῇς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ
+τῆς ἀρετῆς κληρονόμος. τὴν μὲν οὖν βασιλείαν ὅπως μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς
+κατέσχε τελευτὴν αὐτοῦ τε ἐκείνου τῇ κρίσει καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἁπάντων τῇ
+ψήφῳ πατὴρ ὁ σός, τί χρὴ νῦν περιεργάζεσθαι; τὴν δὲ ἐς τοὺς πολέμους ῥώμην
+ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μᾶλλον ἢ διὰ τῶν λόγων ἄν τις γνωρίσειε. τυραννίδας γάρ, [8]
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλείας ἐννόμους καθαιρῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐπῆλθεν ἅπασαν.
+τοσαύτην δὲ εὔνοιαν αὑτοῦ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις παρέστησεν, ὥσθ᾽ οἱ μὲν
+στρατευόμενοι τῆς περὶ τὰς δωρεὰς καὶ τὰς χάριτας μεγαλοψυχίας ἔτι
+μεμνημένοι καθάπερ θεὸν διατελοῦσι σεβόμενοι· τὸ δὲ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι καὶ ἐπὶ
+τῶν ἀγρῶν πλῆθος, οὐχ οὕτω τῆς τῶν τυράννων ἀπαλλαγῆναι βαρύτητος
+εὐχόμενοι, ὡς παρὰ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ἀρχθῆναι, [B] τὴν κατ᾽ ἐκείνων αὐτῷ
+νίκην ἐπηύχοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἁπάντων κύριος κατέστη, ὥσπερ ἐξ αὐχμοῦ τῆς
+ἀπληστίας τοῦ δυναστεύσαντος πολλῆς ἀπορίας χρημάτων οὔσης καὶ τοῦ πλούτου
+τῶν βασιλείων ἐν μυχοῖς συνεληλαμένου, τὸ κλεῖθρον ἀφελὼν ἐπέκλυσεν ἀθρόως
+τῷ πλούτῳ πάντα, πόλιν τε ἐπώνυμον αὑτοῦ κατέστησεν ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις ἔτεσι
+δέκα, τοσούτῳ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν μείζονα, [C] ὅσῳ τῆς Ῥώμης ἐλαττοῦσθαι
+δοκεῖ, ἧς τὸ δευτέραν τετάχθαι μακρῷ βέλτιον ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἢ τὸ τῶν
+ἄλλων ἁπασῶν πρώτην νομίζεσθαι. καλὸν ἴσως ἐνταῦθα καὶ τῶν ἀοιδίμων Ἀθηνῶν
+μνησθῆναι, ἂς ἐκεῖνος ἔργοις καὶ λόγοις τιμῶν τὸν πάντα χρόνον διετέλει.
+βασιλεὺς γὰρ ὢν καὶ κύριος πάντων, στρατηγὸς ἐκείνων ἠξίου καλεῖσθαι, καὶ
+τοιαύτης εἰκόνος τυγχάνων μετ᾽ ἐπιγράμματος ἐγάνυτο πλέον ἢ τῶν μεγίστων
+τιμῶν ἀξιωθείς. [D] ἀμειβόμενος δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τὴν πόλιν, πυρῶν μεδίμνους
+δίδωσι πολλάκις μυρίους καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔτος δωρεὰν καρποῦσθαι, ἐξ ὧν ὑπῆρχε
+τῇ πόλει μὲν ἐν ἀφθόνοις εἶναι, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἔπαινοι καὶ τιμαὶ παρὰ τῶν
+βελτίστων.
+
+(Now perhaps I ought at this point to say a few words about your noble
+ancestors. Only that here too I am at a loss where to begin. For all your
+ancestors, grandfathers, parents, brothers, cousins and kinsfolk were
+emperors, who had either acquired their power by lawful means or were
+adopted by the reigning house. Why should I recall ancient history or hark
+back to Claudius and produce proofs of his merit, which are manifest and
+known to all? To what end recount his campaigns against the barbarians
+across the Danube or how righteously and justly he won the empire? How
+plainly he lived while on the throne! How simple was his dress, as may be
+seen to this day in his statues! What I might say about your
+grandparents(27) is comparatively recent, but equally remarkable. Both of
+them acquired the imperial sceptre as the reward of conspicuous merit, and
+having assumed the command, they were on such good terms with each other
+and displayed such filial piety to him(28) who had granted them a share in
+the empire, that he used to say that of all the safeguards designed by him
+for the realm, and they were many, this was his master‐stroke. They,
+meanwhile, valued their mutual understanding more than undivided empire,
+supposing that it could have been bestowed on either of them separately.
+This was the temper of their souls, and nobly they played their part in
+action, while next to the Supreme Being they reverenced him who had placed
+authority in their hands. With their subjects they dealt righteously and
+humanely, and expelled the barbarians who had for years settled in our
+territory and had occupied it with impunity as though it were their own,
+and they built forts to hinder encroachment, which procured for those
+subjects such peaceful relations with the barbarians as, at that period,
+seemed to be beyond their dreams. This, however, is a subject that
+deserves more than a passing mention. Yet it would be wrong to omit the
+strongest proof of their unanimity, especially as it is related to my
+subject. Since they desired the most perfect harmony for their children,
+they arranged the marriage of your father and mother.(29) On this point
+also I think I must say a few words to show that virtue was bequeathed to
+you as well as a throne. But why waste time in telling how your father, on
+his father’s death, became emperor both by the choice of the deceased
+monarch and by the vote of all the armies? His military genius was made
+evident by his achievements and needs no words of mine. He traversed the
+whole civilised world suppressing tyrants, but never those who ruled by
+right. His subjects he inspired with such affection that his veterans
+still remember how generous he was with largess and other rewards, and to
+this day worship him as though he were a god. As for the mass of the
+people, in town and country alike, they prayed that your father might be
+victorious over the tyrants, not so much because they would be delivered
+from that oppression as because they would then be governed by him. But
+when he had made his power supreme, he found that the tyrant’s(30) greed
+had worked like a drought, with the result that money was very scarce,
+while there were great hoards of treasure in the recesses of the palace;
+so he unlocked its doors and on the instant flooded the whole country with
+wealth, and then, in less than ten years, he founded and gave his name to
+a city(31) that as far surpasses all others as it is itself inferior to
+Rome; and to come second to Rome seems to me a much greater honour than to
+be counted first and foremost of all cities beside. Here it may be proper
+to mention Athens “the illustrious,”(32) seeing that during his whole life
+he honoured her in word and deed. He who was emperor and lord of all did
+not disdain the title of General of the Athenians, and when they gave him
+a statue with an inscription to that effect he felt more pride than if he
+had been awarded the highest honours. To repay Athens for this compliment
+he bestowed on her annually a gift of many tens of thousands of bushels of
+wheat, so that while she enjoyed plenty, he won applause and reverence
+from the best of men.)
+
+Πολλῶν δὲ καὲ καλῶν ἔργων τῷ πατρὶ τῷ σῷ πραχθέντων, ὧν τε ἐπεμνήσθην καὶ
+ὅσα διὰ τὸ μῆκος παραλιπεῖν δοκῶ, πάντων ἄριστον ἔγογε φαίην ἄν, [9] οἶμαι
+δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας ὁμολογήσειν, τὴν σὴν γένεσιν καὶ τροφὴν καὶ
+παιδείαν· ἐξ ἧς ὑπάρχει τοῖς λοιποῖς οὐ τὸ πρὸς ὀλίγον ἀπολαῦσαι τῆς
+ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς οἷον τέ ἐστιν εἰς πλείονα χρόνον. δοκεῖ γοῦν ἄρχειν
+ἐκεῖνος εἰσέτι. καὶ Κύρῳ μὲν οὐχ ὑπῆρχε τοῦτο. τελευτήσαντος γὰρ ὁ παῖς
+ὤφθη μακρῷ φαυλότερος, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο πατήρ, ὁ δὲ ἐπωνομάσθη
+δεσπότης. [B] σὲ δὲ πρᾳότερον μὲν τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις πολλοῖς
+κρείττονα σαφῶς τε(33) οἶδα, καὶ δηλώσω τοῦ καιροῦ φανέντος ἐν τῷ λόγῳ.
+ἐκείνῳ δὲ προσήκειν καὶ τούτου νομίζω μεταδόντι σοι τῆς ἀρίστης τροφῆς,
+ὑπὲρ ἧς ἤδη λέγειν πειράσομαι, μητρὸς καὶ ἀδελφῶν τῶν σῶν ἐπιμνησθείς.
+
+(Your father’s achievements were many and brilliant. Some I have just
+mentioned, and others I must omit for the sake of brevity. But the most
+notable of all, as I make bold to say and I think all will agree, was that
+he begat, reared and educated you. This secured to the rest of the world
+the advantages of good government, and that not for a limited time but for
+a period beyond his own lifetime, as far as this is possible. At any rate
+your father seems still to be on the throne. This is more than Cyrus
+himself could achieve. When he died his son proved far inferior, so that
+while men called Cyrus “father,” his successor was called “master.”(34)
+But you are even less stern than your father, and surpass him in many
+respects, as I well know and will demonstrate in my speech as occasion
+shall arise. Yet, in my opinion, he should have the credit of this as
+well, since it was he who gave you that admirable training concerning
+which I shall presently speak, but not till I have described your mother
+and brothers.(35))
+
+Τῇ μὲν γὰρ εὐγενείας τοσοῦτον περιῆν καὶ κάλλους σώματος καὶ τρόπων
+ἀρετῆς, ὄσον οὐκ ἄλλῃ γυναικὶ ῥᾳδίως ἄν τις ἐξεύροι. ἐπεὶ καὶ Περσῶν ἀκούω
+τὸν ὑπὲρ Παρυσάτιδος λόγον, [C] ὅτι μόνη γέγονεν ἀδελφὴ καὶ μήτηρ καὶ
+γαμετὴ καὶ παῖς βασιλέως. ἀλλ᾽ ἦν γε αὕτη τοῦ γήμαντος ἀδελφὴ τῇ φύσει,
+νόμος δὲ ἐδίδου γαμεῖν ἀδελφὴν τῷ Πέρσῃ. τὴν σὴν δὲ μητέρα κατὰ τοὺς παρ᾽
+ἡμῖν νόμους ἀχράντους καὶ καθαρὰς τὰς οἰκειότητας ταύτας φυλάττουσαν
+συνέβαινε(36) τοῦ μὲν εἶναι παῖδα, γαμετὴν δὲ ἑτέρου, καὶ ἀδελφὴν ἄλλου,
+καὶ πολλῶν αὐτοκρατόρων, οἰχὶ δὲ ἑνὸς μητέρα. [D] ὧν ὁ μέν τις τῷ πατρὶ
+συγκατειργάσατο τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους πόλεμον, ὁ δὲ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς Γέτας
+ἡμῖν εἰρήνην τοῖς ὅπλοις κρατήσας ἀσφαλῆ παρεσκεύασεν, ὁ δὲ ἐτήρησεν
+ἄβατον τοῖς πολεμίοις τὴν χώραν, αὐτὸς ἐπιστρατεύων ἐκείνοις πολλάκις, ἕως
+ἐπέτρεπον οἱ μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἀδικημάτων δίκην ὑποσχόντες.
+πολλῶν δὲ ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνοις περιφανῶν ἔργων, ἐφ᾽ οἷς ἄν τις αὐτοὺς
+δικαίως ἐπαινεῖν ἔχοι, καὶ τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθῶν περιουσίας οὔσης,(37)
+[10] οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον τῶν ἄλλων, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ μακαρίζων ἄν(38) τις αὐτοὺς
+εἰκότως σεμνύνοι, ὡς ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἀπόγονοι, τῶν δὲ ἔκγονοι(39)
+γεγόνασιν.(40) ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ μακρότερα περὶ αὐτῶν λέγων τὸν ὀφειλόμενον τοῖς
+ἐπαίνοις τοῖς σοῖς καιρὸν ἀναλώσω τοῦ λόγου, πειράσομαι λοιπὸν ὡς ἡμῖν
+ἄξιον, μᾶλλον δέ, εἰ δεῖ μηδὲν ὑποστειλάμενον εἰπεῖν, μακρῷ τῶν προγόνων
+ἐπιδείξω σε(41) σεμνότερον.
+
+(Your mother’s ancestry was so distinguished, her personal beauty and
+nobility of character were such that it would be hard to find her match
+among women. I have heard that saying of the Persians about Parysatis,
+that no other woman had been the sister, mother, wife, and daughter of
+kings. Parysatis, however, was own sister of her husband, since their law
+does not forbid a Persian to marry his sister. But your mother, while in
+accordance with our laws she kept pure and unsullied those ties of
+kinship, was actually the daughter of one emperor,(42) the wife of
+another, the sister of a third, and the mother not of one emperor but of
+several. Of these one aided your father in his war against the tyrants;
+another conquered the Getae and secured for us a lasting peace with them;
+the third(43) kept our frontiers safe from the enemy’s incursions, and
+often led his forces against them in person, so long at least as he was
+permitted by those who were so soon punished for their crimes against him.
+Though by the number and brilliance of their achievements they have indeed
+earned our homage, and though all the blessings of fortune were theirs in
+abundance, yet in the whole tale of their felicity one could pay them no
+greater compliment than merely to name their sires and grandsires. But I
+must not make my account of them too long, lest I should spend time that I
+ought to devote to your own panegyric. So in what follows I will, as
+indeed I ought, endeavour—or rather, since affectation is out of place,
+let me say I will demonstrate—that you are far more august than your
+ancestors.)
+
+[B] Φήμας μὲν δὴ καὶ μαντείας καὶ ὄψεις τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα
+θρυλεῖν εἰώθασιν ἐπὶ τῶν οὕτω λαμπρὰ καὶ περιφανῊ πραξάντων, Κύρου καὶ τοῦ
+τῆς ἡμετέρας οἰκιστοῦ πόλεως καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου, καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος
+τοιοῦτος γέγονεν, ἑκὼν ἀφίημι· δοκεῖ γὰρ οὐ πόρρω ταῦτα τῆς ποιητικῆς
+ἐξουσίας εἶναι. καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ὑπάρξαντά σοι γένεσιν ὡς λαμπρὰ καὶ
+βασιλικὰ καὶ(44) τὸ λέγειν εὔηθες. [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἐν τοῖς παισὶν
+ἀγωγῆς ὁ καιρὸς ὑπομέμνηκεν, ἔδει σοι τῆς βασιλικῆς τροφῆς δήπουθεν, ἣ τὸ
+μὲν σῶμα πρὸς ἰσχὺν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ εὐεξίαν καὶ κάλλος ἀσκήσει, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ
+πρὸς ἀνδρείαν καὶ δικαιοσύνην καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν ἐμμελῶς
+παρασκευάσει. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ ῥᾴδιον διὰ τῆς ἀνειμένης ὑπάρχειν διαίτης,
+θρυπτούσης μέν, ὡς εἰκός, τὰς ψυχὰς καὶ τὰ σώματα, ἀσθενεστέρας δὲ [D]
+ἐργαζομένης πρός τε τοὺς κινδύνους τὰς γνώμας καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πόνους τὰ
+σώματα. οὐκοῦν τῷ μὲν ἔδει γυμναστικῆς, τῷ σώματι, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ τῇ τῶν
+λόγων ἐκόσμεις μελέτῃ. ἐπὶ πλέον δὲ ὑπὲρ ἀμφοτέρων ἄξιον διελθεῖν· ἀρχὴ
+γάρ τις αὕτη τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα πράξεων γέγονε. τῆς μὲν οὖν ἐπιμελείας τῆς
+περὶ τὴν ἰσχὺν οὐ τὸ πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἁρμόζον ἤσκησας, ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ
+πρέπειν ὑπολαβὼν τῶν τὰς παλαίστρας κατειληφότων τὴν θρυλουμένην εὐεξίαν,
+[11] μέλλοντι τῶν ἀληθινῶν ἀγώνων μεθέξειν, ὕπνου τε ἐλαχίστου δεομένῳ καὶ
+τροφῆς οὐ πολλῆς, καὶ ταύτης οὔτε κατὰ πλῆθος οὔτε κατὰ ποιότητα πάντως
+ὡρισμένης οὔτε κατὰ τὸν καιρόν, ὃν χρὴ προσφέρεσθαι, τῆς ἐπιτυχούσης δέ,
+ἐπειδὰν αἱ πράξεις τὸν καιρὸν ἐνδῶσιν. ὅθεν ᾤου δεῖν καὶ τὰ γυμνάσια πρὸς
+ταύτην ποιεῖσθαι,(45) πολλὰ καὶ στρατιωτικά, χορείαν τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις,
+[B] δρόμον τὸν ἐν τούτοις, τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην, οἷς ἅπασι διατετέλεκας ἐξ
+ἀρχῆς ἐν καιρῷ χρώμενος· καὶ κατώρθωται παρὰ σοὶ τούτων ἕκαστον ὡς παρ᾽
+οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁπλιτῶν. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν τις ἐκείνων, πεζὸς ὢν ἀγαθός, τὴν
+ἱππικὴν τέχνην ἠγνόησεν, ὁ δέ, ἐπιστάμενος χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἱππικοῖς, ὀκνεῖ
+πεζὸς εἰς μάχην ἰέναι. μόνῳ δὲ ὑπάρχει σοὶ τῶν μὲν ἱππέων ἀρίστῳ φαίνεσθαι
+παραπλησίως ἐκείνοις σταλέντι, [C] μετασκευασαμένῳ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ὁπλίτας
+κρατεῖν ἁπάντων ῥώμῃ καὶ τάχει καὶ τῇ τῶν ποδῶν κουφότητι. ὅπως δὲ μὴ τὰς
+ἀνέσεις ῥᾳιθύμους εἶναι μηδ᾽ ἄνευ τῶν ὅπλων ποιεῖσθαι συμβαίνῃ, ἐπίσκοπα
+τοξεύειν ἤσκησας. καὶ τὸ μὲν σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἑκουσίων πόνων πρὸς τοὺς
+ἀκουσίους εὖ ἔχειν παρεσκεύασας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ ἡγεῖτο μὲν ἡ τῶν λόγων μελέτη
+καὶ τὰ προσήκοντα τοῖς τηλικούτοις μαθήματα. [D] ὅπως δὲ μὴ παντάπασιν
+ἀγύμναστος ᾖ μηδὲ καθάπερ ᾄσματα καὶ μύθους τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐπακούῃ
+λόγους, ἔργων δὲ ἀγαθῶν καὶ πράξεων ἄπειρος οὖσα τὸν τοσοῦτον διαμείνῃ
+χρόνον, καθάπερ ὁ γενναῖος ἠξίωσε Πλάτων οἱονεὶ πτερὰ τοῖς παισὶ
+χαριζόμενον καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἀναβιβάζοντα(46) ἄγειν εἰς τὰς μάχας,
+θεατὰς ἐσομένους ὧν οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἀγωνιστὰς ἐχρῆν καταστῆναι, πατέρα τὸν
+σὸν [12] διανοηθέντα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως τοῖς Κελτῶν ἔθνεσιν ἐπιστῆσαι σε
+φύλακα καὶ βασιλέα, μειράκιον ἔτι, μᾶλλον δὲ παῖδα κομιδῇ τῷ χρόνῳ, ἐπεὶ
+τῇ γε συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ τοῖς καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἐνάμιλλον ἤδη. τοῦ
+μὲν ἀκίνδυνον γενέσθαι σοι τὴν πολεμικὴν ἐμπειρίαν ὁ πατὴρ προυνόησε
+καλῶς, εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξας πρὸς τοὸς ὑπηκόους ἄγειν τοῖς βαρβάροις· [B]
+μάχεσθαι δὲ ἀναπείθων καὶ στασιάζειν πρὸς ἀλλήλουσ, ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων
+συμφοραῖς καὶ τοῖς σώμασι στρατηγικὴν ἐδίδασκε τέχνην, ἀσφαλέστερον
+βουλευόμενος τοῦ σοφοῦ Πλάτωνος. τῷ μὲν γὰρ, εἰ πεζὸς ἐπέλθοι πολεμίων
+στρατός, οἱ παῖδες θεαταὶ καὶ κοινωνοὶ τῶν ἔργων, ἤν που δεηθῶσι, τοῖς
+πατράσι γένοιντ᾽ ἄν· κρατούντων δὲ ἱππεῦσι τῶν πολεμίων, ὥρα μηχανᾶσθαι
+τοῖς μειρακίοις σωτηρίας τρόπον δυσεπινόητον. [C] τὸ δὲ ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις
+κινδύνοις τοὺς παῖδας ἐθίζειν πολεμίων ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν
+ἀρκούντως καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν δοκεῖ βεβουλεῦσθαι.
+
+(Now as for heavenly voices and prophecies and visions in dreams and all
+such portents(47) as are common gossip when men like yourself have
+achieved brilliant and conspicuous success, Cyrus, for instance, and the
+founder(48) of our capital, and Alexander, Philip’s son, and the like, I
+purposely ignore them. Indeed I feel that poetic license accounts for them
+all. And it is foolish even to state that at the hour of your birth all
+the circumstances were brilliant and suited to a prince. And now the time
+has come for me to speak of your education as a boy. You were of course
+bound to have the princely nurture that should train your body to be
+strong, muscular, healthy, and handsome, and at the same time duly equip
+your soul with courage, justice, temperance, and wisdom. But this cannot
+result from that loose indulgence which naturally pampers body and soul,
+weakening men’s wills for facing danger and their bodies for work.
+Therefore your body required training by suitable gymnastics, while you
+adorned your mind by literary studies. But I must speak at greater length
+about both branches of your education, since it laid the foundation of
+your later career. In your physical training you did not pursue those
+exercises that fit one merely for public display. What professional
+athletes love to call the pink of condition you thought unsuitable for a
+king who must enter for contests that are not make‐believe. Such a one
+must put up with very little sleep and scanty food, and that of no precise
+quantity or quality or served at regular hours, but such as can be had
+when the stress of work allows. And so you thought you ought to train
+yourself in athletics with a view to this, and that your exercises must be
+military and of many kinds, dancing and running in heavy armour, and
+riding. All these you have continued from early youth to practise at the
+right time, and in every exercise you have attained to greater perfection
+than any other hoplite. Usually a hoplite who is a good infantryman cannot
+ride, or, if he is an expert horseman, he shirks marching on foot to
+battle. But of you alone it can be said that you can put on the cavalry
+uniform and be a match for the best of them, and when changed into a
+hoplite show yourself stronger, swifter, and lighter on your feet than all
+the rest. Then you practised shooting at a mark, that even your hours of
+leisure might not be hours of ease or be found without the exercise of
+arms. So by work that was voluntary you trained your body to stand the
+exertions that you would be compelled to undertake. Your mind, meanwhile,
+was trained by practice in public speaking and other studies suitable to
+your years. But it was not to be wholly without the discipline of
+experience, nor was it for you to listen merely to lectures on the virtues
+as though they were ballads or saga stories, and so wait all that time
+without actual acquaintance with brave works and undertakings. Plato, that
+noble philosopher, advised(49) that boys should be furnished as it were
+with wings for flight by being mounted on horseback, and should then be
+taken into battle so that they may be spectators of the warfare in which
+they must soon be combatants. This, I make bold to say, was in your
+father’s mind when he made you governor and king of the Celtic tribes
+while you were still a youth, or rather a mere boy in point of years,
+though in intelligence and endurance you could already hold your own with
+men of parts. Your father wisely provided that your experience of war
+should be free from risks, having arranged that the barbarians should
+maintain peace with his subjects. But he instigated them to internal feuds
+and civil war, and so taught you strategy at the expense of their lives
+and fortunes. This was a safer policy than the wise Plato’s. For, by his
+scheme, if the invading army were composed of infantry, the boys could
+indeed be spectators of their fathers’ prowess, or, if need arose, could
+even take part. But supposing that the enemy won in a cavalry engagement,
+then, on the instant, one would have to devise some means to save the
+boys, which would be difficult indeed. But to inure the boys to face the
+enemy, while the hazard belongs to others, is to take counsel that both
+suffices for their need and also secures their safety.)
+
+Ἐν μὲν δὴ τούτοις σοι πρὸς ἀνδρείαν ὑπῆρχε μελέτη. φρονήσεως δὲ ἡ μὲν
+φύσις, ἣν εἴληχας, αὐταρκὴς ἡγεμών· παρῆσαν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν οἱ
+κράτιστοι τὰ πολιτικὰ διδάσκοντες. καὶ [D] παρεῖχον ἠθῶν καὶ νόμων καὶ
+ξένων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἐμπειρίαν αἱ πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τῶν τῇδε βαρβάρων
+ἐντεύξεις. καίτοι τὸν Ὀδυσσέα συνετὸν Ὅμηρος ἐκ παντὸς ἀποφῆναι
+προαιρούμενος πολύτροπον εἶναὶ φησι καὶ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν νοῦν
+καταγνῶναι καὶ ἐπελθεῖν τὰς πόλεισ,(50) ἵν᾽ ἐξ ἁπάντων ἐπιλεξάμενος ἔχοι
+τὰ κράτιστα καὶ πρὸς παντοδαποὺς ἀνθρώπους ὁμιλεὶν δύναιτο. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν
+ὃς(51) οὐκ ἐβασίλευσε ποικίλων ἠθῶν ἐμπειρίας χρεία· [13] τὸν δὲ πρὸς
+τοσαύτην ἡγεμονίαν τρεφόμενον οὐκ ἐν οἰκίσκῳ που χρῆν διδάσκεσθαι οὐδὲ τὴν
+βασιλείαν, καθάπερ ὁ Κῦρος, παίζοντα μιμεῚσθαι οὐδὲ χρηματίζειν τοῖς
+ἥλιξι, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνον λέγουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔθνεσιν ὁμιλεῖν καὶ δήμοις, καὶ
+στρατιωτῶν τάγμασιν ἐπιτάττειν ἁπλῶς τὸ πρακτέον· ὅλως δὲ οὐδενὸς
+ἀπολείπεσθαι τούτων, ὧν ἐχρῆν ἄνδρα γενόμενον ἐπ᾽ ἀδείας πράττειν.
+
+(It was in this way then that you were first trained in manliness. But as
+regards wisdom, that nature with which you were endowed was your self‐
+sufficing guide. But also, I think, the wisest citizens were at your
+disposal and gave you lessons in statecraft. Moreover, your intercourse
+with the barbarian leaders in that region gave you an acquaintance at
+first hand with the manners, laws, and usages of foreigners. Indeed, when
+Homer set out to prove the consummate wisdom of Odysseus, he called him
+“much‐travelled,” and said that he had come to know the minds of many
+peoples and visited their cities, so that he might choose what was best in
+every one and be able to mix with all sorts and conditions of men. Yes,
+even Odysseus, who never ruled an empire, needed experience of the many
+and divers minds of men. How much more necessary that one who was being
+brought up to guide an empire like this should not fit himself for the
+task in some modest dwelling apart; neither should he, like young Cyrus in
+his games, play at being emperor, nor give audiences to his playmates, as
+they say(52) Cyrus did. Rather he ought to mix with nations and peoples,
+and give orders to his troops definitely indicating what is to be done,
+and generally he should be found wanting in none of those things which,
+when he comes to manhood, he must perform without fear.)
+
+[B] Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ τὰ παρὰ τούτοις ἐδιδάχθης καλῶς, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑτέραν ἤπειρον
+μετιὼν τοῖς Παρθυαίων καὶ Μήδων ἔθνεσιν ἀντετάχθης μόνος. ὑποτυφομένου δὲ
+ἤδη τοῦ πολέμου καὶ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν μέλλοντος ἀναρριπίζεσθαι, ταχέως καὶ
+τούτου κατέγνως τὸν τρόπον, καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅπλων ἰσχὺν ἐμιμήσω, καὶ πρὸς τὴν
+ὥραν τοῦ θέρους εἴθισας καρτερεῖν τὸ σῶμα. πυνθάνομαι δὲ Ἀλκιβιάδην μόνον
+ἐξ ἁπάντων Ἑλλήνων οὕτως εὐφυῶς μεταβολὰς ἐνεγκεῖν, [C] ὡς καὶ μιμήσασθαι
+πρῶτον(53) μὲν τὴν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἐγκράτειαν, ἐπειδὴ Σπαρτιάταις αὑτὸν
+ἐδεδώκει, εἶτα Θηβαίους, καὶ Θρᾴκας ὕστερον, καὶ ἐπὶ τέλει τὴν τῶν Περσῶν
+τρυφήν. ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος μὲν τοῖς χωρίοις συμμεταβάλλων καὶ τὸν τρόπον
+ἀνεπίμπλατο πολλῆς δυσχερείας καὶ τὸ πάτριον ἐκινδύνευε παντελῶς
+ἀποβαλεῖν, σὺ δὲ τῆς μὲν ἐγκρατοῦς διαίτης ᾤου δεῖν ἔχεσθαι πανταχοῦ, [D]
+ἐθίζων δὲ τὸ σῶμα τοῖς πόνοις πρὸς τὰς μεταβολὰς ῥᾷον ἤνεγκας(54) τὴν ἐκ
+Γαλατῶν εἰς Παρθυαίους ἄνοδον ἢ(55) τῶν πλουσίων οἱ ταῖς ὥραις τὴν οἴκησιν
+συμμεταβάλλοντες, εἰ παρὰ τὸν καιρὸν βιασθεῖεν. καί μοι δοκεῖ θεὸς εὐμενὴς
+πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἡγεμονίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν παρασκευάζειν ἐθέλων,
+κύκλῳ σε περιαγαγεῖν καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι τῆς ἀρχῆς ἁπάσης ὅρους καὶ πέρατα καὶ
+φύσιν χωρίων [14] καὶ μέγεθος χώρας καὶ δύναμιν ἐθνῶν καὶ πλῆθος πόλεων
+καὶ φύσιν δήμων καὶ τὶ κράτιστον αὐτῶν ἐκείνων τὴν περιουσίαν(56) ὧν
+οὐδενὸς ἀπολελεῖφθαι χρὴ τὸν πρὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν τρεφόμενον. τὸ μέγιστον
+δὲ μικροῦ με διέφυγεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι τούτων ἁπάντων ἄρχειν ἐκ παίδων
+διδασκόμενος, ἄρχεσθαι κρεῖττον ἔμαθες, ἀρχῇ τῇ πασῶν ἀρίστῃ καὶ
+δικαιοτάτῃ, φύσει τε καὶ νόμῳ, σαυτὸν ὑποτιθείς· πατρὶ γὰρ ὑπήκουες ἅμα
+καὶ βασιλεῖ· ὧν εἰ καὶ θάτερον ὑπῆρχεν ἐκείνῳ μόνον, ἄρχειν αὐτῷ πάντως
+προσῆκον ἦν. [B] καίτοι τίνα ποτ᾽ ἄν τις ἐξεύροι βασιλικὴν τροφὴν καὶ
+παιδείαν ἀμείνω ταύτης πάλαι γενομένην; οὔτε γὰρ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῶν
+Ἑλλήνων, οἵπερ δὴ δοκοῦσιν ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς τῆς τῶν βασιλέων μεταλαβεῖν, οὕτω
+τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας ἐπαίδευον, οὔτε τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι, βασιλευόμενοι
+διαφερόντως, τῆς ἀρίστης ἐπιμελείας τὸν ἄρξοντα(57) σφῶν ἠξίουν· ἀλλὰ
+πᾶσιν ἦν κοινὰ τὰ παρὰ τῶν νόμων τῆς ἀρετῆς γυμνάσια καὶ τὶ παιδεύματα,
+[C] καθάπερ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς πολίταις ἄρξειν τε καὶ ἀρχθήσεσθαι μέλλουσι, καὶ
+οὐδὲν διάφορον προσῆν εἰς παιδείας λόγον τοῖς ἡγεμόσι τῶν ἄλλων. καίτοι
+πῶς οὐκ εὔηθες ἀπαιτεῖν μὲν ἀρετῆς μέγεθος ἀνυπέρβλητον παρὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων,
+προνοεῖν δὲ μηδέν, ὅπως ἔσονται τῶν πολλῶν διαφέροντες; καὶ τοῖς μὲν
+βαρβάροις, ἅπασιν ἐν κοινῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης προκειμένης, τὸ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν
+τῶν ἠθῶν ὁμοίαν γίγνεσθαι παράσχοι συγγνώμην· τὸν Λυκοῦργον [D] δὲ τοῖς
+ἀφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους ἀστυφέλικτον τὴν βασιλείαν διαφυλάττοντα(58) μηδεμίαν
+ὑπεροχὴν ἐν ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις τῶν νέων εὑρόντα σφόδρα ἄν τις εἰκότως
+μέμψαιτο. οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ πάντας Λακεδαιμονίους ἀθλητὰς ἀρετῆς καὶ τροφίμους
+ᾤετο δεῖν εἶναι, τῆς ἴσης ἀξιοῦν ἐχρῆν τροφῆς καὶ παιδείας τοὺς ἰδιώτας
+τοῖς ἄρξουσιν.(59) [15] ἡ γὰρ τοιαύτη κατὰ μικρὸν παραδυομένη(60) συνήθεια
+ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐνέτεκεν(61) ὑπεροψίαν τῶν κρειττόνων· ὅλως γὰρ οὐδὲ
+κρείττονας νομιστέον τοὺς οὐ δι᾽ ἀρετὴν πρωτεύειν λαχόντας. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι
+καὶ Σπαρτιάτας χαλεπωτέρους ἀρχθῆναι τοῖς βασιλεῦσι παρεῖχε πολλάκις.
+χρήσαιτο δ᾽ ἄν τις σαφεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῶν [B] ῥηθέντων τῇ Λυσάνδρου πρὸς
+Ἀγησίλαον φιλοτιμίᾳ καὶ ἄλλοις πλείοσιν, ἐπιὼν τὰ πεπραγμένα τοῖς
+ἀνδράσιν.
+
+(Accordingly, when you had gained a thorough knowledge of the Celts, you
+crossed to the other continent and were given sole command against the
+Parthians and Medes. There were already signs that a war was smouldering
+and would soon burst into flame. You therefore quickly learned how to deal
+with it, and, as though you took as model the hardness of your weapons,
+steeled yourself to bear the heat of the summer season. I have heard say
+that Alcibiades alone, among all the Greeks, was naturally so versatile
+that when he cast in his lot with the Spartans he copied the self‐
+restraint of the Lacedaemonians, then in turn Theban and Thracian manners,
+and finally adopted Persian luxury. But Alcibiades, when he changed his
+country changed his character(62) too, and became so tainted with
+perversity and so ill‐conditioned that he was likely to lose utterly all
+that he was born to. You, however, thought it your duty to maintain your
+severity of life wherever you might be, and by hard work inuring your
+constitution to change, you easily bore the march inland from Galatia to
+Parthia, more easily in fact than a rich man who lives now here, now
+there, according to the season, would bear it if he were forced to
+encounter unseasonable weather. I think Heaven smiled on you and willed
+that you should govern the whole world, and so from the first trained you
+in virtue, and was your guide when you journeyed to all points, and showed
+you the bounds and limits of the whole empire, the character of each
+region, the vastness of your territory, the power of every race, the
+number of the cities, the characteristics of the masses, and above all the
+vast number of things that one who is bred to so great a kingship cannot
+afford to neglect. But I nearly forgot to mention the most important thing
+of all. From a boy you were taught to govern this great empire, but a
+better thing you learned, to be governed, submitting yourself to the
+authority that is the best in the world and the most just, that is to say
+nature and law. I mean that both as son and subject you obeyed your
+father. Indeed, had he been only your father or only your king, obedience
+was his due. Now what rearing and education for a king could one find in
+history better than this? Consider the Greeks. Not thus did the Spartans
+train the Heracleidae, though they are thought to have enjoyed the best
+form of government, that of their kings. As for the barbarians, not even
+the Carthaginians, though they were particularly well‐governed by their
+kings, chose the best method of training their future rulers. The moral
+discipline and the studies prescribed by their laws were pursued by all
+alike, as though the citizens were brothers, all destined both to govern
+and be governed, and in the matter of education they made no difference
+between their princes and the rest of the citizens. Yet surely it is
+foolish to demand superlative excellence from one’s rulers when one takes
+no pains to make them better than other men. Among the barbarians, indeed,
+no man is debarred from winning the throne, so one can excuse them for
+giving the same moral training to all. But that Lycurgus, who tried to
+make the dynasty of the Heracleidae proof against all shocks,(63) should
+not have arranged for them a special education better than that of other
+Spartan youths is an omission for which he may well be criticised. He may
+have thought that all the Lacedaemonians ought to enter the race for
+virtue, and foster it, but for all that it was wrong to provide the same
+nurture and education for private citizens as for those who were to
+govern. The inevitable familiarity little by little steals into men’s
+souls and breeds contempt for their betters. Though, for that matter, they
+are not in any sense one’s betters unless it was their own merit that
+earned them the right to rule. This, in my opinion, is the reason why the
+Spartan kings often found their subjects hard to govern. In proof of what
+I say one might quote the rivalry of Lysander and Agesilaus, and many
+other instances, if one should review the history of the Spartan kings.)
+
+Ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἡ πολιτεία τὰ(64) πρὸς ἀρετὴν ἀρκούντως παρασκευάζουσα, εἰ
+καὶ μηδὲν διαφέρον ἐπιτηδεύειν ἐδίδου τῶν πολλῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς
+ὑπάρχειν παρεῖχεν ἀνδράσι· Καρχηδονίων δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ κοινὰ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων
+ἐπαινεῖν ἄξιον. ἐξελαύνοντες γὰρ τῶν οἰκιῶν οἱ γονεῖς τοὺς παῖδας
+ἐπέταττον εὐπορεῖν διὰ τῶν πόνων τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἀναγκαίων, [C] τὸ
+δρᾶν τι τῶν δοκούντων αἰσχρῶν ἀπαγορεύοντες. τὸ δὲ ἦν, οὐ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν
+ἐξελεῖν τῶν νέων, ἀλλὰ λαθεῖν(65) πειρᾶσθαι τι δρῶντα(66) προστάττειν.
+πέφυκε γὰρ οὐ τρυφὴ μόνον ἦθος διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ τῶν ἀναγκαίων
+ἐνδεὴς δίαιτα, ἐφ᾽ ὧν οὔπω τὸ κρίνειν ὁ λόγος προσλαβὼν ἕπεται ταῖς
+χρείαις ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἀναπειθόμενος, [D] ἄλλως τε εἰ καὶ τούτου μὴ
+κρατοίη τοῦ πάθους, πρὸς χρηματισμὸν ἐκ παίδων συνεθιζόμενος καί τινας
+ἀμοιβὰς ἐμποριῶν καὶ καπηλείας τὰς μὲν αὐτὸς εὑρὼν τὰς δὲ παρὰ τῶν εἰδότων
+μαθών, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ λέγειν μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀκούειν ἄξιον ἐλευθέρῳ παιδί,
+πλείστας ἂν κηλῚδας ἐναπόθοιτο τῇ ψυχῇ, ὧν πασῶν καθαρὸν εἶναι χρὴ καὶ τὸν
+ἐπιεικῆ πολίτην, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὸν βασιλέα καὶ στρατηγὸν μόνον.
+
+(The Spartan polity, however, by securing a satisfactory development of
+the moral qualities in their kings, even if it gave them a training in no
+way different from that of the crowd, at least endowed them with the
+attributes of well‐bred men. But as for the Carthaginians, there was
+nothing to admire even in the discipline that they all shared. The parents
+turned their sons out of doors and bade them win the necessaries of life
+by their own efforts, with the injunction to do nothing that is considered
+disgraceful. The effect of this was not to uproot the evil inclinations of
+the young, but to require them to take pains not to be caught in wrong‐
+doing. For it is not self‐indulgence only that ruins character, but the
+lack of mere necessaries may produce the same result. This is true at any
+rate in the case of those whose reason has not yet assumed the power to
+decide, being swayed by physical needs and persuaded by desire. It is
+especially true when one fails to control the passion for money‐getting,
+if from boyhood one is accustomed to it and to the trading and bartering
+of the market‐places. This business, unfit for a youth of gentle birth to
+mention, or so much as hear spoken of, whether the youth finds it out for
+himself or learns it from those of greater experience, leaves many scars
+on the soul; and even a respectable citizen ought to be free from all
+this, not a king or general alone.)
+
+ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἐπιτιμᾶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐκείνοις προσήκει· [16] δείξω δὲ
+μόνον τῆς τροφῆς(67) τὸ διαφέρον, ᾗ χρησάμενος κάλλει καὶ ῥώμῃ καὶ
+δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ σωφροσύνῃ διήνενκας, διὰ μὲν τῶν πόνων τὴν εὐεξίαν
+περιβαλόμενος, δὰα δὲ τῶν νόμων τὴν σωφροσύνην κατακτησόμενος,(68) καὶ τῷ
+μὲν σώματι ῥωμαλεωτέρῳ διὰ τὴν ἐγκράτειαν τῆς ψυχῆς, τῇ ψυχῇ δ᾽ αὖ διὰ τὴν
+τοῦ σώματος καρτερίαν δικαιοτέρᾳ χρώμενος, τὰ μὲν ἐκ φύσεως ἀγαθὰ συναύξων
+ἐκ παντός, τὰ δὲ ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις ἔξωθεν ἀεὶ προσλαμβάνων· [B] καὶ
+δεόμενος(69) μὲν οὐδενός, ἐπαρκῶν δ᾽ ἄλλοις καὶ χαριζόμενος μεγάλας δωρεὰς
+καὶ ὅσαι τοὺς λαβόντας ἤρκουν ἀποφῆναι τῷ Λυδῶν δυνάστῃ παραπλησίους,
+ἐνδεέστερον μὲν ἀπολαύων αὐτὸς τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἀγαθῶν ἢ Σπαρτιατῶν ὁ
+σωφρονέστατος, τοῦ τρυφᾶν δὲ παρέχων ἄλλοις χορηγίαν, καὶ τοῖς βουλομένοις
+σωφρονεῖν παρέχων σαυτὸν μιμεῖσθαι, ἄρχων μὲν πρᾴως καὶ φιλανθρώπως τῶν
+ἄλλων, [C] ἀρχόμενος δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς σωφρόνως καὶ ὡς εἷς τῶν πολλῶν τόν
+ἅπαντα διετέλεις χρόνον. παιδὶ μὲν ὄντι σοι καὶ μειρακίῳ ταῦτά τε ὑπῆρχε
+καὶ ἄλλα πλείονα, περὶ ὧν νῦν λέγειν μακρότερον ἂν εἴη τοῦ καιροῦ.
+
+(But it is not for me to criticise the Carthaginians in this place. I will
+only point out how different was your education, and how you profited by
+it and have come to excel in looks, strength, justice, and temperance. By
+your active life you achieved perfect health; your temperance was the
+result of obedience to the laws; you enjoy a body of unusual strength by
+reason of your self‐control, and a soul of unusual rectitude because of
+your physical powers of endurance. You left nothing undone to improve your
+natural talents, but ever acquired new talents by new studies. You needed
+nothing yourself but gave assistance to others, and lavished such generous
+gifts that the recipients seemed as rich as the monarch of the
+Lydians.(70) Though you indulged yourself less in the good things that
+were yours than the most austere of the Spartans, you gave others the
+means of luxury in abundance, while those who preferred temperance could
+imitate your example. As a ruler you were mild and humane; as your
+father’s subject you were ever as modest as any one of his people. All
+this was true of you in boyhood and youth, and much more about which there
+is now no time to speak at length.)
+
+Γενόμενος δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡλικίας, καὶ τῷ πατρὶ τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ
+δαίμονος μάλα ὀλβίαν παρασχόντος, οὐ μόνον τῷ πλήθει καὶ κάλλει τῶν
+ἐπενεχθέντων τὸν τάφον ἐκόσμεις, γενέσεως καὶ τροφῆς ἀποτίνων τὰ
+χαριστήρια, [D] πολὺ δὲ πλέον τῷ μόνος ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων ζῶντος
+μὲν ἔτι καὶ πιεζομένου τῇ νόσῳ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁρμῆσαι, τελευτήσαντος δὲ τὰς
+μεγίστας τιμὰς καταστῆσαι, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐξαρκεῖ καὶ τὸ μνησθῆναι. καλοῦσι γὰρ
+ἡμᾶς ἐφ᾽ αὑτὰς αἱ πράξεις ὑπομιμνήσκουσαι τῆς ῥώμης, τῆς εὐψυχίας,
+εὐβουλίας τε ἅμα καὶ δικαιότητος, οἷς ἄμαχος ὤφθης καὶ ἀνυπέρβλητος, τὰ
+μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοὺς πολίτας καὶ [17] τοὺς πατρῴους σοι φίλους
+καὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δικαίως καὶ σωφρόνως καταστησάμενος· πλὴν εἴ που
+βιασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν ἄκων ἑτέρους ἐξαμαρτεῖν οὐ διεκώλυσας· τὰ δὲ πρὸς
+τοὺς πολεμίους ἀνδρείως καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῶς καὶ τῆς προüπαρχούσης ἀξίως τοῪ
+γένους δόξης καταστρησάμενος. τοῖς μὲν δι᾽ ὁμονοίας τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον
+συγγέγονας, ἀστασίαστον μὲν τὴν πόλιν [B] διαφυλάττων καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς
+συνάρχοντας θεραπεύων ἀεί, τοῖς φίλοις δὲ τῆς ἰσηγορίας(71) μεταδιδοὺς καὶ
+τῆς παρρησίας μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν ἀφθόνως, κοινωνῶν μὲν ἅπασι τῶν
+ὑπαρχόντων, μεταδιδοὺς δὲ ὧν ἕκαστος ἐνδεὴς δόξειε. καὶ τούτων μάρτυσι μὲν
+αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις εἰκότως ἄν τις χρήσαιτο, καὶ τὰ πράγματα δὲ τοῖς
+ἀπολειφθεῖσι τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους συνουσίας ἱκανὰ δηλῶσαι τὴν προαίρεσιν τοῦ
+βίου παντός.
+
+(When you had come to man’s estate, and after fate had decreed the ending
+of your father’s life(72) and Heaven had granted that his last hours
+should be peculiarly blest, you adorned his tomb not only by lavishing on
+it splendid decorations(73) and so paying the debt of gratitude for your
+birth and education, but still more by the fact that you alone of his sons
+hastened to him when he was still alive and stricken by illness, and paid
+him the highest possible honours after his death. But all this I need only
+mention in passing. For now it is your exploits that cry aloud for notice
+and remind me of your energy, courage, good judgment, and justice. In
+these qualities you are unsurpassed, unrivalled. In your dealings with
+your brothers,(74) your subjects, your father’s friends, and your armies
+you displayed justice and moderation; except that, in some cases, forced
+as you were by the critical state of affairs, you could not, in spite of
+your own wishes, prevent others from going astray. Towards the enemy your
+demeanour was brave, generous, and worthy of the previous reputation of
+your house. While you maintained the friendly relations that already
+existed, kept the capital free from civil discord, and continued to
+cherish your brothers who were your partners in empire, you granted to
+your friends, among other benefits, the privilege of addressing you as an
+equal and full freedom of speech without stint, and perfect frankness. Not
+only did you share with them all whatever you possessed, but you gave to
+each what he seemed most to need. Anyone who wants testimony to all this
+might reasonably call your friends to witness, but if he does not know
+your friends, the facts themselves are sufficient to demonstrate the
+policy of your whole life.)
+
+[C] Ῥητέον δὲ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἤδη τῶν πράξεων ἀναβαλλομένοις τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἕξεων
+λόγον. Πέρσαι τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης πάλαι κρατήσαντες καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ πολλὰ
+καταστρεψάμενοι, μικροῦ δέω φάναι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην περιβαλόμενοι κύκλῳ
+ταῖς ἐλπίσιν, ἐπειδὴ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων ἀφῄρηντο, τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου
+στρατηγίας ἔργον γενόμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ παίγνιον, χαλεπῶς φέροντες(75) τὸ
+δουλεύειν, ὡς ἐκεῖνον ᾔσθοντο τετελευτηκότα, τῶν διαδόχων ἀποστάντες [D]
+Μακεδόσι τε εἰς τὴν ἀντίπαλον δύναμιν αὖθις κατέστησαν καὶ ἡμῚν τὸ
+λειπόμενον τῆς Μακεδόνων ἀρχῆς. κατακτησαμένοις ἀξιόμαχοι διὰ τέλους
+ἔδοξαν εἶναι πολέμιοι. καὶ τῶν μὲν παλαιῶν τί χρὴ νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκειν,
+Ἀντωνίου καὶ Κράσσου, στρατηγῶν αὐτοκρατόρων, καὶ ὡς ἐκεῖνα διὰ μακρῶν
+ἀπωσάμεθα κινδύνων τὰ αἴσχη, πολλῶν καὶ σωφρόνων αὐτοκρατόρων
+ἀναμαχεσαμένων τὰ πταίσματα; τί δὲ χρὴ τῶν δευτέρων ἀτυχημάτων μεμνῆσθαι
+καὶ τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τοῦ Κάρου πράξεων, [18] ὅσπερ μετὰ τὰς συμφορὰς ᾑρέθη
+στρατηγός;(76) ἀλλ᾽ οἱ τὴν θαυμαστὴν καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀγαπωμένην εἰρήνην
+ἐπιτάξαντες ἐκείνοις ἄγειν, οἱ πρὸ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς τὴν βασιλείαν
+κατασχόντες, οὐχ ὁ μὲν καῖσαρ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν συμβαλὼν αἰσχρῶς ἀπήλλαξεν;
+ἐπιστραφέντος δὲ τοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης ἄρχοντος καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς
+ἡγεμονίας [B] ἁπάσης ἐκεῖσε τρέψαντος καὶ προκαταλαβέντος τὰς εἰσβολὰς
+στρατεύμασι καὶ καταλόγοις ὁπλιτῶν παλαιῶν καὶ νεολέκτων καὶ παντοδαπαῖς
+παρασκευαῖς, δεδιότες μόλις τὴν εἰρήνην ἠγάπησαν. ἣν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως
+περιόντος τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ σοῦ συγχέαντες καὶ συνταράξαντες, τῆς μὲν παρ᾽
+ἐκείνου τιμωρίας διήμαρτον, ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον παρασκευαῖς τὸν βίον
+μεταλλάξαντος· σοὶ δὲ ὑπέσχον τὴν δίκην ὕστερον τῶν τετολμημένων. μέλλων
+δὲ ἔτι δὴ τῶν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀγώνων γενομένων σοι πολλάκις ἅπτεσθαι τοσοῦτον
+ἁξιῶ σκοπεῖν τοὺς ἀκροωμένους, [C] ὅτι τοῦ τρίτου μορίου τῆς ἀρχῆς
+καθεστὼς κύριος οὐδαμῶς πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐρρῶσθαι δοκοῦντος, οὐχ ὅπλοις,
+οὐκ ἀνδράσι τοῖς στρατευομένοις, οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ὅσα πρὸς τηλικοῦτον
+πόλεμον ἐχρῆν ἐπιρρεῖν ἄφθονα, πρὸς τούτοις δὲ οὐδὲ τῶν ἀδελφῶν σοι δι᾽
+ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας τὸν πόλεμον ἐλαφρυνόντων· καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεὶς οὕτως
+ἀναίσχυντος οὐδὲ βάσκανος συκοφάντης, [D] ὃς οὐκ αἰτιώτατον γενέσθαι σὲ
+τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ὁμονοίας φήσει· ὄντος δὲ οἶμαι τοῦ πολέμου καθ᾽ αὑτὸν
+δυσχεροῦς, τὰ τὼν στρατοπέδων πρὸς τὴν μεταβολὴν διεταράττετο, τὸν μὲν
+παλαιὸν σφῶν ἡγεμόνα ποθεῖν ἐκβοῶντες, ὑμῶν δὲ ἄρχειν ἐθέλοντες· καὶ ἄλλα
+μυρία ἄτοπα καὶ δυσχερῆ πανταχόθεν ἀναφυόμενα χαλεπωτέρας τὰς ὑπὲρ τοῦ
+πολέμου παρεῖχεν ἐλπίδας· Ἀρμένιοι παλαιοὶ [19] σύμμαχοι στασιάζοντες καὶ
+μοῖρα σφῶν οὐ φαύλη Πέρσαις προσθέμενοι, τὴν ὅμορον σφίσι λῃσταῖς
+κατατρέχοντες· καὶ ὅπερ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐφαίνετο μόνον σωτήριον, τὸ σὲ
+τῶν πραγμάτων ἔχεσθαι καὶ βουλεύεσθαι, τέως οὐχ ὑπῆρχε διὰ τὰς πρὸς τοὺς
+ἀδελφοὺς ἐν Παιονίᾳ συνθήκας, ἃς αὐτὸς παρὼν οὕτω διῴκησας, ὡς μηδεμίαν
+ἀφορμὴν ἑκείνοις παρασχεῖν μέμψεως. μικροῦ με ἔλαθεν ἡ(77) τῶν πράξεων
+ἀρχὴ διαφυγοῦσα καλλίων ἁπασῶν ἢ ταῖς καλλίσταις ἐξ ἴσης θαυμαστή. [B] τὸ
+γὰρ ὑπὲρ τοσούτων πραγμάτων βουλευόμενον μηδὲν ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖν, εἰ τοῖς
+ἀδελφοῖς τὸ πλέον ἔχειν ἑκὼν συγχωροίης, σωφροσύνης καὶ μεγαλοψυχίας
+μέγιστον ἂν εἴη σημεῖον. νῦν δὲ εἰ μέν τις τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν πρὸς τοὺς
+ἀδελφοὺς νεμόμενος ἑκατὸν ταλάντων, κείσθω δέ, εἰ βούλει, τοσούτων ἄλλων,
+εἶτα ἔχων πεντήκοντα(78) μναῖς ἔλαττον ἠγάπησε δή, καὶ μικροῦ παντελῶς
+ἀργυρίου τὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους ὁμόνοιαν ἀνταλλαξάμενος, [C] ἐπαίνων ἂν ἐδόκει
+καὶ τιμῆς ἄξιος ὡς χρημάτων κρείττων, ὡς εὔβουλος φύσει, ξυνελόντι δὲ
+εἰπεῖν, ὡς καλὸς κἀγαθός. ὁ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἀρχῆς οὅτω μεγαλοψύχως
+καὶ σωφρόνως δοκῶν βεβουλεῦσθαι, ὡς τὸν μὲν ἐκ τῆς ἐπιμελείας αὑτῷ μείζονα
+μὴ προσθεῖναι πόνον, τῶν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς προσόδων ἑκὼν ὑφίεσθαι ὑπὲρ
+ὁμονοίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους Ῥωμαίων ἁπάντων εἰρήνης, [D] πόσων ἐπαίνων
+ἄξιον κρινεῖ τις; οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο λέγειν ἔνεστιν ἐνταῦθα, ὡς καλῶς μέν,
+ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς(79) μὲν γὰρ οὐδέν, ὅ, τι μὲ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ καλόν,
+ἔμοιγε φαίνεται. ὅλως δὲ εἴ τινι καθ᾽ αὑτὸ τὸ συμφέρον ἐξετάζειν δοκεῖ,
+κρινέτω μὴ πρὸς ἀργύριον σκοπῶν μηδὲ προσόδους χωρίων ἀπαριθμοόμενος,
+καθάπερ οἱ φιλάργυροι γέροντες ὑπὸ τῶν κωμῳδῶν ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν ἑλκόμενοι,
+ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τὴν ἀξίωσιν. [20] φιλονεικῶν μὲν γὰρ
+ὑπὲρ τῶν ὁρίων καὶ δυσμενῶς ἔχων ἐκείνων ἂν ἦρξε μόνων ὧν ἔλαχεν, εἰ καὶ
+πλέον ἔχων ἀπῄει· ὑπερορῶν δὲ τῶν μικρῶν καὶ καταφρονήσας ἦρχε μὲν ἁπάσης
+μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης, ἐπεμελεῖτο δὲ τοῦ λαχόντος μέρους,
+ἀπολαύων μὲν τελείας τῆς τιμῆς, μετέχων δὲ ἔλαττον τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ πόνων.
+
+(But I must postpone the description of your personal qualities and go on
+to speak of your achievements. The Persians in the past conquered the
+whole of Asia, subjugated a great part of Europe, and had embraced in
+their hopes I may almost say the whole inhabited world, when the
+Macedonians deprived them of their supremacy, and they provided
+Alexander’s generalship with a task, or rather with a toy. But they could
+not endure the yoke of slavery, and no sooner was Alexander dead, than
+they revolted from his successors and once more opposed their power to the
+Macedonians, and so successfully that, when we took over what was left of
+the Macedonian empire, we counted them to the end as foes with whom we
+must reckon. I need not now remind you of ancient history, of Antony and
+Crassus,(80) who were generals with the fullest powers, or tell how after
+long‐continued dangers we succeeded in wiping out the disgrace they
+incurred, and how many a prudent general retrieved their blunders. Nor
+need I recall the second chapter of our misfortunes and the exploits of
+Carus(81) that followed, when after those failures he was appointed
+general. Among those who sat on the throne before your father’s time and
+imposed on the Persians conditions of peace admired and welcomed by all,
+did not the Caesar(82) incur a disgraceful defeat when he attacked them on
+his own account? It was not till the ruler of the whole world(83) turned
+his attention to them, directing thither all the forces of the empire,
+occupying all the passes with his troops and levies of hoplites, both
+veterans and new recruits, and employing every sort of military
+equipments, that fear drove them to accept terms of peace. That peace they
+somehow contrived to disturb and break during your father’s lifetime, but
+they escaped punishment at his hands because he died in the midst of
+preparations for a campaign. It was left for you later on to punish them
+for their audacity. I shall often have to speak of your campaigns against
+them, but this one thing I ask my hearers to observe. You became master of
+a third of the empire,(84) that part in fact which seemed by no means
+strong enough to carry on a war, since it had neither arms nor troops in
+the field, nor any of those military resources which ought to flow in
+abundantly in preparation for so important a war. Then, too, your
+brothers, for whatever reason, did nothing to make the war easier for you.
+And yet there is no sycophant so shameless and so envious as not to admit
+that the harmony existing between you was mainly due to you. The war in
+itself presented peculiar difficulties, in my opinion, and the troops were
+disaffected owing to the change of government; they raised the cry that
+they missed their old leader and they wished to control your actions. Nay,
+more; a thousand strange and perplexing circumstances arose on every hand
+to render your hopes regarding the war more difficult to realise. The
+Armenians, our ancient allies, revolted, and no small part of them went
+over to the Persians and overran and raided the country on their borders.
+In this crisis there seemed to be but one hope of safety, that you should
+take charge of affairs and plan the campaign, but at the moment this was
+impossible, because you were in Paeonia(85) making treaties with your
+brothers. Thither you went in person, and so managed that you gave them no
+opening for criticism. Indeed, I almost forgot to mention the very first
+of your achievements, the noblest of all, or at any rate equal to the
+noblest. For there is no greater proof of your prudence and magnanimity
+than the fact that, in planning for interests of such importance, you
+thought it no disadvantage if you should, of your own free will, concede
+the lion’s share to your brothers. Imagine, for instance, a man dividing
+among his brothers their father’s estate of a hundred talents, or, if you
+prefer, twice as much. Then suppose him to have been content with fifty
+minae less than the others, and to raise no objection, because he secured
+their goodwill in exchange for that trifling sum. You would think he
+deserved all praise and respect as one who had a soul above money, as far‐
+sighted, in short as a man of honour. But here is one whose policy with
+regard to the empire of the world seems to have been so high minded, so
+prudent, that, without increasing the burdens of administration, he
+willingly gave up some of the imperial revenues in order to secure harmony
+and peace among all Roman citizens. What praise such a one deserves! And
+certainly one cannot, in this connection, quote the saying, “Well done,
+but a bad bargain.” Nothing, in my opinion, can be called a good bargain
+if it be not honourable as well. In general, if anyone wish to apply the
+test of expediency alone, he ought not to make money his criterion or
+reckon up his revenues from estates, like those old misers whom writers of
+comedy bring on to the stage, but he should take into account the vastness
+of the empire and the point of honour involved. If the Emperor had
+disputed about the boundaries and taken a hostile attitude, he might have
+obtained more than he did, but he would have governed only his allotted
+share. But he scorned and despised such trifles, and the result was that
+he really governed the whole world in partnership with his brothers, but
+had the care of his own portion only, and, while he kept his dignity
+unimpaired, he had less than his share of the toil and trouble that go
+with such a position.)
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων καὶ αὖθις ἐξέσται διὰ μακροτέρων δηλῶσαι. ὅπως δὲ τῶν
+πραγμάτων ἐπεμελήθης, [B] τοσούτων κύκλῳ περιστάντων μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς
+τελευτὴν κινδύνων καὶ παντοδαπῶν πραγμάτων, θορύβου,(86) πολέμου
+ἀναγκαίου,(87) πολλῆς καταδρομῆς συμμάχων ἀποστάσεως, στρατοπέδων ἀταξίας,
+ὅσα ἄλλα τότε δυσχερῆ κατελάμβανεν, ἴσως ἤδη διελθεῖν ἄξιον. ἐπειδὴ γάρ
+σοι τὰ τῶν συνθηκῶν μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης ὁμονοίας διῴκητο, παρῆν δὲ ὁ καιρὸς
+τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐπιτάττων βοηθεῖν κινδυνεύουσι, [C] πορείαις ταχείαις(88)
+χρησάμενος ὅπως μὲν ἐκ(89) Παιόνων ἐν Σύροις ὤφθης, οὐδὲ τῷ λόγῳ δεῖξαι
+ῥᾴδιον· ἀρκεῖ δὲ τοῖς ἐγνωκόσιν ἡ πεῖρα. ὅπως δὲ πρὸς τὴν παρουσίαν τὴν
+σὴν ἀθρόως ἅπαντα μεταβαλόντα καὶ μεταστάντα πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον οὐ μόνον τῶν
+ἐπικρεμασθέντων ἡμᾶς ἀπήλλαξε φόβων, ἀμείνους δὲ μακρῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν
+μελλόντων παρέσχεν ἐλπίδας, [D] τίς ἂν ἀρκέσειε τῶν ἁπάντων εἰπεῖν; τὰ μὲν
+τῶν στρατοπέδων, πλησίον γενομένου μόνον, ἐπέπαυτο τῆς ἀταξίας καὶ
+μεθειστήκει πρὸς κόσμον, Ἀρμενίων δὲ οἱ προσθέμενοι τοῖς πολεμίοις εὐθὺς
+μετάστησαν, σοῦ τοὺς μὲν αἰτίους τῆς φυγῆς τῷ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης ἄρχοντι
+παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἐξαγαγόντος, τοῖς φεύγουσι δὲ τὴν ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν κάθοδον ἀδεᾶ
+παρασκευάσαντος. οὕτω δὲ φιλανθρώπως τοῖς τε παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἀφικομένοις ἄρτι
+[21] χρησαμένου καὶ τοῖς ἐκ τῆς φυγῆς μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν ἄρχοντος κατεληλυθόσι
+πρᾴως ὁμιλοῦντος, οἱ μέν, ὅτι καὶ πρότερον ἀπέστησαν, αὑτοὺς ἀπωλοφύραντο,
+οἱ δὲ τὴν παροῦσαν τύχην τῆς πρόσθεν ἠγάπων μᾶλλον δυναστείας. καὶ οἱ μὲν
+φεύγοντες ἔμπροσθεν ἔργῳ σωφρονεῖν ἔφασαν ἐκμαθεῖν, οἱ δὲ τοῦ μὴ
+μεταστῆναι τῆς ἀμοιβῆς ἀξίας τυγχάνειν. τοσαύτῃ δὲ ἐχρήσω περὶ τοὺς
+κατελθόντας ὑπερβολῇ δωρεῶν καὶ τιμῆς, ὥστε μηδὲ [B] τοῖς ἐχθίστοις σφῶν
+εὖ πράττουσι καὶ τὰ εἰκότα τιμωμένοις ἄχθεσθαι μηδὲ βασκαίνειν. ταῦτα δὲ
+ἐν βραχεῖ καταστησάμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐξ Ἀραβίας λῃστὰς ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους
+ταῖς πρεσβείαις τρέψας, ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ πολέμου παρασκευὰς ἦλθες, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ
+χεῖρον ἐν βραχεῖ προειπεῖν.
+
+(On that subject, however, I shall have a chance later to speak in more
+detail. This is perhaps the right moment to describe how you controlled
+the situation, encompassed as you were, after your father’s death, by so
+many perils and difficulties of all sorts—confusion, an unavoidable war,
+numerous hostile raids, allies in revolt, lack of discipline in the
+garrisons, and all the other harassing conditions of the hour. You
+concluded in perfect harmony the negotiations with your brothers, and when
+the time had arrived that demanded your aid for the dangerous crisis of
+affairs, you made forced marches, and immediately after leaving Paeonia
+appeared in Syria. But to relate how you did this would tax my powers of
+description, and indeed for those who know the facts their own experience
+is enough. But who in the world could describe adequately how, at the
+prospect of your arrival, everything was changed and improved all at once,
+so that we were set free from the fears that hung over us and could
+entertain brighter hopes than ever for the future? Even before you were
+actually on the spot the mutiny among the garrisons ceased and order was
+restored. The Armenians who had gone over to the enemy at once changed
+sides again, for you ejected from the country and sent to Rome those who
+were responsible for the governor’s(90) exile, and you secured for the
+exiles a safe return to their own country. You were so merciful to those
+who now came to Rome as exiles, and so kind in your dealings with those
+who returned from exile with the governor, that the former did, indeed,
+bewail their misfortune in having revolted, but still were better pleased
+with their present condition than with their previous usurpation; while
+the latter, who were formerly in exile, declared that the experience had
+been a lesson in prudence, but that now they were receiving a worthy
+reward for their loyalty. On the returned exiles you lavished such
+magnificent presents and rewards that they could not even resent the good
+fortune of their bitterest enemies, nor begrudge their being duly
+honoured. All these difficulties you quickly settled, and then by means of
+embassies you turned the marauding Arabs against our enemies. Then you
+began preparations for the war, about which I may as well say a few
+words.)
+
+Τῆς γὰρ εἰρήνης τῆς πρόσθεν τοῖς μὲν στρατευομένοις ἀνείσης τοὺς πόνους,
+τοῖς λειτουργοῦσι δὲ κουφοτέρας τὰς λειτουργίας(91) παρασχούσης, τοῦ
+πολέμου δὲ χρημάτων καὶ σιτηρεσίου καὶ χορηγίας λαμπρᾶς δεομένου, [C] πολὺ
+δὲ πλέον ἰσχύος καὶ ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας τῶν
+στρατευομένων, ὑπάρχοντος δὲ οὐδενὸς σχεδὸν τῶν τοιούτων, αὐτὸς ἐξηῦρες
+καὶ κατέστησας, τοῖς μὲν ἐν(92) ἡλικίᾳ στρατεύεσθαι λαχοῦσιν ἀποδείξας τῶν
+πόνων μελέτην, παπαπλησίαν δὲ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἱππικὴν καταστησάμενος
+δύναμιν, τῷ πεζῷ δὲ ἐπιτάξας τῶν πόνων ἔχεσθαι· καὶ ταῦτα οὐ ῥήμασι μόνον
+οὐδὲ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος, μελετῶν δὲ [D] αὐτὸς καὶ συνασκούμενος καὶ δεικνύων
+ἔργῳ τὸ πρακτέον, πολέμων ἐργάτας ἄφνω κατέστησας. χρημάτων δὲ ἐπενόεις
+πόρους, οὐκ αὔξων τοὺς φόρους οὐδὲ τὰς συντάξεις, καθάπερ Ἀθηναῖοι
+πρόσθεν, εἰς τὸ διπλάσιον ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον καταστήσας, ἐμμένων δὲ οἶμαι
+τοῖς ἀρχαίοις πλὴν εἴ που πρὸς βραχὺ καὶ πρὸς καιρὸν(93) ἐχρῆν αἰσθέσθαι
+δαπανηροτέρων τῶν λειτουργημάτων. ἐν τοσαύτηι δὲ(94) τοὺς στρατευομένους
+ἦγες ἀφθονίᾳ, [22] ὡς μὴτε ὑβρίζειν τῷ κόρῳ μήτε ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας
+πλημμελεῖν ἀναγκασθῆναι. ὅπλων δὲ καὶ ἵππων παρασκευὴν καὶ νεῶν τῶν
+ποταμίων καὶ μηχανημάτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τὸ πλῆθος σιωπῇ κατέχω.
+ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τέλος εἶχε καὶ ἔδει χρῆσθαι τοῖς προρρηθεῖσιν
+εἰς δέον, ἐζεύγνυτο μὲν ὁ Τίγρης σχεδίᾳ πολλάκις, ἤρθη δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ
+φρούρια, καὶ τῶν πολεμίων οὐδεὶς ἐτόλμησεν ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, [B]
+πάντα δὲ παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἤγετο τἀκείνων ἀγαθά, τῶν μὲν οὐδὲ εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι
+τολμώντων, τῶν θρασυνομένων δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τὴν τιμωρίαν ὑποσχόντων. τὸ μὲν
+δὴ κεφάλαιον τῶν εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν εἰσβολῶν τοιοῦτον. καθ᾽ ἕκαστον γὰρ
+ἐπεξιέναι τίς ἂν ἀξίως ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ δυνηθείη, τῶν μὲν τὰς συμφορὰς τῶν
+δὲ τὰς ἀριστείας ἀπαριθμούμενος; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως εἰπεῖν οὐ χαλεπόν, [C]
+ὅτι πολλάκις τὸν ποταμὸν ἐκεῖνον περαιωθεὶς ξὺν τῷ στρατεύματι καὶ πολὺν
+ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ διατρίψας(95) χρόνον, λαμπρὸς ἐπανῄεις τοῖς τροπαίοις, τὰς
+διὰ σὲ πόλεις ἐλευθέρας ἐπιὼν καὶ χαριζόμενος εἰρήνην καὶ πλοῦτον, πάντα
+ἀθρόως τὰ ἀγαθά, καὶ τῶν πάλαι ποθουμένων διδοὺς ἀπολαύειν, νίκης κατὰ τῶν
+βαρβάρων, τροπαίων ἐγειρομένων κατὰ τῆς Παρθυαίων ἀπιστίας καὶ
+ἀνανδρίας,(96) ὧν τὸ μὲν ἐπεδείξαντο [D] τὰς σπονδὰς λύσαντες καὶ τὴν
+εἰρήνην συγχέαντες, τὸ δὲ μὴ τολμῶντες ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν φιλτάτων
+ἀμύνεσθαι.
+
+(The previous period of peace had relaxed the labours of the troops, and
+lightened the burdens of those who had to perform public services. But the
+war called for money, provisions, and supplies on a vast scale, and even
+more it demanded endurance, energy, and military experience on the part of
+the troops. In the almost entire absence of all these, you personally
+provided and organised everything, drilled those who had reached the age
+for military service, got together a force of cavalry to match the
+enemy’s, and issued orders for the infantry to persevere in their
+training. Nor did you confine yourself to speeches and giving orders, but
+yourself trained and drilled with the troops, showed them their duty by
+actual example, and straightway made them experts in the art of war. Then
+you discovered ways and means, not by increasing the tribute or the
+extraordinary contributions, as the Athenians did in their day, when they
+raised these to double or even more. You were content, I understand, with
+the original revenues, except in cases where, for a short time, and to
+meet an emergency, it was necessary that the people should find their
+services to the state more expensive. The troops under your leadership
+were abundantly supplied, yet not so as to cause the satiety that leads to
+insolence, nor, on the other hand, were they driven to insubordination
+from lack of necessaries. I shall say nothing about your great array of
+arms, horses, and river‐boats, engines of war and the like. But when all
+was ready and the time had come to make appropriate use of all that I have
+mentioned, the Tigris was bridged by rafts at many points and forts were
+built to guard the river. Meanwhile the enemy never once ventured to
+defend their country from plunder, and every useful thing that they
+possessed was brought in to us. This was partly because they were afraid
+to offer battle, partly because those who were rash enough to do so were
+punished on the spot. This is a mere summary of your invasions of the
+enemy’s country. Who, indeed, in a short speech could do justice to every
+event, or reckon up the enemy’s disasters and our successes? But this at
+least I have space to tell. You often crossed the Tigris with your army
+and spent a long time in the enemy’s country, but you always returned
+crowned with the laurels of victory. Then you visited the cities you had
+freed, and bestowed on them peace and plenty, all possible blessings and
+all at once. Thus at your hands they received what they had so long
+desired, the defeat of the barbarians and the erection of trophies of
+victory over the treachery and cowardice of the Parthians. Treachery they
+had displayed when they violated the treaties and broke the peace,
+cowardice when they lacked the courage to fight for their country and all
+that they held dear.)
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μή τις ὑπολάβῃ με τούτων μὲν ἡδέως μεμνῆσθαι τῶν ἔργων, ὀκνεῖν
+δὲ ἐκεῖνα, περὶ ἃ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις πλεονεκτῆσαι παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη, μᾶλλον
+δὲ ἡ χώρα τὴν ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ προσλαβοῦσα ῥοπήν, ὡς αἰσχύνην ἡμῖν, οὐχὶ δὲ
+ἔπαινον καὶ τιμὴν φέροντα, καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων πειράσομαι δηλῶσαι διὰ βραχέων,
+οὐ πρὸς τὸ [23] λυσιτελέστατον ἐμαυτῷ τοὺς λόγους πλάττων, τὴν ἀλήθειαν δὲ
+ἀγαπῶν ἐν πᾶσιν. ἧς εἴ τις ἑκὼν ἁμαρτάνοι, τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν αἰσχύνην
+οὐδαμῶς ἐκφεύγει, προστίθησι δὲ τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις τὸ δοκεῖν μηδ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν
+ἄλλων εὖ ἀκούειν κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν· ὃ παθεῖν εὐλαβησόμεθα. δείξει δὲ ὁ λόγος
+αὐτός, εἰ μηδαμοῦ τὸ ψεῦδος πρὸ τῆς ἀληθείας τετίμηκεν. οὐκοῦν εὖ οἶδα,
+ὅτι πάντες ἂν μέγιστον φήσειαν πλεονέκτημα τῶν βαρβάρων τὸν πρὸ τῶν
+Σιγγάρων πόλεμον. [B] ἐγὼ δὲ ἐκείνην τὴν μάχην ἴσα μὲν ἐνεγκεῖν τοῖς
+στρατοπέδοις τὰ δυστυχήματα, δεῖξαι δὲ τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν περιγενομένην τῆς
+ἐκείνων τύχης φαίην ἂν εἰκότως, καὶ ταῦτα στρατοπέδῳ χρησαμένου(97) θρασεῖ
+καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὥραν καὶ τὴν τοῦ πνίγους ῥώμην οὐχ ὁμοίως
+ἐκείνοις συνήθει. ὅπως δὲ ἕκαστον ἐπράχθη, διηγήσομαι. θέρος μὲν γὰρ ἦν
+ἀκμάζον ἔτι, συνῄει δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν τὰ στρατόπεδα πολὺ πρὸ τῆς μεσημβρίας.
+[C] ἐκπληττόμενοι δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι τὴν εὐταξίαν καὶ τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὴν
+ἡσυχίαν, αὐτοὶ δὲ πλήθει θαυμαστοὶ φανέντες, ἤρχετο μὲν οὐδεὶς τῆς μάχης,
+τῶν μὲν εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι πρὸς οὕτω παρεσκευασμένην δύναμιν ὀκνούντων, τῶν
+δὲ περιμενόντων ἐκείνους ἄρχειν, ὅπως ἀμυνόμενοι μᾶλλον ἐν πᾶσιν, οὐχὶ δὲ
+αὐτοὶ πολέμου μετὰ τὴν εἰρήνην ἄρχοντες φανεῖεν. τέλος δὲ ὁ τῆς βαρβαρικῆς
+ἐκείνης δυνάμεως ἡγεμών, [D] μετέωρος ἀρθεὶς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀσπίδων καὶ
+καταμαθὼν τὸ πλῆθος ἐν τάξει, οἷος ἐξ οἵου γέγονε καὶ ποίας ἀφίει φωνάς;
+προδεδόσθαι βοῶν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ πολέμου πείσαντας αἰτιώμενος, φεύγειν
+ᾤετο χρῆναι διὰ τάχους καὶ τοῦτο μόνον οἱ πρὸς σωτηρίαν ἀρκέσειν, εἰ
+φθήσεται τὸν ποταμὸν διαβῆναι, ὅσπερ ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης πρὸς τὴν
+ἡμετέραν ὅρος ἀρχαῖος. ταῦτα διανοηθεὶς ἐκεῖνος πρῶτον ἐπὶ πόδα σημαίνει
+τὴν ἀναχώρησιν, καὶ κατ᾽ [24] ὀλίγον προστιθεὶς τῷ τάχει τέλος ἤδη
+καρτερῶς ἔφευγεν, ἔχων ὀλίγους ἱππάας ἀμφ᾽ αὑτόν, τὴν δύναμιν ἅπασαν τῷ
+παιδὶ καὶ τῷ πιστοτάτῳ τῶν φίλων ἐπιτρέψας ἄγειν. ταῦτα ὁρῶντες τὸ
+στράτευμα καὶ χαλεπαίνοντες, ὅτι μηδεμίαν ὑπέσχον τῶν τετολμημένων δίκην,
+ἐβόων ἄγειν ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, καὶ κελεύοντος σοῦ(98) μένειν ἀχθόμενοι μετὰ τῶν
+ὅπλων ἕθεον ὡς ἕκαστος εἶχε ῥώμης τε καὶ τάχους, ἄπειροι μὲν ὄντες αὐτοὶ
+τέως τῆς σῆς στρατηγίας, [B] εἰς δὲ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁρῶντες ἄμεινον αὑτῶν τὸ
+συμφέρον κρίνειν ἧττον ἐπίστευον· καὶ τῷ πολλὰς(99) συγκατειργάσθαι τῷ
+πατρὶ τῷ σῷ μάχας καὶ κρατῆσαι παντχοῦ τὸ(100) δοκεῖν ἀηττήτους εἶναι
+συνηγωνίζετο. τούτων δὲ οὐδενὸς ἔλαττον τὸ παρεστὼς Παρθυαίων δέος ἐπῆρεν
+ὡς οὐκ ἀγωνισαμένους(101) πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν χώραν
+αὐτήν, καὶ εἴ τι μεῖζον ἔξωθεν προσπίπτοι, καὶ τούτου πάντως κρατήσοντας.
+ταχέως οὖν ἑκατὸν μεταξὺ στάδια [C] διαδραμόντες(102) ἐφειστήκεσαν ἤδη
+Παρθυαίοις εἰς τὸ τεῖχος καταπεφευγόσιν, ὃ πρότερον ἤδη πεποίητο σφίσιν
+ὥσπερ στρατόπεδον. ἑσπέρα δὲ ἦν λοιπὸν καὶ ὁ πόλεμος αὐτόθεν ξυνερρήγνυτο.
+καὶ τὸ μὲν τεῖχος αἱροῦσιν εὐθέως τοὺς ὑπὲρ(103) αὐτοῦ κτείναντες·
+γενόμενοι δὲ εἴσω τῶν ἐρυμάτων πολὺν μὲν ἠρίστευον χρόνον, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ
+δίψους ἀπειρηκότες ἤδη καὶ λάκκοις ὕδατος ἐντυχόντες ἔνδον, τὴν καλλίστην
+νίκην διέφθειραν καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις παρέσχον ἀναμαχέσασθαι τὸ πταῖσμα. [D]
+τοῦτο τέλος τῆς μάχης ἐκείνης γέγονε, τρεῖς μὲν ἢ τέτταρας ἀφελομένης τῶν
+παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, Παρθυαίων δὲ τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ βασιλείᾳ τρεφόμενον, ἁλόντα πρότερον,
+καὶ τῶν ἀμφ᾽ αὐτὸν παμπληθεῖς ξυνδιαφθειράσης· τούτοις δὲ ἅπασι δρωμένοις
+ὁ μὲν τῶν βαρβάρων ἡγεμὼν οὐδὲ ὄναρ παρῆν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπέσχε τὴν φυγὴν πρὶν
+ἢ κατὰ νώτου τὸν ποταμὸν ἐποιέσατο· [25] αὐτὸς δὲ διέμενες ἐν τοῖς ὄπλοις
+δι᾽ ὄλης ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς ἁπάσης, συμμετέχων μὲν τοῖς κρατοῦσι τῶν
+ἀγωνισμάτων, τοῖς πονοῦσι δὲ ἐπαρκῶν διὰ ταχέων. ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς ἀνδρείας καὶ
+τῆς εὐψυχίας εἰς τοσοῦτον τὸν ἀγῶνα μετέστησας, ὥστε αὐτοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν
+αὑτῶν τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπιλαβούσης ἀσμένως ἀποσώζεσθαι, ἀναχωρεῖν δὲ ἐκ τῆς
+μάχης, ἑπομένου σου, καὶ τοὺς τραυματίας; οὕτω τὸ δέος πᾶσιν ἀνῆκας τῆς
+φυγῆς. [B] ποῖον οὖν ἥλω φρούριον; τίς δὲ ἐπολιορκήθη πόλις; τίνος δὲ
+ἀποσκευῆς οἱ πολέμιοι κρατήσαντες ἔσχον ἐφ᾽ ὅτῳ σεμνύνωνται μετὰ τὸν
+πόλεμον;
+
+(But lest anyone should suppose that, while I delight in recalling
+exploits like these, I avoid mentioning occasions when luck gave the enemy
+the advantage—or rather it was the nature of the ground combined with
+opportunity that turned the scale—and that I do so because they brought us
+no honour or glory but only disgrace, I will try to give a brief account
+of those incidents also, not adapting my narrative with an eye to my own
+interests, but preferring the truth in every case. For when a man
+deliberately sins against the truth he cannot escape the reproach of
+flattery, and moreover he inflicts on the object of his panegyric the
+appearance of not deserving the praise that he receives on other accounts.
+This is a mistake of which I shall beware. Indeed my speech will make it
+clear that in no case has fiction been preferred to the truth. Now I am
+well aware that all would say that the battle we fought before
+Singara(104) was a most important victory for the barbarians. But I should
+answer and with justice that this battle inflicted equal loss on both
+armies, but proved also that your valour could accomplish more than their
+luck; and that although the legions under you were violent and reckless
+men, and were not accustomed, like the enemy, to the climate and the
+stifling heat. I will relate exactly what took place. It was still the
+height of summer, and the legions mustered long before noon. Since the
+enemy were awestruck by the discipline, accoutrements and calm bearing of
+our troops, while to us they seemed amazing in numbers, neither side began
+the battle; for they shrank from coming to close quarters with forces so
+well equipped, while we waited for them to begin, so that in all respects
+we might seem to be acting rather in self‐defence, and not to be
+responsible for beginning hostilities after the peace. But at last the
+leader(105) of the barbarian army, raised high on their shields, perceived
+the magnitude of our forces drawn up in line. What a change came over him!
+What exclamations he uttered! He cried out that he had been betrayed, that
+it was the fault of those who had persuaded him to go to war, and decided
+that the only thing to be done was to flee with all speed, and that one
+course alone would secure his safety, namely to cross, before we could
+reach it, the river, which is the ancient boundary‐line between that
+country and ours. With this purpose he first gave the signal for a retreat
+in good order, then gradually increasing his pace he finally took to
+headlong flight, with only a small following of cavalry, and left his
+whole army to the leadership of his son and the friend in whom he had most
+confidence. When our men saw this they were enraged that the barbarians
+should escape all punishment for their audacious conduct, and clamoured to
+be led in pursuit, chafed at your order to halt, and ran after the enemy
+in full armour with their utmost energy and speed. For of your generalship
+they had had no experience so far, and they could not believe that you
+were a better judge than they of what was expedient. Moreover, under your
+father they had fought many battles and had always been victorious, a fact
+that tended to make them think themselves invincible. But they were most
+of all elated by the terror that the Parthians now shewed, when they
+thought how they had fought, not only against the enemy, but against the
+very nature of the ground, and if any greater obstacle met them from some
+fresh quarter, they felt that they would overcome it as well. Accordingly
+they ran at full speed for about one hundred stades, and only halted when
+they came up with the Parthians, who had fled for shelter into a fort that
+they had lately built to serve as a camp. It was, by this time, evening,
+and they engaged battle forthwith. Our men at once took the fort and slew
+its defenders. Once inside the fortifications they displayed great bravery
+for a long time, but they were by this time fainting with thirst, and when
+they found cisterns of water inside, they spoiled a glorious victory and
+gave the enemy a chance to retrieve their defeat. This then was the issue
+of that battle, which caused us the loss of only three or four of our men,
+whilst the Parthians lost the heir to the throne(106) who had previously
+been taken prisoner, together with all his escort. While all this was
+going on, of the leader of the barbarians not even the ghost was to be
+seen, nor did he stay his flight till he had put the river behind him.
+You, on the other hand, did not take off your armour for a whole day and
+all the night, now sharing the struggles of those who were getting the
+upper hand, now giving prompt and efficient aid to those who were hard‐
+pressed. And by your bravery and fortitude you so changed the face of the
+battle that at break of day the enemy were glad to beat a safe retreat to
+their own territory, and even the wounded, escorted by you, could retire
+from the battle. Thus did you relieve them all from the risks of flight.
+Now what fort was taken by the enemy? What city did they besiege? What
+military supplies did they capture that should give them something to
+boast about after the war?)
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως, φήσει τισ, τὸ μηδέποτε τῶν πολεμίων ἧττον ἔχοντα ἀπελθεῖν
+εὐτυχὲς καὶ εὔδαιμον ἡγητέον,(107) τὸ δὲ ἀντιστῆναι τῇ τύχῃ ῥωμαλεώτερον
+καὶ(108) μείζονος ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει σημεῖον.
+
+(But perhaps some one will say that never to come off worse than the enemy
+must indeed be considered good fortune and felicity, but to make a stand
+against fortune calls for greater vigour and is a proof of greater
+valour.)
+
+Τίς μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸς κυβερνήτης ἐν εὐδίᾳ τὴν ναῦν κατευθύνων, [C] γαλήνης
+ἀκριβοῦς κατεχούσης τὸ πέλαγος; τίς δὲ ἡνίοχος ἅρματος δεξιὸς ἐν ὁμαλῷ καὶ
+λείῳ χωρίῳ εὐπειθεῖς καὶ πρᾴους καὶ ταχεῖς ἵππους ζευξάμενος, εἶτα ἐν
+τούτοις ἐπιδεικνύμενος τὴν τέχνην; πόσῳ δὲ ἀμείνων νεὼς μὲν ἰθυντὴρ ὁ καὶ
+τὸν μέλλοντα χειμῶνα προμαθὼν καὶ προαισθόμενος καὶ πειραθείς γε τοῦτον
+ἐκκλῖναι, εἶτα δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας ἐμπεσὼν καὶ διασώσας ἀπαθῆ τὴν ναῦν
+αὐτῷ φόρτῳ; [D] ἄρματος δ᾽ ἐπιστάτης ὁ καὶ πρὸς χωρίων ἀγωνιζόμενος
+τραχύτητα καὶ τοὺς ἵππους μετατιθεὶς ἅμα καὶ βιαζόμενος, ἤν τι
+πλημμελῶσιν; ὅλως δὲ οὐδεμίαν ἄξιον τέχνην μετὰ τῆς τύχης ἐξετάζειν, ἀλλ᾽
+αὐτὴν ἐφ᾽ αὑτῆς σκοπεῖν. οὐδὲ στρατηγὸς ἀμείνων ὁ Κλέων Νικίου, ἐπειδὴ τὰ
+περὶ τὴν Πύλον ηὐτύχησεν, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλος οὐδεὶς τῶν τύχῃ μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ
+κρατούντων. ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὴ καὶ τὴν τύχην τὴν σὴν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν τῆς
+τῶν ἀντιταξαμένων, μᾶλλον δὲ τῆς ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων κρατίστην φήσαιμι, [26]
+ἀδικεῖν ἂν εἰκότως δοκοίην, τὴν μὴ παρασχοῦσαν τοῖς πολεμίοις αἰσθέσθαι τὸ
+πλεονέκτημα. χρὴ γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν δικαίως ὑπὲρ τῶν ῥηθέντων κρινοῦντα(109) τὸ
+μὲν ἐλάττωμα τῇ τοῦ πνίγους ἀνανταγωνίστῳ ῥώμῃ λογίζεσθαι, τὸ δὲ εἰς ἴσον
+καταστῆσαι τοὺς πολεμίους ταῖς συμφοραῖς τῆς σῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργον ὑπολαβεῖν,
+τὸ δὲ τῶν μὲν οἰκείων αἰσθέσθαι συμφορῶν, ἀγνοῆσαι δὲ τὰ κατορθώματα τῆς
+ἀγαθῆς τύχης ἔργον λογέζεσθαι.
+
+(Is a man a skilful pilot because he can steer his ship in fair weather
+when the sea is absolutely calm? Would you call a charioteer an expert
+driver who on smooth and level ground has in harness horses that are
+gentle, quiet and swift, and under such conditions gives a display of his
+art? How much more skilful is the pilot who marks and perceives beforehand
+the coming storm and tries to avoid its path, and then, if for any reason
+he must face it, brings off his ship safe and sound, cargo and all? Just
+so, the skilful charioteer is he who can contend against the unevenness of
+the ground, and guide his horses and control them at the same time, if
+they grow restive. In short, it is not fair to judge of skill of any sort
+when it is aided by fortune, but one must examine it independently. Cleon
+was not a better general than Nicias because he was fortunate in the
+affair of Pylos, and the same may be said of all whose success is due to
+luck rather than to good judgment. But if I did not claim that your
+fortune was both better and better deserved than that of your opponents,
+or rather of all men, I should with reason be thought to do it an
+injustice, since it prevented the enemy from even perceiving their
+advantage. For, in my opinion, an impartial judge of my narrative ought to
+ascribe our reverse to the extreme and insupportable heat, and the fact
+that you inflicted loss on the enemy equal to ours he would regard as
+achieved by your valour, but that, though they were aware of their losses,
+they took no account of their success, he would regard as brought about by
+your good fortune.)
+
+[B] Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ μακρότερα περὶ τούτων λέγων τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων καιρὸν
+ἀναλώσω, πειράσομαι λοιπὸν τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο περιστὰν ἡμᾶς τῶν πραγμάτων
+πλῆθος διεξιέναι(110) καὶ τῶν κινδύνων τὸ μέγεθος, καὶ ὅπως ἅπασιν
+ἀντισχὼν τυράννων μὲν πλῆθος, βαρβάρων δὲ ἐτρέψω δυνάμεις. ἦν μὲν γὰρ ὁ
+χειμὼν ἐπ᾽ ἐξόδοις ἤδη, ἕκτον που μάλιστα μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἔτος, οὗ μικρῷ
+πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην, [C] ἧκε δὲ ἀγγέλλων τισ, ὡς Γαλατία μὲν συναφεστῶσα τῷ
+τυράννῳ ἀδελφῷ τῷ σῷ ἐβοὐλευσέ τε καὶ ἐπετέλεσε τὸν φόνον, εἶτα ὡς Ἰταλία
+καὶ Σικελία κατείληπται, τὰ δὲ ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς στρατόπεδα ταραχωδῶς ἔχει καὶ
+Βασιλέα σφῶν ἀπέδειξε τὸν τέως στρατηγὸν ἀντισχεῖν ἐθέλοντα πρὸς τὴν
+ἄμαχον δοκοῦσαν τῶν τυράννων φοράν. ἱκέτευε δὲ αὐτὸς οὗτος χρήματα πέμπειν
+καὶ δύναμιν τὴν βοηθήσουσαν, σφόδρα ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ δεδιὼς καὶ τρέμων, μὴ πρὸς
+τῶν τυράννων κρατηθείη. [D] καὶ τέως μὲν ἐπηγγέλλετο τὰ προσήκοντα
+δράσειν, οὐδαμῶς αὑτὸν ἀξιῶν τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἐπίτροπον δὲ οἶμαι πιστὸν καὶ
+φύλακα παρέξειν ἐπαγγελλόμενος· ἔμελλε δὲ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἄπιστος φανεῖσθαι
+καὶ δίκην ὑφέξειν καίτοι(111) φιλάνθρωπον. ταῦτα πυθόμενος οὐκ ᾤου δεῖν ἐν
+ῥᾳστώνῃ πολλῇ τὸν χρόνον ἀναλίσκειν μάτην. ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ Συρίᾳ
+πόλεις μηχανημάτων καὶ φρουρᾶς καὶ σίτου καὶ τῆς ἄλλης παρασκευῆς(112)
+ἐμπλήσας, καὶ ἀπὼν ἀρκέσειν τοῖς τῇδε προσεδόκησας, [27] αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς
+τυράννους ὁρμᾶν ἐβουλεύου.
+
+(That I may not, however, by saying more on this subject, spend time that
+belongs to more important affairs, I will try to describe next the
+multitude of difficulties that beset us, the magnitude of our perils, and
+how you faced them all, and not only routed the numerous following of the
+usurpers, but the barbarian forces as well. About six years had passed
+since the war I have just described, and the winter was nearly over, when
+a messenger arrived with the news(113) that Galatia(114) had gone over to
+the usurper, that a plot had been made to assassinate your brother and had
+been carried out, also that Italy and Sicily had been occupied, lastly
+that the Illyrian garrisons were in revolt and had proclaimed their
+general(115) emperor, though for a time he had been inclined to resist
+what seemed to be the irresistible onset of the usurpers.(116) Indeed, he
+himself kept imploring you to send money and men to his aid, as though he
+were terribly afraid on his own account of being overpowered by them. And
+for a while he kept protesting that he would do his duty, that for his
+part he had no pretensions to the throne, but would faithfully guard and
+protect it for you. Such were his assertions, but it was not long before
+his treachery came to light and he received his punishment, tempered
+though it was with mercy. On learning these facts you thought you ought
+not to waste your time in idleness to no purpose. The cities of Syria you
+stocked with engines of war, garrisons, food supplies, and equipment of
+other kinds, considering that, by these measures, you would, though
+absent, sufficiently protect the inhabitants, while you were planning to
+set out in person against the usurpers.)
+
+Πέρσαι δὲ ἐξ ἐκείνου τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον παραφυλάξαντες, ὡς ἐξ ἐφόδου τὴν
+Συρίαν ληψόμενοι, πᾶσαν ἐξαναστήσαντες ἡλικίαν καὶ φύσιν καὶ τύχην ἐφ᾽
+ἡμᾶς ὥρμηντο, ἄνδρες, μειράκια, πρεσβῦται καὶ γυναικῶν πλῆθος καὶ
+θεραπόντων, οὐ μόνον τῶν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὑπουργιῶν χάριν, ἐκ περιουσίας
+δὲ πλεῖστον ἑπόμενον. διενοοῦντο γὰρ ὡς καὶ τὰς πόλεις [B] καθάξοντες καὶ
+τῆς χώρας ἤδη κρατήσαντες κληρούχους ἡμῖν ἐπάγειν.(117) κενὰς δὲ ἀπέφηνεν
+αὐτοῖς τὰς προσδοκίας τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς σῆς τὸ μέγεθος. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς
+πολιορκίαν κατέστησαν, ἐπετειχίζετο μὲν ἡ πόλις κύκλῳ τοῖς χώμασιν,
+ἐπέρρει δὲ ὁ Μυγδόνιος πελαγίζων τὸ περὶ τῷ τείχει χωρίον, καθάπερ ὁ
+Νεῖλος, φασὶ, τὴν Αἴγυπτον. προσήγετο δὲ ἐπὶ νεῶν ταῖς ἐπάλξεσι τὰ
+μηχανήματα, καὶ ἐπιπλεῖν ἄλλοι διενοοῦντο τοῖς τείχεσιν, [C] ἄλλοι δὲ
+ἔβαλλον ἀπὸ τῶν χωμάτων τοὺς ἀμυνομένους ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως. οἱ δὲ ἐκ τῶν
+τειχῶν ἤμυνον καρτερῶς τῇ πίλει. μεστὰ δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα σωμάτων καὶ ναυαγίων
+καὶ ὅπλων καὶ βελῶν, τῶν μὲν ἄρτι καταδυομένων, τῶν δέ, ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον
+ὑπὸ τῆς βίας κατενεχθέντα κατέδυ, κουφιζομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος. ἀσπίδες
+μὲν ἐπενήχοντο βαρβάρων παμπληθεῖς καὶ νεῶν σέλματα(118) συντριβομένων ἐπ᾽
+αὐταῖς τῶν μηχανημάτων. [D] βελῶν πλῆθος ἐπινηχόμενον μικροῦ δεῖν ἐπεῖχεν
+ἅπαν τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ τείχους καὶ τῶν χωμάτων. ἐτέτραπτο δὲ ἡ λίμνη πρὸς
+λύθρον, καὶ κύκλῳ τὸ τεῖχος ἐπήχουν οἰμωγαὶ βαρβάρων ὀλλύντων μὲν οὐδαμῶς,
+ὀλλυμένων(119) δὲ πολυτρόπως καὶ τιτρωσκομένων ποικίλοις τραύμασι.
+
+(But the Persians ever since the last campaign had been watching for just
+such an opportunity, and had planned to conquer Syria, by a single
+invasion. So they mustered all forces, every age, sex, and condition, and
+marched against us, men and mere boys, old men and crowds of women and
+slaves, who followed not merely to assist in the war, but in vast numbers
+beyond what was needed. For it was their intention to reduce the cities,
+and once masters of the country, to bring in colonists in spite of us. But
+the magnitude of your preparations made it manifest that their
+expectations were but vanity. They began the siege and completely
+surrounded the city(120) with dykes, and then the river Mygdonius flowed
+in and flooded the ground about the walls, as they say the Nile floods
+Egypt. The siege‐engines were brought up against the ramparts on boats,
+and their plan was that one force should sail to attack the walls while
+the other kept shooting on the city’s defenders from the mounds. But the
+garrison made a stout defence of the city from the walls. The whole place
+was filled with corpses, wreckage, armour, and missiles, of which some
+were just sinking, while others, after sinking from the violence of the
+first shock, floated on the waters. A vast number of barbarian shields and
+also ship’s benches, as a result of the collisions of the siege‐engines on
+the ships, drifted on the surface. The mass of floating weapons almost
+covered the whole surface between the wall and the mounds. The lake was
+turned to gore, and all about the walls echoed the groans of the
+barbarians, slaying not, but being slain(121) in manifold ways and by all
+manner of wounds.)
+
+Τίς ἂν ἀξίως τῶν δρωμένων διηγοῖτο; πῦρ μὲν ἐνίετο ταῖς ἀσπίσιν, ἐξέπιπτον
+δὲ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἡμίκαυτοι πολλοί, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀποδιδράσκοντες τὴν φλόγα τὸν ἐκ
+τῶν βελῶν οὐκ ἀπέφευγον κίνδυνον· [28] ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἔτι νηχόμενοι τὰ νῶτα
+τρωθέντες ἐς βυθὸν κατεδύοντο, οἱ δὲ ἐξαλλόμενοι τῶν μηχανημάτων πρὶν
+ὕδατος ἅψασθαι βληθέντες οὐ σωτηρίαν, κουφότερον δὲ εὗρον τὸν(122)
+θάνατον. τοὺς δὲ οὐδὲ νεῖν εἰδότας ἀκλεέστερον τῶν πρόσθεν ἀπολλυμένους
+τίς ἂν ἀξιώσειεν ἁριθμοῦ καὶ μνήμης; ἐπιλείψει με, καθ᾽ ἕκαστον εἰ πᾶσιν
+ἐπεξελθεῖν βουλοίμην, ὁ χρόνος· τὸ κεφάλαιον δὲ ἀκούειν ἀπόχρη. [B] ταύτην
+ἥλιος ἐπεῖδε τὴν μάχην ἄγνωστον ἀνθρώποις τὸν ἔμπροσθεν χρόνον· ταῦτα τὴν
+παλαιὰν ἀλαζονείαν ἤλενξε τῶν Μήδων τῦφον ὄντα κενόν· ταῦτα τῆς Ξέρξου
+παρασκευῆς ἀπιστουμένης τέως τὸ μέγεθος, εἰ τοσαύτη γενομένη τέλος ἔσχεν
+αἰσχρὸν καὶ ἐπονείδιστον, ἐναργέστερον τῶν δοκούντων εἶναι γνωρίμων ἡμῖν
+κατέστησεν. ὁ μὲν ἐπειρᾶτο πλεῖν καὶ πεζεύειν ἀπεναντίον τῇ φύσει
+μαχόμενος καὶ, [C] ὥσπερ οὖν ᾤετο, κρατῶν ἠπείρου φύσεως καὶ θαλάττης
+ἀνδρὸς Ἕλληνος ἡττᾶτο σοφίας καὶ ῥώμης στρατιωτῶν οὐ τρυφᾶν μεμελετηκότων
+οὐδὲ δουλεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐλευθέρως ἄρχεσθαι καὶ πονεῖν εἰδότων. ὁ δὲ ταῖς
+παρασκευαῖς ἐκείνου καταδεέστερος, ἔμπληκτος δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ τῇ μανίᾳ τοὺς
+Ἀλωάδας ὑπερβαλλόμενος μόνον οὐχὶ τὸ πλησίον ὄρος ἐγνωκὼς ἀμφικαλύψαι τῇ
+πόλει, ἐπαφιεὶς δὲ [D] ποταμῶν ῥεύματα καὶ τὰ τείχη διαλύσας οὐδὲ
+ἀτειχίστου τῆς πόλεως περιγενόμενος ἔσχεν ἐφ᾽ ὅτῳ σεμνύνηται, καθάπερ ὁ
+Ξέρξης ταῖς Ἀθήναις ἐμβαλὼν τὴν φλόγα. ἐπανῄει δὲ τεττάρων μηνῶν ἀναλώσας
+χρόνον μυριάσι πολλαῖς ἧττον ἀπάγων τὸ στάατευμα, καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπησεν
+ὁ πρόσθεν ἀφόρητος δοκῶν, τὴν σὴν ἀσχολίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν πραγμάτων
+παραχὴν ὥσπερ ἔρυμα τῆς αὑτοῦ προβαλλόμενος σωτηρίας.
+
+(Who could find suitable words to describe all that was done there? They
+hurled fire down on to the shields, and many of the hoplites fell half‐
+burned, while others who fled from the flames could not escape the danger
+from the missiles. But some while still swimming were wounded in the back
+and sank to the bottom, while others who jumped from the siege‐engines
+were hit before they touched the water, and so found not safety indeed but
+an easier death. As for those who knew not how to swim, and perished more
+obscurely than those just mentioned, who would attempt to name or number
+them? Time would fail me did I desire to recount all this in detail. It is
+enough that you should hear the sum of the matter. On that day the sun
+beheld a battle the like of which no man had ever known before. These
+events exposed the historic boastings of the Medes as only empty conceit.
+Till then men had hardly believed that Xerxes could have had so huge an
+armament, seeing that for all its size its fate was so shameful and
+ignominious; but these events made the fact clearer to us than things long
+familiar and obvious. Xerxes tried to sail and to march by fighting
+against the laws of nature, and, as he thought, overcame the nature of the
+sea and of the dry land, but he proved to be no match for the wisdom and
+endurance of a Greek whose soldiers had not been bred in the school of
+luxury, nor learned to be slaves, but knew how to obey and to use their
+energies like free‐born men. That man,(123) however, though he had no such
+vast armament as Xerxes, was even more insensate, and outdid the Aloadae
+in his infatuation, as if almost he had conceived the idea of overwhelming
+the city with the mountain(124) that was hard by. Then he turned the
+currents of rivers against its walls and undermined them, but even when
+the city had lost its walls he could not succeed in taking it, so that he
+had not even that triumph to boast of, as Xerxes had when he set fire to
+Athens. So, after spending four months, he retreated with an army that had
+lost many thousands, and he who had always seemed to be irresistible was
+glad to keep the peace, and to use as a bulwark for his own safety the
+fact that you had no time to spare and that our own affairs were in
+confusion.)
+
+Ταῦτα καταλιπὼν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας τρόπαια καὶ νίκας, [29] ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην
+ἀκμῆτας ἦγες τὸ στράτευμα, τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν ἐμπλῆσαι τροπαίων
+ἐγνωκώς. ἐμοὶ δὲ ἀρκεῖ(125) τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἔτι περὶ σοῦ
+λέγειν εἶχον σεμνότερον, πρὸς τὸ πάντων ἀποφῆναι σε τῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῆς
+αὐτῆς σοι μετασχόντων τύχης συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ κρατοῦντα. τὸ γὰρ ἀπαθῶς
+ὤσασθαι μεὲ τὴν Περσῶν δύναμιν, οὐ πόλιν οὐδὲ φρούριον, ἀλλ᾽ [B] οὐδὲ
+στρατιώτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου προέμενον, πολιορκίᾳ δὲ τέλος ἐπιθεῖναι
+λαμπρὸν καὶ οἷον οὔπω πρόσθεν ἠκούσαμεν, τίνι χρὴ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν παραβαλεῖν
+ἔργων; περιβόητος γέγονεν ἡ Καρχηδονίων ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς τόλμα, ἀλλ᾽
+ἐτελεύτησεν εἰς συμφοράς· λαμπρὰ τὰ περὶ τὴν Πλαταιέων πολιορκίαν
+γενόμενα, ἐχρήσαντο δὲ οἱ δείλαιοι γνωριμώτερον τοῖς δυστυχήμασι. τί χρὴ
+Μεσσήνης καὶ Πύλου μεμνῆσθαι, οὔτε ἀγωνισαμένων καρτερῶς οὔτε ἁλόντων ξὺν
+βίᾳ; [C] Συρακούσιοι δὲ τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον ἀντιτάξαντες ταῖς παρασκευαῖς
+τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως καὶ τῷ καλῷ κἀγαθῷ στρατηγῷ τί πλέον ὤναντο; οὐχ
+ἑάλωσαν μὲν τῶν ἄλλων αἴσχιον, ἐσώζοντο δὲ καλὸν ὑπόμνημα τῆς τῶν ἑλόντων
+πρᾳότητος; Ἀλλ᾽ εἰ πάσας ἐξαριθμεῖσθαι τὰς πόλεις βουλοίμην, αἳ πρὸς τὰς
+ὑποδεεστέρας οὐ κατήρκεσαν παρασκευάς, πόσας οἴει μοι βίβλους ἀρκέσειν;
+τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ ἴσως ἄξιον μνησθῆναι πάλαι ποτὲ χρησαμένης τύχῃ τοιαύτῃ, [D]
+Γαλατῶν οἶμαι καὶ Κελτῶν ἐς ταύτὸ πνευσάντων καὶ φερομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν
+καθάπερ χειμάρρους ἐξαίφνης. κατέλαβον μὲν γὰρ τὸν λόφον ἐκεῖνον, οὗ τὸ
+τοῦ Διὸς ἀφίδρυται βρέτας; γέρροις δὲ καί τισι τοιούτοις οἱονεὶ τείχει
+φραξάμενοι, πολυπραγμονούντων οὐδὲν προσιέναι τῶν πολεμίων βίᾳ τολμώντων,
+ἐκράτησαν.
+
+(Such were the trophies and victories that you left behind you in Asia,
+and you led your troops to Europe in perfect condition, determined to fill
+the whole world with the monuments of your victories. Even if I had
+nothing more wonderful to relate about you, what I have said is enough to
+demonstrate that in good sense and energy you surpass all those in the
+past whose fortune was the same as yours. Indeed to have repulsed the
+whole strength of Persia and remain unscathed, not to have lost so much as
+a soldier from the ranks, much less a town or fort, and finally to have
+brought the siege to so brilliant and unprecedented a conclusion,—what
+achievement I ask in the past could one compare with this? The
+Carthaginians were famous for their daring in the face of danger, but they
+ended in disaster. The siege of Plataea shed lustre on its citizens, but
+all that their valour could do for those unhappy men was to make their
+misfortunes more widely known. What need to quote Messene or Pylos, since
+there the defeated did not make a brave defence nor was a vigorous assault
+necessary to subdue them? As for the Syracusans, they had their famous man
+of science(126) to aid them against the armaments of Rome and our
+illustrious general,(127) but what did he avail them in the end? Did they
+not fall more ignominiously than the rest, and were only spared to be a
+glorious monument of their conqueror’s clemency? But if I wished to reckon
+up all the states that could not withstand armaments inferior to their
+own, how many volumes do you think would suffice? Rome, however, I ought
+perhaps to mention, because long ago she had just such a fortune, I mean
+when the Galatians and Celts(128) conspired together, and without warning
+poured down on the city like a winter torrent.(129) The citizens occupied
+the famous hill(130) on which stands the statue of Jupiter. There they
+intrenched themselves with wicker barricades and such like defences, as
+though with a wall, while the enemy offered no hindrance nor ventured to
+approach to attack at close quarters, and so they won the day.)
+
+[30] Ταύτῃ παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον τῇ πολιορκίᾳ τὴν ἔναγχος τῷ τέλει τῆς τύχης,
+ἐπεὶ τοῖς γε ἔργοις οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν ὅσαι πάλαι γεγόνασι. τίς γὰρ ἔγνω
+κυκλουμένην μὲν ὕδασι πόλιν,(131) λόφοις δὲ ἔξωθεν καθάπερ δικτύοις
+περιβληθεῖσαν, καὶ ποταμὸν ἐπαφιέμενον οἱονεὶ μηχάνημα, συνεχῶς ῥέοντα καὶ
+προσρηγνύμενον τοῖς τείχεσι, τάς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν ὑδάτων μάχας καὶ ὅσαι περὶ τῷ
+τείχει κατενεχθέντι γεγόνασιν;(132) ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἀπόχρη καὶ
+ταῦτα· τὰ λειπόμενα δέ ἐστι μακρῷ σεμνότερα. [B] καὶ τυχὸν οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον
+ἅπαξ ἑλόμενον ἁπάντων ἐς δύναμιν μνησθῆναι τῶν σοι πραχθέντων, ἀκμαζουσῶν
+ἔτι τῶν πράξεων, ἁφεῖναι τὴν διήγησιν. ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἔτι τοῖς ἔργοις
+προσκαθήμενος, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην, περὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην διῴκησας,
+πρεσβείας πέμπων καὶ ἀναλίσκων χρήματα καὶ στρατόπεδα τὰ προσκαθήμενα τοῖς
+Σκύθαις ἐν Παιονίᾳ ἐκπέμπων, τοῦ μὴ κρατηθῆναι τὸν πρεσβύτην ὑπὸ τοῦ
+τυράννου προνοῶν, πῶς ἄν τις ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ [C] παραστῆσαι δύναιτο καὶ
+πάνυ σπουδάζων;
+
+(It is with this siege that the recent one may well be compared, at least
+in the issue of its fortunes; for the actual occurrences could not be
+paralleled in all history. For who ever heard of surrounding a city with
+water, and from without throwing hills about it like nets, then hurling at
+it, like a siege‐engine, a river that flowed in a steady stream and broke
+against its walls, or of fighting like that which took place in the water
+and about the wall where it had fallen in? For my purpose, this is, as I
+said, evidence enough. But what remains to tell is far more awe‐inspiring.
+And perhaps, since I have undertaken to record, as far as possible, all
+that you accomplished, it is not fair to break off my narrative at the
+point where you were at the very height of your activity. For even while
+you were occupied by the interests I have just described, you arranged
+your affairs in Europe, despatching embassies, spending money, and sending
+out the legions that were garrisoning Paeonia against the Scythians, all
+of which was with the intention of preventing that feeble old man(133)
+from being overpowered by the usurper.(134) But how could one, with the
+best will in the world, present all this in a short speech?)
+
+Ἐπει δέ, ἤδη σου πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὡρμημένου, οὐκ οἶδα παρ᾽ ὅτου δαιμόνων
+ἐξαιρεθεὶς τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς φρένας ὁ τέως πιστὸς μενεῖν φύλαξ
+ἐπαγγελλόμενος καὶ χρήμασι καὶ στρατοπέδοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ὑπὸ σοῦ
+περισωζόμενος εἰρήνην ὡμολόγησε τῷ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἀνοσιωτάτῳ καὶ πολεμίῳ
+κοινῇ μὲν ἁπάντων, ὁπόσοις εἰρήνης μέλει καὶ τὴν ὁμόνοιαν ἐκ παντὸς
+στέργουσιν, [D] ἰδίᾳ δὲ σοὶ καὶ πλέον τῶν ἄλλων· οὔτε ἔδεισας τῆς
+παρασκευῆς τὸ μέγεθος οὔτε ἀπίστων ἀνδρῶν ξυμμαχίαν πλέον ἔχειν(135)
+ὑπέλαβες τῆς ἔμφρονος γνώμης. ἐγκαλῶν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τῷ μὲν ἀπιστίαν, τῷ δὲ
+πρὸς ταύτῃ πράξεων ἀναγῶν καὶ παρανόμων τολμήματα, τὸν μὲν εἰς δίκην καὶ
+κρίσιν ἐπὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων προυκάλεις, τοῦ δὲ κριτὴν ὑπελάμβανες εἶναι τὸν
+πόλεμον. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ὁ καλὸς καὶ συνετὸς ἀπήντα πρεσβύτης, [31]
+εὐχερέστερον παιδαρίου τινὸς μετατιθέμενος τὰ δόξαντα καὶ ὧν εὖ πάθοι
+δεόμενος μετὰ τὴν χρείαν ἐπιλήσμων· παρῆν δὲ ἄγων ὁπλιτῶν φάλαγγας καὶ
+τάξεις ἱππέων, ὡς, εἰ μὴ πείθοι, βιασόμενος σε(136) ὀπίσω πάλιν ἀπιέναι
+τὴν αὐτὴν ἄπρακτον· οὐδὲν ἐκπλαγείς, ὅτι τὸν σύμμαχον καὶ στρατηγὸν μενεῖν
+ἐπαγγελλόμενον πολέμιον εἶδες ἐξ ἴσης ἄρχειν ἐθέλοντα, καίτοι τῷ πλήθει
+τῶν στρατευμάτων ἐλαττούμενος, ἐπεὶ μὴ πάντες εἵποντο, [B] πρὸς πλήθει
+κρατοῦντα διαγωνίζεσθαι τολμηρὸν μὲν ἴσως, σφαλερὸν δὲ πάντως(137)
+ὑπολαβὼν καὶ κρατήσαντι τῇ μάχῃ διὰ τὸν ἐφεδρεύοντα τοῖς καιροῖς καὶ τοῖς
+πράγμασιν ἄγριον τύραννον, ἐβουλεύσω καλῶς μόνον εἶναι σὸν ἐθέλων τὸ
+κατόρθωμα, καὶ παρῄεις ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα μετὰ τοῦ τέως συνάρχοντος· συνῄει δὲ
+ὁπλίτης δῆμος στίλβων τοῖς ὅπλοις, τὰ ξίφη γυμνὰ καὶ τὰ δόρατα
+προτείνοντες, [C] δειλῷ μὲν φρικῶδες καὶ δεινὸν θέαμα, εὐψύχῳ δὲ καὶ
+θαρραλέῳ καὶ οἷος αὐτὸς γέγονας ὄφελος γενναῖον. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἤρξω
+τῶν λόγων, σιγὴ μὲν ἐπέσχε, πρὸς τὴν ἀκοὴν ὡρμημένων πάντων, τὸ στράτευμα·
+δάκρυα δὲ προυχεῖτο πολλοῖς, καὶ ἐς τὸν οὐρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας ὤρεγον, σιγῇ
+καὶ ταῦτα δρῶντες, ὡς μήτις αἴσθηται. τὴν εὔνοιαν δὲ οἱ μὲν ἐνεδείκνυντο
+καὶ(138) διὰ τῆς ὄψεως, πάντες δὲ τῷ σφόδρα ὡρμῆσθαι τῶν λόγων ἀκούειν.
+[D] ἀκμαζούσης δὲ τῆς δημηγορίας συνενθουσιῶντες τῷ λόγῳ πάντες
+ἐπεκρότουν, εἶτα αὖθις ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμοῦντες ἡσύχαζον. τέλος δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν
+λόγων ἀναπειθόμενοι σὲ(139) μόνον ἐκάλουν βασιλέα, μόνον ἄρχειν ἠξίουν
+ἁπάντων, ἡγεῖσθαι σφῶν ἐκέλευον ἐπὶ τὸν πολέμιον, ἀκολουθήσειν ὡμολόγουν,
+ἀπολαμβάνειν ἠξίουν τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ γνωρίσματα. σὺ δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν χεῖρα
+προσάγειν ᾤου δεῖν οὐδὲ ἀφελέσθαι ξὺν βίᾳ· ὁ δὲ ἄκων μὲν καὶ μόλις, εἴξας
+δὲ ὅμως ὀψέ ποτε, φασί, τῇ Θετταλικῇ πειθανάνκῃ, [32] προσῆγέ σοι
+περιελόμενος τὴν ἁλουργίδα. οἷός τις ἐνταῦθα γέγονας τοσούτων μὲν ἐθνῶν
+καὶ στρατοπέδων καὶ χρημάτων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ γεγονὼς κύριος, τὸν πολέμιον δέ,
+εἰ καὶ μὴ τοῖς ἔργοις, ἀλλα τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα, τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀφελόμενος καὶ τοῦ
+σώματος κρατήσας;
+
+(No sooner had you set out for the seat of war, than this very man, who
+had all along protested that he would loyally continue to guard your
+interests, though you had reinforced him with money, troops, and
+everything of the sort, was driven to folly and madness by I know not what
+evil spirit, and came to terms with the most execrable of mankind, the
+common enemy of all who care for peace and cherish harmony above all
+things, and more particularly your enemy for personal reasons. But you
+were undismayed by the magnitude of his preparations, nor would you admit
+that a conspiracy of traitors could overreach your own wise purpose.
+One(140) of the pair you justly accused of treason, the other(141) of
+infamous crimes besides, and deeds of lawless violence, and you summoned
+the former to trial and judgment before the legions, the latter you
+decided to leave to the arbitrament of war. Then he met you face to face,
+that honourable and prudent old man, who used to change his opinions more
+easily than any child, and, though he had begged for them, forgot all your
+favours as soon as the need had passed. He arrived with his phalanxes of
+hoplites and squadrons of cavalry, intending to compel, if he could not
+persuade you, to take no action and return the way you came. When, then,
+you saw this man, who had protested that he would continue to be your ally
+and general, playing an enemy’s part and claiming an equal share of your
+empire, you were not at all dismayed, though his troops outnumbered yours.
+For you had not brought your whole force with you since you decided that
+to fight it out with such odds against you might be courageous but was in
+every way hazardous, even if you won the battle, because of that other
+savage usurper(142) who was lying in wait for a favourable
+opportunity(143) when you should be in difficulties. You therefore made a
+wise resolve in preferring to achieve success single‐handed, and you
+mounted the platform with him who for the moment was your colleague in
+empire. He was escorted by a whole host of hoplites with glittering
+weapons,(144) presenting drawn swords and spears, a sight to make a coward
+shake with fear, though it inspired and supported one so brave and gallant
+as yourself. Now when first you began to speak, silence fell on the whole
+army and every man strained his ears to hear. Many shed tears and raised
+their hands to heaven, though even this they did in silence, so as to be
+unobserved. Some again showed their affection in their faces, but all
+showed it by their intense eagerness to hear your words. When your speech
+reached its climax, they were carried away by enthusiasm and burst into
+applause, then eager to miss no word they became quiet again. Finally, won
+by your arguments, they hailed you as their only Emperor, demanded that
+you alone should rule the whole empire, and bade you lead them against
+your adversary, promising to follow you and begging you to take back the
+imperial insignia. You, however, thought it beneath you to stretch out
+your hand for them or to take them by force. Then against his will and
+with reluctance, but yielding at last to what is called Thessalian
+persuasion,(145) he took off the purple robe and offered it to you. What a
+heroic figure yours was then, when, in a single day, you became master of
+all those races, those legions, all that wealth, when you stripped of his
+power and took prisoner one who, if not in fact yet in intention, had
+shown that he was your enemy!)
+
+Ἆρ᾽ οὐ τούτῳ μὲν ἄμεινον καὶ δικαιότερον προσηνέχθης ἢ Κῦρος τῷ πάππῳ,
+τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν δὲ τὰς τιμὰς διεφύλαξας οὐδὲν οὐδενὸς ἀφελόμενος, προσθεὶς
+δὲ οἶμαι δωρεὰς πολλοῖς; [B] τίς δέ σ᾽(146) εἶδεν ἢ πρὸ τοῦ κρατῆσαι
+σκυθρωπὸν λίαν ἢ μετὰ τοῦθ᾽ ὑπερηδόμενον; καίτοι πῶς(147) ἄξιον ἐπαινεῖν
+ἐστί σε δημηγόρον ἅμα καὶ στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα χρηστὸν καὶ γενναῖον ὁπλίτην
+προσαγορεύοντας; ὃς πάλαι μὲν ἀπορραγὲν τὸ στρατηγεῖον(148) ἀπὸ τοῦ
+βήματος ἐς ταὐτὸν πάλιν ἐπαναγαγεῖν ἠξίωσας σχῆμα, μιμούμενος οἶμαι
+Ὀδυσσέα καὶ Νέστορα καὶ τοὺς ἐξελόντας Καρχηδόνα Ῥωμαίων στρατηγοὺς, [C]
+οἳ φοβερωτέρους αὑτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν ἢ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπὶ
+τῆς παρατάξεως ἀεὶ κατέστησαν. Δημοσθένους δὲ καὶ ὅστις τοῦτον ἐζήλωκε τὴν
+ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἰσχὺν αἰδούμενος, τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς δημηγορίας οὔποτ᾽ ἂν
+ἀξιώσαιμι τῷ(149) σῷ παραβαλεῖν τἀκείνων θέατρα. οὐ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὁπλίταις
+ἐδημηγόρουν οὐδὲ ὑπέρ τοσούτων κινδυνεόοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ χρημάτων ἢ τιμῆς ἢ
+δόξης, ἢ φίλοις συνερεῖν ἐπαγγειλάμενοι, ἀπῄεσαν οἶμαι πολλάκις ἀπὸ τοῦ
+βήματος, [D] τοῦ δήμου θορυβήσαντος, ὠχροὶ καὶ τρέμοντες, ὥσπερ οἱ δειλοὶ
+τῶν πολεμίων ἐν ὄψει στρατηγοὶ παραταττόμενοι. καὶ οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι
+τοσοῦτον ἔργον ἑτέρῳ πραχθὲν πώποτε καὶ τοσούτων ἐθνῶν κτῆσιν ἐκ
+δικαστηρίου, ἄλλως τε καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρα τῆς δίκης οὔσης οὐχ, ὡς οἱ πολλοί
+φασιν, [33] εὐκαταφρόνητον, ἁλλὰ πολλαῖς μὲν στρατείαις γνώριμον,
+πρεσβύτην δὲ ἤδη καὶ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἐκ τοῦ χρόνου δοκοῦντα προσειληφέναι
+καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἐκείνων ἄρχειν λαχόντα πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. τίς οὖν ἡ
+ῥώμη γέγονε τῶν λόγων; τίς δὲ ἡ πειθὼ τοῖς χείλεσιν ἐπικαθημένη, ἡ(150)
+παντοδαπῶν ἀνθρώπων συνειλεγμένων τὸ κέντρον ἐγκαταλιπεῖν(151) ἰσχύσασα
+ταῖς ψυχαῖς, καὶ νίκην παρασχεῖν τῷ [B] μεγέθει μὲν ἐνάμιλλον ταῖς ἐκ τῶν
+ὅπλων περιγινομέαις, εὐαγῆ δὲ καὶ καθαράν, ὥσπερ ἱερέως ἐς θεοῦ ποιτῶντος,
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως ἐς πόλεμον, ἔργον γενομένην; καίτοι γε μὴν ταὺτης εἰκόνα
+τῆς πράξεως μακρῷ λειπομένην καὶ Πέρσαι θρυλοῦσι, τοὺς Δαρείου παῖδας τοῦ
+πατρὸς τελευτήσαντος ὑπὲρ τῆς άρχῆς διαφερομένους δίκῃ τὰ καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς καὶ
+οὐ τῇ τῶν ὅπλων ἐπιτρέψαι κρίσει. σοὶ δὲ πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς οὔτε ἐν
+τοῖς λόγοις οὄτε ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις ἀγὼν γέγονεν οὐδὲ εἷς· [C] ἕχαιρες δὲ
+οἶμαι τῷ κοινὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους εἶναί σοι τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ μόνος
+ἁπάντων γενέσθαι κύριος· πρὸς δὲ τὸν ἀσεβὲς μὲν ἢ παράνομον οὐδὲν
+εἰργασμένον, ἄπιστον δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα ἐν(152) ἐλέγχοις, οἳ τὴν ἀπιστίαν
+ἐκείνου δείξουσι.
+
+(Did you not behave more nobly and more generously to him than Cyrus did
+to his own grandfather? For you deprived your enemy’s followers of
+nothing, but protected their privileges and, I understand, gave many of
+them presents besides. Who saw you despondent before your triumph or
+unduly elated after it? Orator, general, virtuous emperor, distinguished
+soldier, though men give you all these titles, how can any praise of ours
+be adequate? Long had the orator’s platform been wholly disconnected from
+the general’s functions(153); and it was reserved for you to combine them
+once more in your person, in this surely following the example of Odysseus
+and Nestor and the Roman generals who sacked Carthage; for these men were
+always even more formidable to wrong‐doers whom they attacked from the
+platform than to the enemy in the field of battle. Indeed I pay all the
+homage due to the forcible eloquence of Demosthenes and his imitators, but
+when I consider the conditions of your harangue I can never admit that
+there is any comparison between your theatre and theirs. For they never
+had to address an audience of hoplites nor had they such great interests
+at stake, but only money, or honour, or reputation, or friends whom they
+had undertaken to assist, yet when the citizens clamoured in dissent, they
+often, I believe, left the platform pale and trembling, like generals who
+prove to be cowards when they have to face the enemy in battle‐line.
+Indeed from all history it would be impossible to cite an achievement as
+great as yours when you acquired control of all those races by judicial
+pleading alone; and moreover you had to make out your case against a man
+not by any means to be despised, as many people think, but one who had won
+distinction in many campaigns, who was full of years, who had the
+reputation of experience gained in a long career, and had for a
+considerable period been in command of the legions there present. What
+overwhelming eloquence that must have been! How truly did “persuasion sit
+on your lips”(154) and had the power to “leave a sting” in the souls of
+that motley crowd of men, and to win you a victory that in importance
+rivals any that were ever achieved by force of arms, only that yours was
+stainless and unalloyed, and was more like the act of a priest going to
+the temple of his god than of an emperor going to war. It is true indeed
+that the Persians have a similar instance to quote, but it falls far short
+of what you did, I mean that on their father’s death the sons of Darius
+quarrelled about the succession to the throne and appealed to justice
+rather than to arms to arbitrate their case. But between you and your
+brothers there never arose any dispute, either in word or deed, nay not
+one, for it was in fact more agreeable to you to share the responsibility
+with them than to be the sole ruler of the world. But your quarrel was
+with one who, though his actions had not so far been impious or criminal,
+was shown to have a treasonable purpose, and you brought proofs to make
+that treason manifest.)
+
+Ταύτην ἐκδέχεται στρατεία λαμπρὰ τὴν δημηγορίαν καὶ πόλεμος ἱερός, οὐχ
+ὑπὲρ ἱεροῦ χωρίου, ὁποῖον τὸν Φωκικὸν ἀκούομεν συστῆναι(155) κατὰ τοὺς
+ἔμπροσθεν, [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν νόμων καὶ τῆς πολιτείας καὶ φόνου πολιτῶν
+μυρίων, ὧν τοὺς μὲν ἀνῃρήκει, τοὺς δὲ ἐμέλλησε, τοὺς δὲ ἐπεχείρησε
+συλλαβεῖν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μή τις αὐτὸν πολίτην μοχθηρόν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ
+βάρβαρον ὑπολάβῃ φύσει. τὰ γὰρ εἰς τὴν σὴν οἰκίαν ἀδικήματα οὐδενὸς ὄντα
+τῶν κοινῇ τολμηθέντων αὐτῷ φαυλότερα καὶ ἐλάττονος ἀξιοῦν ᾤου δεῖν
+φροντίδος· οὕτω σοι τὰ κοινὰ πρὸ τῶν ἰδίων ἔδοξε καὶ δοκεῖ τίμια.
+
+(After your harangue there followed a brilliant campaign and a war truly
+sacred, though it was not on behalf of sacred territory, like the Phocian
+war, which we are told was waged(156) in the days of our ancestors, but
+was to avenge the laws and the constitution and the slaughter of countless
+citizens, some of whom the usurper(157) had put to death, while others he
+was just about to kill or was trying to arrest. It was really as though he
+was afraid that otherwise he might be considered, for all his vices, a
+Roman citizen instead of a genuine barbarian. As for his crimes against
+your house, though they were quite as flagrant as his outrages against the
+state, you thought it became you to devote less attention to them. So true
+it is, that, then as now, you rated the common weal higher than your
+private interests.)
+
+[34] Πότερον οὖν χρὴ τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἁπάντων μεμνῆσθαι ὧν εἴς τε(158) τὸ
+κοινὸν καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν ἔδρασε, κτείνας μὲν τὸν αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ δεσπίτην·
+ἁνδράποδον γὰρ ἦν τῶν ἐκείνου προγόνων, τῆς ἁπὸ Γερμανῶν λείας λείψανον
+δυστυχὲς περισωζόμενον· ἄρχειν δὲ ἡμῶν ἐπιχειρῶν, ᾧ μηδὲ ἐλευθέρῳ προσῆκον
+ἦν νομισθῆναι μὴ τοῦτο παρ᾽ ὑμῶν λαβόντι· καὶ ὡς(159) τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦ
+στρατοπέδου ξυνδῶν καὶ ἀποκτιννὺς καὶ δουλεύων αἰσχρῶς τῷ πλήθει καὶ
+κολακεύων τὴν εὐταξίαν διέφθειρε· καὶ ὡς τοὺς καλοὺς ἐκείνους ἐτίθει
+νόμους, [B] τὴν ἡμίσειαν εἰσφέρειν, θάνατον ἀπειλῶν τοῖς ἀπειθοῦσι,
+μηνυτὰς δὲ εἶναι τὸν βουλόμενον τῶν οἰκετῶν· καὶ ὅπως ἠνάγκαζε τοὺς οὐδὲν
+δεομένους τὰ βασιλικὰ κτήματα πρίασθαι; ἐπιλείψει με τἀκείνου διηγούμενον
+ὁ χρόνος ἀδικήματα καὶ τῆς τυραννίδος τῆς καταλαβούσης τὸ μέγεθος. ἀλλὰ
+τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐς τὸν πόλεμον, ἣν κατέβαλε μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους, [C]
+ἐχρήσατο δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, τὴν ἰσχὺν τίς ἂν(160) ἀξίως παραστήσειε; Κελτοὶ καὶ
+Γαλάται, ἔθνη καὶ τοῖς πάλαι φανέντα δυσανταγώνιστα, πολλάκις μὲν
+ἐπιρρεύσαντα καθάπερ χειμάρρους ἀνυπόστατος Ἰταλοῖς καὶ Ἰλλυριοῖς, ἤδη δὲ
+καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἁψάμενα τῷ κρατεῖν τοῖς ἐνόπλοις ἀγῶσιν, ἄκοντες(161) ἡμῖν
+ὑπήκουσαν, ἔς τε(162) τοὺς καταλόγους τῶν στρατευμάτων ἐγγράφονται καὶ
+τέλη παρέχονται λαμπρὰ παρὰ τῶν σῶν προγόνων καὶ πατρὸς κατειλεγμένα·
+εἰρήνης δὲ μακρᾶς καὶ τῶν ἐκ ταύτης ἀγαθῶν ἀπολαύοντες, [D] ἐπιδούσης
+αὐτοῖς τῆς χώρας πρὸς πλοῦτον καὶ εὐανδρίαν, καὶ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς σοῖς
+στρατιώτας καταλέξαι πολλοὺς παρέσχοντο, τέλος δὲ τῷ τυράννῳ βίᾳ καὶ οὐ
+γνώμῃ πανδημεὶ συνεστρατεύοντο. ἠκολούθουν δὲ αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ ξυγγενὲς
+ξύμμαχοι προθυμότατοι Φράγγοι καὶ Σάξονες, τῶν ὑπὲρ τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ
+περὶ(163) τὴν ἑσπερίαν θάλατταν ἐθνῶν τὰ μαχιμώτατα. καὶ [35] πόλις πᾶσα
+καὶ φρούριον πρόσοικον Ῥήνῳ τῶν ἐνοικούντων φυλάκων ἐξερημωθέντα προδέδοτο
+μὲν ἀφύλακτα πάντα τοῖς βαρβάροις, ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς δὲ ἐξεπέμπετο παρεσκευασμένον
+λαμπρῶς τὸ στράτευμα· πᾶσα δὲ ἐῴκει πόλις Γαλατικὴ στρατοπέδῳ
+παρασκευαζομένῳ πρὸς πόλεμον· καὶ πάντα ἦν ὅπλων καὶ παρασκευῆς ἱππέων καὶ
+πεζῶν καὶ τοξοτῶν καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν πλήρη. συρρέοντων [B] δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν
+ἁπανταχόθεν τῶν ἐκείνου ξυμμάχων καὶ τοῖς ἐνταῦθα πάλαι κατειλεγμένοις
+στρατιώταις ἐς ταὐτὸν ἐλθόντων, οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἐφάνη τολμηρός, ὃς οὐκ
+ἔδεισεν οὐδὲ ἐξεπλάγη τὸν ἐπιόντα χειμῶνα. σκηπτὸς ἐδόκει πᾶσιν ὁ
+φερόμενος ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων, σκηπτὸς ἀφόρητος ἔργῳ καὶ ἄρρητος λόγῳ. τοῦτον
+ἔδεισαν Ἰλλυριοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ Θρᾷκες καὶ Σκύθαι, τοῦτον οἱ τὴν Ἀσίαν
+οἰκοῦντες ἄνθρωποι ἐφ᾽ αὑτοὺς ὡρμῆσθαι πάντως ὑπέλαβον, τούτῳ [C]
+πολεμέσειν ἤδη περὶ τῆς αὑτῶν καὶ Πέρσαι παρεσκευάζοντο. ὁ δὲ μικρὰ μὲν
+ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι τὰ παρόντα καὶ πόνον οὐ πολὺν τῆς σῆς συνέσεως καὶ ῥώμης
+κρατῆσαι, τοὺς Ἰνδῶν δὲ ἐσκόπει πλούτους καὶ Περσῶν τὴν πολυτέλειαν·
+τοσοῦτον(164) αὐτῷ περιῆν ἀνοίας καὶ θράσους ἐκ μικροῦ παντελῶς περὶ τοὺς
+κατασκόπους πλεονεκτέματος, οὓς ἀφυλάκτους ὅλῃ τῇ στρατιᾷ λοχήσας
+ἔκτεινεν. οὕτω τὸ πράττειν εὖ παρὰ τὴν ἀξίαν ἀρχὴ πολλάκις γέγονε τοῖς
+ἀνοήτοις μειζόνων συμφορῶν. [D] ἀρθεὶς γὰρ ὁ δείλαιος ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας
+ταύτης μετέωρος κατέλιπε μὲν τὰ προκείμενα τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐρυμνὰ χωρία, ἐς
+Νωρικοὺς δὲ καὶ Παίονας ἀφυλάκτως ᾔει, δεῖν αὑτῷ τάχους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὅπλων
+οὐδὲ ἀνδρείας οἰόμενος.
+
+(I need not mention all the usurper’s offences against the community and
+against individuals. He assassinated his own master. For he had actually
+been the slave of the murdered emperor’s ancestors, a miserable remnant
+saved from the spoils of Germany. And then he aimed at ruling over us, he
+who had not even the right to call himself free, had you not granted him
+the privilege. Those in command of the legions he imprisoned and put to
+death, while to the common soldiers he behaved with such abject servility
+and deference that he ruined their discipline. Then he enacted those fine
+laws of his, a property tax of fifty per cent., and threatened the
+disobedient with death, while any slave who pleased might inform against
+his master. Then he compelled those who did not want it to purchase the
+imperial property. But time would fail me were I to tell of all his crimes
+and of the vast proportions that his tyranny had assumed. As for the
+armament which he had collected to use against the barbarians but actually
+employed against us, who could give you an adequate report of its
+strength? There were Celts and Galatians(165) who had seemed invincible
+even to our ancestors, and who had so often like a winter torrent that
+sweeps all before it,(166) poured down on the Italians and Illyrians, and,
+following up their repeated victories on the field of battle, had even
+invaded Asia, and then became our subjects because they had no choice.
+They had been enrolled in the ranks of our armies and furnished levies
+that won a brilliant reputation, being enlisted by your ancestors, and,
+later, by your father. Then, since they enjoyed the blessings of long‐
+continued peace, and their country increased in wealth and population,
+they furnished your brothers with considerable levies, and finally, by
+compulsion, not choice, they all in a body took part in the usurper’s
+campaign. The most enthusiastic of his followers were, in virtue of their
+ties of kinship, the Franks and Saxons, the most warlike of the tribes who
+live beyond the Rhine and on the shores of the western sea. And since
+every city and every fortified place on the banks of the Rhine was shorn
+of its garrison, that whole region was left with no defence against the
+barbarians, and all that splendidly organised army was despatched against
+us. Every town in Galatia(167) was like a camp preparing for war. Nothing
+was to be seen but weapons of war and forces of cavalry, infantry,
+archers, and javelin men. When these allies of the usurper began to pour
+into Italy from all quarters and there joined the troops who had been
+enrolled long before, there was no one so bold as not to feel terror and
+dismay at the tempest that threatened.(168) It seemed to all as though a
+thunderbolt had fallen from the Alps, a bolt that no action could avert,
+no words describe. It struck terror into the Illyrians, the Paeonians, the
+Thracians, the Scythians; the dwellers in Asia believed it was directed
+entirely against themselves, and even the Persians began to get ready to
+oppose it in their country’s defence. But the usurper thought his task was
+easy, and that he would have little difficulty in baffling your wisdom and
+energy, and already fixed his covetous gaze on the wealth of India and the
+magnificence of Persia. To such an excess of folly and rashness had he
+come, and after a success wholly insignificant, I mean the affair of the
+scouts whom, while they were unprotected by the main army, he ambushed and
+cut in pieces. So true it is that when fools meet with undeserved
+success(169) they often find it is but the prelude to greater misfortunes.
+And so, elated by this stroke of luck, he left the fortified posts that
+protected the Italian frontier, and marched towards the Norici and the
+Paeonians, taking no precautions, because he thought that speed would
+serve him better than force of arms or courage.)
+
+Ὃ δὴ καταμαθὼν ἐπανῆγες ἀπὸ τῶν δυσχωριῶν τὸ στράτευμα, εἵπετο δὲ ἐκεῖνος,
+διώκειν, οὐχὶ δὲ καταστρατηγεῖσθαι νομίσας, ἕως εἰς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν ἄμφω
+κατέστητε. τῶν πεδίων δὲ τῶν πρὸ τῆς Μύρσης ὀφθέντων, [36] ἐτάττοντο μὲν
+ἐπὶ κέρως(170) ἱππεῖς ἑκατέρου πεζοί τε ἐν μέσῳ· ἔχων δὲ αὐτός, ὦ βασιλεῦ,
+τὸν ποταμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ, τῷ λαιῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἐτρέψω μὲν
+εὐθέως καὶ διέλυσας τὴν φάλαγγα οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν συγκειμένην ὀρθῶς, ἅτε
+ἀνδρὸς ἀπείρου πολέμων καὶ στρατηγίας αὐτὴν κοσμήσαντος. ὁ δὲ τέως διώκειν
+ὑπολαμβάνων, οὐδὲ ἐς χεῖρας ἀφικόμενος, [B] ἔφευγε καρτερῶς ἐκπλαγεὶς τὸν
+κτύπον τῶν ὅπλων, οὐδὲ τὸν ἐνυάλιον παιᾶνα τῶν στρατοπέδων ἐπαλαλαζόντων
+ἀδεῶς ἀκούων. διαλυθείσης δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται τῆς τάξεως συνιστάμενοι κατὰ
+λόχους πάλιν τὸν ἀγῶνα συνέβαλον, αἰσχυνόμενοι μὲν ὀφθῆναι φεύγοντες καὶ
+τὸ τέως ἄπιστον ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις ἐφ᾽ αὑτῶν δεῖξαι συμβαῖνον, στρατιώτην
+Κελτόν, στρατιώτην ἐκ Γαλατίας τὰ νῶτα τοῖς πολεμίοις δείξαντα. [C] οἱ
+βάρβαροι δὲ τὴν ἐπάνοδον ἀπεγνωκότες, εἰ πταίσειαν, ἢ κρατεῖν ἢ θνήσκειν
+δράσαντές τι δεινὸν τοὺς πολεμίους ἠξίουν. τοῖς μὲν οὖν ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ
+τοσοῦτον περιῆν θράσους(171) πρὸς τὰ δεινὰ καὶ τοῦ χωρεῖν ὁμόσε πολλὴ
+προθυμία.
+
+(The moment that you learned this, you led your army out of the narrow and
+dangerous passes, and he followed in pursuit, as he thought, unaware that
+he was being outgeneralled, until you both reached open country. When the
+plains before Myrsa(172) were in sight, the cavalry of both armies were
+drawn up on the wings, while the infantry formed the centre. Then your
+Majesty kept the river on your right, and, outflanking the enemy with your
+left, you at once turned and broke his phalanx, which indeed had from the
+first the wrong formation, since it had been drawn up by one who knew
+nothing of war or strategy. Then he who so far had thought he was the
+pursuer did not even join battle, but took to headlong flight, dismayed by
+the clash of weapons; he could not even listen without trembling when the
+legions shouted their battle‐song. His ranks had been thrown into
+disorder, but the soldiers formed into companies and renewed the battle.
+For they disdained to be seen in flight, and to give an example in their
+own persons of what had hitherto been inconceivable to all men, I mean a
+Celtic or Galatian(173) soldier turning his back to the enemy. The
+barbarians too, who, if defeated, could not hope to make good their
+retreat, were resolved either to conquer, or not to perish till they had
+severely punished their opponents. Just see the extraordinary daring of
+the usurper’s troops in the face of dangers and their great eagerness to
+come to close quarters!)
+
+Οἱ δὲ τῶν ὅλων κρατήσαντες, αἰδούμενοι μὲν ἀλλήλους καὶ τὸν βασιλέα,
+παροξυνόμενοι δὲ ὐπὸ τῶν πάλαι κατορθωμάτων καὶ τῶν ἐν χερσὶ λαμπρῶν καὶ
+τέως ἀπίστων ἔργων, τέλος [D] ἄξιον τοῖς προϋπηργμένοις ἐπιθεῖναι
+φιλοτιμούμενοι πάντα ὑπέμενον ἡδέως πόνον καὶ κίνδυνον. ὥσπερ οὖν ἄρτι τῆς
+παρατάξεως ἀρχομένης, συνιόντες πάλιν ἔργα τόλμης ἀπεδείκνυντο καὶ θυμοῦ
+γενναῖα, οἱ μὲν ὠθούμενοι περὶ τοῖς ξίφεσιν, ἄλλοι δὲ λαμβανόμενοι τῶν
+ἀσπίδων, καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ὁπόσους ἵπποι τρωθέντες ἀπεσείοντο πρὸς τοὺς
+ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο. ταῦτα ἔδρων οἱ ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοῖς πεζοῖς
+ἐπιβρέσαντες· καὶ ἦν ὁ πόλεμος ἐξ ἴσης, ἕως οἱ θωρακοφόροι καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν
+τῶν ἱππέων πλῆθος, [37] οἱ μὲν ἐκ τόξων βάλλοντες, ἄλλοι δὲ ἐπελαύνοντες
+τοὺς ἵππους, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινον, ἐδίωκον δὲ ἅπαντας καρτερῶς, τινὰς μὲν
+πρὸς τὸ πεδίον ὡρμηκότας φεύγειν, ὧν ἡ νὺξ ὀλίγους ἀπέσωσε μόλις, τὸ
+λοιπὸν δὲ ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν κατηνέχθη, καθάπερ βοῶν ἢ βοσκημάτων ἀγέλη
+συνελαυνόμενοι. τοσαῦτα ἐκεῖνο τὸ στράτευμα τῆς τοῦ τυράννου δειλίας,
+οὐδὲν ἐκεῖνον ὀνῆσαν ἐκ τῆς [B] ἀνδρείας τῆς αὑτοῦ, μάτην ἀπέλαυσε.
+
+(Our men, on the other hand, had so far carried all before them and were
+anxious to retain the good opinion of their comrades and of the Emperor,
+and were moreover stimulated by their successes in the past and by the
+almost incredible brilliance of their exploits in this very engagement,
+and, ambitious as they were to end the day as gloriously as they had begun
+it, cheerfully encountered toil and danger. So they charged again as
+though the battle had only just begun, and gave a wonderful display of
+daring and heroism. For some hurled themselves full on the enemy’s swords,
+or seized the enemy’s shields, others, when their horses were wounded and
+the riders thrown, at once transformed themselves into hoplites. The
+usurper’s army meanwhile did the same and pressed our infantry hard.
+Neither side gained the advantage, till the cuirassiers by their archery,
+aided by the remaining force of cavalry, who spurred on their horses to
+the charge, had begun to inflict great loss on the enemy, and by main
+force to drive the whole army before them. Some directed their flight to
+the plain, and of these a few were saved just in time by the approach of
+night. The rest were flung into the river, crowded together like a herd of
+oxen or brute beasts. Thus did the usurper’s army reap the fruits of his
+cowardice, while their valour availed him nothing.)
+
+Τρόπαιον δὲ ἀνέστησας ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ τοῦ πατρῴου λαμπρότερον. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς
+τέως ἀμάχους δοκοῦντας ἄγων ἐκράτει γέροντος δυστυχοῦς· σὺ δὲ ἡβῶσαν καὶ
+ἀκμάζουσαν οὐ τοῖς κακοῖς μόνον οἷς ἔδρα, τῇ νεότητι δὲ πλέον, τὴν
+τυραννίδα παρεστήσω, τοῖς ὑπὸ σοῦ παρασκευασθεῖσι στρατοπέδοις
+παραταξάμενος. τίς γὰρ εἰπεῖν ἔχει τῶν πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων ἱππικὴν
+δύναμιν καὶ σκευὴν τῶν [C] ὅπλων τοιαύτην ἐπινοήσαντα καὶ μιμησάμενον; ᾗ
+πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἐγγυμνασάμενος διδάσκαλος ἐγένου τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅπλων χρήσεως
+ἀμάχου. ὑπὲρ ἧς εἰπεῖν τολμήσαντες πολλοὶ τῆς ἀξίας διήμαρτον, ὥσθ᾽ ὅσοι
+τῶν λόγων ἀκούσαντες ὕστερον ἰδεῖν ηὐτύχησαν τὰς ἀκοὰς σαφῶς ἀπιστοτέρας
+ἔγνωσαν εἶναι τῶν ὀμμάτων. ἄπειρον γὰρ ἦγες(174) ἱππέων πλῆθος, καθάπερ
+ἀνδριάντας ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ὀχουμένους, οἷς συνήρμοστο τὰ μέλη κατὰ μίμησιν
+τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως· [D] ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἄκρων καρπῶν ἐς τοὺς ἀγκῶνας,
+ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς ὤμους, καὶ ὁ θώραξ ἐκ(175) τμημάτων κατὰ τὸ στέρνον
+καὶ τὰ νῶτα συναρμοζόμενος, τὸ κράνος αὐτῷ προσώπῳ σιδηροῦν ἐπικείμενον
+ἀνδριάντος λαμπροῦ καὶ στίλβοντος παρέχει τὴν ὄψιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ κνῆμαι καὶ
+μηροὶ μηδὲ ἄκροι πόδες τῆς σκευῆς ταύτης ἔρημοι λείπονται. συναρμοζομένων
+δὲ αὐτῶν τοῖς θώραξι διά τινων ἐκ κρίκου λεπτοῦ πεποιημένων οἱονεὶ
+ὑφασμάτων οὐδὲν ἂν ὀφθείη τοῦ σώματος γυμνὸν μέρος, ἅτε καὶ τῶν χειρῶν
+[38] τοῖς ὑφάσμασι τούτοις σκεπομένων πρὸς τὸ καὶ καμπτομένοις
+ἐπακολουθεῖν τοῖς δακτύλοις. ταῦτα ὁ λόγος παραστῆσαι μὲν σαφῶς ἐπιθυμεῖ,
+ἀπολειπόμενος δὲ θεατὰς τῶν ὅπλων τοὺς μαθεῖν τι πλέον ἐθέλοντας, οὐχὶ δὲ
+ἀκροατὰς τῆς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν διηγήσεως ἀξιοῖ γενέσθαι.
+
+(The trophy that you set up for that victory was far more brilliant than
+your father’s. He led an army that had always proved itself invincible,
+and with it conquered a miserable old man.(176) But the tyranny that you
+suppressed was flourishing and had reached its height, partly through the
+crimes that had been committed, but still more because so many of the
+youth were on that side, and you took the field against it with legions
+that had been trained by yourself. What emperor can one cite in the past
+who first planned and then reproduced so admirable a type of cavalry, and
+such accoutrements? First you trained yourself to wear them, and then you
+taught others how to use such weapons so that none could withstand them.
+This is a subject on which many have ventured to speak, but they have
+failed to do it justice, so much so that those who heard their
+description, and later had the good fortune to see for themselves, decided
+that their eyes must accept what their ears had refused to credit. Your
+cavalry was almost unlimited in numbers and they all sat their horses like
+statues, while their limbs were fitted with armour that followed closely
+the outline of the human form. It covers the arms from wrist to elbow and
+thence to the shoulder, while a coat of mail protects the shoulders, back
+and breast. The head and face are covered by a metal mask which makes its
+wearer look like a glittering statue, for not even the thighs and legs and
+the very ends of the feet lack this armour. It is attached to the cuirass
+by fine chain‐armour like a web, so that no part of the body is visible
+and uncovered, for this woven covering protects the hands as well, and is
+so flexible that the wearers can bend even their fingers.(177) All this I
+desire to represent in words as vividly as I can, but it is beyond my
+powers, and I can only ask those who wish to know more about this armour
+to see it with their own eyes, and not merely to listen to my
+description.)
+
+Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸν πρῶτον πόλεμον διεληλύθαμεν, ληγούσης ἤδη τῆς ὀπώρας,
+[B] ἆρ᾽ ἐνταῦθα τὴν διήγησιν πάλιν ἀφήσομεν; ἢ πάντως τὸ τέλος ἁποδοῦναι
+τῶν ἔργων τοῖς ποθοῦσιν(178) ἄξιον; ἐπέλαβε μὲν ὁ χειμὼν καὶ παρέσχε
+διαφυγεῖν τῆν τιμωρίαν τὸν τύραννον. κηρύγματα δὲ ἦν λαμπρὰ καὶ βασιλικῆς
+ἄξια μεγαλοψυχίας· ἄδεια δὲ πᾶσιν ἐδίδοτο τοῖς ταξαμένοις μετὰ τοῦ
+τυράννου, πλὴν εἴ τις ἀνοσίων ἐκείνῳ φόνων ἐκοινώνει· ἀπελάμβανον τὰς
+οἰκίας ἅπαντες καὶ τὰ χρήματα καὶ πατρίδας οἱ μηδὲ ὄψεσθαί τι τῶν φιλτάτων
+αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζοντες. [C] ὑπεδέχου τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐπανερχόμενον,
+πολλοὺς ἐκεῖθεν πολίτας κατάγον φεύγοντας οἶμαι τὴν τῶν τυράννων ὠμότητα.
+ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ καιρὸς ἐκάλει στρατεύεσθαι, πάλιν ἐφειστήκεις δεινὸς τῷ τυράννῳ.
+ὁ δὲ προυβάλλετο τὰς Ἰταλῶν δυσχωρίας, καὶ τοῖς ὄρεσι τοῖς ἐκεῖ καθάπερ
+θηρίον ἐναποκρύψας τὰς δυνάμεις αὐτὸς οὐδὲ ὑπαίθριος ἐτόλμα στρατεύειν.
+[D] ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἁὑτὸν εἰς τὴν πλησίον πόλιν τρυφῶσαν καὶ πολυτελῆ, ἐν
+πανηγύρεσι καὶ τρυφαῖς ἔτριβε τὸν χρόνον, ἀρκέσειν μὲν αὑτῷ πρὸς σοτηρίαν
+τῶν ὀρῶν τὴν δυσχωρίαν μόνον οἰόμενος. ἀκόλαστος δὲ ὢν φύσει κερδαίνειν
+ᾤετο τὸ χαρίζεσθαι ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις ἐν τοσούτοις κακοῖς, δῆλός τε ἦν λίαν
+πεπιστευκὼς ἀσφαλῶς αὐτῷ τὰ παρόντα ἔχειν, ἀποτειχιζομένης ἐν κύκλῳ τῆς
+Ἰταλίας τοῖς ὄρεσι, [39] πλὴν ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἡ θάλασσα τεναγώδης οὖσα
+καὶ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίων ἕλεσιν ἐμφερὴς ἄβατον καὶ νηίτῃ στρατῷ πολεμίων ἀνδρῶν
+καθίστησιν. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικεν οὐδὲ ἓν ᾑ φύσις πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην
+τοῖς ἀκολάστοις καὶ δειλοῖς ἔρυμα μηχανήσασθαι, πάντα ὑποχωρεῖν φρονήσει
+μετὰ ἀνδρείας ἐπιούσῃ παρασκευάζουσα· πάλαι τε ἡμῖν ἐξηῦρε τὰς τέχνας, [B]
+δι᾽ ὧν εἰς εὐπορίαν τῶν τέως δοξάντων ἀπόρων κατέστημεν, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν καθ᾽
+ἕκαστον ἔργων τὸ πολλοῖς ἀδύνατον εἶναι φαινόμενον(179) ἐπιτελούμενον πρὸς
+ἀνδρὸς σώφρονος. ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε τοῖς ἔργοις, ὦ βασιλεῦ, δείξας εἰκότως ἂν
+ἀποδέχοιο τοὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ λόγους.
+
+(Now that I have told the story of this first campaign, which was fought
+at the end of the autumn, shall I here break off my narrative? Or is it
+altogether unfair to withhold the end and issue of your achievements from
+those who are eager to hear? Winter overtook us and gave the usurper a
+chance to escape punishment. Then followed a splendid proclamation worthy
+of your imperial generosity. An amnesty was granted to those who had taken
+sides with the usurper, except when they had shared the guilt of those
+infamous murders. Thus they who had never hoped even to see again anything
+that they held dear, recovered their houses, money, and native land. Then
+you welcomed the fleet which arrived from Italy bringing thence many
+citizens who, no doubt, had fled from the usurper’s savage cruelty. Then
+when the occasion demanded that you should take the field, you again
+menaced the usurper. He however took cover in the fastnesses of Italy and
+hid his army away there in the mountains, wild‐beast fashion, and never
+even dared to carry on the war beneath the open heavens. But he betook
+himself to the neighbouring town(180) which is devoted to pleasure and
+high living, and spent his time in public shows and sensual pleasures,
+believing that the impassable mountains alone would suffice for his
+safety. Moreover, intemperate as he was by nature, he thought it clear
+gain to be able to indulge his appetites at so dangerous a crisis, and he
+evidently placed too much confidence in the safety of his position,
+because the town is cut off from that part of Italy by a natural rampart
+of mountains, except the half that is bounded by a shoaling sea, which
+resembles the marshes of Egypt and makes that part of the country
+inaccessible even to an invading fleet. It seems however as though nature
+herself will not devise any safeguard for the sensual and cowardly against
+the temperate and brave, for when prudence and courage advance hand in
+hand she makes everything give way before them. Long since she revealed to
+us those arts through which we have attained an abundance of what was once
+thought to be unattainable, and in the field of individual effort we see
+that what seemed impossible for many working together to achieve can be
+accomplished by a prudent man. And since by your own actions you
+demonstrated this fact it is only fair, O my Emperor, that you should
+accept my words to that effect.)
+
+Ἐστράτευες μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸς ὑπαίθριος, καὶ ταῦτα πλησίον παρούσης πόλεως οὐ
+φαύλης, τοῖς στρατευομένοις δὲ οὐκ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος τὸ πονεῖν καὶ
+κινδυνεύειν, ἐξ ὧν δὲ αὐτὸς ἔδρας παρεγγυῶν· ἄτραπον μὲν ἐξηῦρες ἄγνωστον
+τοῖς πᾶσι, πέμψας [C] δὲ ἀξιόμαχον τῆς δυνάμεως ἁπάσης ὁπλιτῶν μοῖραν,
+εἶτα ἐπειδὴ σαφῶς ἔγνως αὐτοὺς τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐφεστῶτας, αὐτὸς ἀναλαβὼν
+ἦγες τὸ στράτευμα, καὶ κύκλῳ περιέχων πάντων ἐκράτησας. ταῦτα ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ
+τῆς ἕω, ἤγγελτο δὲ πρὸ μεσημβρίας τῷ τυράννῳ ἁμίλλαις ἱππικαῖς καὶ
+πανηγύρει προσκαθημένῳ καὶ τῶν παρόντων οὐδὲν ἐλπίζοντι. [D] τίς μὲν οὖν
+γέγονεν ἐκ τίνος, καὶ ποταπὴν γνώμην εἶχεν ὑπὲρ τῶν παρόντων, καὶ ὅπως
+ἐκλιπὼν ἔφυγε τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν πᾶσαν, τοὺς φόνους καὶ τὰς πρόσθεν
+ἀδικίας ἐκκαθαιρόμενος, οὐ τοῦ παρόντος ἂν εἴη λόγου διηγεῖσθαι. ἔμελλε δὲ
+βραχείας ἀνοκωχῆς τυχὼν οὐδέν τι μεῖον τῶν ἔμπροσθεν δράσειν. οὕτως οὐδὲν
+πρὸς πονηρίαν ψυχῆς ἄνθρωπος ἀνόσιος(181) ἐξηῦρε καθάρσιον διὰ τοῦ
+σώματος. ἀφικόμενος γὰρ εῖς Γαλατίαν ὁ χρηστὸς οὑτοσὶ καὶ νόμιμος [40]
+ἄρχων τοσοῦτον αὐτοῦ γέγονε χαλεπώτερος, ὡς, εἴ τις πρότερον αὐτὸν
+διαφυγὼν ἐλελήθει τιμωρίας τρόπος ὠμότατος, τοῦτον ἐξευρὼν θέαμα
+κεχαρισμένον αὑτῷ τὰς τῶν ἀθλίων πολιτῶν παρεῖχε συμφοράς· ἅρματος ζῶντας
+ἐκδήσας καὶ μεθεὶς φέρεσθαι τοῖς ἡνιόχοις ἕλκειν ἂν ἐκέλευεν, αὐτὸς
+ἐφεστηκὼς καὶ θεώμενος τὰ δρώμενα· καί τισι τοιούτοις ἑτέροις αὑτὸν
+ψυχαγωγῶν τὸν πάντα διετέλει χρόνον, ἕως [B] αὐτὸν καθάπερ Ὀλυμπιονίκης
+περὶ τῷ τρίτῳ παλαίσματι καταβαλὼν δίκην ἐπιθεῖναι τῶν τετολμημένων ἀξίαν
+κατηνάγκασας ὤσαντα διὰ τῶν στέρνων τὸ αὐτὸ ξίφος, ὃ πολλῶν πολιτῶν ἐμίανε
+φόνῳ. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς νίκης(182) ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν οὔποτε γενέσθαι
+φημὶ οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ᾗ μᾶλλον τὸ κοινὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ηὐφράνθη γένος, τοσαύτης
+ὠμότητος καὶ πικρίας ἀφεθὲν ὄντως ἐλεύθερον, εὐνομίᾳ δὲ ἤδη γανύμενον, ἧς
+τέως [C] ἀπολαύομεν καὶ ἀπολαύσαιμέν γε ἐπὶ πλέον, ὦ πάντα ἀγαθὴ πρόνοια.
+
+(For you conducted the campaign under the open skies, and that though
+there was a city of some importance near at hand, and moreover you
+encouraged your men to work hard and to take risks, not merely by giving
+orders, but by your own personal example. You discovered a path hitherto
+unknown to all, and you sent forward a strong detachment of hoplites
+chosen from your whole army; then when you had ascertained that they had
+come up with the enemy, you led forward your army in person, surrounded
+them, and defeated his whole force. This happened before dawn, and before
+noon the news was brought to the usurper. He was attending a horse‐race at
+a festival, and was expecting nothing of what took place. How his attitude
+changed, what was his decision about the crisis, how he abandoned the town
+and in fact all Italy, and fled, thus beginning to expiate his murders and
+all his earlier crimes, it is not for this speech to relate. Yet though
+the respite he gained was so brief, he proceeded to act no less wickedly
+than in the past. So true is it that by the sufferings of the body alone
+it is impossible for the wicked to cleanse their souls of evil. For when
+he reached Galatia,(183) this ruler who was so righteous and law‐abiding,
+so far surpassed his own former cruelty that he now bethought himself of
+all the ruthless and brutal modes of punishment that he had then
+overlooked, and derived the most exquisite pleasure from the spectacle of
+the sufferings of the wretched citizens. He would bind them alive to
+chariots and, letting the teams gallop, would order the drivers to drag
+them along while he stood by and gazed at their sufferings. In fact he
+spent his whole time in amusements of this sort, until, like an Olympic
+victor, you threw him in the third encounter(184) and forced him to pay a
+fitting penalty for his infamous career, namely to thrust into his own
+breast that very sword which he had stained with the slaughter of so many
+citizens.(185) Never, in my opinion, was there a punishment more suitable
+or more just than this, nor one that gave greater satisfaction to the
+whole human race, which was now really liberated from such cruelty and
+harshness, and at once began to exult in the good government that we enjoy
+to this day. Long may we continue to enjoy it, O all‐merciful Providence!)
+
+Ἐμοὶ δὲ ποθοῦντι μὲν ἐπεξελθεῖν ἅπασι τοῖς σοι πραχθεῖσιν, ἀπολειπομένῳ δὲ
+συγγνώμην εἰκότως, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, παρέξεις, εἰ μήτε τῶν ἀποστόλων τῶν
+ἐπὶ Καρχηδόνα μνημονεύοιμι ἀπό τε Αἰγύπτου παρασκευασθέντων καὶ ἐξ(186)
+Ἰταλίας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν πλευσάντων, μήτε ὡς τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν ἐκράτησας ναυσὶν
+ἐκπέμψας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ στράτευμα, μήτε τῶν [D] ἔναγχός σοι πολλάκις πρὸς τοὺς
+βαρβάρους πραχθέντων, μήτ᾽ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον τῶν πάλαι γεγονὸς λέληθε
+τοὺς πολλούς. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν Ἀντιόχου πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ(187) ἐπώνυμον
+ἐπονομάζουσαν ἀκούω πολλάκις. ἔστι μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸν κτίσαντα, πλουτεῖ δὲ
+ἤδη καὶ πρὸς ἅπασαν εὐπορίαν ἐπιδέδωκε διὰ σὲ λιμένας εὐόρμους τοῖς
+καταίρουσι παρασχόντα· τέως δὲ οὐδὲ παραπλεῖν ἀσφαλὲς οὐδὲ ἀκίνδυνον
+ἐδόκει· [41] οὕτως ἦν πάντα σκοπέλων τινῶν καὶ πετρῶν ὑφάλων ἀνάπλεα τῆς
+θαλάσσης τῆσδε πρὸς ταῖς ᾐόσι. στοὰς δὲ καὶ κρήνας καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα παρὰ
+τῶν ὑπάρχων διὰ σὲ γέγονεν οὐδὲ ὀνομάζειν ἄξιον. ὁπόσα δὲ τῇ πατρῴᾳ πόλει
+προστέθεικας, τεῖχος μὲν αὐτῇ κύκλῳ περιβαλὼν ἀρξάμενον τότε, τὰ δοκοῦντα
+δὲ οὐκ ἀσφαλῶς ἔχειν(188) τῶν οἰκοδομημάτων εἰς ἀθάνατον ἀσφάλειαν
+κατατιθεῖς, τίς ἂν ἀπαριθμήσαιτο; [B] ἐπιλείψει με τούτων ἕκαστον ὁ χρόνος
+διηγούμενον.
+
+(I would fain recite every single one of your achievements, but you will
+with reason pardon me, most mighty Emperor, if I fall short of that
+ambition and omit to mention the naval armament against Carthage which was
+equipped in Egypt and set sail from Italy to attack her, and also your
+conquest of the Pyrenees, against which you sent an army by sea, and your
+successes against the barbarians, which of late have been so frequent, and
+all such successes in the past as have not become a matter of common
+knowledge. For example, I often hear that even Antioch now calls herself
+by your name. Her existence she does indeed owe to her founder,(189) but
+her present wealth and increase in every sort of abundance she owes to
+you, since you provided her with harbours that offer good anchorage for
+those who put in there. For till then it was considered a dangerous risk
+even to sail past Antioch; so full were all the waters of that coast, up
+to the very shores, of rocks and sunken reefs. I need not stop to mention
+the porticoes, fountains, and other things of the kind that you caused to
+be bestowed on Antioch by her governors. As to your benefactions to the
+city of your ancestors,(190) you built round it a wall that was then only
+begun, and all buildings that seemed to be unsound you restored and made
+safe for all time. But how could one reckon up all these things? Time will
+fail me if I try to tell everything separately.)
+
+Σκοπεῖν δὲ ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων ἄξιον ἤδη τῶν ῥηθέντων, εἰ μετὰ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς
+βελτίστης ἕξεως ἅπαντα γέγονε· τούτῳ γὰρ ἤδη καὶ τῶν λόγων ἀρχόμενος
+μάλιστα προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν ἠξίουν. οὐκοῦν τῷ πατρὶ μὲν εὐσεβῶς καὶ
+φιλανθρώπως ὅπως προσηνέχθης, ὁμονοῶν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς διετέλεσας τὸν
+ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἀρχόμενος μὲν προθύμως, [C] συνάρχων δὲ ἐκείνοις σωφρόνως,
+πάλαι τε εἴρηται καὶ νῦν ἀξιούσθω μνήμης. τοῦτο δὲ ὅστις μικρᾶς ἀρετῆς
+ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Κῦρον τὸν Καμβύσου σκοπῶν
+ἐπαινείτω. ὁ μὲν γὰρ μειράκιον ἔτι κομιδῇ νέον δῆλος ἦν τοῦ πατρὸς οὐκ
+ἀνεξόμενος ἄρχοντος, ὁ δὲ ἀφείλετο τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸν πάππον. καὶ ταῦτα οὐδείς
+ἐστιν οὕτως(191) ἠλίθιος, ὅστις οὐκ οἴεταί σε,(192) μηδὲν ἐκείνων
+μεγαλοψυχίᾳ καὶ τῇ πρὸς τὰ καλὰ φιλοτιμίᾳ λειπόμενον, οὕτως ἐγκρατῶς καὶ
+σωφρόνως [D] τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς προσενηνέχθαι. παρασχούσης γὰρ τῆς
+τύχης τὸν καιρὸν, ἐν ᾧ τῆς ἁπάντων ἡγεμονίας ἐχρῆν μεταποιηθῆναι, πρῶτος
+ὡρμήθης, πολλῶν ἀπαγορευόντων καὶ πρὸς τἀναντία ξυμπείθειν ἐπιχειρούντων·
+ῥᾷστα δὲ καὶ πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν τὸν ὲν χερσὶ πόλεμον διοικησάμενος ἐλευθεροῦν
+ἔγνως τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ κατειλημμένα, [42] δικαιοτάτην μὲν καὶ οἵαν οὔπω
+πρόσθεν ἔλαβε πρόφασιν πόλεμος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ἔχθρας τιθέμενος. οὐδὲ
+γὰρ ἐμφύλιον ἄξιον προσαγορεύειν τὸν πόλεμον, οὗ βάρβαρος ἦν ἡγεμὼν ἑαυτὸν
+ἀναγορεύσας βασιλέα καὶ χειροτονήσας στρατηγόν. τῶν ἀδικημάτων δὲ τῶν
+ἐκείνου καὶ ὧν ἔδρασεν εἰς οἰκίαν τὴν σὴν οὐχ ἡδύ μοι πολλάκις μεμνῆσθαι.
+ἀνδρειοτέραν δὲ τ῀εσδε τῆς πράξεως τίς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι; ἐφ᾽ ἧς δῆλος μὲν
+[B] ἦν ἀποτυχόντι τῶν ἔργων ὁ(193) κίνδυνος· ὑπέμενες δὲ οὐδὲν κέρδους
+χάριν οὐδὲ κλέος ἀείμνηστον ἀντωνούμενος, ὑπὲρ οὗ καὶ ἀποθνήσκειν ἄνδρες
+ἀγαθοὶ πολλάκις τολμῶσιν, οἷον πρὸς ἀργύριον τὴν δόξαν τὰς ψυχὰς
+ἀποδιδόμενοι, οὐδὲ μὴν δι᾽ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀρχῆς μείζονος καὶ λαμπροτέρας, ὅτι
+μηδὲ νέῳ σοι τούτων ἐπιθυμῆσαι συνέβη, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ καλὸν στέργων τῆς
+πράξεως πάντα ὑπομένειν ᾤου δεῖν πρὶν ἰδεῖν Ῥωμαίων βάρβαρον βασιλεύοντα
+καὶ νόμων κύριον καὶ [C] πολιτείας καθεστῶτα καὶ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν εὐχὰς
+ποιούμενον τὸν τοσούτοις ἀσεβήμασιν ἔνοχον καὶ φόνοις. τῆς παρασκευῆς δὲ
+αὐτῆς ἡ λαμπρότης καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος τίνα οὐχ ἱκανὸν ἐκπλῆξαι;
+καίτον Ξέρξην μὲν ἀκούω τὸν τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξαναστήσαντα
+χρόνον ἐτῶν οὐκ ἐλάσσονα δέκα πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐκεῖνον παρασκευάζεσθαι,
+εἶτα ἐπαγαγεῖν πρὸς ταῖς χιλίαις τριήρεσι διακοσίας ἐκ τούτων αὐτῶν οἶμαι
+τῶν χωρίων, [D] ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις μησὶ δέκα ναυπηγησάμενος ἤγειρας
+τὸν στόλον, πλήθει νεῶν ἐκεῖνον ὑπερβαλλόμενος· τῇ τύχῃ δὲ οὐδὲ ἄξιον
+συμβαλεῖν οὐδὲ τοῖς ἔργοις.
+
+(The time has now come when it is proper to consider whether your career,
+so far as I have described it, is at every point in harmony with virtue
+and the promptings of a noble disposition. For to this, as I said at the
+beginning of my speech, I think it right to pay special attention. Let me
+therefore mention once more what I said some time ago, that to your father
+you were dutiful and affectionate, and that you constantly maintained
+friendly relations with your brothers, for your father you were ever
+willing to obey, and as the colleague of your brothers in the empire you
+always displayed moderation. And if anyone thinks this a trifling proof of
+merit, let him consider the case of Alexander the son of Philip, and Cyrus
+the son of Cambyses, and then let him applaud your conduct. For Alexander,
+while still a mere boy, showed clearly that he would no longer brook his
+father’s control, while Cyrus dethroned his grandfather. Yet no one is so
+foolish as to suppose that, since you displayed such modesty and self‐
+control towards your father and brothers, you were not fully equal to
+Alexander and Cyrus in greatness of soul and ambition for glory. For when
+fortune offered you the opportunity to claim as your right the empire of
+the world, you were the first to make the essay, though there were many
+who advised otherwise and tried to persuade you to the contrary course.
+Accordingly, when you had carried through the war that you had in hand,
+and that with the utmost ease and so as to ensure safety for the future,
+you resolved to liberate that part of the empire which had been occupied
+by the enemy, and the reason that you assigned for going to war was most
+just and such as had never before arisen, namely your detestation of those
+infamous men. Civil war one could not call it, for its leader was a
+barbarian who had proclaimed himself emperor and elected himself general.
+I dislike to speak too often of his evil deeds and the crimes that he
+committed against your house. But could anything be more heroic than your
+line of action? For should you fail in your undertaking the risk involved
+was obvious. But you faced it, and you were not bidding for gain, nay nor
+for undying renown, for whose sake brave men so often dare even to die,
+selling their lives for glory as though it were gold, nor was it from
+desire of wider or more brilliant empire, for not even in your youth were
+you ambitious of that, but it was because you were in love with the
+abstract beauty of such an achievement, and thought it your duty to endure
+anything rather than see a barbarian ruling over Roman citizens, making
+himself master of the laws and constitution and offering public prayers
+for the common weal, guilty as he was of so many impious crimes and
+murders. Who could fail to be dazzled by the splendour of your armament
+and the vast scale of your expenditure? And yet I am told that Xerxes,
+when he mustered all Asia against the Greeks, spent no less than ten years
+in preparing for that war. Then he set out with twelve hundred triremes,
+from the very spot, as I understand, where you gathered your fleet
+together, having built it in rather less than ten months, and yet you had
+more ships than Xerxes. But neither his fortune nor his achievements can
+properly be compared with yours.)
+
+Τὴν δὲ εἰς τὰ λοιπὰ δαπανήματα μεγαλοπρέπειαν μὴ πολὺ λίαν ἔργον ᾖ
+φράζειν, οὐδὲ ὁπόσα ταῖς πόλεσι πάλαι στερομέναις ἀπεδίδους ἀπαριθμούμενος
+ἐνοχλήσω τὰ νῦν. [43] πλουτοῦσι μὲν γὰρ ἅπασαι διὰ σὲ ἐπὶ τῶν(194)
+ἔμπροσθεν ἐνδεεῖς οὖσαι καὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ἐπιδίδωσι δὲ τῶν ἰδίων ἕκαστος
+οἴκων διὰ τὰς κοινὰς τῶν πόλεων εὐετηρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν εἰς τοὺς ἰδιώτας ἄξιον
+δωρεῶν μεμνῆσθαι, ἐλευθέριόν σε καὶ μεγαλόδωρον βασιλέα προσαγορεύοντα, ὃς
+πολλοῖς μὲν στερομένοις πάλαι τῶν αὑτῶν κτημάτων, τοῦ πατρῴου κλήρου
+συμφορᾷ περιπεπτωκότος ἐν δίκῃ καὶ παρὰ δίκην, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐγένου
+κύριος, [B] τοῖς μὲν καθάπερ δικαστὴς ἀγαθὸς τὰ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ἁμαρτήματα
+διορθωσάμενος κυρίους εἶναι τῆς αὑτῶν οὐσίας παρέσχες, τοῖς δὲ ἐπιεικὴς
+κριτὴς γενόμενος ταῦτα μὲν ὧν ἀφῄρηντο πάλιν ἐχαρίσω, ἀρκεῖν οἰόμενος τὸ
+μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου πρὸς τιμωρίαν τοῖς παθοῦσιν· ὅσα δὲ αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν
+χαριζόμενος πλουσιωτέρους ἀπέθηνας πολλοὺς τῶν πάλαι δοξάντων ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν
+χρημάτων εὐπορίᾳ σεμνύνεσθαι, [C] τί χρὴ νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκοντα περὶ μικρὰ
+διατρίβειν δοκεῖν; ἄλλως τε καὶ πᾶσιν ὄντος καταφανοῦς, ὅτι μηδεὶς πώποτε
+πλὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου τοσαῦτα βασιλεῦς τοῖς αὑτοῦ φίλοις διανέμων
+ὤφθη. ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ὁ τῶν φίλων πλοῦτος τῆς τῶν πολεμίων ῥώμης ὕποπτος
+ἐφάνη μᾶλλον καὶ φοβερώτερος, ἄλλοι δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀρχομένων εὐγένειαν
+ὑπιδόμενοι πάντα τρόπον τοὺς εὖ γεγονότας προπηλακίζοντες [D] ἢ καὶ
+ἀναιροῦντες ἄρδην τὰς οἰκίας κοινῇ μὲν ταῖς πόλεσι συμφορῶν, ἰδίᾳ δὲ
+αὑτοῖς ἀνοσίων ἔργων αἰτιώτατοι κατέστησαν. οὐκ ἀπέσχοντο δὲ ἤδη τινὲς
+τοῖς τοῦ σώματος ἀγαθοῖς, ὑγιείᾳ φημὶ καὶ κάλλει καὶ εὐεξίᾳ, βασκαίνοντες·
+ψυχῆς τε ἀρετὴν ἔν τινι τῶν πολιτῶν γενομένην οὐδὲ ἀκούειν ὑπέμενον, ἀλλ᾽
+ἦν ἀδίκημα τοῦτο, καθάπερ ἀνδροφονία καὶ κλοπὴ καὶ προδοσία, τὸ δοκεῖν
+ἀρετῆς μεταποιηθῆναι. [44] καὶ ταῦτα τυχὸν ἀληθῶς οὐ βασιλέων φήσει τις,
+πονηρῶν δὲ καὶ ἀνελευθέρων τυράννων ἔργα καὶ πράξεις. ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη τὸ
+πάθος οὐ τῶν ἀνοήτων μόνον, ἀλλά τινων ἐπιεικῶν καὶ πρᾴων ἀνδρῶν ἁψάμενον,
+τὸ τοῖς φίλοις ἄχθεσθαι πλέον ἔχουσι(195) καὶ πολλάκις ἐλαττοῦν ἐθέλειν
+καὶ τῶν προσηκόντων αὐτοὺς ἀφαιρεῖσθαι, τίς ἐπὶ σοῦ λέγειν ἐτόλμησε; τοῦτο
+καὶ Κῦρόν φασι τὸν Πέρσην γάμβρον ὄντα βασιλέως παρὰ τοῦ κηδεστοῦ παθεῖν
+ἀχθομένου τῇ παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους εἰς τὸν ἄνδρα τιμῇ, καὶ ἀγησίλαος δὲ [B]
+δῆλος ἦν ἀχθόμενος τιμωμένῳ παρὰ τοῖς Ἴωσι Λυσάνδρῳ.
+
+(I fear that it is beyond my powers to describe the magnificence of your
+outlay for other purposes, nor will I risk being tedious by staying now to
+count up the sums you bestowed on cities that had long been destitute. For
+whereas, in the time of your predecessors, they lacked the necessaries of
+life, they have all become rich through you, and the general prosperity of
+each city increases the welfare of every private household in it. But it
+is proper that I should mention your gifts to private persons, and give
+you the title of a generous and open‐handed Emperor; for since there were
+many who long ago had lost their property, because, in some cases justly,
+in others unjustly, their ancestral estates had suffered loss, you had no
+sooner come into power, than like a just judge you set right in the latter
+cases the errors committed by men in the past, and restored them to the
+control of their property, while in the former cases you were a kindly
+arbiter, and granted that they should recover what they had lost, thinking
+that to have suffered so long was punishment enough. Then you lavished
+large sums from your privy purse, and increased the reputation for wealth
+of many who even in the past had prided themselves on their large incomes.
+But why should I remind you of all this and seem to waste time over
+trifles? Especially as it must be obvious to all that no king except
+Alexander the son of Philip was ever known to bestow such splendid
+presents on his friends. Indeed some kings have thought that the wealth of
+their friends gave more grounds for suspicion and alarm than did the
+resources of their enemies, while others were jealous of the aristocrats
+among their subjects, and therefore persecuted the well‐born in every
+possible way, or even exterminated their houses, and thus were responsible
+for the public disasters of their cities and, in private life, for the
+most infamous crimes. There were some who went so far as to envy mere
+physical advantages, such as health or good looks, or good condition. And
+as for a virtuous character among their subjects, they could not bear even
+to hear of it, but counted it a crime like murder or theft or treason to
+appear to lay claim to virtue. But perhaps someone will say, and with
+truth, that these were the actions and practices not of genuine kings but
+of base and contemptible tyrants. Nay, but that other malady which has
+been known to attack not only those who were irrational, but some even who
+were just and mild, I mean the tendency to quarrel with friends who were
+too prosperous and to wish to humble them and deprive them of their
+rightful possessions, who I ask has ever dared so much as to mention such
+conduct in your case? Yet such, they say, was the treatment that Cyrus the
+Persian, the king’s son‐in‐law, received from his kinsman,(196) who could
+not brook the honour in which Cyrus was held by the common people, and
+Agesilaus also is well known to have resented the honours paid to Lysander
+by the Ionians.)
+
+Τούτους οὖν(197) πάντας ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἀρετῇ, τοῖς πλουτοῦσι μὲν τὸ
+πλουτεῖν ἀσφαλέστερον ἢ πατὴρ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισί κατέστησας, εὐγενείας δὲ
+τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων προνοεῖς καθάπερ ἁπάσης πόλεως οἰκιστὴς καὶ νομοθέτης· καὶ
+τοὶς ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθοῖς πολλὰ μὲν προστιθείς, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξ
+ἀρχῆς χαριζόμενος, δῆλος [C] εἶ τῷ μεγέθει μὲν τὰς παρὰ τῶν βασιλέων
+δωρεὰς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, τῇ βεβαιότητι δὲ τῶν ἅπαξ δοθέντων τὰς παρὰ τῶν
+δήμων χάριτας ἁποκρυπτόμενος. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ μάλα εἰκότως συμβαίνει.
+οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐφ᾽ οἷς συνίσασιν αὑτοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσιν ἀγαθοῖς, τοῖς
+κεκτημένοις βασκαίνουσιν, ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἐστὶ λαμπρὰ καὶ οἷα
+οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων, τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς προαιρέσεως τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης μακρῷ
+σεμνότερα, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτου δεόμενος τῷ κεκτημένῳ φθονήσειεν. [D] ὃ δὴ καὶ
+σαυτῷ μάλιστα πάντων ὑπάρχειν ἐγνωκὼς χαίρεις μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων
+ἀγαθοῖς, εὐφραίνει δὲ σε τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων κατορθώματα· καὶ τιμὰς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς
+τὰς μὲν ἐχαρίσω, τὰς δὲ ἤδη μέλλεις, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐνίων βουλεύῃ· καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη
+σοι πόλεως μιᾶς οὐδὲ ἔθνους ἑνὸς οὐδὲ πολλῶν ὁμοῦ τοῖς φίλοις ἀρχὰς καὶ
+τὰς ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς τιμὰς διανέμειν· ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ βασιλείας [45] ἕλοιο
+κοινωνόν, ὑπὲρ ἧς τοσοῦτον ὑπομείνας πόνον τὸ τῶν τυράννων γένος ἀνῄρηκας,
+οὐδὲν ἄξιον τῶν σαυτοῦ κατορθωμάτων ἔργον ὑπέλαβες. καὶ ὅτι μὴ χρείᾳ
+μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ χαίρειν πάντα δωρούμενος ἐπὶ ταύτην ὥρμησας τὴν γνώμην, ἅπασιν
+οἶμαι γνώριμον γέγονε. τῶν μὲν γὰρ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ἀγώνων κοινωνὸν οὐχ
+εἵλου, τῆς τιμῆς δὲ τὸν οὐ μετασχόντα τῶν πόνων ἠξίωσας μεταλαβεῖν μόνον,
+ὅτε μηδὲν ἔτι φοβερὸν ἐδόκει. [B] καὶ τῆς μὲν οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀφελὼν δῆλος
+εἶ, τῶν πόνων δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν κοινωνεῖν ἀξιοῖς. πλὴν εἴ που δέοι πρὸς
+ὀλίγον ἑπόμενον σοι στρατεύεσθαι. πότερον οὖν καὶ περὶ τούτων μαρτύρων
+τινῶν καὶ τεκμηρίων τῷ λόγῳ προσδεῖ; ἢ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι μὴ
+ψευδεῖς ἐπεισάγει λόγους; ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐδὲν ἔτι πλέον ἄξιον
+ἐνδιατρίβειν.
+
+(All these, then, you have surpassed in merit, for you have made their
+wealth more secure for the rich than a father would for his own children,
+and you take thought that your subjects shall be well‐born, as though you
+were the founder and law‐giver of every single city. Those to whom fortune
+has been generous you still further enrich, and in many cases men owe all
+their wealth to your generosity, so that in amount your gifts clearly
+surpass those of other princes, while, in security of ownership of what
+has once been given, you cast into the shade any favours bestowed by
+democracies.(198) And this is, I think, very natural. For when men are
+conscious that they lack certain advantages, they envy those who do
+possess them, but when a man is more brilliantly endowed by fortune than
+any of his fellows, and by his own initiative has won even higher
+dignities than fate had assigned him, he lacks nothing, and there is none
+whom he need envy. And since you realise that in your case this is
+especially true, you rejoice at the good fortune of others and take
+pleasure in the successes of your subjects. You have already bestowed on
+them certain honours, and other honours you are on the point of bestowing,
+and you are making plans for the benefit of yet other persons. Nor are you
+content to award to your friends the government of a single city or
+nation, or even of many such, with the honours attaching thereto. But
+unless you chose a colleague(199) to share that empire on whose behalf you
+had spared no pains to exterminate the brood of usurpers, you thought that
+no act of yours could be worthy of your former achievements. That you
+reached this decision not so much because it was necessary as because you
+take pleasure in giving all that you have to give, is, I suppose, well
+known to all. For you chose no colleague to aid you in your contests with
+the usurpers, but you thought it right that one who had not shared in the
+toil should share in the honour and glory, and that only when all danger
+seemed to be over. And it is well known that from that honour you subtract
+not even a trifling part, though you do not demand that he should share
+the danger even in some small degree, except indeed when it was necessary
+for a short time that he should accompany you on your campaign. Does my
+account of this call for any further witnesses or proofs? Surely it is
+obvious that he who tells the tale would not be the one to introduce a
+fictitious account. But on this part of my subject I must not spend any
+more time.)
+
+Σωφροσύνης δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς σῆς καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ ὅσην εὔνοιαν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις
+ἐνειργάσω, [C] βραχέα διελθεῖν ἴσως οὐκ ἄτοπον. τίς γάρ σ᾽(200) ἀγνοεῖ τῶν
+ἁπάντων τοσαύτην ἐκ παίδων τῆς ἀρετῆς ταύτης ἐπιμέλειαν ἐσχηκότα, ὅσην
+οὐδεὶς ἄλλος τῶν ἔμπροσθεν; καὶ τῆς μὲν ἐν παισὶ σωφροσύνης μάρτυς ὁ πατὴρ
+γέγονεν ἀξιόχρεως, σοὶ τὰ περὶ τὴς ἀρχὴν καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς
+διοικεῖν ἐπιτρέψας μόνῳ, ὄντι γε οὐδὲ πρεσβυτάτῳ τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων· τῆς
+δὲ ἐν ἀνδράσιν ἅπαντες αἰσθανόμεθα, [D] καθάπερ πολίτου τοῖς νόμοις
+ὑπακούοντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως τῶν νόμων ἄρχοντος, ἀεί σου προσφερομένου τῷ
+πλήθει καὶ τοῖς ἐν τέλει. τίς γάρ σ᾽(201) ἔγνω μεῖζον ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας
+φρονήσαντα; τίς δὲ ἐπαρθέντα τοῖς κατορθώμασι τοσούτοις(202) καὶ
+τηλικούτοις ἐν βραχεῖ χρόνῳ γενομένοις; ἀλλὰ τὸν Φιλίππου φασὶν
+Ἀλέξανδρον, ἐπειδὴ τὴν Περσῶν καθεῖλε δύναμιν, οὐ μόνον τὴν ἄλλην δίαιταν
+πρὸς ὄγκον μείζονα καὶ λίαν ἐπαχθῆ τοῖς πᾶσιν ὑπεροψίαν μεταβαλεῖν, [46]
+ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ τοῦ φύσαντος ὑπερορᾶν καὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἁπάσης φύσεως. ἠξίου
+γὰρ υἱὸς Ἄμμωνος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ Φιλίππου νομίζεσθαι, καὶ τῶν συστρατευσαμένων
+ὄσοι μὴ κολακεύειν μηδὲ δουλεύειν ἠπίσταντο τῶν ἑαλωκότων πικρότερον
+ἐκολάζοντο. ἀλλὰ σοῦ γε τῆς εἰς τὸν πατέρα τιμῆς ἆρα ἄξιον ἐνταῦθα
+μεμνῆσθαι; ὃν οὐκ ἰδίᾳ μόνον σεβόμενος, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς συλλόγοις
+διετέλεις ἀνακηρύττων καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν ἥρωα. τῶν φίλων δέ, [B] ἀξιοῖς γὰρ
+αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἄχρις ὀνόματος μόνον τῆς τιμῆς, πολὺ δὲ πλέον διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων
+βεβαιοῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν τοὔνομα· ἔστιν οὖν ἄρα τις ὁ μεμφόμενος ἀτιμίαν ἢ
+ζημίαν ἢ βλάβην ἤ τινα μικρὰν ὑπεροψίαν ἢ μείζονα; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν οὐδαμῶς
+εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν. τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν γηραιοὶ σφόδρα, ταῖς ἀρχαῖς
+εἰς τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου παραμείναντες, τὰς ἐπιμελείας τῶν
+κοινῶν συναπέθεντο τοῖς σώμασι, [C] παισὶν ἢ φίλοις ἤ τισι πρὸς γένους
+τοὺς κλήρους παραπέμποντες· ἄλλοι δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πόνους καὶ τὰς στρατείας
+ἀπαγορεύοντες, ἀφέσεως ἐντίμου τυχόντες, ζῶσιν ὄλβιοι· τινὲς δὲ καὶ
+μετήλλαξαν, εὐδαίμονες παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους εἶναι κρινόμενοι. ὅλως δὲ οὐκ
+ἔστιν οὐδὲ εἷς, ὃς ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ἠξιώθη τῆς τιμῆς, εἰ καὶ μοχθηρὸς ὕστερον
+ἐφάνη, τιμωρίας ἔτυχε μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος· ἤρκεσε δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπηλλάχθαι μόνον
+καὶ μηδὲν ἐνοχλεῖν ἔτι.
+
+(A few words about your temperance, your wisdom, and the affection that
+you inspired in your subjects, will not, I think, be out of place. For who
+is there among them all who does not know that from boyhood you cultivated
+the virtue of temperance as no one had ever done before you? That in your
+youth you possessed that virtue your father is a trustworthy witness, for
+he entrusted to you alone the management of affairs of state and all that
+related to your brothers, although you were not even the eldest of his
+sons. And that you still display it, now that you are a man, we are all
+well aware, since you ever behave towards the people and the magistrates
+like a citizen who obeys the laws, not like a king who is above the laws.
+For who ever saw you made arrogant by prosperity? Who ever saw you
+uplifted by those successes, so numerous and so splendid, and so quickly
+achieved? They say that Alexander, Philip’s son, when he had broken the
+power of Persia, not only adopted a more ostentatious mode of life and an
+insolence of manner obnoxious to all, but went so far as to despise the
+father that begat him, and indeed the whole human race. For he claimed to
+be regarded as the son of Ammon instead of the son of Philip, and when
+some of those who had taken part in his campaigns could not learn to
+flatter him or to be servile, he punished them more harshly than the
+prisoners of war. But the honour that you paid to your father need I speak
+of in this place? Not only did you revere him in private life, but
+constantly, where men were gathered together in public, you sang his
+praises as though he were a beneficent hero‐god. And as for your friends,
+you grant them that honour not merely in name, but by your actions you
+make their title sure. Can any one of them, I ask, lay to your charge the
+loss of any right, or any penalty or injury suffered, or any overbearing
+act either serious or trifling? Nay there is not one who could bring any
+such accusation. For your friends who were far advanced in years remained
+in office till the appointed end of their lives, and only laid down with
+life itself their control of public business, and then they handed on
+their possessions to their children or friends or some member of their
+family. Others again, when their strength failed for work or military
+service, received an honourable discharge, and are now spending their last
+days in prosperity; yet others have departed this life, and the people
+call them blessed. In short there is no man who having once been held
+worthy of the honour of your friendship, ever suffered any punishment
+great or small, even though later he proved to be vicious. For them all
+that he had to do was to depart and give no further trouble.)
+
+[D] Ἐν δὲ τούτοις ἅπασιν ὢν καὶ γεγονὼς τοιοῦτος ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἡδονῆς ἁπάσης, ᾗ
+πρόσεστιν ὄνειδος καὶ μικρόν, καθαρὰν τὴν ψυχὴν διεφύλαξας. μόνον δὲ οἶμαι
+σὲ τῶν πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων, σχεδὸν δὲ πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων καὶ πάντων
+ἀνθρώπων οὐκ ἀνδράσι μόνον παράδειγμα πρὸς σωφροσύνην παρασχεῖν κάλλιστον,
+καὶ γυναιξὶ δὲ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας κοινωνίας. [47] ὅσα γὰρ ἐκείναις
+ἀπαγορεύουσιν οἱ νόμοι τοῦ γνησίους(203) φύεσθαι τοὺς παῖδας ἐπιμελόμενοι,
+ταῦτα ὁ λόγος ἀπαγορεύει ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις παρὰ σοί. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων
+ἔχων ἔτι πλείονα λίγειν ἀφίημι.
+
+(While this has been your character from first to last in all these
+relations, you always kept your soul pure of every indulgence to which the
+least reproach is attached. In fact I should say that you alone, of all
+the emperors that ever were, nay of all mankind almost, with very few
+exceptions, are the fairest example of modesty, not to men only but to
+women also in their association with men. For all that is forbidden to
+women by the laws that safeguard the legitimacy of offspring, your reason
+ever denies to your passions. But though I could say still more on this
+subject, I refrain.)
+
+Τῆς φρονήσεως δὲ ἄξιον μὲν ἔπαινον διελθεῖν οὐδαμῶς εὐχερές, μικρὰ δὲ ὅμως
+καὶ ὑπὲρ ταύτης ῥητέον. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἔργα τῶν λόγων οἶμαι πιστότερα. οὐ
+γάρ ἐστιν εἰκὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν [B] καὶ δύναμιν μὴ παρὰ τῆς ἴσης
+διοικουμένην καὶ κρατουμένην φρονήσεως πρὸς τοσοῦτον μέγεθος ἀφικέσθαι καὶ
+κάλλος πράξεων· ἀγαπητὸν δὶ, εἰ καὶ τῇ τύχῃ μόνον δίχα φρονήσεως
+ἐπιτρεπομένη(204) ἐπὶ πολὺ μένει.(205) ἀνθῆσαι μὲν γὰρ τῇ τύχῃ προσσχόντα
+πρὸς βραχὺ ῥάδιον, διαφυλάξαι δὲ τὰ δοθέντα ἀγαθὰ δίχα φρονήσεως οὐ λίαν
+εὔκολον, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδύνατον ἴσως. ὄλως δὲ εἰ χρὴ καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐναργὲς
+φράζειν τεκμήριον, πολλῶν καὶ γνωρίμων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν. [C] τὴν γὰρ
+εὐβουλίαν ὑπολαμβάνομεν τῶν περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἀγαθῶν καὶ συμφερόντων
+ἐξευρίσκειν τὰ κράτιστα. σκοπεῖν οὖν ἄξιον ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, εἰ μὴ τοῦθ᾽
+ἕν ἐστι τῶν σοι πραχθέντων. οὐκοῦν ὅπου μὲν ἦν ὁμονοίας χρεία, ἔχαιρες
+ἐλαττούμενος, ὅπου δὲ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐχρῆν βοηθεῖν, τὸν πόλεμον ἀνείλου(206)
+προθυμότατα. καὶ Περσῶν μὲν τὴν δύναμιν καταστρατηγήσας οὐδένα τῶν ὁπλιτῶν
+ἀποβαλὼν διέφθειρας, τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους δὲ πόλεμον διελὼν τοῦ μὲν
+ἐκράτησας ταῖς δημηγορίαις, [D] καὶ τὴν μετ᾽ ἐκείνου δύναμιν ἀκέραιον καὶ
+κακῶν ἀπαθῆ προσλαβὼν κατεπολέμησας μᾶλλον διὰ τῆς συνέσεως ἢ διὰ τῆς
+ῥώμης τὸν τοσούτων τοῖς κοινοῖς αἴτιον συμφορῶν. βούλομαι δὲ σαφέστερον
+περὶ τούτων εἰπὼν ἅπασι δεῖξαι, τίνι μάλιστα πιστεύσας(207) τοσούτοις
+σαυτὸν ἐπιδοὺς πράγμασιν οὐδενὸς ὅλως διήμαρτες. [48] εὔνοιαν οἴει δεῖν
+παρὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων ὑπάρχειν τῷ βασιλεύοντι ἐρυμάτων ἀσφαλέστατον. ταύτην δὲ
+ἐπιτάττοντα μὲν καὶ κελεύοντα καθάπερ εἰσφορὰς καὶ φόρους κτήσασθαι
+παντελῶς ἄλογον. λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν, καθάπερ αὐτὸς ὥρμηκας, τὸ πάντας εὖ
+ποιεῖν καὶ μιμεῖσθαι τὴν θείαν ἐν ἀνθρώποις φύσιν· πρᾴως μὲν ἔχειν πρὸς
+ὀργήν, [B] τῶν τιμωριῶν δὲ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὰς χαλεπότητας, πταίσασι δὲ οἶμαι
+τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἐπιεικῶς καὶ εὐγνωμόνως προσφέρεσθαι. ταῦτα πράττων, ταῦτα
+θαυμάζων, ταῦτα τοῖς ἄλλοις προστάττων μιμεῖσθαι τὴν Ῥώμην μέν, ἔτι τοῦ
+τυράννου κρατοῦντος τῆς Ἰταλίας, διὰ τῆς γερουσίας εἰς Παιονίαν
+μετέστησας, προθύμους δὲ εἶχες τὰς πόλεις πρὸς τὰς λειτουργίας.
+
+(Your wisdom it is by no means easy to praise as it deserves, but I must
+say a few words about it. Your actions, however, are more convincing, I
+think, than my words. For it is not likely that this great and mighty
+empire would have attained such dimensions or achieved such splendid
+results, had it not been directed and governed by an intelligence to
+match. Indeed, when it is entrusted to luck alone, unaided by wisdom, we
+may be thankful if it last for any length of time. It is easy by depending
+on luck to flourish for a brief space, but without the aid of wisdom it is
+very hard, or rather I might say impossible, to preserve the blessings
+that have been bestowed. And, in short, if we need cite a convincing proof
+of this, we do not lack many notable instances. For by wise counsel we
+mean the ability to discover most successfully the measures that will be
+good and expedient when put into practice. It is therefore proper to
+consider in every case whether this wise counsel may not be counted as one
+of the things you have achieved. Certainly when there was need of harmony
+you gladly gave way, and when it was your duty to aid the community as a
+whole you declared for war with the utmost readiness. And when you had
+defeated the forces of Persia without losing a single hoplite, you made
+two separate campaigns against the usurpers, and after overcoming one of
+them(208) by your public harangue, you added to your army his forces,
+which were fresh and had suffered no losses, and finally, by intelligence
+rather than by brute force, you completely subdued the other usurper who
+had inflicted so many sufferings on the community. I now desire to speak
+more clearly on this subject and to demonstrate to all what it was that
+you chiefly relied on and that secured you from failure in every one of
+those great enterprises to which you devoted yourself. It is your
+conviction that the affection of his subjects is the surest defence of an
+emperor. Now it is the height of absurdity to try to win that affection by
+giving orders, and levying it as though it were a tax or tribute. The only
+alternative is the policy that you have yourself pursued, I mean of doing
+good to all men and imitating the divine nature on earth. To show mercy
+even in anger, to take away their harshness from acts of vengeance, to
+display kindness and toleration to your fallen enemies, this was your
+practice, this you always commended and enjoined on others to imitate, and
+thus, even while the usurper still controlled Italy, you transferred Rome
+to Paeonia by means of the Senate and inspired the cities with zeal for
+undertaking public services.)
+
+Τῶν στρατευμάτων δὲ τὴν εὔνοιαν τίς ἂν ἀξίως διηγήσαιτο; τάξις μὲν ἱππέων
+πρὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ Μύρσῃ παρατάξεως μεθειστήκει, [C] ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰταλίας
+ἐκράτησας, πεζῶν κατάλογοι καὶ τέλη λαμπρά. ἀλλὰ τὸ μικρὸν μετὰ τὴν τοῦ
+τυράννου δυστυχῆ τελευτὴν ἐν Γαλατίᾳ γενόμενον κοινὴν ἁπάντων ἔδειξε
+στρατοπέδων τὴν εὔνοιαν, τὸν θρασυνόμενον καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας καὶ τὴν
+γυναικείαν ἁλουργίδα περιβαλόμενον ὥσπερ τινὰ λύκον(209) ἐξαίφνης
+διασπασαμένων. ὅστις δὲ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ γέγονας τῇ πράξει, καὶ ὅπως πρᾴως ἅπασι
+καὶ φιλανθρώπως τοῖς ἐκείνου γνωρίμοις προσηνέχθης, ὅσοι μηδὲν ἠλέγχοντο
+ἐκείνῳ συμπράξαντες, πολλῶν ἐφεστηκότων τῇ κατηγορίᾳ συκοφαντῶν, [D] καὶ
+τὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον φιλίαν ὑποπτεύειν μόνον κελευόντων, ἐγὼ μὲν ἁπάσης ἀρετῆς
+τίθεμαι τοῦτο(210) κεφάλαιον. καὶ γὰρ ἐπιεικῶς καὶ δικαίως φημὶ καὶ πολὺ
+πλέον ἐμφρόνως πεπράχθαι. ὅστις δὲ ἄλλως ἡγεῖται καὶ τῆς περὶ τοῦ
+πράγματος ἀληθοῦς ὑπολήψεως καὶ τῆς σῆς γνώμης διήμαρτε. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ οὐκ
+ἐλεγχθέντας δίκαιον ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, [49] σώζεσθαι, ὑπόπτους δὲ τὰς φιλίας
+καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φευκτὰς οὐδαμῶς ᾤου δεῖν κατασκευάζειν, ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων
+εὐνοίας ἐς τοῦτο μεγέθους ἀρθεὶς καὶ πράξεων. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν παῖδα τοῦ
+τετολμηκότος νήπιον κομιδῇ τῆς πατρῴας οὐδὲν εἴασας μετασχεῖν ζημίας. οὕτω
+σοι πρὸς ἐπιείκειαν ἡ πρᾶξις ῥέπουσα τελείας ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει γνώρισμα. * *
+*
+
+(As for the affection of your armies, what description could do it
+justice? Even before the battle at Myrsa, a division of cavalry came over
+to your side,(211) and when you had conquered Italy bodies of infantry and
+distinguished legions did the same. But what happened in Galatia(212)
+shortly after the usurper’s miserable end demonstrated the universal
+loyalty of the garrisons to you; for when, emboldened by his isolated
+position, another(213) dared to assume the effeminate purple, they
+suddenly set on him as though he were a wolf and tore him limb from
+limb.(214) Your behaviour after that deed, your merciful and humane
+treatment of all those of his friends who were not convicted of having
+shared his crimes, and that in spite of all the sycophants who came
+forward with accusations and warned you to show only suspicion against
+friends of his, this I count as the culmination of all virtue. What is
+more, I maintain that your conduct was not only humane and just, but
+prudent in a still higher degree. He who thinks otherwise falls short of a
+true understanding of both the circumstances and your policy. For that
+those who had not been proved guilty should be protected was of course
+just, and you thought you ought by no means to make friendship a reason
+for suspicion and so cause it to be shunned, seeing that it was due to the
+loyal affection of your own subjects that you had attained to such power
+and accomplished so much. But the son of that rash usurper, who was a mere
+child, you did not allow to share his father’s punishment. To such a
+degree does every act of yours incline towards clemency and is stamped
+with the mint‐mark of perfect virtue * * * * *.)(215)
+
+
+
+
+
+ORATION II
+
+
+
+
+Introduction To Oration II
+
+
+The Second Oration is a panegyric of the Emperor Constantius, written
+while Julian, after his elevation to the rank of Caesar, was campaigning
+in Gaul.(216) It closely resembles and often echoes the First, and was
+probably never delivered. In his detailed and forced analogies of the
+achievements of Constantius with those of the Homeric heroes, always to
+the advantage of the former, Julian follows a sophistic practice that he
+himself condemns,(217) and though he more than once contrasts himself with
+the “ingenious rhetoricians” he is careful to observe all their rules,
+even in his historical descriptions of the Emperor’s campaigns. The long
+Platonic digression on Virtue and the ideal ruler is a regular feature of
+a panegyric of this type, though Julian neglects to make the direct
+application to Constantius. In the First Oration he quoted Homer only
+once, but while the Second contains the usual comparisons with the Persian
+monarchs and Alexander, its main object is to prove, by direct references
+to the Iliad, that Constantius surpassed Nestor in strategy, Odysseus in
+eloquence, and in courage Hector, Sarpedon and Achilles.
+
+
+
+
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ
+
+(Julian, Caesar)
+
+ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ Η ΠΕΡΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ.
+
+(The Heroic Deeds of the Emperor Constantius, Or, On Kingship)
+
+Τὸν Ἀχιλλέα φησὶν ἡ ποίησις, ὁπότε ἐμήνισε καὶ διηνέχθη πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα,
+μεθεῖναι μὲν ταῖν χεροῖν τὴν αἰχμὴν καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα, ψαλτήριον δὲ
+ἁρμοσάμενον καὶ κιθάραν ᾄδειν καὶ ὑμνεῖν τῶν ἡμιθέων τὰς πράξεις, καὶ
+ταύτην διαγωγὴν τῆς ἡσυχίας ποιεῖσθαι, εὖ μάλα ἐμφρόνως τοῦτο διανοηθέντα.
+[D] τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι καὶ παροξύνειν τὸν βασιλέα λίαν αὔθαδες καὶ
+ἄγριον· τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκείνης ἀπολύεται τῆς μέμψεως ὁ τῆς Θέτιδος, ὅτι τῷι
+καιρῷ τῶν ἔργων εἰς ᾠδὰς καταχρῆται καὶ κρούματα, ἐξὸν τότε μὲν ἔχεσθαι
+τῶν ὅπλων καὶ μὴ μεθιέναι, αὖθις δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡσυχίας ὑμνεῖν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ
+ᾄδειν τὰ κατορθώματα. [50] οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονά φησιν ὁ πατὴρ
+ἐκείνων τῶν λόγων μετρίως καὶ πολιτικῶς προσενεχθῆναι τῷ στρατηγῷ, ἀλλ᾽
+ἀπειλῇ τε χρῆσθαι καὶ ἔργοις ὑβρίζειν, τοῦ γέρως ἀφαιρούμενον. συνάγων δὲ
+αὐτοὺς ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀλλήλοις ἐπὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας μεταμελομένους, τὸν μὲν τῆς
+Θέτιδος ἐκβοῶντα
+
+(Achilles, as the poet tells us, when his wrath was kindled and he
+quarrelled with the king,(218) let fall from his hands his spear and
+shield; then he strung his harp and lyre and sang and chanted the deeds of
+the demi‐gods, making this the pastime of his idle hours, and in this at
+least he chose wisely. For to fall out with the king and affront him was
+excessively rash and violent. But perhaps the son of Thetis is not free
+from this criticism either, that he spent in song and music the hours that
+called for deeds, though at such a time he might have retained his arms
+and not laid them aside, but later, at his leisure, he could have sung the
+praises of the king and chanted his victories. Though indeed the author of
+that tale tells us that Agamemnon also did not behave to his general
+either temperately or with tact, but first used threats and proceeded to
+insolent acts, when he robbed Achilles of his prize of valour. Then Homer
+brings them, penitent now, face to face in the assembly, and makes the son
+of Thetis exclaim)
+
+
+    Ἀτρείδη, ἦ ἄρ τι τόδ᾽ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἄρειον
+    Ἔπλετο, σοὶ καὶ ἐμοί,
+
+    (“Son of Atreus, verily it had been better on this wise for both
+    thee and me!”(219))
+
+
+[B] εἶτα ἐπαρώμενον τῇ προφάσει τῇ ἀπεχθείας καὶ ἀπαριθμούμενον τὰς ἐκ τῆς
+μήνιδος ξυμφοράς, τὸν βασιλέα δὲ αἰτιώμενον Δία καὶ Μοῖραν(220) καὶ
+Ἐρινύν, δοκεῖ μοι διδάσκειν, ὥσπερ ἐν δράματι τοῖς προκειμένοις ἀνδράσιν
+οἷον εἰκόσι χρώμενος, ὅτι χρὴ τοὺς μὲν βασιλέας μηδὲν ὕβρει πράττειν μηδὲ
+τῇ δυνάμει πρὸς ἅπαν χρῆσθαι μηδὲ ἐφιέναι τῷ θυμῷ, καθάπερ ἵππῳ θρασεῖ
+χήτει χαλινοῦ καὶ ἡνιόχου φερομένῳ, παραινεῖν δὲ αὖ τοῖς [C] στρατηγοῖς
+ὑπεροψίαν βασιλικὴν μὴ δυσχεραίνειν, φέρειν δὲ ἐγκρατῶς καὶ πρᾴως τὰς
+ἐπιτιμήσεις, ἵνα μὴ μεταμελείας αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος μεστὸς ᾖ.
+
+(Later on he makes him curse the cause of their quarrel, and recount the
+disasters due to his own wrath, and we see the king blaming Zeus and Fate
+and Erinys. And here, I think, he is pointing a moral, using those heroes
+whom he sets before us, like types in a tragedy, and the moral is that
+kings ought never to behave insolently, nor use their power without
+reserve, nor be carried away by their anger like a spirited horse that
+runs away for lack of the bit and the driver; and then again he is warning
+generals not to resent the insolence of kings but to endure their censure
+with self‐control and serenely, so that their whole life may not be filled
+with remorse.(221))
+
+Ταῦτα κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν ἐννοῶν, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, καὶ σὲ μὲν ὁρῶν ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων
+τὴν Ὁμηρικὴν παιδείαν ἐπιδεικνύμενον καὶ ἐθέλοντα πάντως κοινῇ μὲν(222)
+ἅπαντας ἀγαθόν τι δρᾶν, ἡμῖν δὲ ἰδίᾳ τιμὰς καὶ γέρα ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις
+παρασκευάζοντα, τοσούτῳ δὲ οἶμαι κρείττονα τοῦ τῶν Ἐλλήνων βασιλέως εἶναι
+ἐθέλοντα, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἠτίμαζε τοὺς ἀρίστους, σὺ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν φαύλων
+πολλοῖς τὴν συγγνώμην νέμεις, τὸν Πιττακὸν ἐπαινῶν τοῦ λόγου, ὃς τὴν
+συγγνώμην τῆς τιμωρίας προυτίθει, [D] αἰσχυνοίμην ἄν, εἰ μὴ τοῦ Πηλέως
+φαινοίμην εὐγνωμονέστερος μηδὲ(223) ἐπαινοίην εἰς δύναμιν τὰ προσόντα σοί,
+οὔτι φημὶ χρυσὸν καὶ ἁλουργῆ χλαῖναν, οὐδὲ μὰ Δία πέπλους παμποικίλους,
+γυναικῶν ἔργα Σιδωνίων, οὐδὲ ἵππων Νισαίων κάλλη καὶ χρυσοκολλήτων ἁρμάτων
+ἀστράπτουσαν αἴγλην, [51] οὐδὲ τὴν Ἰνδῶν λίθον εὐανθῆ καὶ χαρίεσσαν.
+καίτοι γε εἴ τις ἐθέλοι τούτοις τὸν νοῦν προσέχων ἕκαστον ἀξιοῦν λόγου,
+μικροῦ πᾶσαν οἶμαι τὴν Ὁμήρου ποίησιν ἀποχετεύσας ἔτι δεήσεται λόγων, καὶ
+οὐκ ἀποχρήσει σοὶ μόνῳ τὰ ξύμπασι ποιηθέντα τοῖς ἡμιθέιος ἐγκώμια.
+ἀρξώμεθα δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σκήπτρου πρῶτον, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτῆς·
+[B] τί γὰρ δή φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλων τῆς τῶν Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας τὴν
+ἀρχαιότητα καὶ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐνδείξασθαι;
+
+(When I reflect on this, my beloved Emperor, and behold you displaying in
+all that you do the result of your study of Homer, and see you so eager to
+benefit every citizen in the community in every way, and devising for me
+individually such honours and privileges one after another, then I think
+that you desire to be nobler than the king of the Greeks, to such a
+degree, that, whereas he insulted his bravest men, you, I believe, grant
+forgiveness to many even of the undeserving, since you approve the maxim
+of Pittacus which set mercy before vengeance. And so I should be ashamed
+not to appear more reasonable than the son of Peleus, or to fail to
+praise, as far as in me lies, what appertains to you, I do not mean gold,
+or a robe of purple, nay by Zeus, nor raiment embroidered all over, the
+work of Sidonian women,(224) nor beautiful Nisaean horses,(225) nor the
+gleam and glitter of gold‐mounted chariots, nor the precious stone of
+India, so beautiful and lovely to look upon. And yet if one should choose
+to devote his attention to these and think fit to describe every one of
+them, he would have to draw on almost the whole stream of Homer’s poetry
+and still he would be short of words, and the panegyrics that have been
+composed for all the demi‐gods would be inadequate for your sole praise.
+First, then, let me begin, if you please, with your sceptre and your
+sovereignty itself. For what does the poet say when he wishes to praise
+the antiquity of the house of the Pelopids and to exhibit the greatness of
+their sovereignty?)
+
+
+                      ἀνὰ δὲ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων
+    Ἔστη σκῆπτρον ἔχων, τὸ μὲν Ἥφαιστος κάμε τεύξων,
+
+    “(Then uprose their lord Agamemnon and in his hand was the sceptre
+    that Hephaistos made and fashioned.)”(226)
+
+
+καὶ ἔδωκε Διί, ὁ δὲ τῷ τῆς Μαίας καὶ ἑαυτοῦ παιδί, Ἑρμείας δὲ ἄναξ δῶκε
+Πέλοπι,(227) Πέλοψ δὲ
+
+(and gave to Zeus; then Zeus gave it to his own and Maia’s son, and Hermes
+the prince gave it to Pelops, and Pelops)
+
+
+                        δῶκ᾽ Ἀτρέι ποιμένι λαῶν·
+    Ἀτρεὺς δὲ θνήσκων ἔλιπε πολύαρνι Θυέστῃ·
+    Αὐτὰρ ὅγ᾽ αὖτε Θυέστ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνονι δῶκε φορῆναι, [C]
+    Πολλῇσιν νήσοισι καὶ Ἄργεï παντὶ ἀνάσσειν·
+
+    (“Gave it to Atreus, shepherd of the host, and Atreus at his death
+    left it to Thyestes, rich in flocks; and he in turn gave it into
+    the hands of Agamemnon, so that he should rule over many islands
+    and all Argos.”)
+
+
+Αὕτη σοι τῆς Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας ἡ γενεαλογία, εἰς τρεῖς οὐδὲ ὅλας μείνασα
+γενεάς· τά γε μὴν τῆς ἡμετέρας ξυγγενείας ἤρξατο μὲν ἀπὸ Κλαυδίου, μικρὰ
+δὲ ἐν μέσῳ διαλιπούσης τῆς ἡγεμονίας τὼ πάππω τὼ σὼ διαδέχεσθον. καὶ ὁ μὲν
+τῆς μητρὸς πατὴρ τὴν Ῥώμην διῴκει καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, [D] καὶ τὴν Λιβύην τε
+ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ, καὶ Σαρδὼ καὶ Σικελίαν, οὔτι φαυλοτέραν τῆς Ἀργείας καὶ
+Μυκηναίας δυναστείαν, ὅ γε μὴν τοῦ πατρὸς γεννήτωρ Γαλατίας ἔθνη τὰ
+μαχιμώτατα καὶ τοῦς Ἑσπερίους Ἴβηρας καὶ τὰς ἐντὸς Ὠκεανοῦ νήσους, αἳ
+τοσούτῳ μείζους τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ τῇ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς ὁρωμένων εἰσίν, ὅσῳ καὶ τῆς
+εἴσω θαλάττης ἡ τῶν Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν ὑπερχεομένη. ταύτας δὲ ὅλας τὰς χώρας
+καθαρὰς ἀπέφηναν πολεμίων, κοινῇ μὲν ἐπιστρατεύοντες, [52] εἴ ποτε τούτου
+δεήσειεν, ἐπιφοιτῶντες δὲ ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν ἕκαστος τῶν ὁμόρων
+βαρβάρων ὕβριν τε καὶ ἀδικίαν ἐξέκοπτον. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν δὴ τούτοις
+ἐκοσμοῦντο. ὁ πατὴρ δὲ τὴν μὲν προσήκουσαν αὐτῷ μοῖραν μάλα εὐσεβῶς καὶ
+ὁσίως ἐκτήσατο, περιμείνας τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ γεγεννηκότος, τὰ
+λοιπὰ δὲ ἀπὸ βασιλείας εἰς τυραννίδας ὑπενεχθέντα δουλείας ἔπαυσε χαλεπῆς,
+[B] καὶ ἦρξε συμπάντων τρεῖς ὑμᾶς τοὺς αὑτοῦ παῖδας προσελόμενος
+ξυνάρχοντας. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἄξιον μέγεθος δυνάμεως παραβαλεῖν καὶ τὸν ἐν τῇ
+δυναστείᾳ χρόνον καὶ πλῆθος βασιλευσάντων;(228) ἢ τοῦτο μέν ἐστιν ἀληθῶς
+ἀρχαῖον, μετιτέον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ θαυμαστέον σου τὴν χλαμύδα ξὺν τῇ
+πόρπῃ, ἃ δὴ καὶ Ὁμήρῳ διατριβὴν παρέσχεν ἡδεῖαν; λόγου τε ἀξιωτέον πολλοῦ
+τὰς Τρωὸς ἵππουσ, αἳ τρισχίλιαι οὖσαι
+
+(Here then you have the genealogy of the house of Pelops, which endured
+for barely three generations. But the story of our family began with
+Claudius; then its supremacy ceased for a short time, till your two
+grandfathers succeeded the throne. And your mother’s father(229) governed
+Rome and Italy and Libya besides, and Sardinia and Sicily, an empire not
+inferior certainly to Argos and Mycenae. Your father’s father(230) ruled
+the most warlike of all the tribes of Galatia,(231) the Western
+Iberians(232) and the islands that lie in the Ocean,(233) which are as
+much larger than those that are to be seen in our seas as the sea that
+rolls beyond the pillars of Heracles is larger than the inner sea.(234)
+These countries your grandfathers entirely cleared of our foes, now
+joining forces for a campaign, when occasion demanded, now making separate
+expeditions on their own account, and so they annihilated the insolent and
+lawless barbarians on their frontiers. These, then, are the distinctions
+that they won. Your father inherited his proper share of the Empire with
+all piety and due observance, waiting till his father reached his
+appointed end. Then he freed from intolerable slavery the remainder, which
+had sunk from empire to tyranny, and so governed the whole, appointing you
+and your brothers, his three sons, as his colleagues. Now can I fairly
+compare your house with the Pelopids in the extent of their power, the
+length of their dynasty, or the number of those who sat on the throne? Or
+is that really foolish, and must I instead go on to describe your wealth,
+and admire your cloak and the brooch that fastens it, the sort of thing on
+which even Homer loved to linger? Or must I describe at length the mares
+of Tros that numbered three thousand, and)
+
+
+    ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο, [C]
+
+    (“pastured in the marsh‐meadow”)(235)
+
+
+καὶ τὰ φώρια τὰ ἐντεῦθεν; ἢ τοὺς Θρᾳκίους ἵππους εὐλαβησόμεθα λευκοτέρους
+μὲν τῆς χιόνος, θεῖν δὲ ὠκυτέρους τῶν χειμερίων πνευμάτων, καὶ τὰ ἐν
+αὐτοῖς ἅρματα; καὶ ἔχομέν σε ἐν τούτοις ἐπαινεῖν, οἰκίαν τε οἶμαι τὴν
+Ἀλκίνου καὶ τὰ τοῦ Μενέλεω δώματα καταπληξάμενα καὶ τὸν τοῦ πολύφρονος
+Ὀδυσσέως παῖδα καὶ τοιαῦτα ληρεῖν ἀναπείσαντα τοῖς σοῖς παραβαλεῖν
+ἀξιώσομεν, [D] μὴ ποτε ἄρα ἔλασσον ἔχειν ἐν τούτοις δοκῇς, καὶ οὐκ
+ἀπωσόμεθα τὴν φλυαρίαν; ἀλλ᾽ ὅρα μή τις ἡμᾶς μικρολογίας καὶ ἀμαθίας τῶν
+ἀληθῶς καλῶν γραψάμενος ἕλῃ. οὐκοῦν ἀφέντας χρὴ τοῖς Ὁμηρίδαις τὰ τοιαῦτα
+πολυπραγμονεῖν ἐπὶ τὰ τούτων ἐγγυτέρω πρὸς ἀρετήν, καὶ ὧν μείζονα ποιεῖ
+προμήθειαν, σώματος ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας,
+θαρροῦντας(236) ἰέναι.
+
+(and the theft that followed?(237) Or shall I pay my respects to your
+Thracian horses, whiter than snow and faster than the storm winds, and
+your Thracian chariots? For in your case also we can extol all these, and
+as for the palace of Alcinous and those halls that dazzled even the son of
+prudent Odysseus and moved him to such foolish expressions of wonder,(238)
+shall I think it worth while to compare them with yours, for fear that men
+should one day think that you were worse off than he in these respects, or
+shall I not rather reject such trifling? Nay, I must be on my guard lest
+someone accuse and convict me of using frivolous speech and ignoring what
+is really admirable. So I had better leave it to the Homerids to spend
+their energies on such themes, and proceed boldly to what is more closely
+allied to virtue, and things to which you yourself pay more attention, I
+mean bodily strength and experience in the use of arms.)
+
+Τίνι δήποτε οὖν τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς Ὁμηρικῆς ὑμνουμένων σειρῆνος εἴξομεν; [53]
+ἔστι μὲν γὰρ τοξότης παρ᾽ αὐτῷ Πάνδαρος, ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ χρημάτων ἥττων,
+ἀλλα καὶ ἀσθενὴς τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ὁπλίτης φαῦλος, Τεῦκρος τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ
+Μηριόνης, ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς πελειάδος τῷ τόξῳ χρώμενος, ὁ δὲ ἠρίστευε μὲν ἐν
+τῇ μάχῃ ἐδεῖτο δὲ ὥσπερ ἐρύματος καὶ τειχίου. ταῦτά τοι καὶ προβάλλεται
+τὴν ἀσπίδα, οὔτι τὴν οἰκείαν, τἀδελφοῦ δέ, καὶ στοχάζεται καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν τῶν
+πολεμίων, γελοῖος ἀναφανεὶς στρατιώτης, [B] ὅς γε ἐδεῖτο μείζονος φύλακος
+καὶ οὐκ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐποιεῖτο τῆς σωτηρίας τὰς ἐλπίδας. σὲ δῆτα
+ἐθεασάμην, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, ἄρκτους καὶ παρδάλεις καὶ λέοντας συχνοὺς
+καταβάλλοντα τοῖς ἀφιεμένοις βέλεσι, χρώμενον δὲ πρὸς θήραν καὶ παιδιὰν
+τόξῳ, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς παρατάξεως ἀσπίς ἐστί σοι καὶ θώραξ καὶ κράνος· καὶ οὐκ
+ἂν καταδείσαιμι τὸν ἀχιλλέα τοῖς Ἡφαιστείοις λαμπρυνόμενον καὶ
+ἀποπειρώμενον αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν ὅπλον,
+
+(And now which one of those heroes to whom Homer devotes his enchanting
+strains shall I admit to be superior to you? There is the archer Pandaros
+in Homer, but he is treacherous and yields to bribes(239); moreover his
+arm was weak and he was an inferior hoplite: then there are besides,
+Teucer and Meriones. The latter employs his bow against a pigeon(240)
+while Teucer, though he distinguished himself in battle, always needed a
+sort of bulwark or wall. Accordingly he keeps a shield in front of
+him,(241) and that not his own but his brother’s, and aims at the enemy at
+his ease, cutting an absurd figure as a soldier, seeing that he needed a
+protector taller than himself and that it was not in his weapons that he
+placed his hopes of safety. But I have seen you many a time, my beloved
+Emperor, bringing down bears and panthers and lions with the weapons
+hurled by your hand, and using your bow both for hunting and for pastime,
+and on the field of battle you have your own shield and cuirass and
+helmet. And I should not be afraid to match you with Achilles when he was
+exulting in the armour that Hephaistos made, and testing himself and that
+armour to see)
+
+
+    [C] Εἴ οἱ ἐφαρμόσσειε καὶ ἐντρέχοι ἀγλαὰ γυῖα·
+
+    (“Whether it fitted him and whether his glorious limbs ran free
+    therein;”(242))
+
+
+ἀνακηρύττει γὰρ εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν σὴν ἐμπειρίαν τὰ κατορθώματα.
+
+(for your successes proclaim to all men your proficiency.)
+
+Τήν γε μὴν ἱππικὴν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις κουφότητα ἆρά σοι παραβαλεῖν
+ἄξιον τῶν πρόσθεν τοὺς ἀραμένους ὄνομα καὶ δόξαν μείζονα; ἢ τὸ μὲν οὐδὲ
+ηὕρητό πω; ἅρμασι γὰρ ἐχρῶντο καὶ οὔπω πώλοις ἄζυξι· τάχει δὲ ὅστις
+διήνεγκε, τούτῳ πρὸς σὲ γέγονεν ἀμφήριστος κρίσις· [D] τάξιν δὲ κοσμῆσαι
+καὶ φάλαγγα διατάξαι καλῶς δοκεῖ Μενεσθεὺς κράτιστος, καὶ τούτῳ διὰ τὴν
+ἡλικίαν ὁ Πύλιος οὐχ ὑφίεται τῆς ἐμπειρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν οἱ πολέμιοι
+πολλάκις τὰς τάξεις συνετάραξαν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους ἴσχυον ἀντέχειν
+παραταττόμενοι· σοὶ δὲ μυρίαις μάχαις ξυμμίξαντι καὶ πολεμίοις πολλοῖς μὲν
+βαρβάροις, οὐκ ἐλάττοσι δὲ τούτων τοῖς οἴκοθεν ἀφεστῶσι καὶ συνεπιθεμένοις
+τῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν σφετερίσασθαι προελομένῳ ἀρραγὴς ἔμεινεν ἡ φάλανξ καὶ
+ἀδιάλυτος, [54] οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἐνδοῦσα. καὶ ὅτι μὴ λῆρος ταῦτα μηδὲ
+προσποίησις λόγων τῆς ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων ἀληθείας κρείττων, ἐθέλω τοῖς παροῦσι
+διεξελθεῖν. γελοῖον γὰρ οἶμαι πρὸς σὲ περὶ τῶν σῶν ἔργων διηγεῖσθαι· καὶ
+ταὐτὸν ἂν πάθοιμι φαύλῳ καὶ ἀκόμψῳ θεατῇ τῶν Φειδίου δημιουργημάτων πρὸς
+αὐτὸν Φειδίαν ἐπιχειροῦντι διεξιέναι περὶ τῆς ἐν ἀκροπόλει παρθένου καὶ
+τοῦ παρὰ τοῖς Πισαίοις Διός. εἰ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ἄλλους ἐκφέροιμι τὰ σεμνότατα
+τῶν ἔργων, [B] ἴσως ἂν ἀποφύγοιμι τὴν ἁμαρτάδα, καὶ οὐκ ἔσομαι ταῖς
+διαβολαῖς ἔνοχος· ὥστε ἤδη θαρροῦντα χρὴ λέγειν.
+
+(As for your horsemanship and your agility in running, would it be fair to
+compare with you any of those heroes of old who won a name and great
+reputation? Is it not a fact that horsemanship had not yet been invented?
+For as yet they used only chariots and not riding‐horses. And as for their
+fastest runner, it is an open question how he compares with you. But in
+drawing up troops and forming a phalanx skilfully Menestheus(243) seems to
+have excelled, and on account of his greater age the Pylian(244) is his
+equal in proficiency. But the enemy often threw their line into disorder,
+and not even at the wall(245) could they hold their ground when they
+encountered the foe. You, however, engaged in countless battles, not only
+with hostile barbarians in great numbers, but with just as many of your
+own subjects, who had revolted and were fighting on the side of one who
+was ambitious of grasping the imperial power; yet your phalanx remained
+unbroken and never wavered or yielded an inch. That this is not an idle
+boast and that I do not make a pretension in words that goes beyond the
+actual facts, I will demonstrate to my hearers. For I think it would be
+absurd to relate to you your own achievements. I should be like a stupid
+and tasteless person who, on seeing the works of Pheidias should attempt
+to discuss with Pheidias himself the Maiden Goddess on the Acropolis, or
+the statue of Zeus at Pisa. But if I publish to the rest of the world your
+most distinguished achievements, I shall perhaps avoid that blunder and
+not lay myself open to criticism. So I will hesitate no more but proceed
+with my discourse.)
+
+Καί μοι μή τις δυσχεράνῃ πειρωμένῳ πράξεων ἅπτεσθαι μειζόνων, εἰ καὶ τὸ
+τοῦ λόγου συνεκθέοι μῆκος, καὶ ταῦτα θέλοντος ἐπέχειν καὶ βιαζομένου, ὅπως
+μὴ τῷ μεγέθει τῶν ἔργων ἡ τῶν λόγων ἀσθένεια περιχεομένη διαλυμήνηται·
+καθάπερ δὴ τὸν χρυσόν φασι τοῦ Θεσπιᾶσιν [C] Ἔρωτος τοῖς πτεροῖς
+ἐπιβληθέντα τὴν ἀκρίβειαν ἀφελεῖν τῆς τέχνης. δεῖται γὰρ ἀληθῶς τῆς
+Ὁμηρικῆς σάλπιγγος τὰ κατορθώματα, καὶ πολὺ πλέον ἢ τὰ τοῦ Μακεδόνος ἔργα.
+δῆλον δὲ ἔσται χρωμένοις ἡμῖν τῷ τρόπῳ τῶν λόγων, ὅνπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς
+προυθέμεθα. ἐφαίνετο δὲ τῶν βασιλέως ἔργων πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων πολλὴ
+ξυγγένεια, καὶ αὐτὸν ἔφαμεν ἁπάντων προφέρειν ἐν ᾧ μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων
+ἕκαστος διήνεγκε, καὶ ὅπως ἐστὶ τοῦ μὲν δὴ βασιλέως αὐτοῦ βασιλικώτερος,
+[D] εἴ που μεμνήμεθα τῶν ἐν προοιμίῳ ῥηθέντων, ἐπεδείκνυμεν, ἔσται δὲ καὶ
+μάλα αὖθις καταφανές. νῦν δὲ, εἰ βούλεσθε, τὰ περί τὰς μάχας καὶ τοὺς
+πολέμους ἀθρήσωμεν. τίνας οὖν Ὅμηρος διαφερόντως ὕμνησεν Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ
+βαρβάρων; αὐτὰ ὑμῖν ἀναγνώσομαι τῶν ἐπῶν τὰ καιριώτατα.
+
+(I hope no one will object if, when I attempt to deal with exploits that
+are so important, my speech should become proportionately long, and that
+though I desire to limit and restrain it lest my feeble words overwhelm
+and mar the greatness of your deeds; like the gold which when it was laid
+over the wings of the Eros at Thespiae(246) took something, so they say,
+from the delicacy of its workmanship. For your triumphs really call for
+the trumpet of Homer himself, far more than did the achievements of the
+Macedonian.(247) This will be evident as I go on to use the same method of
+argument which I adopted when I began. It then became evident that there
+is a strong affinity between the Emperor’s exploits and those of the
+heroes, and I claimed that while one hero excelled the others in one
+accomplishment only, the Emperor excels them all in all those
+accomplishments. That he is more kingly than the king himself(248) I
+proved, if you remember, in what I said in my introduction, and again and
+again it will be evident. But now let us, if you please, consider his
+battles and campaigns. What Greeks and barbarians did Homer praise above
+their fellows? I will read you those of his verses that are most to the
+point.)
+
+
+    [55] Τίς τ᾽ ἂρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην, σύ μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα,
+    Ἀνδρῶν ἠδ᾽ ἵππων, οἳ ἃμ᾽ Ἀτρείδαισιν ἕποντο.
+    Ἀνδρῶν μὲν μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην Τελαμώνιος Αἴας,
+    Ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν· ὁ γὰρ πολὺ φέρτατος ἦεν.
+
+    (“Tell me, Muse, who was foremost of those warriors and horses
+    that followed the sons of Atreus. Of warriors far the best was
+    Ajax, son of Telamon, so long as the wrath of Achilles endured.
+    For he was far the foremost.”(249))
+
+
+καὶ αὖθις ὑπὲρ τοῦ Τελαμωνίου φησίν·
+
+(And again he says of the son of Telamon:)
+
+
+    Αἴας, ὃς περὶ μὲν εἶδος, περὶ δ᾽ ἔργ᾽ ἐτέτυκτο,
+    [B] Τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽ ἀμύμονα Πηλείωνα.
+
+    (“Ajax who in beauty and in the deeds he wrought was of a mould
+    above all the other Danaans, except only the blameless son of
+    Peleus.”(250))
+
+
+Ἑλλήνων μὲν δὴ τούτους ἀρίστους ἀφῖχθαί φησι, τῶν δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς Τρῶας
+Ἕκτορα καὶ Σαρπηδόνα. βούλεσθε οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ λαμπρότατα ἐπιλεξάμενοι
+περιαθρῶμεν τὸ μέγεθος; καὶ γάρ πως ἐς ταὐτόν τισι τῶν βασιλέως(251)
+ξυμφέρεται ἥ τε ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ τοῦ Πηλέως μάχη καὶ ὁ περὶ τὸ τεῖχος τῶν
+Ἀχαιῶν πόλεμος· [C] Αἴας τε ὑπεραγωνιζόμενος τῶν νεῶν καὶ ἐπιβεβηκὼς τῶν
+ἰκρίων ἴσως ἂν τυγχάνοι τινὸς ἀξίας εἰκόνος. ἐθέλω δὲ ὑμῖν διγγεῖσθαι τὴν
+ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ μάχην, ἣν ἠγωνίσατο βασιλεὺς ἔναγχος. ἴστε δὲ ὅθεν ὁ πόλεμος
+ἐξερράγη, καὶ ὅτι ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ οὐ τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίᾳ διεπολεμήθη.
+κωλύει δὲ οὐδὲν ὑπομνησθῆναι δι᾽ ὀλίγων.
+
+(These two, he says, were the bravest of the Greeks who came to the war,
+and of the Trojan army Hector and Sarpedon. Do you wish, then, that I
+should choose out their most brilliant feats and consider what they
+amounted to? And, in fact, the fighting of Achilles at the river resembles
+in some respects certain of the Emperor’s achievements, and so does the
+battle of the Achaeans about the wall. Or Ajax again, when, in his
+struggle to defend the ships, he goes up on to their decks, might be
+allowed some just resemblance to him. But now I wish to describe to you
+the battle by the river which the Emperor fought not long ago. You know
+the causes of the outbreak of the war, and that he carried it through, not
+from desire of gain, but with justice on his side. There is no reason why
+I should not briefly remind you of the facts.)
+
+Ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ θρασὺς τῆς οὐ προσηκούσης [D] ὀρεχθεὶς ἡγεμονίας κτείνει
+τὸν ἀδελφὸν βασιλέως καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς κοινωνόν, καὶ ᾔρετο λαμπραῖς ταῖς
+ἐλπίσιν, ὡς τὸν Ποσειδῶνα μιμησόμενος καὶ ἀποφανῶν οὐ μῦθον τὸν Ὁμήρου
+λόγον, παντὸς δὲ ἀληθῆ μᾶλλον, ὃς ἔφη περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ·
+
+(A rash and traitorous man(252) tried to grasp at power to which he had no
+right, and assassinated the Emperor’s brother and partner in empire. Then
+he began to be uplifted and dazzled by his hopes, as though he was about
+to imitate Poseidon and to prove that Homer’s story was not mere fiction
+but absolutely true, where he says about the god)
+
+
+    Τρὶς μὲν ὀρέξατ᾽ ἰών, τὸ δὲ τέτρατον ἵκετο τέκμωρ,
+    Αἰγάς,
+
+    (“Three strides did he make, and with the fourth came to his goal,
+    even to Aegae,”(253))
+
+
+καὶ ὡς ἐντεῦθεν τὴν πανοπλίαν ἀναλαβῶν καὶ ὑποζεύξας τοὺς ἵππους διὰ τοῦ
+πελάγους ἐφέρετο.
+
+(and how he took thence all his armour and harnessed his horses and drove
+through the waves:)
+
+
+    [56] Γηθοσύνῃ δὲ θάλασσα διίστατο· τοὶ δ᾽ ἐπέτοντο
+    Ῥίμφα μάλ᾽, οὐδ᾽ ὑπένερθε διαίνετο χάλκεος ἄξων,
+
+    (“And with gladness the sea parted before him, and the horses
+    fared very swiftly, and the bronze axle was not wetted beneath,”)
+
+
+ἅτε οὐδενὸς ἐμποδὼν ὄντος, πάντων δὲ ἐξισταμένων καὶ ὑποχωρούντων ἐν
+χαρμονῇ. οὔκουν οὐδὲν αὑτῷ πολέμιον οὐδὲ ἀντίπαλον ᾤετο καταλιπέσθαι, οὐδὲ
+αὑτὸν κατείργειν οὐδὲ ἓν τὸ μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ Τίγρητος στῆναι ταῖς ἐκβολαῖς.
+εἵπετο δὲ αὐτῷ πολὺς μὲν ὁπλίτης,(254) ἱππεῖς δὲ οὐχ ἥττους, [B] ἀλλ᾽
+οἳπερ ἄλκιμοι, Κελτοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες Γερμανῶν τε οἱ πρόσοικοι Ῥήνῳ καὶ τῇ
+θαλάττῃ τῇ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ἣν εἴτε Ὠκεανὸν χρὴ καλεῖν εἴτε Ἀτλαντικὴν
+θάλατταν εἴτε ἄλλῃ τινὶ χρῆσθαι προσωνυμίᾳ προσῆκον, οὐκ ἰσχυρίζομαι· πλὴν
+ὅτι δὴ αὐτῇ προσοικεῖ δύσμαχα καὶ ῥώμῃ διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν γένη
+βαρβάρων, οὐκ ἀκοῇ μόνον, ἥπερ δὴ τυγχάνει πίστις οὐκ ἀσφαλής, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτῇ
+πείρᾳ τοῦτο ἐκμαθὼν οἶδα. [C] τούτων δὴ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐξαναστήσας οὐκ ἔλαττον
+πλῆθος τῆς οἴκοθεν αὐτῷ ξυνεπισπομένης(255) στρατιᾶς, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ μὲν ὡς
+οἰκεῖον εἵπετο πολὺ καὶ αὐτῷ ξύμφυλον, τὸ δὲ ἡμέτερον· οὕτω γὰρ καλεῖν
+ἄξιον· ὁπόσον Ῥωμαίων βίᾳ καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ ξυνηκολούθησεν, ἐοικὸς ἐπικούροις
+καὶ μισθοφόροις, ἐν Καρὸς εἵπετο τάξει καὶ σχήματι, δύσνουν μέν, ὡς εἰκός,
+βαρβάρῳ καὶ ξένῳ, μέθῃ [D] καὶ κραιπάλῃ τὴν δυναστείαν περιφρονήσαντι καὶ
+ἀνελομένῳ, ἄρχοντι δέ, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον τὸν ἐκ τοιούτων προοιμίων καὶ
+προνομίων ἀρξάμενον. ἡγεῖτο δὲ αὐτὸς οὔτι κατὰ τὸν Τυφῶνα, ὃν ἡ ποιητικὴ
+τερατεία φησὶ τῷ Διὶ χαλεπαίνουσαν τὴν Γῆν ὠδῖναι, οὐδὲ ὡς γιγάντων ὁ
+κράτιστος, ἀλλ᾽ οἵαν ὁ σοφὸς ἐν μύθοις Πρόδικος τὴν Κακίαν δημιουργεῖ πρὸς
+τὴν Ἀρετὴν(256) διαμιλλωμένην καὶ ἐθέλουσαν τὸν τοῦ Διὸς ἀναπείθειν παῖδα,
+ὅτι ἄρα αὐτῷ μάλιστα πάντων τιμητέα εἴη. προάγων [57] δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν μάχην
+προυφέρετο τὰ τοῦ Καπανέως, βαρβαρίζων(257) καὶ ἀνοηταίνων, οὔτι μὴν κατ᾽
+ἐκεῖνον τῇ ῥώμῃ τῆς ψυχῆς πίσυνος οὐδὲ ἀλκῇ τοῦ σώματος, τῷ πλήθει δὲ τῶν
+ξυνεπομένων βαρβάρων, οἷς δὴ καὶ λείαν ἅπαντα προθήσειν ἠπείλει, ταξίαρχον
+ταξιάρχῳ καὶ λοχαγὸν λοχαγῷ καὶ στρατιώτην στρατιώτῃ τῶν ἐξ ἐναντίας
+αὐταῖς ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ κτήμασιν, οὐδὲ τὸ σῶμα ἁφιεὶς ἐλεύθερον. αὔξει δὲ
+αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν ἡ βασιλέως(258) δεινότης, [B] καὶ ἐκ τῶν δυσχωριῶν εἰς
+τὰ πεδία κατάγει γανύμενον καὶ οὐ ξυνιέντα, δρασμὸν δὲ ἀτεχνῶς καὶ οὐ
+στρατηγίαν τὸ πρᾶγμα κρίνοντα. ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἁλίσκεται, καθάπερ ὄρνιθες
+καὶ ἰχθύες δικτύοις. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν καὶ τὰ πεδία τῶν Παιόνων
+ἦλθε καὶ ἐδόκει λῷον ἐνταῦθα διαγωνίζεσται, τότε δὴ βασιλεὺς τούς τε
+ἱππέας ἐπὶ κέρως τάττει χωρὶς ἑκατέρου.
+
+(for nothing stood in his way, but all things stood aside and made a path
+for him in their joy. Even so the usurper thought that he had left behind
+him nothing hostile or opposed to him, and that there was nothing at all
+to hinder him from taking up a position at the mouth of the Tigris. And
+there followed him a large force of heavy infantry and as many cavalry,
+yes, and good fighters they were, Celts, Iberians and Germans from the
+banks of the Rhine and from the coasts of the western sea. Whether I ought
+to call that sea the Ocean or the Atlantic, or whether it is proper to use
+some other name for it, I am not sure. I only know that its coasts are
+peopled by tribes of barbarians who are not easy to subdue and are far
+more energetic than any other race, and I know it not merely from hearsay,
+on which it is never safe to rely, but I have learned it from personal
+experience. From these tribes, then, he mustered an army as large as that
+which marched with him from home, or rather many followed him because they
+were his own people, allied to him by the ties of race, but our
+subjects—for so we must call them—I mean all his Roman troops followed
+from compulsion and not from choice, like mercenary allies, and their
+position and _rôle_ was like that of the proverbial Carian,(259) since
+they were naturally ill‐disposed to a barbarian and a stranger who had
+conceived the idea of ruling and embarked on the enterprise at the time of
+a drunken debauch, and was the sort of leader that one might expect from
+such a preface and prelude as that. He led them in person, not indeed like
+Typho, who, as the poet tells us,(260) in his wonder tale, was brought
+forth by the earth in her anger against Zeus, nor was he like the
+strongest of the Giants, but he was like that Vice incarnate which the
+wise Prodicus created in his fable,(261) making her compete with Virtue
+and attempt to win over the son of Zeus,(262) contending that he would do
+well to prize her above all else. And as he led them to battle he outdid
+the behaviour of Capaneus,(263) like the barbarian that he was, in his
+insensate folly, though he did not, like Capaneus, trust to the energy of
+his soul or his physical strength, but to the numbers of his barbarian
+followers; and he boasted that he would lay everything at their feet to
+plunder, that every general and captain and common soldier of his should
+despoil an enemy of corresponding rank of his baggage and belongings, and
+that he would enslave the owners as well. He was confirmed in this
+attitude by the Emperor’s clever strategy, and led his army out from the
+narrow passes to the plains in high spirits and little knowing the truth,
+since he decided that the Emperor’s march was merely flight and not a
+manoeuvre. Thus he was taken unawares, like a bird or fish in the net. For
+when he reached the open country and the plains of Paeonia, and it seemed
+advantageous to fight it out there, then and not before the Emperor drew
+up his cavalry separately on both wings.)
+
+Τούτων δὲ οἱ μέν εἰσιν αἰχμοφόροι, θώραξιν ἐλατοῖς καὶ κράνεσιν ἐκ σιδήρου
+πεποιημένοις σκεπόμενοι· [C] κνημῖδές τε τοῖς σφυροῖς εὖ μάλα
+περιηρμοσμέναι καὶ περιγονατίδες καὶ περὶ τοὶς μηροῖς ἕτερα τοιαῦτα ἐκ
+σιδήρου καλύμματα· αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ ἀνδριάντες ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων
+φερόμενοι, οὐδὲν ἀσπίδος δεόμενοι. τούτοις εἵπετο τῶν ἄλλων ἱππέων πλῆθος
+ἀσπίδας φέροντες, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων τοξεύοντες. πεζῶν [D] δὲ ὁ μὲν
+ὁπλίτης ἦν ἐν τῷ μώσῳ συνάπτων ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερα τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν· ἐξόπισθεν δὲ οἱ
+σφενδονῆται καὶ τοξόται καὶ ὁπόσον ἐκ χειρὸς βάλλει γυμνὸν ἀσπίδος καὶ
+θώρακος. οὕτω κοσμηθείσης τῆς φάλαγγος, μικρὰ τοῦ λαιοῦ κέρως προελθόντος
+ἅπαν τὸ πολέμιον συνετετάρακτο καὶ οὐκ ἐφύλαττε τὴν τάξιν.(264) ἐγκειμένων
+δὲ τῶν ἱππέων καὶ οὐκ ἀνιέντων φεύγει μὲν αἰσχρῶς ὁ τὴν βασιλείαν αἴσχιον
+ἁρπάσας, λείπει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἵππαρχον καὶ χιλιάρχους καὶ ταξιάρχους πάνυ
+πολλοὺς καὶ ἐρρωμένως ἀγωνιζομένους, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τὴν ποιητὴν τοῦ
+τερατώδους καὶ ἐξαγίστου δράματος, [58] ὃς πρῶτος ἐπὶ νοὺν ἐβάλετο
+μεταποιῆσαι τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ ἀφελέσθαι τοῦ γέρως ἡμᾶς.
+
+(Of these troops some carry lances and are protected by cuirasses and
+helmets of wrought iron mail. They wear greaves that fit the legs closely,
+and knee‐caps, and on their thighs the same sort of iron covering. They
+ride their horses exactly like statues, and need no shield. In the rear of
+these was posted a large body of the rest of the cavalry, who carried
+shields, while others fought on horseback with bows and arrows. Of the
+infantry the hoplites occupied the centre and supported the cavalry on
+either wing. In their rear were the slingers and archers and all troops
+that shoot their missiles from the hand and have neither shield nor
+cuirass. This, then, was the disposition of our phalanx. The left wing
+slightly outflanked the enemy, whose whole force was thereby thrown into
+confusion, and their line broke. When our cavalry made a charge and
+maintained it stubbornly, he who had so shamefully usurped the imperial
+power disgraced himself by flight, and left there his cavalry commander
+and his numerous chiliarchs and taxiarchs, who continued to fight bravely,
+and in command of all these the real author(265) of that monstrous and
+unholy drama, who had been the first to suggest to him that he should
+pretend to the imperial power and rob us of our royal privilege.)
+
+Καὶ τέως μὲν(266) ἔχαιρε τῆς πρώτης πείρας οὐκ ἀποσφαλεὶς οὐδὲ ἁμαρτήσας,
+τέτε δὲ ἐφεστώσας ξὺν δίκῃ ποινὰς ἀπαιτεῖται τῶν ἔργων καὶ ἄπιστον
+τιμωρίαν εἰσπράττεται. πάντων γὰρ ὁπόσοι τοῦ πολέμου τῷ τυράννῳ
+συνεφήψαντο ἐμφανὴς μὲν ὁ θάνατος, δήλη δ᾽ ἡ φυγὴ καὶ ἄλλων μεταμέλεια·
+ἰκέτευον γὰρ πολλόι, [B] καὶ ἔτυχον ἅπαντες συγγνώμης, βασιλέως τὸν τῆς
+Φέτιδος ὑπερβαλλομένου μεγαλοφροσύνῃ. ὁ μὲν γάρ, ἐπειδὴ Πάτροκλος ἔπεσεν,
+οὐδὲ πιπράκειν ἁλόντας ἔτι τοὺς πολεμίους ἠξίου, ἀλλ᾽ ἱκετεύοντας περὶ
+τοῖς γόνασιν ἔκτεινεν· ὁ δὲ ἐκήρυττεν ἄδειαν τοῖς ἐξαρνουμένοις τὴν
+ξυνωμοσίαν, οὐ θανάτου μόνον ἢ φυγῆς ἤ τινος ἄλλης τιμωρίας ἀφαιρῶν τὸν
+φόβον, ὥσπερ δὲ ἔκ τινος ταλαιπωρίας καὶ ἄλης δυστυχοῦς τῆς ξὺν [C] τῷ
+τυράννῳ βιοτῆς κατάγειν σφᾶς ἐπ᾽ ἀκεραίοις τοῖς πρόσθεν ἠξίου. τοῦτο μὲν
+δὴ καὶ αὖθις τεύξεται λόγου.
+
+(For a time indeed he enjoyed success, and at his first attempt met with
+no repulse or failure, but on that day he provoked the punishment that
+justice had in store for his misdeeds, and had to pay a penalty that is
+hardly credible. For all the others who abetted the usurper in that war
+met death openly or their flight was evident to all, as was the repentance
+of others. For many came as suppliants, and all obtained forgiveness,
+since the Emperor surpassed the son of Thetis in generosity. For Achilles,
+after Patroclus fell, refused any longer even to sell those whom he took
+captive, but slew them as they clasped his knees and begged for mercy. But
+the Emperor proclaimed an amnesty for those who should renounce the
+conspiracy, and so not only freed them from the fear of death or exile or
+some other punishment, but, as though their association with the usurper
+had been due to some misadventure or unhappy error, he deigned to
+reinstate them and completely cancel the past. I shall have occasion to
+refer to this again.)
+
+Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη ῥητέον, ὡς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς κειμένοις ἦν οὔτε ἐν τοῖς φεύγουσιν
+ὁ παιδοτρίβης τοῦ τυράννου. τὸ γὰρ μηδὲ ἐλπίσαι συγγνώμην εὔλογον οὕτω μὲν
+ἄδικα διανοηθέντα, ἀσεβῆ δὲ ἐργασάμενον, φόνων τε ἀδίκων ἀνδρῶν καὶ
+γυναικῶν, πολλῶν μὲν ἰδιωτῶν, [D] πάντων δὲ σχεδὸν ὁπόσοι τοῦ βασιλείου
+γένους μετεῖχον ἁψάμενον, οὔτι ξὺν δείματι οὐδὲ ἄν τις ἐμφύλιον φόνον
+διανοηθείν δρῶν, παλαμναίους τινὰς καὶ μιάστορας δεδιὼς καὶ ὑφορώμενος ἐκ
+τοῦ μιάσματος, ἀλλα ὥσπερ τισὶ καθαρσίοις καινοῖς καὶ ἀτόποις τοὺς πρόσθεν
+ἀπονιπτόμενος ἄνδρα ἐπ᾽ ἀνδρὶ καὶ γυναῖκας ἐπὶ τοῖς φιλτάτοις ἀποκτιννὺς
+εἰκότως ἀπέγνω τὴν ἱκετηρίαν. ταῦτα εἰκὸς μὲν αὐτὸν διανοηθῆναι, [59]
+εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχειν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἴσμεν ὅ, τί ποτε παθὼν ἢ δράσας ᾤχετο
+ἄιστος, ἄφαντος. ἀλλ᾽ εἴτε αὐτὸν δαίμων τιμωρὸς ξυναρπάσας, καθάπερ Ὅμηρός
+φησι τὰς τοῦ Πανδάρεω(267) θυγατέρας, ἐπὶ γῆς ἄγει πέρατα ποινὰς ἀπαιτήσων
+τῶν διανοημάτων, εἴτε αὐτὸν ὁ ποταμὸς ὑποδεξάμενος ἑστιᾶν κελεύει τοὺς
+ἰχθῦς, οὔτι πω δῆλον. ἄχρι μὲν γὰρ τῆς μάχης αὐτῆς καὶ ὁπηνίκα οἱ λόχοι
+συνετάττοντο πρὸς φάλαγγα θρασὺς [B] ἦν ἐν μέσοις ἀναστρεφόμενος; ἐπεὶ δὲ
+ἐπράχθη(268) τὰ τῆς μάχης, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον, ἀφανὴς ᾤχετο οὐκ οἶδα ὑπὸ τοῦ
+θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων κρυφθείς, πλὴν ὅτι γε οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἀμείνοσι ταῖς τύχαις
+εὔδηλον. οὐ γὰρ δὴ αὖθις ἔμελλε φανεὶς ἐπ᾽ ἐξουσίας ὑβρίζων ἀδεῶς
+εὐδαιμονήσειν, ὡς ᾤετο, ἀλλα ἐς τὸ παντελὲς ἀφανισθεὶς τιμωρίαν ὑφέξειν
+αὐτῷ μὲν δυστυχῆ, πολλοῖς δὲ ὠφέλιμον καὶ πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν.
+
+(But what I must now state is that the man who had trained and tutored the
+usurper was neither among the fallen nor the fugitives. It was indeed
+natural that he should not even hope for pardon, since his schemes had
+been so wicked, his actions so infamous, and he had been responsible for
+the slaughter of so many innocent men and women, of whom many were private
+citizens, and of almost all who were connected with the imperial family.
+And he had done this not with shrinking nor with the sentiments of one who
+sheds the blood of his own people, and because of that stain of guilt
+fears and is on the watch for the avenger and those who will exact a
+bloody reckoning, but, with a kind of purification that was new and
+unheard of, he would wash his hands of the blood of his first victims, and
+then go on to murder man after man, and then, after those whom they held
+dear, he slew the women as well. So he naturally abandoned the idea of
+appealing for mercy. But likely as it is that he should think thus, yet it
+may well be otherwise For the fact is that we do not know what he did or
+suffered before he vanished out of sight, out of our ken. Whether some
+avenging deity snatched him away, as Homer says of the daughters of
+Pandareos,(269) and even now is carrying him to the very verge of the
+world to punish him for his evil designs, or whether the river(270) has
+received him and bids him feed the fishes, has not yet been revealed. For
+till the battle actually began, and while the troops were forming the
+phalanx, he was full of confidence and went to and fro in the centre of
+their line. But when the battle was ended as was fitting, he vanished
+completely, taken from our sight by I know not what god or supernatural
+agency, only it is quite certain that the fate in store for him was far
+from enviable. At any rate he was not destined to appear again, and, after
+insulting us with impunity, live prosperous and secure as he thought he
+should; but he was doomed to be completely blotted out and to suffer a
+punishment that for him indeed was fatal but to many was beneficial and
+gave them a chance of recovery.)
+
+Τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ τὸν μηχανοποιὸν τῆς ὅλης ὑποθέσεως πλείονος ἀξιωθέντα
+λόγου, [C] μέσῃ τῇ πράξει(271) παρελόμενα τὸ ξυνεχὲς τῆς διηγήσεως,
+ἐνταῦθά που πάλιν ἀφετέα. ἐπανιτέον δὲ ὅθενπερ ἐξὴλθον καὶ ἀποδοτέον τὸ
+τέλος τῆς μάχης. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ξὺν τῇ τῶν στρατηγῶν δειλίᾳ καὶ τὰ τῶν
+στρατιωτῶν πίπτει φρονήματα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τὰ τῆς τάξεως αὐτοῖς διεφθάρη, οὐ
+κακίᾳ σφῶν, ἀπειρίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ τοῦ τάττοντος, κατὰ λόχους συνιστάμενοι
+διηγωνίζοντο· καὶ ἦν τὸ ἔργον ἁπάσης ἐλπίδος μεῖζον, [D] τῶν μὲν οὐχ
+ὑφιεμένων ἐς τὸ παντελὲς τοῖς κρατοῦσι, τῶν δὲ ἐπεξελθεῖν τελέως τῇ νίκῃ
+φιλοτιμουμένων, ξυμμιγής τε ᾔρετο τάραχος καὶ βοὴ καὶ κτύπος τῶν ὅπλων,
+ξιφῶν τε ἀγνυμένων ἀμφὶ τοῖς κράνεσι καὶ τῶν ἀσπίδων περὶ τοῖς δόρασιν.
+ἀνὴρ δὲ ἀνδρὶ ξυνίστατο, καὶ ἀπορριπτοῦντες τὰς ἀσπίδας αὐτοῖς τοῖς
+ξίφεσιν ὠθοῦντο(272) μικρὰ τοῦ παθεῖν φροντίζοντες, ἅπαντα δὲ εἰς τὸ
+δρᾶσαί τι δεινὸν τοὺς πολεμίους τὸν θυμὸν τρέποντες, τοῦ μὴ καθαρὰν αὐτοῖς
+μηδὲ ἄδακρυν παρασχεῖν τὴν νίκην καὶ τὸ ἀποθνήσκειν ἀνταλλαττόμενοι. [60]
+καὶ ταῦτα ἔδρων οὐ πεζοὶ μόνον πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσοις τῶν
+ἱππέων ὑπὸ τῶν θραυμάτων ἀχρεῖα παντελῶς ἐγεγόνει τὰ δόρατα.(273) ξυστοὶ
+δέ εἰσιν εὐμήκεις, οὓς συγκαταγνύντες καὶ ἀποπηδῶντες εἰς τοὺς ὁπλίτας
+μετεσκευάζοντο. καὶ χρόνον μὲν τινα χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις ἀντεῖχον· ἐπεὶ δὲ οἵ
+τε ἱππεῖς ἔβαλλον ἐκ τόξων πόρρωθεν ἐφιππαζόμενοι(274) καὶ οἱ θωρακοφόροι
+πυκναῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐχρῶντο ταῖς ἐπελάσεσιν ἅτε [B] ἐν πεδίῳ καθαρῷ καὶ
+λείῳ νύξ τε ἐπέλαβεν, ἐνταῦθα οἱ μὲν ἀπέφευγον ἄσμενοι, οἱ δὲ ἐδίωκον
+καρτερῶς ἄχρι τοῦ χάρακος, καὶ αὐτὸν αἱροῦσιν αὐταῖς ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ
+ἀνδραπόδοις καὶ κτήνεσιν. ἀρξαμένης δὲ, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἄρτι τῆς τροπῆς τῶν
+πολεμίων καὶ τῶν διωκόντων οὐκ ἀνιέντων, ἐπὶ τὸ λαιὸν ὠθοῦνται, ἵναπερ ὁ
+ποταμὸς ἦν τοῖς κρατοῦσιν ἐν δεξιᾳ. ἐνταῦθα δὲ ὁ πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, [C]
+καὶ ἐπλήσθη νεκρῶν ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ ἵππων ἀναμίξ. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ὁ Δρᾶος ἐῴκει
+Σκαμάνδρῳ, οὐδὲ ἦν εὐμενὴς τοῖς φεύγουσιν, ὡς τοὺς μὲν νεκροὺς αὐτοῖς
+ὅπλοις ἐξωθεῖν καὶ ἀπορριπτεῖν τῶν ῥευμάτων, τοὺς ζῶντας δὲ ξυγκαλύπτειν
+καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν ἀσφαλῶς ταῖς δίναις. τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ ποταμὸς ὁ Τρὼς τυχὸν μὲν
+ὑπὸ εὐνοίας ἔδρα, τυχὸν δὲ οὕτως ἔχων μεγέθους, ὡς ῥᾴδιον παρέχειν
+βαδίζειν τε ἐθέλοντι καὶ νηχομένῳ τὸν πόρον· ἐπεὶ [D] καὶ γεφυροῦται μιᾶς
+ἐμβληθείσης εἰς αὐτὸν πτελέας, ἅπας τε ἀναμορμύρων ἀφρῷ καὶ αἵματι πλάζ᾽
+ὤμους Ἀχιλῆος, εἰ χρὴ καὶ τοῦτο πιστεῦσαι, βιαιότερον δὲ οὐδὲν εἰργάζετο·
+καὶ ἐπιλαβόντος ὀλίγου καύματος ἀπαγορεύει τὸν πόλεμον καὶ ἐξόμνυται τὴν
+ἐπικουρίαν. Ὁμήρου δὲ ἔοικεν εἶναι καὶ τοῦτο παίγνιον, καινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον
+μονομαχίας τρόπον ἐπινοήσαντος. ἐπεὶ καὶ τἆλλα δῆλός ἐστιν Ἀχιλλεῖ
+χαριζόμενος, καὶ ὥσπερ [61] θεατὰς ἄγων τὸ στράτευμα μόνον ἄμαχον καὶ
+ἀνυπόστατον ἐπάγει τοῖς πολεμίοις, κτείνοντα μὲν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας,
+τρεπόμενον δὲ ἁπαξαπλῶς πάντας φωνῇ καὶ σχήματι καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων ταῖς
+προσβολαῖς, ἀρχομένης τε οἶμαι τῆς παρατάξεως καὶ(275) ἐπὶ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου
+ταῖς ᾐόσιν, ἕως εἰς τὸ τεῖχος ἄσμενοι ξυνελέγησαν οἱ διαφυγόντες. ταῦτα
+ἐκεῖνος πολλοῖς ἔπεσι διηγούμενος καὶ θεῶν ἀναπλάττων μάχας καὶ ἐπικοσμῶν
+μύθοις τὴν ποίησιν δεκάζει τοὺς κριτὰς καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει δικαίαν φέρειν
+καὶ ἀψευδῆ ψῆφον. [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐθέλει μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοὺ κάλλους ἐξαπατᾶσθαι
+τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐπιφερομένων πλασμάτων, † ὥσπερ ἐν ἐρχῇ περὶ
+ἀρωμάτων τινῶν καὶ χρωμάτων,†(276) ἀρεοπαγίτης ἔστω κριτής, καὶ οὐκ
+εὐλαβησόμεθα τὴν κρίσιν. εἶναι μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν στρατιώτην ὁμολογοῦμεν τὸν
+Πηλέως, ἐκ τῆς ποιήσεως ἀναπειθόμενοι. κτείνει μὲν ἄνδρας εἴκοσι,
+
+(Now though it would be well worth while to devote more of my speech to
+this man who was the author of that whole enterprise, yet it breaks the
+thread of my narrative, which had reached the thick of the action. So I
+must leave that subject for the present, and going back to the point where
+I digressed, describe how the battle ended. For though their generals
+showed such cowardice, the courage of the soldiers was by no means abated.
+When their line was broken, which was due not to their cowardice but to
+the ignorance and inexperience of their leader, they formed into companies
+and kept up the fight. And what happened then was beyond all expectation;
+for the enemy refused altogether to yield to those who were defeating
+them, while our men did their utmost to achieve a signal victory, and so
+there arose the wildest confusion, loud shouts mingled with the din of
+weapons, as swords were shattered against helmets and shields against
+spears. It was a hand to hand fight, in which they discarded their shields
+and attacked with swords only, while, indifferent to their own fate, and
+devoting the utmost ardour to inflicting severe loss on the foe, they were
+ready to meet even death if only they could make our victory seem doubtful
+and dearly bought. It was not only the infantry who behaved thus to their
+pursuers, but even the cavalry, whose spears were broken and were now
+entirely useless. Their shafts are long and polished, and when they had
+broken them they dismounted and transformed themselves into hoplites. So
+for some time they held their own against the greatest odds. But since our
+cavalry kept shooting their arrows from a distance as they rode after
+them, while the cuirassiers made frequent charges, as was easy on that
+unobstructed and level plain, and moreover night overtook them, the enemy
+were glad at last to take to flight, while our men kept up a vigorous
+pursuit as far as the camp and took it by assault, together with the
+baggage and slaves and baggage animals. Directly the rout of the enemy had
+begun, as I have described, and while we kept up a hot pursuit, they were
+driven towards the left, where the river was on the right of the victors.
+And there the greatest slaughter took place, and the river was choked with
+the bodies of men and horses, indiscriminately. For the Drave was not like
+the Scamander, nor so kind to the fugitives; it did not put ashore and
+cast forth from its waters the dead in their armour, nor cover up and hide
+securely in its eddies those who escaped alive. For that is what the
+Trojan river did(277), perhaps out of kindness, perhaps it was only that
+it was so small that it offered an easy crossing to one who tried to swim
+or walk. In fact, when a single poplar was thrown into it, it formed a
+bridge,(278) and the whole river roared with foam and blood and beat upon
+the shoulders of Achilles,(279) if indeed we may believe even this, but it
+never did anything more violent. When a slight fire scorched it, it gave
+up fighting at once and swore not to play the part of ally. However this,
+too, was probably a jest on Homer’s part, when he invented that strange
+and unnatural sort of duel. For in the rest of the poem also he evidently
+favours Achilles, and he sets the army there as mere spectators while he
+brings Achilles on to the field as the only invincible and resistless
+warrior, and makes him slay all whom he encounters and put every one of
+the foe to flight, simply by his voice and bearing and the glance of his
+eyes, both when the battle begins and on the banks of the Scamander, till
+the fugitives were glad to gather within the wall of the city. Many verses
+he devotes to relating this, and then he invents the battles of the gods,
+and by embellishing his poem with such tales he corrupts his critics and
+prevents us from giving a fair and honest vote. But if there be any one
+who refuses to be beguiled by the beauty of the words and the fictions
+that are imported into the poem ...(280), then, though he is as strict as
+a member of the Areopagus, I shall not dread his decision. For we are
+convinced by the poem that the son of Peleus is a brave soldier. He slays
+twenty men; then)
+
+
+    Ζωοὺς δ᾽ ἐκ ποταμοῖο δυώδεκα λέξατο κούρους,
+    Τοὺς ἐξῆγε θύραζε τεθηπότας ἠύτε νεβρούς,
+    Ποινὴν Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο θανόντος.
+
+    (“He chose twelve youths alive out of the river and led them forth
+    amazed like fawns to atone for the death of Patroclus, son of
+    Menoitius.”)(281)
+
+
+τοσαύτην μέντοι ἤνεγκεν εἰς τὰ πράγματα τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἡ νίκη τὴν ῥοπήν, [C]
+ὥστε οὐδὲ μείζονα φόβον τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐνέβαλεν οὐδὲ ἀπογνῶναι ἐς τὸ
+παντελὲς ὑπὲρ σφῶν ἐποίει. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἆρ᾽ ἑτέρου τινὸς μάρτυρος
+δεησόμεθα τὸν Ὅμηρον παραλιπόντες; [D] καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη τῶν ἐπῶν μνησθῆναι,
+ἃ πεποίηκεν ἐκεῖνος, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς ἦλθεν ὁ Πρίαμος φέρων ὑπὲρ τοῦ
+παιδὸς τὰ λύτρα; ἐρομένου γὰρ μετὰ τὰς διαλύσεις, ὑπὲρ(282) ὧν ἀφῖκτο, τοῦ
+τῆς Θέτιδος υἱέος
+
+(But his victory, though it had some influence on the fortunes of the
+Achaeans, was not enough to inspire any great fear in the enemy, nor did
+it make them wholly despair of their cause. On this point shall we set
+Homer aside and demand some other witness? Or is it not enough to recall
+the verses in which he describes how Priam came to the ships bringing his
+son’s ransom? For after he had made the truce for which he had come, and
+the son of Thetis asked:)
+
+
+    Ποσσῆμαρ μέμονας κτερεïζέμεν Ἕκτορα δῖον,
+
+    (“For how many days dost thou desire to make a funeral for noble
+    Hector?”)
+
+
+τά τε ἄλλα διέξεισι καὶ περὶ τοῦ πολέμου φησί·
+
+(He told him not only that, but concerning the war he said:)
+
+
+    Τῇ δὲ δυωδεκάτῃ πολεμίξομεν,(283) εἴπερ ἀνάγκη.
+
+    (“And on the twelfth day we will fight again, if fight we
+    must.”(284))
+
+
+[62] οὕτως οὐδὲ ἐπαγγέλλειν ὀκνεῖ μετὰ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν τὸν πόλεμον. ὁ δὲ
+ἀγεννὴς καὶ δειλὸς τύραννος ὄρη τε ὑψηλὰ προυτείνετο τῆς αὑτοῦ φυγῆς καὶ
+ἐξοικοδομήσας ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς φρούρια οὐδὲ τῇ τῶν τόπων ὀχυρότητι πιστεύει,
+ἀλλὰ ἱκετεύει συγγνώμης τυγχάνειν. καὶ ἔτυχεν ἄν,(285) εἴπερ ἦν ἄξιος καὶ
+μὴ ἐφωράθη πολλάκις ἄπιστος καὶ θρασύς, ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις προστιθεὶς
+ἀδικήματα.
+
+(You see he does not hesitate to announce that war will be resumed after
+the armistice. But the unmanly and cowardly usurper sheltered his flight
+behind lofty mountains and built forts on them; nor did he trust even to
+the strength of the position, but begged for forgiveness. And he would
+have obtained it had he deserved it, and not proved himself on many
+occasions both treacherous and insolent, by heaping one crime on another.)
+
+Τὰ μὲν δὴ κατὰ τὴν μάχην, εἰ μὴ δόξῃ τις τῶν διηγουμένων προσέχειν ἐθέλοι
+μηδὲ [B] ἔπεσιν εὖ πεποιημένοις, ἐς αὐτὰ δὲ ὁρᾶν τὰ ἔργα, κρινέτω. ἑξῆς
+δ᾽, εἰ βούλεσθε τὴν Αἴαντος ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους τῶν
+Ἀχαιῶν ἀντιθεῖναι μάχην τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης ἔργοις· ᾗ δὴ Μυγδόνιος
+ποταμῶν κάλλιστος τὴν αὑτοῦ προστίθησι φήμην, οὔσῃ δὲ καὶ Ἀντιόχου
+βασιλέως ἐπωνύμῳ· γέγονε δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ ἕτερον ὄνομα βάρβαρον, σύνηθες τοῖς
+πολλοῖς ὑπὸ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς τῇδε βαρβάρους ἐπιμιξίας· ταύτην δὴ τὴν πὸλιν
+στρατὸς ἀμήχανος πλήθει Παρθυαίων [C] ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς περιέσχεν, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ
+τὸν τύραννον βαδίζειν προύκειτο· καὶ ὅπερ Ἡρακλεῖ φασιν ἐπὶ τὸ Λερναῖον
+ἰόντι θηρίον συνενεχθῆναι, τὸν θαλάττιον καρκίνον, τοῦτο ἦν ὁ Παρθυαίων
+βασιλεὺς ἐκ τῆς ἠπείρου Τίγρητα διαβὰς καὶ περιτειχίζων(286) τὴν πόλιν
+χώμασιν· εἶτα εἰς ταῦτα δεχόμενος τὸν Μυγδόνιον λίμνην ἀπέφηνε τὸ περὶ τῷ
+ἄστει χωρίον καὶ ὥσπερ νῆσον ἐν αὐτῇ συνεῖχε τὴν πόλιν, [D] μικρὸν
+ὑπερεχουσῶν καὶ ὑπερφαινομένων τῶν ἐπάλξεων. ἐπολιόρκει δὲ ναῦς τε ἐπάγων
+καὶ ἐπὶ νεῶν μηχανάς· καὶ ἦν οὐχ ἡμέρας ἔργον, μηνῶν δὲ οἶμαι σχεδόν τι
+τεττάρων. οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ τείχει συνεχῶς ἀπεκρούοντο τοὺς βαρβάρους
+καταπιμπράντες τὰς μηχανὰς τοῖς πυρφόροις· ναῦς δὲ ἀνεῖλκον πολλὰς μὲν ἐκ
+τοῦ τείχους, ἄλλαι δὲ κατεάγνυντο ὑπὸ ῥώμης τῶν ἀφιεμένων ὀργάνων καὶ
+βάρους τῶν βελῶν. [63] ἐφέροντο γὰρ εἰς αὐτὰς λίθοι ταλάντων ὁλκῆς Ἀττικῶν
+ἑπτά. καὶ ἐπειδὴ συχναῖς ἡμέραις ταῦτ᾽ ἐδρᾶτο, ῥήγνυται μέρος τοῦ χώματος
+καὶ ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων εἰσρεῖ(287) πλήμμυρα, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ τείχους μέρος οὐκ
+ἔλασσον πήχεων ἑκατὸν συγκατηνέχθη.
+
+(And now with regard to the battle, if there be anyone who declines to
+heed either the opinion expressed in my narrative or those admirably
+written verses, but prefers to consider the actual facts, let him judge
+from those. Accordingly we will next, if you please, compare the fighting
+of Ajax in defence of the ships and of the Achaeans at the wall with the
+Emperor’s achievements at that famous city. I mean the city to which the
+Mygdonius, fairest of rivers, gives its name, though it has also been
+named after King Antiochus. Then, too, it has another, a barbarian
+name(288) which is familiar to many of you from your intercourse with the
+barbarians of those parts. This city was besieged by an overwhelming
+number of Parthians with their Indian allies, at the very time when the
+Emperor was prepared to march against the usurper. And like the sea crab
+which they say engaged Heracles in battle when he sallied forth to attack
+the Lernaean monster,(289) the King of the Parthians, crossing the Tigris
+from the mainland, encircled the city with dykes. Then he let the
+Mygdonius flow into these, and transformed all the space about the city
+into a lake, and completely hemmed it in as though it were an island, so
+that only the ramparts stood out and showed a little above the water. Then
+he besieged it by bringing up ships with siege‐engines on board. This was
+not the work of a day, but I believe of almost four months. But the
+defenders within the wall continually repulsed the barbarians by burning
+the siege‐engines with their fire‐darts. And from the wall they hauled up
+many of the ships, while others were shattered by the force of the engines
+when discharged and the weight of the missiles. For some of the stones
+that were hurled on to them weighed as much as seven Attic talents.(290)
+When this had been going on for many days in succession, part of the dyke
+gave way and the water flowed in in full tide, carrying with it a portion
+of the wall as much as a hundred cubits long.(291))
+
+Ἐνταῦθα κοσμεῖ τὴν στρατιὰν τὸν Περσικὸν τρόπον. διασώζουσι γὰρ καὶ
+ἀπομιμοῦνται τὰ Περσικὰ οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, Παρθυαῖοι νομίζεσθαι,
+[B] Πέρσαι δὲ εἶναι προσποιούμενοι. ταῦτά τοι καὶ στολῇ Μηδικῇ χαίρουσι.
+καὶ ἐς μάχας ἔρχονται ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις ὅπλοις τε ἀγαλλόμενοι τοιούτοις καὶ
+ἐσθήμασιν ἐπιχρύσοις καὶ ἁλουργέσι. σοφίζονται δὲ ἐντεῦθεν τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν
+ἀφεστάναι Μακεδόνων, ἀναλαβεῖν δὲ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχαίου βασιλείαν προσήκουσαν.
+οὐκοῦν καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ξέρξην μιμούμενος ἐπί τινος χειροποιήτου καθῆστο
+γηλόφου, προῆγε(292) δὲ ἡ στρατιὰ ξὺν τοῖς θηρίοις. ταῦτα δὲ ἐξ Ἰνδῶν
+εἵπετο, καὶ ἔφερεν ἐκ σιδήρου πύργους τοξοτῶν πλήρεις. ἡγοῦντο δὲ αὐτῶν
+ἱππεῖς οἱ θωρακοφόροι καὶ οἱ τοξόται, [C] ἕτερον ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀμήχανον.
+τὸ πεζὸν γάρ σφιν ἀχρεῖον ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ καθέστηκεν οὔτε ἐντίμου μετέχον
+τάξεως οὔτε ὄν σφιν ἐν χρείᾳ, πεδιάδος οὔσης καὶ ψιλῆς τῆν χώρας ὁπόσην
+νέμονται ἔιοκε γὰρ δὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα πρὸς τὰς τοῦ πολέμου χρείας τιμῆς καὶ
+ἀτιμίας ἀξιοῦσθαι. ὡς οὖν ἀχρεῖον τῇ φύσει οὐδὲ ἐκ τῶν νόμων πολυωρίας
+ἀξιοῦται. συνέβη δὲ οὕτω καὶ περὶ τὴν Κρήτην καὶ Καρίαν καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις [D]
+δὲ μυρίοις ἔθνεσι τὰ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον κατασκευασθῆναι. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ
+Θετταλῶν οὖσα πεδιὰς ἱππεῦσιν ἐναγωνίζεσθαι καὶ ἐμμελετᾶν ἐπιτήδειος
+ἐφάνη. τὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ἅτε ἐς ἀντιπάλους παντοδαποὺς
+καταστάντα, εὐβουλίᾳ καὶ τύχῃ περιγενόμενα, εἰκότως ἐς ἅπαν εἶδος ὅπλων τε
+καὶ παρασκευῆς ἄλλης(293) ἡρμόσθη.
+
+(Thereupon he arrayed the besieging army in the Persian fashion. For they
+keep up and imitate Persian customs, I suppose, because they do not wish
+to be considered Parthians, and so pretend to be Persians. That is surely
+the reason why they prefer the Persian manner of dress. And when they
+march to battle they look like them, and take pride in wearing the same
+armour, and raiment adorned with gold and purple. By this means they try
+to evade the truth and to make it appear that they have not revolted from
+Macedon, but are merely resuming the empire that was theirs of old. Their
+king, therefore, imitating Xerxes, sat on a sort of hill that had been
+artificially made, and his army advanced accompanied by their beasts.(294)
+These came from India and carried iron towers full of archers. First came
+the cavalry who wore cuirasses, and the archers, and then the rest of the
+cavalry in huge numbers. For infantry they find useless for their sort of
+fighting and it is not highly regarded by them. Nor, in fact, is it
+necessary to them, since the whole of the country that they inhabit is
+flat and bare. For a military force is naturally valued or slighted in
+proportion to its actual usefulness in war. Accordingly, since infantry
+is, from the nature of the country, of little use to them, it is granted
+no great consideration in their laws. This happened in the case of Crete
+and Caria as well, and countless nations have a military equipment like
+theirs. For instance the plains of Thessaly have proved suitable for
+cavalry engagements and drill. Our state, on the other hand, since it has
+had to encounter adversaries of all sorts, and has won its pre‐eminence by
+good judgment combined with good luck, has naturally adapted itself to
+every kind of armour, and to a varying equipment.)
+
+Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἴσως οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν λόγον, ὡς ἂν εἴποιεν οἱ ταῖς τῶν
+ἐπαίνων τέχναις καθάπερ νόμοις ἐπιτεταγμένοι· ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν τί σοι
+προσήκει καὶ τούτων, ἐν καιρῷ σκέψομαι, [64] τά γε μὴν ὀνείδη τῶν ἀνθρώπων
+οὐ χαλεπῶς ἀπολύομαι. φημὶ γὰρ ὡς οὔτε ἐγὼ τῶν τεχνῶν μεταποιοῦμαι οὔτε
+ὅστις μή τισιν ὡμολόγησεν ἐμμενεῖν ἀδικεῖ μὴ φυλάττων ταῦτα· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ
+ἄλλων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν εὐπρεπῶν παραιτήσεων. ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ ἄξιον μακρότερον
+εἰς οὐδὲν δέον ἀπαρτᾶν τὸν λόγον καὶ ἀποπλανᾶσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως.
+ἐπαναβῶμεν οὖν αὖθις εἰς ἴχνος καὶ ὅθεν ἐξέβην.
+
+(But perhaps those who watch over the rules for writing panegyric as
+though they were laws, may say that all this is irrelevant to my speech.
+Now whether what I have been saying partly concerns you I shall consider
+at the proper time. But at any rate I can easily clear myself from the
+accusation of such persons. For I declare that I make no claim to be an
+expert in their art, and one who has not agreed to abide by certain rules
+has the right to neglect them. And it may be that I shall prove to have
+other convincing excuses besides. But it is not worth while to interrupt
+my speech and digress from my theme any longer when there is no need. Let
+me, then, retrace my steps to the point at which I digressed.)
+
+[B] Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οἱ Παρθυαῖοι κοσμηθέντες ὅπλοις αὐτοί τε καὶ ἵπποι ξὺν τοῖς
+Ἰνδικοῖς θηρίοις προσῆγον τῷ τείχει, λαμπροὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν ὡς αὐτίκα μάλα
+ἀναρπασόμενοι,(295) καὶ ἐδέδοτό σφιν τοῦ πρόσω χωρεῖν τὸ σημεῖον, ὠθοῦντο
+ξύμπαντες, αὐτός τις ἐθέλων πρῶτος ἐσαλέσθαι τὸ τεῖχος καὶ οἴχεσθαι φέρων
+τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ κλέος· εἶναί τε οὐδὲν ἐτόπαζον δέος· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑπομενεῖν σφῶν
+τὴν ὁρμὴν τοὺς ἔνδον. [C] Παρθυαίοις μὲν τοσοῦτον περιῆν ἐλπίδος. οἱ δὲ
+πυκνήν τε εἶχον τὴν φάλαγγα κατὰ τὸ διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ
+συνεστῶτος ὁπόσον ἦν ἀχρεῖον πλῆθος ἐν τῇ πόλει κατέστησαν ἀναμίξαντες τῶν
+στρατιωτῶν οὐκ ἐλάττω μοῖραν. ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι προσήλαυνον καὶ οὐδὲν
+ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τείχους ἀφίετο βέλος, βεβαιοτέραν εἶχον τὴν ἐλπίδα τοῦ
+κατ᾽ ἄκρας αἱρήσειν τὴν πόλιν, καὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἔπαιον μάστιξι καὶ ᾕμασσον
+τὰς πλευρὰς τοῦς κέντροις, [D] ἕως ἐποιήσαντο σφῶν κατὰ νώτου τὰ χώματα·
+ἐπεποίητο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐκεῖνα πρότερον πρὸς τὸ ἐπέχειν τοῦ Μυγδονίου τὰς
+ἐκροάς, ἰλύς τε ἦν περὶ τὸ χωρίον εὖ μάλα βαθεᾶα † οὐδὲ αὐτοῦ παντελῶς
+ὄντος ὑπὸ τῆς ὕλης(296)† καὶ διὰ τὸ πίειραν εἶναι τὴν γῆν καὶ στέγειν
+δύνασθαι φύσει τὰς λιβάδας. ἦν δὲ ἐνταῦθα καὶ παλαιὸν ἔρυμα τῇ πόλει
+τάφρος εὐρεῖα, καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ βαθύτερον συνειστήκει τέλμα. [65] ἁπτομένων δὲ
+ἤδη τῶν πολεμίων καὶ ταύτης καὶ διαβαίνειν πειρωμένων, ἐπεξῇσαν(297)
+πολλοὶ μὲν ἔνδοθεν, πολλοὶ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἔβαλλον τοῖς λίθοις· καὶ
+αὐτῶν μὲν πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, φυγῇ δὲ ἔτρεπον τοὺς ἵππους ξύμπαντες, τῷ
+μόνον ἐθέλειν καὶ δηλοῦν τὴν γνώμην διὰ τοῦ σχήματος. ἐπιστρεφόντων γὰρ
+ἔπιπτον εὐθέως καὶ κατέφερον τοὺς ἱππέας· βαρεῖς δὲ ὄντες τοῖς ὅπλοις
+μᾶλλον ἐνείχοντο τῷ τέλματι. [B] καὶ αὐτῶν ἐνταῦθα γίνεται φόνος, ὅσος
+οὔπω πρόσθεν ἐν πολιορκίᾳ τοιαύτῃ(298) γέγονεν.
+
+(Now when the Parthians advanced to attack the wall in their splendid
+accoutrements, men and horses, supported by the Indian elephants, it was
+with the utmost confidence that they would at once take it by assault. And
+at the signal to charge they all pressed forward, since every man of them
+was eager to be the first to scale the wall(299) and win the glory of that
+exploit. They did not imagine that there was anything to fear, nor did
+they believe that the besieged would resist their assault. Such was the
+exaggerated confidence of the Parthians. The besieged, however, kept their
+phalanx unbroken at the gap in the wall, and on the portion of the wall
+that was still intact they posted all the non‐combatants in the city, and
+distributed among them an equal number of soldiers. But when the enemy
+rode up and not a single missile was hurled at them from the wall, their
+confidence that they would completely reduce the city was strengthened,
+and they whipped and spurred on their horses so that their flanks were
+covered with blood, until they had left the dykes behind them. These dykes
+they had made earlier to dam the mouth of the Mygdonius, and the mud
+thereabouts was very deep. In fact there was hardly any ground at all
+because of the wood,(300) and because the soil was so rich, and of the
+sort that conceals springs under its surface. Moreover there was in that
+place a wide moat that had been made long ago to protect the town, and had
+become filled up with a bog of considerable depth. Now when the enemy had
+already reached this moat and were trying to cross it, a large force of
+the besieged made a sally, while many others hurled stones from the walls.
+Then many of the besiegers were slain, and all with one accord turned
+their horses in flight, though only from their gestures could it be seen
+that flight was what they desired and intended. For, as they were in the
+act of wheeling them about, their horses fell and bore down the riders
+with them. Weighed down as they were by their armour, they floundered
+still deeper in the bog, and the carnage that ensued has never yet been
+paralleled in any siege of the same kind.)
+
+Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῶν ἱππέων ὧδε ἐπεπράγει, τῶν ἐλεφάντων πειρῶνται,
+καταπλήξεσθαι μᾶλλον οἰόμενοι τῷ ξένῳ τῆς μάχης· οὐ γὰρ δὴ τοσοῦτον αὐτοῖς
+τὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων διέφθαρτο, ὡς μὴ καθορᾶν βαρύτερον μὲν ὂν ἵππου τὸ θηρίον,
+φέρον δὲ ἄχθος οὐχ ἵππων δυοῖν ἢ πλειόνων, ἁμαξῶν δὲ οἶμαι συχνῶν, [C]
+τοξότας καὶ ἀκοντιστὰς καὶ σιδηροῦν πύργον. ταῦτα δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα πρὸς τὸ
+χωρίον χειροποίητον γεγονὸς τέλμα κωλύματα, καὶ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἔργῳ φανερά·
+ὅθεν οὐκ εἰκὸς εἰς μάχην ἰέναι, ἀλλὰ ἐς κατάπληξιν τῶν ἔνδον
+παρασκευάζεσθαι. προσῆγον δὲ ἐν τάξει μέτρον διεστῶτες ἀλλήλων ἴσον, καὶ
+ἐῴκει τείχει τῶν Παρθυαίων ἡ φάλανξ· τὰ μὲν θηρία(301) τοὺς πύργους
+φέροντα, τῶν ὁπλιτῶν δὲ ἀναπληρούντων τὰ ἐν μέσῳ. ταχθέντες δὲ οὕτως οὐ
+μέγα ὄφελος ἦσαν τῷ βαρβάρῳ· [D] παρεῖχον γὰρ ἡδονὴν καὶ τέρψιν τοῖς ἐκ
+τοῦ τείχους θεωμένοις. ὡς δὲ ἐγένοντο διακορεῖς οἱονεὶ λαμπρᾶς καὶ
+πολυτελοῦς πομπῆς πεμπομένης, λίθους ἐκ μηχανῶν ἀφιέντες καὶ τόξοις
+βάλλοντες ἐς τὴν τειχομαχίαν προυκαλοῦντο τοὺς βαρβάρους. φύσει δὲ ὄντες
+εἰς ὀργὴν ὀξύρροποι καὶ δεινὸν ποιούμενοι τὸ γέλωτα ὀφλῆσαι καὶ ἀπαγαγεῖν
+ὀπίσω τὴν παρασκευὴν ἄπρακτον, ἐγκελευομένου σφίσι τοῦ βασιλέως, προσῆγον
+τῷ τείχει καὶ ἐβάλλοντο πυκνοῖς(302) τοῖς λίθοις καὶ τοῖς τοξεύμασι· [66]
+καὶ ἐτρώθη τῶν θηρίων τινὰ καὶ ἀπέθανεν κατενεχθέντα(303) ὑπὸ τῆς ἰλυος.
+δείσαντες δὶ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπῆγον ὀπίσω πάλιν εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον.
+
+(Since this fate had overtaken the cavalry, they tried the elephants,
+thinking that they would be more likely to overawe us by that novel sort
+of fighting. For surely they had not been stricken so blind as not to see
+that an elephant is heavier than a horse, since it carries the load, not
+of two horses or several, but what would, I suppose, require many waggons,
+I mean archers and javelin men and the iron tower besides. All this was a
+serious hindrance, considering that the ground was artificially made and
+had been converted into a bog. And this the event made plain. Hence it is
+probable that they were not advancing to give battle, but rather were
+arrayed to overawe the besieged. They came on in battle line at equal
+distances from one another, in fact the phalanx of the Parthians resembled
+a wall, with the elephants carrying the towers, and hoplites filling up
+the spaces between. But drawn up as these were they were of no great use
+to the barbarian. It was, however, a spectacle which gave the defenders on
+the wall great pleasure and entertainment, and when they had gazed their
+fill at what resembled a splendid and costly pageant in procession, they
+hurled stones from their engines, and, shooting their arrows, challenged
+the barbarians to fight for the wall. Now the Parthians are naturally
+quick‐tempered, and they could not endure to incur ridicule and lead back
+this imposing force without striking a blow; so by the king’s express
+command they charged at the wall and received a continuous fire of stones
+and arrows, while some of the elephants were wounded, and perished by
+sinking into the mud. Thereupon, in fear for the others also, they led
+them back to the camp.)
+
+Ὡς δὲ καὶ ταύτης ὁ Παρθυαῖος ἥμαρτε τῆς πείρας, τοὺς τοξότας διελὼν εἰς
+μοίρας διαδέχεσθαί τε ἀλλήλους κελεύει καὶ συνεχῶς βάλλειν πρὸς τὸ
+διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, ὡς μὴ δυνηθεῖεν ἀποικοδομῆσαι καὶ ἔχειν ἀσφαλῶς
+τὴν πόλιν· οὕτω γὰρ αἱρήσειν λαθὼν ἢ βιασάμενος τῷ πλήθει τους ἔνδον
+ἤλπιζε. [B] ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ(304) ἀπέφηνεν ἡ βασιλέως παρασκευὴ τοῦ
+βαρβάρου τὸ διανόημα. κατὰ νώτου γὰρ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἕτερον τεῖχος εἰργάζετο·
+ὁ δὲ ᾤετο τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ἴχνεσιν ἐς τὰ θεμέλια χρωμένους μέλλειν ἔτι. ἡμέρᾳ
+δὲ ὅληι καὶ νυκτὶ συνεχῶς ἐργασαμένων ἔστε ἐπὶ τέτταρας πήχεις ὕψους
+ἠγείρετο, καὶ ἕωθεν ὤφθη λαμπρὸν καὶ νεουργές, ἐκείνων οὐδὲ ἀκαρῆ χρόνον
+ἐνδιδόντων, διαδεχομένων δὲ ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀκοντιζόντων ἐς τοὺς ἐφεστῶτας τῷ
+κειμένῳ τείχει, τοῦτο ἐξέπληξε δεινῶς τὸν βάρβαρον. [C] οὐ μὴν ἀπῆγεν
+εὐθὺς τὴν στρατιάν, ἀλλ᾽ αὖθις τοῖς αὐτοῖς χρῆται παλαίσμασι. δράσας δὲ
+οἶμαι καὶ παθὼν παραπλήσια ἀπῆγε τὴν στρατιὰν ὀπίσω, πολλοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς
+ἐνδείας δήμους ἀπολέσας, πολλὰ δὲ ἀναλώσας περὶ τοῖς χώμασι καὶ τῇ
+πολιορκίᾳ σώματα, [D] σατράπας δὲ ἀνελὼν συχνούς, ἄλλον ἄλλο ἐπαιτιώμενος,
+τὸν μὲν ὅτι μὴ καρτερῶς ἐπεποίητο τὰ χώματα, εἶξε δὲ καὶ ἐπεκλύσθη παρὰ
+τῶν ποταμίων ῥευμάτων, τὸν δὲ ὡς φαύλως ἀγωνισάμενον ὑπὸ τοῖς τείχεσι, καὶ
+ἄλλους ἄλλας ἐπάγων αἰτίας ἔκτεινεν. ἔστι γὰρ εὖ μάλα τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν
+βαρβάροις σύνηθες ἐς τοὺς ὑπηκόους τὰς αἰτίας τῆς δυσπραγίας
+ἀποσκευάζεσθαι, ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε δράσας ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο. καὶ ἄγει πρὸς ἡμᾶς
+εἰρήνην ἐκ τούτου, καὶ οὔτε ὅρκων οὔτε συνθηκῶν ἐδέησεν, [67] ἀγαπᾷ δὲ
+οἴκοι μένων, εἰ μὴ στρατεύοιτο βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ δίκην ἀπαιτοίη τοῦ
+θράσους καὶ τῆς ἀπονοίας.
+
+(Having failed in this second attempt as well, the Parthian king divided
+his archers into companies and ordered them to relieve one another and to
+keep shooting at the breach in the wall, so that the beseiged could not
+rebuild it and thus ensure the safety of the town. For he hoped by this
+means either to take it by surprise, or by mere numbers to overwhelm the
+garrison. But the preparations that had been made by the Emperor made it
+clear that the barbarian’s plan was futile. For in the rear of the
+hoplites a second wall was being built, and while he thought they were
+using the old line of the wall for the foundations and that the work was
+not yet in hand, they had laboured continuously for a whole day and night
+till the wall had risen to a height of four cubits. And at daybreak it
+became visible, a new and conspicuous piece of work. Moreover the besieged
+did not for a moment yield their ground, but kept relieving one another
+and shooting their javelins at those who were attacking the fallen wall,
+and all this terribly dismayed the barbarian. Nevertheless he did not at
+once lead off his army but employed the same efforts over again. But when
+he had done as before, and as before suffered repulse, he did lead his
+army back, having lost many whole tribes through famine, and squandered
+many lives over the dykes and in the siege. He had also put to death many
+satraps one after another, on various charges, blaming one of them because
+the dykes had not been made strong enough, but gave way and were flooded
+by the waters of the river, another because when fighting under the walls
+he had not distinguished himself; and others he executed for one offence
+or another. This is in fact the regular custom among the barbarians in
+Asia, to shift the blame of their ill‐success on to their subjects. Thus
+then the king acted on that occasion, and afterwards took himself off. And
+from that time he has kept the peace with us and has never asked for any
+covenant or treaty, but he stays at home and is thankful if only the
+Emperor does not march against him and exact vengeance for his audacity
+and folly.)
+
+Ἆρά γε ἄξιον ταύτην παραβαλεῖν τὴν μάχην ταῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν
+καὶ τοῦ τείχους; ἀθρεῖτε δὲ ὧδε τὴν ὁμοιότητα καὶ τὸ διάφορον λογίζεσθε.
+Ἑλλήνων μὲν Αἴαντε καὶ οἱ Λαπίθαι καὶ Μενεσθεὺς τοῦ τείχους εἶξαν καὶ
+περιεῖδον τὰς πύλας συντριβομένας ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος καὶ τῶν ἐπάλξεων ἐπιβεβηκότα
+τὸν Σαρπηδάνα. [B] οἱ δὲ οὐδὲ διαρραγέντος αὐτομάτως τοῦ τείχους ἐνέδοσαν,
+ἀλλὰ ἐνίκων μαχόμενοι καὶ ἀπεκρούοντο Παρθυαίους ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς
+ἐπιστρατεύσαντας. εἶτα ὁ μὲν ἐπιβὰς τῶν νεῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἰκρίων ὥσπερ ἐρύματος
+πεζὸς διαγωνίζεται, οἱ δὲ πρότερον ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἀναυμάχουν, τέλος δὲ οἱ
+μὲν τῶν ἐπάλξεων εἶξαν καὶ τῶν νεῶν, οἱ δὲ ἐνίκων ναυσὶ τε ἐπιόντας καὶ
+πεζῇ τοὺς πολεμίους. ἀλλὰ γὰρ εὖ ποιῶν ὁ λόγος ἐπὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα καὶ τὸν
+Σαρπηδόνα, οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως, [C] ὑπηνέχθη καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτό γέ φασι τῶν ἔργων τὸ
+κεφάλαιον, τὴν καθαίρεσιν τοῦ τείχους, ὃ(305) μιᾷ πρότερον ἡμέρᾳ τοὺς
+Ἀχαιούς φησι, τοῦ Πυλίου δημαγωγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως ξυμπείθοντος, ἄρρηκτον
+νηῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν εἶλαρ κατασκευάσασθαι.
+
+(And now am I justified in comparing this battle with those that were
+fought in defence of the Greek ships and the wall? Observe the following
+points of similarity, and note also the difference. Of the Greeks the two
+Ajaxes, the Lapithae and Menestheus fell back from the wall and looked on
+helplessly while the gates were battered down by Hector, and Sarpedon
+scaled the battlements. But our garrison did not give way even when the
+wall fell in of itself, but they fought and won, and repulsed the
+Parthians, aided though these were by their Indian allies. Then again
+Hector went up on to the ships and fought from their decks on foot, and as
+though from behind a rampart, whereas our garrison first had to fight a
+naval battle from the walls, and finally, while Hector and Sarpedon had to
+retreat from the battlements and the ships, the garrison routed not only
+the forces that brought ships to the attack but the land force as well.
+Now it is appropriate that by some happy chance my speech should have
+alluded to Hector and Sarpedon, and to what I may call the very crown of
+their achievements, I mean the destruction of that wall which Homer tells
+us the Achaeans built only the day before, on the advice of the princely
+orator(306) of Pylos “to be an impregnable bulwark for the ships and the
+army.”(307))
+
+Σχεδὸν γάρ μοι τοῦτο φαίνεται τὸ γενναιότατον τῶν ἔργων Ἕκτορος, καὶ οὐχὶ
+Γλαύκου τέχνης(308) συνεῖναι οὐδὲ σοφωτέρας ἐπινοίας δεῖται, Ὁμήρου σαφῶς
+διδάσκοντος, ὡς Ἀχιλλέως μὲν φανέντος
+
+(For that I think was almost the proudest of Hector’s achievements, and he
+did not need the craft of Glaucus to help him, or any wiser plan, for
+Homer says plainly that the moment Achilles appeared)
+
+
+    ἐδύσετο οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν.
+
+    (“He shrank back into the crowd of men.”(309))
+
+
+[D] Ἀγαμέμνονος δὲ τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἐπικειμένου καὶ ἐς τὸ τεῖχος καταδιώξαντος
+Ἕκτορα ὕπαγε Ζεύς, ἵνα ἀποσώζοιτο καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν. προσπαίζων δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ
+ποιητὴς καὶ καταγελῶν τῆς δειλίας ὑπὸ τῇ φηγῷ καὶ πρὸς ταῖς πύλαις ἤδη
+καθημένῳ τὴν Ἶριν ἥκειν ἔφη παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς φράζουσαν
+
+(Again, when Agamemnon attacked the Trojans and pursued them to the wall,
+Zeus stole away(310) Hector so that he might escape at his leisure. And
+the poet is mocking him and ridiculing his cowardice when he says that as
+he was sitting under the oak‐tree, being already near the gate, Iris came
+to him with this message from Zeus:)
+
+
+    Ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν ὁρᾷς Ἀγαμέμνονα ποιμένα λαῶν
+    Θύνοντ᾽ ἐν προμάχοισιν, ἐναίροντα στίχας ἀνδρῶν, [68]
+    Τόφρ᾽ ὑπόεικε μάχης.
+
+    (“So long as thou seest Agamemnon, shepherd of the host, raging
+    among the foremost fighters and cutting down the ranks of men, so
+    long do thou keep back from the fight.”(311))
+
+
+πῶς γὰρ εἰκὸς οὕτως ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλὰ παραινεῖν τὸν Δία, ἄλλως τε οὐδὲ
+μαχομένῳ, ξὺν πολλῇ δὲ ἑστῶτι ῥᾳστώνῃ; καὶ ὁπηνίκα δὲ ὁ τοῦ Τυδέως, τῆς
+ἀθηνᾶς πολλὴν ἐκ τοῦ κράνους ἀναπτούσης φλόγα, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινε,
+φεύγειν δὲ ἠνάνκαζε τοὺς ὑπομένοντας, [B] πόρῥω τε ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πολέμου,
+καὶ πολλὰ ὑπομένων ὀνείδη ἀπέγνω μὲν κρατοῦσι τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς ἀντιστῆναι,
+εὐπρεπῆ δὲ ποιεῖται τὴν εἰς τὸ ἄστυ πορείαν, ὡς τῇ μητρὶ παραινέσων
+ἐξιλεοῦσθαι τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν μετὰ τῶν Τρωάδων. καίτοι εἰ μὲν αὐτὸς ἱκέτευε πρὸ
+τοῦ νεὼ ξὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, πολὺν ἂν(312) εἶχε λόγον· προσήκει γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν
+στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα καθάπερ ἱερέα καὶ προφήτην θεραπεύειν ἀεὶ ξὺν κόσμῳ
+τὸν θεὸν καὶ μηδὲν ὀλιγωρεῖν [C] μηδὲ ἑτέρῳ μᾶλλον προσήκειν ἡγεῖσθαι μηδὲ
+ἐπιτρέπειν, ἀνάξιον αὑτοῦ νομίζοντα τὸ διακόνημα.
+
+(For is it likely that Zeus would give such base and cowardly advice,
+especially to one who was not even fighting, but was standing there very
+much at his ease? And while the son of Tydeus, on whose head Athene
+kindled a mighty flame, was slaying many and forcing to flight all who
+stayed to encounter him, Hector stood far away from the battle. Though he
+had to endure many taunts, he despaired of making a stand against the
+Achaeans, but made a specious excuse for going to the city to advise his
+mother to propitiate Athene in company with the Trojan women. And yet if
+in person he had besought the goddess before the temple, with the elders,
+he would have had good reason for that, for it is only proper, in my
+opinion, that a general or king should always serve the god with the
+appointed ritual, like a priest or prophet, and not neglect this duty nor
+think it more fitting for another, and depute it as though he thought such
+a service beneath his own dignity.)
+
+Οἶμαι γὰρ τὴν Πλάτωνος μικρὰ παρατρέψας λέξιν οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεσθαι, ὡς ὅτῳ
+ἀνδρί, μᾶλλον δὲ βασιλεῖ, ἐς τὸν θεὸν ἀνήρτηται πάντα τὰ πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν
+φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις αἰωρεῖται, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς πραξάντων
+πλανᾶσθαι [D] ἀναγκάζεται αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ ἐκείνου πράγματα, τούτῳ ἄριστα
+παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν. εἰ δὲ ἐπιτρέποι μηδεὶς μεταγράφειν(313) μηδὲ
+ἐκτρέπειν μηδὲ μεταλαμβάνειν τοὔνομα, ἀλλὰ ὥσπερ ἱερὸν ἀρχαῖον κελεύοι
+μένειν ἐᾶν ἀκίνητον, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἄλλο τι διανοεῖσθαι τὸν σοφὸν ἐροῦμεν. τὸ
+γὰρ εἰς ἑαυτὸν(314) οὐ δήπου τὸ σῶμά φησιν οὐδὲ τὰ χρήματα οὐδὲ εὐγένειαν
+καὶ δόξαν πατέρων· ταῦτα γὰρ αὐτοῦ μέν τινος οἰκεῖα κτήματα, οὐ μήν ἐστι
+ταῦτα αὐτός· ἀλλὰ νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν,(315) φησί, καὶ τὸ ὅλον τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν
+θεόν·(316) ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς [69] ἑτέρωθι κυριώτατον ἐν ἡμῖν ψυχῆς εἶδος ἔφη,
+καὶ ὡς ἄρα αὐτὸν δαίμονα θεὸς ἑκάστῳ δέδωκε, τοῦτο ὃ δή φαμεν οἰκεῖν μὲν
+ἡμῶν ἐπ᾽ ἄκρῳ τῷ σώματι, πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἐν οὐρανῷ ξυγγένειαν ἀπὸ γῆς ἡμᾶς
+αἴρειν. ἐς τοῦτο γὰρ ἔοικεν ἐπιτάττειν ἀνηρτῆσθαι χρῆναι ἑκάστῳ ἀνδρί, καὶ
+οὐκ εἰς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους, οἳ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα βλάπτειν καὶ κωλύειν ἐθέλοντες
+πολλάκις ἐδυνήθησαν· ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ μὴ βουλόμενοι τῶν ἡμετέρων τινὰ
+παρείλοντο. [B] τοῦτο δὲ ἀκώλυτον μόνον καὶ ἀπαθές ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ
+θεμιτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ χείρονος τὸ κρεῖττον βλάπτεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐκεῖθεν
+ὁ λόγος. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα γὰρ καταφορτίζειν ὑμᾶς τοῖς τοῦ Πλάτωνος λόγοις μικρὰ
+ἐπιπάττων τῶν ῥημάτων ὥσπερ ἁλῶν ἢ χρυσοῦ ψήγματος. τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν(317)
+ἡδίω τὴν τροφήν, ὁ δὲ εὐπρεπῆ μᾶλλον παρέχει τὴν θέαν. ἀμφότερα δὲ ἐν τοῖς
+Πλάτωνος λόγοις· [C] καὶ γὰρ αἰσθέσθαι διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς ἡδίους τῶν ἁλῶν καὶ
+θρέψαι ψυχὴν ξὺν ἡδονῇ καὶ καθῆραι θαυμαστοί· ὥστε οὐκ ἀποκνητέον οὐδὲ
+εὐλαβητέον τὸν ψόγον, εἴ τις ἄρα καταμέμφοιτο τὴν ἀπληστίαν, καὶ ὅτι
+παντὸς ἐπιδραττόμεθα ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις οἱ λίχνοι τῶν ἐδωδίμων
+ἁπάντων, οὐχ ὑπομένοντες τὸ μὴ τῶν προκειμένων ἅψασθαι. τοῦτο γὰρ δὴ
+τρόπον τινὰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἔοικε συμβαίνειν, ἐπαίνους ἅμα καὶ δόγματα ᾄδειν καὶ
+πρὶν ἢ μετρίως ἐφικέσθαι [D] τοῦ προτέρου λόγου μέσον ὑποτεμομένοις
+φιλοσόφων ἐξηγεῖσθαι ῥήσεις. πρὸς δὴ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα καταμεμφομένους
+εἴρηται μὲν ἤδη καὶ πρότερον καὶ αὖθις δὲ ἴσως λελέξεται.
+
+(For here I think I may without offence adapt slightly Plato’s language
+where he says that the man, and especially the king, best equipped for
+this life is he who depends on God for all that relates to happiness, and
+does not hang in suspense on other men, whose actions, whether good or
+bad, are liable to force him and his affairs out of the straight
+path.(318) And though no one should allow me to paraphrase or change that
+passage or alter that word,(319) and though I should be told that I must
+leave it undisturbed like something holy and consecrated by time, even in
+that case I shall maintain that this is what that wise man meant. For when
+he says “depends on himself,” assuredly he does not refer to a man’s body
+or his property, or long descent, or distinguished ancestors. For these
+are indeed his belongings, but they are not the man himself; his real self
+is his mind, his intelligence, and, in a word, the god that is in us. As
+to which, Plato elsewhere calls it “the supreme form of the soul that is
+within us,” and says that “God has given it to each one of us as a guiding
+genius, even that which we say dwells in the summit of our body and raises
+us from earth towards our celestial affinity.”(320) It is on this that he
+plainly says every man ought to depend, and not on other men, who have so
+often succeeded when they wish to harm and hinder us in other respects.
+Indeed it has happened before now that even without such a desire men have
+deprived us of certain of our possessions. But this alone cannot be
+hindered or harmed, since “Heaven does not permit the bad to injure what
+is better than itself.”(321) This saying also is from Plato. But it may be
+that I am wearying you with these doctrines of his with which I sprinkle
+my own utterances in small quantities, as with salt or gold dust. For salt
+makes our food more agreeable, and gold enhances an effect to the eye. But
+Plato’s doctrines produce both effects. For as we listen to them they give
+more pleasure than salt to the sense, and they have a wonderful power of
+sweetly nourishing and cleansing the soul. So that I must not hesitate or
+be cautious of criticism if someone reproaches me with being insatiable
+and grasping at everything, like persons at a banquet who, in their greed
+to taste every dish, cannot keep their hands from what is set before
+them.(322) For something of this sort seems to happen in my case when, in
+the same breath, I utter panegyric and philosophic theories, and, before I
+have done justice to my original theme, break off in the middle to expound
+the sayings of philosophers. I have had occasion before now to reply to
+those who make such criticisms as these, and perhaps I shall have to do so
+again.)
+
+Νῦν δὲ τὸ συνεχὲς ἀποδόντες τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ ἐπὶ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανάγωμεν
+ὥσπερ οἱ προεκθέοντες ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις. ἐλέγετο δ᾽ οὖν ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ὡς
+αὐτὸν μέν τινά φησι Πλάτων τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὴν ψυχήν, [70] αὐτοῦ δὲ τὸ σῶμα
+καὶ τὴν κτῆσιν. ταῦτα δὲ ἐν τοῖς θαυμασίοις διώρισται νόμοις. ὥσπερ οὖν,
+εἴ τις ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναλαβὼν λέγοι· “Ὅτῳ ἀνδρὶ ἐς νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν ἀνήρτηται
+πάντα τὰ ἐς εὐδαιμονίαν φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν τοῖς ἐκτός, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς
+πραξάντων ἢ καὶ πασχόντων πλανᾶσθαι ἀναγκάζεται, τούτῳ ἄριστα
+παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν,” οὐ παρατρέπει τὴν λέξιν οὐδὲ παραποιεῖ,
+ἐξηγεῖται δὲ ὀρθῶς καὶ ἑρμηνεύει· [B] οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὅστις ἀντὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ
+λέξεως τὸν θεὸν παραλαμβάνει οὐκ ἀδικεῖ. εἰ γὰρ τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν δαίμονα, ὄντα
+μὲν ἀπαθῆ τῇ φύσει καὶ θεῷ ξυγγενῆ, πολλὰ δὲ ἀνατλάντα καὶ ὑπομείναντα διὰ
+τὴν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα κοινωνίαν καὶ τοῦ πάσχειν τε καὶ φθείρεσθαι φαντασίαν
+τοῖς πολλοῖς(323) παρασχόντα, τοῦ παντὸς ἐκεῖνος προïσταται βίου τῷ γε
+εὐδαιμονήσειν μέλλοντι, τί χρὴ προσδοκᾶν αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ καθαροῦ καὶ
+ἀμιγοῦς γηίνῳ σώματι διανοηθῆναι νοῦ, [C] ὅν δὴ καὶ θεὸν εἶναί φαμεν καὶ
+αὐτῷ τὰς ἡνίας ἐπιτρέπειν τοῦ βίου χρῆναι παραινοῦμεν πάντα ἰδιώτην
+τε(324) καὶ βασιλέα, τόν γε ὡς ἀληθῶς ἄξιον τῆς ἐπικλήσεως καὺ οὐ νόθον
+οὐδὲ ψευδώνυμον, συνιέντα μὲν αὐτοῦ καὶ αἰσθανόμενον διὰ συγγένειαν,
+ὑφιέμενον δὲ αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ ὑποχωροῦντα τῆς ἐπιμελείας ὡς ἔμφρονα;
+ἀνόητον γὰρ καὶ μάλα αὔθαδες τὸ μὴ καθάπαξ ἐς δύναμιν πείθεσθαι [D] τῷ θεῷ
+ἀρετῆς ἐπιμελομένους· τούτῳ γὰρ μάλιστα χαίρειν ὑποληπτέον τὸν θεόν. οὐ
+μὴν οὐδὲ τῆς ἐννόμου θεραπείας ἀποστατέον οὐδὲ τὴν τοιαύτην τιμὴν
+ὑπεροπτέον τοῦ κρείττονος, θετέον δὲ ἐν ἀρετῆς μοίρᾳ τὴν εὐσέβειαν τὴν
+κρατίστην. ἔστι γὰρ ὁσιότης τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔκγονος· αὕτη δὲ ὅτι τοῦ
+θειοτέρου ψυχῆς εἴδους ἐστίν, οὐδένα λέληθε τῶν ὅσοι τὰ τοιαῦτα
+μεταχειρίζονται.
+
+(I will now, however, resume the thread of my discourse and go back to my
+starting‐point, like those who, when a race is being started, run ahead
+out of the line. Well, I was saying, a moment ago, that Plato declares
+that a man’s real self is his mind and soul, whereas his body and his
+estate are but his possessions. This is the distinction made in that
+marvellous work, the Laws. And so if one were to go back to the beginning
+and say “That man is best equipped for life who makes everything that
+relates to happiness depend on his mind and intelligence and not on those
+outside himself who, by doing or faring well or ill force him out of the
+straight path,” he is not changing or perverting the sense of the words,
+but expounds and interprets them correctly. And if for Plato’s word
+“genius”(325) he substitutes the word “God” he has a perfect right to do
+so. For if Plato gives the control of our whole life to the presiding
+“genius” within us which is by nature unaffected by sensation and akin to
+God, but must endure and suffer much because of its association with the
+body, and therefore gives the impression to the crowd that it also is
+subject to sensation and death; and if he says that this is true of every
+man who wishes to be happy, what must we suppose is his opinion about pure
+intelligence unmixed with earthly substance, which is indeed synonymous
+with God? To this I say every man, whether he be a private citizen or a
+king, ought to entrust the reins of his life, and by a king I mean one who
+is really worthy of the name, and not counterfeit or falsely so called,
+but one who is aware of God and discerns his nature because of his
+affinity with him, and being truly wise bows to the divine authority and
+yields the supremacy to God. For it is senseless and arrogant indeed for
+those who cultivate virtue not to submit to God once and for all, as far
+as possible. For we must believe that this above all else is what God
+approves. Again, no man must neglect the traditional form of worship or
+lightly regard this method of paying honour to the higher power, but
+rather consider that to be virtuous is to be scrupulously devout. For
+Piety is the child of Justice, and that justice is a characteristic of the
+more divine type of soul is obvious to all who discuss such matters.)
+
+Ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἐπαινοῦμεν τὸν Ἕκτορα σπένδειν μὲν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα διὰ τὸν ἐπὶ
+τῶν χειρῶν λύθρον· [71] ἠξιοῦμεν δὲ μηδὲ ἐς ἄστυ ἰίναι μηδὲ ἀπολείπειν τὴν
+μάχην μέλλοντά γε οὐ στρατηγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως ἐπιτελεῖν ἔργον, διακόνου δὲ
+καὶ ὑπηρέτου, Ἰδαίου τινὸς ἢ Ταλθυβίου τάξιν ἀναληψόμενον. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γάρ,
+ὅπερ ἔφαμεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς, πρόφασις εὐπρεπὴς(326) εἶναι φυγῆς τοῦτο. καὶ γὰρ
+ὁπότε τῷ Τελαμωνίῳ ξυνίστατο πεισθεὶς τῷ φήμῃ τοῦ μάντεως, ἀσπασίως
+διελύθη καὶ ἔδωκε δῶρα, τὸν θάνατον ἐκφυγὼν ἄσμενος·(327) [B] καθόλου δὲ
+εἰπεῖν, φεύγουσιν ἕπεται θρασέως, αἴτιος δέ ἐστιν οὐδαμοῦ νίκης καὶ
+τροπῆς, πλὴν ὅτε
+
+(For this reason, then, while I applaud Hector for refusing to make a
+libation because of the blood‐stains on his hands, he had, as I said, no
+right to go back to the city or forsake the battle, seeing that the task
+he was about to perform was not that of a general or of a king, but of a
+messenger and underling, and that he was ready to take on himself the
+office of an Idaeus or Talthybius. However, as I said at first, this seems
+to have been simply a specious excuse for flight. And indeed when he
+obeyed the bidding of the seer and fought a duel with the son of
+Telamon,(328) he was very ready to make terms and to give presents, and
+rejoiced to have escaped death. In short, as a rule, he is brave when in
+pursuit of the retreating foe, but in no case has he the credit of a
+victory or of turning the tide of battle, except when)
+
+
+    πρῶτος ἐσήλατο τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν
+
+    (“He was the first to leap within the wall of the Achaeans”(329))
+
+
+ξὺν τῷ Σαρπηδόνι. πότερον οὖν ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες τηλικοῦτον ἔργον βασιλέως
+εὐλαβησόμεθα τὸν ἀγῶνα, μή ποτε ἄρα μικρὰ μεγάλοις καὶ φαῦλα σπουδῆς
+ἀξίοις μείζονος παρατιθέναι δόζωμεν, [C] ἢ τολμήσομεν καὶ πρὸς τηλικοῦτον
+ἔργον ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνο μὲν ἦν τὸ τεῖχος ὑπὲρ τῆς ᾐόνος, ἐν οὐδὲ
+ὅλῳ τῷ πρὸ μεσημβρίας χρόνῳ συντελεσθέν, ὁποίους ἡμῖν τοὺς χάρακας ἔννομον
+κατασκευάζεσθαι· τὸ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων τεῖχος παλαιόν τε ἦν φρούριον, καὶ
+αὐτῷ χρῆται μετὰ τὴν φυγὴν ὁ τύραννος, ὥσπερ ἔρυμά τι νεουργὲς ἀποφήνας
+καὶ ἀξιόλογον φρουρὰν ἀπολιπὼν ἐρρωμένων ἀνδρῶν. [D] οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὡς
+πορρωτάτω πορεύεται, ἔμενε δὲ ἐν τῇ πλησίον πόλει. ἔστι δὲ Ἰταλῶν ἐμπόριον
+πρὸς θαλάττῃ μάλα εὔδαιμον καὶ πλούτῳ βρύον, φέρουσι γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν φορτία
+Μυσοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ τῶν Ἰταλῶν ὁπόσοι τὴν μεσόγαιαν κατοικοῦσιν, Ἑνετοὶ
+δὲ οἶμαι τὸ πρόσθεν ὠνομάζοντο. νῦν δὲ ἤδη Ῥωμαίων τὰς πόλεις ἐχόντων τὸ
+μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὄνομα σώζουσι βραχείᾳ προσθήκῃ γράμματος ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς
+ἐπωνυμίας· ἔστι δὲ αὐτοῦ σύμβολον χαρακτὴρ εἷς, [72] ὀνομάζουσι δὲ αὐτὸν
+οὔ, καὶ χρῶνται ἀντὶ τοῦ βῆτα πολλάκις προσπνεύσεως οἶμαι τινὸς ἕνεκα καὶ
+ἰδιότητος τῆς γλώττης. τὸ μὲν δὴ ξύμπαν ἔθνος ὦδε ἐπονομάζεται· τῇ πόλει
+δὲ ἀετός, ὥς φασιν, οἰκιζομένῃ δεξιὸς ἐκ Διὸς ἱπτάμενος τὴν αὑτοῦ φήμην
+χαρίζεται. οἰκεῖται δὲ ὑπὸ τοῖς ποσὶ τῶν Ἄλπεων· ὄρη δέ ἐστι ταῦτα
+παμμεγέθη(330) καὶ ἀπορρῶγες ἐν αὐτοῖς πέτραι, μόλις ἁμάξῃ μιᾷ καὶ ὀρικῷ
+ζεύγει τὴν ὑπέρβασιν βιαζομένοις ξυγχωροῦντα, [B] ἀρχόμενα μὲν ἀπὸ
+θαλάττης, ἣν δὴ τὸν Ἰόνιον εἶναί φαμεν, ἀποτειχίζοντα δὲ τὴν νῦν Ἰταλίαν
+ἀπό τε Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Γαλατῶν καὶ ἐς τὸ Τυρρηνὸν πέλαγος ἀναπαυόμενα.
+Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ ἐπειδὴ τῆς χώρας ἁπάσης ἐκράτουν· ἔστι δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ τό τε τῶν
+Ἑνετῶν ἔθνος καὶ Λίγυές τινες καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Γαλατῶν οὐ φαύλη μοῖρα· τὰ μὲν
+ἀρχαῖα σφῶν ὀνόματα σώζειν οὐ διεκώλυσαν, τῷ κοινῷ δὲ τῶν Ἰταλῶν ξυγχωρεῖν
+κατηνάγκασαν. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσα μέν εἴσω τῶν Ἄλπεων κατοικεῖται, [C] ἔστε ἐπὶ
+τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τὸν Τυρρηνὸν καθήκοντα, ταύτῃ κοσμεῖται τῇ προσωνυμίᾳ· τὰ
+δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν Γαλάται νέμονται, καὶ Ῥαιτοὶ δὲ τὰ ὑπὸ
+τῆν ἄρκτον, ἵνα Ῥήνου τέ εἰσιν αἱ πηγαὶ καὶ αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πλησίον παρὰ
+τοῖς γείτοσι βαρβάροις· τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἕω ταῦτα δὴ τὰς Ἄλπεις ὀχυροῦν
+ἔφαμεν, ἵναπερ ὁ τύραννος τὴν φρουρὰν κατεσκευάσατο. οὕτω δὴ τῆς Ἰταλίας
+ἁπανταχόθεν ὄρεσὶ [D] τε συνεχομένης λίαν δυσβάτοις καὶ θαλάσσῃ τεναγώδει,
+ἅτε ἐσρεόντων ποταμῶν μυρίων, οἳ ποιοῦσιν ἕλος προσεοικὸς τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις
+ἕλεσι, τὸ ξύμπαν τῆς ἐκείνῃ θαλάττης πέρας βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ σοφίας ἔλαβε καὶ
+ἐβιάσατο τὴν ἄνοδον.
+
+(together with Sarpedon. Shall I therefore shrink from competition as
+though I could not cite on behalf of the Emperor any such exploit, and
+must therefore avoid seeming to compare the trivial with the important and
+things of little account with what deserves more serious consideration, or
+shall I venture to enter the lists even against an achievement so famous?
+Now that wall was to protect the beach, and was a palisade such as we are
+wont to construct, and was completed in less than a morning. But the wall
+that was on the Alps was an ancient fort, and the usurper used it after
+his flight, converting it into a defence as strong as though it had been
+newly built, and he left there an ample garrison of seasoned troops. But
+he did not himself march all the way there, but remained in the
+neighbouring city.(331) This is a trading centre of the Italians on the
+coast, very prosperous and teeming with wealth, since the Mysians and
+Paeonians and all the Italian inhabitants of the interior procure their
+merchandise thence. These last used, I think, to be called Heneti in the
+past, but now that the Romans are in possession of these cities they
+preserve the original name, but make the trifling addition of one letter
+at the beginning of the word. Its sign is a single character(332) and they
+call it “oo,” and they often use it instead of “b,” to serve, I suppose,
+as a sort of breathing, and to represent some peculiarity of their
+pronunciation. The nation as a whole is called by this name, but at the
+time of the founding of the city an eagle from Zeus flew past on the
+right, and so bestowed on the place the omen derived from the bird.(333)
+It is situated at the foot of the Alps, which are very high mountains with
+precipices in them, and they hardly allow room for those who are trying to
+force their way over the passes to use even a single waggon and a pair of
+mules. They begin at the sea which we call Ionian, and form a barrier
+between what is now Italy and the Illyrians and Galatians, and extend as
+far as the Etruscan sea. For when the Romans conquered the whole of this
+country, which includes the tribe of the Heneti and some of the Ligurians
+and a considerable number of Galatians besides, they did not hinder them
+from retaining their ancient names, but compelled them to acknowledge the
+dominion of the Italian republic. And, in our day, all the territory that
+lies within the Alps and is bounded by the Ionian and the Etruscan seas
+has the honour of being called Italy. On the other side of the Alps, on
+the west, dwell the Galatians, and the Rhaetians to the north where the
+Rhine and the Danube have their sources hard by in the neighbouring
+country of the barbarians. And on the east, as I said, the Alps fortify
+the district where the usurper stationed his garrison. In this way, then,
+Italy is contained on all sides, partly by mountains that are very hard to
+cross, partly by a shallow sea into which countless streams empty and form
+a morass like the marshlands of Egypt. But the Emperor by his skill gained
+control of the whole of that boundary of the sea, and forced his way
+inland.)
+
+Καὶ ἵνα μὴ διατρίβειν δοκῶ αὖθίς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν δυσχωριῶν διαλεγόμενος, καὶ
+ὡς οὔτε στρατόπεδον ἦν οὐδὲ χάρακα πλησίον καταβαλέσθαι, οὔτε ἐπάγειν
+μηχανὰς καὶ ἑλεπόλεις, ἀνύδρου δεινῶς ὄντος καὶ οὐδὲ μικρὰς λιβάδας
+ἔχοντος [73] τοῦ πέριξ χωρίου, ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν εἶμι τὴν αἵρεσιν. καὶ εἰ βούλεσθε
+τὸ κεφάλαιον ἀθρόως ἑλεῖν τοῦ λόγου, ὑπομνήσθητε τῆς τοῦ Μακεδόνος ἐπὶ
+τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς πορείας, οἳ τὴν πέτραν ἐκείνην κατῴκουν, ἐφ᾽ ἣν οὐδὲ τῶν
+ὀρνίθων ἦν τοῖς κουφοτάτοις ἀναπτῆναι, ὅπως ἑάλω, καὶ οὐδὲν πλέον ἀκούειν
+ἐπιθυμήσετε· πλὴν τοσοῦτον μόνον, ὅτι Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν ἀπέβαλε πολλοὺς
+Μακεδόνας ἐξελὼν τὴν πέτραν, ὁ δὲ ἡμέτερος ἄρχων καὶ στρατηγὸς οὐδὲ
+χιλίαρχον ἀποβαλὼν ἢ λοχαγόν τινα, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλίτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου,
+καθαρὰν καὶ ἄδακρυν περιεποιήσατο τὴν νίκην. Ἕκτωρ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ Σαρπηδὼν
+πολλοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τειχίσματος κατέβαλον,(334) ἐντυχόντες δὲ ἀριστεύοντι
+Πατρόκλῳ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν κτείνεται, ὁ δὲ ἔφευγεν αἰσχρῶς οὐδὲ
+ἀνελόμενος τὸ σῶμα τοῦ φίλου. οὕτως οὐδενὶ ξὺν νῷ, ῥώμῃ δὲ μᾶλλον σωμάτων
+θρασυνόμενοι τὴν ἐς τὸ τεῖχος πάροδον ἐτόλμων. βασιλεὺς δὲ οὗ μὲν ἀλκῆς
+ἔργον ἐστι καὶ θυμοῦ χρῆται τοῖς ὅπλοις καὶ κρατεῖ ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ,(335) [C]
+οὗ δὲ μόνον ἐδέησε γνώμης, ταύτῃ κυβερνᾷ καὶ κατεργάζεται πράγματα
+τοσαῦτα, ὁπόσα οὐδ᾽ ἄν ὁ σίδηρος ἐξελεῖν ἰσχύσειεν.(336)
+
+(I will now relate how the city was actually taken, lest you should think
+I am wasting time by describing once more the difficulties of the ground,
+and how it was impossible to plant a camp or even a palisade near the city
+or to bring up siege‐engines or devices for storming it, because the
+country all about was terribly short of water, and there were not even
+small pools. And if you wish to grasp the main point of my narrative in a
+few words, remember the Macedonian’s(337) expedition against those Indians
+who lived on the famous rock(338) up to which not even the lightest birds
+could wing their flight, and how he took it by storm, and you will be
+content to hear no more from me. However I will add this merely, that
+Alexander in storming the rock lost many of his Macedonians, whereas our
+ruler and general lost not a single chiliarch or a captain, nay not even a
+legionary from the muster‐roll, but achieved an unsullied and
+“tearless”(339) victory. Now Hector and Sarpedon, no doubt, hurled down
+many men from the wall, but when they encountered Patroclus in all his
+glory Sarpedon was slain near the ships, while Hector, to his shame, fled
+without even recovering the body of his friend. Thus without intelligence
+and emboldened by mere physical strength they ventured to attack the wall.
+But the Emperor, when strength and daring are required, employs force of
+arms and good counsel together, and so wins the day, but where good
+judgment alone is necessary it is by this that he steers his course, and
+thus achieves triumphs such as not even iron could ever avail to
+erase.(340))
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ὁ λόγος φερόμενος ἥκει πάλαι ποθῶν τὴν ξύνεσιν
+ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τὴν εὐβουλίαν, ἀποδοτέον. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ὀλίγα πάλαι(341)
+διεληλύθαμεν· ὁπόσα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐφαίνετο [D] πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ἐκείνων ἔχειν
+ξυγγένειαν, μεγάλα μικροῖς εἰκάζοντες, δι᾽ ὁμοιότητα διήλθομεν.(342) δῆλον
+δὲ ἀποβλέψαντι πρὸς τὸ τῆς παρασκευῆς μέγεθος καὶ τῆς δυνάμενως τὴν
+περιουσίαν. τότε γὰρ ἥ τε Ἑλλὰς ἐκεκίνητο ξύμπασα καὶ Θρᾳκῶν μοῖρα καὶ
+Παιόνων τό τε τοῦ Πριάμου ξύμπαν ὑπήκοον,
+
+(But since my speech has of its own accord reached this point in its
+course and has long been eager to praise the Emperor’s wisdom and wise
+counsel, I allow it to do so. And in fact I spoke briefly on this subject
+some time ago, and all the cases where there seemed to me to be any
+affinity between the heroes of Homer and the Emperor, I described because
+of that resemblance, comparing great things with small. And indeed if one
+considers the size of their armaments, the superiority of his forces also
+becomes evident. For in those days all Greece was set in motion,(343) and
+part of Thrace and Paeonia, and all the subject allies of Priam,)
+
+
+    Ὅσσον Λέσβος ἔσω Μάκαρος ἕδος ἐντὸς ἐέργει
+    Καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων.
+
+    (“All that Lesbos, the seat of Makar, contains within, and Phrygia
+    on the north and the boundless Hellespont.”(344))
+
+
+[74] τὰ δὲ νῦν ἔθνη συνιόντα βασιλεῖ καὶ συμπολεμοῦντα τὸν πόλεμον καὶ
+τοὺς ἀντιταξαμένους καταριθμεῖν μὴ λῆρος ᾖ καὶ φλυαρία περιττὴ καὶ λίαν
+ἀρχαῖον.(345) ὅσῳ δὲ μείζους αἱ συνιοῦσαι δυνάμεις, τοσούτῳ τὰ ἔργα
+προφέρειν εἰκός· ὥστε ἀνάγκη καὶ ταῦτα ἐκείνων ὑπεραίρειν. πλήθει γε μὴν
+ποῦ ποτε ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν; οἱ μὲν γὰρ περὶ μιᾶς ἐμάχοντο πόλεως ξυνεχῶς,
+καὶ οὔτε Τρῶες(346) ἀπελάσαι τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐπικρατοῦντες ἠδύναντο, οὔτε
+ἐκεῖνοι νικῶντες ἐξελεῖν καὶ ἀνατρέψαι τῶν Πριαμιδῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν
+βασιλείαν ἴσχυον, δεκαέτης δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀναλώθη χρόνος. [B] βασιλεῖ δὲ πολλοὶ
+μέν εἰσιν ἀγῶνες· καὶ γὰρ(347) ἀνεγράφη Γερμανοῖς τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ῥήνου
+πολεμῶν, τά τε ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγρητι ζεύγματα καὶ τῆς Παρθυαίων δυνάμεως καὶ τοῦ
+φρονήματος ἔλεγχος οὐ φαῦλος, ὅτε οὐχ ὑπέμενον ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ,
+ἀλλὰ περιεῖδον ἅπασαν τμηθεῖσαν τὴν εἴσω Τίγρητος καὶ Λύκου, [C] τῶν γε
+μὴν πρὸς τὸν τύραννον πραχθέντων ὅ τε ἐπὶ Σικελίαν ἔκπλους καὶ ἐς
+Καρχηδόνα, Ἠριδανοῦ τε αἱ προκαταλήψεις τῶν ἐκβολῶν ἁπάσας αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐν
+Ἰταλίᾳ δυνάμεις ἀφελόμεναι, καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον καὶ τρίτον πάλαισμα περὶ
+ταῖς Κοττίαις Ἄλπεσιν, ὃ δὴ βασιλεῖ μὲν παρέσχεν ἀσφαλῆ καὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος
+ἀδεᾶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς νίκης ἡδονήν, τὸν δὲ ἡττηθέντα δίκην ἐπιθεῖναι δικαίαν
+αὑτῷ καὶ τῶν ἐξειργασμένων [D] πάνυ ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασε.
+
+(But to try to count up the nations who lately marched with the Emperor
+and fought on his side in the war, would be idle talk, superfluous
+verbiage, and absurd simplicity. And it is natural that, in proportion as
+the armies are larger, their achievements are more important. So it
+follows of necessity that, in this respect as well, the Emperor’s army
+surpassed Homer’s heroes. In mere numbers, at any rate, at what point, I
+ask, could one justly compare them? For the Greeks fought all along for a
+single city and the Trojans when they prevailed were not able to drive
+away the Greeks, nor were the Greeks strong enough, when they won a
+victory, to destroy and overthrow the power and the royal sway of the
+house of Priam, and yet the time they spent over it was ten years long.
+But the Emperor’s wars and undertakings have been numerous. He has been
+described as waging war against the Germans across the Rhine, and then
+there was his bridge of boats over the Tigris, and his exposure of the
+power and arrogance of the Parthians(348) was no trivial thing, on that
+occasion when they did not venture to defend their country while he was
+laying it waste, but had to look on while the whole of it was devastated
+between the Tigris and the Lycus. Then, when the war against the usurper
+was concluded, there followed the expeditions to Sicily and Carthage, and
+that stratagem of occupying beforehand the mouth of the Po, which deprived
+the usurper of all his forces in Italy, and finally that third and last
+fall(349) at the Cottian Alps, which secured for the Emperor the pleasure
+of a victory that was sure, and carried with it no fears for the future,
+while it compelled the defeated man to inflict on himself a just penalty
+wholly worthy of his misdeeds.)
+
+Τοσαῦτα ὑπὲρ τῶν βασιλέως ἔργων ἐν βραχεῖ διεληλύθαμεν, οὔτε κολακείᾳ
+προστιθέντες καὶ αὔξειν ἐπιχειροῦντες τυχὸν οὐδενὸς διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων,
+οὔτε πόρρωθεν ἕλκοντες καὶ βιαζόμενοι τῶν ἔργων τὰς ὁμοιότητας, καθάπερ οἱ
+τοὺς μύθους ἐξηγούμενοι τῶν ποιητῶν καὶ ἀναλύοντες ἐς λόγους πιθανοὺς καὶ
+ἐνδεχομένους τὰ πλάσματα ἐκ μικρᾶς πάνυ τῆς ὑπονοίας ὁρμώμενοι [75] καὶ
+ἀμυδρὰς λίαν παραλαβόντες τὰς ἀρχὰς πειρῶνται ξυμπείθειν, ὡς δὴ ταῦτα γε
+αὐτὰ ἐκείνων ἐθελόντων λέγειν. ἐνταῦθα δὲ εἴ τις ἐξέλοι τῶν Ὁμήρου μόνον
+τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ὀνόματα, ἐνθείη δὲ τὸ βασιλέως καὶ ἐναρμόσειεν, οὐ μᾶλλον εἰς
+ἐκείνους ἢ τοῦτον πεποιῆσθαι δόξει τὰ(350) τῆς Ἰλιάδος ἔπη.
+
+(I have given this brief account of the Emperor’s achievements, not adding
+anything in flattery and trying to exaggerate things that are perhaps of
+no special importance, nor dragging in what is far‐fetched and unduly
+pressing points of resemblance with those achievements, like those who
+interpret the myths of the poets and analyse them into plausible versions
+which allow them to introduce fictions of their own, though they start out
+from very slight analogies, and having recourse to a very shadowy basis,
+try to convince us that this is the very thing that the poets intended to
+say. But in this case if anyone should take out of Homer’s poems merely
+the names of the heroes, and insert and fit in the Emperor’s, the epic of
+the Iliad would be seen to have been composed quite as much in his honour
+as in theirs.)
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ τὰ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔργων μόνον ἀκούοντες τὰ τῶν κατορθωμάτων
+τῶν(351) ἐς τὸν πόλεμον ἔλαττον [B] ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνητε βασιλέα περὶ τὰ
+σεμνότερα καὶ ὧν ἄξιον μείζονα ποιεῖσθαι λόγον, δημηγοριῶν φημι καὶ
+ξυμβουλιῶν, καὶ ὁπόσα γνώμη μετὰ νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως κατευθύνει, ἀθρεῖτε ἐν
+Ὀδυσσεῖ καὶ Νέστορι τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις κατὰ τὴν ποίησιν, καὶ ἤν τι μεῖον
+ἐν βασιλεῖ καταμανθάνητε, τοῖς ἐπαινέταις τοῦτο λογίζεσθε, πλέον δὲ ἔχοντα
+δικαίως ἂν(352) αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἀποδεχοίμεθα. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν, ὁπηνίκα
+χαλεπαίνειν καὶ στασιάζειν ἤρχοντο περὶ τῆς αἰχμαλώτου κόρης, λέγειν
+ἐπιχειρῶν οὕτω δή τι πείθει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τὸν τῆς Θέτιδος, [C] ὥστε ὁ
+μὲν ἀκόσμος διέλυσε τὸν ξύλλογον, ὁ δὲ οὐδὲ περιμείνας ἀφοσιώσασθαι τὰ
+πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἔτι δὲ αὐτὰ δρῶν καὶ ἀφορῶν ἐς τὴν θεωρίδα, στέλλει τοὺς
+κήρυκας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀχιλλέως σκηνὴν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μὴ τῆς ὀργῆς
+ἐπιλαθόμενος καὶ ἀπαλλαγεὶς τοῦ πάθους μεταγνοίη καὶ ἀποφύγοι τὴν
+ἁμαρτάδα· ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς Ἰθάκης ῥήτωρ πολύτροπος πείθειν ἐπιχειρῶν πρὸς
+διαλλαγὰς Ἀχιλλέα καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ διδούς, [D] μυρία δὲ ἐπαγγελλόμενος, οὕτω
+τὸν νεανίσκον παρώξυνεν, ὥστε πρότερον οὐ(353) βουλευσάμενον τὸν ἀπόπλουν
+νῦν(354) παρασκευάζεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ θαυμαστὰ τῆς συνέσεως δείγματα
+αἵ τε ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον παρακλήσεις καὶ ἡ τειχοποιία τοῦ Νέστορος,
+πρεσβυτικὸν λίαν καὶ ἄτολμον ἐπινόημα. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ὄφελος ἦν πολὺ τοῖς
+Ἀχαιοῖς τοῦ μηχανήματος· [76] ἀλλὰ ἡττῶντον τῶν Τρώων τὸ τεῖχος
+ἐπιτελέσαντες, καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. τότε μὲν γὰρ αὐτοὶ τῶν νεῶν ᾤοντο
+προβεβλῆσθαι καθάπερ ἔρυμα γενναῖον· ἐπεὶ δὲ ᾔσθοντο σφῶν(355) προκείμενον
+καὶ ἀποικοδομούμενον(356) τεῖχος τάφρῳ βαθείᾳ καὶ πασσάλοις ὀξέσι
+διηλούμενον,(357) κατερρᾳθύμουν καὶ ὑφίεντο τῆς ἀλκῆς τῷ τειχίσματι
+πεποιθότες. ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐκείνοις μέμφοιτο καὶ ἐπιδεικνύοι
+διαμαρτάνοντας, οὗτός ἐστι βασιλέως ἀξιόχρεως ἐπαινέτης· ὅστις δὲ οἶμαι
+τῶν ἔργων ἀξίως μνησθείη, [B] οὐ μάτην οὐδὲ αὐτομάτως οὐδὲ ἀλόγῳ φορᾷ
+γενομένων, προβουλευθέντων δὲ ὀρθῶς καὶ διοικηθέντων, οὗτος ἀρκούντως
+ἐπαινεῖ τὴν βασιλέως ἀγχίνοιαν.
+
+(But that you may not think, if you hear only about his achievements and
+successes in war, that the Emperor is less well endowed for pursuits that
+are loftier and rightly considered of more importance, I mean public
+speaking and deliberations and all those affairs in which judgment
+combined with intelligence and prudence take the helm, consider the case
+of Odysseus and Nestor, who are so highly praised in the poem; and if you
+find that the Emperor is inferior to them in any respect, put that down to
+his panegyrists, but we should rather in fairness concede that he is far
+superior. Nestor, for instance, when they began to disagree and quarrel
+about the captive damsel,(358) tried to address them, and he did persuade
+the king and the son of Thetis, but only to this extent that Achilles
+broke up the assembly in disorder, while Agamemnon did not even wait to
+complete his expiation to the god, but while he was still performing the
+rite and the sacred ship was in view, he sent heralds to the tent of
+Achilles, just as though, it seems to me, he were afraid that he would
+forget his anger, and, once free from that passion, would repent and avoid
+his error. Again, the far‐travelled orator from Ithaca, when he tried to
+persuade Achilles to make peace, and offered him many gifts and promised
+him countless others, so provoked the young warrior that, though he had
+not before planned to sail home, he now began to make preparations.(359)
+Then there are those wonderful proofs of their intelligence, their
+exhortations to battle and Nestor’s building of the wall, a cowardly
+notion and worthy indeed of an old man. Nor in truth did the Achaeans
+benefit much from that device. For it was after they had finished the wall
+that they were worsted by the Trojans, and naturally enough. For before
+that, they thought that they were themselves protecting the ships, like a
+noble bulwark. But when they realised that a wall lay in front of them,
+built with a deep moat and set at intervals with sharp stakes, they grew
+careless and slackened their valour, because they trusted to the
+fortification. Yet it is not anyone who blames them and shows that they
+were in the wrong who is therefore a fit and proper person to praise the
+Emperor. But he who, in a worthy manner, recounts the Emperor’s deeds,
+which were done not idly or automatically, or from an irrational impulse,
+but were skilfully planned beforehand and carried through, he alone
+praises adequately the Emperor’s keen intelligence.)
+
+Τὸ δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῃ συνόδῳ τὰς δημηγορίας ἐκλέγειν τὰς(360) ἐς τὰ στρατόπεδα
+καὶ δήμους καὶ βουλευτήρια μακροτέρας δεῖται τῆς ξυγγραφῆς. ἑνὸς δὲ ἴσως
+ἐπακούειν οὐ χαλεπόν. καί μοι πάλιν ἐννοήσατε τὸν Λαέρτου, ὁπότε
+ὡρμημένους ἐκπλεῖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπέχει τῆς ὁρμῆς [C] καὶ ἐς τὸν πόλεμον
+μετατίθησι τὴν προθυμίαν, καὶ(361) βασιλέως τὸν ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς ξύλλογον, ἵνα
+δὴ πρεσβύτης ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ μειρακίων παιδικὰ φρονεῖν ἀναπειθόμενος ὁμολογιῶν
+ἐπελανθάνετο καὶ πίστεων, καὶ τῷ μὲν σωτῆρι καὶ εὐεργέτῃ δυσμενὴς ἦν,
+σπονδὰς δὲ ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς ὃν ἦν ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος βασιλεῖ πόλεμος,
+στρατόν τε ἤγειρε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς [D] ὁρίοις ἀπήντα τῆς χώρας, κωλῦσαι τοῦ
+πρόσω χωρεῖν ἐπιθυμῶν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν ἦλθον ἀμφοτέρω τὼ στρατεύματε καὶ
+ἐχρῆν ἐπὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, βῆμά τε ὑψηλὸν ᾔρετο καὶ
+αὐτὸ περιέσχεν ὁπλιτῶν δῆμος καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν καὶ τοξοτῶν ἱππεῖς τε
+ἐνσκευασάμενοι τοὺς ἵππους καὶ τὰ σημεῖα τῶν τάξεων· ἀνῄει τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸ
+βασιλεὺς μετὰ τοῦ τέως ξυνάρχοντος οὔτε αἰχμὴν φέρων οὔτε ἀσπίδα [77] καὶ
+κράνος, ἀλλὰ ἐσθῆτα τὴν συνήθη. καὶ οὐδὲ αὐτῷ τις τῶν δορυφόρων εἵπετο,
+μόνος δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος εἱστήκει πεποιθὼς τῷ λόγῳ σεμνῶς ἡρμοσμένῳ.
+ἐργάτης γάρ ἐστι καὶ τούτων ἀγαθός, οὐκ ἀποσμιλεύων οὐδὲ ἀπονυχίζων τὰ
+ῥήματα οὐδὲ ἀποτορνεύων τὰς περιόδους καθάπερ οἱ κομψοὶ ῥήτορες, σεμνὸς δὲ
+ἅμα καὶ καθαρὸς καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι ξὺν καιρῷ χρώμενος, ὥστε ἐνδύεσθαι ταῖς
+ψυχαῖς [B] οὐ τῶν παιδείας καὶ ξυνέσεως μεταποιουμένων μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ
+τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ξυνιέναι πολλοὺς καὶ ἐπαïειν τῶν ῥημάτων. οὐκοῦν ᾕρει μυριάδας
+ὁπλιτῶν συχνὰς καὶ χιλιάδας ἱππέων εἴκοσι καὶ ἔθνη μαχιμώτατα(362) καὶ
+χώραν πάμφορον, οὐ βίᾳ ἕλκων οὐδὲ αἰχμαλώτους ἄγων, ἑκόντας δὲ αὐτῷ
+πειθομένους καὶ τὸ ἐπιταττόμενον ποιεῖν ἐθέλοντας. ταύτην ἐγὼ τὴν νίκην
+κρίνω τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἐκείνης(363) μακρῷ σεμνοτέραν· ἡ μέν γε ἦν ἄδακρυς
+μόνοις(364) τοῖς κρατοῦσιν, [C] ἡ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς κρατηθεῖσιν ἤνεγκε δάκρυα,
+ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος κατῆλθεν ὁ τῆς βασιλείας ὑποκριτὴς δικασάμενος καὶ
+ὥσπερ ὄφλημα βασιλεῖ πατρῷον ἀποδοὺς τὴν ἁλουργίδα· τἆλλα δὲ αὐτῷ δίδωσι
+βασιλεὺς ἄφθονα μᾶλλον ἢ Κῦρόν φασι παρασχεῖν τῷ πάππῳ, ζῆν τε ἐποίησε καὶ
+διαιτᾶσθαι καθάπερ Ὅμηρος ἀξιοῖ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς ἀφηλικεστέρους,
+
+(But to report to you those speeches which he made at every public
+gathering to the armies and the common people and the councils, demands
+too long a narrative, though it is perhaps not too much to ask you to hear
+about one of these. Pray then think once more of the son of Laertes when
+the Greeks were rushing to set sail and he checked the rush and diverted
+their zeal back to the war,(365) and then of the Emperor’s assembly in
+Illyria, when that old man,(366) persuaded by mere youths to think
+childish thoughts, forgot his treaties and obligations and proved to be
+the enemy of his preserver and benefactor, and came to terms with one
+against whom the Emperor was waging a war that allowed no truce nor herald
+of a truce,(367) and who was not only getting an army together, but came
+to meet the Emperor on the border of the country, because he was anxious
+to hinder him from advancing further. And when those two armies met, and
+it was necessary to hold an assembly in the presence of the hoplites, a
+high platform was set up and it was surrounded by a crowd of hoplites,
+javelin‐men and archers and cavalry equipped with their horses and the
+standards of the divisions. Then the Emperor, accompanied by him who for
+the moment was his colleague, mounted the platform, carrying no sword or
+shield or helmet, but wearing his usual dress. And not even one of his
+bodyguard followed him, but there he stood alone on the platform, trusting
+to that speech which was so impressively appropriate. For of speeches too
+he is a good craftsman, though he does not plane down and polish his
+phrases nor elaborate his periods like the ingenious rhetoricians, but is
+at once dignified and simple, and uses the right words on every occasion,
+so that they sink into the souls not only of those who claim to be
+cultured and intelligent, but many unlearned persons too understand and
+give hearing to his words. And so he won over many tens of thousands of
+hoplites and twenty thousand cavalry and most warlike nations, and at the
+same time a country that is extremely fertile, not seizing it by force, or
+carrying off captives, but by winning over men who obeyed him of their own
+free will and were eager to carry out his orders. This victory I judge to
+be far more splendid than that for which Sparta is famous.(368) For that
+was “tearless” for the victors only, but the Emperor’s did not cause even
+the defeated to shed tears, but he who was masquerading as Emperor came
+down from the platform when he had pleaded his cause, and handed over to
+the Emperor the imperial purple(369) as though it were an ancestral debt.
+And all else the Emperor gave him in abundance, more than they say Cyrus
+gave to his grandfather, and arranged that he should live and be
+maintained in the manner that Homer recommends for men who are past their
+prime:—)
+
+
+    Τοιούτῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν, ἐπεὶ λούσαιτο φάγοι τε,
+    Εὐδέμεναι μαλακῶς· [D] ἣ γὰρ δίκη ἐστὶ γερόντων.
+
+    (“For it is fitting that such a one, when he has bathed and fed,
+    should sleep soft, for that is the manner of the aged.”(370))
+
+
+τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐμὸν ἡδέως ἂν τοὺς ῥηθέντας λόγους διεξῆλθον, καὶ οὐκ ἄν με
+ὄκνος καταλάβοι οὕτω καλῶν ἁπτόμενον λόγων· αἰδὼς δὲ οἶμαι κατείργει καὶ
+οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει μετατιθέναι καὶ ἐξερμηνεύειν ἐς ὑμᾶς τοὺς λόγους. ἀδικοίην
+γὰρ ἂν διαφθείρων καὶ ἐλεγχόμενος αἰσχυνοίμην, εἴ τις ἄρα τὸ βασιλέως
+ἀναγνοὺς ξύγγραμμα ἢ τότε ἀκούσας ἀπομνημονεύοι καὶ ἀπαιτοίη οὐ τὰ νοήματα
+μόνον, [78] ὅσαις δὲ ἀρεταῖς ἐκεῖνα κοσμεῖται κατὰ τὴν πάτριον φωνὴν
+ξυγκείμενα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἦν Ὁμήρῳ τὸ δέος πολλαῖς μὲν ὕστερον γενεαῖς τοὺς
+λόγους διηγουμένῳ, λιπόντων δὲ ἐκείνων οὐδὲν ὑπόμνημα τῶν ἐς τοὺς
+ξυλλόγους ῥηθέντων, καὶ σαφῶς οἶμαι πιστεύοντι, ὅτι ἄμεινον(371) τἀκείνων
+αὐτὸς ἐξαγγελεῖ καὶ διηγήσεται. τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον μιμεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον
+καὶ οὐκ ἄξιον ἐλευθέρας ψυχῆς καὶ γενναίας. [B] τὰ μὲν δὴ θαυμαστὰ τῶν
+ἔργων καὶ ὁπόσων ὁ πολὺς ὅμιλος θεατῆς τε ἐγένετο καὶ διασώζει τὴν μνήμην
+ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ, ἅτε ἐς τὸ(372) τέλος ἀφορῶν καὶ τῶν εὖ ἢ κακῶς ἀποβάντων
+κριτὴς καθεστὼς καὶ ἐπαινέτης οὐ μάλα ἀστεῖος, ἀκηκόατε πολλάκις τῶν
+μακαρίων σοφιστῶν καὶ τοῦ ποιητικοῦ γένους πρὸς αὐτῶν τῶν μουσῶν
+ἐπιπνεομένου, ὥστε ὑμᾶς τούτων ἕνεκα καὶ διωχλήκαμεν, μακροτέρους τοὺς
+ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ποιούμενοι λόγους· [C] καὶ γάρ ἐστε λίαν αὐτῶν ἤδη διακορεῖς
+καὶ ὑμῶν ἐστι τὰ ὦτα πλήρη, καὶ οὐ μή ποτε ἐπιλίπωσιν οἱ τούτων ποιηταί,
+πολέμους ὑμνοῦντες καὶ νίκας ἀνακηρύττοντες λαμπρᾷ τῇ φωνῇ κατὰ τοὺς
+Ὀλυμπίασι κήρυκας· παρέσχεσθε γὰρ ὑμεῖς τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων ἀφθονίαν,
+ἀσμένως ἐπακούοντες. καὶ οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν. εἰσὶ γὰρ αἱ τούτων ὑπολήψεις
+ἀγαθῶν πέρι καὶ φαύλων ταῖς ὑμετέραις ξυγγενεῖς, [D] καὶ ἀπαγγέλλουσι πρὸς
+ὑμᾶς τὰ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν διανοήματα, ἃ(373) ὥσπερ ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ(374) τοῖς
+ὀνόμασι σκιαγραφήσαντες καὶ διαπλάσαντες ἡδίστοις ῥυθμοῖς καὶ σχήμασιν ὡς
+δή τι καινὸν εὑρόντες εἰς ὑμᾶς φέρουσιν· ὑμεῖς δὲ ἄσμενοι παραδέχεσθε, καὶ
+ἐκείνους τε οἴεσθε ὀρθῶς ἐπαινεῖν, τούτοις τε ἀποδίδοσθαι τὸ προσῆκόν
+φατε. τὸ δὲ ἐστι μὲν ἴσως ἀληθές, τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχει, ἀγνοούμενον
+πρὸς ὑμῶν ὅπῃ ποτὲ ἂν ὀρθῶς γίγνοιτο.
+
+(Now for my part I should have been glad to repeat to you the words that
+the Emperor used, and no fear would overtake me when handling words so
+noble. But modesty restrains me and does not permit me to change or
+interpret his words to you. For it would be wrong of me to tamper with
+them, and I should blush to have my ignorance exposed, if someone who had
+read the Emperor’s composition or heard it at the time should remember it
+by heart, and demand from me not only the ideas in it but all the
+excellences with which they are adorned, though they are composed in the
+language of our ancestors.(375) Now this at any rate Homer had not to fear
+when, many generations later, he reported his speeches, since his speakers
+left no record of what they said in their assemblies, and I think he was
+clearly confident that he was able to relate and report what they said in
+a better style. But to make an inferior copy is absurd and unworthy of a
+generous and noble soul. Now as to the marvellous portion of his
+achievements and those of which the great multitude was spectator and
+hence preserves their memory and commends them, since it looks to the
+result and is there to judge whether they turn out well or ill, and
+eulogises them in language that is certainly not elegant,—as to all this I
+say you have often heard from the ingenious sophists, and from the race of
+poets inspired by the Muses themselves, so that, as far as these are
+concerned, I must have wearied you by speaking about them at too great
+length. For you are already surfeited with them, your ears are filled with
+them, and there will always be a supply of composers of such discourses to
+sing of battles and proclaim victories with a loud clear voice, after the
+manner of the heralds at the Olympic games. For you yourselves, since you
+delight to listen to them, have produced an abundance of these men. And no
+wonder. For their conceptions of what is good and bad are akin to your
+own, and they do but report to you your own opinions and depict them in
+fine phrases, like a dress of many colours, and cast them into the mould
+of agreeable rhythms and forms, and bring them forth for you as though
+they had invented something new. And you welcome them eagerly, and think
+that this is the correct way to eulogise, and you say that these deeds
+have received their due. And this is perhaps true but it may well be
+otherwise, since you do not really know what the correct way should be.)
+
+[79] Ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ἐνενόησα Σωκράτη· ἴστε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀκοῇ τὸν ἄνδρα
+καὶ τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ κλέος τῆς σοφίας παρὰ τῆς Πυθίας ἐκβοηθέν· οὐ ταῦτα
+ἐπαινοῦντα(376) οὐδὲ εὐδαίμονας καὶ μακαρίους ὁμολογοῦντα τοὺς πολλὴν
+κεκτημένους χώραν, πλεῖστα δ᾽ ἔθνη καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλοὺς μὲν Ἑλλήνων,
+πλείους δὲ ἔτι καὶ μείζους βαρβάρων καὶ τὸν Ἄθω διορύττειν δυναμένους καὶ
+σχεδίᾳ τὰς ἠπείρους, ἐπειδὰν ἐθέλωσι διαβαίνειν, συνάπτοντας καὶ ἔθνη
+καταστρεφομένους [B] καὶ αἱροῦντας νήσους καὶ σαγηνεύοντας καὶ λιβανωτοῦ
+χίλια τάλαντα καταθύοτας. οὔτε οὖν Ξέρξην ἐκεῖνος ἐπῄνει ποτὲ οὔτε ἄλλον
+τινὰ Περσῶν ἢ Λυδῶν ἢ Μακεδόνων βασιλέα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Ἑλλήνων στρατηγόν, πλὴν
+σφόδρα ὀλίγων, ὁπόσους ἠπίστατο χαίροντας ἀρετῇ καὶ ἀσπαζομένους ἀνδρείαν
+μετὰ σωφροσύνης καὶ φρόνησιν μετὰ δικαιοσύνης στέργοντας. ὅσους δὲ
+ἀγχίνους ἢ δεινοὺς ἢ στρατηγικοὺς ἢ κομψοὺς καὶ τῷ πλήθει πιθανοὺς ἑώρα,
+σμίκρ᾽ ἄττα μόρια κατανειμαμένους ἀρετῆς, [C] οὐδὲ τούτους ἐς ἅπαν ἐπῄνει.
+ἕπεται δὲ αὐτοῦ τῇ κρίσει σοφῶν ἀνδρῶν δῆμος ἀρετὴν θεραπεύοντες, τὰ
+κλεινὰ δὲ οἶμαι ταῦτα καὶ θαυμαστὰ οἱ μὲν ὀλίγου τινός, οἱ δὲ οὐδενὸς ἄξια
+λέγοντες.
+
+(For I have observed that Socrates the Athenian—you know the man by
+hearsay and that his reputation for wisdom was proclaimed aloud by the
+Pythian oracle(377)—I say I have observed that he did not praise that sort
+of thing, nor would he admit(378) that they are happy and fortunate who
+are masters of a great territory and many nations, with many Greeks too
+among them, and still more numerous and powerful barbarians, such men as
+are able to cut a canal through Athos and join continents(379) by a bridge
+of boats whenever they please, and who subdue nations and reduce islands
+by sweeping the inhabitants into a net,(380) and make offerings of a
+thousand talents’ worth of frankincense.(381) Therefore he never praised
+Xerxes or any other king of Persia or Lydia or Macedonia, and not even a
+Greek general, save only a very few, whomsoever he knew to delight in
+virtue and to cherish courage with temperance and to love wisdom with
+justice. But those whom he saw to be cunning, or merely clever, or
+generals and nothing more, or ingenious, or able, though each one could
+lay claim to only one small fraction of virtue, to impose on the masses,
+these too he would not praise without reserve. And his judgment is
+followed by a host of wise men who reverence virtue, but as for all those
+wonders and marvels that I have described, some say of them that they are
+worth little, others that they are worth nothing.)
+
+Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ὑμῖν ταύτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, δέος οὐ φαῦλόν με ἔχει περὶ τῶν
+ἔμπροσθεν λόγων καὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, μή ποτε ἄρα τοὺς μὲν παιδιὰν(382) ἀποφήνητε,
+σοφιστὴν δὲ ἐμὲ γελοῖον καὶ ἀμαθῆ, μεταποιούμενον τέχνης, [D] ἧς σφόδρα
+ἀπείρως ἔχειν ὁμολογῶ, ὥς γ᾽ ἐμοὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὁμολογητέον ἐστὶ τοὺς ἀληθεῖς
+ἐπαίνους διεξιόντι καὶ ὧν ἀκούειν ἄξιον ὑμῖν οἴεσθε, εἰ καὶ ἀγροικότεροι
+καὶ ἐλάττους μακρῷ τῶν ῥηθέντων τοῖς πολλοῖς φαίνοιντο. εἰ δέ, ὅπερ
+ἔμπροσθεν ἔφην, ἀποδέχεσθε τοὺς ἐκείνων ποιητάς, ἐμοὶ μὲν ἀνεῖται τὸ δέος
+εὖ μάλα. οὐ γὰρ πάντα ὑμῖν ἄτοπος φανοῦμαι, ἀλλὰ πολλῶν μὲν οἶμαι
+φαυλότερος, κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν δὲ ἐξεταζόμενος οὐ παντάπασιν [80] ἀπόβλητος οὐδὲ
+ἀτόποις ἐπιχειρῶν. ὑμῖν δὲ ἴσως οὐ ῥᾴδιον σοφοῖς καὶ θείοις ἀπιστεῖν
+ἀνδράσιν, οἳ δὴ λέγουσι πολλὰ μὲν ἕκαστος ἰδίᾳ, τὸ κεφάλαιον δέ ἐστι τῶν
+λόγων ἀρετῆς ἔπαινος. ταύτην δὲ τῇ ψυχῇ φασιν ἐμφύεσθαι καὶ αὐτὴν
+ἀποφαίνειν εὐδαίμονα καὶ βασιλικὴν καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία πολιτικὴν καὶ
+στρατηγικὴν καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ πλουσίαν γε ἀληθῶς οὐ τὸ Κολοφώνιον
+ἔχουσαν χρυσίον.
+
+(Now if you also are of their opinion, I feel no inconsiderable alarm for
+what I said earlier, and for myself, lest possibly you should declare that
+my words are mere childishness, and that I am an absurd and ignorant
+sophist and make pretensions to an art in which I confess that I have no
+skill, as indeed I must confess to you when I recite eulogies that are
+really deserved, and such as you think it worth while to listen to, even
+though they should seem to most of you somewhat uncouth and far inferior
+to what has been already uttered. But if, as I said before, you accept the
+authors of those other eulogies, then my fear is altogether allayed. For
+then I shall not seem wholly out of place, but though, as I admit,
+inferior to many others, yet judged by my own standard, not wholly
+unprofitable nor attempting what is out of place. And indeed it is
+probably not easy for you to disbelieve wise and inspired men who have
+much to say, each in his own manner, though the sum and substance of all
+their speeches is the praise of virtue. And virtue they say is implanted
+in the soul and makes it happy and kingly, yes, by Zeus, and statesmanlike
+and gifted with true generalship, and generous and truly wealthy, not
+because it possesses the Colophonian(383) treasures of gold,)
+
+
+    [B] Οὐδ᾽ ὅσα λάϊνος οὐδὸς ἀφήτορος ἐντὸς ἐέργε
+
+    (“Nor all that the stone threshold of the Far‐Darter contained
+    within,”(384))
+
+
+τὸ πρὶν ἐπ᾽ εἰρήνης, ὅτε ἦν ὀρθὰ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πράγματα, οὐδὲ ἐσθῆτα
+πολυτελῆ καὶ ψήφους Ἰνδικὰς καὶ γῆς πλέθρων μυριάδας πάνυ πολλάς, ἀλλ᾽ ὃ
+πάντων ἅμα τούτων καὶ κρεῖττον καὶ θεοφιλέστερον, ὃ καὶ ἐν ναυαγίαις
+ἔνεστι διασώσασθαι καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ καὶ ἐν δήμῳ καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας,
+[C] ἐν λῃσταῖς μέσοις καὶ ἀπὸ τυράννων βιαίων.
+
+“in the old days, in times of peace,”(385) when the fortunes of Greece had
+not yet fallen; nay nor costly clothing and precious stones from India and
+many tens of thousands of acres of land, but that which is superior to all
+these things together and more pleasing to the gods; which can keep us
+safe even in shipwreck, in the market‐place, in the crowd, in the house,
+in the desert, in the midst of robbers, and from the violence of tyrants.
+
+Ὅλως γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐκείνου κρεῖττον, ὃ βιασάμενον καθέξει καὶ
+ἀφαιρήσεται τὸν ἔχοντα ἅπαξ. ἔστι γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς ψυχῇ τὸ κτῆμα τοῦτο
+τοιοῦτον, ὁποῖον οἶμαι τὸ φῶς ἡλίῳ. καὶ γὰρ δὴ τοῦδε νεὼς μὲν καὶ
+ἀναθήματα πολλοὶ πολλάκις ὑφελόμενοι καὶ διαφθείραντες ᾤχοντο, δόντες μὲν
+ἄλλοι τὴν δίκην, ἄλλοι δὲ ὠλιγωρηθέντες ὡς οὐκ ἄξιοι κολάσεως εἰς
+ἐπανόρθωσιν φερούσης· τὸ φῶς δὲ οὐδεὶς αὐτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται, οὐδὲ ἐν ταῖς
+συνόδοις [D] ἡ σελήνη τὸν κύκλον ὑποτρέχουσα, οὐδὲ εἰς αὑτὴν δεχομένη τὴν
+ἀκτῖνα καὶ ἡμῖν πολλάκις, τοῦτο δὴ τὸ λεγόμενον, ἐκ μεσημβρίας νύκτα
+δεικνῦσα. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται φωτὸς τὴν σελήνην ἐξ ἐναντίας
+ἱσταμένην περιλάμπρων καὶ μεταδιδοὺς αὐτῇ τῆς αὑτοῦ φύσεως οὐδὲ τὸν μέγαν
+καὶ θαυμαστὸν τουτονὶ κόσμον ἐμπλήσας αὐγῆς καὶ ἡμέρας. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἀνὴρ
+ἀγαθὸς ἀρετῆς μεταδιδοὺς ἄλλῳ τῷ μεταδοθέντι μεῖον ἔχων ἐφάνη ποτέ· [81]
+οὕτω θεῖόν ἐστι κτῆμα καὶ πάγκαλον, καὶ οὐ ψευδὴς ὁ λόγος τοῦ Ἀθηναίου
+ξένου, ὅστις ποτὲ ἄρα ἦν ἐκεῖνος ὁ θεῖος ἀνήρ· πᾶς γὰρ ὅ τε ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ
+ἐπὶ γῆς χρυσὸς ἀρετῆς οὐκ ἀντάξιος. θαρροῦντες οὖν ἤδη πλούσιον καλῶμεν
+τὸν ταύτην ἔχοντα, οἶμαι δὲ ἐγὼ καὶ εὐγενῆ καὶ βασιλέα μόνον τῶν ἁπάντων,
+εἴ τῳ ξυνδοκεῖ. κρείττων μὲν εὐγένεια φαυλότητος γένους, [B] κρείττων δὲ
+ἀρετὴ διαθέσεως οὐ πάντη σπουδαίας. καὶ μή τις οἰέσθω τὸν λόγον δύσεριν
+καὶ βίαιον εἰς τὴν συνήθειαν ἀφορῶν τῶν ὀνομάτων· φασὶ γὰρ οἱ πολλοὶ τοὺς
+ἐκ πάλαι πλουσίων εὐγενεῖς. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ ἄτοπον μάγειρον μὲν ἢ σκυτέα
+καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία κεραμέα τινὰ χρήματα ἐκ τῆς τέχνης ἢ καὶ ἄλλοθέν ποθεν
+ἀθροίσαντα μὴ δοκεῖν εὐγενῆ μηδὲ ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν ἐπονομάζεσθαι τοῦτο τὸ
+ὄνομα, εἰ δὲ ὁ τούτου παῖς διαδεξάμενος τὸν κλῆρον εἰς τοὺς ἐκγόνους
+διαπορθμεύσειε, [C] τούτους δὲ ἤδη μέγα φρονεῖν καὶ τοῖς Πελοπίδαις ἢ τοῖς
+Ἡρακλείδαις ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὅστις προγόνων ἀγαθῶν
+ἔφυ, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν τοῦ βίου ῥοπὴν κατηνέχθη, δικαίως ἂν
+μεταποιοῖτο τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ξυγγενείας, εἰ(386) μηδὲ ἐς τοὺς Πελοπίδας
+ἐξῆν ἐγγράφεσθαι τοὺς μὴ φέροντας ἐπὶ τὸν ὤμον τοῦ γένους τὰ γνωρίσματα.
+λόγχη δὲ λέγεται περὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν τοῖς Σπαρτοῖς ἐντυπωθῆναι παρὰ τῆς
+τεκούσης καὶ θρεψαμένης αὐτοὺς βώλου, [D] καὶ τὸ ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ πολὺ
+διασωθῆναι τοῦτο τῷ γένει σύμβολον. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ψυχῶν οὐδὲν οἰόμεθα δεῖν
+ἐγκεχαράχθαι τοιοῦτον, ὃ τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῖν ἀκριβῶς κατερεῖ καὶ ἀπελέγξει
+τὸν τόκον γνήσιον; ὑπάρχειν δὲ φασι καὶ Κελτοῖς ποταμὸν ἀδέκαστον κριτὴν
+τῶν ἐκγόνων·(387) καὶ οὐ πείθουσιν αὐτὸν οὔτε αἱ μητέρες ὀδυρόμεναι
+συγκαλύπτειν αὐταῖς [82] καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν τὴν ἁμαρτάδα οὔτε οἱ πατέρες ὑπὲρ
+τῶν γαμετῶν καὶ τῶν ἐκγόνων(388) ἐπὶ τῇ κρίσει δειμαίνοντες, ἀτρεκὴς δὲ
+ἐστι καὶ ἀψευδὴς κριτής. ἡμᾶς δὲ δεκάζει μέν πλοῦτος, δεκάζει δὲ ἰσχὺς καὶ
+ὥρα σώματος καὶ δυναστεία προγόνων ἔξωθεν ἐπισκιάζουσα, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει
+διορᾶν οὐδὲ ἀποβλέπειν ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν, ᾗπερ δὴ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων διαφέροντες
+εἰκότως ἂν κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ποιοίμεθα κρίσιν. καί μοι
+δοκοῦσιν εὐστοχίᾳ φύσεως [B] οἱ πάλαι θαυμαστῇ χρώμενοι, καὶ οὐκ ἐπίκτητον
+ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἔχοντες τὸ φρονεῖν, οὔτι πλαστῶς, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοφυῶς φιλοσοφοῦντες,
+τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα τοῦ Διὸς ἀνειπεῖν ἔκγονον(389) καὶ τὼ
+τῆς Λήδας ιἱέε, Μίνω τε οἶμαι τὸν νομοθέτην καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυν τὸν Κνώσιον τῆς
+αὐτῆς ἀξιῶσαι φήμης· καὶ ἄλλους δὲ ἄλλων ἐκγόνους ἀνεκήρυττον πολλοὺς
+διαφέροντας τῶν φύσει πατέρων. ἔβλεπον γὰρ ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτὴν καὶ τὰς
+πράξεις, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐς πλοῦτον βαθὺν καὶ χρόνῳ πολιόν, οὐδὲ δυναστείαν ἐκ
+πάππων τινῶν καὶ ἐπιπάππων ἐς αὐτοὺς ἥκουσαν· [C] καίτοι γε ὑπῆρχέ τισιν
+οὐ παντάπασιν ἀδόξων γενέσθαι πατέρων· ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἧς ἐτίμων τε
+καὶ ἐθεράπευον ἀρετῆς αὐτῶν ἐνομίζοντο τῶν θεῶν παῖδες. δῆλον δὲ ἐνθένδε·
+ἄλλων γὰρ οὐδὲ εἰδότες τοὺς φύσει γονέας ἐς τὸ δαιμόνιον ἀνῆπτον τὴν
+φήμην, τῇ περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀρετῇ χαριζόμενοι. καὶ οὐ πειστέον τοῖς λέγουσιν, ὡς
+ἄρα ἐκεῖνοι ὑπ᾽ ἀμαθίας ἐξαπατώμενοι ταῦτα τῶν θεῶν κατεψεύδοντο. εἰ γὰρ
+δὴ [D] καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰκὸς ἦν ἐξαπατηθῆναι θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων, σχήματα
+περιτιθέντας ἀνθρώπινα καὶ μορφὰς τοιαύτας, ἀφανῆ μὲν αἰσθήσει καὶ
+ἀνέφικτον κεκτημένων αὐτῶν φύσιν, νῷ δὲ ἀκριβεῖ διὰ ξυγγένειαν μόλις
+προσπίπτουσαν· οὔτι γε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμφανῶν θεῶν τοῦτο παθεῖν εὔλογον
+ἐκείνους, Ἡλίου μὲν ἐπιφημίζοντας Αἰήτην υἱέα, Ἑωσφόρου δὲ ἕτερον, καὶ
+ἄλλους ἄλλων. ὅπερ δὲ ἔφην, [83] χρὴ περὶ αὐτῶν πειθομένους ἡμᾶς ταύτην
+ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ἐξέτασιν· καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἂν ὦσιν ἀγαθοὶ
+πατέρες καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκείνοις ἐμφερής, τοῦτον ὀνομάζειν θαρρούντως εὐγενῆ·
+ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν τῶν πατέρων ὑπῆρξεν ἀρετῆς ἐνδεᾶ, αὐτὸς δὲ μετεποιήθη τούτου
+τοῦ κτήματος, τούτου δὲ νομιστέον πατέρα τὸν Δία καὶ φυτουργόν, καὶ οὐδὲν
+μεῖον αὐτῷ δοτέον ἐκείνων, οἳ γεγονότες πατέρων ἀγαθῶν τοὺς σφῶν τοκέας
+ἐζήλωσαν· [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν γέγονε μοχθηρός, τοῦτον τοῖς νόθοις
+ἐγγράφειν ἄξιον· τοὺς δὲ ἐκ μοχθηρῶν φῦντας καὶ προσομοίους τοῖς αὑτῶν
+τοκεῦσιν οὔποτε εὐγενεῖς φατέον, οὐδὲ εἰ πλουτοῖεν ταλάντοις μυρίοις, οὐδὲ
+εἰ ἀπαριθμοῖντο προγόνους δυνάστας ἢ ναὶ μὰ Δία τυράννους εἴκοσιν, οὐδὲ εἰ
+νίκας Ὀλυμπιακὰς ἢ Πυθικὰς ἢ τῶν πολεμικῶν ἀγώνων, [C] αἳ δὴ τῷ παντὶ
+ἐκείνων εἰσὶ λαμπρότεραι, ἀνελομένους ἔχοιεν δείκνυσθαι πλείους ἢ Καῖσαρ ὁ
+πρῶτος, ὀρύγματά τε(390) τὰ Ἀσσύρια καὶ τὰ Βαβυλωνίων τείχη πυραμίδας τε
+ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰς Αἰγυπτίων, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πλούτου καὶ χρημάτων καὶ τρυφῆς
+γέγονε σημεῖα καὶ διανοίας ὑπὸ φιλοτιμίας ἀναφλεγομένης καὶ
+ἀπορουμένης(391) ἐς ὅ,τι τῷ πλούτῳ χρήσεται, εἶτα ἐς τοῦτο τὰς τῶν
+χρημάτων εὐπορίας καταβαλλομένης. εὖ γὰρ δὴ ἴστε, ὡς οὔτε πλοῦτος ἀρχαῖος
+ἢ νεωστί ποθεν ἐπιρρέων Βασιλέα ποιεῖ οὔτε [D] ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον οὔτε τιάρα
+καὶ σκῆπτρον καὶ διάδημα καὶ θρόνος ἀρχαῖος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλῖται πολλοῖ καὶ
+ἱππεῖς μυρίοι, οὐδὲ εἰ πάντες ἄνθρωποι βασιλέα σφῶν τοῦτον ὁμολογοῖεν
+συνελθόντες, ὅτι μηδὲ ἀρετὴν οὗτοι χαρίζονται, ἀλλὰ δυναστείαν μὲν οὐ μάλα
+εὐτυχῆ τῷ λαβόντι, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τοῖς παρασχομένοις. δεξάμενος γὰρ ὁ
+τοιοῦτος αἴρεται μετέωρος ἐπίπαν, οὐδὲν διαφέρων τοῦ περὶ τὸν Φαέθοντα
+μύθου καὶ πάθους. καὶ οὐδὲν ἑτέρων δεῖ παραδειγμάτων πρὸς πίστιν τῷ λόγῳ,
+[84] τοῦ βίου παντὸς ἀναπεπλησμένου τοιούτων παθημάτων καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς
+λόγων. ὑμῖν δὲ εἰ θαυμαστὸν δοκεῖ τὸ μὴ δικαίως μεταποιεῖσθαι τῆς καλῆς
+ταύτης καὶ θεοφιλοῦς ἐπωνυμίας τοὺς πολλῆς μὲν γῆς καὶ ἐθνῶν ἀπείρων
+ἄρχοντας, γνώμῃ δὲ αὐτεξουσίῳ δίχα νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ
+ξυνεπομένων ἀρετῶν τὰ προστυχόντα κρίνοντας· ἴστε οὐδὲ ἐλευθέρους ὄντας,
+[B] οὐ μόνον εἰ τὰ παρόντα οὐδενός σφισιν ἐμποδὼν ὄντος ἔχοιεν καὶ
+ἐμφοροῖντο τῆς ἐξουσίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ τῶν ἐπιστρατευόντων κρατοῖεν καὶ
+ἐπιόντες ἀνυπόστατοί τινες καὶ(392) ἄμαχοι φαίνοιντο. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις
+ὑμῶν τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε, μάλα ἐμφανῶν μαρτύρων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν, Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ
+βαρβάρων, οἳ μάχας πολλὰς καὶ ἰσχυρὰς λίαν μαχεσάμενοι καὶ νενικηκότες
+ἔθνη μὲν ἐκτῶντο καὶ [C] αὑτοῖς φόρους ἀπάγειν κατηνάνκαζον, ἐδούλευον δὲ
+αἴσχιον ἐκείνων ἡδονῇ καὶ τρυφῇ καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ καὶ ὕβρει καὶ ἀδικίᾳ. τούτους
+δὲ οὐδὲ ἰσχυροὺς ἂν φαίη νοῦν ἔχων ἀνήρ, εἰ καὶ ἐπιφαίνοιτο καὶ ἐπιλάμποι
+μέγεθος τοῖς ἔργοις. μόνος γάρ ἐστι τοιοῦτος ὁ μετὰ ἀρετῆς ἀνδρεῖος καὶ
+μεγαλόφρων· ὅστις δὲ ἥττων μὲν ἡδονῶν, ἀκράτωρ δὲ ὀργῆς καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν
+παντοιῶν, καὶ ὑπὸ σμικρῶν ἀπαγορεύειν ἀναγκαζόμενος, οὗτος δὲ [D] οὐδὲ
+ἰσχυρὸς οὐδὲ ἀνδρεῖος ἀνθρωπίνην ἰσχύν· ἐπιτρεπτέον δὲ ἴσως αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς
+ταύρους ἢ τοὺς λέοντας ἢ τὰς παρδάλεις τῇ ῥώμῃ γάνυσθαι, εἰ μὴ καὶ ταύτην
+ἀποβαλὼν καθάπερ οἱ κηφῆνες ἀλλοτρίοις ἐφέστηκε πόνοις, αὐτὸς ὢν μαλθακὸς
+αἰχμητὴς καὶ δειλὸς καὶ ἀκόλαστος. τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν οὐ μόνον ἀληθοῦς ἐνδεὴς
+πλούτου καθέστηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ πολυτιμήτου καὶ σεμνοῦ καὶ ἀγαπητοῦ, ἐξ
+οὗ παντοδαπαὶ κρεμάμεναι ψυχαὶ πράγματα ἔχουσι μυρία καὶ πόνους, [85] τοῦ
+καθ᾽ ἡμέραν κέρδους ἕνεκα πλεῖν τε ὑπομένουσαι καὶ καπηλεύειν καὶ
+λῃστεύειν καὶ ἀναρπάζειν τὰς τυραννίδας. ζῶσι γὰρ ἀεὶ μὲν κτώμενοι, ἀεὶ δὲ
+ἐνδεεῖς, οὔτι τῶν ἀναγαίων φημὶ σιτίων καὶ ποτῶν καὶ ἐσθημάτων· ὥρισται
+γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος πλοῦτος εὖ μάλα παρὰ τῆς φύσεως, καὺ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦυ
+στέρεσθαι οὔτε τοὺς ὄρνιθας οὔτε τοὺς ἰχθῦς(393) οὔτε τὰ θηρία, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ
+ἀνθρώπων τοὺς σώφρονας· [B] ὅσους δὲ ἐνοχλεῖ χρημάτων ἀπιθυμία καὶ ἔρως
+δυστυχής, τούτους δὲ ἀνάγκη πεινῆν διὰ βίου καὶ ἀθλιώτερον ἀπαλλάττειν
+μακρῷ τῶν τῆς ἐφημέρου τροφῆς ἐνδεομένων. τούτοις μὲν γὰρ ἀποπλήσασι τὴν
+γαστέρα πολλὴ γέγονεν εἰρήνη καὶ ἀνοκωχὴ τῆς ἀλγηδόνος, ἐκείνοις δὲ οὔτε
+ἡμέρα πέφηνεν ἀκερδὴς ἡδεῖα, οὔτε εὐφρόνη τὸν λυσιμελῆ καὶ λυσιμέριμνον
+ὕπνον ἐπάγουσα παῦλαν ἐνεποίησε τῆς ἐμμανοῦς λύττης, [C] στροβεῖ δὲ αὐτῶν
+καὶ στρέφει τὴν ψυχὴν ἐκλογιζομένων καὶ ἀπαριθμουμένων τὰ χρήματα· καὶ οὐκ
+ἐξαιρεῖται τοὺς ἄνδρας τῆς ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ ταλαιπωρίας(394)
+οὐδὲ ὁ Ταντάλου καὶ Μίδου πλοῦτος περιγενόμενος οὐδὲ ἡ μεγίστη καὶ
+χαλεπωτάτη δαιμόνων τυραννὶς προσγενομένη. ἢ γὰρ οὐκ ἀκηκόατε Δαρεῖον τὸν
+Περσῶν μονάρχην,(395) οὐ παντάπασι μοχθηρὸν ἄνθρωπον, δυσέρωτα δὲ αἰσχρῶς
+εἰς χρήματα καὶ νεκρῶν θήκας ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας διορύττειν(396) καὶ
+πολυτελεῖς [D] ἐπιτάττειν φόρουσ; ὅθεν αὐτῷ τὸ κλεινὸν ὄνομα γέγονε κατὰ
+πάντας ἀνθρώπους·(397) ἐκάλουν γὰρ αὐτὸν Περσῶν οἱ γνώριμοι ὅτιπερ
+Ἀθηναῖοι τὸν Σάραμβον.
+
+(For there is nothing at all superior to it, nothing that can constrain
+and control it, or take it from him who has once possessed it. Indeed it
+seems to me that this possession bears the same relation to the soul as
+its light to the sun. For often men have stolen the votive offerings of
+the Sun and destroyed his temples and gone their way, and some have been
+punished, and others let alone as not worthy of the punishment that leads
+to amendment. But his light no one ever takes from the sun, not even the
+moon when in their conjunctions she oversteps his disc, or when she takes
+his rays to herself, and often, as the saying is, turns midday into
+night.(398) Nor is he deprived of his light when he illumines the moon in
+her station opposite to himself and shares with her his own nature, nor
+when he fills with light and day this great and wonderful universe. Just
+so no good man who imparts his goodness to another was ever thought to
+have less virtue by as much as he had bestowed. So divine and excellent is
+that possession, and most true is the saying of the Athenian stranger,
+whoever that inspired man may have been: “All the gold beneath the earth
+and above ground is too little to give in exchange for virtue.”(399) Let
+us therefore now boldly call its possessor wealthy, yes and I should say
+well‐born also, and the only king among them all,(400) if anyone agree to
+this. For as noble birth is better than a lowly pedigree, so virtue is
+better than a character not in all respects admirable. And let no one say
+that this statement is contentious and too strong, judging by the ordinary
+use of words. For the multitude are wont to say that the sons of those who
+have long been rich are well‐born. And yet is it not extraordinary that a
+cook or cobbler, yes, by Zeus, or some potter who has got money together
+by his craft, or by some other means, is not considered well‐born nor is
+given that title by the many, whereas if this man’s son inherit his estate
+and hand it on to his sons, they begin to give themselves airs and compete
+on the score of noble birth with the Pelopids and the Heraclids? Nay, even
+a man who is born of noble ancestors, but himself sinks down in the
+opposite scale of life, could not justly claim kinship with those
+ancestors, seeing that no one could be enrolled among the Pelopids who had
+not on his shoulder the birth‐mark(401) of that family. And in Boeotia it
+was said that there was the impression of a spear on the Sown‐men(402)
+from the clod of earth that bore and reared them, and that hence the race
+long preserved that distinguishing mark. And can we suppose that on men’s
+souls no mark of that sort is engraved, which shall tell us accurately who
+their fathers were and vindicate their birth as legitimate? They say that
+the Celts also have a river(403) which is an incorruptible judge of
+offspring, and neither can the mothers persuade that river by their
+laments to hide and conceal their fault for them, nor the fathers who are
+afraid for their wives and sons in this trial, but it is an arbiter that
+never swerves or gives a false verdict. But we are corrupted by riches, by
+physical strength in its prime, by powerful ancestors, an influence from
+without that overshadows and does not permit us to see clearly or discern
+the soul; for we are unlike all other living things in this, that by the
+soul and by nothing else, we should with reason make our decision about
+noble birth. And it seems to me that the ancients, employing a wondrous
+sagacity of nature, since their wisdom was not like ours a thing acquired,
+but they were philosophers by nature, not manufactured,(404) perceived the
+truth of this, and so they called Heracles the son of Zeus, and Leda’s two
+sons also, and Minos the law‐giver, and Rhadamanthus of Cnossus they
+deemed worthy of the same distinction. And many others they proclaimed to
+be the children of other gods, because they so surpassed their mortal
+parents. For they looked at the soul alone and their actual deeds, and not
+at wealth piled high and hoary with age, nor at the power that had come
+down to them from some grandfather or great‐grandfather. And yet some of
+them were the sons of fathers not wholly inglorious. But because of the
+superabundance in them of that virtue which men honoured and cherished,
+they were held to be the sons of the gods themselves. This is clear from
+the following fact. In the case of certain others, though they did not
+know those who were by nature their sires, they ascribed that title to a
+divinity, to recompense the virtue of those men. And we ought not to say
+that they were deceived, and that in ignorance they told lies about the
+gods. For even if in the case of other gods or deities it was natural that
+they should be so deceived, when they clothed them in human forms and
+human shapes, though those deities possess a nature not to be perceived or
+attained by the senses, but barely recognisable by means of pure
+intelligence, by reason of their kinship with it; nevertheless in the case
+of the visible gods it is not probable that they were deceived, for
+instance, when they entitled Aeetes “son of Helios” and another(405) “son
+of the Dawn,” and so on with others. But, as I said, we must in these
+cases believe them, and make our enquiry about noble birth accordingly.
+And when a man has virtuous parents and himself resembles them, we may
+with confidence call him nobly born. But when, though his parents lack
+virtue, he himself can claim to possess it, we must suppose that the
+father who begat him is Zeus, and we must not pay less respect to him than
+to those who are the sons of virtuous fathers and emulate their parents.
+But when a bad man comes of good parents, we ought to enrol him among the
+bastards, while as for those who come of a bad stock and resemble their
+parents, never must we call them well‐born, not even though their wealth
+amounts to ten thousand talents, not though they reckon among their
+ancestors twenty rulers, or, by Zeus, twenty tyrants, not though they can
+prove that the victories they won at Olympia or Pytho or in the encounters
+of war—which are in every way more brilliant than victories in the
+games—were more than the first Caesar’s, or can point to excavations in
+Assyria(406) or to the walls of Babylon and the Egyptian pyramids besides,
+and to all else that is a proof of wealth and great possessions and luxury
+and a soul that is inflamed by ambition and, being at a loss how to use
+money, lavishes on things of that sort all those abundant supplies of
+wealth. For you are well aware that it is not wealth, either ancestral or
+newly acquired and pouring in from some source or other, that makes a
+king, nor his purple cloak nor his tiara and sceptre and diadem and
+ancestral throne, nay nor numerous hoplites and ten thousand cavalry; not
+though all men should gather together and acknowledge him for their king,
+because virtue they cannot bestow on him, but only power, ill‐omened
+indeed for him that receives it, but still more for those that bestow it.
+For once he has received such power, a man of that sort is altogether
+raised aloft in the clouds, and in nowise differs from the legend of
+Phaethon and his fate. And there is no need of other instances to make us
+believe this saying, for the whole of life is full of such disasters and
+tales about them. And if it seems surprising to you that the title of
+king, so honourable, so favoured by the gods, cannot justly be claimed by
+men who, though they rule over a vast territory and nations without
+number, nevertheless settle questions that arise by an autocratic
+decision, without intelligence or wisdom or the virtues that go with
+wisdom, believe me they are not even free men; I do not mean if they
+merely possess what they have with none to hinder them and have their fill
+of power, but even though they conquer all who make war against them, and,
+when they lead an invading army, appear invincible and irresistible. And
+if any of you doubt this statement, I have no lack of notable witnesses,
+Greek and barbarian, who fought and won many mighty battles, and became
+the masters of whole nations and compelled them to pay tribute, and yet
+were themselves slaves in a still more shameful degree of pleasure, money
+and wantonness, insolence and injustice. And no man of sense would call
+them even powerful, not though greatness should shine upon and illumine
+all that they achieved. For he alone is strong whose virtue aids him to be
+brave and magnanimous. But he who is the slave of pleasure and cannot
+control his temper and appetites of all sorts, but is compelled to succumb
+to trivial things, is neither brave himself nor strong with a man’s
+strength, though we may perhaps allow him to exult like a bull or lion or
+leopard(407) in his brute force, if indeed he do not lose even this and,
+like a drone, merely superintend the labours of others, himself a “feeble
+warrior,”(408) and cowardly and dissolute. And if that be his character,
+he is lacking not only in true riches, but in that wealth also which men
+so highly honour and reverence and desire, on which hang the souls of men
+of all sorts, so that they undergo countless toils and labours for the
+sake of daily gain, and endure to sail the sea and to trade and rob and
+grasp at tyrannies. For they live ever acquiring but ever in want, though
+I do not say of necessary food and drink and clothes; for the limit of
+this sort of property has been clearly defined by nature and none can be
+deprived of it, neither birds nor fish nor wild beasts, much less prudent
+men. But those who are tortured by the desire and fatal passion for money
+must suffer a lifelong hunger,(409) and depart from life more miserably
+than those who lack daily food. For these, once they have filled their
+bellies, enjoy perfect peace and respite from their torment, but for those
+others no day is sweet that does not bring them gain, nor does night with
+her gift of sleep that relaxes the limbs and frees men from care(410)
+bring for them any remission of their raging madness, but distracts and
+agitates their souls as they reckon and count up their money. And not even
+the wealth of Tantalus and Midas, should they possess it, frees those men
+from their desire and their hard toil therewith, nay nor “Tyranny the
+greatest and sternest of the gods,”(411) should they become possessed of
+this also. For have you not heard that Darius, the ruler of Persia, a man
+not wholly base, but insatiably and shamefully covetous of money, dug up
+in his greed even the tombs of the dead(412) and exacted the most costly
+tribute? And hence he acquired the title(413) that is famous among all
+mankind. For the notables of Persia called him by the name that the
+Athenians gave to Sarambos.(414))
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γὰρ ὁ λόγος, ὥσπερ ὁδοῦ τινος κατάντους ἐπιλαβόμενος, ἀφειδῶς
+ἐμφορεῖσθαι τῆς καταρρήσεως καὶ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος κολάζειν τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς
+τρόπους, ὥστε οὐκ ἐπιτρεπτέον αὐτῷ περαιτέρω φοιτᾶν. [86] ἀπαιτητέον δὲ
+εἰς δύναμιν τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ βασιλικὸν καὶ μεγαλόφρονα. ἔστι δὲ πρῶτον
+μὲν εὐσεβὴς καὶ οὐκ ὀλίγωρος θεραπείας θεῶν, εἶτα ἐς τοὺς τοκέας ζῶντάς τε
+οἶμαι καὶ τελευτήσαντας ὅσιος καὶ ἐπιμελής, ἀδελφοῖς τε εὔνους, καὶ
+ὁμογνίους θεοὺς αἰδούμενος, ἱκέταις καὶ ξένοις πρᾷος καὶ μείλιχος, τοῖς
+μὲν ἀγαθοῖς τῶν πολιτῶν ἀρέσκειν ἐθέλων, τῶν πολλῶν δὲ ἐπιμελόμενος ἐν
+δίκῃ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ· ἀγαπᾷ δὲ πλοῦτον, [B] οὔτι τὸν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ
+βριθόμενον, φίλων δὲ ἀληθοῦς εὐνοίας καὶ ἀκολακεύτου θεραπείας μεστόν·
+ἀνδρεῖος μὲν φύσει καὶ μεγαλοπρεπής, πολέμῳ δὲ ἥκιστα χαίρων καὶ στάσιν
+ἐμφύλιον ἀπεχθαίρων, τούς γε μὴν ἔκ τινος τύχης ἐπιφυομένους ἢ διὰ τὴν
+σφῶν αὐτῶν μοχθηρίαν ἀνδρείως ὑφιστάμενος καὶ ἀμυνόμενος ἐγκρατῶς, τέλος
+τε ἐπάγων τοῖς ἔργοις καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἀφιστάμενος, πρὶν ἂν ἐξέλῃ [C] τῶν
+πολεμίων τὴν δύναμιν καὶ ὑποχείριον αὑτῷ ποιήσηται. κρατήσας δὲ μετὰ τῶν
+ὅπλων ἔπαυσε τὸ ξίφος φόνων, μίασμα κρίνων τὸν οὐκ ἀμυνόμενον ἔτι κτείνειν
+καὶ ἀναιρεῖν. φιλόπονος δὲ ὢν φύσει καὶ μεγαλόψυχος κοινωνεῖ μὲν ἅπασι τῶν
+πόνων, καὶ ἔχειν ἐν αὐτοῖς τὸ πλέον ἀξιοῖ, μεταδίδωσι δὲ ἐκείνοις τῶν
+κινδύνων τὰ ἔπαθλα, χαίρων καὶ γεγηθὼς οὔτι τῷ πλέον ἔχειν τῶν ἄλλων
+χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον καὶ ἐπαύλεις κόσμῳ πολυτελεῖ κατεσκευασμένας, [D]
+ἀλλὰ τῷ πολλοὺς μὲν εὖ ποιεῖν δύνασθαι, χαρίζεσθαι δὲ ἅπασιν ὅτου ἂν
+τύχωσιν ἐνδεεῖς ὄντες· τούτων αὑτὸν ὅ γε ἀληθινὸς ἀξιοῖ βασιλεύς.
+φιλόπολις(415) δὲ ὢν καὶ φιλοστρατιώτης τῶν μὲν καθάπερ νομεὺς ποιμνίων
+ἐπιμελεῖται, προνοῶν ὅπως ἂν αὐτῷ θάλλῃ καὶ εὐθηνῆται τὰ θρέμματα δαψιλοῦς
+καὶ ἀταράχου τῆς νομῆς ἐμπιμπλάμενα, τοὺς δὲ ἐφορᾷ καὶ συνέχει, πρὸς
+ἀνδρείαν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ πρᾳότητα γυμνάζων καθάπερ σκύλακας εὐφυεῖς [87] καὶ
+γενναίους τῆς ποίμνης φύλακας, ἔργων τε αὑτῷ κοινωνοὺς καὶ ἐπικούρους τῷ
+πλήθει νομίζων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ ἁρπακτῆρας τινας οὐδὲ λυμεῶνας τῶν ποιμνίων
+καθάπερ οἱ λύκοι καὶ κυνῶν οἱ φαυλότατοι, οἳ(416) τῆς αὑτῶν φύσεως καὶ
+τροφῆς ἐπιλαθόμενοι ἀντὶ σωτήρων καὶ προαγωνιστῶν ἀνεφάνησαν αὐτοὶ
+δηλήμονες· οὐδὲ μὴν ὑπνηλοὺς ἀνέξεται εἶναι καὶ ἀργοὺς καὶ ἀπολέμους, ὅπως
+ἂν μὴ φυλάκων ἑτέρων οἱ φρουροὶ δέωνται, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀπειθεῖς τοῖς(417)
+ἄρχουσιν, εἰδὼς ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστα πάντων, ἔστι δὲ ὅπου καὶ μόνον ἀπόχρη
+σωτήριον ἐπιτήδευμα πρὸς πόλεμον· πόνων δὲ ἁπάντων ἀδεεῖς(418) καὶ
+ἀτεράμονας, οὔτι ῥᾳθύμους ἐργάσεται, ἐπιστάμενος ὅτι μὴ μέγα ὄφελος
+φύλακος τὸν πόνον φεύγοντος καὶ οὐ δυναμένου καρτερεῖν οὐδὲ ἀντέχειν πρὸς
+κάματον. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ παραινῶν μόνον οὐδὲ ἐπαινῶν τοῦς ἀγαθοὺς προθύμως καὶ
+χαριζόμενος ἢ κολάζων ἐγκρατῶς [C] καὶ ἀπαραιτήτως ξυμπείθει καὶ βιάζεται,
+ἀλλὰ πολὺ πρότερον αὑτὸν τοιοῦτον ἐπιδεικνύων, ἀπεχόμενος μὲν ἡδονῆς
+ἁπάσης, χρημάτων δὲ οὐδὲν οὔτε σμικρὸν οὔτε μεῖζον ἐπιθυμῶν καὶ
+ἀφαιρούμενος τῶν ὑπηκόων, ὕπνῳ τε εἴκων ὀλίγα καὶ τὴν ἀργίαν
+ἀποστρεφόμενος, ἀληθῶς γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὐδενὸς εἰς οὐδὲν ἄξιος καθεύδων ἀνὴρ ἢ
+καὶ ἐγρηγορὼς τοῖς καθεύδουσιν ἐμφερής. πειθομένους δὲ αὐτοὺς ἕξει καλῶς
+αὑτῷ τε οἲμαι καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν, [D] εἰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις πειθόμενος νόμοις
+καὶ τοῖς ὀρθοῖς ξυνεπόμενος διατάγμασι δῆλος εἴη, καὶ ὅλως τὴν ἡγεμονίαν
+ἀποδοὺς τῷ φύσει βασιλικῷ καὶ ἡγεμονικῷ τῆς ψυχῆς μορίῳ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τῷ
+θυμοειδεῖ καὶ ἀκολάστῳ. καὶ καρτερεῖν δὲ καὶ ὑπομένειν τόν τε ἐπὶ στρατιᾶς
+καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κάματον ὁπόσα τε κατὰ τὴν εἰρήνην ἐξηυρέθη γυμνάσια
+μελέτης ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ὀθνείους ἀγῶνας, πῶς ἄν τις μάλιστα πείσας
+εἴη,(419) ἢ δῆλον ὡς αὐτὸς ὁρώμενος καρτερὸς καὶ ἀδαμάντινος; [88] ἔστι
+γὰρ ἀληθῶς ἥδιστον θέαμα στρατιώτῃ πονουμένῳ σώφρων αὐτοκράτωρ,
+συνεφαπτόμενος ἔργων καὶ προθυμούμενος καὶ παρακαλῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς δοκοῦσι
+φοβεροῖς φαιδρὸς καὶ ἀδεὴς καὶ ὅπου λίαν θαρροῦσι σεμνὸς καὶ ἐμβριθής.
+πέφυκε γὰρ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων εὐλαβείας πέρι καὶ
+θράσους. προνοητέον δὲ αὐτῷ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ μεῖον ὅπως ἄφθονον τὴν τροφὴν
+ἔχωσι καὶ οὐδενὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδέωνται. [B] πολλάκις γὰρ οἱ πιστότατοι
+τῶν ποιμνίων φρουροὶ καὶ φύλακες ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας ἀναγκαζόμενοι ἄγριοι τέ
+εἰσι τοῖς νομεῦσι καὶ αὐτοὺς πόρρωθεν ἰδόντες περιυλακτοῦσι καὶ οὐδὲ τῶν
+προβάτων ἀπέσχοντο.
+
+(But it seems that my argument, as though it had reached some steep
+descent, is glutting itself with unsparing abuse, and is chastising the
+manners of these men beyond what is fitting, so that I must not allow it
+to travel further. But now I must demand from it an account, as far as is
+possible, of the man who is good and kingly and great‐souled. In the first
+place, then, he is devout and does not neglect the worship of the gods,
+and secondly he is pious and ministers to his parents, both when they are
+alive and after their death, and he is friendly to his brothers, and
+reverences the gods who protect the family, while to suppliants and
+strangers he is mild and gentle; and he is anxious to gratify good
+citizens, and governs the masses with justice and for their benefit. And
+wealth he loves, but not that which is heavy with gold and silver, but
+that which is full of the true good‐will of his friends,(420) and service
+without flattery. Though by nature he is brave and gallant, he takes no
+pleasure in war, and detests civil discord, though when men do attack him,
+whether from some chance, or by reason of their own wickedness, he resists
+them bravely and defends himself with energy, and carries through his
+enterprises to the end, not desisting till he has destroyed the power of
+the foe and made it subject to himself. But after he has conquered by
+force of arms, he makes his sword cease from slaughter, because he thinks
+that for one who is no longer defending himself to go on killing and
+laying waste is to incur pollution. And being by nature fond of work, and
+great of soul, he shares in the labours of all; and claims the lion’s
+share of those labours, then divides with the others the rewards for the
+risks which he has run, and is glad and rejoices, not because he has more
+gold and silver treasure than other men, and palaces adorned with costly
+furniture, but because he is able to do good to many, and to bestow on all
+men whatever they may chance to lack. This is what he who is truly a king
+claims for himself. And since he loves both the city and the
+soldiers,(421) he cares for the citizens as a shepherd for his flock,
+planning how their young may flourish and thrive, eating their full of
+abundant and undisturbed pasture; and his soldiers he oversees and keeps
+together, training them in courage, strength and mercy, like well‐bred
+dogs, noble guardians of the flock,(422) regarding them both as the
+partners of his exploits and the protectors of the masses, and not as
+spoilers and pillagers of the flock, like wolves and mongrel dogs which,
+forgetting their own nature and nurture, turn out to be marauders instead
+of preservers and defenders. Yet on the other hand, he will not suffer
+them to be sluggish, slothful and unwarlike, lest the guardians should
+themselves need others to watch them, nor disobedient to their officers,
+because he knows that obedience above all else, and sometimes alone, is
+the saving discipline in war. And he will train them to be hardy and not
+afraid of any labour, and never indolent, for he knows that there is not
+much use in a guardian who shirks his task and cannot hold out or endure
+fatigue. And not only by exhorting, or by his readiness to praise the
+deserving or by rewarding and punishing severely and inexorably, does he
+win them over to this and coerce them; but far rather does he show that he
+is himself what he would have them be, since he refrains from all
+pleasure, and as for money desires it not at all, much or little, nor robs
+his subjects of it; and since he abhors indolence he allows little time
+for sleep, For in truth no one who is asleep is good for anything,(423)
+nor if, when awake he resembles those who are asleep. And he will, I
+think, succeed in keeping them wonderfully obedient to himself and to
+their officers, since he himself will be seen to obey the wisest laws and
+to live in accordance with right precepts, and in short to be under the
+guidance of that part of the soul which is naturally kingly and worthy to
+take the lead, and not of the emotional or undisciplined part. For how
+could one better persuade men to endure and undergo fatigue, not only in a
+campaign and under arms, but also in all those exercises that have been
+invented in times of peace to give men practice for conflicts abroad, than
+by being clearly seen to be oneself strong as adamant? For in truth the
+most agreeable sight for a soldier, when he is fighting hard, is a prudent
+commander who takes an active part in the work in hand, himself zealous
+while exhorting his men, who is cheerful and calm in what seems to be a
+dangerous situation, but on occasion stern and severe whenever they are
+over confident. For in the matter of caution or boldness the subordinate
+naturally imitates his leader. And he must plan as well, no less than for
+what I have mentioned, that they may have abundant provisions and run
+short of none of the necessaries of life. For often the most loyal
+guardians and protectors of the flock are driven by want to become fierce
+towards the shepherds, and when they see them from afar they bark at them
+and do not even spare the sheep.(424))
+
+Τοιοῦτος μὲν ἐπὶ στρατοπέδων ὁ γενναῖος, πόλει δὲ σωτὴρ καὶ κηδεμών, οὔτι
+τοὺς ἔξωθεν μόνον ἀπείργων κινδύνους οὐδὲ ἀντιταττόμενος ἢ καὶ
+ἐπιστρατεύων βαρβάροις γείτοσι· στάσιν δὲ ἐξαιρῶν καὶ ἔθη [C] μοχθηρὰ καὶ
+τρυφὴν καὶ ἀκολασίαν τῶν μεγίστων κακῶν παρέξει ῥᾳστώνην. ὕβριν δὲ
+ἐξείργων καὶ παρανομίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀμέτρου κτήσεως τὰς(425)
+ἐκ τούτων ἀναφυομένας στάσεις καὶ ἔριδας εἰς οὐδὲν χρηστὸν τελευτώσας οὐδὲ
+τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνέξεται φῶναι, γενομένας δὲ ὡς ἔνι τάχιστα ἀφανιεῖ(426) καὶ
+ἐξελάσει τῆς αὑτοῦ πόλεως. λήσεται δὲ αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς ὑπερβὰς τὸν νόμον καὶ
+βιασάμενος, οὐ(427) μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν πολεμίων τις τὸν χάρακα. [D] φύλαξ δὲ ὢν
+ἀγαθὸς τῶν νόμων, ἀμείνων ἔσται δημιουργός, εἴ ποτε καιρὸς καὶ τύχη
+καλοίη· καὶ οὐδεμία μηχανὴ πείθει τὸν τοιοῦτον ψευδῆ καὶ κίβδηλον καὶ
+νόθον τοῖς κειμένοις ἐπεισάγειν νόμον, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ
+δούλειον καὶ ἀγεννὲς ἐπεισαγαγεῖν(428) σπέρμα. δίκης δὲ αὐτῷ μέλει καὶ
+θέμιδος, καὶ οὔτε γονεῖς οὔτε ξυγγενεῖς καὶ φίλοι πείθουσι καταχαρίσασθαί
+[89] σφιν καὶ προδοῦναι τὸ ἔνδικον. ὑπολαμβάνει γὰρ ἁπάντων εἶναι τὴν
+πατρίδα κοινὴν ἑστίαν καὶ μητέρα, πρεσβυτέραν μὲν καὶ σεμνοτέραν τῶν(429)
+πατέρων, φιλτέραν δὲ ἀδελφῶν καὶ ξένων καὶ φίλων· ἧς ἀποσυλῆσαι τὸν νόμον
+καὶ βιάσασθαι μεῖζον ἀσέβημα κρίνει τῆς περὶ τὰ χρήματα τῶν θεῶν
+παρανομίας. ἔστι γὰρ ὁ νόμος ἔκγονος(430) τῆς δίκης, ἱερὸν ἀνάθημα καὶ
+θεῖον ἀληθῶς τοῦ μεγίστου θεοῦ, ὃν οὐδαμῶς ὅ γε ἔμφρων ἀνὴρ περὶ σμικροῦ
+ποιήσεται οὐδὲ ἀτιμάσει· [B] ἀλλὰ ἐν δίκῃ πάντα δρῶν τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς
+τιμήσει προθύμως, τοὺς μοχθηροὺς δὲ ἐς δύναμιν ἰᾶσθαι καθάπερ ἰατρὸς
+ἀγαθὸς προθυμήσεται.
+
+(Such then is the good king at the head of his legions, but to his city he
+is a saviour and protector, not only when he is warding off dangers from
+without or repelling barbarian neighbours or invading them; but also by
+putting down civil discord, vicious morals, luxury and profligacy, he will
+procure relief from the greatest evils. And by excluding insolence,
+lawlessness, injustice and greed for boundless wealth, he will not permit
+the feuds that arise from these causes and the dissensions that end in
+disaster to show even the first sign of growth, and if they do arise he
+will abolish them as quickly as possible and expel them from his city. And
+no one who transgresses and violates the law will escape his notice, no
+more than would an enemy in the act of scaling his defences. But though he
+is a good guardian of the laws, he will be still better at framing them,
+if ever occasion and chance call on him to do so. And no device can
+persuade one of his character to add to the statutes a false and spurious
+and bastard law, any more than he would introduce among his own sons a
+servile and vulgar strain. For he cares for justice and the right, and
+neither parents nor kinsfolk nor friends can persuade him to do them a
+favour and betray the cause of justice. For he looks upon his fatherland
+as the common hearth and mother of all, older and more reverend than his
+parents, and more precious than brothers or friends or comrades; and to
+defraud or do violence to her laws he regards as a greater impiety than
+sacrilegious robbery of the money that belongs to the gods. For law is the
+child of justice, the sacred and truly divine adjunct of the most mighty
+god, and never will the man who is wise make light of it or set it at
+naught. But since all that he does will have justice in view, he will be
+eager to honour the good, and the vicious he will, like a good physician,
+make every effort to cure.)
+
+Διττῶν δὲ ὄντων τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, καὶ τῶν μὲν ὑποφαινόντων ἐλπίδας ἀμείνους
+καὶ οὐ πάντη τὴν θεραπείαν ἀπεστραμμένων, τῶν δὲ ἀνίατα πλημμελούντων·
+τούτοις δὲ οἱ νόμοι θάνατον λύσιν τῶν κακῶν ἐπενόησαν, οὐκ εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων
+μᾶλλον, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἄλλων ὠφέλειαν· [C] διττὰς δ᾽ ἀνάγκη τὰς κρίσεις
+γίγνεσθαι. οὐκοῦν τῶν μὲν ἰασίμων αὑτῷ προσήκειν ὑπολήψεται τήν τε
+ἐπίγνωσιν καὶ τὴν θεραπείαν, ἀφέξεται δὲ τῶν ἄλλων μάλα ἐρρωμένως, καὶ οὐκ
+ἄν ποτε ἑκὼν ἅψαιτο κρίσεως, ἐφ᾽ ᾗ θάνατος ἡ ζημία παρὰ τῶν νόμων τοῖς
+ὠφληκόσι τὴν δίκην προηγόρευται.(431) νομοθετῶν δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν τοιούτων ὕβριν
+μὲν καὶ χαλεπότητα καὶ πικρίαν τῶν τιμωριῶν ἀφαιρήσει, ἀποκληρώσει δὲ
+αὐτοῖς ἀνδρῶν σωφρόνων καὶ [D] διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου βάσανον οὐ φαύλην τῆς
+αὑτῶν ἀρετῆς παρασχομένων δικαστήριον,(432) οἳ μηδὲν αὐθαδῶς μηδὲ ὁρμῇ
+τινι παντελῶς ἀλόγῳ χρώμενοι, ἐν ἡμέρας μορίῳ σμικρῷ βουλευσάμενοι, τυχὸν
+δὲ οὐδὲ βουλῇ δόντες, ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς πολίτου τὴν μέλαιναν οἴσουσι ψῆφον. αὐτῷ
+δὲ οὔτε ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ξίφος εἰς πολίτου, κἂν ἀδικῇ τὰ ἔσχατα, φόνον οὔτε ἐν
+τῇ ψυχῇ κέντρον ὑπεῖναι χρή, ὅπου καὶ τὴν τῶν μελιττῶν ὁρῶμεν βασιλεύουσαν
+καθαρὰν [90] ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως πλήκτρου γενομένην. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ εἰς μελίττας
+βλεπτέον, εἰς αὐτὸν δὲ οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν τὸν βασιλέα οὗπερ εἶναι χρὴ τὸν
+ἀληθῶς ἄρχοντα προφήτην καὶ ὑπηρέτην. οὐκοῦν ὅσα μὲν ἀγαθὰ γέγονε παντελῶς
+τῆς ἐναντίας ἄμικτα φύσεως καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ κοινῇ τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοῦ
+παντὸς κόσμου, τούτων δὲ αὐτὸς ἦν τε καὶ ἔστι δημιουργός· τὰ κακὰ δὲ οὔτ᾽
+ἐγέννησεν οὔτ᾽ ἐπέταξεν εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὰ μὲν ἐφυγάδευσεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, [B]
+περὶ δὲ τὴν γῆν στρεφόμενα καὶ τὴν ἐκεῖθεν ἀποικίαν σταλεῖσαν τῶν ψυχῶν
+διαλαβόμενα κρίνειν ἐπέταξε καὶ διακαθαίρειν τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ καὶ
+ἐγγόνοις. τούτων δὲ οἱ μέν εἰσι σωτῆρες καὶ ἐπίκουροι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης
+φύσεως, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀπαραίτητοι κριταί, τῶν ἀδικημάτων ὀξεῖαν καὶ δεινὴν
+ἐπάγοντες δίκην ζῶσί τε ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἀπολυθεῖσι τῶν σωμάτων, οἱ δὲ ὥσπερ
+δήμιοι [C] τιμωροί τινες καὶ ἀποπληρωταὶ τῶν δικασθέντων, ἕτερον τῶν
+φαύλων καὶ ἀνοήτων δαιμόνων τὸ φῦλον· ἃ δὴ μιμητέον τῷ γενναίῳ καὶ
+θεοφιλεῖ, καὶ μεταδοτέον πολλοῖς μὲν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς(433) διὰ φιλίας ἐς
+ταύτην τὴν κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν.(434) ἀρχὰς δὲ ἐπιτρεπτέον οἰκείας
+ἑκάστου τῇ φύσει καὶ προαιρέσει, τῷ μὲν ἀνδρώδει καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ
+μεγαλοθύμῳ μετὰ ξυνέσεως στρατιωτικάς, ἵν᾽ εἰς δέον ἔχῃ τῷ θυμῷ χρῆσθαι
+καὶ τῇ ῥώμῃ, τῷ δικαίῳ δὲ καὶ πρᾴῳ καὶ [D] φιλανθρώπῳ καὶ πρὸς οἶκτον
+εὐχερῶς ἐπικλωμένῳ τῶν πολιτικῶν τὰς ἀμφὶ τὰ συναλλάγματα, βοηθείας τοῖς
+ἀσθενεστέροις καὶ ἁπλουστέροις μηχανώμενον καὶ πένησι πρὸς τοὺς ἰσχυροὺς
+καὶ ἀπατεῶνας καὶ πανούργους καὶ ἐπαιρομένους τοῖς χρήμασιν ἐς τὸ
+βιάζεσθαι καὶ ὑπερορᾶν τῆς δίκης, τῷ δὲ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν κεκραμένῳ μείζονα
+ἐν(435) τῇ πόλει τιμὴν καὶ δύναμιν περιθετέον, καὶ αὐτῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν
+ἁμαρτημάτων κρίσεις, [91] οἷς ἕπεται τιμωρία καὶ κόλασις ἔνδικος ἐπ᾽
+ὠφελείᾳ τῶν ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων(436) ὀρθῶς ἂν καὶ ἐμφρόνως λογίζοιτο.
+κρίνας γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος ἀδεκάστως ἅμα τοῖς συνέδροις παραδώσει τῷ δημίῳ τὰ
+γνωσθέντα ἐπιτελεῖν, οὔτε διὰ θυμοῦ μέγεθος οὔτε διὰ μαλακίαν ψυχῆς
+ἁμαρτάνων τοῦ φύσει διακαίου. κινδυνεύει δὲ ὁ κράτιστος ἐν πόλει τοιοῦτός
+τις εἶναι, [B] τὰ μὲν ἐν ἀμφοτέροις ἔχων ἀγαθά, τὰς δὲ οἷον κῆρας ἐκ τοῦ
+πλεονάζοντος ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένων ἐκφεύγων. ἐφορῶν δὲ αὐτὸς
+ἅπαντα καὶ κατευθύνων καὶ ἄρχων ἀρχόντων τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν μεγίστων ἔργων
+καὶ διοικήσεων τεταγμένους καὶ αὐτῷ τῆς ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων βουλῆς κοινωνοῦντας
+ἀγαθούς τε εἶναι καὶ ὅ,τι μάλιστα αὑτοῦ παραπλησίους εὔξεται γενέσθαι.
+αἱρήσεται δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς οὐδὲ ὡς ἔτυχεν, οὐδ᾽ ἐθελήσει φαυλότερος εἶναι
+κριτὴς τῶν λιθογνωμόνων [C] καὶ τῶν βασανιζόντων τὸ χρυσίον ἢ τὴν
+πορφύραν. τούτοις γὰρ οὐ μία ὁδὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ἀπόχρη, ἀλλὰ συνιέντες
+οἶμαι τῶν πανουργεῖν ἐθελόντων ποικίλην καὶ πολύτροπον τὴν μοχθηρίαν καὶ
+τὰ ἐπιτεχνήματα εἰς δύναμιν ἅπασιν ἀντετάξαντο, καὶ ἀντέστησαν ἐλέγχους
+τοὺς ἐκ τῆς τέχνης. ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς περὶ τῆς κακίας ὑπολαμβάνων, ὡς ἐστὶ
+ποικίλη καὶ ἀπατηλὴ καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι χαλεπώτατον τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων, [D] ὅτι
+δὴ ψεύδεται πολλάκις ἀρετὴν ὑποδυομένη καὶ ἐξαπατᾷ τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους
+ὀξύτερον ὁρᾶν ἢ καὶ ἀποκάμνοντας τῷ μήκει τοῦ χρόνου πρὸς τὴν ἐξέτασιν, τὸ
+παθεῖν τι τοιοῦτον ὀρθῶς φυλάξεται. ἑλόμενος δὲ ἅπαξ καὶ περὶ αὑτὸν τοὺς
+ἀρίστους ἔχων τούτοις ἐπιτρέψει τὴν τῶν ἐλασσόνων ἀρχόντων αἵρεσιν.
+
+(But there are two kinds of error, for in one type of sinner may dimly be
+discerned a hope of improvement, nor do they wholly reject a cure, while
+the vices of others are incurable. And for the latter the laws have
+contrived the penalty of death as a release from evil, and this not only
+for the benefit of the criminal, but quite as much in the interest of
+others. Accordingly there must needs be two kinds of trials. For when men
+are not incurable the king will hold it to be his duty to investigate and
+to cure. But with the others he will firmly refuse to interfere, and will
+never willingly have anything to do with a trial when death is the penalty
+that has been ordained by the laws for the guilty. However, in making laws
+for such offences, he will do away with violence and harshness and cruelty
+of punishment, and will elect by lot, to judge them, a court of staid and
+sober men who throughout their lives have admitted the most rigid scrutiny
+of their own virtue, men who will not rashly, or led by some wholly
+irrational impulse, after deliberating for only a small part of the day,
+or it may be without even debating, cast the black voting‐tablet in the
+case of a fellow‐citizen. But in his own hand no sword should lie ready to
+slay a citizen, even though he has committed the blackest crimes, nor
+should a sting lurk in his soul, considering that, as we see, nature has
+made even the queen‐bee free from a sting. However it is not to bees that
+we must look for our analogy, but in my opinion to the king of the gods
+himself, whose prophet and vice‐regent the genuine ruler ought to be. For
+wherever good exists wholly untainted by its opposite, and for the benefit
+of mankind in common and the whole universe, of this good God was and is
+the only creator. But evil he neither created nor ordered to be,(437) but
+he banished it from heaven, and as it moves upon earth and has chosen for
+its abode our souls, that colony which was sent down from heaven, he has
+enjoined on his sons and descendants to judge and cleanse men from it. Now
+of these some are the friends and protectors of the human race, but others
+are inexorable judges who inflict on men harsh and terrible punishment for
+their misdeeds, both while they are alive and after they are set free from
+their bodies, and others again are as it were executioners and avengers
+who carry out the sentence, a different race of inferior and unintelligent
+demons. Now the king who is good and a favourite of the gods must imitate
+this example, and share his own excellence with many of his subjects,
+whom, because of his regard for them, he admits into this partnership; and
+he must entrust them with offices suited to the character and principles
+of each; military command for him who is brave and daring and high‐
+spirited, but discreet as well, so that when he has need he may use his
+spirit and energy; and for him who is just and kind and humane and easily
+prone to pity, that office in the service of the state that relates to
+contracts, devising this means of protection for the weaker and more
+simple citizens and for the poor against the powerful, fraudulent and
+wicked and those who are so buoyed up by their riches that they try to
+violate and despise justice; but to the man who combines both these
+temperaments he must assign still greater honour and power in the state,
+and if he entrust to him the trials of offences for which are enacted just
+pains and penalties with a view to recompensing the injured, that would be
+a fair and wise measure. For a man of this sort, together with his
+colleagues, will give an impartial decision, and then hand over to the
+public official the carrying out of the verdict, nor will he through
+excess of anger or tender‐heartedness fall short of what is essentially
+just. Now the ruler in our state will be somewhat like this, possessing
+only what is good in both those qualities, and in every quality that I
+mentioned earlier avoiding a fatal excess.(438) And though he will in
+person oversee and direct and govern the whole, he will see to it that
+those of his officials who are in charge of the most important works and
+management and who share his councils for the general good, are virtuous
+men and as far as possible like himself. And he will choose them, not
+carelessly or at random, nor will he consent to be a less rigorous judge
+than a lapidary or one who tests gold plate or purple dye. For such men
+are not satisfied with one method of testing, but since they know, I
+suppose, that the wickedness and devices of those who are trying to cheat
+them are various and manifold, they try to meet all these as far as
+possible, and they oppose to them the tests derived from their art. So too
+our ruler apprehends that evil changes its face and is apt to deceive, and
+that the cruellest thing that it does is that it often takes men in by
+putting on the garb of virtue, and hoodwinks those who are not keen
+sighted enough, or who in course of time grow weary of the length of the
+investigation, and therefore he will rightly be on his guard against any
+such deception. But when once he has chosen them, and has about him the
+worthiest men, he will entrust to them the choice of the minor officials.)
+
+Νόμων μὲν δὴ πέρι καὶ ἀρχόντων τοιάδε γινώσκει. τοῦ πλήθους δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐν
+τοῖς ἄστεσιν οὔτε ἀργὸν οὔτε αὔθαδες ἀνέξεται εἶναι οὔτε μὴν ἐνδεὲς τῶν
+ἀναγκαίων· [92] τὸ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς τῶν γεωργῶν φῦλον ἀροῦντες καὶ
+φυτεύοντες τροφὴν ἀποίσουσι τοῖς φύλαξι καὶ ἐπικούροις σφῶν, μισθὸν καὶ
+ἐσθῆτα τὴν ἀναγκαίαν. οἰκοδομήματα δὲ Ἀσσύρια καὶ πολυτελεῖς καὶ δαπανηρὰς
+λειτουργίας χαίρειν ἐάσαντες ἐν εἰρήνῃ πολλῇ τῶν τε ἔξωθεν πολεμίων καὶ
+τῶν οἴκοθεν καταβιώσονται, ἀγαπῶντες μὲν τὸν αἴτιον τῶν παρόντων σφίσι
+καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν δαίμονα, [B] ὑμνοῦντες δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸν θεὸν καὶ
+ἐπευχόμενοι, οὔτι πλαστῶς οὐδὲ ἀπὸ γλώττης, ἔνδοθεν δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς ψυχῆς
+αἰτοῦσιν αὐτῷ τὰ ἀγαθά. φθάνουσι δὲ οἱ θεοὶ τὰς εὐχάς, καὶ αὐτῷ πρότερον
+τὰ θεῖα δόντες οὐτὲ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἐστέρησαν. εἰ δὲ τὸ χρεὼν βιάζοιτο κακῷ
+τῷ περιπεσεῖν, τούτων δὴ τῶν θρυλουμένων ἀνηκέστων, χορευτήν τε αὑτῶν
+ἐποιήσαντο καὶ συνέστιον, [C] καὶ αὐτῷ κλέος καθ᾽ ἅπαντας ἤγειραν
+ἀνθρώπους. ταῦτα ἐγὼ τῶν σοφῶν ἀκούω πολλάκις, καί με ὁ λόγος ἰσχυρῶς
+πείθει. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς αὐτὸν διεξῆλθον, μακρότερα μὲν τυχὸν ἴσως τοῦ
+καιροῦ φθεγγόμενος, ἐλάττονα δὲ οἶμαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως· καὶ ὅτῳ γέγονε τῶν
+τοιούτων λόγων ἐπακούειν ἐν φροντίδι, οὗτος ὅτι μὴ ψεύδομαι σαφῶς
+ἐπίσταται. ἑτέρα δέ ἐστιν αἰτία τοῦ μήκους τῆς μὲν εἰρημένης ἧττον
+ἀναγκαία, [D] προσεχεστέρα δὲ οἶμαι τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ· τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ταύτης
+ἀγηκόους ὑμᾶς εἶναι χρή.
+
+(Such is his policy with regard to the laws and magistrates. As for the
+common people, those who live in the towns he will not allow to be idle or
+impudent, but neither will he permit them to be without the necessaries of
+life. And the farming class who live in the country, ploughing and sowing
+to furnish food for their protectors and guardians, will receive in return
+payment in money, and the clothes that they need. But as for Assyrian
+palaces and costly and extravagant public services, they will have nothing
+to do with them, and will end their lives in the utmost peace as regards
+enemies at home and abroad, and will adore the cause of their good fortune
+as though he were a kindly deity, and praise God for him when they pray,
+not hypocritically or with the lips only, but invoking blessings on him
+from the bottom of their hearts. But the gods do not wait for their
+prayers, and unasked they give him celestial rewards, but they do not let
+him lack human blessings either; and if fate should compel him to fall
+into any misfortune, I mean one of those incurable calamities that people
+are always talking about, then the gods make him their follower and
+associate, and exalt his fame among all mankind. All this I have often
+heard from the wise, and in their account of it I have the firmest faith.
+And so I have repeated it to you, perhaps making a longer speech than the
+occasion called for, but too short in my opinion for the theme. And he to
+whom it has been given to hear such arguments and reflect on them, knows
+well that I speak the truth. But there is another reason for the length of
+my speech, less forcible, but I think more akin to the present argument.
+And perhaps you ought not to miss hearing this also.)
+
+Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὑπομνησθῶμεν μικρὰ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν, ὁπότε τῆς ὑπὲρ τούτων
+διηγήσεως ἀπεπαυόμεθα. ἔφαμέν που χρῆναι τοὺς σπουδαίους τῶν ἀληθινῶν
+ἐπαίνων ἀκροατὰς οὐκ εἰς ταῦτα ὁρᾶν, ὧν ἡ τύχη καὶ τοῖς μοχθηροῖς πολλάκις
+μεταδίδωσιν, εἰς δὲ τὰς ἕξεις καὶ τὴν ἀρετήν, ἧς μόνοις μέτεστι τοῖς
+ἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσι καὶ φύσει σπουδαίοις. [93] εἶτα ἐντεῦθεν ἑλόντες(439) τοὺς
+ἑξῆς ἐπεραίνομεν λόγους, ὡς πρὸς(440) κανόνα τινὰ καὶ στάθμην
+ἀπευθύνοντες, ᾗ τοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ βασιλέων ἐπαίνους ἐναρμόττειν
+ἐχρῆν. καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἀληθὴς καὶ ἀπαράλλακτος ἁρμονία πρὸς τοῦτο γέγονε τὸ
+ἀρχέτυπον, ὄλβιος μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ ὄντως εὐδαίμων, εὐτυχεῖς δὲ οἱ
+μεταλαβάντες τῆς τοιαύτης ἀρχῆς· ὅστις δὲ ἐγγὺς ἀφίκετο, τῶν [B] πλέον
+ἀπολειφθέντων ἀμείνων καὶ εὐτυχέστερος· οἱ δὲ ἀπολειφθέντες παντελῶς ἢ καὶ
+τὴν ἐναντίαν τραπόμενοι δυστυχεῖς καὶ ἀνόντοι καὶ μοχθηροί, αὑτοῖς τε καὶ
+ἄλλοις τῶν μεγίστων αἴτιοι συμφορῶν.
+
+(In the first place, then, let me remind you briefly of what I said
+before, when I broke off my discourse for the sake of this digression.
+What I said was that, when serious‐minded people listen to sincere
+panegyrics, they ought not to look to those things of which fortune often
+grants a share even to the wicked, but to the character of the man and his
+virtues, which belong only to those who are good and by nature estimable;
+and, taking up my tale at that point, I pursued the arguments that
+followed, guiding myself as it were by the rule and measure to which one
+ought to adjust the eulogies of good men and good kings. And when one of
+them harmonises exactly and without variation with this model, he is
+himself happy and truly fortunate, and happy are those who have a share in
+such a government as his. And he who comes near to being like him is
+better and more fortunate than those who fall further short of him. But
+those who fail altogether to resemble him, or who follow an opposite
+course, are ill‐fated, senseless and wicked, and cause the greatest
+disasters to themselves and others.)
+
+Εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ ὑμῖν ταῦτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, ὥρα ἐπεξιέναι τοῖς ἔργοις, ἂ
+τεθαυμάκαμεν. καὶ ὅπως μή τις ὑπολάβῃ τὸν λόγον καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἰόντα, καθάπερ
+ἵππον ἀνταγωνιστοῦ στερόμενον ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις, κρατεῖν καὶ ἀποφέρειν τὰ
+νικητήρια, πειράσομαι, πῇ ποτε διαφέρετον ἀλλήλων ὅ τε ἡμέτερος [C] καὶ ὁ
+τῶν σοφῶν ῥητόρων ἔπαινος, δεῖξαι. οὐκοῦν οἱ μὲν τὸ προγόνων γενέσθαι
+δυναστῶν καὶ βασιλέων θαυμάζουσι μάλα, ὀλβίων καὶ εὐδαιμόνων μακαρίους
+ὑπολαμβάνοντες τοὺς ἐκγόνους· τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τούτοις οὔτε ἐνενόησαν οὔτε
+ἐσκέψαντο, τίνα τρόπον διατελοῦσιν τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς(441) χρώμενοι. καίτοι γε
+τοῦτο ἦν τῆς εὐτυχίας ἐκείνης τὸ κεφάλαιον καὶ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν ἐκτὸς
+ἀγαθῶν· εἰ μή τις καὶ πρὸς τοὔνομα δυσχεραίνει, [D] τὴν κτῆσιν ὑπὸ τῆς
+ἔμφρονος χρήσεως ἀγαθὴν καὶ φαύλην ὑπὸ τῆς ἐναντίας γίγνεσθαι συμβαίνειν·
+ὥστε οὐ μέγα, καθάπερ οἴονται, τὸ βασιλέως πλουσίου καὶ πολυχρύσου
+γενέσθαι, μέγα δὲ ἀληθῶς τὸ τὴν ἀρετὴν τὴν πατρῴαν ὑπερβαλλόμενον ἄμεμπτον
+αὑτὸν τοῖς γειναμένοις παρασχεῖν εἰς ἅπαν.
+
+(And now if you are in any way of my opinion, it is time to proceed to
+those achievements that we have so admired. And lest any should think that
+my argument is running alone, like a horse in a race that has lost its
+competitor and for that reason wins and carries off the prizes, I will try
+to show in what way my encomium differs from that of clever rhetoricians.
+For they greatly admire the fact that a man is born of ancestors who had
+power or were kings, since they hold that the sons of the prosperous and
+fortunate are themselves blest. But the question that next arises they
+neither think of nor investigate, I mean how they employed their
+advantages throughout their lives. And yet, after all, this is the chief
+cause of that happiness, and of almost all external goods. Unless indeed
+someone objects to this statement that it is only by wise use of it that
+property becomes a good, and that it is harmful when the opposite use is
+made. So that it is not a great thing, as they think, to be descended from
+a king who was wealthy and “rich in gold,” but it is truly great, while
+surpassing the virtue of one’s ancestors, to behave to one’s parents in a
+manner beyond reproach in all respects.)
+
+Βούλεσθε οὖν εἰ τοῦτο ὑπάρχει βασελεῖ καταμαθεῖν; παρέξομαι δὲ ὑμῖν ἐγὼ
+μαρτυρίαν πιστὴν, [94] καί με οὐχ αἱρήσετε ψευδομαρτυρίων,(442) εὖ οἶδα·
+ὑπομνήσω γὰρ ὑμᾶς(443) ὧν ἴστε· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἤδη τοῦ λεγομένου ξυνίετε, εἴ
+τε οὔπω δῆλον, αὐτίκα μάλα ξυνήσετε ἐννοήσαντες πρῶτον μὲν ὡς αὐτὸν ὁ
+πατὴρ ἠγάπα διαφερόντως, οὔτι πρᾷος ὢν λίαν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις οὐδὲ τῇ φύσει
+πλέον ἢ τῷ τρόπῳ διδούς, ἡττώμενος δὲ οἶμαι τῆς θεραπείας καὶ οὐκ ἔχων,
+[B] ὄτι μέμφοιτο, δῆλος ἦν εὔνους ὤν. καὶ αὐτοῦ σημεῖον τῆς γνώμης, πρῶτον
+μὲν ὅτι Κωνσταντίῳ ταύτην ἐξεῖλε τὴν μοῖραν, ἣν αὑτῷ πρότερον προσήκειν
+ἔχειν ὑπέλαβεν, εἶθ᾽ ὅτι τελευτῶν τὸν βίον, τὸν πρεσβύτατον καὶ τὸν
+νεώτατον ἀφεὶς σχολὴν ἄγοντας, τοῦτον δὴ ἄσχολον ἐκάλει καὶ ἐπέτρεπε τὰ
+περὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ξύμπαντα. γενόμενος δὲ ἐγκρατὴς ἁπάντων οὕτω τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς
+δικαίως ἅμα καὶ σωφρόνως προσηνέχθη, ὥστε οἱ μὲν οὔτε κληθέντες οὔτε
+ἀφικόμενοι πρὸς [C] ἀλλήλους ἐστασίαζον καὶ διεμάχοντο, τούτῳ δὲ
+ἐχαλέπαινον οὐδὲν οὐδὲ ἐμέμφοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτῶν ἡ στάσις τέλος εἶχεν οὐκ
+εὐτυχές, ἐξὸν μεταποιεῖσθαι πλειόνων, ἑκὼν ἀφῆκε, τῆς αὐτῆς ἀρετῆς
+ὑπολαμβάνων πολλά τε ἔθνη καὶ ὀλίγα δεῖσθαι, περικεῖσθαι δέ, οἶμαι,
+φροντίδας μείζονας ὅτῳ πλειόνων ἀνάνκη τημελεῖν καὶ(444) κήδεσθαι. οὐ γὰρ
+δὴ τρυφῆς ὑπολαμβάνει τὴν βασιλείαν εἶναι παρασκευὴν οὐδέ, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν
+χρημάτων εἰς πότους [D] καὶ ἡδονὰς οἱ καταχρώμενοι μειζόνων εὐπορίαν
+προσόδων ἐπινοοῦσιν, οὕτω χρῆναι τὸν βασιλέα παρασκευάζεσθαι, οὐδὲ
+ἀναιρεῖσθαι πόλεμον, ὅ,τι μὴ τῶν ἀρχομένων τῆς ὠφελείας ἕνεκα. οὐκοῦν
+ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἔχειν τὸ πλέον ξυγχωρῶν, αὐτὸς δὲ μετὰ ἀρετῆς ἔλαττον ἔχων τῷ
+κρατίστῳ πλεονεκτεῖν ὑπέλαβε. καὶ ὅτι μὴ δέει [95] μᾶλλον τῆς ἐκείνου
+παρασκευῆς τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπα, τεκμήριον ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς ἔστω ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα
+ξυμπεσὼν πόλεμος. ἐχρήσατο γοῦν πρὸς τὰς ἐκείνου δυνάμεις ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς
+ὅπλοις ὕστερον. πάλιν δὲ ἐνταῦθα ἐκεῖνοι μέν που τὸ νικᾶν τεθαυμάκασιν·
+ἐγὼ δὲ πολὺ πλέον τὸ ξὺν δίκῃ μὲν ἀνελέσθαι τὸν πόλεμον, διενεγκεῖν δὲ
+ἀνδρείως καὶ μάλα ἐμπείρως, ἐπιθείσης δὲ τὸ τέλος τῆς τύχης δεξιὸν
+χρήσασθαι τῇ νίκῃ σωφρόνως καὶ βασιλικῶς, καὶ ὅλως ἄξιον τοῦ κρατεῖν
+φανῆναι.
+
+(Do you wish to learn whether this is true of the Emperor? I will offer
+you trustworthy evidence, and I know well that you will not convict me of
+false witness. For I shall but remind you of what you know already. And
+perhaps you understand even now what I mean, but if it is not yet evident
+you very soon will, when you call to mind that the Emperor’s father loved
+him more than the others, though he was by no means over‐indulgent to his
+children, for it was character that he favoured rather than the ties of
+blood; but he was, I suppose, won over by the Emperor’s dutiful service to
+him, and as he had nothing to reproach him with, he made his affection for
+him evident. And a proof of his feeling is, first, that he chose for
+Constantius that portion of the empire which he had formerly thought best
+suited to himself, and, secondly, that when he was at the point of death
+he passed over his eldest(445) and youngest(446) sons, though they were at
+leisure, and summoned Constantius, who was not at leisure, and entrusted
+him with the whole government. And when he had become master of the whole,
+he behaved to his brothers at once so justly and with such moderation,
+that, while they who had neither been summoned nor had come of themselves
+quarrelled and fought with one another, they showed no resentment against
+Constantius, nor ever reproached him. And when their feud reached its
+fatal issue(447), though he might have laid claim to a greater share of
+empire, he renounced it of his own free will, because he thought that many
+nations or few called for the exercise of the same virtues, and also,
+perhaps, that the more a man has to look after and care for the greater
+are the anxieties beset him. For he does not think that the imperial power
+is a means of procuring luxury, nor that, as certain men who have wealth
+and misapply it for drink and other pleasures set their hearts on lavish
+and ever‐increasing revenues, this ought to be an emperor’s policy, nor
+that he ought ever to embark on a war except only for the benefit of his
+subjects. And so he allowed his brother(448) to have the lion’s share, and
+thought that if he himself possessed the smaller share with honour, he had
+the advantage in what was most worth having. And that it was not rather
+from fear of his brother’s resources that he preferred peace, you may
+consider clearly proved by the war that broke out later. For he had
+recourse to arms later on against his brother’s forces, but it was to
+avenge him(449). And here again there are perhaps some who have admired
+him merely for having won the victory. But I admire far more the fact that
+it was with justice that he undertook the war, and that he carried it
+through with great courage and skill, and, when fortune gave him a
+favourable issue, used his victory with moderation and in imperial
+fashion, and showed himself entirely worthy to overcome.)
+
+[B] Βούλεσθε οὖν καὶ τούτων ὑμῖν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς δικαστηρίοις ὀνομαστὶ
+καλῶμεν τοὺς μάρτυρας; καὶ ὅτι μὲν οὐδείς πω πόλεμος συνέστη πρότερον οὐδὲ
+ἐπὶ τὴν Τροίαν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας Μακεδόσιν, οἵπερ δὴ
+δοκοῦσιν ἐν δίκῃ γενέσθαι, τοσαύτην ἔχων ὑπόθεσιν, καὶ παιδί που δῆλον,
+τοῖς μέν γε λίαν ἀρχαίων ἀδικημάτων τιμωρίας σφόδρα νεαρᾶς(450) οὔτ᾽ εἰς
+παῖδας οὔτε εἰς ἐγγόνους γενομένης, ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀφελόμενον καὶ
+ἀποστερήσαντα [C] τὴν ἀρχὴν τοὺς τῶν ἀδικησάντων ἀπογόνους· Ἀγαμέμνων δὲ
+ὥρμητο
+
+(Now do you wish that, as though I were in a law‐court, I should summon
+before you by name witnesses of this also? But it is plain even to a child
+that no war ever yet arose that had so good an excuse, not even of the
+Greeks against Troy or of the Macedonians(451) against the Persians,
+though these wars, at any rate, are thought to have been justified, since
+the latter was to exact vengeance in more recent times for very ancient
+offences, and that not on sons or grandsons, but on him(452) who had
+robbed and deprived of their sovereignty the descendants of those very
+offenders. And Agamemnon set forth)
+
+
+    τίσασθαι Ἑλένης ὁρμήματά τε στοναχάς τε,
+
+    (“To avenge the strivings and groans of Helen,”(453))
+
+
+καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Τρῶας ἐστράτευε γυναῖκα μίαν ἐκδικεῖν ἐθέλων. τῷ δὲ ἔτι μὲν
+ἦν νεαρὰ τὰ ἀδικήματα, ἦρχε δὲ οὐ κατὰ Δαρεῖον οὐδὲ Πρίαμον ἀνὴρ εὐγενὴς
+καὶ τυχὸν δι᾽ ἀρετὴν ἢ κατὰ γένος προσηκούσης αὐτῷ τῆς βασιλείας ἀξιωθείς,
+ἀλλὰ ἀναιδὴς καὶ τραχὺς βάρβαρος τῶν ἑαλωκότων οὐ πρὸ πολλοῦ. [D] καὶ ὅσα
+μὲν ἔπραξε καὶ ὅπως ἦρχεν, οὔτε ἡδύ μοι λέγειν οὔτε ἐν καιρῷ· ἐν δίκῃ δὲ
+ὅτι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπολέμησεν, ἀκηκόατε. τῆς δὲ ἐμπειρίας καὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας
+ἱκανὰ μὲν τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα σημεῖα, πιστότερα δέ, οἶμαι, τὰ ἔργα τῶν
+λόγων. τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ γενόμενα καὶ ὅπως ξίφους μὲν οὐδὲν ἐδέησεν ἔτι,
+οὐδ᾽ εἴ τις ἀδικημάτων μειζόνων εἶχεν ὑποψίαν, [96] οὐδὲ εἴ τῳ πρὸς τὸν
+τύραννον οἰκειοτέρα γέγονε φιλία, οὐδὲ μὴν εἴ τις ἐκείνῳ χαριζόμενος
+φέρειν τε ἠξίου κηρύκιον καὶ ἐλοιδορεῖτο βασιλεῖ, τῆς προπετείας ἀπέτισε
+δίκην, ὅ,τι μὴ τἆλλα μοχθηρὸς ἦν, ἐννοήσατε δὴ πρὸς φιλίου Διός. ποταπὸν
+δὲ χρῆμα λοιδορία; ὡς θυμοδακὲς ἀληθῶς καὶ ἀμύττον ψυχὴν μᾶλλον ἢ σίδηρος
+χρῶτα; οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα παρώξυνεν εἰς δύναμιν ἀμύνασθαι λόγῳ τε καὶ
+ἔργῳ· διηνέχθη γοῦν ὑπὲρ τούτου πρὸς τὸν ξενοδόκον αὐτὸς ὢν ἀλήτης καὶ
+ξένος, καὶ ταῦτα εἰδώς, ὅτι
+
+(for it was because he desired to avenge one woman that he went to war
+with the Trojans. But the wrongs done to Constantius were still fresh, and
+he(454) who was in power was not, like Darius or Priam, a man of royal
+birth who, it may be, laid claim to an empire that belonged to him by
+reason of his birth or his family, but a shameless and savage barbarian
+who not long before had been among the captives of war.(455) But all that
+he did and how he governed is neither agreeable for me to tell nor would
+it be well‐timed. And that the Emperor was justified in making war on him
+you have heard, and of his skill and courage what I said earlier is proof
+enough, but deeds are, I think, more convincing than words. But what
+happened after the victory, and how he no longer made use of the sword,
+not even against those who were under suspicion of serious crimes, or who
+had been familiar friends of the usurper, nay not even against anyone who,
+to curry favour with the latter, had stooped to win a tale‐bearer’s fee by
+slandering the Emperor, consider, in the name of Zeus the god of
+friendship, that not even these paid the penalty of their audacity, except
+when they were guilty of other crimes. And yet what a terrible thing is
+slander! How truly does it devour the heart and wound the soul as iron
+cannot wound the body! This it was that goaded Odysseus to defend himself
+by word and deed. At any rate it was for this reason that he quarrelled
+with his host(456) when he was himself a wanderer and a guest, and though
+he knew that)
+
+
+    Ἄφρων ... καὶ οὐτιδανὸς πέλει ἀνήρ,
+    Ὅστις ξεινοδόκῳ ἔριδα προφέρῃσι βαρεῖαν,
+
+    (“Foolish and of nothing worth is that man who provokes a violent
+    quarrel with his host.”(457))
+
+
+καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Ἀχιλλέα τὸν Θέτιδος(458) καὶ ἄλλους δὲ
+τινας οὐ φαύλος οὐδὲ ἀγεννεῖς ἀνθρώπους. [C] μόνῳ δὲ ὑπῆρχεν, οἶμαι,
+Σωκράτει καὶ σπανίοις τισὶν ἐκείνου ζηλωταῖς, εὐδαίμοσιν ἀληθῶς καὶ
+μακαρίοις γενομένοις, τὸν ἔσχατον ἀποδύσασθαι χιτῶνα τῆς φιλοτιμίας.
+φιλότιμον γὰρ δεινῶς τὸ πάθος, καὶ ἔοικεν ἐμφύεσθαι διὰ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ταῖς
+γενναίαις ψυχαῖς· ἄχθονται γὰρ ὡς ἐναντιωτάτῳ σφίσι λοιδορίᾳ, [D] καὶ τοὺς
+ἀπορρίπτοντας ἐς αὐτοὺς τοιαῦτα ῥήματα μισοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς ἐπάγοντας τὸν
+σίδηρον καὶ ἐπιβουλεύοντας φόνον, διαφόρους τε αὑτοῖς ὑπολαμβάνουσι φύσει
+καὶ οὐ νόμῳ, εἴ γε οἱ μὲν ἐπαίνου καὶ τιμῆς ἐρῶσιν, οἱ δὲ οὐ τούτων μόνον
+ἀφαιροῦνται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς μηχανῶνται βλασφημίας ψευδεῖς. τούτου καὶ
+Ἡρακλέα φασὶ καὶ ἄλλους δέ τινας ἀκράτορας τοῦ πάθους γενέσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ
+οὔτε περὶ ἐκείνων τῷ λόγῳ πείθομαι, καὶ βασιλέα τεθέαμαι σφόδρα ἐγκρατῶς
+τὴν λοιδορίαν ἀποτρεψάμενον,(459) [97] οὔτι φαυλότερον ἔργον, ὡς ἐγὼ
+κρίνω, τοῦ Τροίαν ἑλεῖν καὶ φάλαγγα γενναίαν τρέψασθαι. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις
+καὶ οὐ μέγα οἴεται οὐδὲ ἄξιον έπαίνων τοσούτων, ἐς αὑτὸν ἀφορῶν, ὅταν ἔν
+τινι τοιαύτῃ ξυμφορᾷ γένηται, κρινέτω, καὶ αὐτῷ οὐ σφόδρα ληρεῖν δόξομεν,
+ὡς ἐγὼ πείθομαι.
+
+(And so it was with Alexander, Philip’s son, and Achilles, son of Thetis,
+and others who were not worthless or ignoble men. But only to Socrates, I
+think, and a few others who emulated him, men who were truly fortunate and
+happy, was it given to put off the last garment that man discards—the love
+of glory.(460) For resentment of calumny is due to the passion for glory,
+and for this reason it is implanted most deeply in the noblest souls. For
+they resent it as their deadliest foe, and those who hurl at them
+slanderous language they hate more than men who attack them with the sword
+or plot their destruction; and they regard them as differing from
+themselves, not merely in their acquired habits, but in their essential
+nature, seeing that they love praise and honour, and the slanderer not
+only robs them of these, but also manufactures false accusations against
+them. They say that even Heracles and certain other heroes were swayed by
+these emotions. But for my part I do not believe this account of them, and
+as for the Emperor I have seen him repelling calumny with great self‐
+restraint, which in my judgment is no slighter achievement than “to take
+Troy”(461) or rout a powerful phalanx. And if anyone does not believe me,
+and thinks it no great achievement nor worth all these praises, let him
+observe himself when a misfortune of this sort happens to him, and then
+let him decide; and I am convinced that he will not think that I am
+talking with exceeding folly.)
+
+Τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν καὶ γενόμενος βασιλεὺς μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον εἰκότως οὐ μόνον
+ἐστὶ ποθεινὸς τοῖς φίλοις καὶ ἀγαπητός, [B] πολλοῖς(462) μὲν τιμῆς καὶ
+δυνάμεως καὶ παρρησίας μεταδιδούς, χρήματα δὲ αὐτοῖς ἄφθονα χαριζόμενος
+καὶ χρῆσθαι ὅπως τις βούλεται τῷ πλούτῳ ξυγχωρῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις
+τοιοῦτος ἐδόκει. τεκμήριον δὲ ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς καὶ τοῦδε γιγνέσθω· ἄνδρες, τῆς
+γερουσίας ὅτιπερ ὄφελος, ἀξιώσει καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ ξυνέσει διαφέροντες τῶν
+ἄλλων, ὥσπερ ἐς λιμένα καταφεύγοντες τὴν τούτου δεξιάν, ἑστίας τε λιπόντες
+[C] καὶ οἴκους καὶ παῖδας Παιονίαν μὲν ἀντὶ τῆς Ῥώμης, τὴν μετὰ τούτου δὲ
+ἀντὶ τῶν φιλτάτων συνουσίαν ἠσπάσαντο, ἴλη τε τῶν ἐπιλέκτων ἱππέων ξὺν
+τοῖς σημείοις καὶ τὸν στρατηγὸν ἄγουσα τούτῳ τοῦ κινδύνου ξυμμετέχειν
+μᾶλλον ἢ ἐκείνῳ τῆς εὐτυχίας ἠξίου. καὶ ταῦτα ἅπαντα ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ τῆς μάχης
+ἣν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δράου ταὶς ᾐόσιν ὁ πρόσθεν λόγος παρέστησεν· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ ἤδη
+βεβαίως ἐθάρρουν, τέως δ ἐδόκει τὰ τῶν τυράννων ἐπικρατεῖν, [D]
+πλεονεκτήματός τινος περὶ τοὺς κατασκόπους τοὺς(463) βασιλέως γενομένου, ὁ
+δὴ ἐκεῖνόν τε ἐποίησεν ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς ἄφρονα καὶ ἐξετάραττε τοὺς οὐ
+δυναμένους ἐφικνεῖσθαι οὐδὲ διορᾶν τὴν στρατηγίαν. ὁ δὲ ἦν ἀκατάπληκτος
+καὶ γεννάδας καθάπερ ἀγαθὸς νεὼς κυβερνήτης, ἐξαπίνης νεφῶν ῥαγείσης
+λαίλαπος, εἶτα ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ θεοῦ σείοντος τὸν βυθὸν καὶ τὰς ᾐόνας. ἐνταῦθα
+γὰρ τοὺς μὲν ἀπείρους δεινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον κατέλαβε δέος, [98] ὁ δὲ ἤδη
+χαίρει καὶ γάνυται, γαλήνην ἀκριβῆ καὶ νηνεμίαν ἐλπίζων. λέγεται γὰρ δὴ
+καὶ ὁ Ποσειδῶν συνταράττων τὴν γῆν παύειν τὰ κύματα. καὶ ἡ τύχη δὲ τοὺς
+ἀνοήτους ἐξαπατᾷ καὶ σφάλλει περὶ τοῖς μείζοσι, μικρὰ πλεονεκτεῖν
+ἐπιτρέπουσα, τοῖς ἔμφροσι δὲ τὸ βεβαίως θαρσεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων, ὅταν ἐν
+τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν αὐτοὺς διαταράττῃ, παρέχει. τοῦτο Λακεδαιμόνιοι παθόντες ἐν
+Πύλαις οὐκ ἀπηγόρευον οὐδὲ ἔδεισαν [B] τὸν Μῆδον ἐπιφερόμενον, τριακοσίους
+Σπαρτιατῶν καὶ τὸν βασιλέα περὶ τὰς εἰσβολὰς τῆς Ἑλλάδος προέμενοι· τοῦτο
+Ῥωμαῖοι πολλάκις παθόντες μείζονα κατώρθουν ὕστερον· ὁ δὴ καὶ βασιλεὺς
+ἐννοῶν καὶ λογιζόμενος οὐδαμῶς ἐσφάλη τῆς γνώμης.
+
+(Now since this was and is the Emperor’s behaviour after the war, he is
+naturally loved and “longed for by his friends,”(464) since he has
+admitted many of them to honour and power and freedom of speech, and has
+bestowed on them as well vast sums of money, and permits them to use their
+wealth as they please; but even to his enemies he is the same. The
+following may serve as a clear proof of this. Those members of the Senate
+who were of any account and surpassed the rest in reputation and wealth
+and wisdom, fled to the shelter of his right hand as though to a harbour,
+and, leaving behind their hearths and homes and children, preferred
+Paeonia(465) to Rome, and to be with him rather than with their dearest.
+Again, a division of the choicest of the cavalry together with their
+standards, and bringing their general(466) with them, chose to share
+danger with him rather than success with the usurper. And all this took
+place before the battle on the banks of the Drave, which the earlier part
+of my speech described to you. For after that they began to feel perfect
+confidence, though before that it looked as though the usurper’s cause was
+getting the upper hand, when he gained some slight advantage in the affair
+of the Emperor’s scouts,(467) which indeed made the usurper beside himself
+with joy and greatly agitated those who were incapable of grasping or
+estimating generalship. But the Emperor was unperturbed and heroic, like a
+good pilot when a tempest has suddenly burst from the clouds, and next
+moment, the god shakes the depths and the shores. Then a terrible and
+dreadful panic seizes on those who are inexperienced, but the pilot begins
+to rejoice, and is glad, because he can now hope for a perfect and
+windless calm. For it is said that Poseidon, when he makes the earth
+quake, calms the waves. And just so fortune deceives the foolish and
+deludes them about more important things by allowing them some small
+advantage, but in the wise she inspires unshaken confidence about more
+serious affairs even when she disconcerts them in the case of those that
+are less serious. This was what happened to the Lacedaemonians at
+Pylae,(468) but they did not despair nor fear the onset of the Mede
+because they had lost three hundred Spartans and their king(469) at the
+entrance into Greece. This often happened to the Romans, but they achieved
+more important successes later on. Wherefore, since the Emperor knew this
+and counted on it, he in no way wavered in his purpose.)
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ἅπαξ ἑκὼν ὁ λόγος ἐς τοῦτο ἀφῖκται καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τοῦ
+πλήθους καὶ τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ τῶν φυλάκων, οἵπερ δὴ ξυμφυλάττουσιν αὐτῷ τὴν
+ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπείργουσι τοὺς πολεμίους, διηγεῖται βούλεσθε [C] ὑμῖν ἐναργὲς
+εἴπω τεκμήριον χθές που ἢ καὶ πρῴην γενόμενον; ἀνὴρ τῶν ἐπιταχθέντων τοῖς
+ἐν Γαλατίᾳ στρατοπέδοις· ἴστε ἴσως καὶ τοὔνομα καὶ τὸν τρόπον· ὅμηρον
+φιλίας καὶ πίστεως ἀπέλιπεν οὐδὲν δεομένῳ βασιλεῖ τὸν παῖδα· εἶτα ἦν
+ἀπιστότερος τῶν λεόντων, οἷς οὐκ ἔστι, φησί, πρὸς ἄνδρας(470) ὅρκια πιστά,
+ἁρπάζων τε ἐκ τῶν πόλεων [D] τὰ χρήματα καὶ διανέμων τοῖς ἐπιοῦσι
+βαρβάροις καὶ ὥσπερ λύτρα καταβαλλόμενος, ἐξὸν τῷ σιδήρῳ παρασκευάζειν καὶ
+οὐ τοῖς χρήμασι ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν· ὁ δὲ ἐκείνους ὑπήγετο διὰ τῶν
+χρημάτων εἰς εὔνοιαν· καὶ τέλος ἐκ τῆς γυναικωνίτιδος ἀνελόμενος ἁλουργὲς
+ἱμάτιον γελοῖος ἀληθῶς τύραννος καὶ τραγικὸς ὄντως ἀνεφάνη. ἐνταῦθα οἱ
+στρατιῶται χαλεπῶς μὲν εἶχον πρὸς τὴν ἀπιστίαν, θῆλυν δὲ οὐχ ὑπομένοντες
+ὁρᾶν ἐνδεδυκότα [99] στολὴν τὸν δείλαιον ἐπιθέμενοι σπαράττουσιν, οὐδὲ τὸν
+τῆς σελήνης κύκλον ἄρξαι σφῶν ἀνασχόμενοι. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ παρὰ τῆς τῶν
+φυλάκων εὐνοίας ὑπῆρξε βασιλεί τὸ γέρας, ἀρχῆς ἀμεμφοῦς καὶ δικαίας ἀμοιβὴ
+θαυμαστή. ὅστις δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ γέγονε ποθεῖτε ἀκούειν· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ὑμᾶς
+λέληθεν, ὅτι μήτε ἐς τὸν ἐκείνου παῖδα χαλεπὸς μήτε ἐς τοὺς φίλους ὕποπτος
+καὶ δεινὸς εἵλετο γενέσθαι, [B] ἀλλα ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα πρᾴως εἶχε καὶ εὐμενὴς
+πᾶσιν ἦν καίτοι πολλῶν συκοφαντεῖν ἐθελόντων καὶ διηρμένων ἐπὶ τοὺς οὐκ
+αἰτίους τὰ κέντρα. πολλῶν δὲ τυχὸν ἀληθῶς ἐνόχων ὄντων ταῖς περὶ αὐτῶν
+ὑποψίαις, ὁμοίως ἅπασιν ἦν πρᾷος τοῖς οὐκ ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν(471) οὐδὲ
+ἀποφανθεῖσι κοινωνοῖς τῶν ἀτόπων καὶ ἐξαγίστων βουλευμάτων. τὴν δὲ ἐς τὸν
+τοῦ παρανομήσαντος παῖδα καὶ πατήσαντος πίστιν καὶ ὅρκια [C] φειδὼ ἆρα
+βασιλικὸν ἀληθῶς καὶ θεῖον φήσομεν, ἢ μᾶλλον ἀποδεξόμεθα τὸν ἀγαμέμνονα
+χαλεπαίνοντα καὶ πικραινόμενον τῶν Τρώων οὐ τοῖς ξυνεξελθοῦσι μόνον τῷ
+Πάριδι καὶ καθυβρίσασι τοῦ Μενέλεω τὴν ἑστίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κυουμένοις
+ἔτι καὶ ὧν τυχὸν οὐδὲ αἱ μητέρες τότ᾽ ἐγεγόνεσαν, ὁπότε ἐκεῖνος τὰ περὶ
+τὴν ἁρπαγὴν ἐνενόει; εἰ δὴ τὸ μὲν ὠμόν τις οἴεται [D] καὶ τραχὺ καὶ
+ἀπάνθρωπον ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ πρέπειν, τὸ πρᾷον δὲ οἶμαι καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ
+φιλάνθρωπον ἁρμόττειν ἥκιστα μὲν χαίροντι τιμωρίαις, ἀχθομένωι δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς
+τῶν ὑπηκόων ξυμφοραῖς, ὅπως ἂν γίγνωνται, εἴτε κακίᾳ σφῶν καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ, εἴτε
+ἔξωθεν παρὰ τῆς τύχης ἐπάγοιντο, δῆλός ἐστι τούτῳ διδοὺς τὰ νικητήρια.
+ἐννοεῖτε γάρ, ὡς περὶ τὸν παῖδα γέγονε τοῦ φύσαντος ἀμείνων καὶ
+δικαιότερος, περὶ δὲ τοὺς ἐκείνου φίλους [100] πιστότερος τοῦ τὴν φιλίαν
+ὁμολογήσαντος. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντας προεῖτο, ὁ δὲ ἀπέσωσεν ἅπαντας. καὶ εἰ
+μὲν ἐκεῖνος ταῦτα περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐγνωκὼς(472) τρόπου ἅτε ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ
+κατανοήσας σφόδρα ἐπίστευεν, ἀσφαλῶς μέν οἱ τὰ τοῦ παιδός, βεβαίως δὲ
+ὁρμεῖν τὰ τῶν φίλων, συνίει μὲν ὀρθῶς, πολλάκις δὲ ἧν πανοῦργος καὶ
+μοχθηρὸς καὶ δυστυχής, πολέμιος ἐθέλων εἶναι τῷ τοιοίτῳ καὶ ὃν σφόδρα
+ἀγαθὸν καὶ διαφερόντως [B] πρᾷον ἠπίστατο μισῶν καὶ ἐπιβουλεύων καὶ
+ἀφαιρούμενος ὧν οὐδαμῶς ἐχρῆν. εἰ δέ, ἀνελπίστου μέν οἱ τοῦ παιδὸς τῆς
+σωτηρίας τυγχανούσης, χαλεπῆς δὲ καὶ ἀδυνάτου τῆς(473) τῶν φίλων καὶ τῶν
+συγγενῶν, τὴν ἀπιστίαν ὅμως προείλετο, ὁ μὲν ἦν καὶ διὰ ταῦτα μοχθηρὸς καὶ
+ἀνόητος καὶ ἀγριώτερος τῶν θηρίων, ὁ δὲ ἥμερος καὶ πρᾷος καὶ μεγαλόφρων,
+τοῦ μὲν νηπίου κατελεήσας τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ τὸν τρόπον, [C] τοῖς δὲ οὐκ
+ἐξελεγχθεῖσι πρᾷως ἔχων, τοῦ δὲ ὑπεριδὼν καὶ καταφρονήσας τῶν
+πονηρευμάτων. ὁ γὰρ ἃ μηδὲ τῶν ἐχθρῶν τις διὰ μέγεθος ὧν αὑτῷ σύνοιδεν
+ἀδικημάτων ἐλπίζει ξυγχωρῶν εἰκότως ἀρετῆς ἐστι νικηφόρος, τὴν δίκην μὲν
+ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον καὶ πρᾳότερον μετατιθεῖς, σωφροσύνῃ δὲ ὑπερβαλλόμενος τοὺς
+τὸ μέτριον ἐπιτιθέντας ταῖς τιμωρίαις, ἀνδρείᾳ δὲ διαφέρων τῷ μηδένα [D]
+πολέμιον ἀξιόχρεων ὑπολαμβάνειν, φρόνησιν δὲ ἐπιδεικνύμενος τῷ
+συγκαταλύειν τὰς ἔχθρας καὶ οὐ παραπέμπειν εἰς τοὺς παῖδας οἐδὲ εἰς
+ἐγγόνους προφάσει τῆς ἀκριβοῦς δίκης καὶ τοῦ βούλεσθαι(474) ἐπιεικῶς μάλα
+πίτυος δίκην τῶν πονηρῶν ἀφανίζειν τὰ σπέρματα. ἐκείνων γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὸ
+ἔργον τόδε, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὴν εἰκόνα παλαιὸς ἀπέφηνε λόγος. ὁ δὲ ἀγαθὸς
+βασιλεὺς μιμούμενος ἀτεχνῶς τὸν θεὸν [101] οἶδε μὲν καὶ ἐκ τῶν πετρῶν
+ἑσμοὺς μελιττῶν ἐξιπταμένους, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ δριμυτάτου ξύλου τὸν γλυκὺν
+καρπὸν φυόμενον, σῦκά φημι τὰ χαρίεντα, καὶ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν τὴν σίδην καὶ ἄλλα
+ἐξ ἄλλων φυόμενα ἀνόμοια τοῖς γεννῶσι καὶ ἀποτίκτουσιν. οὔκουν οἴεται
+ταῦτα χρῆναι πρὸ τῆς ἀκμῆς διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ περιμένειν τὸν χρόνον καὶ
+ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτοῖς ἀπωσαμένοις τῶν πατέρων τὴν ἄνοιαν [B] καὶ τὴν μωρίαν
+ἀγαθοῖς γενέσθαι καὶ σώφροσι, ζηλωτὰς δὲ γενομένους τῶν πατρῴων
+ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὑφέξειν ἐν καιρῷ τὴν δίκην, οὐκ ἀλλοτρίοις ἔργοις καὶ
+ξυμφοραῖς παραναλωθέντας.
+
+(But seeing that my argument has, of its own accord, once reached this
+point and is describing the affection that the Emperor inspires in the
+common people, the magistrates, and the garrisons who aid him to protect
+the empire and repulse its enemies, are you willing that I should relate
+to you a signal proof of this, which happened, one may say, yesterday or
+the day before? A certain man(475) who had been given the command of the
+garrisons in Galatia—you probably know his name and character—left his son
+behind him as a hostage for his friendship and loyalty to the Emperor,
+though not at the Emperor’s request. Then he proved to be more treacherous
+than “lions who have no faithful covenants with man,”(476) as the poet
+says, and plundered the cities of their wealth and distributed it among
+the invading barbarians, paying it down as a sort of ransom, though he was
+well able to take measures to win security by the sword rather than by
+money. But he tried to win them over to friendliness by means of money.
+And finally he took from the women’s apartments a purple dress, and showed
+himself truly a tyrant and tragical indeed. Then the soldiers, resenting
+his treachery, would not tolerate the sight of him thus dressed up in
+women’s garb,(477) and they set on the miserable wretch and tore him limb
+from limb,(478) nor would they endure either that the crescent moon(479)
+should rule over them. Now it was the affection of his garrison that gave
+the Emperor this guerdon, a wonderful recompense for his just and
+blameless rule. But you are eager to hear how he behaved after this. This
+too, however, you cannot fail to know, that he chose neither to be harsh
+towards that man’s son(480) nor suspicious and formidable to his friends,
+but in the highest possible degree he was merciful and kindly to them all,
+though many desired to bring false accusations(481) and had raised their
+stings to strike the innocent. But though many were perhaps really
+involved in the crimes of which they were suspected, he was merciful to
+all alike, provided they had not been convicted or proved to be partners
+in the usurper’s monstrous and abominable schemes. And shall we not
+declare that the forbearance shown by him towards the son of one who had
+broken the laws and trampled on loyalty and sworn covenants was truly
+royal and godlike; or shall we rather approve Agamemnon, who vented his
+rage and cruelty not only on those Trojans who had accompanied Paris and
+had outraged the hearth of Menelaus, but even on those who were yet
+unborn, and whose mothers even were perhaps not yet born when Paris
+plotted the rape? Anyone therefore who thinks that cruelty and harshness
+and inhumanity ill become a king, and that mercy and goodness and human
+kindness befit one who takes no pleasure in acts of vengeance, but grieves
+at the misfortunes of his subjects, however they may arise, whether from
+their own wickedness and ignorance or aimed at them from without by fate,
+will, it is evident, award to the Emperor the palm of victory. For bear in
+mind that he was kinder and more just to the boy than his own father, and
+to the usurper’s friends he was more loyal than he who acknowledged the
+tie of friendship. For the usurper forsook them all, but the Emperor saved
+them all. And if the usurper, knowing all this about the Emperor’s
+character, since he had for a long time been able to observe it, was
+entirely confident that his son was safely at anchor and his friends
+securely also, then he did indeed understand him aright, but he was many
+times over criminal and base and accursed for desiring to be at enmity
+with such a man, and for hating one whom he knew to be so excellent and so
+surpassingly mild, and for plotting against him and trying to rob him of
+what it was a shame to take from him. But if, on the other hand, his son’s
+safety was something that he had never hoped for, and the safety of his
+friends and kinsfolk he had thought difficult or impossible, and he
+nevertheless chose to be disloyal, this is yet another proof that he was
+wicked and infatuated and fiercer than a wild beast, and that the Emperor
+was gentle and mild and magnanimous, since he took pity on the youth of
+the helpless child, and was merciful to those who were not proved guilty,
+and ignored and despised the crimes of the usurper. For he who grants what
+not one of his enemies expects, because the guilt that is on their
+conscience is so great, beyond a doubt carries off the prize for virtue:
+for while he tempers justice with what is nobler and more merciful, in
+self‐restraint he surpasses those who are merely moderate in their
+vengeance; and in courage he excels because he thinks no enemy worthy of
+notice; and his wisdom he displays by suppressing enmities and by not
+handing them down to his sons and descendants on the pretext of strict
+justice, or of wishing, and very reasonably too, to blot out the seed of
+the wicked like the seed of a pine‐tree.(482) For this is the way of those
+trees, and in consequence an ancient tale(483) gave rise to this simile.
+But the good Emperor, closely imitating God, knows that even from rocks
+swarms of bees fly forth, and that sweet fruits grow even from the
+bitterest wood, pleasant figs, for instance, and from thorns the
+pomegranate, and there are other instances where things are produced
+entirely unlike the parents that begat them and brought them forth.
+Therefore he thinks that we ought not to destroy these before they have
+reached maturity, but to wait for time to pass, and to trust them to cast
+off the folly and madness of their fathers and become good and temperate,
+but that, if they should turn out to emulate their fathers’ practices,
+they will in good time suffer punishment, but they will not have been
+uselessly sacrificed because of the deeds and misfortunes of others.
+
+Ἆρ᾽ οὖν ὑμῖν ἱκανῶς δοκοῦμεν ἐκτετελεκέναι τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον; ἢ ποθεῖτε
+ἀκούειν ὑμεῖς καὶ τὴν καρτερίαν καὶ τὴν σεμνότητα, καὶ ὡς οὐ μόνον ἐστὶ
+τῶν πολεμίων ἀήττητος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ οὔτε αἰσχρᾶς ἐπιθυμίας ἑάλω πώποτε, οὔτε
+οἰκίας καλῆς οὔτ᾽ ἐπαύλεως πολυτελοῦς οὔτε ὅρμων σμαραγδίνων ἐπιθυμήσας
+ἀφείλετο βίᾳ ἢ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς κεκτημένους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ γυναικὸς ἐλευθέρας
+οὐδὲ θεραπαίνης, οὐδὲ ὅλως τὴν ἄδικον ἀφροδίτην ἠγάπησε, καὶ ὡς οὐδὲ ὧν
+ὧραι φύουσιν ἀγαθῶν τὴν ἄμετρον ἀπαιτεῖ πλησμονήν, οὐδὲ αὐτῷ θέρους ὥρᾳ
+τοῦ κρυστάλλου μέλει, [D] οὐδὲ μεταβάλλει πρὸς τὰς ὥρας τὴν οἴκησιν, τοῖς
+πονουμένοις δὲ ἀεὶ πάρεστι τῆς ἀρχῆς μέρεσιν ἀντέχων καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρύος καὶ
+πρὸς τὰ θάλπη τὰ γενναῖα; τούτων δὲ εἴ με κελεύοιτε φέρειν ὑμῖν ἐμφανῆ τὰ
+τεκμήρια, γνώριμα μὲν ἐρῶ καὶ οὐκ ἀπορήσω, μακρὸς δὲ ὁ λόγος καὶ
+διωλύγιος, ἐμοί τε οὐ σχολὴ τὰς μούσας ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον θεραπεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥρα
+λοιπὸν πρὸς ἔργον τρέπεσθαι.
+
+(Now do you think I have made my sincere panegyric sufficiently thorough
+and complete? Or are you anxious to hear also about the Emperor’s powers
+of endurance and his august bearing, and that not only is he unconquerable
+by the enemy, but has never yet succumbed to any disgraceful appetite, and
+never coveted a fine house or a costly palace or a necklace of emeralds,
+and then robbed their owners of them either by violence or persuasion; and
+that he has never coveted any free‐born woman or handmaid or pursued any
+dishonourable passion; and that he does not even desire an immoderate
+surfeit of the good things that the seasons produce, or care for ice in
+summer, or change his residence with the time of year; but is ever at hand
+to aid those portions of the empire that are in trouble, enduring both
+frost and extreme heat? But if you should bid me bring before you plain
+proofs of this, I shall merely say what is familiar to all, and I shall
+not lack evidence, but the account would be long, a monstrous speech, nor
+indeed have I leisure to cultivate the Muses to such an extent, for it is
+now time for me to turn to my work.(484))
+
+
+
+
+
+ORATION III
+
+
+
+
+Introduction To Oration III
+
+
+The Third Oration is an expression of gratitude (χαριστήριος λόγος)(485)
+to the Empress Eusebia, the first wife of Constantius. After Julian’s
+intractable step‐brother Gallus Caesar had been murdered by the Emperor,
+he was summoned to the court at Milan, and there, awkward and ill at ease,
+cut off from his favourite studies and from the society of philosophers,
+surrounded by intriguing and unfriendly courtiers, and regarded with
+suspicion by the Emperor, Julian was protected, encouraged and advised by
+Eusebia. His praise and gratitude are, for once, sincere. The oration must
+have been composed either in Gaul or shortly before Julian set out thither
+after the dangerous dignity of the Caesarship had been thrust upon him.
+His sincerity has affected his style, which is simpler and more direct
+than that of the other two Panegyrics.
+
+
+
+
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΙΑΣ
+
+(Julian, Caesar)
+
+ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΔΟΣ ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ
+
+(Panegyric in Honour of the Empress Eusebia)
+
+[102] Τί ποτε ἄρα χρὴ διανοεῖσθαι περὶ τῶν ὀφειλόντων μεγάλα καὶ πέρα(486)
+μεγάλων, οὔτι φημὶ χρυσίον οὐδὲ ἀργύριον, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς ὅ,τι ἂν τύχῃ τις παρὰ
+τοῦ πέλας εὖ παθών· εἶτα τοιαῦτα μὲν ἀποτίνειν οὔτε ἐπιχειρούντων οὔτε
+διανοουμένων, ῥᾳθύμως δὲ καὶ ὀλιγώρως ἐχόντων πρὸς τὸ τὰ δυνατὰ ποιεῖν καὶ
+διαλύεσθαι τὸ ὄφλημα; [B] ἢ δῆλον ὅτι φαύλους καὶ μοχθηροὺς νομιστέον;
+οὐδενὸς γὰρ οἶμαι τῶν ἄλλων ἀδικημάτων ἔλαττον μισοῦμεν ἀχαριστίαν καὶ
+ὀνειδίζομεν τοῦς ἀνθρώποις, ὅταν εὖ παθόντες περὶ τοὺς εὐεργέτας ὦσιν
+ἀχάριστοι· ἔστι δὲ οὐχ οὗτος ἀχάριστος μόνον, ὅστις εὖ παθὼν δρᾷ κακῶς ἢ
+λέγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅστις σιωπᾷ καὶ ἀποκρύπτει, λήθῃ παραδιδοὺς καὶ ἀφανίζων
+τὰς χάριτας. καὶ τῆς μὲν θηριώδους ἐκείνης [C] καὶ ἀπανθρώπου μοχθηρίας
+σφόδρα ὀλίγα καὶ εὐαρίθμητα κομιδῇ τὰ παραδείγματα· πολλοὶ δὲ ἀποκρύπτουσι
+τὸ δοκεῖν εὖ παθεῖν, οὐκ οἶδα ὅ,τι βουλόμενοι· φασὶ δὲ ὅμως θωπείας τινὸς
+καὶ ἀγεννοῦς κολακείας τὴν δόξαν ἐκκλίνειν. ἐγὼ δὲ [103] τούτους(487) μὲν
+ὅτι μηδὲν ὑγιὲς λέγουσι σαφῶς εἰδὼς ὅμως ἀφίημι, καὶ κείσθω διαφεύγειν
+αὐτούς, καθάπερ οἴονται, κολακείας οὐκ ἀληθῆ δόξαν, πολλοῖς ἅμα πάθεσιν
+ἐνόχους φανέντας καὶ νοσήμασιν αἰσχίστοις πάνυ καὶ ἀνελευθέροις. ἢ γὰρ οὐ
+συνιέντες ἀναίσθητοι λίαν εἰσίν, ὧν οὐδαμῶς ἁναίσθητον εἶναι χρῆν, ἢ
+συνιέντες ἐπιλήσμονες ὧν ἐχρῆν εἰς ἅπαντα μεμνῆσθαι τὸν χρόνον· μεμνημένοι
+δὲ καὶ ἀποκνοῦντες δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας δειλοὶ καὶ βάσκανοι φύσει καὶ
+ἁπλῶς ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις δυσμενεῖς, [B] οἵ γε οὐδὲ τοῖς εὐεργέταις πρᾷοι καὶ
+προσηνεῖς ἐθέλοντες εἶναι, εἶτα, ἂν μὲν δέῃ λοιδορῆσαί που καὶ δακεῖν,
+ὥσπερ τὰ θηρία ὀργίλον καὶ ὀξὺ βλέπουσιν· ὥσπερ δὲ ἀνάλωμα πολυτελὲς
+φεύγοντες τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως, αἰτιῶνται τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν
+καλῶν ἔργων εὐφημίας, ἐξὸν ἐκεῖνο ἐξετάζειν μόνον, εἰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τιμῶσι
+καὶ περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦνται [C] τοῦ δοκεῖν ἐν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις χαρίζεσθαι.
+οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ἔνεστιν εἰπεῖν, ὡς ἀνωφελὲς χρῆμα ἡ εὐφημία οὔτε τοῖς ὑπὲρ
+ὧν γέγονεν οὔτε αὖ τοῖς ἄλλοις, ὁπόσι τὴν ἴσην ἐκείνοις κατὰ τὸν βίον
+τάξιν εἰληχότες τῆς ἐν ταῖς πράξεσιν ἀρετῆς ἀπελείφθησαν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ
+ἄκουσμά τέ ἐστιν ἡδὺ καὶ προθυμοτέρους παρέχει περὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ διαφέροντα
+τῶν ἔργων· τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ζηλοῦν ἐκεῖνα πειθοῖ καὶ βίᾳ παρώρμησεν ὁρῶντας
+ὅτι μηδὲ τῶν προλαβόντων τινὲς ἀπεστερήθησαν ὃ μόνον δοῦναί τε καὶ λαβεῖν
+ἐστι δημοσίᾳ καλόν. [D] χρήματα μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς διδόναι καὶ
+περιβλέπειν, ὅπως ὅτι πλεῖστοι τὸ δοθὲν εἴσονται, πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀπειροκάλου·
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὑποσχὼν(488) τὼ χεῖρε ὑποδέξαιτ᾽ ἄν τις ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πάντων, μὴ
+παντάπασιν ἀποσεισάμενος αἰδῶ καὶ ἐπιείκειαν τοῦ τρόπου. Ἀρκεσίλαος δὲ
+[104] καὶ διδοὺς τὸν λαβόντα ἐπειρᾶτο λαθεῖν· συνίει δὲ ἐκεῖνος ἐκ τῆς
+πράξεως τὸν δράσαντα. ἐπαίνων δὲ ζηλωτὸν μὲν ἀκροατὰς ὡς πλείστους εὑρεῖν,
+ἀγαπητὸν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ ὀλίγους. καὶ ἐπῄνει δὲ Σωκράτης πολλοὺς καὶ Πλάτων
+καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης· Ξενοφῶν δὲ καὶ Ἀγησίλαον τὸν βασιλέα καὶ Κῦρον τὸν
+Πέρσην, οὔτι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἐκεῖνον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ᾧ(489) συνεστράτευτο
+ἐπὶ βασιλέα(490) καὶ τοὺς ἐπαίνους ξυγγράφων οὐκ ἀπεκρύπτετο. [B] ἐμοὶ δὲ
+θαυμαστὸν εἶναι δοκεῖ, εἰ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὲν τοὺς καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς(491)
+προθύμως ἐπαινεσόμεθα, γυναῖκα δὲ ἀγαθὴν τῆς εὐφημίας οὐκ ἀξιώσομεν,
+ἀρετῆς οὐδὲν μεῖον αὐταῖς ἤπερ τοῖς ἀνδράσι προσήκειν ὑπολαμβάνοντες. ἢ
+γὰρ εἶναι σώφρονα καὶ συνετὴν καὶ οἴαν νέμειν(492) ἑκάστῳ τὰ πρὸς τὴν
+ἀξίαν καὶ θαρραλέαν ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ ἐλευθέριον καὶ
+πάντα ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ὑπάρχειν ἐκείνῃ(493) οἰόμενοι χρῆναι τὰ τοιαῦτα,
+εἶτα(494) τῶν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἔργοις [C] ἐγκωμίων ἀφαιρησόμεθα τὸν ἐκ τοῦ
+κολακεύειν δοκεῖν ψόγον δεδοικότεσ; Ὅμηρος δὲ οὐκ ᾐσχύνετο τὴν Πηνελόπην
+ἐπαινέσας οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀλκίνου γαμετήν, οὐδὲ εἴ τις ἄλλη διαφερόντως ἀγαθὴ
+γέγονεν ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἀρετῆς μετεποιήθη. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐκείνη τῆς ἐπ᾽
+αὐτῷ τούτωι διήμαρτεν εὐφημίας. πρὸς δὲ αὖ τούτοις παθεῖν μὲν εὖ καὶ
+τυχεῖν τινος ἀγαθοῦ, σμικροῦ τε ὁμοίως καὶ μείζονος, [D] οὐδὲν ἔλαττον
+παρὰ γυναικὸς ἢ παρὰ ἀνδρὸς δεξόμεθα, τὴν δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ χάριν ἀποτίνειν
+ὀκνήσομεν; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ δεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον εἶναι φῶσι καὶ
+οὐκ ἄξιον ἀνδρὸς ἐπιεικοῦς καὶ γενναίου, εἶναι δὲ καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα τὸν
+σοφὸν ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλόν, ὅτι τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἱκέτευε θυγατέρα παίζουσαν
+ἐπὶ τοῦ λειμῶνος ξὺν ταῖς ὁμήλιξι παρθένοις παρὰ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ταῖς ᾐόσι. μή
+ποτε οὖν οὐδὲ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς τοῦ Διὸς ἀπόσχωνται παιδός, [105] ἣν Ὅμηρός
+φησιν ἀπεικασθεῖσαν παρθένῳ καλῇ καὶ γενναίᾳ Ὀδυσσεῖ μὲν ἡγήσασθαι τῆς ἐπὶ
+τὰ βασίλεια φερούσης ὁδοῦ, σύμβουλον δὲ αὐτῷ(495) καὶ διδάσκαλον
+γενομένην, ὧν ἐχρῆν εἴσω παρελθόντα δρᾶν καὶ λέγειν, καθάπερ τινὰ ῥήτορα
+ξὺν τέχνῃ(496) τέλειον ᾆσαι βασιλίδος ἐγκώμιον, ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους
+ἀρξαμένην. ἔχει δὲ αὐτῷ τὰ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἔπη τὸν τρόπον τόνδε·
+
+(What, pray, ought we to think of those who owe things of price and beyond
+price—I do not mean gold or silver, but simply any benefit one may happen
+to receive from one’s neighbour—suppose that they neither try nor intend
+to repay that kindness, but are indolent and do not trouble themselves to
+do what they can and try to discharge the debt? Is it not evident that we
+must think them mean and base? Far more I think than any other crime do we
+hate ingratitude, and we blame those persons who have received benefits
+and are ungrateful to their benefactors. And the ungrateful man is not
+only he who repays a kindness with evil deeds or words, but also he who is
+silent and conceals a kindness and tries to consign it to oblivion and
+abolish gratitude. Now of such brutal and inhuman baseness as the
+repayment with evil the instances are few and easily reckoned; but there
+are many who try to conceal the appearance of having received benefits,
+though with what purpose I know not. They assert, however, that it is
+because they are trying to avoid a reputation for a sort of servility and
+for base flattery. But though I know well enough that what they say is all
+insincere, nevertheless I let that pass, and suppose we assume that they,
+as they think, do escape an undeserved reputation for flattery, still they
+at the same time appear to be guilty of many weaknesses and defects of
+character that are in the highest degree base and illiberal. For either
+they are too dense to perceive what no one should fail to perceive, or
+they are not dense but forgetful of what they ought to remember for all
+time. Or again, they do remember, and yet shirk their duty for some reason
+or other, being cowards and grudging by nature, and their hand is against
+every man without exception, seeing that not even to their benefactors do
+they consent to be gentle and amiable; and then if there be any opening to
+slander and bite, they look angry and fierce like wild beasts. Genuine
+praise they somehow or other avoid giving, as though it were a costly
+extravagance, and they censure the applause given to noble actions, when
+the only thing that they need enquire into is whether the eulogists
+respect truth and rate her higher than the reputation of showing their
+gratitude by eulogy. For this at any rate they cannot assert, that praise
+is a useless thing, either to those who receive it or to others besides,
+who, though they have been assigned the same rank in life as the objects
+of their praise, have fallen short of their merit in what they have
+accomplished. To the former it is not only agreeable to hear, but makes
+them zealous to aim at a still higher level of conduct, while the latter
+it stimulates both by persuasion and compulsion to imitate that noble
+conduct, because they see that none of those who have anticipated them
+have been deprived of that which alone it is honourable to give and
+receive publicly. For to give money openly, and to look anxiously round
+that as many as possible may know of the gift, is characteristic of a
+vulgar person. Nay no one would even stretch out his hands to receive it
+in the sight of all men, unless he had first cast off all propriety of
+manner and sense of shame. Arcesilaus indeed, when offering a gift, used
+to try to hide his identity even from the recipient.(497) But in his case
+the manner of the deed always made known the doer. For a eulogy, however,
+one is ambitious to obtain as many hearers as possible, and even a small
+audience is, I think, not to be despised. Socrates, for instance, spoke in
+praise of many, as did Plato also and Aristotle. Xenophon, too, eulogised
+King Agesilaus and Cyrus the Persian, not only the elder Cyrus, but him
+whom he accompanied on his campaign against the Great King, nor did he
+hide away his eulogies, but put them into his history. Now I should think
+it strange indeed if we shall be eager to applaud men of high character,
+and not think fit to give our tribute of praise to a noble woman,
+believing as we do that excellence is the attribute of women no less than
+of men. Or shall we who think that such a one ought to be modest and wise
+and competent to assign to every man his due, and brave in danger, high‐
+minded and generous, and that in a word all such qualities as these should
+be hers,—shall we, I say, then rob her of the encomium due to her good
+deeds, from any fear of the charge of appearing to flatter? But Homer was
+not ashamed to praise Penelope and the consort of Alcinous(498) and other
+women of exceptional goodness, or even those whose claim to virtue was
+slight. Nay nor did Penelope fail to obtain her share of praise for this
+very thing. But besides these reasons for praise, shall we consent to
+accept kind treatment from a woman no less than from a man, and to obtain
+some boon whether small or great, and then hesitate to pay the thanks due
+therefor? But perhaps people will say that the very act of making a
+request to a woman is despicable and unworthy of an honourable and high‐
+spirited man, and that even the wise Odysseus was spiritless and cowardly
+because he was a suppliant to the king’s daughter(499) as she played with
+her maiden companions by the banks of the river. Perhaps they will not
+spare even Athene the daughter of Zeus, of whom Homer says(500) that she
+put on the likeness of a fair and noble maiden and guided him along the
+road that led to the palace, and was his adviser and instructed him what
+he must do and say when he had entered within; and that, like some orator
+perfect in the art of rhetoric, she sang an encomium of the queen, and for
+a prelude told the tale of her lineage from of old. Homer’s verses about
+this are as follows:)
+
+
+    Δέσποιναν μὲν πρῶτα κιχήσεαι ἐν μεγάροισιν,
+    Ἀρήτη δ᾽ ὄνομ᾽ ἐστὶν ἐπώνυμον, [B] ἐκ δὲ τοκήων
+    Τῶν αὐτῶν, οἵπερ τέκον Ἀλκίνοον βασιλῆα.
+
+    (“The queen thou shalt find first in the halls. Arete is the name
+    she is called by, and of the same parents is she as those who
+    begat king Alcinous.”(501))
+
+
+ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος οἶμαι τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γένους καὶ ὅσα
+ἔδρασάν τε καὶ ἔπαθον εἰπών, καὶ ὅπως αὐτὴν ὁ θεῖος, τοῦ πατρὸς ἀπολομένου
+νέου καὶ νυμφίου, ἔγημέ τε καὶ ἐτίμησεν,
+
+(Then he goes back and begins with Poseidon and tells of the origin of
+that family and all that they did and suffered, and how when her father
+perished, still young and newly‐wed, her uncle married her, and honoured
+her)
+
+
+    ὡς οὔτις ἐπὶ χθονὶ τίεται ἄλλη,
+
+    (“As no other woman in the world is honoured,”)
+
+
+καὶ ὅσων τυγχάνει                                       C
+
+(and he tells of all the honour she receives)
+
+
+    Ἔκ τε φίλων παίδων ἔκ τ᾽ αὐτοῦ Ἀλκινόοιο,
+
+    (“From her dear children and from Alcinous himself,”)
+
+
+ἔπι δὲ οἷμαι τῆς γερουσίας καὶ τοῦ δήμου, οἱ καθάπερ θεὸν ὁρῶσι
+πορευομένην διὰ τοῦ ἄστεος, τέλος ἐπέθηκε ταῖς εὐφημίαις ζηλωτὸν ἀνδρὶ καὶ
+γυναικί,
+
+(and from the council of elders also, I think, and from the people who
+look upon her as a goddess as she goes through the city; and on all his
+praises he sets this crown, one that man and woman alike may well envy,
+when he says)
+
+
+    Οὐ μὲν γάρ τι νόου γε καὶ αὐτὴ δεύεται ἐσθλοῦ
+
+    (“For indeed she too has no lack of excellent understanding,”)
+
+
+λέγων, καὶ ὡς κρίνειν εὖ ἠπίστατο, οἷσίν τ᾽ εὗ φρονέῃσι, [D] καὶ διαλύειν
+τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐγκλήματα τοῖς πολίταις ἀναφυόμενα ξὺν δίκῃ. ταύτην δὴ
+οὖν ἱκετεύσας εἰ τύχοις εὔνου, πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔφη,
+
+(and that she knows well how to judge between men, and, for those citizens
+to whom she is kindly disposed, how to reconcile with justice the
+grievances that arise among them. Now if, when you entreat her, the
+goddess says to him, you find her well disposed,)
+
+
+    Ἐλπωρή τοι ἔπειτα φίλους τ᾽ ἰδέειν καὶ ἱκέσθαι
+    Οἶκον ἐς ὑψόροφον·
+
+    (“Then is there hope that you will see your friends and come to
+    your high‐roofed house.”)
+
+
+ὁ δ᾽ ἐπείσθη τῇ ξυμβουλῇ. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι δεησόμεθα μειζόνων εἰκόνων καὶ
+ἀποδείξεων ἐναργεστέρων, ὥστε ἀποφυγεῖν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν
+ὑποψίαν; [106] οὐχὶ δὲ ἤδη μιμούμενοι τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον καὶ θεῖον ποιητὴν
+ἐπαινέσομεν Εὐσεβίαν τὴν ἀρίστην, ἐπιθυμοῦντες μὲν ἔπαινον αὐτῆς ἄξιον
+διεξελθεῖν, ἀγαπῶντες δέ, εἰ καὶ μετρίως τυγχάνοιμεν οὕτω καλῶν καὶ πολλῶν
+ἐπιτηδευμάτων; καὶ τῶν(502) ἀγαθῶν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνῃ, σωφροσύνης καὶ
+δικαιοσύνης ἢ πρᾳότητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας ἢ τῆς περὶ τὸν ἄνδρα φιλίας ἢ τῆς
+περὶ τὰ χρήματα μεγαλοψυχίας [B] ἢ τῆς περὶ τοὺς οἰκείους καὶ ξυγγενεῖς
+τιμῆς. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καθάπερ ἴχνεσιν ἑπόμενον τοῖς ἤδη ῥηθεῖσιν οὕτω
+ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ τάξιν, ἀποδιδόντα τὴν αὐτὴν ἐκείνῃ, πατρίδος τε,
+ὡς εἰκός, καὶ πατέρων μνημονεύοντα, καὶ ὅπως ἐγήματο καὶ ᾧτινι, καὶ τἆλλα
+πάντα τὸν αὐτὸν ἐκείνοις τρόπον.
+
+(And he was persuaded by her counsel. Shall I then need yet greater
+instances and clearer proofs, so that I may escape the suspicion of
+seeming to flatter? Shall I not forthwith imitate that wise and inspired
+poet and go on to praise the noble Eusebia, eager as I am to compose an
+encomium worthy of her, though I shall be thankful if, even in a moderate
+degree, I succeed in describing accomplishments so many and so admirable?
+And I shall be thankful if I succeed in describing also those noble
+qualities of hers, her temperance, justice, mildness and goodness, or her
+affection for her husband, or her generosity about money, or the honour
+that she pays to her own people and her kinsfolk. It is proper for me, I
+think, to follow in the track as it were of what I have already said, and,
+as I pursue my panegyric, so arrange it as to give the same order as
+Athene, making mention, as is natural, of her native land, her ancestors,
+how she married and whom, and all the rest in the same fashion as Homer.)
+
+Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς πατρίδος πολλὰ σεμνὰ λέγειν ἔχων, τὰ μὲν διὰ παλαιότητα
+παρήσειν μοι δοκῶ· φαίνεται γὰρ εἶναι τῶν μύθων οὐ πόρρω· [C] ὁποῖον δή τι
+καὶ τὸ περὶ τῶν Μουσῶν λεγόμενον, ὡς εἶεν δήπουθεν ἐκ τῆς Πιερίας, οὐχὶ δὲ
+ἐξ Ἑλικῶνος εἰς τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἀφίκοιντο παρὰ τὸν πατέρα κληθεῖσαι. τοῦτο μὲν
+δὴ καὶ εἰ δή τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον, μύθῳ μᾶλλον ἢ λόγῳ προσῆκον, ἀπολειπτέον·
+ὀλίγα δὲ εἰπεῖν τῶν οὐ πᾶσι γνωρίμων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ
+παρόντος λόγου. Μακεδόνων γὰρ οἰκίσαι φασὶ τὴν χώραν τοὺς Ἡρακλέους
+ἐγγόνους, Τημένου παῖδας, [D] οἵ τὴν Ἀργείαν λῆξιν νεμόμενοι καὶ
+στασιάζοντες τέλος ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ἀποικίαν τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔριδος καὶ
+φιλοτιμίας· εἶτα ἑλόντες τὴν Μακεδονίαν καὶ γένος ὄλβιον ἀπολιπόντες(503)
+βασιλεῖς ἐκ βασιλέων διετέλουν καθάπερ κλῆρον τὴν τιμὴν διαδεχόμενοι.
+πάντας μὲν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἐπαινεῖν οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε οἶμαι ῥάδιον. πολλῶν δὲ
+ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν γενομένων καὶ καταλιπόντων Ἑλληνικοῦ τρόπου μνημεῖα πάγκαλα,
+Φίλιππος καὶ ὁ τούτου παῖς ἀρετῇ διηνεγκάτην πάντων, [107] ὅσοι πάλαι
+Μακεδονίας καὶ Θρᾴκης ἦρξαν, οἶμαι δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ ὅσοι Λυδῶν ἢ Μήδων καὶ
+Περσῶν καὶ Ἀσσυρίων, πλὴν μόνου τοῦ Καμβύσου παιδός, ὃς ἐκ τῶν Μήδων ἐς
+Πέρσας τὴν βασιλείαν μετέστησεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτος ἐπειράθη τὴν Μακεδόνων
+αὐξῆσαι δύναμιν, καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπες τὰ πλεῖστα καταστρεψάμενος ὅρον ἐποιήσατο
+πρὸς ἕω μὲν καὶ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν τὴν θάλατταν, ἀπ᾽ ἄρκτων δὲ οἶμαι [B] τὸν
+Ἴστρον καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν τὸ Ὠρικὸν ἔθνος. ὁ τούτου δὲ αὖ παῖς ὑπὸ τῷ
+Σταγειρίτηι σοφῷ τρεφόμενος τοσοῦτον μεγαλοψυχίᾳ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων
+διήνεγκε καὶ προσέτι τὸν αὑτοῦ πατέρα τῇ στρατηγίᾳ καὶ τῇ θαρραλεότητι καὶ
+ταῖς ἄλλαις ἀρεταῖς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, ὥστ᾽(504) οὐκ ἄξιον αὑτῷ ζῆν
+ὑπερλάμβανεν, εἰ μὴ ξυμπάντων μὲν ἀνθρώπων, πάντων δὲ ἐθνῶν κρατήσειεν.
+οὐκοῦν [C] τὴν μὲν Ἀσίαν ἐπῆλθε σύμπασαν καταστρεφόμενος, καὶ ἀνίσχοντα
+πρῶτος ἀνθρώπων τὸν ἥλιον προσεκύνει, ὡρμημένον δὲ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην,
+ὅπως τὰ λειπόμενα περιβαλόμενος γῆς τε ἁπάσης καὶ θαλάττης κύριος γένοιτο,
+τὸ χρεὼν ἐν Βαβυλῶνι κατέλαβε. Μακεδόνες δὲ ἁπάντων ἦρχον, ὧν ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ
+κτησάμενοι πόλεων καὶ ἐθνῶν ἔτυχον. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι χρὴ διὰ μειζόνων τεκμηρίων
+δηλοῦν, [D] ὡς ἔνδοξος μὲν ἡ Μακεδονία καὶ μεγάλη τὸ πρόσθεν γένοιτο;
+ταύτης δὲ αὐτῆς τὸ κράτιστον ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη, ἣν ἀνέστησαν, πεσόντων,
+οἶμαι, Θετταλῶν, τῆς κατ᾽ ἐκείνων ἐπώνυμον νίκης. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων
+οὐδὲν ἔτι δέομαι μακρότερα λέγειν.
+
+(Now though I have much that is highly honourable to say about her native
+land,(505) I think it well to omit part, because of its antiquity. For it
+seems to be not far removed from myth. For instance, the sort of story
+that is told about the Muses, that they actually came from Pieria(506) and
+that it was not from Helicon that they came to Olympus, when summoned to
+their father’s side. This then, and all else of the same sort, since it is
+better suited to a fable than to my narrative, must be omitted. But
+perhaps it is not out of the way nor alien from my present theme to tell
+some of the facts that are not familiar to all. They say(507) that
+Macedonia was colonised by the descendants of Heracles, the sons of
+Temenus, who had been awarded Argos as their portion, then quarrelled, and
+to make an end of their strife and jealousy led out a colony. Then they
+seized Macedonia, and leaving a prosperous family behind them, they
+succeeded to the throne, king after king, as though the privilege were an
+inheritance. Now to praise all these would be neither truthful, nor in my
+opinion easy. But though many of them were brave men and left behind them
+very glorious monuments of the Hellenic character, Philip and his son
+surpassed in valour all who of old ruled over Macedonia and Thrace, yes
+and I should say all who governed the Lydians as well, or the Medes and
+Persians and Assyrians, except only the son of Cambyses,(508) who
+transferred the sovereignty from the Medes to the Persians. For Philip was
+the first to try to increase the power of the Macedonians, and when he had
+subdued the greater part of Europe, he made the sea his frontier limit on
+the east and south, and on the north I think the Danube, and on the west
+the people of Oricus,(509) And after him, his son, who was bred up at the
+feet of the wise Stagyrite,(510) so far excelled all the rest in greatness
+of soul, and besides, surpassed his own father in generalship and courage
+and the other virtues, that he thought that life for him was not worth
+living unless he could subdue all men and all nations. And so he traversed
+the whole of Asia, conquering as he went, and he was the first of men(511)
+to adore the rising sun; but as he was setting out for Europe in order to
+gain control of the remainder and so become master of the whole earth and
+sea, he paid the debt of nature in Babylon. Then Macedonians became the
+rulers of all the cities and nations that they had acquired under his
+leadership. And now is it still necessary to show by stronger proofs that
+Macedonia was famous and great of old? And the most important place in
+Macedonia is that city which they restored, after, I think, the fall of
+the Thessalians, and which is called after their victory over them.(512)
+But concerning all this I need not speak at greater length.)
+
+Εὐγενείας γε μὴν τί ἂν ἔχοιμεν ἔτι πράγματα ἐπιζητοῦντες φανερώτερον καὶ
+ἐναργὲς μᾶλλον τεκμήριον; θυγάτηρ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνδρὸς ἀξίου νομισθέντος τὴν
+ἐπώνυμον τοῦ ἔτους ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν,(513) πάλαι [108] μὲν ἰσχυρὰν καὶ
+βασιλείαν ἀτεχνῶς ὀνομαζομένην, μεταβαλοῦσαν δὲ διὰ τοὺς οὐκ ὀρθῶς
+χρωμένους τῇ δυνάμει τὸ ὄνομα· νῦν δὲ ἤδη τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπιλειπούσης,
+ἐπειδὴ πρὸς μοναρχίαν τὰ τῆς πολιτείας μεθέστηκε, τιμὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν τῶν
+ἄλλων ἁπάντων στερομένη πρὸς πᾶσαν ἰσχὺν ἀντίρροπος εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῖς μὲν
+ἰδιώταις οἷον ἆθλον ἀποκειμένη καὶ γέρας ἀρετῆς ἦ πίστεως ἤ τινος εὐνοίας
+καὶ ὑπηρεσίας περὶ τοὺς τῶν ὅλων ἄρχοντας ἢ πράξεως λαμπρᾶς, [B] τοῖς
+βασιλεῦσι δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔχουσιν ἀγαθοῖς οἷον ἄγαλμα καὶ κόσμος ἐπιτιθεμένη·
+τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἄλλων ὀνομάτων τε καὶ ἔργων, ὁπόσα τῆς παλαιᾶς ἐκείνης
+πολιτείας διασώζει τινὰ φαύλην καὶ ἀμυδρὰν εἰκόνα, ἢ παντάπασιν
+ὑπεριδόντες διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν κατέγνωσαν, ἢ προσιέμενοὶ γε διὰ βίου καρποῦνται
+τὰς ἐπωνυμίας· μόνης δέ, οἶμαι, ταύτης οὔτε τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπερεῖδον, χαίρουσί
+τε(514) καὶ πρὸς ἐνιαυτὸν τυγχάνοντες· [C] καὶ οὔτε ἐδιώτης οὐδεὶς οὔτε
+βασιλεύς ἐστιν ἢ γέγονεν, ὃς οὐ ζηλωτὸν ἐνόμισεν ὕπατος ἐπονομασθῆναι. εἰ
+δέ, ὅτι πρῶτος ὔτυχεν ἐκεῖνος καὶ γέγονεν ἀρχηγὸς τῷ γένει τῆς εὐδοξίας,
+ἔλαττὸν τις ἔχειν αὐτὸν τῶν ἄλλων ὑπολαμβάνει, λίαν ἐξαπατώμενος οὐ
+μανθάνει· τῷ παντὶ γὰρ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐστι καὶ σεμνότερον ἀρχὴν παρασχεῖν
+τοῖς ἐγγόνοις περιφανείας τοσαύτης [D] ἢ λαβεῖν παρὰ τῶν προγόνων. ἐπεὶ
+καὶ πόλεως μεγίστης οἰκιστὴν γενέσθαι κρεῖττον ἢ πολίτην, καὶ λαβεῖν
+ὁτιοῦν ἀγαθὸν τοῦ δοῦναι τῷ παντὶ καταδεέστερον. λαμβάνειν δὲ ἐοίκασι παρὰ
+τῶν πατέρων οἱ παῖδες καὶ οἱ πολῖται παρὰ τῶν πόλεων οἷον ἁφορμάς τινας
+πρὸς εὐδοξίαν. ὅστις δὲ ἀποδίδωσι πάλιν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προγόνοις τε καὶ πατρίδι
+μείζονα τιμῆς ὑπόθεσιν, λαμπροτέραν μὲν ἐκείνην καὶ σεμνοτέραν, τοὺς
+πατέρας δὲ ἐνδοξοτέρους ἀποφαίνων, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν(515) πρὸς
+εὐγενείας λόγον ἅμιλλαν· [109] οὐδὲ ἔστιν ὅστις ἐκείνου φήσει κρείττων
+γεγονέναι· ἐξ ἀγαθῶν μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν φῦναι χρή. ὁ δὲ ἐξ ἐνδόξων ἐνδοξότερος
+γενόμενος, ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀρετῇ τῆς τύχης πνεούσης, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δίδωσιν
+ἀπορεῖν, εἰ τῆς εὐγενείας εἰκότως μεταποιεῖται.
+
+(And of her noble birth why should I take any further trouble to seek for
+clearer or more manifest proof than this? I mean that she is the daughter
+of a man who was considered worthy to hold the office that gives its name
+to the year,(516) an office that in the past was powerful and actually
+called royal, but lost that title because of those who abused their power.
+But now that in these days its power has waned, since the government has
+changed to a monarchy, the bare honour, though robbed of all the rest, is
+held to counterbalance all power, and for private citizens is set up as a
+sort of prize and a reward of virtue, or loyalty, or of some favour done
+to the ruler of the empire, or for some brilliant exploit, while for the
+emperors, it is added to the advantages they already possess as the
+crowning glory and adornment. For all the other titles and functions that
+still retain some feeble and shadowy resemblance to the ancient
+constitution they either altogether despised and rejected, because of
+their absolute power, or they attached them to themselves and enjoy the
+titles for life. But this office alone, I think, they from the first did
+not despise, and it still gratifies them when they obtain it for the year.
+Indeed there is no private citizen or emperor, nor has ever been, who did
+not think it an enviable distinction to be entitled consul. And if there
+be anyone who thinks that, because he I spoke of was the first of his line
+to win that title and to lay the foundations of distinction for his
+family, he is therefore inferior to the others, he fails to understand
+that he is deceived exceedingly. For it is, in my opinion, altogether
+nobler and more honourable to lay the foundations of such great
+distinction for one’s descendants than to receive it from one’s ancestors.
+For indeed it is a nobler thing to be the founder of a mighty city than a
+mere citizen and to receive any good thing is altogether less dignified
+than to give. Indeed it is evident that sons receive from their fathers,
+and citizens from their cities, a start, as it were, on the path of glory.
+But he who by his own effort pays back to his ancestors and his native
+land that honour on a higher scale, and makes his country show more
+brilliant and more distinguished, and his ancestors more illustrious,
+clearly yields the prize to no man on the score of native nobility. Nor is
+there any man who can claim to be superior to him I speak of. For the good
+must needs be born of good parents. But when the son of illustrious
+parents himself becomes more illustrious, and fortune blows the same way
+as his merit, he causes no one to feel doubt, if he lays claim, as is
+reasonable, to be of native nobility.)
+
+Εὐσεβία δέ, περὶ ἧς ὁ λόγος, παῖς μὲν ὑπάτου γέγονε, γαμετὴ δέ ἐστι
+βασιλέως ἐνδρείου, σώφρονος, συνετοῦ, δικαίου, χρηστοῦ καὶ πρᾴου καὶ
+μεγαλοψύχου, [B] ὃς ἐπειδὴ πατρῴαν οὖσαν αὐτῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνεκτήσατο,
+ἀφελόμενος τοῦ βίᾳ λαβόντος, γάμου τε ἐδεῖτο πρὸς παίδων γένεσιν, οἳ
+κληρονομήσουσι τῆς τιμῆς καὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας, ταύτην ἀξίαν ἔκρινε τῆς
+κοινωνίας γεγονὼς ἤδη σχεδόν τι τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης κύριος. καίτοι πῶς
+ἄν τις μείζονα μαρτυρίαν ἐπιζητήσειε τῆσδε; οὐ μόνον περὶ τῆς εὐγενείας
+αὐτῆς, [C] ὑπὲρ δὲ ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, ὅσα χρῆν οἶμαι τὴν βασιλεῖ τοσούτῳ
+συνιοῦσαν, καθάπερ φερνὴν οἴκοθεν ἐπιφερομένην, κομίζειν ἀγαθά, παιδείαν
+ὀρθήν, σύνεσιν ἐμμελῆ, ἀκμὴν καὶ ὥραν σώματος καὶ κάλλος τοσοῦτον, ὥστε
+ἀποκρύπτεσθαι τᾶς ἄλλας παρθένους, καθάπερ οἶμαι περὶ τῇ σελήνῃ πληθούσῃ
+οἱ διαφανεῖς ἀστέρες καταυγαζόμενοι κρύπτουσι τὴν μορφὴν. ἓν μὲν γὰρ
+τούτων οὐδὲν(517) ἐξαρκεῖν δοκεῖ πρὸς κοινωνίαν βασιλέως, πάντα δὲ ἅμα,
+[D] ὥσπερ θεοῦ τινος ἀγαθῷ βασιλεῖ καλὴν καὶ σώφρονα πλάττοντος τὴν
+νύμφην, εἰς ταὐτὸ συνεληλυθότα πόρρωθεν καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων
+ἐφελκυσάμενα μάλα ὄλβιον ἦγε τὸν νυμφίον. κάλλος μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ γένους
+βοηθείας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν οἶμαι στερόμενον οὐδὲ ἰδιώτην ἀκόλαστον
+ἰσχύει πείθειν τὴν γαμήλιον ἀνάψαι λαμπάδα, ἄμφω δὲ ἅμα συνελθόντα γάμον
+μὲν ἧρμοσε πολλάκις, ἀπολειπόμενα δὲ [110] τῆς ἐκ τῶν τρόπων ἁρμονίας καὶ
+χάριτος οὐ λίαν ἐφάνη ζηλωτά.
+
+(Now Eusebia, the subject of my speech, was the daughter of a consul, and
+is the consort of an Emperor who is brave, temperate, wise, just,
+virtuous, mild and high‐souled, who, when he acquired the throne that had
+belonged to his ancestors, and had won it back from him who had usurped it
+by violence, and desired to wed that he might beget sons to inherit his
+honour and power, deemed this lady worthy of his alliance, when he had
+already become master of almost the whole world. And indeed why should one
+search for stronger evidence than this? Evidence, I mean, not only of her
+native nobility, but of all those combined gifts which she who is united
+to so great an Emperor ought to bring with her from her home as a dowry,
+wit and wisdom, a body in the flower of youth, and beauty so conspicuous
+as to throw into the shade all other maidens beside, even as, I believe,
+the radiant stars about the moon at the full are outshone and hide their
+shape.(518) For no single one of these endowments is thought to suffice
+for an alliance with an Emperor, but all together, as though some god were
+fashioning for a virtuous Emperor a fair and modest bride, were united in
+her single person and, attracting not his eyes alone, brought from afar
+that bridegroom blest of heaven. For beauty alone, if it lacks the support
+of birth and the other advantages I have mentioned, is not enough to
+induce even a licentious man, a mere citizen, to kindle the marriage
+torch, though both combined have brought about many a match, but when they
+occur without sweetness and charm of character they are seen to be far
+from desirable.)
+
+Ταῦτα ἐπιστάμενον σαφῶς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν σώφρονα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως πολλάκις
+βουλευσάμενον ἑλέσθαι τὸν γάμον, τὰ μὲν οἶμαι πυνθανόμενον, ὅσα χρῆν δι᾽
+ἀκοῆς περὶ αὐτῆς μαθεῖν, τεκμαιρόμενον δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς τὴν εὐταξίαν·
+ὑπὲρ ἧς τὰ μὲν ἄλλα τί δεῖ λέγοντας διατρίβειν, καθάπερ οὐκ ἔχοντας ἴδιον
+ἐγκώμιον τῆς,(519) ὑπὲρ ἧς ὁ λόγος, [B] διελθεῖν; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως οὔτε
+εἰπεῖν οὔτε ἐπακοῦσαι πολὺ καὶ ἐργῶδες, ὅτι δὴ γένος μὲν αὐτῇ σφόδρα
+Ἑλληνικόν, Ἑλλήνων τῶν πάνυ, καὶ πόλις ἡ μητρόπολις τῆς Μακεδονίας,
+σωφροσύνη δὲ ὑπέρ τε Εὐάδνην τὴν Καπανέως καὶ τὴν Θετταλὴν ἐκείνην
+Λαοδάμειαν. αἱ μὲν γὰρ καλοὺς καὶ νέους καὶ ἔτι νυμφίους τοὺς ἄνδρας
+ἀφαιρεθεῖσαι διαμόνων βίᾳ βασκάνων ἢ μοιρῶν νήμασι τοῦ ζῆν ὑπερεῖδον διὰ
+τὸν ἔρωτα, ἡ δέ, [C] ἐπειδὴ τὸ χρεὼν τὸν κουρίδιον αὐτῆς ἄνδρα κατέλαβε,
+τοῖς παισὶ προσκαθημένη τοσοῦτον ἐπὶ σωφροσύνῃ κλέος αὑτῇ εἰργάσατο, ὥστε
+τῇ μὲν Πηνελόπῃ περιόντος ἔτι καὶ πλανωμένου τοῦ γήμαντος, προσῄει τὰ
+μειράκια μνηστευσόμενα ἔκ τε Ἰθάκης καὶ Σάμου καὶ Δουλιχίου, τῇ δὲ ἀνὴρ
+μὲν οὐδεὶς καλὸς καὶ μέγας ἢ ἰσχυρὸς καὶ πλούσιος ὑπὲρ(520) τούτων εἰς
+λόγους ἐλθεῖν ὑπέμεινέ ποτε· τὴν θυγατέρα δὲ βασιλεὺς ἑαυτῷ συνοικεῖν
+ἀξίαν ἔκρινε, [D] καὶ ἔδρασε τὸν γάμον λαμπρῶς μετὰ τὰ τρόπαια, ἔθνη καὶ
+πόλεις καὶ δήμους(521) ἑστιῶν.
+
+(I have good reason to say that the Emperor in his prudence understood
+this clearly, and that it was only after long deliberation that he chose
+this marriage, partly making enquiries about all that was needful to learn
+about her by hearsay, but judging also from her mother of the daughter’s
+noble disposition. Of that mother why should I take time to say more, as
+though I had not to recite a special encomium on her who is the theme of
+my speech? But so much perhaps I may say briefly and you may hear without
+weariness, that her family is entirely Greek, yes Greek of the purest
+stock, and her native city was the metropolis of Macedonia, and she was
+more self‐controlled than Evadne(522) the wife of Capaneus, and the famous
+Laodameia(523) of Thessaly. For these two, when they had lost their
+husbands, who were young, handsome and still newly‐wed, whether by the
+constraint of some envious powers, or because the threads of the fates
+were so woven, threw away their lives for love. But the mother of the
+Empress, when his fate had come upon her wedded lord, devoted herself to
+her children, and won a great reputation for prudence, so great indeed,
+that whereas Penelope, while her husband was still on his travels and
+wanderings, was beset by those young suitors who came to woo her from
+Ithaca and Samos and Dulichium, that lady no man however fair and tall or
+powerful and wealthy ever ventured to approach with any such proposals.
+And her daughter the Emperor deemed worthy to live by his side, and after
+setting up the trophies of his victories, he celebrated the marriage with
+great splendour, feasting nations and cities and peoples.)
+
+Εἰ δέ τις ἄρα ἐκείνων ἐπακούειν ποθεῖ, ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Μακεδονίας ἐκαλεῖτο
+μετὰ τῆς μητρὸς ἡ νύμφη, τίς δὲ ἧν ὁ τῆς πομπῆς τρόπος, ἁρμάτων καὶ ἵππων
+καὶ ὀχημάτων παντοδαπῶν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ καὶ ὀρειχάλκῳ μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης
+τέχνης εἰργασμένων, ἴστω παιδικῶν σφόδρα ἀκουσμάτων ἐπιθυμῶν· [111]
+καθάπερ γὰρ οἶμαι κιθαρῳδοῦ τινος δεξιοῦ τὴν τέχνην· ἔστω δέ, εἰ βούλει,
+Τέρπανδρος οὗτος ἢ ὁ Μηθυμναῖος ἐκεῖνος, ὃν δὴ λόγος ἔχει δαιμονίᾳ πομπῇ
+χρησάμενον φιλομουσοτέρου τοῦ δελφῖνος τυχεῖν ἢ τῶν ξυμπλεόντων, καὶ ἐπὶ
+τὴν Λακωνικὴν ἄκραν κομισθῆναι· ἔθελγε γὰρ οἶμαι τοὺς δυστυχεῖς ναύτας ὅσα
+ἐκεῖνος ἀπὸ τῆς τέχνης εἰργάσατο, αὐτῆς δὲ ἐκείνης ὑπερεώρων καὶ οὐδεμίαν
+ὤραν ἐποιοῦντο τῆς μουσικῆς· [B] εἰ δὴ οὖν τις τοῖν ἀνδροῖν ἐκείνοιν τὸν
+κράτιστον ἐπιλεξάμενος καὶ ἀποδοὺς τὸν περὶ τὸ σῶμα κόσμον τῇ τέχνῃ
+πρέποντα εἶτα ἐς θέατρον παραγάγοι παντοδαπῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν καὶ
+παίδων φύσει τε καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτηδεύμασι διαφερόντων, οὐκ
+ἂν οἴεσθε τοὺς μὲν παῖδας καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν(524) ὁπόσοι τοιοῦτοι
+εἰς τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἀποβλέποντας ἐκπεπλῆχθαι δεινῶς πρὸς τὴν
+ὄψιν, τῶν ἀνδρῶν δὲ τοὺς ἀμαθεστέρους καὶ γυναικῶν πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων ἅπαν
+τὸ πλῆθος ἡδονῇ [C] καὶ λύπῃ κρίνειν τὰ κρούματα, μουσικὸν δὲ ἄνδρα, τοὺς
+νόμους(525) ἐξεπιστάμενον τῆς τέχνης, οὔτε μιγνύμενα τὰ μέλη τῆς ἡδονῆς
+χάριν φαύλως ἀνέχεσθαι, δυσχεραίνειν τε(526) καὶ εἰ(527) τοὺς τρόπους τῆς
+μουσικῆς διαφθείροι καὶ εἰ ταῖς ἁρμονίαις μὴ δεόντως χρῷτο μηδὲ ἑπομένως
+τοῖς νόμοις τῆς ἀληθινῆς καὶ θείας μουσικῆς; ὁρῶν δὲ ἐμμένοντα τοῖς
+νομισθεῖσι καὶ οὐ κίβδηλον ἡδονήν, καθαρὰν δὲ [D] καὶ ἀκήρατον τοῖς
+θεαταῖς ἐνεργασάμενον ἄπεισι τοῦτον ἐπαινῶν καὶ ἐκπληττόμενος, ὄτι δὴ σὺν
+τέχνῃ μηδὲν ἀδικῶν τὰς Μούσας τῷ θεάτρῳ ξυγγέγονε. τὸν δὲ τὴν ἁλουργίδα
+καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἐπαινοῦντα ληρεῖν οἴεται καὶ ἀνοηταίνειν· καὶ εἰ διὰ
+πλείονων(528) τὰ τοιαῦτα διηγεῖται, λέξει τε ἡδίστῃ κοσμῶν καὶ ἐπιλεαίνων
+τὸ φαῦλον καὶ ἀγεννὲς τῶν διηγημάτων, γελοιότερον νομίζει [112] τῶν
+ἀποτορνείειν τὰς κέγχρους ἐπιχειρούντων, καθάπερ οἶμαι φασὶ τὸν Μυρμηκίδην
+ἀντιταττόμενον τῇ Φειδίου τέχνῃ. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς ἑκόντες αὑτοὺς ταύταις
+ὑποθήσομεν ταῖς αἰτίαις, ἱματίων πολυτελῶν καὶ δώρων παντοίων ὅρμων τε καὶ
+στεφάνων κατάλογον τῶν ἐκ βασιλέως μακρόν τινα τοῦτον ᾄδοντες, οὐδὲ ὡς
+ἀπήντων οἱ δῆμοι δεξιούμενοι καὶ χαίροντες, οὐδὲ ὅσα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκείνην
+λαμπρὰ καὶ ζηλωτὰ γέγονε καὶ ἐνομίσθη. [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῶν βασιλείων εἴσω
+παρῆλθε καὶ τῆς ἐπωνυμίας ταύτης ἠξιώθη, τί πρῶτον ἔργον ἐκείνης γέγονε,
+καὶ αὖθις δεύτερον, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τρίτον, καὶ πολλὰ δὴ μάλα τὸ ἐντεῦθεν; οὐ
+γάρ, εἰ σφόδρα λέγειν ἐθέλοιμι καὶ μακρὰς ὑπὲρ τούτων βίβλους ξυντιθέναι,
+ἀρκέσειν ὑπολαμβάνω τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἔργων, ὅσα ἐκείνῃ φρόνησιν καὶ πρᾳότητα
+καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπιείκειάν τε καὶ ἐλευθεριότητα [C] καὶ
+τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς ἐξεμαρτύρησε λαμπρότερον, ἢ νῦν ὁ παρὼν περὶ αὐτῆς λόγος
+δηλοῦν ἐπιχειρεῖ καὶ ἐκδιδάσκειν τοὺς πάλαι διὰ τῶν ἔργων ἐγνωκότας. οὐ
+μὴν ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνο δυσχερές, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδύνατον ἐφάνη, παντελῶς ἄξιον ὑπὲρ
+ἁπάντων ἀποσιωπῆσαι, πειράσθαι δὲ εἰς δύναμιν φράζειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς
+μὲν φρονήσεως ποιεῖσθαι σημεῖον καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ἀρετῆς πάσης, ὅτι τὸν
+γήμαντα διέθηκεν οὕτω περὶ αὑτὴν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον γυναῖκα καλὴν καὶ
+γενναίαν.
+
+(But should any haply desire to hear of such things as how the bride was
+bidden to come from Macedonia with her mother, and what was the manner of
+the cavalcade, of the chariots and horses and carriages of all sorts,
+decorated with gold and silver and copper of the finest workmanship, let
+me tell him that it is extremely childish of him to wish to hear such
+things. It is like the case of some player on the cithara who is an
+accomplished artist—let us say if you please Terpander or he of
+Methymna(529) of whom the story goes that he enjoyed a divine escort and
+found that the dolphin cared more for music than did his fellow‐voyagers,
+and was thus conveyed safely to the Laconian promontory.(530) For though
+he did indeed charm those miserable sailors by his skilful performance,
+yet they despised his art and paid no heed to his music. Now, as I was
+going to say, if some one were to choose the best of those two musicians,
+and were to clothe him in the raiment suited to his art, and were then to
+bring him into a theatre full of men, women and children of all sorts,
+varying in temperament and age and habits besides, do you not suppose that
+the children and those of the men and women who had childish tastes would
+gaze at his dress and his lyre, and be marvellously smitten with his
+appearance, while the more ignorant of the men, and the whole crowd of
+women, except a very few, would judge his playing simply by the criterion
+of pleasure or the reverse; whereas a musical man who understood the rules
+of the art would not endure that the melodies should be wrongly mixed for
+the sake of giving pleasure, but would resent it if the player did not
+preserve the modes of the music and did not use the harmonies properly,
+and conformably to the laws of genuine and inspired music? But if he saw
+that he was faithful to the principles of his art and produced in the
+audience a pleasure that was not spurious but pure and uncontaminated, he
+would go home praising the musician, and filled with admiration because
+his performance in the theatre was artistic and did the Muses no wrong.
+But such a man thinks that anyone who praises the purple raiment and the
+lyre is foolish and out of his mind, while, if he goes on to give full
+details about such outward things, adorning them with an agreeable style
+and smoothing away all that is worthless and vulgar in the tale, then the
+critic thinks him more ridiculous than those who try to carve cherry‐
+stones,(531) as I believe is related of Myrmecides(532) who thus sought to
+rival the art of Pheidias. And so neither will I, if I can help it, lay
+myself open to this charge by reciting the long list of costly robes and
+gifts of all kinds and necklaces and garlands that were sent by the
+Emperor, nor how the folk in each place came to meet her with welcome and
+rejoicing, nor all the glorious and auspicious incidents that occurred on
+that journey, and were reported. But when she entered the palace and was
+honoured with her imperial title, what was the first thing she did and
+then the second and the third and the many actions that followed? For
+however much I might wish to tell of them and to compose lengthy volumes
+about them, I think that, for the majority, those of her deeds will be
+sufficient that more conspicuously witnessed to her wisdom and clemency
+and modesty and benevolence and goodness and generosity and her other
+virtues, than does now the present account of her, which tries to
+enlighten and instruct those who have long known it all from personal
+experience. For it would not be at all proper, merely because the task has
+proved to be difficult or rather impossible, to keep silence about the
+whole, but one should rather try, as far as one can, to tell about those
+deeds, and to bring forward as a proof of her wisdom and of all her other
+virtues the fact that she made her husband regard her as it is fitting
+that he should regard a beautiful and noble wife.)
+
+Ὥστε ἔγωγε τῆς Πηνελόπης πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα νομίσας ἐπαίνων ἄξια [D] τοῦτο ἐν
+τοῖς μάλιστα θαυμάζω, ὅτι δὴ τὸν ἄνδρα λίαν ἔπειθε στέργειν καὶ ἀγαπᾶν
+αὑτὴν ὑπερορῶντα μέν, ὡς φασί, δαιμονίων γάμων, ἀτιμάζοντα δὲ οὐ μεῖον τὴν
+τῶν Φαιάκων ξυγγένειαν. Καίτοι γε εἶχον αὐτοῦ πᾶσαι ἐρωτικῶς, Καλυψὼ καὶ
+Κίρκη καὶ Ναυσικάα· καὶ ἦν αὐταῖς τὰ βασίλεια πάγκαλα, κήπων τινῶν [113]
+καὶ παραδείσων ἐν αὐτοῖς πεφυτευμένων μάλα ἀμφιλαφέσι καὶ κατασκίοις τοῖς
+δένδρεσι, λειμῶνές τε ἄνθεσι ποικίλοις καὶ μαλακῇ τῆ πόᾳ βρύοντες·
+
+(Therefore, though I think that many of the other qualities of Penelope
+are worthy of praise, this I admire beyond all, that she so entirely
+persuaded her husband to love and cherish her, that he despised, we are
+told, unions with goddesses, and equally rejected an alliance with the
+Phaeacians. And yet they were all in love with him, Calypso, Circe,
+Nausicaa. And they had very beautiful palaces and gardens and parks
+withal, planted with wide‐spreading and shady trees, and meadows gay with
+flowers, in which soft grass grew deep: “And four fountains in a row
+flowed with shining water.”(533))
+
+Κρῆναι δ᾽ ἑξείης πίσυρες ῥέον ὕδατι λευκῷ· καὶ ἐτεθήλει περὶ τὴν οἰκίαν
+ἡμερὶς ἡβώωσα(534) σταφυλῆς οἶμαι τῆς γενναίας, βριθομένη τοῖς βότρυσι·
+καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Φαίαξιν ἕτερα τοιαῦτα, πλὴν ὅσῳ πολυτελέστερα, [B] ἅτε οἶμαι
+ποιητὰ ξὺν τέχνῃ, τῆς τῶν αὐτοφυῶν ἄλαττον μετεῖχε χάριτος καὶ ἧττον εἶναι
+ἐδόκει ἐκείνων ἐράσμια. τῆς τρυφῆς δὲ αὖ καὶ τοῦ πλούτου καὶ προσέτι τῆς
+περὶ τὰς νήσους ἐκείνας εἰρήνης καὶ ἡσυχίας τίνα οὐκ ἂν ἡττηθῆναι
+δοκεῖτε(535) τοσούτους ἀνατλάντα πόνους καὶ κινδύνους καὶ ἔτι ὑφορώμενον
+δεινότερα(536) πείσεσθαι, τὰ μὲν ἐν θαλάττῃ τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας αὐτῆς,
+[C] πρὸς ἑκατὸν νεανίσκους ἡβῶντας εὖ μάλα μόνον ἀγωνίζεσθαι μέλλοντα,
+ὅπερ οὐδὲ ἐν Τροίᾳ ἐκείνῳ ποτὲ συνηνέχθη; εἴ τις οὖν ἔροιτο τὸν Ὀδυσσέα
+παίζων ὧδέ πως· τί ποτε, ὦ σοφώτατε ῥῆτορ ἦ στρατηγὲ ἦ ὅ τι χρή σε
+ὀνομάζειν, τοσούτους ἑκὼν ὑπέμεινας πόνους, ἐξὸν εἶναι ὄλβιον καὶ
+εὐδαίμονα, τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἀθάνατον εἴ τι χρὴ ταῖς ἐπαγγελίαις Καλυψοῦς
+πιστεύειν, σὺ δὲ ἑλόμενος τὰ χείρω πρὸ τῶν βελτιόνων τοσούτους σαυτῷ
+προστέθεικας πόνους, οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ Σχερίᾳ καταμεῖναι ἐθελήσας, [D] ἐξὸν ἐκεῖ
+που παυσάμενον τῆς πλάνης καὶ τῶν κινδύνων ἀπηλλάχθαι· σὺ δὲ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῆς
+οἰκίας ἔγνως στρατεύεσθαι καὶ ἄθλους δή τινας καὶ ἀποδημίαν ἑτέραν
+ἐκτελεῖν οὔτι τῆς πρόσθεν, ὥς γε τὸ εἰκὸς ἀπονωτέραν οὐδὲ κουφοτέραν. τί
+δὴ οὖν οἴεσθε πρὸς ταῦτα ἐκεῖνον εἰπεῖν ἔχειν; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὅτι τῇ Πηνελόπῃ
+συνεῖναι ἐθέλων τοὺς ἄθλους αὐτῇ καὶ τὰς στρατείας χαρίεντα διηγήματα
+φέρειν ὑπέλαβε; ταῦτά τοι καὶ τὴν μητέρα πεποίηκεν αὐτῷ παραινοῦσαν
+μεμνῆσθαι πάντων, [114] ὧν τε εἶδε θεαμάτων καὶ ὧν ἤκουσεν ἀκουσμάτων,
+
+(And a lusty wild vine bloomed about her dwelling,(537) with bunches of
+excellent grapes, laden with clusters. And at the Phaeacian court there
+were the same things, except that they were more costly, seeing that, as I
+suppose, they were made by art, and hence had less charm and seemed less
+lovely than those that were of natural growth. Now to all that luxury and
+wealth, and moreover to the peace and quiet that surrounded those islands,
+who do you think would not have succumbed, especially one who had endured
+so great toils and dangers and expected that he would have to suffer still
+more terrible hardships, partly by sea and partly in his own house, since
+he had to fight all alone against a hundred youths in their prime, a thing
+which had never happened to him even in the land of Troy? Now if someone
+in jest were to question Odysseus somewhat in this fashion: “Why, O most
+wise orator or general, or whatever one must call you, did you endure so
+many toils, when you might have been prosperous and happy and perhaps even
+immortal, if one may at all believe the promises of Calypso? But you chose
+the worse instead of the better, and imposed on yourself all those
+hardships(538) and refused to remain even in Scheria, though you might
+surely have rested there from your wandering and been delivered from your
+perils; but behold you resolved to carry on the war in your own house and
+to perform feats of valour and to accomplish a second journey, not less
+toilsome, as seemed likely, nor easier than the first!” What answer then
+do you think he would give to this? Would he not answer that he longed
+always to be with Penelope, and that those contests and campaigns he
+purposed to take back to her as a pleasant tale to tell? For this reason,
+then, he makes his mother exhort him to remember everything, all the
+sights he saw and all the things he heard, and then she says:)
+
+
+    ἵνα καὶ μετόπισθε τεῇ εἴπῃσθα γυναικί,
+
+    (“So that in the days to come thou mayst tell it to thy
+    wife.”(539))
+
+
+φησίν. ὁ δὲ οὐδενὸς ἐπιλαθόμενος, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἀφίκετο καὶ τῶν μειρακίων
+ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια κωμαζόντων ἐκράτει ξὺν δίκῃ, πάντα ἀθρόως αὐτῇ διηγεῖτο,
+ὅσα τε ἔδρασε καὶ ὅσα ἀνέτλη, καὶ εἰ δὴ τι ἄλλο ὑπὸ τῶν χρησμῶν
+ἀναπειθόμενος ἐκτελεῖν διενοεῖτο· ἀπόρρητον δὲ ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς αὐτὴν οὐδὲ
+ἕν, [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἠξίου κοινωνὸν γίγνεσθαι τῶν βουλευμάτων καὶ ὅ,τι πρακτέον
+εἴη συννοεῖν καὶ συνεξευρίσκειν. ἆρα τοῦτο ὑμῖν τῆς Πηνελόπης ὀλίγον
+ἐγκώμιον δοκεῖ, ἢ ἤδη(540) τις ἄλλη τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν ὑπερβαλλομένη
+γαμετή τε οὖσα βασιλέως ἀνδρείου καὶ μεγαλοψύχου καὶ σώφρονος τοσαύτην
+εὔνοιαν ἐνεποίησεν αὑτῆς τῷ γήμαντι, [C] συγκερασαμένη τῇ παρὰ τῶν ἐρώτων
+ἐπιπνεομένῃ φιλίᾳ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀρετῆς καθάπερ ῥεῦμα θεῖον ἐπιφερομένην ταῖς
+ἀγαθαῖς καὶ γενναίαις ψυχαῖς; δύο γὰρ δὴ τώδε τινὲ πίθω(541) φιλίας ἔστον,
+ὧν ἥδε κατ᾽ ἴσον ἀρυσαμένη βουλευμάτων τε αὐτῷ γέγονε κοινωνὸς καὶ πρᾷον
+ὄντα φύσει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα πρὸς ἃ πέφυκε παρακαλεῖ
+μᾶλλον πρεπόντως καὶ πρὸς συγγνώμην τὴν δίκην τρέπει. ὥστε οὐκ ἂν τις
+εἰπεῖν ἔχοι, ὅτωι γέγονεν ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ἐν δίκῃ τυχὸν ἢ καὶ παρὰ δίκην
+αἰτία τιμωρίας καὶ κολάσεως μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος. [D] Ἀθήνησι μὲν οὖν φασιν,
+ὅτε τοῖς πατρίοις ἔθεσιν ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἔζων τοῖς οἰκείοις πειθόμενοι νόμοις
+μεγάλην καὶ πολυάνθρωπον οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, εἴ ποτε τῶν δικαζόντων αἱ ψῆφοι
+κατ᾽ ἴσον γένοιντο τοῖς φεύγουσι πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας, τὴν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς
+ἐπιτιθεμένην τῷ τὴν δίκην ὀφλήσειν μέλλοντι ἀπολύειν ἄμφω τῆς αἰτίας,
+[115] τὸν μὲν ἐπάγοντα τὴν κατηγορίαν τοῦ δοκεῖν εἶναι συκοφάντην, τὸν δέ,
+ὡς εἰκός, τοῦ δοκεῖν ἔνοχον εἶναι τῷ πονηρεύματι. τοῦτον δὴ φιλάνθρωπον
+ὄντα καὶ χαρίεντα τὸν νόμον ἐπὶ τῶν δικῶν, ἃς βασιλεὺς κρίνει, σωζόμενον
+πρᾳότερον αὕτη καθίστησιν. οὗ γὰρ ἂν ὁ φεύγων παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἔλθῃ τὴν ἴσην ἐν
+ταῖς ψήφοις λαχεῖν, πείθει, τὴν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δέησιν προσθεῖσα καὶ ἱκετηρίαν,
+ἀφεῖναι πάντως τῆς αἰτίας. ὁ δὲ ἑκὼν ἑκόντι τῷ θυμῷ χαρίζεται τὰ τοιαῦτα,
+[B] καὶ οὐ, καθάπερ Ὅμηρός φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον παρὰ τῆς γαμετῆς
+ὁμολογεῖν(542) ὅ,τι ξυγχωροίη,(543) δίδωσιν ἑκὼν ἀέκοντί γε θυμῷ. καὶ
+τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις τὰ τοιαῦτα ξυγχωρεῖν κατὰ ἀνδρῶν
+ὑβριστῶν καὶ ἀλαζόνων. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ(544) γὰρ εἰ σφόδρα ἐπιτήδειοί τινές εἰσι
+πάσχειν κακῶς καὶ κολάζεσθαι, τούτους ἐκ παντὸς ἀπολέσθαι χρεών· ὃ δὴ καὶ
+ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ξυννοοῦσα κακὸν μὲν οὐδὲν ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε(545)
+[C] κόλασιν οὔτε τιμωρίαν ἐπαγαγεῖν οὐχ ὅπως βασιλείᾳ τινὸς ἢ πόλει, ἀλλ᾽
+οὐδὲ οἰκίᾳ μιᾷ τῶν πολιτῶν. προσθείην δ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγε θαρρῶν εὖ μάλα ὅτι μηδὲν
+ψεῦδός φημι, ὡς οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἢ γυναικὸς μιᾶς ἔστιν αὐτὴν αἰτιᾶσθαι
+ξυμφορᾶς τῳ τῆς τυχούσης, ἀγαθὰ δὲ ὅσα καὶ οὕστινας δρᾷ καὶ ἔδρασεν, ἡδέως
+ἂν ὑμῖν τὰ πλεῖστα ἐξαριθμησαίμην καθ᾽ ἕκαστα ἀπαγγέλλων, ὡς ὅδε μὲν τὸν
+πατρῷον δι᾽ ἐκείνην νέμεται κλῆρον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἀπηλλάγη τιμωρίας, [D]
+ὀφλήσας τοῖς νὀμοις, ἄλλος συκοφαντίαν διέφυγε, παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐλθὼν
+κινδύνου, τιμῆς δὲ ἔτυχον καὶ ἀρχῆς μυρίοι. καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις ἐμὲ
+ψεύδεσθαι τῶν ἁπάντων φήσει, εἰ καὶ ὀνομαστὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὴ καταλέγοιμι.
+ἀλλ᾽ ὀκνῶ, μή τισιν ἐξονειδίζειν δόξω τὰς συμφορὰς καὶ οὐκ ἔπαινον τῶν
+ταύτης ἀγαθῶν, κατάλογον δὲ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων συγγράφειν ἀτυχημάτων. τοσούτων
+δὲ ἔργων μηδὲν παρασχέσθαι μηδὲ εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς ἄγειν [116] τεκμήριον κενόν
+πως εἶναι δοκεῖ καὶ ἐς ἀπιστίαν ἄγει(546) τὸν ἔπαινον. οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνα
+παραιτησάμενος, ὁπόσα γ᾽ ἐμοί τε εἰπεῖν ἀνεπίφθονον ταύτῃ τε ἀκούειν καλὰ
+λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν ἤδη.
+
+(And indeed he forgot nothing, and no sooner had he come home and
+vanquished, as was just, the youths who caroused in the palace, than he
+related all to her without pause, all that he had achieved and endured,
+and all else that, obeying the oracles, he purposed still to
+accomplish.(547) And from her he kept nothing secret, but chose that she
+should be the partner of his counsels and should help him to plan and
+contrive what he must do. And do you think this a trifling tribute to
+Penelope, or is there not now found to be yet another woman whose virtue
+surpasses hers, and who, as the consort of a brave, magnanimous and
+prudent Emperor, has won as great affection from her husband, since she
+has mingled with the tenderness that is inspired by love that other which
+good and noble souls derive from their own virtue, whence it flows like a
+sacred fount? For there are two jars,(548) so to speak, of these two kinds
+of human affection, and Eusebia drew in equal measure from both, and so
+has come to be the partner of her husband’s counsels, and though the
+Emperor is by nature merciful, good and wise, she encourages him to follow
+yet more becomingly his natural bent, and ever turns justice to mercy. So
+that no one could ever cite a case in which this Empress, whether with
+justice, as might happen, or unjustly, has ever been the cause of
+punishment or chastisement either great or small. Now we are told that at
+Athens, in the days when they employed their ancestral customs and lived
+in obedience to their own laws, as the inhabitants of a great and humane
+city, whenever the votes of the jurymen were cast evenly for defendant and
+plaintiff, the vote of Athene(549) was awarded to him who would have
+incurred the penalty, and thus both were acquitted of guilt, he who had
+brought the accusation, of the reputation of sycophant, and the defendant,
+naturally, of the guilt of the crime. Now this humane and gracious custom
+is kept up in the suits which the Emperor judges, but Eusebia’s mercy goes
+further. For whenever the defendant comes near to obtaining an equal
+number of votes, she persuades the Emperor, adding her request and
+entreaty on his behalf, to acquit the man entirely of the charge. And of
+free will with willing heart he grants the boon, and does not give it as
+Homer says Zeus, constrained by his wife, agreed as to what he should
+concede to her “of free will but with soul unwilling.”(550) And perhaps it
+is not strange that he should concede this pardon reluctantly and under
+protest in the case of the violent and depraved. But not even when men
+richly deserve to suffer and be punished ought they to be utterly ruined.
+Now since the Empress recognises this, she has never bidden him inflict
+any injury of any kind, or any punishment or chastisement even on a single
+household of the citizens, much less on a whole kingdom or city. And I
+might add, with the utmost confidence that I am speaking the absolute
+truth, that in the case of no man or woman is it possible to charge her
+with any misfortune that has happened, but all the benefits that she
+confers and has conferred, and on whom, I would gladly recount in as many
+cases as possible, and report them one by one, how for instance this man,
+thanks to her, enjoys his ancestral estate, and that man has been saved
+from punishment, though he was guilty in the eyes of the law, how a third
+escaped a malicious prosecution, though he came within an ace of the
+danger, how countless persons have received honour and office at her
+hands. And on this subject there is no one of them all who will assert
+that I speak falsely, even though I should not give a list of those
+persons by name. But this I hesitate to do, lest I should seem to some to
+be reproaching them with their sufferings, and to be composing not so much
+an encomium of her good deeds as a catalogue of the misfortunes of others.
+And yet, not to cite any of these acts of hers, and to bring no proof of
+them before the public seems perhaps to imply that they are lacking, and
+brings discredit on my encomium. Accordingly, to deprecate that charge, I
+shall relate so much as it is not invidious for me to speak or for her to
+hear.)
+
+Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ γήμαντος εὔνοιαν τηλαυγέστατον πρόσωπον, κατὰ τὸν σοφὸν
+Πίνδαρον, ἀρχομένη τῶν ἔργων ἔθετο, γένος τε ἅπαν καὶ ξυγγενεῖς εὐθὺς
+ἐνέπλησε τιμῆς, τοὺς μὲν ἤδη γνωρίμους καὶ πρεσβυτέρους ἐπὶ μειζόνων
+τάττουσα πράξεων καὶ ἀποφήνασα μακαρίους καὶ ζηλωτοὺς βασιλεῖ τ᾽ ἐποίησε
+φίλους καὶ τῆς εὐτυχίας τῆς παρούσης ἔδωκε τὴν ἀρχήν. [B] καὶ γὰρ εἴ τῳ
+δοκοῦσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἀληθές, δι᾽ αὑτοὺς τίμιοι, ταύτῃ γε οἶμαι προσθήσει
+τὸν ἔπαινον· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι μὴ τῇ τοῦ γένους κοινωνίᾳ μόνον, πολὺ δὲ πλέον
+ἀρετῇ φαίνεται νέμουσα· οὗ μεῖζον οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως τις ἐγκώμιον ἐρεῖ. περὶ
+μὲν τούσδε γέγονε τοιάδε. ὅσοι δὲ ἀγνῶτες ἔτι διὰ νεότητα τοῦ γνωρισθῆναι
+καὶ ὁπωσοῦν ἐδέοντο, [C] τούτοις ἐλάττονας διένειμε τιμάς. ἀπέλιπε δὲ
+οὐδὲν εὐεργετοῦσα ξύμπαντας. καὶ οὐ τοὺς ξυγγενεῖς μόνον τοσαῦτα ἔδρασεν
+ἀγαθά, ξενίαν δὲ ὅτῳ πρὸς τοὺς ἐκείνης πατέρας ὑπάρξασαν ἔγνω, οὐκ
+ἀνόνητον ἀφῆκε τοῖς κτησαμένοις, τιμᾷ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τούτους καθάπερ
+ξυγγενεῖς, καὶ ὅσους τοῦ πατρὸς ἐνόμισε φίλους, [D] ἅπασιν ἔνειμε τῆς
+φιλίας ἔπαθλα θαυμαστά.
+
+(When she had, in the beginning, secured her husband’s good‐will for her
+actions like a “frontage shining from afar,” to use the words of the great
+poet Pindar,(551) she forthwith showered honours on all her family and
+kinsfolk, appointing to more important functions those who had already
+been tested and were of mature age, and making them seem fortunate and
+enviable, and she won for them the Emperor’s friendship and laid the
+foundation of their present prosperity. And if anyone thinks, what is in
+fact true, that on their own account they are worthy of honour, he will
+applaud her all the more. For it is evident that it was their merit, far
+more than the ties of kinship, that she rewarded; and one could hardly pay
+her a higher compliment than that. Such then was her treatment of these.
+And to all who, since they were still obscure on account of their youth,
+needed recognition of any sort, she awarded lesser honours. In fact she
+left nothing undone to help one and all. And not only on her kinsfolk has
+she conferred such benefits, but whenever she learned that ties of
+friendship used to exist with her ancestors, she has not allowed it to be
+unprofitable to those who owned such ties, but she honours them, I
+understand, no less than her own kinsfolk, and to all whom she regards as
+her father’s friends she dispensed wonderful rewards for their
+friendship.)
+
+Ἐγὲ δέ, ἐπειδή μοι τεκμηρίων καθάπερ ἐν δικαστηρίῳ τὸν λόγον ὁρῶ δεόμενον,
+αὐτὸς ὑμῖν ἐμαυτὸν τούτων ἐκείνῳ(552) μάρτυρα καὶ ἐπαινέτην παρέξομαι·
+ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μου μή ποτε ὑπιδόμενοι τὴν μαρτυρίαν πρὶν ἐπακοῦσαι τῶν λόγων
+διαταράττησθε, ὄμνυμι ὑμῖν, ὡς οὐδὲν ψεῦδος οὐδὲ πλάσμα ἐρῶ· ὑμεῖς δὲ κἂν
+ἀνωμότῳ ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα οὐ κολακείας ἕνεκα λέγειν(553). [117] ἔχω γὰρ
+ἤδη τοῦ θεοῦ διδόντος καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἅπαντα τὰ ἀγαθά, αὐτῆς γε οἶμαι καὶ
+ταύτης(554) ξυμπροθυμουμένης, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἄν τις κολακεύων ἅπαντα ἀφείη
+ῥήματα, ὥστε, εἰ μὲν πρὸ τούτων ἔλεγον, ἴσως ἐχρῆν ὀρρωδεῖν τὴν ἄδικον
+ὑποψίαν· νῦν δὲ ἐν ταύτῃ γεγονὼς τῇ τύχῃ καὶ ἀπομνημονεύων τῶν ἐκείνης εἰς
+ἐμαυτὸν ἔργων παρέξομαι ὑμῖν εὐγνωμοσύνης μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ σημεῖον, μαρτύριον
+δὲ ἀληθὲς τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων. [B] πυνθάνομαι γὰρ δὴ καὶ Δαρεῖον, ἕως ἔτι
+δορυφόρος ἦν τοῦ Περσῶν μονάρχου, τῷ Σαμίῳ ξένῳ περὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον
+συμβαλεῖν φεύγοντι τὴν αὑτοῦ, καὶ λαβόντα φοινικίδα τινὰ δῶρον, οὗ σφόδρα
+ἐπεθύμει, τὴν Σαμίων ὕστερον ἀντιδοῦναι τυραννίδα, ὁπηνίκα, οἶμαι, τῆς
+Ἀσίας ἁπάσης κύριος κατέστη. εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς πολλὰ μὲν παρ᾽ αὐτῆς, ὅτε
+ἔτι ζῆν ἐξῆν ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ, τὰ μέγιστα δὲ δι᾽ αὐτὴν παρὰ τοῦ γενναίου [C] καὶ
+μεγαλόφρονος βασιλέως λαβὼν ὁμολογοίην τοῦ μὲν ἀντιδοῦναι τὴν ἴσην
+λείπεσθαι· ἔχει γάρ, οἶμαι, ξύμπαντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ καὶ ἡμῖν χαρισαμένου
+λαβοῦσα· τῷ βούλεσθαι δὲ τὴν μνήμην ἀθάνατον αὐτῇ τῶν ἔργων γενέσθαι καὶ
+ἐς ὑμᾶς ταῦτα ἀπαγγέλλειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀγνωμονέστερος φανοῦμαι τοῦ Πέρσου,
+εἴπερ εἰς τὴν γνώμην ὁρῶντα χρὴ κρίνειν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὅτῳ παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη
+πολλαπλάσιον ἀποτῖσαι τὸ εὐεργέτημα.
+
+(But since I see that my account is in need of proofs, just as in a law‐
+court, I will offer myself to bear witness on its behalf to these actions
+and to applaud them. But lest you should mistrust my evidence and cause a
+disturbance before you have heard what I have to say, I swear that I will
+tell you no falsehood or fiction; although you would have believed, even
+without an oath, that I am saying all this without intent to flatter. For
+I already possess, by the grace of God and the Emperor, and because the
+Empress too was zealous in my behalf, all those blessings to gain which a
+flatterer would leave nothing unsaid, so that, if I were speaking before
+obtaining these, perhaps I should have to dread that unjust suspicion. But
+as it is, since this is the state of my fortunes, I will recall her
+conduct to me, and at the same time give you a proof of my own right‐
+mindedness and truthful evidence of her good deeds. I have heard that
+Darius, while he was still in the bodyguard of the Persian monarch,(555)
+met, in Egypt, a Samian stranger(556) who was an exile from his own
+country, and accepted from him the gift of a scarlet cloak to which Darius
+had taken a great fancy, and that later on, in the days when, I
+understand, he had become the master of all Asia, he gave him in return
+the tyranny of Samos. And now suppose that I acknowledge that, though I
+received many kindnesses at Eusebia’s hands, at a time when I was still
+permitted to live in peaceful obscurity, and many also, by her
+intercession, from our noble and magnanimous Emperor, I must needs fall
+short of making an equal return; for as I know, she possesses everything
+already, as the gift of him who was so generous to myself; yet since I
+desire that the memory of her good deeds should be immortal, and since I
+am relating them to you, perhaps I shall not be thought less mindful of my
+debt than the Persian, seeing that in forming a judgment it is to the
+intention that one must look, and not to an instance in which fortune
+granted a man the power to repay his obligation many times over.)
+
+[D] Τί ποτε οὖν ἐγὼ τοσοῦτον εὖ παθεῖν φημι καὶ ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου τὸν ἄπαντα
+χρόνον ὑπόχρεων ἀμαυτὸν εἶναι χάριτος ὁμολογῶ τῇδε, σφόδρα ὥρμησθε
+ἀκούειν. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι· ἐμοὶ γὰρ βασιλεὺς οὑτοσὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ παιδὸς
+νηπίου γεγονὼς ἤπιος πᾶσαν ὑπερεβάλλετο φιλοτιμίαν, κινδύνων τε ἐξαρπάσας
+τηλικούτων, οὓς οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἡβῶν ἀνὴρ εὖ μάλα διαφύγοι, [118] μὴ θείας τινὸς
+καὶ ἀμηχάνου σωτηρίας τυχών, εἶτα τὴν οἰκίαν καταληφθεῖσαν καθάπερ ἐπ᾽
+ἐρημίας παρά τοῦ τῶν δυναστῶν ἀφείλετο ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ ἀπέφηνεν αὖθις
+πλούσιον. καὶ ἄλλα ἂν ἔχοιμι περὶ αὐτοῦ πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργα
+πολλῆς ἄξια χάριτος, ὑπὲρ ὧν τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον εὔνουν ἐμαυτὸν ἐκείνῳ καὶ
+πιστὸν παρέχων οὐκ οἶδα ἐκ τίνος [B] αἰτίας τραχυτέρως ἔχοντος ᾐσθόμην
+ἔναγχος. ἡ δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον ἤκουσεν ἀδικήματος μὲν οὐδενὸς ὄνομα,
+ματαίας δὲ ἄλλως ὑποψίας, ἠξίου διελέγχειν καὶ μὴ πρότερον προσέσθαι μηδὲ
+ἐνδέξασθαι ψευδῆ καὶ ἄδικον διαβολήν, καὶ οὐκ ἀνῆκε ταῦτα δεομένη πρὶν ἐμὲ
+ἤγαγεν ἐς ὄψιν τὴν βασιλέως καὶ τυχεῖν ἐποίησε λόγου· καὶ ἀπολυομένῳ πᾶσαν
+αἰτίαν ἄδικον συνήσθη, καὶ οἴκαδε ἐπιθυμοῦντι πάλιν ἀπιέναι πομπὴν ἀσφαλῆ
+παρέσχεν, [C] ἐπιτρέψαι πρῶτον τὸν βασιλέα ξυμπείσασα. δαίμονος δέ, ὅσπερ
+οὖν ἐῴκει μοι τὰ πρόσθεν μηχανήσασθαι, ἤ τινος ξυντυχίας ἀλλοκότου τὴν
+ὁδὸν ταύτην ὑποτεμομένης, ἐποψόμενον πέμπει τὴν Ἑλλάδα, ταύτην αἰτήσασα
+παρὰ βασιλέως ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀποδημοῦντος ἤδη τὴν χάριν, ἐπειδ\η με λόγοις
+ἐπέπυστο χαίρειν καὶ παιδείᾳ τὸ χωρίον ἐπιτήδειον εἶναι ξυννοοῦσα. ἐγὼ δὲ
+τότε μὲν αὐτῇ καὶ πρώτῳ γε, [D] ὡς εἰκός, βασιλεῖ πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ διδόναι
+τὸν θεὸν ηὐχόμην, ὅτι μοι τὴν ἀληθινὴν ποθοῦντι καὶ ἀγαπῶντι πατρίδα
+παρέσχον ἰδεῖν· ἐσμὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οἱ περὶ τὴν Θρᾴκην καὶ τὴν Ἰωνίαν
+οἰκοῦντες ἔγγονοι, καὶ ὄστις ἡμῶν μὴ λίαν ἀγνώμων, ποθεῖ προσειπεῖν τοὺς
+πατέρας καὶ τὴν χώραν αὐτὴν ἀσπάσασθαι. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ πάλαι μὲν ἦν, ὡς
+εἰκός, ποθεινόν, [119] καὶ ὑπάρξαι μοι τοῦτο ἐβουλόμην μᾶλλον ἢ πολὺ
+χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον. ἀνδρῶν γὰρ ἀγαθῶν φημι ξυντυχίαν πρὸς χρυσίου πλῆθος
+ὁσονδηοῦν ἐξεταζομένην καθέλκειν τὸν ζυγὸν καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπειν τῷ σώφρονι
+κριτῇ οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ῥοπῆς ἐπιστῆσαι.
+
+(Why, then, I say that I have been so kindly treated, and in return for
+what I acknowledge that I am her debtor for all time, that is what you are
+eager to hear. Nor shall I conceal the facts. The Emperor was kind to me
+almost from my infancy, and he surpassed all generosity, for he snatched
+me from dangers so great that not even “a man in the strength of his
+youth”(557) could easily have escaped them, unless he obtained some means
+of safety sent by heaven and not attainable by human means, and after my
+house had been seized by one of those in power, as though there were none
+to defend it, he recovered it for me, as was just, and made it wealthy
+once more. And I could tell you of still other kindnesses on his part
+towards myself, that deserve all gratitude, in return for which I ever
+showed myself loyal and faithful to him; but nevertheless of late I
+perceived that, I know not why, he was somewhat harsh towards me. Now the
+Empress no sooner heard a bare mention, not of any actual wrong‐doing but
+of mere idle suspicion, than she deigned to investigate it, and before
+doing so would not admit or listen to any falsehood or unjust slander, but
+persisted in her request until she brought me into the Emperor’s presence
+and procured me speech with him. And she rejoiced when I was acquitted of
+every unjust charge, and when I wished to return home, she first persuaded
+the Emperor to give his permission, and then furnished me with a safe
+escort. Then when some deity, the one I think who devised my former
+troubles, or perhaps some unfriendly chance, cut short this journey, she
+sent me to visit Greece, having asked this favour on my behalf from the
+Emperor, when I had already left the country. This was because she had
+learned that I delighted in literature, and she knew that that place is
+the home of culture. Then indeed I prayed first, as is meet, for the
+Emperor, and next for Eusebia, that God would grant them many blessings,
+because when I longed and desired to behold my true fatherland, they made
+it possible. For we who dwell in Thrace and Ionia are the sons of Hellas,
+and all of us who are not devoid of feeling long to greet our ancestors
+and to embrace the very soil of Hellas. So this had long been, as was
+natural, my dearest wish, and I desired it more than to possess treasures
+of gold and silver. For I consider that intercourse with distinguished
+men, when weighed in the balance with any amount whatever of gold, drags
+down the beam, and does not permit a prudent judge even to hesitate over a
+slight turn of the scale.)
+
+Παιδείας δὲ ἕνεκα καὶ φιλοσοφίας πέπονθεν οἶμαι νῦν τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος
+παραπλήσιόν τι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις μυθολογήμασι καὶ λόγοις. λέγουσι γὰρ δὴ [B]
+καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι τὸν Νεῖλον παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς εἶναι τά τ᾽ ἄλλα σωτῆρα καὶ εὐεργέτην
+τῆς χώρας καὶ ἀπείργειν αὐτοῖς τὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς φθοράν, ὁπόταν ᾕλιος διὰ
+μακρῶν τινων περιόδων ἄστροις γενναίοις συνελθῶν ἢ συγγενόμενος ἐμπλήσῃ
+τὸν ἀέρα πυρὸς καὶ ἐπιφλέγῃ τὰ σύμπαντα. οὐ γὰρ ἰσχύει, φασίν, ἀφανίσαι
+οὐδὲ ἐξαναλῶσαι τοῦ Νείλου τὰς πηγάς. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων παντελῶς [C]
+οἴχεται φιλοσοφία, οὐδὲ ἐπέλιπε τὰς Ἀθήνας οὐδὲ τὴν Σπάρτην οὐδὲ τὴν
+Κόρινθον· ἥκιστα δὲ ἐστι τούτων(558) τῶν πηγῶν ἕκητι τὸ Ἄργος πολυδίψιον·
+πολλαὶ μὲν γὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ ἄστει, πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος περὶ τὸν
+παλαιον ἐκεῖνον Μάσητα· τὴν Πειρήνην δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ Σικυὼν ἔχει καὶ οὐχ ἡ
+Κόρινθος. τῶν Ἀθηνῶν δὲ πολλὰ μὲν καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ ἐπιχώρια τὰ νάματα, πολλὰ
+δὲ ἔξωθεν ἐπιρρεῖ καὶ ἐπιφέρεται τίμια τῶν ἔνδον οὐ μεῖον· οἱ δὲ ἀγαπῶσι
+καὶ στέργουσι, [D] πλουτεῖν ἐθέλοντες οὗ μόνου σχεδὸν ὁ πλοῦτος ζηλωτόν.
+
+(Now, as regards learning and philosophy, the condition of Greece in our
+day reminds one somewhat of the tales and traditions of the Egyptians. For
+the Egyptians say that the Nile in their country is not only the saviour
+and benefactor of the land, but also wards off destruction by fire, when
+the sun, throughout long periods, in conjunction or combination with fiery
+constellations, fills the atmosphere with heat and scorches everything.
+For it has not power enough, so they say, to evaporate or exhaust the
+fountains of the Nile. And so too neither from the Greeks has philosophy
+altogether departed, nor has she forsaken Athens or Sparta or Corinth.
+And, as regards these fountains, Argos can by no means be called
+“thirsty,”(559) for there are many in the city itself and many also south
+of the city, round about Mases,(560) famous of old. Yet Sicyon, not
+Corinth, possesses Peirene itself. And Athens has many such streams, pure
+and springing from the soil, and many flow into the city from abroad, but
+no less precious than those that are native. And her people love and
+cherish them and desire to be rich in that which alone makes wealth
+enviable.)
+
+Ἡμεῖς δὲ τί ποτε ἄρα πεπόνθαμεν; καὶ τίνα νῦν περαίνειν διανοούμεθα(561)
+λόγον, εἰ μὴ τῆς φίλης Ἑλλάδος ἔπαινον, ἧς(562) οὐκ ἔστι μνησθέντα μὴ
+πάντα θαυμάζειν; ἀλλ᾽ οὐ φήσει τις τυχὸν ὑπομνησθεὶς τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ταῦτα
+ἐθέλειν ἡμᾶς ἐξ ἀρχῆς διελθεῖν, καθάπερ δὲ τοὺς Κορυβαντιῶντας ὑπὸ τῶν
+αὐλῶν ἐπεγειρομένους χορεύειν καὶ πηδᾶν οὐδενὶ ξὺν λόγῳ, [120] καὶ ἡμᾶς
+ὑπὸ τῆς μνήμης τῶν παιδικῶν ἀνακινηθέντας ᾆσαι τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν
+ἐγκώμιον. πρὸς δὴ τοῦτον ἀπολογεῖσθαι χρεὼν ὧδέ πως λέγοντα· ὦ δαιμόνιε,
+καὶ τέχνης ἀληθῶς γενναίας ἡγεμών, σοφὸν μὲν χρῆμα ἐπινοεῖς, οὐκ ἐφιεὶς
+οὐδὲ ἐπιτρέπων τῶν ἐπαινουμένων οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μεθίεσθαι, ἅτε αὐτὸς
+οἶμαι ξὺν τέχνῃ τοῦτο δρῶν. ἡμῖν δὲ τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦτον, [B] ὃν σὺ φὴς αἴτιον
+εἶναι τῆς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἀταξίας, ἐπειδὴ προσγέγονεν, οἶμαι,
+παρακελεύεσθαι μὴ σφόδρα ἐκνεῖν μηδὲ εὐλαβεῖσθαι τὰς αἰτίας. οὐ γὰρ
+ἀλλοτρίων ἁπτόμεθα(563) λόγων δεῖξαι ἐθέλοντες, ὅσων ἡμῖν ἀγαθῶν αἰτία
+γέγονε τιμῶσα τὸ φιλοσοφίας ὄνομα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινά μοι τρόπον
+ἐπικείμενον ἀγαπήσαντι μὲν εὖ μάλα τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἐρασθέντι δεινῶς τοῦ
+πράγματος, ἀπολειφθέντι δὲ οὐκ οἶδε ὅντινα τρόπον ὄνομα [C] ἐτύγχανε μόνον
+καὶ λόγος ἔργου στερόμενος. ἡ δὲ ἐτίμα καὶ τοὔνομα· αἰτίαν γὰρ δὴ ἄλλην
+οὔτε αὐτὸς εὑρίσκω οὔτε ἄλλου του πυθέσθαι δύναμαι, δι᾽ ἣν οὕτω μοι
+πρόθυμος γέγονε βοηθὸς καὶ ἀλεξίκακος καὶ σώτειρα, τὴν τοῦ γενναίου
+βασιλέως εὔνοιαν ἀκέραιον ἡμῖν καὶ ἀσινῆ μένειν ξὺν πολλῷ πόνῳ
+πραγματευσαμένη, ἧς μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν οὔποτε ἐγώ τι τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων νομίσας
+ἑάλων, οὐ τὸν ἐπὶ γῆς καὶ ὑπὸ γῆς χρυσὸν ἀντάξιον [D] οὐδ᾽ ἀργύρου πλῆθος,
+ὁπόσος νῦν ἐστιν ὑπ᾽ αὐγὰς ἡλίου, καὶ εἴ ποτε ἄλλος προσγένοιτο, τῶν
+μεγίστων ὀρῶν αὐταῖς, οἶμαι, πέτραις καὶ δένδρεσι μεταβαλλόντων εἰς τήνδε
+τὴν φύσιν, οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν τὴν μεγίστην οὐδὲ ἄλλο τῶν πάντων οὐδέν· ἐκ μὲν γὰρ
+δὴ ἐκείνης ταῦτά μοι γέγονε πολλὰ καὶ ὅσα οὐδεὶς ἂν ἤλπισεν, οὐ σφόδρα
+πολλῶν δεομένῳ γε οὐδὲ ἐμαυτὸν ἐλπίσι τοιαύταις τρέφοντι.
+
+(But as for me, what has come over me? And what speech do I intend to
+achieve if not a panegyric of my beloved Hellas, of which one cannot make
+mention without admiring everything? But perhaps someone, remembering what
+I said earlier, will say that this is not what I intended to discuss when
+I began, and that, just as Corybants when excited by the flute dance and
+leap without method, so I, spurred on by the mention of my beloved city,
+am chanting the praises of that country and her people. To him I must make
+excuse somewhat as follows: Good sir, you who are the guide to an art that
+is genuinely noble, that is a wise notion of yours, for you do not permit
+or grant one to let go even for a moment the theme of a panegyric, seeing
+that you yourself maintain your theme with skill. Yet in my case, since
+there has come over me this impulse of affection which you say is to blame
+for the lack of order in my arguments, you really urge me, I think, not to
+be too much afraid of it or to take precautions against criticism. For I
+am not embarking on irrelevant themes if I wish to show how great were the
+blessings that Eusebia procured for me because she honoured the name of
+philosophy. And yet the name of philosopher which has been, I know not
+why, applied to myself, is really in my case nothing but a name and lacks
+reality, for though I love the reality and am terribly enamoured of the
+thing itself, yet for some reason I have fallen short of it. But Eusebia
+honoured even the name. For no other reason can I discover, nor learn from
+anyone else, why she became so zealous an ally of mine, and an averter of
+evil and my preserver, and took such trouble and pains in order that I
+might retain unaltered and unaffected our noble Emperor’s good‐will; and I
+have never been convicted of thinking that there is any greater blessing
+in this world than that good‐will, since all the gold above the earth or
+beneath the earth is not worth so much, nor all the mass of silver that is
+now beneath the sun’s rays or may be added thereto,(564) not though the
+loftiest mountains, let us suppose, stones and trees and all were to
+change to that substance, nor the greatest sovereignty there is, nor
+anything else in the whole world. And I do indeed owe it to her that these
+blessings are mine, so many and greater than anyone could have hoped for,
+for in truth I did not ask for much, nor did I nourish myself with any
+such hopes.)
+
+Εὔνοιαν δὲ ἀληθινὴν οὐκ ἔστι πρὸς χρυσίον ἀμείψασθαι, οὐδὲ ἄν τις αὐτὴν
+ἐντεῦθεν πρίαιτο, [121] θείᾳ δέ τινι καὶ κρείττονι μοίρᾳ ἀνθρώπων ἀγαθῶν
+συμπροθυμουμένων παραγέγνεται.(565) ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ παρὰ βασιλέως παιδὶ μὲν
+ὑπῆρχε κατὰ θεόν, ὀλίγου δὲ οἴχεσθαι δεῆσαν ἀπεσώθη πάλιν τῆς βασιλίδος
+ἀμυνούσης καὶ ἀπειργούσης τὰς ψευδεῖς καὶ ἀλλοκότους ὑποψίας. ἃς ἐπειδὴ
+παντελῶς ἐκείνη διέλυσεν, ἐναργεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῷ βίῳ τὠμῷ χρωμένη, καλοῦντός
+τε αὖθις [B] τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὑπήκουον, ἆρα ἐνταῦθα κατέλιπεν,
+ὡς οὐκέτι πολλῆς βοηθείας, ἅτε οὐδενὸς ὄντος ἐν μέσῳ δυσχεροῦς οὐδὲ
+ὑπόπτου, δεόμενον; καὶ πῶς ἂν ὅσια δρῴην οὕτως ἐναργῆ καὶ σεμνὰ σιωπῶν καὶ
+ἀποκρύπτων; κυρουμένης τε γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ταυτησὶ τῆς γνώμης
+διαφερόντως ηὐφραίνετο καὶ συνεπήχει μουσικόν, θαρρεῖν κελεύουσα καὶ μήτε
+τὸ μέγεθος δείσαντα τῶν διδομένων ἀρνεῖσθαι τὸ λαβεῖν, [C] μήτε ἀγροίκῳ
+καὶ αὐθάδει(566) χρησάμενον παρῥησίᾳ φαύλως ἀτιμάσαι τοῦ τοσαῦτα
+ἐργασαμένου ἀγαθὰ τὴν ἀναγκαίαν αἴτησιν. ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπήκουον οὔτι τοῦτό γε
+ἡδέως σφόδρα ὑπομένων, ἄλλως δὲ ἀπειθεῖν χαλεπὸν ὂν σφόδρα ἠπιστάμην, οἷς
+γὰρ ἂν ἐξῇ πράττειν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλωσι σὺν βίᾳ, ἦ που δεόμενοι δυσωπεῖν καὶ
+πείθειν ἀρκοῦσιν. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδή μοι πεισθέντι γέγονε [D] καὶ μεταβαλόντι
+ἐσθῆτα καὶ θεραπείαν καὶ διατριβὰς τὰς συνήθεις καὶ τὴν οἴκησιν δὲ αὐτὴν
+καὶ δίαιταν πάντα ὄγκου πλέα καὶ σεμνότητος ἐκ μικρῶν, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ
+φαύλων τῶν πρόσθεν, ἐμοὶ μὲν ὑπὸ ἀηθείας ἡ ψυχὴ διεταράττετο, οὔτι τὸ
+μέγεθος ἐκπληττομένῳ τῶν παρόντων ἀγαθῶν· σχεδὸν γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας οὐδὲ
+μεγάλα ταῦτα ἐνόμιζον, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεις τινὰς χρωμένοις μὲν ὀρθῶς σφόδρα
+ωφελίμους, ἁμαρτάνουσι δὲ περὶ τὴν χρῆσιν βλαβερὰς [122] καὶ οἴκοις καὶ
+πόλεσι πολλαῖς μυρίων αἰτίας ξυμφορῶν. παραπλήσια δὲ ἐπεπονθεῖν ἀνδρὶ
+σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἡνιοχικῆς ἔχοντι καὶ οὐδὲ ἐθελήσαντι τύυτης μεταλαβεῖν τῆς
+τέχνης, κᾆτα ἀναγκαζομένῳ καλοῦ καὶ γενναίου κομίζειν ἅρμα ἡνιόχου, πολλὰς
+μὲν ξυνωρίδας, πολλὰ δέ, οἶμαι, τέτρωρα τρέφοντος καὶ ἅπασι μὲν
+ἐπιβεβηκότος, διὰ δὲ(567) γενναιότητα φύσεως καὶ ῥώμην ὑπερβάλλουσαν
+ἔχοντος οἶμαι τὰς ἡνίας πάντων ἐγκρατῶς, [B] εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς μιᾶς ἄντυγος
+βαίνοι, οὐ μὴν ἀεί γε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς μένοντος, μεταφερομένου δὲ πολλάκις
+ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε καὶ ἀμείβοντος δίφρον ἐκ δίφρου, εἴ ποτε τοὺς ἵππους
+πονουμένους ἢ καὶ ὑβρίσαντας αἴσθοιτο, ἐν δὲ δὴ τοῖς ἅρμασι τοῖσδε
+κεκτημένου τέτρωρον ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας καὶ θράσους ὑβρίζον, πιεζόμενον τῇ συνεχεῖ
+ταλαιπωρίᾳ καὶ τοῦ θράσους οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἐπιλαθόμενον, ἀγριαῖνον δὲ ἀεὶ
+[C] καὶ παροξυνόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν συμφορῶν ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον ὑβρίζειν καὶ ἀπειθεῖν
+καὶ ἀντιτείνειν, οὐ δεχόμενον ἀμῶς γέ πη πορεύεσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ αὐτὸν
+ὁρῴη τὸν ἡνίοχον(568) διὰ τέλους χαλεπαῖνον ἤ, τό γε ἔλαττον, στολὴν γοῦν
+ἡνιοχικὴν ἄνθρωπον φοροῦντα·(569) οὕτως ἐστὶν ἀλόγιστον φύσει. ὁ δέ,
+οἶμαι, παραμυθούμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν ἄνοιαν ἄνδρα ἐπέστησε, δοὺς φορεῖν(570)
+τοιαύτην ἐσθῆτα καὶ σχῆμα περιβαλὼν ἡνιόχου σεμνοῦ [D] καὶ ἐπιστήμονος, ὃς
+εἰ μὲν ἄφρων εἴη παντελῶς καὶ ἀνόητος, χαίρει καὶ γέγηθε καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὸ
+τῶν ἱματίων καθάπερ πτερῶν ἐπαίρεται, συνέσεως δὲ εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν
+μετέχοι καὶ σώφρονος νοῦ, σφόδρα εὐλαβεῖται,
+
+(But genuine kindness one cannot obtain in exchange for money, nor could
+anyone purchase it by such means, but it exists only when men of noble
+character work in harmony with a sort of divine and higher providence. And
+this the Emperor bestowed on me even as a child, and when it had almost
+vanished it was restored again to me because the Empress defended me and
+warded off those false and monstrous suspicions. And when, using the
+evidence of my life as plain proof, she had completely cleared me of them,
+and I obeyed once more the Emperor’s summons from Greece, did she ever
+forsake me, as though, now that all enmity and suspicion had been removed,
+I no longer needed much assistance? Would my conduct be pious if I kept
+silence and concealed actions so manifest and so honourable? For when a
+good opinion of me was established in the Emperor’s mind, she rejoiced
+exceedingly, and echoed him harmoniously, bidding me take courage and
+neither refuse out of awe to accept the greatness(571) of what was offered
+to me, nor, by employing a boorish and arrogant frankness, unworthily
+slight the urgent request of him who had shown me such favour. And so I
+obeyed, though it was by no means agreeable to me to support this burden,
+and besides I knew well that to refuse was altogether impracticable. For
+when those who have the power to exact by force what they wish condescend
+to entreat, naturally they put one out of countenance and there is nothing
+left but to obey. Now when I consented, I had to change my mode of dress,
+and my attendants, and my habitual pursuits, and my very house and way of
+life for what seemed full of pomp and ceremony to one whose past had
+naturally been so modest and humble, and my mind was confused by the
+strangeness, though it was certainly not dazzled by the magnitude of the
+favours that were now mine. For in my ignorance I hardly regarded them as
+great blessings, but rather as powers of the greatest benefit, certainly,
+to those who use them aright, but, when mistakes are made in their use, as
+being harmful to many houses and cities and the cause of countless
+disasters. So I felt like a man who is altogether unskilled in driving a
+chariot,(572) and is not at all inclined to acquire the art, and then is
+compelled to manage a car that belongs to a noble and talented charioteer,
+one who keeps many pairs and many four‐in‐hands too, let us suppose, and
+has mounted behind them all, and because of his natural talent and
+uncommon strength has a strong grip on the reins of all of them, even
+though he is mounted on one chariot; yet he does not always remain on it,
+but often moves to this side or that and changes from car to car, whenever
+he perceives that his horses are distressed or are getting out of hand;
+and among these chariots he has a team of four that become restive from
+ignorance and high spirit, and are oppressed by continuous hard work, but
+none the less are mindful of that high spirit, and ever grow more unruly
+and are irritated by their distress, so that they grow more restive and
+disobedient and pull against the driver and refuse to go in a certain
+direction, and unless they see the charioteer himself or at least some man
+wearing the dress of a charioteer, end by becoming violent, so unreasoning
+are they by nature. But when the charioteer encourages some unskilful man,
+and sets him over them, and allows him to wear the same dress as his own,
+and invests him with the outward seeming of a splendid and skilful
+charioteer, then if he be altogether foolish and witless, he rejoices and
+is glad and is buoyed up and exalted by those robes, as though by wings,
+but, if he has even a small share of common sense and prudent
+understanding, he is very much alarmed)
+
+
+    μήπως αὑτὸν τε τρώσῃ σύν θ᾽ ἅρματα ἄξῃ,
+
+    (“Lest he both injure himself and shatter his chariot
+    withal,”(573))
+
+
+καὶ τῷ μὲν ἡνιόχῳ ζημίας, αὑτῷ δὲ αἰσχρᾶς καὶ ἀδόξου συμφορᾶς αἴτιος
+γένηται. ταῦτα ἐγὼ ἐλογιζόμην ἐν νυκτὶ βουλεύων καὶ δι᾽ ἡμέρας κατ᾽
+ἐμαυτὸν ἐπισκοπούμενος, [123] σύννους ὢν ἀεὶ καὶ σκυθρωπός. ὁ γενναῖος δὲ
+καὶ θεῖος ἀληθῶς αὐτοκράτωρ ἀφῄρει τι πάντως τῶν ἀλγεινῶν, ἔργοις καὶ
+λόγοις τιμῶν καὶ χαριζόμενος. τέλος δὲ τὴν βασιλίδα προσειπεῖν κελεύει,
+θάρσος τε ἡμῖν ἐνδιδοὺς καὶ τοῦ σφόδρα πιστεύειν γενναῖον εὖ μάλα παρέχων
+γνώρισμα. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐς ὄψιν ἐκείνης ἦλθον, ἐδόκουν μὲν ὥσπερ ἐν
+ἱερῷ καθιδρυμένον ἄγαλμα σωφροσύνης ὁρᾶν· [B] αἰδὼς δὲ ἐπεῖχε τὴν ψυχήν,
+καὶ ἐπέπηκτό μοι κατὰ γῆς τὰ ὄμματα συχνὸν ἐπιεικῶς χρόνον, ἕως ἐκείνη
+θαρρεῖν ἐκέλευε. καὶ τὰ μέν, ἔφη, ἤδη παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ἔχεις, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἕξεις σὺν
+θεῷ, μόνον εἰ πιστὸς καὶ δίκαιος εἰς ἡμᾶς γένοιο. τοσαῦτα ἤκουσα σχεδόν·
+οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτὴ πλεῖονα(574) ἐφθέγξατο, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπισταμένη τῶν γενναίων
+ῥητόρων οὐδὲ ἓν φαυλοτέρους ἀπαγγέλλειν λόγους. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς ἐντεύξεως
+ἀπαλλαγεὶς σφόδρα ἐθαύμασα καὶ ἐξεπεπλήγμην, ἐναργῶς δοκῶν ἀκηκοέναι
+σωφροσύνης αὐτῆς φθεγγομένης· οὕτω πρᾷον ἦν αὐτῇ φθέγμα καὶ μείλιχον, [C]
+ταῖς ἐμαῖς ἀκοαῖς ἐγκαθιδρυμένον.
+
+(and so cause loss to the charioteer and bring on himself shameful and
+inglorious disaster. On all this, then, I reflected, taking counsel with
+myself in the night season, and in the daytime pondering it with myself,
+and I was continually thoughtful and gloomy. Then the noble and truly
+godlike Emperor lessened my torment in every way, and showed me honour and
+favour both in deed and word. And at last he bade me address myself to the
+Empress, inspiring me with courage and giving me a very generous
+indication that I might trust her completely. Now when first I came into
+her presence it seemed to me as though I beheld a statue of Modesty set up
+in some temple. Then reverence filled my soul, and my eyes were fixed upon
+the ground(575) for some considerable time, till she bade me take courage.
+Then she said: “Certain favours you have already received from us and yet
+others you shall receive, if God will, if only you prove to be loyal and
+honest towards us.” This was almost as much as I heard. For she herself
+did not say more, and that though she knew how to utter speeches not a
+whit inferior to those of the most gifted orators. And I, when I had
+departed from this interview, felt the deepest admiration and awe, and was
+clearly convinced that it was Modesty herself I had heard speaking. So
+gentle and comforting was her utterance, and it is ever firmly settled in
+my ears.)
+
+Βούλεσθε οὖν τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα πάλιν ἔργα καὶ ὅσα ἔδρασεν ἡμᾶς ἀγαθὰ καθ᾽
+ἕκαστον λεπτουργοῦντες ἀπαγγέλλωμεν; ἢ τά γε ἐντεῦθεν ἀθρόως ἑλόντες,
+καθάπερ ἔδρασεν αὐτὴ,(576) πάντα ὁμοῦ διηγησώμεθα; [D] ὁπόσους μὲν εὖ
+ἐποίησε τῶν ἐμοὶ γνωρίμων, ὅπως δὲ ἐμοὶ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τὸν γάμον
+ἥρμοσεν. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἴσως ποθεῖτε καὶ τὸν κατάλογον ἀκοίειν τῶν δώρων,
+
+(Do you wish then that I should report to you what she did after this, and
+all the blessings she conferred on me, and that I should give precise
+details one by one? Or shall I take up my tale concisely as she did
+herself, and sum up the whole? Shall I tell how many of my friends she
+benefited, and how with the Emperor’s help she arranged my marriage? But
+perhaps you wish to hear also the list of her presents to me:)
+
+
+    ἕπτ᾽ ἀπύρους τρίποδας, δέκα δὲ χρυσοῖο τάλαντα
+
+    (“Seven tripods untouched by fire and ten talents of gold,”(577))
+
+
+καὶ λέβητας ἐείκοσιν. ἀλλ᾽ οὔ μοι σχολὴ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἀδολεσχεῖν· ἑνὸς
+δὲ ἴσως τῶν ἐκείνης δώρων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄχαρι καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς ἀπομνημονεῦσαι, ᾧ
+μοι δοκῶ καὶ αὐτὸς ἡσθῆναι(578) διαφερόντως· βίβλους γὰρ φιλοσόφων καὶ
+ξυγγραφέων ἀγαθῶν [124] καὶ ῥετόρων πολλῶν καὶ ποιητῶν, ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς
+ὀλίγας οἴκοθεν ἔφερον, ἐλπίδι καὶ πόθῳ τοῦ πάλιν οἴκαδε ἐπανελθεῖν τὴν
+ταχίστην ψυχαγωγούμενος, ἔδωκεν ἀθρόως τοσαύτας, ὥστε ἐμοῦ μὲν ἀποπλῆσαι
+τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν σφόδρα ἀκορέστως ἔχοντος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνας(579) συνουσίας,
+μουσεῖον δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἀποφῆναι βιβλίων ἕκητι τὴν Γαλατίαν καὶ τὴν Κελτίδα.
+τούτοις ἐγὼ προσκαθήμενος συνεχῶς τοῖς δώροις, εἴ ποτε σχολὴν ἄγοιμι, οὐκ
+ἔστιν ὅπως ἐπιλανθάνωμαι τῆς χαρισαμένης· [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατευομένῳ μοι ἕν
+γέ τι πάντως ἕπεται οἷον ἐφόδιον τῆς στρατείας πρὸς αὐτόπτου πάλαι
+ξυγκείμενον. πολλὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς τῶν παλαιῶν(580) ἐμπειρίας ὑπομνήματα ξὺν
+τέχνηι γραφέντα τοῖς ἁμαρτοῦσι διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν τῆς θέας ἐναργῆ καὶ λαμπρὰν
+εἰκόνα φέρει τῶν πάλαι πραχθέντων, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἤδη καὶ νέοι πολλοὶ γερόντων
+μυρίων πολιὸν μᾶλλον ἐκτήσαντο τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς φρένας, [C] καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν
+ἀγαθὸν ἐκ τοῦ γήρως ὑπάρχειν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις μόνον, τὴν ἐμπειρίαν, δι᾽ ἣν ὁ
+πρεσβύτης ἔχει τι λέξαι τῶν νέων σοφώτερον, τοῖς οὐ ῥᾳθύμοις τῶν νέων
+ἔδωκεν. ἔστι δὲ οἶμαί τις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ παιδαγωγία πρὸς ἦθος γενναῖον, εἴ
+τις ἐπίσταιτο τοὺς ἀρίστους ἄνδρας καὶ λόγους καὶ πράξεις, οἷον ἀρχέτυπα
+προτιθέμενος δημιουργός, πλάττειν ἤδη πρὸς ταῦτα τὴν αὑτοῦ διάνοιαν καὶ
+ἀφομοιοῦν τοὺς(581) λόγους. ὧν εἰ μὴ παμπληθὲς ἀπολειφθείη, [D] τυγχάνοι
+δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον τῆς ὁμοιότητος, οὐ σμικρὰ ἂν ὄναιτο, εὖ ἴστε. ὃ δὴ καὶ
+αὐτὸς πολλάκις ξυννοῶν παιδιάν τε οὐκ ἄμουσον ἐν αὐτοῖς ποιοῦμαι καὶ
+στρατευόμενος καθάπερ σιτία φέρειν ἀναγκαῖα καὶ ταῦτα ἐθέλω· μέτρον δέ
+ἐστι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν φερομένων ὁ καιρός.
+
+(and twenty caldrons. But I have no time to gossip about such subjects.
+Nevertheless one of those gifts of hers it would perhaps not be ungraceful
+to mention to you, for it was one with which I was myself especially
+delighted. For she gave me the best books on philosophy and history, and
+many of the orators and poets, since I had brought hardly any with me from
+home, deluding myself with the hope and longing to return home again, and
+gave them in such numbers, and all at once, that even my desire for them
+was satisfied, though I am altogether insatiable of converse with
+literature; and, so far as books went, she made Galatia(582) and the
+country of the Celts resemble a Greek temple of the Muses. And to these
+gifts I applied myself incessantly whenever I had leisure, so that I can
+never be unmindful of the gracious giver. Yes, even when I take the field
+one thing above all else goes with me as a necessary provision for the
+campaign, some one narrative of a campaign composed long ago by an eye‐
+witness. For many of those records of the experience of men of old,
+written as they are with the greatest skill, furnish to those who, by
+reason of their youth, have missed seeing such a spectacle, a clear and
+brilliant picture of those ancient exploits, and by this means many a tiro
+has acquired a more mature understanding and judgment than belongs to very
+many older men; and that advantage which people think old age alone can
+give to mankind, I mean experience (for experience it is that enables an
+old man “to talk more wisely than the young”(583)), even this the study of
+history can give to the young if only they are diligent. Moreover, in my
+opinion, there is in such books a means of liberal education for the
+character, supposing that one understands how, like a craftsman, setting
+before himself as patterns the noblest men and words and deeds, to mould
+his own character to match them, and make his words resemble theirs. And
+if he should not wholly fall short of them, but should achieve even some
+slight resemblance, believe me that would be for him the greatest good
+fortune. And it is with this idea constantly before me that not only do I
+give myself a literary education by means of books, but even on my
+campaigns I never fail to carry them like necessary provisions. The number
+that I take with me is limited only by particular circumstances.)
+
+Ἀλλὰ μή ποτε οὐκ ἐκείνων χρὴ νῦν τὸν ἔπαινον γράφειν οὐδὲ ὅσα ἡμῖν ἀγαθὰ
+γένοιτ᾽ ἂν ἐνθένδε, [125] ὁπόσου δὲ τὸ δῶρον ἄξιον καταμαθόντας χάριν
+ἀποτίνειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀλλοτρίαν τοῦ δοθέντος τῇ χαρισαμένῃ. λόγων γὰρ
+ἀστείων καὶ παντοδαπῶν θησαυροὺς τὸν ἐν ταῖς βίβλοις δεξάμενον οὐκ ἄδικον
+διὰ σμικρῶν καὶ φαύλων ῥημάτων ἰδιωτικῶς καὶ ἀγροίκως ἄγαν ξυγκειμένων
+ᾄδειν εὐφημίαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ γεωργὸν φήσεις εὐγνώμονα, ὃς καταφυτεύειν μὲν τὴν
+φυταλιὰν ἀρχόμενος κλήματα ᾔτει παρὰ τῶν γειτόνων, εἶτα ἐκτρέφων τὰς
+ἀμπέλους δίκελλαν καὶ αὖθις σμινύην, καὶ τέλος ἤδη κάλαμον, [B] ᾧ χρὴ
+προσδεδέσθαι καὶ ἐπικεῖσθαι τὴν ἄμπελον, ἵνα αὐτή τε ἀνέχηται καὶ οἱ
+βότρυες ἐξηρτημένοι μηδαμοῦ ψαύωσι τῆς βώλου, τυχόντα δὲ ὧν ἐδεῖτο μόνον
+ἐμπίπλασθαι τοῦ Διονύσου τῆς χάριτος οὔτε τῶν βοτρύων οὔτε τοῦ γλεύκους
+μεταδιδόντα τοῖς,(584) ὧν πρὸς τὴν γεωργίαν ἔτυχε προθύμων. οὔκουν οὐδὲ
+νομέα ποιμνίων οὐδὲ βουκολίων οὐδὲ μὴν αἰπολίων ἐπιεικῆ καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ
+εὐγνώμονα φήσει τις, ὃς τοῦ μὲν χειμώνος, ὅτε αὐτῷ στέγης καὶ πόας ἐδεῖτο
+τὰ βοσκήματα, [C] σφόδρα ἐτύγχανε προθύμων τῶν φίλων, πολλὰ μὲν αὐτῷ
+ξυμποριζόντων καὶ μεταδιδόντων τροφῆς ἀφθόνου καὶ καταγωγίων, ἦρος δὲ
+οἶμαι καὶ θέρους φανέντος μάλα γενναίως ἐπιλαθόμενον ὧν εὖ πάθοι, οὔτε τοῦ
+γάλακτος οὔτε τῶν τυρῶν οὔτε ἄλλου τοῦ μεταδιδόντα τοῖς(585) ὑφ᾽ ὧν αὐτῷ
+διεσώθη ἀπολόμενα ἂν ἄλλως τὰ θρέμματα.
+
+(But perhaps I ought not now to be writing a panegyric on books, nor to
+describe all the benefits that we might derive from them, but since I
+recognise how much that gift was worth, I ought to pay back to the
+gracious giver thanks not perhaps altogether different in kind from what
+she gave. For it is only just that one who has accepted clever discourses
+of all sorts laid up as treasure in books, should sound a strain of eulogy
+if only in slight and unskilful phrases, composed in an unlearned and
+rustic fashion. For you would not say that a farmer showed proper feeling
+who, when starting to plant his vineyard, begs for cuttings from his
+neighbours, and presently, when he cultivates his vines, asks for a
+mattock and then for a hoe, and finally for a stake to which the vine must
+be tied and which it must lean against, so that it may itself be
+supported, and the bunches of grapes as they hang may nowhere touch the
+soil; and then, after obtaining all he asked for, drinks his fill of the
+pleasant gift of Dionysus, but does not share either the grapes or the
+must with those whom he found so willing to help him in his husbandry.
+Just so one would not say that a shepherd or neatherd or even a goatherd
+was honest and good and right‐minded, who in winter, when his flocks need
+shelter and fodder, met with the utmost consideration from his friends,
+who helped him to procure many things, and gave him food in abundance, and
+lodging, and presently when spring and summer appeared, forgot in lordly
+fashion all those kindnesses, and shared neither his milk nor cheeses nor
+anything else with those who had saved his beasts for him when they would
+otherwise have perished.)
+
+Ὅστις οὖν λόγους ὁποιουσοῦν τρέφων νέος μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡγεμόνων πολλῶν
+δεόμενος, τροφῆς δὲ πολλῆς [D] καὶ καθαρᾶς τῆς ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν γραμμάτων,
+εἶτα ἀθρόως πάντων στερηθείη(586) ἆρα ὑμῖν μικρᾶς δεῖσθαι βοηθείας δοκεῖ ἢ
+μικρῶν αὐτῷ γεγονέναι ἄξιος ὁ πρὸς ταῦτα συλλαμβανόμενος; καὶ τυχὸν οὐ χρὴ
+πειρᾶσθαι χάριν ἀποτίνειν αὐτῷ τῆς προθυμίας καὶ τῶν ἔργων; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε
+τὸν Θαλῆν ἐκεῖνον, τῶν σοφῶν τὸ κεφάλαιον μιμητέον,(587) οὗ τὰ ἐπαινούμενα
+ἀκηκόαμεν; ἐρομένου γάρ τινος ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔμαθεν [126] ὁπόσον τινὰ χρὴ
+καταβαλεῖν μισθόν· ὁμολογῶν, ἔφη, τι(588) παρ᾽ ἡμῶν μαθεῖν τὴν ἀξίαν ἡμῖν
+ἐκτίσεις. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅστις διδάσκαλος μὲν αὐτὸς οὐ γέγονε, πρὸς τὸ μαθεῖν
+δὲ καὶ ὁτιοῦν συνηνύγκατο, ἀδικοῖτ᾽ ἄν, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνοι τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς
+ἐπὶ τοῖς δοθεῖσιν ὁμολογίας, ἣν δὴ καὶ ὁ σοφὸς ἀπαιτῶν φαίνεται. εἶεν.
+ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν χαρίεν καὶ σεμνὸν τὸ δῶρον· χρυσίον δὲ καὶ ἀργύριον οὔτε
+ἐδεόμην ἐγὼ λαβεῖν οὔτε ὑμᾶς δὴ [B] ὑπὲρ τούτων ἡδέως ἂν ἐνοχλήσαιμι.
+
+(And now take the case of one who cultivates literature of any sort, and
+is himself young and therefore needs numerous guides and the abundant food
+and pure nourishment that is to be obtained from ancient writings, and
+then suppose that he should be deprived of all these all at once, is it,
+think you, slight assistance that he is asking? And is it slight payment
+that he deserves who comes to his aid? But perhaps he ought not even to
+attempt to make him any return for his zeal and kind actions? Perhaps he
+ought to imitate the famous Thales, that consummate philosopher, and that
+answer which we have all heard and which is so much admired? For when
+someone asked what fee he ought to pay him for knowledge he had acquired,
+Thales replied “If you let it be known that it was I who taught you, you
+will amply repay me.” Just so one who has not himself been the teacher,
+but has helped another in any way to gain knowledge, would indeed be
+wronged if he did not obtain gratitude and that acknowledgement of the
+gift which even the philosopher seems to have demanded. Well and good. But
+this gift of hers was both welcome and magnificent. And as for gold and
+silver I neither asked for them nor, were they in question, should I be
+willing thus to wear out your patience.)
+
+Λόγον δὲ ὑμῖν εἰπεῖν ἐθέλω μάλα δή τι(589) ὑμῖν ἀκοῆς ἄξιον, εἰ μὴ
+τυγχάνομεν ἀπειρηκότες πρὸς τὸ μῆκος τῆς ἀδολεσχίας· τυχὸν δὲ(590) οὐδὲ
+τῶν ῥηθέντων ἠκρόασθε ξὺν ἡδονῇ ἅτε ἀνδρὸς ἰδιώτου καὶ σφόδρα ἀμαθοῦς
+λόγων, πλάττειν μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τεχνάζειν εἰδότος, φράζοντος δὲ ὅπως ἂν
+ἐπίῃ τάληθές· ὁ δὲ δὴ λόγος σχεδόν τι περὶ τῶν παρόντων ἐστί. φήσουσι γάρ,
+[C] οἶμαι, πολλοὶ παρὰ τῶν μακαρίων σοφιστῶν ἀναπειθόμενοι, ὅτι ἄρα μικρὰ
+καὶ φαῦλα πράγματα ἀναλεξάμενος ὡς δή τι σεμνὸν ὑμῖν ἀπαγγέλλω. τοῦτο δὲ
+οὐ φιλονεικοῦντες πρὸς τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους οὐδὲ ἐμὲ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς
+ἀφαιρεῖσθαι δόξης ἐθέλοντες ἴσως ἂν εἴποιεν· ἴσασι γὰρ σαφῶς, ὅτι μήτε
+ἀντίτεχνος εἶναι βούλομαι τοῖς ἐκείνων λόγοις τοὺς ἐμαυτοῦ παρατιθείς,
+μήτε ἄλλως ἀπεχθάνεσθαι ἐκείνοις ἐθέλω· ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον [D]
+τοῦ μεγάλα λέγειν ἐκ παντὸς ὀρεγόμενοι χαλεπῶς ἔχουσι πρὸς τοὺς μὴ
+τἀκείνων ζηλοῦντας καὶ δι᾽ αἰτίας ἄγουσιν ὡς καθαιροῦντας τὴν τῶν λόγων
+ἰσχύν. μόνα γὰρ εἶναι τῶν ἔργων ζηλωτά φασι καὶ σπουδῆς ἄξια καὶ πολλῶν
+ἐπαίνων ὁπόσα διὰ μέγεθος ἤδη τισὶν ἄπιστα ἐφάνη, ὁποῖα δή τινα τὰ περὶ
+τῆς Ἀσσυρίας ἐκείνης γυναικός, ἣ μεταβαλοῦσα καθάπερ ῥεῖθρον εὐτελὲς τὸν
+διὰ τῆς Βαβυλῶνος ποταμὸν ῥέοντα βασίλειά [127] τε ᾠκοδόμησεν ὑπὸ γῆς
+πάγκαλα καὶ μεθῆκεν ὑπὲρ τῶν χωμάτων αὖθις. ὑπὲρ γὰρ δὴ ταύτης πολὺς μὲν
+λόγος, ὡς ἐναυμάχει ναυσὶ τρισχιλίαις, καὶ πεζῇ παρετάττετο μυριάδας
+ὁπλιτῶν τριακοσίας ἄγουσα, τό τε ἐν Βαβυλῶνι τεῖχος ᾠκοδόμει πεντακοσίων
+σταδίων μικρὸν ἀποδέον, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν πόλιν ὀρύγματα καὶ ἄλλα πολυτελῆ
+καὶ δαπανηρὰ κατασκευάσματα ἐκείνης ἔργα γενέσθαι [B] λέγουσι. Νίτωκρις δὲ
+ταύτης νεωτέρα καὶ Ῥοδογούνη καὶ Τώμυρις καὶ μυρίος δή τις ἐπιρρεῖ
+γυναικῶν ὄχλος ἀνδριζομένων οὐ λίαν εὐπρεπῶς. τινὰς δὲ ἤδη διὰ τὸ κάλλος
+περιβλέπτους καὶ ὀνομαστὰς γενομένας οὐ σφόδρα εὐτυχῶς, ἐπειδὴ ταραχῆς
+αἴτιαι καὶ πολέμων μακρῶν ἔθνεσι μυρίοις καὶ ἀνδράσιν, ὅσους ἦν εἰκὸς ἐκ
+τοσαύτης χώρας ἀθροίζεσθαι, γενέσθαι δοκοῦσιν, ὡς μεγάλων αἰτίας ὑμνοῦσι
+πράξεων. ὅστις δὲ τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν ἔχει, [C] καταγέλαστος εἶναι δοκεῖ
+ἅτε οὐκ ἐκπλήττειν οὐδὲ θαυματοποιεῖν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σφόδρα ἐπιχειρῶν.
+βούλεσθε οὖν ἐπανερωτῶμεν αὐτούς, εἴ τις αὐτῶν γαμετὴν ἢ θυγατέρα οἱ
+τοιαύτην εὔχεται γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν Πηνελόπην; καίτοι ἐπὶ ταύτης οὐδὲν
+Ὅμηρος εἰπεῖν ἔσχε πλέον τῆς σωφροσύνης καὶ τῆς φιλανδρίας καὶ τῆς ἐς τὸν
+ἑκυρὸν ἐπιμελείας καὶ τὸν παῖδα· ἔμελε δὲ ἄρα οὔτε τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐκείνῃ οὔτε
+τῶν ποιμνίων· στρατηγίαν δὲ ἢ δημηγορίαν οὐδὲ ὄναρ εἰκὸς(591) ἐκείνῃ
+παραστῆναί ποτε· [D] ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁπότε λέγειν ἐχρῆν εἰς τὰ μειράκια,
+
+(But I wish to tell you a story very well worth your hearing, unless
+indeed you are already wearied by the length of this garrulous speech.
+Indeed it may be that you have listened without enjoyment to what has been
+said so far, seeing that the speaker is a layman and entirely ignorant of
+rhetoric, and knows neither how to invent nor how to use the writer’s
+craft, but speaks the truth as it occurs to him. And my story is about
+something almost of the present time. Now many will say, I suppose,
+persuaded by the accomplished sophists, that I have collected what is
+trivial and worthless, and relate it to you as though it were of serious
+import. And probably they will say this, not because they are jealous of
+my speeches, or because they wish to rob me of the reputation that they
+may bring. For they well know that I do not desire to be their rival in
+the art by setting my own speeches against theirs, nor in any other way do
+I wish to quarrel with them. But since, for some reason or other, they are
+ambitious of speaking on lofty themes at any cost, they will not tolerate
+those who have not their ambition, and they reproach them with weakening
+the power of rhetoric. For they say that only those deeds are to be
+admired and are worthy of serious treatment and repeated praise which,
+because of their magnitude, have been thought by some to be incredible,
+those stories for instance about that famous woman(592) of Assyria who
+turned aside as though it were an insignificant brook the river(593) that
+flows through Babylon, and built a gorgeous palace underground, and then
+turned the stream back again beyond the dykes that she had made. For of
+her many a tale is told, how she fought a naval battle with three thousand
+ships, and on land she led into the field of battle three million
+hoplites, and in Babylon she built a wall very nearly five hundred stades
+in length, and the moat that surrounds the city and other very costly and
+expensive edifices were, they tell us, her work. And Nitocris(594) who
+came later than she, and Rhodogyne(595) and Tomyris,(596) aye and a crowd
+of women beyond number who played men’s parts in no very seemly fashion
+occur to my mind. And some of them were conspicuous for their beauty and
+so became notorious, though it brought them no happiness, but since they
+were the causes of dissension and long wars among countless nations and as
+many men as could reasonably be collected from a country of that size,
+they are celebrated by the orators as having given rise to mighty deeds.
+And a speaker who has nothing of this sort to relate seems ridiculous
+because he makes no great effort to astonish his hearers or to introduce
+the marvellous into his speeches. Now shall we put this question to these
+orators, whether any one of them would wish to have a wife or daughter of
+that sort, rather than like Penelope? And yet in her case Homer had no
+more to tell than of her discretion and her love for her husband and the
+good care she took of her father‐in‐law and her son. Evidently she did not
+concern herself with the fields or the flocks, and as for leading an army
+or speaking in public, of course she never even dreamed of such a thing.
+But even when it was necessary for her to speak to the young suitors,)
+
+
+    ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη λιπαρὰ κρήδεμνα
+
+    (“Holding up before her face her shining veil”(597))
+
+
+πρᾴως ἐφθέγγετο. καὶ οὐκ ἀπορῶν Ὅμηρος οἶμαι τηλικούτων ἔργων οὐδὲ
+ὀνομαστῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς γυναικῶν ταύτην ὕμνησε διαφερόντως· ἐξῆν γοῦν αὐτῷ
+τὴν τῆς Ἀμαζόνος φιλοτίμως πάνυ στρατείαν διηγησαμένῳ τὴν ποίησιν ἅπασαν
+ἐμπλῆσαι τοιούτων διηγημάτων τέρπειν εὖ μάλα καὶ ψυχαγωγεῖν δυναμένων.
+[128] οὐ γὰρ δὴ τείχους μὲν αἵρεσιν, καὶ πολιορκίαν καὶ τρόπον τινὰ
+ναυμαχίαν εἶναι δοκοῦσαν, τὸν πρὸς τοῖς νεωρίοις πόλεμον, ἀνδρός τε ἐπ᾽
+αὐτῇ καὶ ποταμοῦ μάχην ἐπεισάγειν οἴκοθεν διενοεῖτο τῇ ποιήσει καινόν τι
+λέγειν ἐπιθυμῶν· τοῦτο δὲ εἴπερ ἦν, ὥσπερ οὖν φασι, σεμνότατον, ὀλιγώρως
+οὕτω παρέλιπε. τί ποτε οὖν ἄν τις αἴτιον λέγοι τοῦ κείνην μὲν ἐπαινεῖν
+προθύμως, τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽(598) ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μνημονεύειν; ὅτι [B] διὰ μὲν τὴν
+ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην πολλὰ ἴδίᾳ τε(599) τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ εἰς τὸ
+κοινὸν ἀγαθὰ συμβαίνει, ἐκ δὲ δὴ τῆς τούτων φιλοτιμίας ὄφελος μὲν οὐδὲ ἕν,
+συμφοραὶ δὲ ἀνήκεστοι. ἅτε δὴ ὢν οἶμαι σοφὸς καὶ θεῖος ποιητὴς ταύτην
+ἔκρινεν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν τὴν εὐφημίαν. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι προσῆκον(600)
+εὐλαβηθῆναι τοσοῦτον ἡγεμόνα ποιουμένοις, μή τις ἄρα μικροὺς ὑπολάβῃ καὶ
+φαύλους;
+
+(it was in mild accents that she expressed herself. And it was not because
+he was short of such great deeds, or of women famous for them, that he
+sang the praises of Penelope rather than the others. For instance, he
+could have made it his ambition to tell the story of the Amazon’s(601)
+campaign and have filled all his poetry with tales of that sort, which
+certainly have a wonderful power to delight and charm. For as to the
+taking of the wall and the siege, and that battle near the ships which in
+some respects seems to have resembled a sea‐fight, and then the fight of
+the hero and the river,(602) he did not bring them into this poem with the
+desire to relate something new and strange of his own invention. And even
+though this fight was, as they say, most marvellous, he neglected and
+passed over the marvellous as we see. What reason then can anyone give for
+his praising Penelope so enthusiastically and making not the slightest
+allusion to those famous women? Because by reason of her virtue and
+discretion many blessings have been gained for mankind, both for
+individuals and for the common weal, whereas from the ambition of those
+others there has arisen no benefit whatever, but incurable calamities. And
+so, as he was, I think, a wise and inspired poet, he decided that to
+praise Penelope was better and more just. And since I adopt so great a
+guide, is it fitting that I should be afraid lest some person think me
+trivial or inferior?)
+
+[C] Ἐγὼ δὲ ὑμῖν καὶ τὸν γενναῖον ἐκεῖνον ῥήτορα Περικλέα τὸν πάνυ, τὸν
+Ὀλύμπιον, μάρτυρα ἀγαθὸν ἤδη παρέξομαι. κολάκων γὰρ δή, φασὶ, ποτὲ τὸν
+ἄνδρα περιεστὼς δῆμος διελάγχανον τοὺς ἐπαίνους, ὁ μὲν ὅτι τὴν Σάμον
+ἐξεῖλεν, ἄλλος δὲ ὅτι τὴν Εὔβοιαν, τινὲς δὲ ἤδη τὸ περιπλεῦσαι τὴν
+Πελοπόννησον, ἦσαν δὲ οἱ τῶν ψηφισμάτων μεμνημένοι, τινὲς δὲ τῆς πρὸς τὸν
+Κίμωνα φιλοτιμίας, σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν πολίτην καὶ στρατηγὸν εἶναι δόξαντα
+γενναῖον. [D] ὁ δὲ τούτοις μὲν οὔτε ἀχθόμενος οὔτε γανύμενος δῆλος ἦν,
+ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἠξίου τῶν αὑτῷ πεπολιτευμένων ἐπαινεῖν, ὅτι τοσοῦτον χρόνον(603)
+ἐπιτροπεύσας τὸν Ἀθηναίων δῆμον οὐδενὶ θανάτου γέγονεν αἴτιος, οὐδὲ
+ἱμάτιον μέλαν τῶν πολιτῶν τις περιβαλόμενος Περικλέα γενέσθαι ταύτης
+αἴτιον αὐτῷ τῆς συμφορᾶς ἔφη. ἄλλου του, πρὸς φιλίου Διός, δοκοῦμεν ὑμῖν
+μάρτυρος δεῖσθαι, ὅτι μέγιστον ἀρετῆς σημείον [129] καὶ πάντων μάλιστα
+ἐπαίνων ἄξιον τὸ μηδένα κτεῖναι τῶν πολιτῶν μηδὲ ἀφελέσθαι τὰ χρήματα μηδὲ
+ἀδίκῳ φυγῇ περιβαλεῖν; ὅστις δὲ πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας συμφορὰς αὑτὸν ἀντιτάξας
+καθάπερ ἰατρὸς γενναῖος οὐδαμῶς ἀποχρῆν ὑπέλαβεν αὑτῷ τὸ μηδενὶ νοσήματος
+αἰτίῳ γενέσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ πάντα εἰς δύναμιν ἰῷτο καὶ θεραπεύοι, οὐδὲν
+ἄξιον τῆς αὐτοῦ τέχνης ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν, ἆρα ὑμῖν δοκεῖ τῶν ἴσων ἐπαίνων ἐν
+δίκῃ τυγχάνειν; [B] καὶ οὐδὲν προτιμήσομεν οὔτε τὸν τρόπον οὔτε τὴν
+δύναμιν, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἔξεστι μὲν αὐτῇ δρᾶν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλῃ, θέλει δὲ ἅπασι τἀγαθά;
+τοῦτο ἐγὼ κεφάλαιον τοῦ παντὸς ἐπαίνου ποιοῦμαι, οὐκ ἀπορῶν ἄλλων
+θαυμασίων εἶναι δοκούντων καὶ λαμπρῶν διηγημάτων.
+
+(But it is indeed a noble witness that I shall now bring forward, that
+splendid orator Pericles, the renowned, the Olympian. It is said(604) that
+once a crowd of flatterers surrounded him and were distributing his
+praises among them, one telling how he had reduced Samos,(605) another how
+he had recovered Euboea,(606) some how he had sailed round the
+Peloponnesus, while others spoke of his enactments, or of his rivalry with
+Cimon, who was reputed to be a most excellent citizen and a distinguished
+general. But Pericles gave no sign either of annoyance or exultation, and
+there was but one thing in all his political career for which he claimed
+to deserve praise, that, though he had governed the Athenian people for so
+long, he had been responsible for no man’s death, and no citizen when he
+put on black clothes had ever said that Pericles was the cause of his
+misfortune. Now, by Zeus the god of friendship, do you think I need any
+further witness to testify that the greatest proof of virtue and one
+better worth praise than all the rest put together is not to have caused
+the death of any citizen, or to have taken his money from him, or involved
+him in unjust exile? But he who like a good physician tries to ward off
+such calamities as these, and by no means thinks that it is enough for him
+not to cause anyone to contract a disease, but unless he cures and cares
+for everyone as far as he can, considers that his work is unworthy of his
+skill, do you think that in justice such a one ought to receive no higher
+praise than Pericles? And shall we not hold in higher honour her character
+and that authority which enables her to do what she will, since what she
+wills is the good of all? For this I make the sum and substance of my
+whole encomium, though I do not lack other narratives such as are commonly
+held to be marvellous and splendid.)
+
+Εἰ γὰρ δή τις τὴν περὶ τῶν ἄλλων σιωπὴν ὑποπτεύσειεν ὡς ματαίαν οὖσαν
+προσποίησιν καὶ ἀλαζονείαν κενὴν καὶ αὐθάδη, οὔτι που καὶ τὴν ἔναγχος
+ἐπιδημίαν γενομένην αὐτῇ τὴν εις τὴν Ῥώμην, [C] ὁπότε ἐστρατεύετο βασιλεὺς
+ζεύγμασι καὶ ναυσὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον διαβὰς ἄγχου τῶν Γαλατίας ὁρίων, ψευδῆ καὶ
+πεπλασμένην ἄλλως ὑποπτεύσει. ἐξῆν δὴ οὖν, ὡς εἰκός, διηγουμένῳ ταῦτα τοῦ
+δήμου μεμνῆσθαι καὶ τῆς γερουσίας, ὅπως αὐτὴν ὑπεδέχετο σὺν χαρμονῇ,
+προθύμως ὑπαντῶντες καὶ δεξιούμενοι καθάπερ νόμος βασιλίδα, καὶ τῶν
+ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος, ὡς ἐλευθέριον καὶ μεγαλοπρεπές, καὶ τῆς παρασκευῆς
+τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ὁπόσα τε ἔνειμε τῶν φυλῶν [D] τοῖς ἐπιστάταις καὶ
+ἑκατοντάρχαις τοῦ πλήθους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῶν τοιούτων οὔτε
+ἔδοξέ ποτε ζηλωτὸν οὐδέν, οὔτε ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλω πρὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν πλοῦτον.
+καίτοι με(607) οὐ λέληθεν ἡ τῶν χρημάτων ἐλευθέριος δαπάνη μετέχουσά τινος
+ἀρετῆς· ἀλλ᾽ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐπιείκειαν καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ ὅσα
+δὴ ἄλλα περὶ αὐτῆς λέγων πολλοὺς μὲν καὶ ἄλλους, [130] ἀτὰρ δὴ καὶ ἐμαυτὸν
+ὑμῖν καὶ τὰ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ πραχθέντα παρεῖχον μάρτυρα. εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ ἄλλοι τὴν
+ἐμὴν εὐγνωμοσύνην ζηλοῦν ἐπιχειρήσειαν, πολλοὺς ἔχει τε ἤδη καὶ ἕξει τοὺς
+ἐπαινέτας.
+
+(For if anyone should suspect that my silence about the rest is vain
+affectation and empty and insolent pretension, this at least he will not
+suspect, that the visit which she lately made to Rome,(608) when the
+Emperor was on his campaign and had crossed the Rhine by bridges of boats
+near the frontiers of Galatia, is a false and vain invention. I could
+indeed very properly have given an account of this visit, and described
+how the people and the senate welcomed her with rejoicings and went to
+meet her with enthusiasm, and received her as is their custom to receive
+an Empress, and told the amount of the expenditure, how generous and
+splendid it was, and the costliness of the preparations, and reckoned up
+the sums she distributed to the presidents of the tribes and the
+centurions of the people. But nothing of that sort has ever seemed to me
+worth while, nor do I wish to praise wealth before virtue. And yet I am
+aware that the generous spending of money implies a sort of virtue.
+Nevertheless I rate more highly goodness and temperance and wisdom and all
+those other qualities of hers that I have described, bringing before you
+as witnesses not only many others but myself as well and all that she did
+for me. Now if only others also try to emulate my proper feeling, there
+are and there will be many to sing her praises.)
+
+
+
+
+
+ORATION IV
+
+
+
+
+Introduction To Oration IV
+
+
+In the fourth century A.D. poetry was practically extinct, and hymns to
+the gods were almost always written in prose. Julian’s Fourth Oration is,
+according to the definition of the rhetorician Menander, a φυσικὸς ὕμνος,
+a hymn that describes the physical qualities of a god. Julian was an
+uncritical disciple of the later Neo‐Platonic school, and apparently
+reproduces without any important modification the doctrines of its chief
+representative, the Syrian Iamblichus, with whom begins the decadence of
+Neo‐Platonism as a philosophy. Oriental superstition took the place of the
+severe spiritualism of Plotinus and his followers, and a philosophy that
+had been from the first markedly religious, is now expounded by theurgists
+and the devotees of strange Oriental cults. It is Mithras the Persian sun‐
+god, rather than Apollo, whom Julian identifies with his “intellectual
+god” Helios, and Apollo plays a minor part among his manifestations.
+Mithras worship, which Tertullian called “a Satanic plagiarism of
+Christianity,” because in certain of its rites it recalled the sacraments
+of the Christian church, first made its appearance among the Romans in the
+first century B.C.(609) Less hospitably received at first than the cults
+of Isis and Serapis and the Great Mother of Pessinus, it gradually
+overpowered them and finally dominated the whole Roman Empire, though it
+was never welcomed by the Hellenes. For the Romans it supplied the ideals
+of purity, devotion and self‐control which the other cults had lacked. The
+worshippers of Mithras were taught to contend against the powers of evil,
+submitted themselves to a severe moral discipline, and their reward after
+death was to become as pure as the gods to whom they ascend. “If
+Christianity,” says Renan, “had been checked in its growth by some deadly
+disease, the world would have become Mithraic.” Julian, like the Emperor
+Commodus in the second century, had no doubt been initiated into the
+Mysteries of Mithras, and the severe discipline of the cult was profoundly
+attractive to one who had been estranged by early associations from the
+very similar teaching of the Christians.
+
+Julian followed Plotinus and Iamblichus in making the supreme principle
+the One (ἓν) or the Good (τὸ ἀγαθὸν) which presides over the intelligible
+world (νοητὸς κόσμος), where rule Plato’s Ideas, now called the
+intelligible gods (νοητοὶ θεοί). Iamblichus had imported into the Neo‐
+Platonic system the intermediary world of intellectual gods (νοεροὶ θεοί).
+On them Helios‐Mithras, their supreme god and centre, bestows the
+intelligence and creative and unifying forces that he has received from
+his transcendental counterpart among the intelligible gods. The third
+member of the triad is the world of sense‐perception governed by the sun,
+the visible counterpart of Helios. What distinguishes Julian’s triad(610)
+from other Neo‐Platonic triads is this hierarchy of three suns in the
+three worlds: and further, the importance that he gives to the
+intermediary world, the abode of Helios‐Mithras. He pays little attention
+to the remote intelligible world and devotes his exposition to Helios, the
+intellectual god, and the visible sun. Helios is the link that relates the
+three members of the triad. His “middleness” (μεσότης) is not only local:
+he is in every possible sense the mediator and unifier. μεσότης is the
+Aristotelian word for the “mean,” but there is no evidence that it was
+used with the active sense of mediation before Julian. A passage in
+Plutarch however seems to indicate that the “middleness” of the sun was a
+Persian doctrine: “The principle of good most nearly resembles light, and
+the principle of evil darkness, and between both is Mithras; therefore the
+Persians called Mithras the Mediator” (μεσίτης).(611) Naville has pointed
+out the resemblance between the sun as mediator and the Christian Logos,
+which Julian may have had in mind. Julian’s system results in a
+practically monotheistic worship of Helios, and here he probably parts
+company with Iamblichus.
+
+But though deeply influenced by Mithraism, Julian was attempting to revive
+the pagan gods, and if he could not, in the fourth century, restore the
+ancient faith in the gods of Homer he nevertheless could not omit from his
+creed the numerous deities whose temples and altars he had rebuilt. Here
+he took advantage of the identification of Greek, Roman, and Oriental
+deities which had been going on for centuries. The old names, endeared by
+the associations of literature, could be retained without endangering the
+supremacy of Helios. Julian identifies Zeus, Helios, Hades, Oceanus and
+the Egyptian Serapis. But the omnipotent Zeus of Greek mythology is now a
+creative force which works with Helios and has no separate existence.
+Tradition had made Athene the child of Zeus, but Julian regards her as the
+manifestation of the intelligent forethought of Helios. Dionysus is the
+vehicle of his fairest thoughts, and Aphrodite a principle that emanates
+from him. He contrives that all the more important gods of Greece, Egypt
+and Persia shall play their parts as manifestations of Helios. The lesser
+gods are mediating demons as well as forces. His aim was to provide the
+Hellenic counterpart of the positive revealed religion of Christianity.
+Hence his insistence on the inspiration of Homer, Hesiod, and Plato, and
+his statement(612) that the allegorical interpretations of the mysteries
+are not mere hypotheses, whereas the doctrines of the astronomers deserve
+no higher title.
+
+The Oration is dedicated to his friend and comrade in arms Sallust who is
+probably identical with the Neo‐Platonic philosopher, of the school of
+Iamblichus, who wrote about 360 the treatise _On the Gods and the World_.
+Cumont calls this “the official catechism of the Pagan empire,” and
+Wilamowitz regards it as the positive complement of Julian’s pamphlet
+_Against the Christians_. Julian’s Eighth Oration is a discourse of
+consolation, παραμυθητικὸς, for the departure of Sallust when Constantius
+recalled him from Gaul in 358.
+
+
+
+
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ
+
+(Julian, Caesar)
+
+ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ ΗΛΙΟΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΣΑΛΟΥΣΤΙΟΝ
+
+(Hymn To King Helios. Dedicated To Sallust)
+
+[B] Προσήκειν ὑπολαμβάνω τοῦ λόγου τοῦδε μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασιν,
+
+(What I am now about to say I consider to be of the greatest importance
+for all things)
+
+
+    ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει τε καὶ ἕρπει,(613)
+
+    (“That breathe and move upon the earth,”)
+
+
+καὶ τοῦ εἶναι καὶ λογικῆς ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ μετείληφεν, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ τῶν
+ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἐμαυτῷ· καὶ γάρ εἰμι τοῦ βασιλέως ὀπαδὸς Ἡλίου. [C] τούτου
+δὲ ἔχω μὲν οἴκοι παρ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ τὰς πίστεις ἀκριβεστέρας· ὃ δέ μοι θέμις
+εἰπεῖν καὶ ἀνεμέσητον, ἐντέτηκέ μοι δεινὸς ἐκ παίδων τῶν αὐγῶν τοῦ θεοῦ
+πόθος, καὶ πρὸς τὸ φῶς οὕτω δὴ τὸ αἰθέριον ἐκ παιδαρίου κομιδῇ τὴν
+διάνοιαν ἐξιστάμην, ὥστε οὐκ εἰς αὐτὸν μόνον ἀτενὲς ὁρᾶν ἐπεθύμουν, ἀλλὰ
+καί, εἴ ποτε νύκτωρ ἀνεφέλου καὶ καθαρᾶς αἰθρίας οὔσης προέλθοιμι, [D]
+πάντα ἀθρόως ἀφεὶς τοῖς οὐρανίοις προσεῖχον κάλλεσιν, οὐκέτι ξυνιεὶς οὐδὲν
+εἴ τις λέγοι τι πρός με οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὅ τι πράττοιμι προσέχων. ἐδόκουν τε
+περιεργότερον ἔχειν πρὸς αὐτὰ καὶ πολυπράγμων τις εἶναι, καί μέ τις ἤδη
+[131] ἀστρόμαντιν ὑπέλαβεν ἄρτι γενειήτην. καίτοι μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὔποτε
+τοιαύτη βίβλος εἰς ἐμὰς ἀφῖκτο χεῖρας, οὐδὲ ἠπιστάμην ὅ τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ
+χρῆμά πω τότε.(614) ἀλλὰ τί ταῦτα ἐγώ φημι, μείζω ἔχων εἰπεῖν, εἰ φράσαιμι
+ὅπως ἐφρόνουν τὸ τηνικαῦτα περὶ θεῶν; λήθη δὲ ἔστω τοῦ σκότους ἐκείνου.
+τοῦ(615) δὲ ὅτι με τὸ οὐράνιον πάντη περιήστραπτε φῶς ἤγειρέ τε καὶ
+παρώξυνεν ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν, ὥστε ἤδη καὶ τῆς σελήνης τὴν ἐναντίαν πρὸς τὸ πᾶν
+αὐτὸς ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ κίνησιν ξυνεῖδον, [B] οὐδενί πω ξυντυχὼν τῶν τὰ τοιαῦτα
+φιλοσοφούντων, ἔστω μοι τὰ ῥηθέντα σημεῖα. ζηλῶ μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε τῆς
+εὐποτμίας καὶ εἴ τῳ τὸ σῶμα παρέσχε θεὸς ἐξ ἱεροῦ καὶ προφητικοῦ συμπαγὲν
+σπέρματος ἀναλαβόντι σοφίας ἀνοῖξαι θησαυρούς· οὐκ ἀτιμάζω δὲ ταύτην, ἧς
+ἠξιώθην αὐτὸς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε μερίδος, ἐν τῷ κρατοῦντι καὶ βασιλεύοντι
+τῆς γῆς γένει τοῖς κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν χρόνοις γενόμενος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἡγοῦμαι,(616)
+εἴπερ χρὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς σοφοῖς, ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων εἶναι τοῦτον κοινὸν
+πατέρα. λέγεται γὰρ ὀρθῶς ἄνθρωπος ἄνθροπων γεννᾶν καὶ ἥλιος,(617) ψυχὰς
+οὐκ ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν σπείρων(618) εἰς
+γῆν,(619) ἐφ᾽ ὅ τι δὲ χρῆμα δηλοῦσιν αὗται τοῖς βίοις, οὗς προαιροῦνται.
+κάλλιστον μὲν οὖν, εἴ τῳ ξυνηνέχθη καὶ πρὸ τριγονίας ἀπὸ πολλῶν πάνυ
+προπατόρων ἐφεξῆς τῷ θεῷ δουλεῦσαι, μεμπτὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ὅστις, [D] ἐπεγνωκὼς
+ἑαυτὸν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε θεράποντα φύσει, μόνος ἐξ ἁπάντων ἢ ξὺν ὀλίγοις
+αὑτὸν ἐπιδίδωσι τῇ θεραπείᾳ τοῦ δεσπότου.
+
+(and have a share in existence and a reasoning soul(620) and intelligence,
+but above all others it is of importance to myself. For I am a follower of
+King Helios. And of this fact I possess within me, known to myself alone,
+proofs more certain that I can give.(621) But this at least I am permitted
+to say without sacrilege, that from my childhood an extraordinary longing
+for the rays of the god penetrated deep into my soul; and from my earliest
+years my mind was so completely swayed by the light that illumines the
+heavens that not only did I desire to gaze intently at the sun, but
+whenever I walked abroad in the night season, when the firmament was clear
+and cloudless, I abandoned all else without exception and gave myself up
+to the beauties of the heavens; nor did I understand what anyone might say
+to me, nor heed what I was doing myself. I was considered to be over‐
+curious about these matters and to pay too much attention to them, and
+people went so far as to regard me as an astrologer when my beard had only
+just begun to grow. And yet, I call heaven to witness, never had a book on
+this subject come into my hands; nor did I as yet even know what that
+science was. But why do I mention this, when I have more important things
+to tell, if I should relate how, in those days, I thought about the gods?
+However let that darkness(622) be buried in oblivion. But let what I have
+said bear witness to this fact, that the heavenly light shone all about
+me, and that it roused and urged me on to its contemplation, so that even
+then I recognised of myself that the movement of the moon was in the
+opposite direction to the universe, though as yet I had met no one of
+those who are wise in these matters. Now for my part I envy the good
+fortune of any man to whom the god has granted to inherit a body built of
+the seed of holy and inspired ancestors, so that he can unlock the
+treasures of wisdom; nor do I despise that lot with which I was myself
+endowed by the god Helios, that I should be born of a house that rules and
+governs the world in my time; but further, I regard this god, if we may
+believe the wise, as the common father of all mankind.(623) For it is said
+with truth that man and the sun together beget man, and that the god sows
+this earth with souls which proceed not from himself alone but from the
+other gods also; and for what purpose, the souls reveal by the kind of
+lives that they select. Now far the best thing is when anyone has the
+fortune to have inherited the service of the god, even before the third
+generation, from a long and unbroken line of ancestors; yet it is not a
+thing to be disparaged when anyone, recognising that he is by nature
+intended to be the servant of Helios, either alone of all men, or in
+company with but few, devotes himself to the service of his master.)
+
+Φέρε οὖν, ὅπως ἂν οἷοί τε ὦμεν, ὑμνήσωμεν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἑορτήν, ἣν ἡ
+βασιλεύουσα πόλις ἐπετησίοις ἀγάλλει θυσίαις. ἔστι μὲν οὖν, εὖ οἶδα,
+χαλεπὸν καὶ τὸ ξυνεῖναι περὶ αὐτοῦ μόνον, ὁπόσος τίς ἐστιν ὁ ἀφανὴς [132]
+ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ λογισαμένῳ, φράσαι δὲ ἴσως ἀδύνατον, εἰ καὶ τῆς ἀξίας
+ἔλαττον ἐθελήσειέ τις. ἐφικέσθαι μὲν γὰρ τοῦ πρὸς ἀξίαν εὖ οἶδα ὅτι τῶν
+ἁπάντων οὐδεὶς ἂν δύναιτο, τοῦ μετρίου δὲ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν ἐν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις
+τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι φράζειν δυνάμεως. ἀλλ᾽
+ἔμοιγε τούτου παρασταίη βοηθὸς ὅ τε λόγιος(624) Ἑρμῆς ξὺν ταῖς Μούσαις ὅ
+τε Μουσηγέτης Ἀπόλλων,(625) [B] ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ προσήκει τῶν λόγων, καὶ
+δοῖεν δὲ εἰπεῖν ὁπόσα τοῖς θεοῖς φίλα λέγεσθαί τε καὶ πιστεύεσθαι περὶ
+αὐτῶν. τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος ἔσται τῶν ἐπαίνων; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι περὶ τῆς οὐσίας
+αὐτοῦ καὶ ὅθεν προῆλθε καὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν διελθόντες,
+ὁπόσαι φανεραὶ ὅσαι τ᾽ ἀφανεῖς, καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόσεως, ἣν κατὰ
+πάντας ποιεῖται τοὺς κόσμους, οὐ παντάπασιν ἀπᾴδοντα ποιησόμεθα τῷ θεῷ τὰ
+ἐγκώμια; [C] ἀρκτέον δὲ ἐνθένδε.
+
+(Come then, let me celebrate, as best I may, his festival which the
+Imperial city(626) adorns with annual sacrifices.(627) Now it is hard, as
+I well know, merely to comprehend how great is the Invisible, if one judge
+by his visible self,(628) and to tell it is perhaps impossible, even
+though one should consent to fall short of what is his due. For well I
+know that no one in the world could attain to a description that would be
+worthy of him, and not to fail of a certain measure of success in his
+praises is the greatest height to which human beings can attain in the
+power of utterance. But as for me, may Hermes, the god of eloquence, stand
+by my side to aid me, and the Muses also and Apollo, the leader of the
+Muses, since he too has oratory for his province, and may they grant that
+I utter only what the gods approve that men should say and believe about
+them. What, then, shall be the manner of my praise? Or is it not evident
+that if I describe his substance and his origin, and his powers and
+energies, both visible and invisible, and the gift of blessings which he
+bestows throughout all the worlds,(629) I shall compose an encomium not
+wholly displeasing to the god? With these, then, let me begin.)
+
+Ὁ θεῖος οὗτος καὶ πάγκαλος κόσμος ἀπ᾽ ἄκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ μέχρι γῆς
+ἐσχάτης ὑπὸ τῆς ἀλύτου συνεχόμενος τοῦ θεοῦ προνοίας ἐξ ἀιδίου γέγονεν
+ἀγέννητος(630) ἔς τε τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον ἀίδιος, οὐχ ὑπ᾽ ἄλλου του
+φρουρούμενος ἢ προσεχῶς μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος, οὗ τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστιν
+ἀκτὶς ἀελίου,(631) βαθμῷ δὲ ὥσπερ δευτέρῳ τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου, πρεσβυτέρως
+δὲ ἔτι διὰ τὸν πάντων βασιλέα, περὶ ὃν πάντα ἐστίν. [D] οὗτος τοίνυν, εἴτε
+τὸ ἐπέκεινα τοῦ νοῦ καλεῖν αὐτὸν θέμις εἴτε ἰδέαν τῶν ὄντων, ὃ δή φημι τὸ
+νοητὸν ξύμπαν, εἴτε ἕν, ἐπειδὴ πάντων τὸ ἓν δοκεῖ πως πρεσβύτατον, εἴτε ὃ
+Πλάτων εἴωθεν ὀνομάζειν τἀγαθόν, αὕτη δὴ οὖν ἡ μονοειδὴς τῶν ὅλων αἰτία,
+πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἐξηγουμένη κάλλους τε καὶ τελειότητος ἑνώσεώς τε καὶ
+δυνάμεως ἀμηχάνου, κατὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ μένουσαν πρωτουργὸν οὐσίαν μέσον ἐκ
+μέσων τῶν νοερῶν [133] καὶ δημιουργικῶν αἰτιῶν Ἥλιον θεὸν μέγιστον
+ἀνέφηνεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ πάντα ὅμοιον ἑαυτῷ· καθάπερ καὶ ὁ δαιμόνιος οἴεται
+Πλάτων, “Τοῦτον τοίνυν,” λέγων, “ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, φάναι με λέγειν τὸν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ
+ἔκγονον, ὃν τἀγαθὸν ἐγέννησεν ἀνάλογον ἑαυτῷ, ὅτιπερ αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τόπῳ
+πρός τε νοῦν καὶ τὰ νοούμενα, τοῦτο τοῦτον ἐν τῷ ὁρατῷ πρός τε ὄψιν καὶ τὰ
+ὁρώμενα.”(632) ἔχει μὲν δὴ τὸ φῶς αὐτοῦ ταύτην οἶμαι τὴν ἀναλογίαν πρὸς τὸ
+ὁρατόν, ἥνπερ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἁλήθεια.(633) αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ ξύμπας, ἅτε δὴ τοῦ
+πρώτου [B] καὶ μεγίστου τῆς ἐδέας τἀγαθοῦ γεγονὼς ἔκγονος, ὑποστὰς αὐτοῦ
+περὶ τὴν μόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἀιδίου καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς παρεδέξατο
+δυναστείαν, ὧν τἀγαθόν ἐστι τοῖς νοητοῖς αἴτιον, ταῦτα αὐτὸς τοῖς νοεροῖς
+νέμων. ἔστι δ᾽ αἴτιον οἶμαι τἀγαθὸν τοῖς νοητοῖς θεοῖς κάλλους, οὐσίας,
+τελειότητος, ἑνώσεως, συνέχον αὐτὰ καὶ περιλάμπον ἀγαθοειδεῖ δυνάμει·
+ταῦτα δὴ καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] Ἥλιος δίδωσιν, ἄρχειν καὶ βασιλεύειν αὐτῶν
+ὑπὸ τἀγαθοῦ τεταγμένος, εἰ καὶ συμπροῆλθον αὐτῷ καὶ συνυπέστησαν, ὅπως
+οἶαμι καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς ἀγαθοειδὴς αἰτία προκαθηγουμένη τῶν ἀγαθῶν
+πᾶσιν ἅπαντα κατὰ νοῦν εὐθύνῃ.
+
+(This divine and wholly beautiful universe, from the highest vault of
+heaven to the lowest limit of the earth, is held together by the
+continuous providence of the god, has existed from eternity ungenerated,
+is imperishable for all time to come, and is guarded immediately by
+nothing else than the Fifth Substance(634) whose culmination is the beams
+of the sun; and in the second and higher degree, so to speak, by the
+intelligible world; but in a still loftier sense it is guarded by the King
+of the whole universe, who is the centre of all things that exist. He,
+therefore, whether it is right to call him the Supra‐Intelligible, or the
+Idea of Being, and by Being I mean the whole intelligible region, or the
+One, since the One seems somehow to be prior to all the rest, or, to use
+Plato’s name for him, the Good; at any rate this uncompounded cause of the
+whole reveals to all existence beauty, and perfection, and oneness, and
+irresistible power; and in virtue of the primal creative substance that
+abides in it, produced, as middle among the middle and intellectual,
+creative causes, Helios the most mighty god, proceeding from itself and in
+all things like unto itself. Even so the divine Plato believed, when he
+writes, “Therefore (said I) when I spoke of this, understand that I meant
+the offspring of the Good which the Good begat in his own likeness, and
+that what the Good is in relation to pure reason and its objects in the
+intelligible world, such is the sun in the visible world in relation to
+sight and its objects.” Accordingly his light has the same relation to the
+visible world as truth has to the intelligible world. And he himself as a
+whole, since he is the son of what is first and greatest, namely, the Idea
+of the Good, and subsists from eternity in the region of its abiding
+substance, has received also the dominion among the intellectual gods, and
+himself dispenses to the intellectual gods those things of which the Good
+is the cause for the intelligible gods. Now the Good is, I suppose, the
+cause for the intelligible gods of beauty, existence, perfection, and
+oneness, connecting these and illuminating them with a power that works
+for good. These accordingly Helios bestows on the intellectual gods also,
+since he has been appointed by the Good to rule and govern them, even
+though they came forth and came into being together with him, and this
+was, I suppose, in order that the cause which resembles the Good may guide
+the intellectual gods to blessings for them all, and may regulate all
+things according to pure reason.)
+
+Ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτος ὁ φαινόμενος οὑτοσί δίσκος ἐναργῶς αἴτιός ἐστι τοῖς
+αἰσθητοῖς τῆς σωτηρίας, καὶ ὅσων ἔφαμεν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς τὸν μέγαν
+Ἥλιον, τοσούτων αἴτιος(635) καὶ ὁ φαινόμενος ὅδε τοῖς φανεροῖς. τούτων δ᾽
+ἐναργεῖς αἱ πίστεις ἐκ τῶν φαινομένων [D] τὰ ἀφανῆ σκοποῦντι.(636) φέρε δὴ
+πρῶτον αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς οὐκ εἶδός ἐστιν ἀσώματόν τι θεῖον τοῦ κατ᾽ ἐνέργειαν
+διαφανοῦς; αὐτὸ δὲ ὅ, τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ διαφανές, πᾶσι μὲν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν
+συνυποκείμενον τοῖς στοιχείοις καὶ ὂν αὐτῶν προσεχὲς εἶδος, οὐ σωματοειδὲς
+οὐδὲ συμμιγνύμενον οὐδὲ τὰς οἰκείας σώματι προσιέμενον ποιότητας. οὔκουν
+ἰδίαν αὐτοῦ θέρμην ἐρεῖς,(637) οὐ τὴν ἐναντίαν αὐτῇ ψυχρότητα, οὐ τὸ
+σκληρόν, οὐ τὸ μαλακὸν ἀποδώσεις, [134] οὐδ᾽ ἄλλην τινὰ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἁφὴν
+διαφορῶν, οὔκουν οὐδὲ γεῦσιν οὐδὲ ὀδμήν, ὄψει δὲ μόνον ὑποπίπτει πρὸς
+ἐνέργειαν ὑπὸ τοῦ φωτὸς ἡ τοιαύτη φύσις ἀγομένη. τὸ δὲ φῶς εἶδός ἐστι
+ταύτης οἷον ὕλης ὑπεστρωμένης καὶ παρεκτεινομένης τοῖς σώμασιν. αὐτοῦ δὲ
+τοῦ φωτὸς ὄντος ἀσωμάτου ἀκρότης ἂν εἴη τις καὶ ὥσπερ ἄνθος ἀκτῖνες. ἡ μὲν
+οὖν τῶν Φοινίκων δόξα, σοφῶν τὰ θεῖα καὶ ἐπιστημόνων, ἄχραντον εἶναι
+ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαροῦ [B] νοῦ τὴν ἁπανταχῇ προϊοῦσαν αὐγὴν ἔφη· οὐκ
+ἀπᾴδει δὲ οὐδὲ ὁ λόγος, εἴπερ αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς ἀσώματον, εἴ τις αὐτοῦ μηδὲ τὴν
+πηγὴν ὑπολάβοι σῶμα, νοῦ δὲ ἐνέργειαν ἄχραντον εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἕδραν
+ἐλλαμπομένην, ἣ τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ τὸ μέσον εἴληχεν, ὅθεν ἐπιλάμπουσα
+πάσης μὲν εὐτονίας πληροῖ τοὺς οὐρανίους κύκλους, πάντα δὲ περιλάμπει θείῳ
+καὶ ἀχράντῳ φωτί. τὰ μέντοι ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς ἔργα προϊόντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ μετρίως
+γε(638) ἡμῖν ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἴρηται(639) καὶ ῥηθήσεται μετ᾽ ὀλίγον. [C]
+ὄσα δὲ ὁρῶμεν αὐτῇ πρῶτον ὄψει ὄνομα μόνον ἐστὶν ἔργου τητώμενον, εἰ μὴ
+προσλάβοι τὴν τοῦ φωτὸς ἡγεμονικὴν βοήθειαν. ὁρατὸν δὲ ὅλως εἴη ἂν τί μὴ
+φωτὶ πρῶτον ὥσπερ ὕλη τεχνίτῃ προσαχθέν, ἵν᾽ οἶμαι τὸ εἶδος δέξηται; καὶ
+γὰρ τὸ χρυσίον ἁπλῶς οὑτωσὶ κεχυμένον ἔστι μὲν χρυσίον, οὐ μὴν ἄγαλμα οὐδὲ
+εἰκών, πρὶν ἂν ὁ τεχνίτης αὐτῷ περιθῇ τὴν μορφήν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅσα πέφυκεν
+ὁρᾶσθαι μὴ ξὺν [D] φωτὶ τοῖς ὁρῶσι προσαγόμενα τοῦ ὁρατὰ εἶναι παντάπασιν
+ἐστέρηται. διδοὺς οὖν τοῖς τε ὁρῶσι τὸ ὁρᾶν τοῖς τε ὁρωμένοις τὸ ὁρᾶσθαι
+δύο φύσεις ἐνεργείᾳ μιᾷ τελειοῖ, ὄψιν καὶ ὁρατόν· αἱ δὲ τελειότητες εἴδη
+τέ εἰσι καὶ οὐσία.
+
+(But this visible disc also, third(640) in rank, is clearly, for the
+objects of sense‐perception the cause of preservation, and this visible
+Helios(641) is the cause for the visible gods(642) of just as many
+blessings as we said mighty Helios bestows on the intellectual gods. And
+of this there are clear proofs for one who studies the unseen world in the
+light of things seen. For in the first place, is not light itself a sort
+of incorporeal and divine form of the transparent in a state of activity?
+And as for the transparent itself, whatever it is, since it is the
+underlying basis, so to speak, of all the elements, and is a form
+peculiarly belonging to them, it is not like the corporeal or compounded,
+nor does it admit qualities peculiar to corporeal substance.(643) You will
+not therefore say that heat is a property of the transparent, or its
+opposite cold, nor will you assign to it hardness or softness or any other
+of the various attributes connected with touch or taste or smell; but a
+nature of this sort is obvious to sight alone, since it is brought into
+activity by light. And light is a form of this substance, so to speak,
+which is the substratum of and coextensive with the heavenly bodies. And
+of light, itself incorporeal, the culmination and flower, so to speak, is
+the sun’s rays. Now the doctrine of the Phoenicians, who were wise and
+learned in sacred lore, declared that the rays of light everywhere
+diffused are the undefiled incarnation of pure mind. And in harmony with
+this is our theory, seeing that light itself is incorporeal, if one should
+regard its fountainhead, not as corporeal, but as the undefiled activity
+of mind(644) pouring light into its own abode: and this is assigned to the
+middle of the whole firmament, whence it sheds its rays and fills the
+heavenly spheres with vigour of every kind and illumines all things with
+light divine and undefiled. Now the activities proceeding from it and
+exercised among the gods have been, in some measure at least, described by
+me a little earlier and will shortly be further spoken of. But all that we
+see merely with the sight at first is a name only, deprived of activity,
+unless we add thereto the guidance and aid of light. For what, speaking
+generally, could be seen, were it not first brought into touch with light
+in order that, I suppose, it may receive a form, as matter is brought
+under the hand of a craftsman? And indeed molten gold in the rough is
+simply gold, and not yet a statue or an image, until the craftsman give it
+its proper shape. So too all the objects of sight, unless they are brought
+under the eyes of the beholder together with light, are altogether
+deprived of visibility. Accordingly by giving the power of sight to those
+who see, and the power of being seen to the objects of sight, it brings to
+perfection, by means of a single activity, two faculties, namely vision
+and visibility.(645) And in forms and substance are expressed its
+perfecting powers.)
+
+Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἴσως λεπτότερον· ᾧ δὲ παρακολουθοῦμεν ξύμπαντες, ἀμαθεῖς
+καὶ ἰδιῶται, φιλόσοφοι καὶ λόγιοι, τίνα ἐν τῷ παντὶ δύναμιν ἀνίσχων ἔχει
+καὶ καταδυόμενος ὁ θεός; νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν ἐργάζεται καὶ μεθίστησι φανερῶς
+καὶ τρέπει τὸ πᾶν. [135] καίτοι τίνι τοῦτο τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων ὑπάρχει; πῶς
+οὖν οὐκ ἐκ τούτων ἤδη καὶ περὶ τῶν θειοτέρων πιστεύομεν, ὡς ἄρα καὶ τὰ
+ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀφανῆ καὶ θεῖα νοερῶν θεῶν γένη τῆς ἀγαθοειδοῦς
+ἀποπληροῦται παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως, ᾧ πᾶς μὲν ὑπείκει χορὸς ἀστέρων, ἕπεται
+δὲ ἡ γένεσις ὑπὸ τῆς τούτου κυβερνωμένη προμηθείας; [B] οἱ μὲν γὰρ
+πλάνητες(646) ὅτι περὶ αὐτὸν ὥσπερ βασιλέα χορεύοντες ἔν τισιν ὡρισμένοις
+πρὸς αὐτὸν διαστήμασιν ἁρμοδιώτατα φέρονται κύκλῳ, στηριγμούς τινας
+ποιούμενοι καὶ πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω πορείαν, ὡς οἱ τῆς σφαιρικῆς ἐπιστήμονες
+θεωρίας ὀνομάζουσι τὰ περὶ αὐτοὺς φαινόμενα, καὶ ὡς τὸ τῆς σελήνης αὔξεται
+καὶ λήγει φῶς, πρὸς τὴν ἀπόστασιν ἡλίου πάσχον, πᾶσί που δῆλον. πῶς οὖν
+οὐκ εἰκότως καὶ τὴν πρεσβυτέραν τῶν σωμάτων ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] θεοῖς
+διακόσμησιν ὑπολαμβάνομεν ἀνάλογον ἔχειν τῇ τοιαύτῃ τάξει;
+
+(However, this is perhaps somewhat subtle; but as for that guide whom we
+all follow, ignorant and unlearned, philosophers and rhetoricians, what
+power in the universe has this god when he rises and sets? Night and day
+he creates, and before our eyes changes and sways the universe. But to
+which of the other heavenly bodies does this power belong? How then can we
+now fail to believe, in view of this, in respect also to things more
+divine that the invisible and divine tribes of intellectual gods above the
+heavens are filled with power that works for good by him, even by him to
+whom the whole band of the heavenly bodies yields place, and whom all
+generated things follow, piloted by his providence? For that the planets
+dance about him as their king, in certain intervals, fixed in relation to
+him, and revolve in a circle with perfect accord, making certain halts,
+and pursuing to and fro their orbit,(647) as those who are learned in the
+study of the spheres call their visible motions; and that the light of the
+moon waxes and wanes varying in proportion to its distance from the sun,
+is, I think, clear to all. Then is it not natural that we should suppose
+that the more venerable ordering of bodies among the intellectual gods
+corresponds to this arrangement?)
+
+Λάβωμεν οὖν ἐξ ἁπάντων τὸ μὲν τελεσιουργὸν ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς ἀποφαίνειν ὁρᾶν
+τὰ ὁρατικά· τελειοῖ γὰρ αὐτὰ διὰ τοῦ φωτός· τὸ δὲ δημιουργικὸν καὶ
+γόνιμον(648) ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὸ ξύμπαν μεταβολῆς, τὸ δὲ ἐν ἑνὶ πόντων
+συνεκτικὸν ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὰς κινήσεις πρὸς ἓν καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ συμφωνίας, τὸ δὲ
+μέσον ἐξ αὐτοῦ(649) μέσου, τὸ δὲ τοῖς νοεροῖς αὐτὸν ἐνιδρύσθαι βασιλέα ἐκ
+τῆς ἐν τοῖς πλανωμένοις μέσης τάξεως. [D] εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα περί τινα τῶν
+ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν ὁρῶμεν θεῶν ἢ τοσαῦτα ἕτερα, μή τοι τούτῳ τὴν περὶ τοὺς
+θεοὺς ἡγεμονίαν προσνείμωμεν· εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν αὐτῷ κοινὸν πρὸς τοὺς
+ἄλλους ἔξω τὴς ἀγαθοεργίας, ἧς καὶ αὐτῆς μεταδέδωσι τοῖς πᾶσι,
+μαρτυράμενοι τούς τε Κυπρίων ἱερέας, οἱ κοινοὺς ἀποφαίνουσι βωμοὺς Ἡλίῳ
+καὶ Διί, πρὸ τούτων δὲ ἔτι τὸν Ἀπόλλω(650) συνεδρεύοντα τῷ θεῷ τῷδε
+παρακαλέσαντες μάρτυρα· φησὶ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς οὗτος “Εἷς Ζεύς, εἷς Ἀίδης, [136]
+εἷς Ἥλιός ἐστι Σέραπις· κοινὴν ὑπολάβωμεν”, μᾶλλον δὲ μίαν Ἡλίου καὶ Διὸς
+ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς δυναστείαν· ὅθεν μοι δοκεῖ καὶ Πλάτων οὐκ ἀπεικότως
+φρόνιμον θεὸν Ἅιδην ὀνομάσαι. καλοῦμεν δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον καὶ Σάραπιν,
+τὸν ἀιδῆ δηλονότι καὶ νοερόν, πρὸς ὅν φησιν(651) ἄνω πορεύεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς
+τῶν ἄριστα βιωσάντων καὶ δικαιότατα. μὴ γὰρ δή τις ὑπολάβῃ τοῦτον, [B] ὃν
+οἱ μῦθοι πείθουσι φρίττειν, ἀλλὰ τὸν πρᾷον καὶ μείλιχον, ὃς ἀπολύει
+παντελῶς τῆς γενέσεως τὰς ψυχάς, οὐχὶ δὲ λυθείσας αὐτὰς σώμασιν ἑτέροις
+προσηλοῖ(652) κολάζων καὶ πραττόμενος δίκας, ἀλλὰ πορεύων ἄνω καὶ
+ἀνατείνων τὰς ψυχὰς ἐπὶ τὸν νοητὸν κόσμον. ὅτι δὲ οὐδὲ νεαρὰ παντελῶς
+ἐστιν ἡ δόξα, προύλαβον δὲ αὐτὴν οἱ πρεσβύτατοι τῶν ποιητῶν, Ὅμηρός τε καὶ
+Ἡσίοδος, εἴτε καὶ νοοῦντες οὅτως εἴτε καὶ ἐπιπνοίᾳ θείᾳ καθάπερ οἱ μάντεις
+ἐνθουσιῶντες πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν, [C] ἐνθένδ᾽ ἂν γίγνοιτο γνώριμον. ὁ μὲν
+γενεαλογῶν αὐτὸν Ὑπερίονος ἔφη καὶ Θείας, μόνον οὐχὶ διὰ τούτων
+αἰνιττόμενος τοῦ πάντων ὑπερέχοντος αὐτὸν ἔκγονον(653) γνήσιον φῦναι· ὁ
+γὰρ Ὑπερίων τίς ἂν ἕτερος εἴη παρὰ τοῦτον; ἡ Θεία δὲ αὐτὴ τρόπον ἕτερον οὐ
+τὸ θειότατον τῶν ὄντων λέγεται; μὴ δὲ συνδυασμὸν μηδὲ γάμους
+ὑπολαμβάνωμεν, ἄπιστα καὶ παράδοξα ποιητικῆς μούσης ἀθύρματα. [D] πατέρα
+δὲ αὐτοῦ καὶ γεννήτορα νομίζωμεν τὸν θειότατον καὶ ὑπέρτατον· τοιοῦτος δὲ
+τίς ἂν ἄλλος(654) εἴη τοῦ πάντων ἐπέκεινα καὶ περὶ ὃν πάντα καὶ οὗ ἕνεκα
+πάντα ἐστίν; Ὅμηρος δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς Ὑπερίονα καλεῖ,(655) καὶ
+δείκνυσί γε αὐτοῦ τὸ αὐτεξούσιον καὶ πάσης ἀνάγκης κρεῖττον. ὁ γάρ τοι
+Ζεύς, ὡς ἐκεῖνός φησιν, ἁπάντων ὢν κύριος τοὺς ἄλλους προσαναγκάζει· ἐν δὲ
+τῷ μύθῳ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λέγοντος,(656) ὅτι ἄρα διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τῶν
+Ὀδυσσέως ἑταίρων [137] ἀπολείψει τὸν Ὄλυμπον, οὐκέτι φησίν
+
+(Let us therefore comprehend, out of all his functions, first his power to
+perfect, from the fact that he makes visible the objects of sight in the
+universe, for through his light he perfects them; secondly, his creative
+and generative power from the changes wrought by him in the universe;
+thirdly, his power to link together all things into one whole, from the
+harmony of his motions towards one and the same goal; fourthly, his middle
+station we can comprehend from himself, who is midmost; and fifthly, the
+fact that he is established as king among the intellectual gods, from his
+middle station among the planets. Now if we see that these powers, or
+powers of similar importance, belong to any one of the other visible
+deities, let us not assign to Helios leadership among the gods. But if he
+has nothing in common with those other gods except his beneficent energy,
+and of this too he gives them all a share, then let us call to witness the
+priests of Cyprus who set up common altars to Helios and Zeus; but even
+before them let us summon as witness Apollo, who sits in council with our
+god. For this god declares: “Zeus, Hades, Helios Serapis, three gods in
+one godhead!”(657) Let us then assume that, among the intellectual gods,
+Helios and Zeus have a joint or rather a single sovereignty. Hence I think
+that with reason Plato called Hades a wise god.(658) And we call this same
+god Hades Serapis also, namely the Unseen(659) and Intellectual, to whom
+Plato says the souls of those who have lived most righteously and justly
+mount upwards. For let no one conceive of him as the god whom the legends
+teach us to shudder at, but as the mild and placable, since he completely
+frees our souls from generation: and the souls that he has thus freed he
+does not nail to other bodies, punishing them and exacting penalties, but
+he carries aloft and lifts up our souls to the intelligible world. And
+that this doctrine is not wholly new, but that Homer and Hesiod the most
+venerable of the poets held it before us, whether this was their own view
+or, like seers, they were divinely inspired with a sacred frenzy for the
+truth, is evident from the following. Hesiod, in tracing his genealogy,
+said(660) that Helios is the son of Hyperion and Thea, intimating thereby
+that he is the true son of him who is above all things. For who else could
+Hyperion(661) be? And is not Thea herself, in another fashion, said to be
+most divine of beings? But as for a union or marriage, let us not conceive
+of such a thing, since that is the incredible and paradoxical trifling of
+the poetic Muse. But let us believe that his father and sire was the most
+divine and supreme being; and who else could have this nature save him who
+transcends all things, the central point and goal of all things that
+exist? And Homer calls him Hyperion after his father and shows his
+unconditioned nature, superior to all constraint. For Zeus, as Homer says,
+since he is lord of all constrains the other gods. And when, in the course
+of the myth, Helios says that on account of the impiety of the comrades of
+Odysseus(662) he will forsake Olympus, Zeus no longer says,)
+
+
+    Αὐτῇ κεν γαίῃ ἐρύσαιμ᾽ αὐτῇ τε θαλάσσῃ,
+
+    (“Then with very earth would I draw you up and the sea
+    withal,”(663))
+
+
+οὐδὲ ἀπειλεῖ δεσμὸν οὐδὲ βίαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν δίκην φησὶν ἐπιθήσειν τοῖς
+ἡμαρτηκόσιν, αὐτὸν δὲ ἀξιοῖ φαίνειν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς. ἆρ᾽ οὐξὶ διὰ τούτων
+πρὸς τῷ αὐτεξουσίῳ καὶ τελεσιουργὸν εἶναί φησι τὸν Ἥλιον; ἐπὶ τί γὰρ αὐτοῦ
+οἱ θεοὶ δέονται, πλὴν εἰ μὴ πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν [B] καὶ τὸ εἶναι ἀφανῶς
+ἐναστράπτων ὧν ἔφαμεν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπληρωτικὸς τυγχάνοι; τὸ γὰρ
+
+(nor does he threaten him with fetters or violence, but he says that he
+will inflict punishment on the guilty and bids Helios go on shining among
+the gods. Does he not thereby declare that besides being unconditioned,
+Helios has also the power to perfect? For why do the gods need him unless
+by sending his light, himself invisible, on their substance and existence,
+he fulfils for them the blessings of which I spoke? For when Homer says
+that)
+
+
+    Ἠέλιόν τ᾽ ἀκάμαντα βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη
+    Πέμψεν ἐπ᾽ Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοὰς ἀέκοντα νέεσθαι(664)
+
+    (“Ox‐eyed Hera, the queen, sent unwearied Helios to go, all
+    unwilling, to the streams of Oceanus,”)
+
+
+πρὸ τοῦ καιροῦ φησι νομισθῆναι τὴν νύκτα διὰ τινα χαλεπὴν ὁμίχλην. αὕτη
+γὰρ ἡ θεός που, καὶ ἄλλοθι τῆς ποιήσεώς φησιν,(665)
+
+(he means that, by reason of a heavy mist, it was thought to be night
+before the proper time. And this mist is surely the goddess herself, and
+in another place also in the poem he says,)
+
+
+                            ἠέρα δ᾽ Ἥρη
+    Πίτνα πρόσθε βαθεῖαν. [C]
+
+    (“Hera spread before them a thick mist.”)
+
+
+ἁλλὰ τὰ μὲν τῶν ποιητῶν χαίρειν ἐάσωμεν· ἔχει γὰρ μετὰ τοῦ θείου πολὺ καὶ
+τἀνθρώπινον· ἃ δὲ ἡμᾶς ἔοικεν αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς διδάσκειν ὑπέρ τε αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν
+ἄλλων, ἐκεῖνα ἤδη διέλθωμεν.
+
+(But let us leave the stories of the poets alone. For along with what is
+inspired they contain much also that is merely human. And let me now
+relate what the god himself seems to teach us, both about himself and the
+other gods.)
+
+Ὁ περὶ γῆν τόπος ἐν τῷ γίνεσθαι τὸ εἶναι ἔχει. τίς οὖν ἐστιν ὁ τὴν
+ἀιδιότητα δωρούμενος αὐτῷ; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὁ ταῦτα μέτροις ὡρισμένοις συνέχων;
+ἄπειρον μὲν γὰρ [D] εἶναι φύσιν σώματος οὐχ οἷόν τ᾽ ἦν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ
+ἀγέννητός ἐστι μηδὲ αὐθυπόστατος· ἑκ δὲ τῆς οὐσίας εἰ πάντως ἐγίνετό τι
+συνεχῶς, ἀνελύετο δὲ εἰς αὐτὴν μηδέν, ἐπέλειπεν ἂν τῶν γιγνομένων ἡ οὐσία.
+τὴν δὴ τοιαύτην φύσιν ὁ θεὸς ὅδε μέτρῳ κινούμενος προσιὼν μὲν ὀρθοῖ καὶ
+ἐγείρει, πόρρω δὲ ἀπιὼν ἐλαττοῖ καὶ φθείρει, μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸς ἀεὶ ζωοποιεὶ
+κινῶν καὶ ἐποχετεύων αὐτῇ τὴν ζωὴν· ἡ δὲ ἀπόλειψις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ πρὸς θάτερα
+[138] μετάστασις αἰτία γίνεται φθορᾶς τοῖς φθίνουσιν. ἀεὶ μὲν οὖν ἡ παρ᾽
+αὐτοῦ τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόσις ἴση κάτεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν· ἄλλοτε γὰρ ἄλλη δέχεται
+τὰ τοιαῦτα χώρα πρὸς τὸ μήτε τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιλείπειν μήτε τοῦ συνήθους ποτὲ
+τὸν θεὸν ἔλαττον ἢ πλέον εὖ ποιῆσαι τὸν παθητὸν κόσμον. ἡ γὰρ ταυτότης
+ὥσπερ τῆς οὐσίας, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐνεργείας ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ πρό γε τῶν
+ἄλλων παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ, ὃς καὶ τὴν κίνησιν ἁπλουστάτην ὑπὲρ
+ἅπαντας ποιεῖται τοὺς τῷ παντὶ [B] τὴν ἐναντίαν φερομένους· ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸ
+τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ὑπεροχῆς αὐτοῦ σημεῖον ποιεῖται ὁ κλεινὸς
+Ἀριστοτέλης· ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων νοερῶν θεῶν οὐκ ἀμυδραὶ καθήκουσιν
+εἰς τὸν κόσμον τόνδε δυνάμεις. εἶτα τί τοῦτο; μὴ γὰρ ἀποκλείομεν τοὺς
+ἄλλους τούτῳ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ὁμολογοῦντες δεδόσθαι; πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἐκ τῶν
+ἐμφανῶν ἀξιοῦμεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀφανῶν πιστεύειν. ὥσπερ [C] γὰρ τὰς ἐνδιδομένας
+ἅπασιν ἐκεῖθεν δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν γῆν οὗτος φαίνεται τελεσιουργῶν καὶ
+συναρμόζων πρός τε ἑαυτὸν καὶ τὸ πᾶν, οὕτω δὴ νομιστέον καὶ ἐν τοῖς
+ἀφανέσιν αὐτῶν τὰς συνουσίας ἔχειν πρὸς ἀλλήλας, ἡγεμόνα μὲν ἐκείνην,
+συμφωνούσας δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν τὰς ἄλλας ἅμα. ἐπεὶ καί, εί μέσον ἔφαμεν ἐν
+μέσοις ἱδρῦσθαι τὸν θεὸν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς, ποταπή τις ἡ μεσότης ἐστὶν ὧν
+αὖ χρὴ μέσον αὐτὸν ὑπολαβεῖν, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰπεῖν Ἥλιος δοίη.
+
+(The region of the earth contains being in a state of becoming. Then who
+endows it with imperishability? Is it not he(666) who keeps it all
+together by means of definite limits? For that the nature of being should
+be unlimited was not possible, since it is neither uncreated nor self‐
+subsistent. And if from being something were generated absolutely without
+ceasing and nothing were resolved back into it, the substance of things
+generated would fail. Accordingly this god, moving in due measure, raises
+up and stimulates this substance when he approaches it, and when he
+departs to a distance he diminishes and destroys it; or rather he himself
+continually revivifies it by giving it movement and flooding it with life.
+And his departure and turning in the other direction is the cause of decay
+for things that perish. Ever does his gift of blessings descend evenly
+upon the earth. For now one country now another receives them, to the end
+that becoming may not cease nor the god ever benefit less or more than is
+his custom this changeful world. For sameness, as of being so also of
+activity, exists among the gods, and above all the others in the case of
+the King of the All, Helios; and he also makes the simplest movement of
+all the heavenly bodies(667) that travel in a direction opposite to the
+whole. In fact this is the very thing that the celebrated Aristotle makes
+a proof of his superiority, compared with the others. Nevertheless from
+the other intellectual gods also, forces clearly discernible descend to
+this world. And now what does this mean? Are we not excluding the others
+when we assert that the leadership has been assigned to Helios? Nay, far
+rather do I think it right from the visible to have faith about the
+invisible.(668) For even as this god is seen to complete and to adapt to
+himself and to the universe the powers that are bestowed on the earth from
+the other gods for all things, after the same fashion we must believe that
+among the invisible gods also there is intercourse with one another; his
+mode of intercourse being that of a leader, while the modes of intercourse
+of the others are at the same time in harmony with his. For since we said
+that the god is established midmost among the midmost intellectual gods,
+may King Helios himself grant to us to tell what is the nature of that
+middleness among things of which we must regard him as the middle.)
+
+[D] Μεσότητα μὲν δή φαμεν οὐ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις θεωρουμένην ἴσον
+ἀφεστῶσαν τῶν ἄκρων, οἷον ἐπὶ χρωμάτων τὸ ξανθὸν ἢ φαιόν, ἐπὶ δὲ θερμοῦ
+καὶ ψυχροῦ τὸ χλιαρόν, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἑνωτικὴν καὶ συνάγουσαν
+τὰ διεστῶτα, ὁποίαν τινά φησιν Ἐμπεδοκλῆς τὴν ἁρμονίαν ἐξορίζων αὐτῆς
+παντελῶς τὸ νεῖκος. τίνα οὖν ἐστιν, ἃ συνάγει, καὶ τίνων ἐστὶ μέσος; φημὶ
+δὴ οὖν ὅτι τῶν τε ἐμφανῶν καὶ περικοσμίων θεῶν καὶ τῶν ἀύλων καὶ νοητῶν,
+[139] οἳ περὶ τἀγαθόν εἰσιν, ὥσπερ πολυπλασιαζομένης ἀπαθῶς καὶ ἄνευ
+προσθήκης τῆς νοητῆς καὶ θείας οὐσίας. ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐστι μέση τις, οὐκ ἀπὸ
+τῶν ἄκρων κραθεῖσα, τελεία δὲ καὶ ἀμιγὴς ἀφ᾽ ὅλων τῶν θεῶν ἐμφανῶν τε καὶ
+ἀφανῶν καὶ αἰσθητῶν καὶ νοητῶν ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου νοερὰ καὶ πάνκαλος
+οὐσία, καὶ ὁποίαν τινὰ χρὴ τὴν μεσότητα νομίζειν, εἴρηται. εἰ δὲ δεῖ καὶ
+τοῖς καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἵν᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ κατ᾽ εἴδη τὸ μέσον τῆς οὐσίας,
+ὅπως ἔχει πρός τε τὰ πρῶτα καὶ τὰ τελευταῖα,(669) [B] τῷ νῷ κατίδωμεν, εἰ
+καὶ μὴ πάντα διελθεῖν ῥᾴδιον, ἀλλ᾽ οὖν τὰ δυνατὰ φράσαι πειραθῶμεν.
+
+(Now “middleness”(670) we define not as that mean which in opposites is
+seen to be equally remote from the extremes, as, for instance, in colours,
+tawny or dusky, and warm in the case of hot and cold, and the like, but
+that which unifies and links together what is separate; for instance the
+sort of thing that Empedocles(671) means by Harmony when from it he
+altogether eliminates Strife. And now what does Helios link together, and
+of what is he the middle? I assert then that he is midway between the
+visible gods who surround the universe and the immaterial and intelligible
+gods who surround the Good—for the intelligible and divine substance is as
+it were multiplied without external influence and without addition. For
+that the intellectual and wholly beautiful substance of King Helios is
+middle in the sense of being unmixed with extremes, complete in itself,
+and distinct from the whole number of the gods, visible and invisible,
+both those perceptible by sense and those which are intelligible only, I
+have already declared, and also in what sense we must conceive of his
+middleness. But if I must also describe these things one by one, in order
+that we may discern with our intelligence how his intermediary nature, in
+its various forms, is related both to the highest and the lowest, even
+though it is not easy to recount it all, yet let me try to say what can be
+said.)
+
+Ἓν παντελῶς τὸ νοητὸν ἀεὶ προüπάρχον, τὰ(672) δὲ πάντα ὁμοῦ συνειληφὸς ἐν
+τῷ ἑνί. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ ὁ σύμπας κόσμος ἕν ἐστι ζῷον ὅλον δι᾽ ὅλου ψυχῆς
+καὶ νοῦ πλῆρες, τέλειον ἐκ μερῶν τελείων;(673) ταύτης οὖν τῆς διπλῆς
+ἑνοειδοῦς τελειότητος· φημὶ δὲ τῆς ἐν τῷ νοητῷ πάντα ἐν ἑνὶ συνεχούσης,
+καὶ τῆς περὶ τὸν κόσμον [C] εἰς μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν τελείαν
+συναγομένης ἑνώσεως· ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου μέση τελειότης ἑνοειδής ἐστιν,
+ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἱδρυμένη θεοῖς. ἀλλὰ δὴ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο συνοχή τίς ἐστιν ἐν
+τῷ νοητῷ τῶν θεῶν κόσμῳ πάντα πρὸς τὸ ἓν συντάττουσα. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ περὶ
+τὸν οὐρανὸν φαίνεται κύκλῳ πορευομένη τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος οὐσία,(674) ἣ
+πάντα συνέχει τὰ μέρη καὶ σφίγγει πρὸς αὑτὰ συνέχουσα τὸ φύσει σκεδαστὸν
+αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπορρέον ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων; δύο δὴ ταύτας τὰς(675) οὐσίας συνοχῆς
+αἰτίας, τὴν μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς, [D] τὴν δὲ ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς φαινομένην ὁ
+βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος εἰς ταὐτὸ συνάπτει, τῆς μὲν μιμούμενος τὴν συνεκτικὴν
+δύναμιν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς, ἅτε ἐξ αὐτῆς προελθών, τῆς δὲ τελευταίας
+προκατάρχων, ἣ περὶ τὸν ἐμφανῆ θεωρεῖται κόσμον. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ τὸ
+αὐθυπόστατον πρῶτον μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ὑπάρχον, τελευταῖον δ᾽ [140] ἐν
+τοῖς κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν φαινομένοις μέσην ἔχει τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως οὐσίαν
+αὐθυπόστατον Ἡλίου, ἀφ᾽ ἧς κάτεισιν οἰσίας πρωτουργοῦ εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ
+κόσμον ἡ περιλάμπουσα τὰ σύμπαντα αὐγή; πάλιν δὲ κατ᾽ ἄλλο σκοποῦντι εἷς
+μὲν ὁ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργός, πολλοὶ δὲ οἱ κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν περιπολοῦντες
+δημιουργικοὶ θεοί. μέσην ἄρα καὶ τούτων τὴν ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου καθήκουσαν εἰς τὸν
+κόσμον δημιουργίαν θετέον. [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς πολὺ μὲν καὶ
+ὑπέρπληρες ἐν τῷ νοητῷ, φαίνεται δὲ ζωῆς γονίμου καὶ ὁ κόσμος ὢν πλήρης.
+πρόδηλον οὖν ὅτι καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου τῆς ζωῆς μέσον ἐστὶν
+ἀμφοῖν, ἐπεὶ τούτῳ μαρτυρεῖ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τελειοῖ τῶν
+εἰδῶν, τὰ δὲ ἐργάζεται, τὰ δὲ κοσμεῖ, τὰ δὲ ἀνεγείρει, καὶ ἓν οὐδέν ἐστιν,
+ὃ δίχα τῆς ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς δυνάμεως εἰς φῶς πρόεισι [C] καὶ
+γένεσιν. ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις εἰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν
+ἄυλον οὐσίαν νοήσαιμεν, οὐδενὸς ἔξωθεν αὐτῇ προσιόντος οὐδὲ ἐνυπάρχοντος
+ἀλλοτρίου, πλήρη δὲ τῆς οἰκείας ἀχράντου καθαρότητος, τήν τε ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ
+περὶ τὸ κύκλῳ φερόμενον σῶμα πρὸς πάντα ἀμιγῆ τὰ στοιχεῖα λίαν εἰλικρινῆ
+καὶ καθαρὰν φύσιν ἀχράντου καὶ δαιμονίου σώματος, ἑυρήσομεν καὶ τὴν τοῦ
+βασιλέως [D] Ἡλίου λαμπρὰν καὶ ἀκήρατον οὐσίαν ἀμφοῖν μέσην, τῆς τε ἐν
+τοῖς νοητοῖς ἀύλου καθαρότητος καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς ἀχράντου καὶ
+ἀμιγοῦς πρὸς γένεσιν καὶ φθορὰν καθαρᾶς εἰλικρινείας. μέγιστον δὲ τούτου
+τεκμήριον, ὅτι μηδὲ τὸ φῶς, ὃ μάλιστα ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ γῆν φέρεται, συμμίγνυταί
+τινι μηδὲ ἀναδέχεται ῥύπον καὶ μίασμα, μένει δὲ πάντως ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν
+ἄχραντον καὶ ἀμόλυντον καὶ ἀπαθές.
+
+(Wholly one is the intelligible world, pre‐existent from all time, and it
+combines all things together in the One. Again is not our whole world also
+one complete living organism, wholly throughout the whole of it full of
+soul and intelligence, “perfect, with all its parts perfect”? Midway then
+between this uniform two‐fold perfection—I mean that one kind of unity
+holds together in one all that exists in the intelligible world, while the
+other kind of unity unites in the visible world all things into one and
+the same perfect nature—between these, I say, is the uniform perfection of
+King Helios, established among the intellectual gods. There is, however,
+next in order, a sort of binding force in the intelligible world of the
+gods, which orders all things into one. Again is there not visible in the
+heavens also, travelling in its orbit, the nature of the Fifth Substance,
+which links and compresses(676) together all the parts, holding together
+things that by nature are prone to scatter and to fall away from one
+another? These existences, therefore, which are two causes of connection,
+one in the intelligible world, while the other appears in the world of
+sense‐perception, King Helios combines into one, imitating the synthetic
+power of the former among the intellectual gods, seeing that he proceeds
+from it, and subsisting prior to the latter which is seen in the visible
+world. Then must not the unconditioned also, which exists primarily in the
+intelligible world, and finally among the visible bodies in the heavens,
+possess midway between these two the unconditioned substance of King
+Helios, and from that primary creative substance do not the rays of his
+light, illumining all things, descend to the visible world? Again, to take
+another point of view, the creator of the whole is one, but many are the
+creative gods(677) who revolve in the heavens. Midmost therefore of these
+also we must place the creative activity which descends into the world
+from Helios. But also the power of generating life is abundant and
+overflowing in the intelligible world; and our world also appears to be
+full of generative life. It is therefore evident that the life‐generating
+power of King Helios also is midway between both the worlds: and the
+phenomena of our world also bear witness to this. For some forms he
+perfects, others he makes, or adorns, or wakes to life, and there is no
+single thing which, apart from the creative power derived from Helios, can
+come to light and to birth. And further, besides this, if we should
+comprehend the pure and undefiled and immaterial substance(678) among the
+intelligible gods—to which nothing external is added, nor has any alien
+thing a place therein, but it is filled with its own unstained purity—and
+if we should comprehend also the pure and unmixed nature of unstained and
+divine substance, whose elements are wholly unmixed, and which, in the
+visible universe, surrounds the substance that revolves,(679) here also we
+should discover the radiant and stainless substance of King Helios, midway
+between the two; that is to say, midway between the immaterial purity that
+exists among the intelligible gods, and that perfect purity, unstained and
+free from birth and death, that exists in the world which we can perceive.
+And the greatest proof of this is that not even the light which comes down
+nearest to the earth from the sun is mixed with anything, nor does it
+admit dirt and defilement, but remains wholly pure and without stain and
+free from external influences among all existing things.)
+
+Ἔτι δὲ προσεκτέον τοῖς ἀύλοις εἴδεσι καὶ νοητοῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς,
+ὅσα περὶ τὴν ὕλην ἐστὶν [141] ἢ περὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον. ἀναφανήσεται πάλιν
+ἐνταῦθα μέσον τὸ νοερὸν τῶν περὶ τὸν μέγαν Ἥλιον εἰδῶν, ὑφ᾽ ὧν καὶ τὰ περὶ
+τὴν ὕλην εἴδη βοηθεῖται μήποτε ἂν δυνηθέντα μήτε εἶναι μήτε σώζεσθαι μὴ
+παρ᾽ ἐκείνου πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν συνεργούμενα. τί γάρ; οὐχ οὗτος ἐστι τῆς
+διακρίσεως τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ συγκρίσεως τῆς ὕλης αἴτιος, οὐ νοεῖν ἡμῖν αὑτὸν
+μόνον παρέχων, ἁλλὰ καὶ ὁρᾶν ὄμμασιν; ἡ γάρ τοι τῶν ἀκτίνων εἰς πάντα τὸν
+κόσμον διανομὴ καὶ ἡ τοῦ φωτὸς ἕνωσις [B] τὴν δημιουργικὴν ἐνδείκνυται
+διάκρισιν τῆς ποιήσεως.
+
+(But we must go on to consider the immaterial and intelligible forms,(680)
+and also those visible forms which are united with matter or the
+substratum. Here again, the intellectual will be found to be midmost among
+the forms that surround mighty Helios, by which forms in their turn the
+material forms are aided; for they never could have existed or been
+preserved, had they not been brought, by his aid, into connection with
+being. For consider: is not he the cause of the separation of the forms,
+and of the combination of matter, in that he not only permits us to
+comprehend his very self, but also to behold him with our eyes? For the
+distribution of his rays over the whole universe, and the unifying power
+of his light, prove him to be the master workman who gives an individual
+existence to everything that is created.)
+
+Πολλῶν δὲ ὄντων ἔτι περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ τῶν φαινομένων ἀγαθῶν, ἃ δὴ
+ὅτι μέσος ἐστὶ τῶν τε νοητῶν καὶ τῶν ἐγκοσμίων θεῶν παρίστησιν, ἐπὶ τὴν
+τελευταίαν αὐτοῦ μετίωμεν ἐμφανῆ λῆξιν. πρώτη μὲν οὖν ἐστιν αὐτοῦ τῶν περὶ
+τὸν τελευταῖον κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων οἷον ἐν παραδείγματι τὴν ἰδέαν
+καὶ τὴν ὑπόστασιν ἔχουσα· μετὰ ταύτην δὲ ἡ τῶν αἰσθητῶν γεννητική, [C] ἧς
+τὸ μὲν τιμιώτερον οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀστέρων ἔχει τὴν αἰτίαν, τὸ δὲ ὑποδεέστερον
+ἐπιτροπεύει τὴν γένεσιν, ἐξ ἀιδίου περιέχον αὐτῆς ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἀγέννητον
+αἰτίαν. ἅπαντα μὲν οὖν τὰ περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε διελθεῖν οὐδὲ εἴ
+τῳ δοίη νοῆσαι αὐτὰ(681) ὁ θεὸς οὗτος δυνατόν, ὅπου καὶ τὰ πάντα
+περιλαβεῖν τῷ νῷ ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἀδύνατον.
+
+(Now though there are many more blessings connected with the substance of
+the god and apparent to us, which show that he is midway between the
+intelligible and the mundane gods(682) let us proceed to his last visible
+province. His first province then in the last of the worlds is, as though
+by way of a pattern, to give form and personality to the sun’s
+angels.(683) Next is his province of generating the world of sense‐
+perception, of which the more honourable part contains the cause of the
+heavens and the heavenly bodies, while the inferior part guides this our
+world of becoming, and from eternity contains in itself the uncreated
+cause of that world. Now to describe all the properties of the substance
+of this god, even though the god himself should grant one to comprehend
+them, is impossible, seeing that even to grasp them all with the mind is,
+in my opinion, beyond our power.)
+
+Ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλὰ διεληλύθαμεν, ἐπιθετέον ὥσπερ σφραγῖδα τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε
+μέλλοντας ἐφ᾽ ἕτερα μεταβαίνειν οὐκ ἐλάττονος [D] τῆς θεωρίας δεόμενα. τίς
+οὖν ἡ σφραγὶς καὶ οἷον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὰ πάντα περιλαμβάνουσα ἡ περὶ τῆς
+οὐσίας τοῦ θεοῦ νόησις, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ἐπὶ νοῦν θείη βουλομένοις ἐν βραχεῖ
+συνελεῖν τήν τε αἰτίαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς προῆλθε, καὶ αὐτὸς ὅστις ἐστί, τίνων τε
+ἀποπληροῖ τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον. ῥητέον οὖν ὡς ἐξ ἑνὸς μὲν προῆλθε τοῦ θεοῦ
+εἷς ἀφ᾽ ἑνὸς τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος, [142] τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν μέσος
+ἐν μέσοις τεταγμένος κατὰ παντοίαν μεσότητα, τὴν ὁμόφρονα καὶ φίλην καὶ τὰ
+διεστῶτα συνάγουσαν, εἰς ἕνωσιν ἄγων τὰ τελευταῖα τοῖς πρώτοις,
+τελειότητος καὶ συνοχῆς καὶ γονίμου ζωῆς καὶ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς οὐσίας τὰ μέσα
+ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ, τῷ τε αἰσθητῷ κόσμῳ παντοίων ἀγαθῶν προηγούμενος,(684) οὐ
+μόνον δι᾽ ἧς αὐτὸς αὐγῆς περιλάμπει κοσμῶν καὶ φαιδρύνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν
+οὐσίαν τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων(685) ἑαυτῷ συνυποστήσας καὶ τὴν ἀγέννητον
+αἰτίαν [B] τῶν γινομένων περιέχων, ἔτι τε πρὸ ταύτης τῶν ἀιδίων σωμάτων
+τὴν ἀγήρω καὶ μόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς αἰτίαν.
+
+(But since I have already described many of them, I must set a seal, as it
+were, on this discourse, now that I am about to pass to other subjects
+that demand no less investigation. What then that seal is, and what is the
+knowledge of the god’s substance that embraces all these questions, and as
+it were sums them up under one head, may he himself suggest to my mind,
+since I desire to describe in a brief summary both the cause from which he
+proceeded, and his own nature, and those blessings with which he fills the
+visible world. This then we must declare, that King Helios is One and
+proceeds from one god, even from the intelligible world which is itself
+One; and that he is midmost of the intellectual gods, stationed in their
+midst by every kind of mediateness that is harmonious and friendly, and
+that joins what is sundered; and that he brings together into one the last
+and the first, having in his own person the means of completeness, of
+connection, of generative life and of uniform being: and that for the
+world which we can perceive he initiates blessings of all sorts, not only
+by means of the light with which he illumines it, adorning it and giving
+it its splendour, but also because he calls into existence, along with
+himself, the substance of the Sun’s angels; and that finally in himself he
+comprehends the ungenerated cause of things generated, and further, and
+prior to this, the ageless and abiding cause of the life of the
+imperishable bodies.(686))
+
+Ἃ μὲν οὖν περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἐχρῆν εἰπεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε, καίτοι τῶν πλείστων
+παραλειφθέντων, εἴρηται ὅμως οὐκ ὀλίγα· ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ τῶν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ
+πλῆθος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν κάλλος τοσοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὥστε εἶναι τῶν περὶ τὴν
+οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ θεωρουμένων ὑπερβολήν, ἐπεὶ καὶ πέφυκε τὰ θεῖα προϊόντα εἰς
+τὸ ἐμφανὲς πληθύνεσθαι διὰ τὸ περιὸν καὶ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς, ὅρα τί
+δράσομεν, [C] οἳ πρὸς ἀχανὲς πέλαγος ἀποδυόμεθα, μόγις καὶ ἀγαπητῶς ἐκ
+πολλοῦ τοῦ πρόσθεν ἀναπαυόμενοι λόγου. τολμητέον δ᾽ ὅμως τῷ θεῷ θαρροῦντα
+καὶ πειρατέον ἅψασθαι τοῦ λόγου.
+
+(Now as for what it was right to say about the substance of this god,
+though the greater part has been omitted, nevertheless much has been said.
+But since the multitude of his powers and the beauty of his activities is
+so great that we shall now exceed the limit of what we observed about his
+substance,—for it is natural that when divine things come forth into the
+region of the visible they should be multiplied, in virtue of the
+superabundance of life and life‐generating power in them,—consider what I
+have to do. For now I must strip for a plunge into this fathomless sea,
+though I have barely, and as best I might, taken breath, after the first
+part of this discourse. Venture I must, nevertheless, and putting my trust
+in the god endeavour to handle the theme.)
+
+Κοινῶς μὲν δὴ τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα περὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ ταῖς δυνάμεσι
+προσήκειν ὑποληπτέον. οὐ γὰρ ἄλλο μέν ἐστιν οὐσία θεοῦ, δύναμις δὲ ἄλλο,
+[D] καὶ μὰ Δία τρίτον παρὰ ταῦτα ἐνέργεια. πάντα γὰρ ἅπερ βούλεται, ταῦτα
+ἔστι καὶ δύναται καὶ ἐνεργεῖ· οὔτε γὰρ ὃ μὴ ἔστι βούλεται, οὔτε ὃ βούλεται
+δρᾶν οὐ σθένει, οὔθ᾽ ὃ μὴ δύναται ἐνεργεῖν ἐθέλει. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν
+ἄνθρωπον οὐχ ὧδε ἔχει· διττὴ γάρ ἐστι μαχομένη φύσις εἰς ἓν κεκραμένη
+ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος, τῆς μὲν θείας, τοῦ δὲ σκοτεινοῦ τε καὶ ζοφώδους· ἔοικέ
+τε εἶναι μάχη τις καὶ στάσις. ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης φησὶ(687) διὰ τὸ
+τοιοῦτο [143] μήτε τὰς ἡδονὰς ὁμολογεῖν μήτε τὰς λύπας ἀλλήλαις ἐν ἡμῖν·
+τὸ γὰρ θατέρᾳ, φησί, τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν φύσεων ἡδὺ τῇ πρὸς ταύτην ἀντικειμένῃ
+πέφυκεν ἀλγεινόν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς θεοῖς οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον·(688) οὐσίᾳ γὰρ
+αὐτοῖς ὑπάρχει τἀγαθὰ καὶ διηνεκῶς, οὐ ποτὲ μὲν, ποτὲ δ᾽ οὔ. πρῶτον οὖν
+ὅσαπερ ἔφαμεν, τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ παραστῆσαι βουλόμενοι, ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰρῆσθαι
+καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ ἐνεργειῶν νομιστέον. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ὁ
+λόγος ἔοικεν ἀντιστρέφειν, ὅσα καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνεργειῶν
+ἐφεξῆς σκοποῦμεν, [B] ταῦτα οὐκ ἔργα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐσίαν νομιστέον.
+εἰσὶ γάρ τοι θεοὶ συγγενεῖς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συμφυεῖς, τὴν ἄχραντον οὐσίαν τοῦ
+θεοῦ κορυφούμενοι, πληθυνόμενοι μὲν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, περὶ αὐτὸν δὲ ἑνοειδῶς
+ὄντες. ἄκουε δὴ πρῶτον ὅσα φασὶν οἱ τὸν οὐρανὸν οὐχ ὥσπερ ἵπποι καὶ βόες
+ὁρῶντες ἤ τι τῶν ἀλόγων καὶ ἀμαθῶν ζῴων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀφανῆ
+πολυπραγμονοῦντες φύσιν· ἔτι δὲ πρὸ τούτων, εἴ σοι φίλον, [C] περὶ τῶν
+ὑπερκοσμίων δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνεργειῶν, καὶ ἐκ μυρίων τὸ πλῆθος ὀλίγα
+θέασαι.
+
+(We must assume that what has just been said about his substance applies
+equally to his powers.(689) For it cannot be that a god’s substance is one
+thing, and his power another, and his activity, by Zeus, a third thing
+besides these. For all that he wills he is, and can do, and puts into
+action. For he does not will what is not, nor does he lack power to do
+what he wills, nor does he desire to put into action what he cannot. In
+the case of a human being, however, this is otherwise. For his is a two‐
+fold contending nature of soul and body compounded into one, the former
+divine, the latter dark and clouded. Naturally, therefore, there is a
+battle and a feud between them. And Aristotle also says that this is why
+neither the pleasures nor the pains in us harmonise with one another. For
+he says that what is pleasant to one of the natures within us is painful
+to the nature which is its opposite. But among the gods there is nothing
+of this sort. For from their very nature what is good belongs to them, and
+perpetually, not intermittently. In the first place, then, all that I said
+when I tried to show forth his substance, I must be considered to have
+said about his powers and activities also. And since in such cases the
+argument is naturally convertible, all that I observe next in order
+concerning his powers and activities must be considered to apply not to
+his activities only, but to his substance also. For verily there are gods
+related to Helios and of like substance who sum up the stainless nature of
+this god, and though in the visible world they are plural, in him they are
+one. And now listen first to what they assert who look at the heavens, not
+like horses and cattle, or some other unreasoning and ignorant
+animal,(690) but from it draw their conclusions about the unseen world.
+But even before this, if you please, consider his supra‐mundane powers and
+activities, and out of a countless number, observe but a few.)
+
+Πρώτη δὴ τῶν δυνάμεών ἐστιν αὐτοῦ, δι᾽ ἧς ὅλην δι᾽ ὅλης τὴν νοερὰν οὐσίαν,
+τὰς ἀκρότητας αὐτῆς εἰς ἓν καὶ ταὐτὸ συνάγων, ἀποφαίνει μίαν. ὅσπερ γὰρ
+περὶ τὸν αἰσθητόν ἐστι κόσμον ἐναργῶς κατανοῆσαι, πυρὸς καὶ γῆς εἰλημμένον
+ἀέρα καὶ ὕδωρ ἐν μέσῳ, τῶν ἄκρων σύνδεσμον, τοῦτο οὐκ ἄν τις εἰκότως [D]
+ἐπὶ τῆς πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων αἰτίας κεχωρισμένης, ἣ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχουσα τὴν
+ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἔστι γένεσις, οὕτω διατετάχθαι νομίσειεν, ὥστε καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις
+τὰς ἄκρας αἰτίας κεχωρισμένας πάντη τῶν σωμάτων ὑπό τινων μεσοτήτων εἰς
+ταὐτὸ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου συναγομένας ἑνοῦσθαι περὶ αὐτόν; συντρέχει
+δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Διὸς δημιουργικὴ δύναμις, δι᾽ ἣν ἔφαμεν καὶ πρότερον
+ἱδρῦσθαί τε αὐτοῖς ἐν Κύπρῳ καὶ ἀποδεδεῖχθαι κοινῇ τὰ τεμένη· [144] καὶ
+τὸν Ἀπόλλω δὲ αὐτὸν ἐμαρτυρόμεθα τῶν λόγων, ὃν εἰκὸς δήπουθεν ὑπὲρ τῆς
+ἑαυτοῦ φύσεως ἄμεινον εἰδέναι· σύνεστι γὰρ καὶ οὗτος Ἡλίῳ καὶ ἐπικοινωνεῖ
+διὰ τὴν(691) ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων καὶ τὸ μόνιμον τῆς οὐσίας καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ
+ὂν τῆς ἐνεργείας.(692)
+
+(First, then, of his powers is that through which he reveals the whole
+intellectual substance throughout as one, since he brings together its
+extremes. For even as in the world of sense‐perception we can clearly
+discern air and water set between fire and earth,(693) as the link that
+binds together the extremes, would one not reasonably suppose that, in the
+case of the cause which is separate from elements and prior to them—and
+though it is the principle of generation, is not itself generation—it is
+so ordered that, in that world also, the extreme causes which are wholly
+separate from elements are bound together into one through certain modes
+of mediation, by King Helios, and are united about him as their centre?
+And the creative power of Zeus also coincides with him, by reason of which
+in Cyprus, as I said earlier, shrines are founded and assigned to them in
+common. And Apollo himself also we called to witness to our statements,
+since it is certainly likely that he knows better than we about his own
+nature. For he too abides with Helios and is his colleague by reason of
+the singleness of his thoughts and the stability of his substance and the
+consistency of his activity.)
+
+Ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται χωρίζων ὁ θεὸς
+Ἡλίου· τούτῳ δὲ αὐτὴν ὑποτάττων ἀεὶ καὶ ἀποφαίνων σύνθρονον ἐξηγητὴς ἡμῖν
+ἐστι τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καλλίστων διανοημάτων. [B] πάσας δὲ ἐν αὑτῷ περιέχων
+ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τὰς ἀρχὰς τῆς καλλίστης νοερᾶς συγκράσεως Ἥλιος Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ
+Μουσηγέτης. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ ὅλην ἡμῖν τὴν τῆς εὐταξίας ζωὴν συμπληροῖ, γεννᾷ
+μὲν ἐν κόσμῳ τὸν Ἀσκληπιόν, ἔχει δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ πρὸ τοῦ κόσμου παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ.
+
+(But Apollo too in no case appears to separate the dividing creative
+function of Dionysus(694) from Helios. And since he always subordinates it
+to Helios and so indicates that Dionysus(695) is his partner on the
+throne, Apollo is the interpreter for us of the fairest purposes that are
+to be found with our god. Further Helios, since he comprehends in himself
+all the principles of the fairest intellectual synthesis, is himself
+Apollo the leader of the Muses. And since he fills the whole of our life
+with fair order, he begat Asclepios(696) in the world, though even before
+the beginning of the world he had him by his side.)
+
+Ἀλλὰ πολλὰς μὲν ἄν τις καὶ ἄλλας περὶ τὸν θεὸν τόνδε δυνάμεις θεωρῶν
+οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἐφίκοιτο πασῶν· ἀπόχρη δὲ τῆς μὲν χωριστῆς καὶ πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων
+ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν αἰτιῶν, αἳ κεχωρισμέναι τῆς φανερᾶς προϋπάρχουσι
+δημιουργίας, ἴσην Ἡλίῳ [C] καὶ Διὶ τὴν δυναστείαν καὶ μίαν ὑπάρχουσαν
+τεθεωρηκέναι, τὴν δὲ ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων μετὰ τοῦ διαιωνίου καὶ κατὰ
+ταὐτὰ μονίμου ξὺν Ἀπόλλωνι τεθεαμένοις, τὸ δὲ μεριστὸν τῆς δημιουργίας
+μετὰ τοῦ τὴν μεριστὴν ἐπιτροπεύοντος οὐσίαν Διονύσου, τὸ δὲ τῆς καλλίστης
+συμμετρίας καὶ νοερᾶς κράσεως περὶ τὴν τοῦ Μουσηγέτου δύναμιν τεθεωρηκόσι,
+τὸ συμπληροῦν δὲ τὴν εὐταξίαν τῆς ὅλης ζωῆς ξὺν Ἀσκληπιῳ νοοῦσι.
+
+(But though one should survey many other powers that belong to this god,
+never could one investigate them all. It is enough to have observed the
+following: That there is an equal and identical dominion of Helios and
+Zeus over the separate creation which is prior to substances, in the
+region, that is to say, of the absolute causes which, separated from
+visible creation, existed prior to it; secondly we observed the singleness
+of his thoughts which is bound up with the imperishableness and abiding
+sameness that he shares with Apollo; thirdly, the dividing part of his
+creative function which he shares with Dionysus who controls divided
+substance; fourthly we have observed the power of the leader of the Muses,
+revealed in fairest symmetry and blending of the intellectual; finally we
+comprehended that Helios, with Asclepios, fulfils the fair order of the
+whole of life.)
+
+[D] Τοσαῦτα μὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν προκοσμίων αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων, ἔργα δὲ ὁμοταγῆ
+ταύταις ὑπὲρ τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπλήρωσις. ἐπειδὴ γάρ ἐστι
+γνήσιος ἔκγονος(697) τἀγαθοῦ, παραδεξάμενος παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τελείαν τὴν ἀγαθὴν
+μοῖραν, αὐτὸς ἅπασι τοῖς νοεροῖς διανέμει θεοῖς, ἀγαθοεργὸν καὶ τελείαν
+αὐτοῖς διδοὺς τὴν οὐσίαν. ἓν μὲν δὴ τουτί. δεύτερον δὲ ἔργον ἐστὶ τοῦ θεοῦ
+ἡ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους [145] ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς καὶ ἀσωμάτοις εἴδεσι τελειοτάτη
+διανομή. τῆς γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει φαινομένης οὐσίας γονίμου γεννᾶν ἐφιεμένης ἐν
+τῷ καλῷ καὶ ὑπεκτίθεσθαι τὸν τόκον, ἔτι ἀνάγκη προηγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ
+κάλλει τοῦτο αὐτὸ διαιωνίως καὶ ἀεὶ ποιοῦσαν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ νῦν μὲν, εἰσαῦθις
+δὲ οὔ, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν γεννῶσαν, αὖθις δὲ ἄγονον. ὅσα γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ποτὲ καλά,
+ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἀεί. ῥητέον τοίνυν αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐν τοῖς φαινομένοις
+αἰτίας [B] γονίμου προκαθηγεῖσθαι τὸν ἐν τῷ νοερῷ καὶ διαιωνίῳ κάλλει
+τόκον ἀγέννητον, ὃν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἔχει περὶ ἑαυτὸν ὑποστήσας, ᾧ καὶ τὸν
+τέλειον νοῦν διανέμει, καθάπερ ὄμμασιν ἐνδιδοὺς διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς τὴν ὄψιν,
+οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς(698) διὰ τοῦ νοεροῦ παραδείγματος, ὃ προτείνει
+πολὺ φανότερον τῆς αἰθερίας αὐγῆς, πᾶσιν οἶμαι τοῖς νοεροῖς τὸ νοεῖν καὶ
+τὸ νοεῖσθαι παρέχει. ἑτέρα πρὸς ταύταις [C] ἐνέργεια θαυμαστὴ φαίνεται
+περὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἡ τοῖς κρείττοσι γένεσιν ἐνδιδομένη μοῖρα
+βελτῖων, ἀγγέλοις,(699) δαίμοσιν, ἥρωσι ψυχαῖς τε μερισταῖς, ὁπόσαι
+μένουσιν ἐν παραδείγματος καὶ ἰδέας λόγῳ, μήποτε ἑαυτὰς διδοῦσαι σώματι.
+τὴν μὲν οὖν προκόσμιον οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ δυνάμεις τε αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔργα τὸν
+βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ὑμνοῦντες Ἥλιον, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον ἡμῖν [D] οἷόν τε ἦν ἐφικέσθαι
+τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν εὐφημίας σπεύδοντες, διεληλύθαμεν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὄμματα, φησίν,
+ἀκοῆς ἐστι πιστότερα, καίτοι τῆς νοήσεως ὄντα γε ἀπιστότερα καὶ
+ἀσθενέστερα, φέρε καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐμφανοῦς αὐτοῦ δημιουργίας αἰτησάμενοι παρ᾽
+αὐτοῦ τὸ μετρίως εἰπεῖν πειραθῶμεν.
+
+(So much then in respect to those powers of his that existed before the
+beginning of the world; and co‐ordinate with these are his works over the
+whole visible world, in that he fills it with good gifts. For since he is
+the genuine son of the Good and from it has received his blessed lot in
+fulness of perfection, he himself distributes that blessedness to the
+intellectual gods, bestowing on them a beneficent and perfect nature. This
+then is one of his works. And a second work of the god is his most perfect
+distribution of intelligible beauty among the intellectual and immaterial
+forms. For when the generative substance(700) which is visible in our
+world desires to beget in the Beautiful(701) and to bring forth offspring,
+it is further necessary that it should be guided by the substance that, in
+the region of intelligible beauty, does this very thing eternally and
+always and not intermittently, now fruitful now barren. For all that is
+beautiful in our world only at times, is beautiful always in the
+intelligible world. We must therefore assert that the ungenerated
+offspring in beauty intelligible and eternal guides the generative cause
+in the visible world; which offspring(702) this god(703) called into
+existence and keeps at his side, and to it he assigns also perfect reason.
+For just as through his light he gives sight to our eyes, so also among
+the intelligible gods through his intellectual counterpart—which he causes
+to shine far more brightly than his rays in our upper air—he bestows, as I
+believe, on all the intellectual gods the faculty of thought and of being
+comprehended by thought. Besides these, another marvellous activity of
+Helios the King of the All is that by which he endows with superior lot
+the nobler races—I mean angels, daemons,(704) heroes, and those divided
+souls(705) which remain in the category of model and archetype and never
+give themselves over to bodies. I have now described the substance of our
+god that is prior to the world and his powers and activities, celebrating
+Helios the King of the All in so far as it was possible for me to compass
+his praise. But since eyes, as the saying goes, are more trustworthy than
+hearing—although they are of course less trustworthy and weaker than the
+intelligence—come, let me endeavour to tell also of his visible creative
+function; but let first me entreat him to grant that I speak with some
+measure of success.)
+
+Ὕπέστη μὲν οὖν περὶ αὐτὸν ὁ φαινόμενος ἐξ αἰῶνος κόσμος, ἕδραν δὲ ἔχει τὸ
+περικόσμιον φῆς ἐξ αἰῶνος, οὐχὶ νῦν μέν, τότε δὲ οὔ, οὐδὲ ἄλλοτε ἄλλως,
+ἀεὶ δὲ ὡσαύτως. ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις ταύτην τὴν διαιώνιον φύσιν ἄχρις ἐπινοίας
+ἐθελήσειε χρονικῶς κατανοῆσαι, [146] τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἀθρόως
+καταλάμποντα ῥᾷστα ἂν γνοίη, πόσων αἴτιός ἐστι δι᾽ αἰῶνος ἀγαθῶν τῷ κόσμῳ.
+οἶδα μὲν οὗν καὶ Πλάτωνα τὸν μέγαν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον ἄνδρα τοῖς χρόνοις,
+οὔτι μὴν τῇ φύσει καταδεέστερον· τὸν Χαλκιδέα φημί, τὸν Ἰάμβλιχον· ὃς ἡμᾶς
+τά τε ἄλλα περὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν καὶ δὴ καὶ ταῦτα διὰ τῶν λόγων ἐμύησεν,
+ἄχρις ὑποθέσεως τῷ γεννητῷ προσχρωμένους καὶ οἱονεὶ χρονικήν τινα [B] τὴν
+ποίησιν ὑποτιθεμένους, ἵνα τὸ μέγεθος τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ γινομένων ἔργων
+ἐπινοηθείη. πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῆς ἐκείνων ἀπολειπομένῳ παντάπασι δυνάμεως
+οὐδαμῶς ἐστι παρακινδυνευτέον, ἐπείπερ ἀκίνδυνον οὐδὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μέχρι ψιλῆς
+ὑποθέσεως χρονικήν τινα περὶ τὸν κόσμον ὑποθέσθαι ποίησιν ὁ κλεινὸς ἤρως
+ἐνόμισεν Ἰάμβλιχος. πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ὁ θεὸς ἐξ αἰωνίου προῆλθεν αἰτίας,
+μᾶλλον δὲ προήγαγε πάντα ἐξ αἰῶνος, [C] ἀπὸ τῶν ἀφανῶν τὰ φανερὰ βουλήσει
+θείᾳ καὶ ἀρρήτῳ τάχει καὶ ἀνυπερβλήτῳ δυνάμει πάντα ἀθρόως ἐν τῷ νῦν
+ἀπογεννήσας χρόνῳ, ἀπεκληρώσατο μὲν οἷον οἰκειοτέραν ἕδραν τὸ μέσον
+οὐρανοῦ, ἵνα πανταχόθεν ἴσα διανέμῃ τἀγαθὰ τοῖς ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ
+προελθοῦσι θεοῖς, ἐπιτροπεύῃ δὲ τὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ τὴν ὀγδόην οὐρανοῦ
+κυκλοφορίαν, ἐνάτην τε οἶμαι δημιουργίαν τὴν ἐν γενέσει καὶ φθορᾷ συνεχεῖ
+διαιωνίως ἀνακυκλουμένην γένεσιν. οἵ τε γὰρ πλάνητες εὔδηλον ὅτι περὶ [D]
+αὐτὸν χορεύοντες μέτρον ἔχουσι τῆς κινήσεως τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τόνδε
+τοιάνδε περὶ τὰ σχήματα συμφωνίαν, ὅ τε ὅλος οὐρανὸς αὐτῷ κατὰ πάντα
+συναρμοζόμενος ἑαυτοῦ τὰ μέρη θεῶν ἐστιν ἐξ Ἡλίου πλήρης. ἔστι γὰρ ὁ θεὸς
+ὅδε πέντε μὲν κύκλων ἄρχων κατ᾽ οὐρανόν, τρεῖς δὲ ἐκ τούτων ἐπιὼν ἐν τρισὶ
+τρεῖς γεννᾷ τὰς χάριτας· οἱ λειπόμενοι δὲ μεγάλης ἀνάγκης εἰσὶ πλάστιγγες.
+[147] ἀξύνετον ἴσως λέγω τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ὥσπερ δέον μόνον τὰ συνήθη καὶ
+γνώριμα λέγειν· οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὡς ἄν τις ὑπολάβοι, παντελῶς
+ξένον. οἱ Διόσκουροι τίνες ὑμῖν εἰσιν, ὦ σοφώτατοι καὶ ἀβασανίστως τὰ
+πολλὰ παραδεχόμενοι; οὐχ ἑτερήμεροι(706) λέγονται, διότι μὴ θέμις ὁρᾶσθαι
+τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας; ὑμεῖς ὅπως ἀκούετε εὔδηλον ὅτι τῆς χθὲς καὶ τήμερον.
+εἶτα τί νοεῖ τοῦτο, πρὸς αὐτῶν τῶν Διοσκούρων; ἐφαρμόσωμεν αὐτὸ φύσει τινὶ
+καὶ πράγματι, κενὸν(707) [B] ἵνα μηδὲν μηδὲ ἀνόητον λέγωμεν. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν
+εὕροιμεν ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάζοντες· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὡς ὑπέλαβον εἰρῆσθαί τινες πρὸς τῶν
+θεολόγων ἡμισφαίρια τοῦ παντὸς τὰ δύο λόγον ἔχει τινά· πῶς γάρ ἐστιν
+ἑτερήμερον αὐτῶν ἕκαστον οὐδὲ ἐπινοῆσαι ῥᾴδιον, ἡμέρας ἑκάστης
+ἀνεπαισθήτου τῆς κατὰ τὸν φωτισμὸν αὐτῶν παραυξήσεως γινομένης. σκεψώμεθα
+δὲ νῦν ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτοὶ καινοτομεῖν ἴσως τῳ δοκοῦμεν. τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας
+ἐκεῖνοι [C] μετέχειν ὀρθῶς ἂν ῥηθεῖεν, ὁπόσοις ἴσος ἐστὶν ὁ τῆς ὑπὲρ γῆν
+ἡλίου πορείας χρόνος ἐν ἑνὶ καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ μηνί. ὁράτω τις οὖν, εἰ μὴ τὸ
+ἑτερήμερον τοῖς κύκλοις ἐφαρμόζει τοῖς τε ἄλλοις καὶ τοῖς τροπικοῖς.
+ὑπολήψεται τις· οὐκ ἴσον ἐστιν. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀεὶ φαίνονται, καὶ τοῖς τὴν
+ἀντίσκιον οἰκοῦσι γῆν ἀμφοτέροις ἀμφότεροι, τῶν δὲ οἱ θάτερον ὁρῶντες
+οὐδαμῶς ὁρῶσι θάτερον.
+
+(From eternity there subsisted, surrounding Helios, the visible world, and
+from eternity the light that encompasses the world has its fixed station,
+not shining intermittently, nor in different ways at different times, but
+always in the same manner. And if one desired to comprehend, as far as the
+mind may, this eternal nature from the point of view of time, one would
+understand most easily of how many blessings for the world throughout
+eternity he is the cause, even Helios the King of the All who shines
+without cessation. Now I am aware that the great philosopher Plato,(708)
+and after him a man who, though he is later in time, is by no means
+inferior to him in genius—I mean Iamblichus(709) of Chalcis, who through
+his writings initiated me not only into other philosophic doctrines but
+these also—I am aware, I say, that they employed as a hypothesis the
+conception of a generated world, and assumed for it, so to speak, a
+creation in time in order that the magnitude of the works that arise from
+Helios might be recognised. But apart from the fact that I fall short
+altogether of their ability, I must by no means be so rash; especially
+since the glorious hero Iamblichus thought it was not without risk to
+assume, even as a bare hypothesis, a temporal limit for the creation of
+the world. Nay rather, the god came forth from an eternal cause, or rather
+brought forth all things from everlasting, engendering by his divine will
+and with untold speed and unsurpassed power, from the invisible all things
+now visible in present time. And then he assigned as his own station the
+mid‐heavens, in order that from all sides he may bestow equal blessings on
+the gods who came forth by his agency and in company with him; and that he
+may guide the seven spheres(710) in the heavens and the eighth sphere(711)
+also, yes and as I believe the ninth creation too, namely our world which
+revolves for ever in a continuous cycle of birth and death. For it is
+evident that the planets, as they dance in a circle about him, preserve as
+the measure of their motion a harmony between this god and their own
+movements such as I shall now describe; and that the whole heaven also,
+which adapts itself to him in all its parts, is full of gods who proceed
+from Helios. For this god is lord of five zones in the heavens; and when
+he traverses three of these he begets in those three the three
+Graces.(712) And the remaining zones are the scales of mighty
+Necessity.(713) To the Greeks what I say is perhaps incomprehensible—as
+though one were obliged to say to them only what is known and familiar.
+Yet not even is this altogether strange to them as one might suppose. For
+who, then, in your opinion, are the Dioscuri,(714) O ye most wise, ye who
+accept without question so many of your traditions? Do you not call them
+“alternate of days,” because they may not both be seen on the same day? It
+is obvious that by this you mean “yesterday” and “to‐day.” But what does
+this mean, in the name of those same Dioscuri? Let me apply it to some
+natural object, so that I may not say anything empty and senseless. But no
+such object could one find, however carefully one might search for it. For
+the theory that some have supposed to be held by the theogonists, that the
+two hemispheres of the universe are meant, has no meaning. For how one
+could call each one of the hemispheres “alternate of days” is not easy to
+imagine, since the increase of their light in each separate day is
+imperceptible. But now let us consider a question on which some may think
+that I am innovating. We say correctly that those persons for whom the
+time of the sun’s course above the earth is the same in one and the same
+month share the same day. Consider therefore whether the expression
+“alternate of days” cannot be applied both to the tropics and the other,
+the polar, circles. But some one will object that it does not apply
+equally to both. For though the former are always visible, and both of
+them are visible at once to those who inhabit that part of the earth where
+shadows are cast in an opposite direction,(715) yet in the case of the
+latter those who see the one do not see the other.)
+
+[D] Ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ πλείω περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν λέγων διατρίβω, τὰς τροπὰς
+ἐργαζόμενος, ὥσπερ ἴσμεν, πατὴρ ὡρῶν ἐστιν, οὐκ ἀπολείπων δὲ οὐδαμῶς τοὺς
+πόλους Ὠκεανὸς ἂν εἴη, διπλῆς ἡγεμὼν οὐσίας. μῶν ἀσαφές τι καὶ τοῦτο
+λέγομεν, ἐπείπερ πρὸ ἡμῶν αὐτὸ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἔφη·
+
+However, not to dwell too long on the same subject; since he causes the
+winter and summer solstice, Helios is, as we know, the father of the
+seasons; and since he never forsakes the poles, he is Oceanus, the lord of
+two‐fold substance. My meaning here is not obscure, is it, seeing that
+before my time Homer said the same thing?
+
+
+    Ὠκεανοῦ, ὅσπερ γένεσις πάντεσσι τέτυκται,(716)
+
+    (“Oceanus who is the father of all things”)
+
+
+θνητῶν τε θεῶν θ᾽, ὡς ἂν αὐτὸς φαίη, μακάρων; ἀληθῶς. [148] ἒν γὰρ τῶν
+πάντων οὐδέν ἐστιν, ὃ μὴ τῆς Ὠκεανοῦ πέφυκεν οὐσίας ἔκγονον. ἀλλὰ τί τοῦτο
+πρὸς τοὺς πόλους; βούλει σοι φράσω; καίτοι σιωπᾶσθαι κρεῖσσον ἦν·
+εἰρήσεται δὲ ὅμως.
+
+(yes, for mortals and for the blessed gods too, as he himself would say;
+and what he says is true. For there is no single thing in the whole of
+existence that is not the offspring of the substance of Oceanus. But what
+has that to do with the poles? Shall I tell you? It were better indeed to
+keep silence(717); but for all that I will speak.)
+
+Λέγεται γοῦν, εἰ καὶ μὴ πάντες ἑτοίμως ἀποδέχονται, ὁ δίσκος ἐπὶ τῆς
+ἀνάστρου φέρεσθαι πολὺ τῆς ἀπλανοῦς ὑψηλότερος· καὶ οὕτω δὴ(718) τῶν μὲν
+πλανωμένων οὐχ ἕξει τὸ μέσον, τριῶν δὲ τῶν κόσμων κατὰ τὰς τελεστικὰς [B]
+ὑποθέσεις, εἰ χρὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα καλεῖν ὑποθέσεις, ἀλλὰ μὴ ταῦτα μὲν δόγματα,
+τὰ δὲ τῶν σφαιρικῶν ὑποθέσεις. οἱ μὲν γὰρ θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων μεγάλων δή τινων
+ἀκούσαντές φασιν, οἱ δὲ ὑποτίθενται τὸ πιθανὸν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα
+συμφωνίας. αἰνεῖν μὲν οὖν ἄξιον καὶ τούσδε, πιστεύειν δὲ ἐκείνοις ὅτῳ
+βέλτιον εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῦτον ἐγὼ παίζων καὶ σπουδάζων ἄγαμαί τε καὶ
+τεθαύμακα. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταύτῃ, φασί.
+
+(Some say then, even though all men are not ready to believe it, that the
+sun travels in the starless heavens far above the region of the fixed
+stars. And on this theory he will not be stationed midmost among the
+planets but midway between the three worlds: that is, according to the
+hypothesis of the mysteries, if indeed one ought to use the word
+“hypothesis” and not rather say “established truths,” using the word
+“hypothesis” for the study of the heavenly bodies. For the priests of the
+mysteries tell us what they have been taught by the gods or mighty
+daemons, whereas the astronomers make plausible hypotheses from the
+harmony that they observe in the visible spheres. It is proper, no doubt,
+to approve the astronomers as well, but where any man thinks it better to
+believe the priests of the mysteries, him I admire and revere, both in
+jest and earnest. And so much for that, as the saying is.(719))
+
+[C] Πολὺ δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔφην πλῆθός ἐστι περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν θεῶν, οὓς
+κατενόησαν οἱ τὸν οὐρανὸν μὴ παρέργως μηδὲ ὥσπερ τὰ βοσκήματα
+θεωροῦντες.(720) τοὺς τρεῖς γὰρ τετραχῇ τέμνων διὰ τῆς τοῦ ζῳοφόρου κύκλου
+πρὸς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν κοινωνίας τοῦτον αὖθις τὸν ζῳοφόρον εἰς δώδεκα θεῶν
+δυνάμεις διαιρεῖ, καὶ μέντοι τούτων ἕκαστον εἰς τρεῖς, ὥστε ποιεῖν ἓξ ἐπὶ
+τοῖς τριάκοντα. ἔνθεν οἶμαι καθήκει ἄνωθεν ἡμῖν ἐξ οὐρανῶν [D] τριπλῆ
+χαρίτων δόσις, ἐκ τῶν κύκλων, οὗς ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τετραχῇ τέμνων τὴν τετραπλῆν
+ἐπιπέμπει τῶν ὡρῶν ἀγλαΐαν, αἳ δὴ τὰς τροπὰς ἔχουσι τῶν καιρῶν. κύκλον τοι
+καὶ αἱ Χάριτες ἐπὶ γῆς διὰ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων μιμοῦνται. χαριτοδότης(721) δέ
+ἐστιν ὁ Διόνυσος ἐς ταὐτὸ λεγόμενος Ἡλίῳ συμβασιλεύειν. τύ οὖν ἔτι σοι τὸν
+Ὧρον λέγω καὶ τἇλλα θεῶν ὀνόματα, τὰ πάντα Ἡλίῳ προσήκοντα; συνῆκαν γὰρ
+ἅνθρωποι τὸν θεὸν ἐξ ὧν ὁ θεὸς [149] ὅδε ἐργάζεται, τὸν σύμπαντα οὐρανὸν
+τοῖς νοεροῖς ἀγαθοῖς τελειωσάμενος καὶ μεταδοὺς αὐτῷ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους,
+ἀρξάμενοί τε ἐκεῖθεν ὅλον τε αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ μέρη τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁδρᾷ(722)
+δόσει. πᾶσαν γὰρ ἐπιτροπεύει(723) κίνησιν ἄχρι τῆς τελευταίας τοῦ κόσμου
+λ\ηξεως· φύσιν τε καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ πᾶν ὅ,τι ποτέ ἐστι, πάντα πανταχοῦ
+τελειοῦται. τὴν δὲ τοσαύτην στρατιὰν τῶν θεῶν εἰς μίαν ἡγεμονικὴν [B]
+ἕνωσιν συντάξας Ἀθηνᾷ Προνοίᾳ παρέδωκεν, ἣν ὁ μὲν μῦθός φησιν ἐκ τῆς τοῦ
+Διὸς γενέσθαι κορυφῆς, ἡμεῖς δὲ ὅλην ἐξ ὅλου τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου
+προβληθῆναι συνεχομένην ἐν αὐτῷ, ταύτῃ διαφέροντες τοῦ μύθου, ὅτι μὴ ἐκ
+τοῦ ἀκροτάτου μέρους, ὅλην δὲ ἐξ ὅλου· ἐπεὶ τἆλλά γε οὐδὲν διαφέρειν Ἡλίου
+Δία νομίζοντες ὁμολογοῦμεν τῇ παλαιᾷ φήμῃ. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ Πρόνοιαν
+Ἀθηνᾶν λέγοντες οὐ καινοτομοῦμεν, εἴπερ ὀρθῶς ἀκούομεν·
+
+(Now besides those whom I have mentioned, there is in the heavens a great
+multitude of gods who have been recognised as such by those who survey the
+heavens, not casually, nor like cattle. For as he divides the three
+spheres by four through the zodiac,(724) which is associated with every
+one of the three, so he divides the zodiac also into twelve divine powers;
+and again he divides every one of these twelve by three, so as to make
+thirty‐six gods in(725) all. Hence, as I believe, there descends from
+above, from the heavens to us, a three‐fold gift of the Graces: I mean
+from the spheres, for this god, by thus dividing them by four, sends to us
+the fourfold glory of the seasons, which express the changes of time. And
+indeed on our earth the Graces imitate a circle(726) in their statues. And
+it is Dionysus who is the giver of the Graces, and in this very connection
+he is said to reign with Helios. Why should I go on to speak to you of
+Horus(727) and of the other names of gods, which all belong to Helios? For
+from his works men have learned to know this god, who makes the whole
+heavens perfect through the gift of intellectual blessings, and gives it a
+share of intelligible beauty; and taking the heavens as their starting‐
+point, they have learned to know him both as a whole and his parts also,
+from his abundant bestowal of good gifts. For he exercises control over
+all movement, even to the lowest plane of the universe. And everywhere he
+makes all things perfect, nature and soul and everything that exists. And
+marshalling together this great army of the gods into a single commanding
+unity, he handed it over to Athene Pronoia(728) who, as the legend says,
+sprang from the head of Zeus, but I say that she was sent forth from
+Helios whole from the whole of him, being contained within him; though I
+disagree with the legend only so far as I assert that she came forth not
+from his highest part, but whole from the whole of him. For in other
+respects, since I believe that Zeus is in no wise different from Helios, I
+agree with that ancient tradition. And in using this very phrase Athene
+Pronoia, I am not innovating, if I rightly understand the words:)
+
+
+    Ἵκετο δ᾽ ἐς Πυθῶνα καὶ ἐς Γλαυκῶπα Προνοίην.
+
+    (“He came to Pytho and to grey‐eyed Pronoia.”(729))
+
+
+[C] οὕτως ἄρα καὶ τοῖς παλαιοῖς ἐφαίνετο Ἀθηνᾶ Πρόνοια σύνθρονος Ἀπόλλωνι
+τῷ νομιζομένῳ μηδὲν Ἡλίου διαφέρειν. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ θείᾳ μοίρᾳ τοῦτο
+Ὅμηρος· ἦν γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, θεόληπτος· ἀπεμαντεύσατο πολλαχοῦ τῆς ποιήσεως·
+
+(This proves that the ancients also thought that Athene Pronoia shared the
+throne of Apollo, who, as we believe, differs in no way from Helios.
+Indeed, did not Homer by divine inspiration—for he was, we may suppose,
+possessed by a god—reveal this truth, when he says often in his poems:)
+
+
+    Τιοίμην δ᾽ ὡς τίετ᾽ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἀπόλλων,(730)
+
+    (“May I be honoured even as Athene and Apollo were honoured”)
+
+
+ὑπὸ Διὸς δήπουθεν, ὅσπερ ἐστὶν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἡλίῳ; καθάπερ δ᾽(731) ὁ βασιλεὺς
+Ἀπόλλων ἐπικοινωνεῖ διὰ τῆς ἁπλότητος τῶν νοήσεων Ἡλίῳ, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὴν
+Ἀθηνᾶν [D] νομιστέον ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ παραδεξαμένην τὴν οὐσίαν οὖσάν τε αὐτοῦ
+τελείαν νόησιν συνάπτειν μὲν τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἥλιον θεοὺς αὖ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν
+ὅλων Ἡλίῳ δίχα συγχύσεως εἰς ἕνωσιν, αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν
+ζωὴν ἁπ᾽ ἅκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ διὰ τῶν ἑπτὰ κύκλων ἄχρι τῆς Σελήνης [150]
+νέμουσαν ἐποχετεύειν, ἣν ἡ θεὸς ἥδε τῶν κυκλικῶν οὖσαν σωμάτων ἐσχάτην
+ἐπλήρωσε τῆς φρονήσεως, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἡ Σελήνη τά τε ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν θεωρεῖ
+νοητὰ καὶ τὰ ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτὴν κοσμοῦσα τὴν ὕλην τοῖς εἴδεσιν ἀναιρεῖ τὸ θηριῶδες
+αὐτῆς καὶ ταραχῶδες καὶ ἄτακτον. ἀνθρώποις δὲ ἀγαθὰ δίδωσιν Ἀθηνᾶ σοφίαν
+τό(732) τε νοεῖν καὶ τὰς δημιουργικὰς τέχνας. κατοικεῖ δὲ τὰς ἀκροπόλεις
+αὕτη δήπουθεν καταστησαμένη τὴν πολιτικὴν διὰ σοφίας κοινωνίαν. [B] ὀλίγα
+ἔτι περὶ Ἀφροδίτης, ἣν συνεφάπτεσθαι τῆς δημιουργίας τῷ θεῷ Φοινίκων
+ὁμολογοῦσιν οἱ λόγιοι, καὶ ἐγὼ πείθομαι. ἔστι δὴ οὖν αὕτη σύγκρασις τῶν
+οὐρανίων θεῶν, καὶ τῆς ἁρμονίας αὐτῶν ἔτι φιλία καὶ ἕνωσις. Ἡλίου γὰρ
+ἐγγὺς οὖσα καὶ συμπεριθέουσα καὶ πλησιάζουσα πληροῖ μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν
+εὐκρασίας, ἐνδίδωσι δὲ τὸ γόνιμον τῇ γῇ, προμηθουμένη καὶ αὐτὴ τῆς
+ἀειγενεσίας τῶν ζῴων, ἧς ὁ μὲν βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος ἔχει τὴν πρωτουργὸν αἰτίαν,
+ἀφροδίτη δὲ αὐτῷ συναίτιος, [C] ἡ θέλγουσα μὲν τὰς ψυχὰς ἡμῶν σὺν
+εὐφροσύνῃ, καταπέμπουσα δὲ εἰς γῆν ἐξ αἰθέρος αὐγὰς ἡδίστας καὶ ἀκηράτους
+αὐτοῦ τοῦ χρυσίου στιλπνοτέρας. ἔτι ἐπιμετρῆσαι(733) βούλομαι τῆς Φοινίκων
+θεολογίας· εἰ δὲ μὴ μάτην, ὁ λόγος προïὼν δείξει. οἱ τὴν Ἔμεσαν(734)
+οἰκοῦντες, ἱερὸν ἐξ αἰῶνος Ἡλίου χωρίον, Μόνιμον αὐτῷ καὶ Ἄζιζον
+συγκαθιδρύουσιν. [D] αἰνίττεσθαί φησιν Ἰάμβλιχος, παρ᾽ οὗ καὶ τᾶλλα πάντα
+ἐκ πολλῶν μικρὰ ἐλάβομεν, ὡς ὁ Μόνιμος μὲν Ἑρμῆς εἴη, Ἄζιζος δὲ Ἄρης,
+Ἡλίου πάρεδροι, πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ τῷ περὶ γῆν ἐποχετεύοντες τόπῳ.
+
+(—by Zeus, that is to say, who is identical with Helios? And just as King
+Apollo, through the singleness of his thoughts, is associated with Helios,
+so also we must believe that Athene(735) has received her nature from
+Helios, and that she is his intelligence in perfect form: and so she binds
+together the gods who are assembled about Helios and brings them without
+confusion into unity with Helios, the King of the All: and she distributes
+and is the channel for stainless and pure life throughout the seven
+spheres, from the highest vault of the heavens as far as Selene the
+Moon:(736) for Selene is the last of the heavenly spheres which Athene
+fills with wisdom: and by her aid Selene beholds the intelligible which is
+higher than the heavens, and adorns with its forms the realm of matter
+that lies below her, and thus she does away with its savagery and
+confusion and disorder. Moreover to mankind Athene gives the blessings of
+wisdom and intelligence and the creative arts. And surely she dwells in
+the capitols of cities because, through her wisdom, she has established
+the community of the state. I have still to say a few words about
+Aphrodite, who, as the wise men among the Phoenicians affirm, and as I
+believe, assists Helios in his creative function. She is, in very truth, a
+synthesis of the heavenly gods, and in their harmony she is the spirit of
+love and unity.(737) For she(738) is very near to Helios, and when she
+pursues the same course as he and approaches him, she fills the skies with
+fair weather and gives generative power to the earth: for she herself
+takes thought for the continuous birth of living things. And though of
+that continuous birth King Helios is the primary creative cause, yet
+Aphrodite is the joint cause with him, she who enchants our souls with her
+charm and sends down to earth from the upper air rays of light most sweet
+and stainless, aye, more lustrous than gold itself. I desire to mete out
+to you still more of the theology of the Phoenicians, and whether it be to
+some purpose my argument as it proceeds will show. The inhabitants of
+Emesa,(739) a place from time immemorial sacred to Helios, associate with
+Helios in their temples Monimos and Azizos.(740) Iamblichus, from whom I
+have taken this and all besides, a little from a great store, says that
+the secret meaning to be interpreted is that Monimos is Hermes and Azizos
+Ares, the assessors of Helios, who are the channel for many blessings to
+the region of our earth.)
+
+Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ τοιαῦτά ἐστι, καὶ διὰ τούτων
+ἐπιτελούμενα μέχρι τῶν τῆς γῆς προήκει τελευταίων ὅρων· ὅσα δὲ ὑπὸ τὴν
+Σελήνην ἐργάζεται, μακρὸν ἂν εἴη τὰ πάντα ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι. πλὴν ὡς ἐν
+κεφαλαίῳ καὶ ταῦτα ῥητέον. [151] οἶδα μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε καὶ πρότερον
+μνημονεύσας, ὁπηνίκα ἠξίουν ἐκ τῶν φαινομένων τὰ ἀφανῆ περὶ τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ
+σκοπεῖν οὐσίας, ὁ λόγος δὲ ἀπαιτεῖ με καὶ νῦν ἐν τάξει περὶ αὐτῶν δηλῶσαι.
+
+(Such then are the works of Helios in the heavens, and, when completed by
+means of the gods whom I have named, they reach even unto the furthest
+bounds of the earth. But to tell the number of all his works in the region
+below the moon would take too long. Nevertheless I must describe them also
+in a brief summary. Now I am aware that I mentioned them earlier when I
+claimed(741) that from things visible we could observe the invisible
+properties of the god’s substance, but the argument demands that I should
+expound them now also, in their proper order.)
+
+Καθάπερ οὖν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἔχειν ἔφαμεν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν Ἥλιον, πολὺ περὶ
+τὴν ἀμέριστον οὐσίαν ἑαυτοῦ πλῆθος ἑνοειδῶς ἔχοντα τῶν θεῶν, ἔτι δὲ ἐν
+τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, [B] ἃ δὴ τὴν κύκλῳ διαιωνίαν πορεύεται μάλα εὐδαίμονα
+πορείαν, ἀπεδείκνυμεν ἀρχηγὸν καὶ κύριον, ἐνδιδόντα μὲν τὸ γόνιμον τῇ
+φύσει,(742) πληροῦντα δὲ τὸν ὅλον οὐρανὸν ὥσπερ τῆς φαινομένης αὐγῆς οὕτω
+δὲ καὶ μυρίων ἀγαθῶν ἀφανῶν ἄλλων, τελειούμενα δὲ ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ παρὰ τῶν
+ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν θεῶν ἀγαθὰ χορηγούμενα, καὶ πρό γε τούτων αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους
+ὑπὸ τῆς ἀπορρήτου καὶ θείας αὐτοῦ τελειουμένους ἐνεργείας· οὕτω δὲ καὶ
+περὶ τὸν ἐν γενέσει τόπον θεούς τινας ἐπιβεβηκέναι νομιστέον [C] ὑπὸ τοῦ
+βασιλέως Ἡλίου συνεχομένουσ, οἳ τὴν τετραπλῆν τῶν στοιχείων κυβερνῶντες
+φύσιν, περὶ ἃς ἐστήρικται ταῦτα ψυχὰς μετὰ τῶν τριῶν κρειττόνων ἐνοικοῦσι
+γενῶν. αὐταῖς δὲ ταῖς μερισταῖς ψυχαῖς ὅσων ἀγαθῶν ἐστιν αἴτιος, κρίσιν τε
+αὐταῖς προτείνων καὶ δίκῃ κατευθύνων καὶ ἀποκαθαίρων λαμπρότητι; τὴν ὅλην
+δὲ οὐχ οὗτος φύσιν, ἐνδιδοὺς ἄνωθεν αὐτῇ τὸ γόνιμον, κινεῖ καὶ ἀναζωπυρεῖ;
+ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς μερισταῖς φύσεσιν [D] οὐ τῆς εἰς τέλος πορείας οὗτος ἐστιν
+ἀληθῶς αἴτιος; ἄνθρωπον γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου γεννᾶσθαί φησιν Ἀριστοτέλης καὶ
+ἡλίου.(743) ταὐτὸν δὴ οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, ὅσα τῶν μεριστῶν ἐστι
+φύσεων ἔργα, περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου προσήκει διανοεῖσθαι. τί δέ; οὐχ ἡμῖν
+ὄμβρους καὶ ἀνέμους καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς μεταρσίοις γινόμενα τῷ διττῷ τῆς
+ἀναθυμιάσεως οἷον ὕλῃ χρώμενος ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἐργάζεται; [152] θερμαίνων γὰρ
+τὴν γῆν ἀτμίδα καὶ καπνὸν ἕλκει, γίνεται δὲ ἐκ τούτων οὐ τὰ μετάρσια
+μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσα ἐπὶ γῆς πάθη, σμικρὰ καὶ μεγάλα.
+
+(I said then that Helios holds sway among the intellectual gods in that he
+unites into one, about his own undivided substance, a great multitude of
+the gods: and further, I demonstrated that among the gods whom we can
+perceive, who revolve eternally in their most blessed path, he is leader
+and lord; since he bestows on their nature its generative power, and fills
+the whole heavens not only with visible rays of light but with countless
+other blessings that are invisible; and, further, that the blessings which
+are abundantly supplied by the other visible gods are made perfect by him,
+and that even prior to this the visible gods themselves are made perfect
+by his unspeakable and divine activity. In the same manner we must believe
+that on this our world of generation certain gods have alighted who are
+linked together with Helios: and these gods guide the four‐fold nature of
+the elements, and inhabit, together with the three higher races,(744)
+those souls which are upborne by the elements. But for the divided
+souls(745) also, of how many blessings is he the cause! For he extends to
+them the faculty of judging, and guides them with justice, and purifies
+them by his brilliant light. Again, does he not set in motion the whole of
+nature and kindle life therein, by bestowing on it generative power from
+on high? But for the divided natures also, is not he the cause that they
+journey to their appointed end?(746) For Aristotle says that man is
+begotten by man and the sun together. Accordingly the same theory about
+King Helios must surely apply to all the other activities of the divided
+souls. Again, does he not produce for us rain and wind and the clouds in
+the skies, by employing, as though it were matter, the two kinds of
+vapour? For when he heats the earth he draws up steam and smoke, and from
+these there arise not only the clouds but also all the physical changes on
+our earth, both great and small.)
+
+Τί οὖν περὶ(747) τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπέξειμι μακρότερα, ἐξὸν ἐπὶ τὸ πέρας ἤδη
+βαδίζειν ὑμνήσαντα πρότερον ὅσα ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις Ἥλιος ἀγαθά; γινόμενοι
+γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τρεφόμεθα παρ᾽ ἐκείνου. [B] τὰ μὲν οὖν θειότερα καὶ ὅσα ταῖς
+ψυχαῖς δίδωσιν ἀπολύων αὐτὰς τοῦ σώματος, εἶτα ἐπανάγων ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ θεοῦ
+συγγενεῖς οὐσίας, καὶ τὸ λεπτὸν καὶ εὔτονον τῆς θείας αὐγῆς οἷον ὄχημα τῆς
+εἰς τὴν γένεσιν ἀσφαλοῦς διδόμενον καθόδου ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμνείσθω τε ἄλλοις
+ἀξίως καὶ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν πιστευέσθω μᾶλλον ἢ δεικνύσθω· τὰ δὲ ὅσα γνώριμα πέφυκε
+τοῖς πᾶσιν οὐκ ὀκνητέον ἐπεξελθεῖν. οὐρανόν φησι Πλάτων(748) ἡμῖν γενέσθαι
+σοφίας διδάσκαλον. ἐνθένδε γὰρ [C] ἀριθμοῦ κατενοήσαμεν φύσιν, ἧς τὸ
+διαφέρον οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἡλίου περιόδου κατενοήσαμεν. φησί τοι καὶ
+αὐτὸς Πλάτων ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα πρότερον. εἶτα ἐκ τοῦ φωτὸς τῆς σελήνης, ὃ
+δὴ δίδοται τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ παρ᾽ ἡλίου, μετὰ τοῦτο προήλθομεν ἐπὶ πλέον τῆς
+τοιαύτης συνέσεως, ἁπανταχοῦ τῆς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον στοχαζόμενοι
+συμφωνίας. ὅπερ αὐτός πού φησιν,(749) ὡς ἄρα τὸ γένος ἡμῶν ἐπίπονον ὂν
+φύσει θεοὶ ἐλεήσαντες [D] ἔδωκαν ἡμῖν τὸν Διόνυσον καὶ τὰς Μούσας
+συγχορευτάς. ἐφάνη δὲ ἡμῖν Ἥλιος τούτων κοινὸς ἡγεμών, Διονύσου μὲν πατὴρ
+ὑμνούμενος, ἡγεμῶν δὲ Μουσῶν. ὁ δὲ αὐτῷ συμβασιλεύων Ἀπόλλων οὐ πανταχοῦ
+μὲν ἀνῆκε τῆς γῆς χρηστήρια, σοφίαν δὲ ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις ἔνθεον, ἐκόσμησε
+δὲ ἱεροῖς καὶ πολιτικοῖς τὰς πόλεις θεσμοῖς; οὗτος ἡμέρωσε μὲν διὰ τῶν
+Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποικιῶν τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς οἰκουμένης, παρεσκεύασε δὲ ῥᾷον
+ὑπακοῦσαι Ῥωμαίοις ἔχουσι καὶ αὐτοῖς οὐ [153] γένος μόνον Ἑλληνικόν, ἀλλὰ
+καὶ θεσμοὺς ἱεροὺς καὶ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐπιστίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος
+Ἑλληνικὴν καταστησαμένοις τε καὶ φυλάξασι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸν περὶ
+τὴν πόλιν κόσμον οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν ἄριστα πολιτευσαμένων πόλεων καταστησαμένοις
+φαυλότερον, εἰ μὴ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν, ὅσαι γε ἐν χρήσει γεγόνασι
+πολιτεῖαι, κρείσσονα· ἀνθ᾽ ὧν οἶμαι καὶ αὐτὸς ἔγνων τὴν πόλιν Ἑλληνίδα
+γένος τε καὶ πολιτείαν.
+
+(But why do I deal with the same questions at such length, when I am free
+at last to come to my goal, though not till I have first celebrated all
+the blessings that Helios has given to mankind? For from him are we born,
+and by him are we nourished. But his more divine gifts, and all that he
+bestows on our souls when he frees them from the body and then lifts them
+up on high to the region of those substances that are akin to the god; and
+the fineness and vigour of his divine rays, which are assigned as a sort
+of vehicle for the safe descent of our souls into this world of
+generation; all this, I say, let others celebrate in fitting strains, but
+let me believe it rather than demonstrate its truth. However, I need not
+hesitate to discuss so much as is known to all. Plato says that the sky is
+our instructor in wisdom. For from its contemplation we have learned to
+know the nature of number, whose distinguishing characteristics we know
+only from the course of the sun. Plato himself says that day and night
+were created first.(750) And next, from observing the moon’s light, which
+was bestowed on the goddess by Helios, we later progressed still further
+in the understanding of these matters: in every case conjecturing the
+harmony of all things with this god. For Plato himself says somewhere that
+our race was by nature doomed to toil, and so the gods pitied us and gave
+us Dionysus and the Muses as playfellows. And we recognised that Helios is
+their common lord, since he is celebrated as the father of Dionysus and
+the leader of the Muses. And has not Apollo, who is his colleague in
+empire, set up oracles in every part of the earth, and given to men
+inspired wisdom, and regulated their cities by means of religious and
+political ordinances? And he has civilised the greater part of the world
+by means of Greek colonies, and so made it easier for the world to be
+governed by the Romans. For the Romans themselves not only belong to the
+Greek race, but also the sacred ordinances and the pious belief in the
+gods which they have established and maintain are, from beginning to end,
+Greek. And beside this they have established a constitution not inferior
+to that of any one of the best governed states, if indeed it be not
+superior to all others that have ever been put into practice. For which
+reason I myself recognise that our city is Greek, both in descent and as
+to its constitution.)
+
+[B] Τί ἔτι σοι λέγω, πῶς τῆς ὑγιείας καὶ σωτηρίας πάντων προυνόησε τὸν
+σωτῆρα τῶν ὅλων ἀπογεννήσας Ἀσκληπιόν, ὅπως δὲ ἀρετὴν ἔδωκε παντοίαν
+Ἀφροδίτην Ἀθηνᾷ συγκαταπέμψας ἡμῖν, κηδεμόνα μόνον οὐχὶ νόμον θέμενος,
+πρὸς μηδὲν ἕτερον χρῆσθαι τῇ μίξει ἢ πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν(751) τοῦ ὁμοίου;
+διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ κατὰ τὰς περιόδους αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ φυόμενα καὶ τὰ
+παντοδαπῶν ζῴων φῦλα κινεῖται [C] πρὸς ἀπογέννησιν τοῦ ὁμοίου. τί χρὴ τὰς
+ἀκτῖνας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ φῶς σεμνῦναι; νὺξ γοῦν ἀσέληνός τε καὶ ἄναστρος ὅπως
+ἐστὶ φοβερά, ἆρα ἐννοεῖ τις, ἵν᾽ ἐντεῦθεν, ὁπόσον ἔχομεν ἀγαθὸν ἐξ ἡλίου
+τὸ φῶς, τεκμήρηται; τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ συνεχὲς παρέχων καὶ ἀμεσολάβητον νυκτὶ
+ἐν οἷς χρὴ τόποις ἀπὸ τῆς σελήνης τοῖς ἄνω, ἐκεχειρίαν ἡμῖν διὰ τῆς νυκτὸς
+τῶν πόνων δίδωσιν. οὐδὲν ἂν γένοιτο πέρας τοῦ λόγου, εἰ πάντα ἐπεξιέναι
+[D] τις ἐθελήσειε τὰ τοιαῦτα. ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἀγαθὸν κατὰ τὸν βίον, ὃ
+μὴ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λαβόντες ἔχομεν, ἤτοι παρὰ μόνου τέλειον, ἢ διὰ τῶν
+ἄλλων θεῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τελειούμενον.
+
+(Shall I now go on to tell you how Helios took thought for the health and
+safety of all men by begetting Asclepios(752) to be the saviour of the
+whole world? and how he bestowed on us every kind of excellence by sending
+down to us Aphrodite together with Athene, and thus laid down for our
+protection what is almost a law, that we should only unite to beget our
+kind? Surely it is for this reason that, in agreement with the course of
+the sun, all plants and all the tribes of living things are aroused to
+bring forth their kind. What need is there for me to glorify his beams and
+his light? For surely everyone knows how terrible is night without a moon
+or stars, so that from this he can calculate how great a boon for us is
+the light of the sun? And this very light he supplies at night, without
+ceasing, and directly, from the moon in those upper spaces where it is
+needed, while he grants us through the night a truce from toil. But there
+would be no limit to the account if one should endeavour to describe all
+his gifts of this sort. For there is no single blessing in our lives which
+we do not receive as a gift from this god, either perfect from him alone,
+or, through the other gods, perfected by him.)
+
+Ἡμῖν δέ ἐστιν ἐρχηγὸς καὶ τῆς πόλεως. οἰκεῖ γοῦν αὐτῆς οὐ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν
+μόνον μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἀφροδίτης Ζεὺς ὁ πάντων πατὴρ ὑμνούμενος, ἀλλὰ
+καὶ Ἀπόλλων ἐπὶ τῷ Παλλαντίῳ λόφῳ καὶ Ἥλιος αὐτὸς τοῦτο τὸ(753) κοινὸν
+ὄνομα πᾶσι καὶ γνώριμον. [154] ὅπως δὲ αὐτῷ πάντη καὶ πάντα προσήκομεν οἱ
+Ῥωμυλίδαι τε καὶ Αἰνεάδαι, πολλὰ ἔχων εἰπεῖν ἐρῶ βραχέα τὰ γνωριμώτατα.
+γέγονε, φασίν, ἐξ Ἀφροδίτης Αἰνείας, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς Ἡλίῳ καὶ
+συγγενής. αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν κτίστην ἡμῶν τῆς πόλεως Ἄρεως ἡ φήμη παρέδωκε
+παῖδα, πιστουμένη τὸ παράδοξον τῶν λόγων διὰ τῶν ὕστερον ἐπακολουθησάντων
+σημείων. ὑπέσχε γὰρ αὐτῷ, φασί, μαζὸν θήλεια λύκος. ἐγὼ δὲ ὅτι μὲν Ἄρης
+Ἄζιζος λεγόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκούντων τὴν Ἔμεσαν(754) [B] Σύρων Ἡλίου
+προπομπεύει, καίπερ εἰδὼς καὶ προειπὼν ἀφήσειν μοι δοκῶ. τοῦ χάριν δὲ ὁ
+λύκος Ἄρει μᾶλλον, οὐχὶ δὲ Ἡλίῳ προσήκει; καίτοι λυκάβαντά φασιν ἀπὸ τοῦ
+λύκου τὸυ ἐνιαύσιον χρόνον· ὀνομάζει δὲ αὐτὸν οὐχ Ὅμηρος μόνον οὐδὲ οἱ
+γνώριμοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ θεός· διανύων γάρ φησιν
+
+(Moreover he is the founder of our city.(755) For not only does Zeus, who
+is glorified as the father of all things, inhabit its citadel(756)
+together with Athene and Aphrodite, but Apollo also dwells on the Palatine
+Hill, and Helios himself under this name of his which is commonly known to
+all and familiar to all. And I could say much to prove that we, the sons
+of Romulus and Aeneas, are in every way and in all respects connected with
+him, but I will mention briefly only what is most familiar. According to
+the legend, Aeneas is the son of Aphrodite, who is subordinate to Helios
+and is his kinswoman. And the tradition has been handed down that the
+founder of our city was the son of Ares, and the paradoxical element in
+the tale has been believed because of the portents which later appeared to
+support it. For a she‐wolf, they say, gave him suck. Now I am aware that
+Ares, who is called Azizos by the Syrians who inhabit Emesa, precedes
+Helios in the sacred procession, but I mentioned it before, so I think I
+may let that pass. But why is the wolf sacred only to Ares and not to
+Helios? Yet men call the period of a year “lycabas,”(757) which is derived
+from “wolf.” And not only Homer(758) and the famous men of Greece call it
+by this name, but also the god himself, when he says:)
+
+
+    Ὀρχηθμῷ λυκάβαντα δυωδεκάμηνα κέλευθα.
+
+    (“With dancing does he bring to a close his journey of twelve
+    months, even the lycabas.”)
+
+
+[C] βούλει οὖν ἔτι σοι φράσω μεῖζον τεκμήριον, ὅτι ἄρα ὁ τῆς πόλεως ἡμῶν
+οἰκιστὴς οὐχ ὑπ᾽ Ἀρεως κατεπέμφθη μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως αὐτῷ τῆς μὲν τοῦ
+σώματος κατασκευῆς συνεπελάβετο δαίμων ἀρήιος καὶ γενναῖος, ὁ λεγόμενος
+ἐπιφοιτῆσαι τῇ Σιλβίᾳ λουτρὰ τῇ θεῷ φερούσῃ, τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἐξ Ἡλίου κατῆλθεν
+ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ θεοῦ Κυρίνου· πειστέον γὰρ οἶμαι τῇ φήμῃ. [D] σύνοδος ἀκριβὴς
+τῶν τὴν ἐμφανῆ κατανειμαμένων βασιλείαν Ἡλίου τε καὶ Σελήνης ὥσπερ οὖν εἰς
+τὴν γῆν κατήγαγεν, οὕτω καὶ ἀνήγαγεν ὃν(759) ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἐδέξατο, τὸ
+θνητὸν ἀφανίσασα πυρὶ κεραυνίῳ τοῦ σώματος. οὕτω προδήλως ἡ τῶν περιγείων
+δημιουργὸς ὑπὸ αὐτὸν ἄκρως γενομένη τὸν ἥλιον ἐδέξατο εἰς γῆν πεμπόμενον
+διὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς Προνοίας τὸν Κυρῖνον, ἀνιπτάμενόν τε αὖθις ἀπὸ γῆς ἐπὶ
+τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ἐπανήγαγεν αὐτίκα Ἥλιον.
+
+(Now do you wish me to bring forward a still greater proof that the
+founder of our city was sent down to earth, not by Ares alone, though
+perhaps some noble daemon with the character of Ares did take part in the
+fashioning of his mortal body, even he who is said to have visited
+Silvia(760) when she was carrying water for the bath of the goddess,(761)
+but the whole truth is that the soul of the god Quirinus(762) came down to
+earth from Helios; for we must, I think, believe the sacred tradition. And
+the close conjunction of Helios and Selene, who share the empire over the
+visible world, even as it had caused his soul to descend to earth, in like
+manner caused to mount upwards him whom it received back from the earth,
+after blotting out with fire from a thunderbolt(763) the mortal part of
+his body. So clearly did she who creates earthly matter, she whose place
+is at the furthest point below the sun, receive Quirinus when he was sent
+down to earth by Athene, goddess of Forethought; and when he took flight
+again from earth she led him back straightway to Helios, the King of the
+All.)
+
+[155] Ἔτι σοι βούλει περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν φράσω τεκμήριον τοῦ Νόμα τοῦ βασιλέως
+ἔργον; ἄσβεστον ἐξ ἡλίου φυλάττουσι φλόγα παρθένοι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ἱεραὶ κατὰ
+τὰς διαφόρους ὥρας, αἳ δὴ τὸ γενόμενον(764) περὶ τὴν γῆν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πῦρ
+φυλάττουσιν. ἔτι τούτων μεῖζον ἔχω σοι φράσαι τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε τεκμήριον,
+αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως ἔργον. οἱ μῆνες ἅπασι μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὡς ἔπος
+εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς σελήνης ἀριθμοῦνται, [B] μόνοι δὲ ἡμεῖς καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι πρὸς
+τὰς ἡλίου κινήσεις ἑκάστου μετροῦμεν ἐνιαυτοῦ τὰς ἡμέρας. εἴ σοι μετὰ
+τοῦτο φαίην, ὡς καὶ τὸν Μίθραν τιμῶμεν καὶ ἄγομεν Ἡλίῳ τετραετηρικοὺς
+ἀγῶνας, ἐρῶ νεώτερα· βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως ἕν τι τῶν παλαιοτέρων προθεῖναι. τοῦ
+γὰρ ἐνιαυσιαίου κύκλου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἄλλος ἄλλοθεν ποιούμενος, οἱ μὲν τὴν
+ἐαρινὴν ἰσημερίαν, οἱ δὲ τὴν ἀκμὴν τοῦ θέρους, οἱ πολλοὶ δὲ φθίνουσαν ἤδη
+τὴν ὀπώραν, [C] Ἡλίου τὰς ἐμφανεστάτας ὑμνοῦσι δωρεάς ὁ μέν τις τὴν τῆς
+ἐργασίας ἐνδιδομένην εὐκαιρίαν, ὅτε ἡ γῆ θάλλει καὶ γαυριᾷ, φυομένων ἄρτι
+των καρπῶν ἁπάντων, γίνεται δὲ ἐπιτῆδεια πλεῖσθαι τὰ πελάγη καὶ τὸ τοῦ
+χειμῶνος ἀηδὲς καὶ σκυθρωπὸν ἐπὶ τὸ φαιδρότερον μεθίσταται, οἱ δὲ τὴν τοῦ
+θέρους ἐτίμησαν ὥραν,(765) ὡς ἀσφαλῶς τότε ὑπὶρ τῆς τῶν καρπῶν ἔχοντες
+θαρρῆσαι γενέσεως, τῶν μὲν σπερμάτων ἤδη συνειλεγμένων, ἀκμαίας δὲ οὔσης
+[D] τῆς ὀπώρας ἤδη και πεπαινομένων τῶν ἐπικειμένων καρπῶν τοῖς δένδροις.
+ἄλλοι δὲ τούτων ἔτι κομψότεροι τέλος ἐνιαυτοῦ ὑπέλαβον τὴν τελειοτάτην τῶν
+καρπῶν ἁπάντων ἀκμὴν καὶ φθίσιν· ταῦτά τοι καὶ φθινούσης ἤδη τῆς ὀπώρας
+ἄγουσι τὰς κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν νουμηνίας. οἱ δὲ ἡμέτεροι προπάτορες ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ
+τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως τοῦ Νόμα μειζόνως ἔτι τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον σεβόμενοι τὰ
+μὲν τῆς χρείας ἀπέλιπον, ἅτε οἶμαι φύσει θεῖοι καὶ περιττοὶ τὴν διάνοιαν,
+αὐτὸν δὲ εἶδον τούτων τὸν αἴτιον [156] καὶ ἄγειν ἔταξαν συμφώνως ἐν τῇ
+παρούσῃ τῶν ὡρῶν τὴν νουμηνίαν, ὁπότε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος αὖθις ἐπανάγει πρὸς
+ἡμᾶς ἀφεὶς τῆς μεσημβρίας τὰ ἔσχατα καὶ ὥσπερ περὶ νύσσαν τὸν αἰγοκέρωτα
+κάμψας ἀπὸ τοῦ νότου πρὸς τὸν βορρᾶν ἔρχεται μεταδώσων ἡμῖν τῶν ἐπετείων
+ἀγαθῶν. ὅτι δὲ τοῦτο ἀκριβῶς ἐκεῖνοι διανοηθέντες οὕτως ἐνεστήσαντο τὴν
+ἐπέτειον νουμηνίαν, ἐνθένδ᾽ ἄν τις κατανοήσειεν. οὐ γὰρ οἶμαι καθ᾽ ἣν
+ἡμέραν ὁ θεὸς τρέπεται, καθ᾽ ἣν δὲ τοῖς [B] πᾶσιν ἐμφανὴς γίνεται χωρῶν
+ἀπὸ τῆς μεσημβρίας ἐς τὰς ἄρκτους ἄταξαν οὗτοι τὴν ἑορτήν. οὔπω μὲν γὰρ ἦν
+αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν κανόνων λεπτότης γνώριμος, οὓς ἐξηῦρον μὲν Χαλδαῖοι καὶ
+Αἰγύπτιοι, Ἵππαρχος δὲ καὶ Πτολεμαῖος ἐτελειώσαντο, κρίνοντες δὲ αἰσθήσει
+τοῖς φαινομένοις ἠκολούθουν.
+
+(Do you wish me to mention yet another proof of this, I mean the work of
+King Numa?(766) In Rome maiden priestesses(767) guard the undying flame of
+the sun at different hours in turn; they guard the fire that is produced
+on earth by the agency of the god. And I can tell you a still greater
+proof of the power of this god, which is the work of that most divine king
+himself. The months are reckoned from the moon by, one may say, all other
+peoples; but we and the Egyptians alone reckon the days of every year
+according to the movements of the sun. If after this I should say that we
+also worship Mithras, and celebrate games in honour of Helios every four
+years, I shall be speaking of customs that are somewhat recent.(768) But
+perhaps it is better to cite a proof from the remote past. The beginning
+of the cycle of the year is placed at different times by different
+peoples. Some place it at the spring equinox, others at the height of
+summer, and many in the late autumn; but they each and all sing the
+praises of the most visible gifts of Helios. One nation celebrates the
+season best adapted for work in the fields, when the earth bursts into
+bloom and exults, when all the crops are just beginning to sprout, and the
+sea begins to be safe for sailing; and the disagreeable, gloomy winter
+puts on a more cheerful aspect, others again award the crown to the summer
+season,(769) since at that time they can safely feel confidence about the
+yield of the fruits, when the grains have already been harvested and
+midsummer is now at its height, and the fruits on the trees are ripening.
+Others again, with still more subtlety, regard as the close of the year
+the time when all the fruits are in their perfect prime and decay has
+already set in. For this reason they celebrate the annual festival of the
+New Year in late autumn. But our forefathers, from the time of the most
+divine king Numa, paid still greater reverence to the god Helios. They
+ignored the question of mere utility, I think, because they were naturally
+religious and endowed with unusual intelligence; but they saw that he is
+the cause of all that is useful, and so they ordered the observance of the
+New Year to correspond with the present season; that is to say when King
+Helios returns to us again, and leaving the region furthest south and,
+rounding Capricorn as though it were a goal‐post, advances from the south
+to the north to give us our share of the blessings of the year. And that
+our forefathers, because they comprehended this correctly, thus
+established the beginning of the year, one may perceive from the
+following. For it was not, I think, the time when the god turns, but the
+time when he becomes visible to all men, as he travels from south to
+north, that they appointed for the festival. For still unknown to them was
+the nicety of those laws which the Chaldæans and Egyptians discovered, and
+which Hipparchus(770) and Ptolemy(771) perfected: but they judged simply
+by sense‐perception, and were limited to what they could actually see.)
+
+Οὕτω δὲ ταῦτα καὶ παρὰ τῶν μεταγενεστέρων, ὡς ἔφην, ἔχοντα κατενοήθη. πρὸ
+τῆς νουμηνίας, εὐθέως μετὰ τὸν τελευταῖον τοῦ Κρόνου μῆνα, ποιοῦμεν Ἡλίῳ
+[C] τὸν περιφανέστατον ἀγῶνα, τὴν ἑορτὴν Ἡλίῳ καταφημίσαντες ἀνικήτῳ, μεθ᾽
+ὃν οὐδὲν θέμις ὧν ὁ τελευταῖος μὴν ἔχει σκυθρωπῶν μέν, ἀναγκαίων δ᾽ ὅμως,
+ἐπιτελεσθῆναι θεαμάτων, ἀλλὰ τοῖς Κρονίοις οὖσι τελευταίοις εὐθὺς συνάπτει
+κατὰ τὸν κύκλον τὰ Ἡλίαια, ἃ δὴ πολλάκις μοι δοῖεν οἱ βασιλεῖς ὑμνῆσαι καὶ
+ἐπιτελέσαι θεοί, καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων αὐτὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιος, ὁ
+περὶ τὴν τἀγαθοῦ γόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἁιδίου προελθὼν μέσος [D] ἐν μέσοις
+τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς, συνοχῆς τε αὐτοὺς πληρώσας καὶ κάλλους μυρίου καὶ
+περιουσίας γονίμου καὶ τελείου νοῦ καὶ πάντων ἀθρόως τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀχρόνως,
+καὶ ἐν τῷ νῦν ἐλλάμπων εἰς τὴν ἐμφανῆ μέσην τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ φερομένην
+ἕδραν οἰκείαν ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ μεταδιδοὺς τῷ φαινομένῳ παντὶ τοῦ νοητοῦ
+κάλλους, τὸν δὲ οὐρανὸν σύμπαντα πληρώσας τοσούτων θεῶν [157] ὁπόσων αὐτὸς
+ἐν ἑαυτῷ νοερῶς ἔχει, περὶ αὐτὸν ἀμερίστως πληθυνομένων καὶ ἑνοειδῶς αὐτῷ
+συνημμένων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ τὴν σελήνην τόπον διὰ τῆς ἀειγενεσίας
+συνέχων καὶ τῶν ἐνδιδομένων ἐκ τοῦ κυκλικοῦ σώματος ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελόμενος
+τοῦ τε(772) κοινοῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους ἰδίᾳ τε τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ὥσπερ
+οὖν καὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐξ ἀιδίου ψυχὴν ὑπέστησεν, ὀπαδὸν ἀποφήνας αὑτοῦ.
+ταῦτά τε οὖν, ὅσα [B] μικρῷ πρόσθεν ηὐξάμην, δοίη, καὶ ἔτι κοινῇ μὲν τῇ
+πόλει τὴν ἐνδεχομένην ἀιδιότητα μετ᾽ εὐνοίας χορηγῶν φυλάττοι, ἡμῖν δὲ ἐπὶ
+τοσοῦτον εὖ πρᾶξαι τά τε ἀνθρώπινα καὶ τὰ θεῖα δοίη, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον βιῶναι
+συγχωρεῖ, ζῆν δὲ καὶ ἐμπολιτεύεσθαι τῷ βίῳ δοίη ἐφ᾽ ὅσον αὐτῷ τε ἐκείνῳ
+φίλον ἡμῖν τε λώιον καὶ τοῖς κοινοῖς συμφέρον Ῥωμαίων πράγμασιν.
+
+(But the truth of these facts was recognised, as I said, by a later
+generation. Before the beginning of the year, at the end of the month
+which is called after Kronos,(773) we celebrate in honour of Helios the
+most splendid games, and we dedicate the festival to the Invincible Sun.
+And after this it is not lawful to perform any of the shows that belong to
+the last month, gloomy as they are, though necessary. But, in the cycle,
+immediately after the end of the Kronia(774) follow the Heliaia. That
+festival may the ruling gods grant me to praise and to celebrate with
+sacrifice! And above all the others may Helios himself, the King of the
+All, grant me this, even he who from eternity has proceeded from the
+generative substance of the Good: even he who is midmost of the midmost
+intellectual gods; who fills them with continuity and endless beauty and
+superabundance of generative power and perfect reason, yea with all
+blessings at once, and independently of time! And now he illumines his own
+visible abode, which from eternity moves as the centre of the whole
+heavens, and bestows a share of intelligible beauty on the whole visible
+world, and fills the whole heavens with the same number of gods as he
+contains in himself in intellectual form. And without division they reveal
+themselves in manifold form surrounding him, but they are attached to him
+to form a unity. Aye, but also, through his perpetual generation and the
+blessings that he bestows from the heavenly bodies, he holds together the
+region beneath the moon. For he cares for the whole human race in common,
+but especially for my own city,(775) even as also he brought into being my
+soul from eternity, and made it his follower. All this, therefore, that I
+prayed for a moment ago, may he grant, and further may he, of his grace,
+endow my city as a whole with eternal existence, so far as is possible,
+and protect her; and for myself personally, may he grant that, so long as
+I am permitted to live, I may prosper in my affairs both human and divine;
+finally may he grant me to live and serve the state with my life, so long
+as is pleasing to himself and well for me and expedient for the Roman
+Empire!)
+
+Ταῦτά σοι, ὦ φίλε Σαλούστιε, κατὰ τὴν τριπλῆν τοῦ θεοῦ δημιουργίαν [C] ἐν
+τρισὶ μάλιστα νυξὶν ὡς οἷόν τε ἦν ἐπελθόντα μοι τῇ μνήμῃ καὶ γράψαι πρὸς
+σὲ ἐτόλμησα, ἐπεί σοι καὶ τὸ πρότερον εἰς τὰ Κρόνια γεγραμμένον ἡμῖν οὐ
+παντάπασιν ἀπόβλητον ἐφάνη. τελειοτέροις δ᾽ εἰ βούλει περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ
+μυστικωτέροις λόγοις ἐπιστῆσαι, ἐντυχὼν τοῖς παρὰ τοῦ θείου γενομένοις
+Ἰαμβλίχου περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων συγγράμμασι τὸ τέλος ἐκεῖσε τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης
+[D] εὑρήσεις σοφίας. δοίη δ᾽ ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος μηδὲν ἔλαττόν με τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ
+γνῶναι, καὶ διδάξαι κοινῇ τε ἅπαντας, ἰδίᾳ δὲ τοὺς μανθάνειν ἀξίους. ἕως
+δέ μοι τοῦτο δίδωσιν ὁ θεός, κοινῇ θεραπεύωμεν τὸν τῷ θεῷ φίλον Ἰάμβλιχον,
+ὅθεν καὶ νῦν ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν ἐπὶ νοῦν ἐλθόντα διεληλύθαμεν. ἐκείνου δὲ εὖ
+οἶδα ὡς οὐδεὶς ἐρεῖ τι τελειότερον, οὐδὲ εἰ πολλὰ πάνυ προσταλαιπωρήσας
+καινοτομήσειεν· ἐκβήσεται γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, [158] τῆς ἀληθεστάτης τοῦ θεοῦ
+νοήσεως. ἦν μὲν οὖν ἴσως μάταιον, εἰ διδασκαλίας χάριν ἐποιούμην τοὺς
+λόγους, αὐτὸν(776) μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνόν τι συγγράφειν, ἐπεὶ δὲ ὕμνον ἐθέλων
+διελθεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ χαριστήριον ἐν τούτῳ τόπον ὑπελάμβανον τοῦ(777) περὶ τῆς
+οὐσίας αὐτοῦ φράσαι κατὰ δύναμιν τὴν ἐμήν, οὐ μάτην οἶμαι πεποιῆσθαι τοὺς
+λόγους τούσδε, τὸ
+
+(This discourse, friend Sallust,(778) I composed in three nights at most,
+in harmony with the three‐fold creative power of the god,(779) as far as
+possible just as it occurred to my memory: and I have ventured to write it
+down and to dedicate it to you because you thought my earlier work on the
+Kronia(780) was not wholly worthless. But if you wish to meet with a more
+complete and more mystical treatment of the same theme, then read the
+writings of the inspired Iamblichus on this subject,(781) and you will
+find there the most consummate wisdom which man can achieve. And may
+mighty Helios grant that I too may attain to no less perfect knowledge of
+himself, and that I may instruct all men, speaking generally, but
+especially those who are worthy to learn. And so long as Helios grants let
+us all in common revere Iamblichus, the beloved of the gods. For he is the
+source for what I have here set down, a few thoughts from many, as they
+occurred to my mind. However I know well that no one can utter anything
+more perfect than he, nay not though he should labour long at the task and
+say very much that is new. For he will naturally diverge thereby from the
+truest knowledge of the god. Therefore it would probably have been a vain
+undertaking to compose anything after Iamblichus on the same subject if I
+had written this discourse for the sake of giving instruction. But since I
+wished to compose a hymn to express my gratitude to the god, I thought
+that this was the best place in which to tell, to the best of my power, of
+his essential nature. And so I think that not in vain has this discourse
+been composed. For the saying)
+
+
+    Κὰδ δύναμιν δ᾽ ἕρδειν ἱέρ᾽ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν(782)
+
+    (“To the extent of your powers offer sacrifice to the immortal
+    gods,”)
+
+
+οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν θυσιῶν μόνον, [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν εὐφημιῶν τῶν εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς
+ἀποδεχόμενος. εὔχομαι οὖν τρίτον ἀντὶ τῆς προθυμίας μοι ταύτης εὐμενῆ
+γενέσθαι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον, καὶ δοῦναι βίον ἀγαθὸν καὶ
+τελειοτέραν φρόνησιν καὶ θεῖον νοῦν ἀπαλλαγήν τε τὴν εἱμαρμένην ἐκ τοῦ
+βίου πρᾳοτάτην ἐν καιρῷ τῷ προσήκοντι, ἄνοδόν τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν [C] τὸ μετὰ
+τοῦτο καὶ μονὴν παρ᾽ αὐτῷ, μάλιστα μὲν ἀίδιον, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μεῖζον εἴη τῶν
+ἐμοὶ βεβιωμένων, πολλὰς πάνυ καὶ πολυετεῖς περιίδους.
+
+(I apply not to sacrifice only, but also to the praises that we offer to
+the gods. For the third time, therefore, I pray that Helios, the King of
+the All, may be gracious to me in recompense for this my zeal; and may he
+grant me a virtuous life and more perfect wisdom and inspired
+intelligence, and, when fate wills, the gentlest exit that may be from
+life, at a fitting hour; and that I may ascend to him thereafter and abide
+with him, for ever if possible, but if that be more than the actions of my
+life deserve, for many periods of many years!)
+
+
+
+
+
+ORATION V
+
+
+
+
+Introduction To Oration V
+
+
+The cult of Phrygian Cybele the Mother of the Gods, known to the Latin
+world as the Great Mother, Magna Mater, was the first Oriental religion
+adopted by the Romans. In the Fifth Oration, which is, like the Fourth, a
+hymn, Julian describes the entrance of the Goddess into Italy in the third
+century B.C. In Greece she had been received long before, but the more
+civilised Hellenes had not welcomed, as did the Romans, the more barbarous
+features of the cult, the mutilated priests, the Galli, and the worship of
+Attis.(783) They preferred the less emotional cult of the Syrian Adonis.
+In Athens the Mother of the Gods was early identified with Gaia the Earth
+Mother, and the two became inextricably confused.(784) But Julian, in this
+more Roman than Greek, does not shrink from the Oriental conception of
+Cybele as the lover of Attis, attended by eunuch priests, or the frenzy of
+renunciation described by Catullus.(785) But he was first of all a Neo‐
+Platonist, and the aim of this hymn as of the Fourth Oration is to adapt
+to his philosophy a popular cult and to give its Mysteries a philosophic
+interpretation.
+
+The Mithraic religion, seeking to conciliate the other cults of the
+empire, had from the first associated with the sun‐god the worship of the
+Magna Mater, and Attis had been endowed with the attributes of Mithras.
+Though Julian’s hymn is in honour of Cybele he devotes more attention to
+Attis. Originally the myth of Cybele symbolises the succession of the
+seasons; the disappearance of Attis the sun‐god is the coming of winter;
+his mutilation is the barrenness of nature when the sun has departed; his
+restoration to Cybele is the renewal of spring. In all this he is the
+counterpart of Persephone among the Greeks and of Adonis in Syria. Julian
+interprets the myth in connection with the three worlds described in the
+Fourth Oration. Cybele is a principle of the highest, the intelligible
+world, the source of the intellectual gods. Attis is not merely a sun‐god:
+he is a principle of the second, the intellectual world, who descends to
+the visible world in order to give it order and fruitfulness. Julian
+expresses the Neo‐Platonic dread and dislike of matter, of the variable,
+the plural and unlimited. Cybele the intelligible principle would fain
+have restrained Attis the embodiment of intelligence from association with
+matter. His recall and mutilation symbolise the triumph of unity over
+multiformity, of mind over matter. His restoration to Cybele symbolises
+the escape of our souls from the world of generation.
+
+Julian follows Plotinus(786) in regarding the myths as allegories to be
+interpreted by the philosopher and the theosophist. They are riddles to be
+solved, and the paradoxical element in them is designed to turn our minds
+to the hidden truth. For laymen the myth is enough. Like all the Neo‐
+Platonists he sometimes uses phrases which imply human weakness or
+chronological development for his divinities and then withdraws those
+phrases, explaining that they must be taken in another sense. His attitude
+to myths is further defined in the Sixth(787) and Seventh Orations. The
+Fifth Oration can hardly be understood apart from the Fourth, and both
+must present many difficulties to a reader who is unfamiliar with
+Plotinus, Porphyry, the treatise _On the Mysteries_, formerly attributed
+to Iamblichus, Sallust, _On the Gods and the World_, and the extant
+treatises and fragments of Iamblichus. Julian composed this treatise at
+Pessinus in Phrygia, when he was on his way to Persia, in 362 A.D.
+
+
+
+
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ
+
+(Julian, Caesar)
+
+ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΜΗΤΕΡΑ ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ
+
+(Hymn to the Mother of the Gods)
+
+Ἆρά γε χρὴ φάναι καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων; καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρρήτων γράψομεν καὶ τὰ
+ἀνέξοιστα ἐξοίσομεν(788) καὶ τὰ ἀνεκλάλητα ἐκλαλήσομεν; [159] τίς μὲν ὁ
+Ἄττις ἤτοι Γάλλος, τίς δὲ ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ, καὶ ὁ τῆς ἁγνείας ταυτησί
+τρόπος ὁποῖος, καὶ προσέτι τοῦ χάριν οὑτοσὶ(789) τοιοῦτος ἡμῖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς
+κατεδείχθη, παραδοθεὶς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαιοτάτων Φρυγῶν, παραδεχθεὶς δὲ
+πρῶτον ὑφ᾽ Ἑλλήνων, καὶ τούτων οὐ τῶν τυχόντων, ἀλλ᾽ Ἀθηναίων, ἔργοις
+διδαχθέντων, ὅτι μὴ καλῶς ἐτώθασαν ἐπὶ τῷ τελοῦντι τὰ ὄργια τῆς Μητρός;
+λέγονται γὰρ οὗτοι περιυβρίσαι [B] καὶ ἀπελάσαι τὸν Γάλλον ὡς τὰ θεῖα
+καινοτομοῦντα, οὐ ξυνέντες ὁποῖόν τι τῆς θεοῦ τὸ χρῆμα καὶ ὡς ἡ παρ᾽
+αὐτοῖς τιμωμένη Δηὼ καὶ Ῥέα καὶ Δημήτηρ. εἶτα μῆνις τὸ ἐντεῦθεν τῆς θεοῦ
+καὶ θεραπεία τῆς μήνιδος. ἡ γὰρ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς καλοῖς ἡγεμὼν γενομένη τοῖς
+Ἕλλησιν, ἡ τοῦ Πυθίου πρόμαντις θεοῦ, τὴν τῆς Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν μῆνιν
+ἐκέλευσεν ἱλάσκεσθαι· καὶ ἀνέστη, φασίν, ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὸ μητρῷον, οὗ τοῖς
+Ἀθηναίοις δημοσίᾳ πάντα ἐφυλάττετο τὰ γραμματεῖα. μετὰ δὴ [C] τοὺς Ἕλληνας
+αὐτα Ῥωμαῖοι παρεδέξαντο, συμβουλεύσαντος καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῦ Πυθίου ἐπὶ τὸν
+πρὸς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμον ἄγειν ἐκ Φρυγίας τὴν θεὸν σύμμαχον. καὶ οὐδὲν
+ἴσως κωλύει προσθεῖναι μικρὰν(790) ἱστορίαν ἐνταῦθα. μαθόντες γὰρ τὸν
+χρησμὸν στέλλουσιν οἱ τῆς θεοφιλοῦς οἰκήτορες Ῥώμης πρεσβείαν αἰτήσουσαν
+παρὰ τῶν Περγάμου βασιλέων, οἳ τότε ἐκράτουν τῆς Φρυγίας, καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτῶν
+δὲ τῶν Φρυγῶν τῆς θεοῦ [D] τὸ ἁγιώτατον ἄγαλμα. λαβόντες δὲ ἦγον τὸν ἱερὸν
+φόρτον ἐνθέντες εὐρείᾳ φορτίδι πλεῖν εὐπετῶς δυναμένῃ τὰ τοσαῦτα πελάγη.
+περαιωθεῖσα δὲ Αἴγαιόν τε καὶ Ἰόνιον, εἶτα περιπλεύσασα Σικελίαν τε καὶ τὸ
+Τυρρηνὸν πέλαγος ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Τύβριδος κατήγετο· καὶ δῆμος ἐξεχεῖτο
+τῆς πόλεως σὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, ὑπήντων γε μὴν πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἱερεῖς τε καὶ
+ἱέρειαι πᾶσαι καὶ πάντες ἐν κόσμῳ τῷ πρέποντι κατὰ τὰ πάτρια, [160]
+μετέωροι πρὸς τὴν ναῦν οὐριοδρομοῦσαν ἀποβλέποντες, καὶ περὶ τὴν τρόπιν
+ἀπεσκόπουν τὸ ῥόθιον σχιζομένων τῶν κυμάτων· εἶτα εἰσπλέουσαν ἐδεξιοῦντο
+τὴν ναῦν προσκυνοῦντες ἕκαστος ὡς ἔτυχε προσεστὼς πόρρωθεν. ἡ δὲ ὥσπερ
+ἐνδείξασθαι τῷ Ῥωμαίων ἐθέλουσα δήμῳ, ὅτι μὴ ξόανον ἄγουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς
+Φρυγίας ἄψυχον, ἔχει δὲ ἄρα δύναμίν τινα μείζω καὶ θειοτέραν ὃ δὴ παρὰ τῶν
+Φρυγῶν λαβόντες ἔφερον, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ Τύβριδος ἥψατο, [B] τὴν ναῦν ἵστησιν
+ὥσπερ ῥιζωθεῖσαν ἐξαίφνης κατὰ τοῦ Τύβριδος. εἷλκον δὴ οὖν πρὸς ἀντίον τὸν
+ῥοῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐχ εἵπετο. ὡς(791) βραχέσι δὲ ἐντετυχηκότες ὠθεῖν ἐπειρῶντο
+τὴν ναῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐκ εἶκεν ὠθούντων. πᾶσα δὲ μηχανὴ προσήγετο τὸ ἐντεῦθεν, ἡ
+δὲ οὐχ ἧττον ἀμετακίνητος ἦν· ὥστε ἐμπίπτει κατὰ τῆς ἱερωμένης τὴν
+παναγεστάτην ἱερωσύνην παρθένου δεινὴ καὶ ἄδικος ὑποψία, καὶ τὴν Κλωδίαν
+ᾐτιῶντο· [C] τοῦτο γὰρ ὄνομα ἦν τῇ σεμνῇ παρθένῳ· μὴ παντάπασιν ἄχραντον
+μηδὲ καθαρὰν φυλάττειν ἑαυτὴν τῷ θεῷ· ὀργίζεσθαι οὖν αὐτὴν καὶ μηνίειν
+ἐμφανῶς· ἐδόκει γὰρ ἤδη τοῖς πᾶσιν εἶναι τὸ χρῆμα δαιμονιώτερον. ἡ δὲ τὸ
+μὲν πρῶτον αἰδοῦς ὑπεπίμηπλατο πρός τε τὸ ὄνομα καὶ τὴν ὑποψίαν· οὕτω πάνυ
+πόρρω ἐτύγχανε τῆς αἰσχρᾶς καὶ παρανόμου πράξεως. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑώρα τὴν αἰτίαν
+ἤδη καθ᾽ ἑαυτῆς ἐξισχύουσαν, περιελοῦσα τὴν ζώνην [D] καὶ περιθεῖσα τῆς
+νεὼς τοῖς ἄκροις, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἐπιπνοίας τινὸς ἀποχωρεῖν ἐκέλευεν ἅπαντας,
+εἶτα ἐδεῖτο τῆς θεοῦ μὴ περιιδεῖν αὐτὴν(792) ἀδίκοις ἐνεχομένην
+βλασφημίας. βοῶσα δὲ ὥσπερ τι κέλευσμα, φασί, ναυτικόν, Δέσποινα Μῆτερ
+εἴπερ εἰμὶ σώφρων, ἕπου μοι, ἔφη. καὶ δὴ τὴν ναῦν οὐκ ἐκίνησε μόνον, ἀλλὰ
+καὶ εἵλκυσεν ἐπὶ πολὺ πρὸς τὸν ῥοῦν· καὶ δύο ταῦτα Ῥωμαίοις ἔδειξεν ἡ θεὸς
+οἶμαι κατ᾽ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν. [161] ὡς οὔτε μικροῦ τινος τίμιον ἀπὸ τῆς
+Φρυγίας ἐπήγοντο(793) φόρτον, ἀλλὰ τοῦ παντὸς ἄξιον, οὔτε ὡς ἀνθρώπινον
+τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ ὄντως θεῖον, οὔτε ἄψυχον γῆν, ἀλλὰ ἔμπνουν τι χρῆμα καὶ
+δαιμόνιον. ἓν μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς ἡ θεός· ἕτερον δέ, ὡς τῶν
+πολιτῶν οὐδὲ εἶς λάθοι ἂν αὐτὴν χρηστὸς ἢ φαῦλος ὤν. κατωρθώθη μέντοι καὶ
+ὁ πόλεμος αὐτίκα Ῥωμαίοις πρὸς Καρχηδονίους, ὥστε τὸν τρίτον ὑπὲρ τῶν
+τειχῶν αὐτῆς μόνον Καρχηδόνος γενέσθαι.
+
+(Ought I to say something on this subject also? And shall I write about
+things not to be spoken of and divulge what ought not to be divulged?
+Shall I utter the unutterable? Who is Attis(794) or Gallus,(795) who is
+the Mother of the Gods,(796) and what is the manner of their ritual of
+purification? And further why was it introduced in the beginning among us
+Romans? It was handed down by the Phrygians in very ancient times, and was
+first taken over by the Greeks, and not by any ordinary Greeks but by
+Athenians who had learned by experience that they did wrong to jeer at one
+who was celebrating the Mysteries of the Mother. For it is said that they
+wantonly insulted and drove out Gallus, on the ground that he was
+introducing a new cult, because they did not understand what sort of
+goddess they had to do with, and that she was that very Deo whom they
+worship, and Rhea and Demeter too. Then followed the wrath of the goddess
+and the propitiation of her wrath. For the priestess of the Pythian god
+who guided the Greeks in all noble conduct, bade them propitiate the wrath
+of the Mother of the Gods. And so, we are told, the Metroum was built,
+where the Athenians used to keep all their state records.(797) After the
+Greeks the Romans took over the cult, when the Pythian god had advised
+them in their turn to bring the goddess from Phrygia as an ally for their
+war against the Carthaginians.(798) And perhaps there is no reason why I
+should not insert here a brief account of what happened. When they learned
+the response of the oracle, the inhabitants of Rome, that city beloved of
+the gods, sent an embassy to ask from the kings of Pergamon(799) who then
+ruled over Phrygia and from the Phrygians themselves the most holy
+statue(800) of the goddess. And when they had received it they brought
+back their most sacred freight, putting it on a broad cargo‐boat which
+could sail smoothly over those wide seas. Thus she crossed the Aegean and
+Ionian Seas, and sailed round Sicily and over the Etruscan Sea, and so
+entered the mouth of the Tiber. And the people and the Senate with them
+poured out of the city, and in front of all the others there came to meet
+her all the priests and priestesses in suitable attire according to their
+ancestral custom. And in excited suspense they gazed at the ship as she
+ran before a fair wind, and about her keel they could discern the foaming
+wake as she cleft the waves. And they greeted the ship as she sailed in
+and adored her from afar, everyone where he happened to be standing. But
+the goddess, as though she desired to show the Roman people that they were
+not bringing a lifeless image from Phrygia, but that what they had
+received from the Phrygians and were now bringing home possessed greater
+and more divine powers than an image, stayed the ship directly she touched
+the Tiber, and she was suddenly as though rooted in mid‐stream. So they
+tried to tow her against the current, but she did not follow. Then they
+tried to push her off, thinking they had grounded on a shoal, but for all
+their efforts she did not move. Next every possible device was brought to
+bear, but in spite of all she remained immovable. Thereupon a terrible and
+unjust suspicion fell on the maiden who had been consecrated to the most
+sacred office of priestess, and they began to accuse Claudia(801)—for that
+was the name of that noble maiden(802)—of not having kept herself
+stainless and pure for the goddess; wherefore they said that the goddess
+was angry and was plainly declaring her wrath. For by this time the thing
+seemed to all to be supernatural. Now at first she was filled with shame
+at the mere name of the thing and the suspicion; so very far was she from
+such shameless and lawless behaviour. But when she saw that the charge
+against her was gaining strength, she took off her girdle and fastened it
+about the prow of the ship, and, like one divinely inspired, bade all
+stand aside: and then she besought the goddess not to suffer her to be
+thus implicated in unjust slanders. Next, as the story goes, she cried
+aloud as though it were some nautical word of command, “O Goddess Mother,
+if I am pure follow me!” And lo, she not only made the ship move, but even
+towed her for some distance up stream. Two things, I think, the goddess
+showed the Romans on that day: first that the freight they were bringing
+from Phrygia had no small value, but was priceless, and that this was no
+work of men’s hands but truly divine, not lifeless clay but a thing
+possessed of life and divine powers. This, I say, was one thing that the
+goddess showed them. And the other was that no one of the citizens could
+be good or bad and she not know thereof. Moreover the war of the Romans
+against the Carthaginians forthwith took a favourable turn, so that the
+third war was waged only for the walls of Carthage itself.(803))
+
+[B] Τὰ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἱστορίας, εἰ καί τισιν ἀπίθανα δόξει καὶ φιλοσόφῳ
+προσήκειν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ θεολόγῳ, λεγέσθω μὴ μεῖον, κοινῇ μὲν ὑπὸ πλείστων
+ἱστοριογράφων ἀναγραφόμενα, σωζόμενα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ χαλκῶν εἰκόνων ἐν τῇ
+κρατίστῃ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ Ῥώμῃ. καίτοι με οὐ λέληθεν ὅτι φήσουσιν αὐτά τινες
+τῶν λίαν σοφῶν ὕθλους εἶναι γρᾳδίων οὐκ ἀνεκτούς. ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ ταῖς
+πόλεσι πιστεύειν μᾶλλον τὰ τοιαῦτα ἢ τουτοισὶ τοῖς κομψοῖς, ὧν τὸ ψυχάριον
+δριμὺ μέν, ὑγιὲς δὲ οὐδὲ ἓν βλέπει.(804)
+
+(As for this narrative, though some will think it incredible and wholly
+unworthy of a philosopher or a theologian, nevertheless let it here be
+related. For besides the fact that it is commonly recorded by most
+historians, it has been preserved too on bronze statues in mighty Rome,
+beloved of the gods.(805) And yet I am well aware that some over‐wise
+persons will call it an old wives’ tale, not to be credited. But for my
+part I would rather trust the traditions of cities than those too clever
+people, whose puny souls are keen‐sighted enough, but never do they see
+aught that is sound.)
+
+Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθέ μοι παρ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄρτι τὸν τῆς ἁγιστείας καιρόν,
+ἀκούω μὲν ἔγωγε καὶ Πορφυρίῳ τινὰ πεφιλοσοφῆσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, οὐ μὴν οἶδά
+γε, οὐ γὰρ ἐνέτυχον, εἰ καὶ συνενεχθῆναί που συμβαίη τῷ λόγῳ. τὸν Γάλλον
+δὲ ἐγὼ τουτονὶ καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν ἐπινοῶ τοῦ γονίμου καὶ
+δημιουργικοῦ νοῦ τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ἐσχάτης ὕλης ἅπαντα γεννῶσαν οὐσίαν εἶναι,
+ἔχουσάν τε ἐν ἑαυτῇ πάντας τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰς αἰτίας τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν·
+[D] οὐ γὰρ δὴ πάντων ἐν πᾶσι τὰ εἴδη, οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτάτω καὶ πρώτοις
+αἰτίοις τὰ τῶν ἐσχάτων καὶ τελευταίων, μεθ᾽ ἃ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἣ τὸ τῆς
+στερῆσεως ὄνομα μετὰ ἀμυδρᾶς ἐπινοίας. οὐσῶν δὴ πολλῶν οὐσιῶν καὶ πολλῶν
+πάνυ δημιουργῶν τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ, ὃς τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν τοὺς λόγους
+ἐξῃρημένους ἔχει καὶ συνεχεῖς τὰς αἰτίας, ἡ τελευταία καὶ μέχρι γῆς ὑπὸ
+περιουσίας τοῦ γονίμου [162] διὰ τῆς ἄνωθεν παρὰ τῶν ἄστρων καθήκουσα
+φύσις ὁ ζητούμενός ἐστιν Ἀττις. ἴσως δὲ ὑπὲρ οὗ λέγω χρὴ διαλαβεῖν
+σαφέστερον. εἶναί τι λέγομεν ὕλην, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔνυλον εἶδος. ἀλλὰ τούτων εἰ
+μή τις αἰτία προτέτακται, λανθάνοιμεν ἂν ἑαυτοὺς εἰσάγοντες τὴν
+Ἐπικούρειον δόξαν. ἀρχαῖν γὰρ δυοῖν εἰ μηδέν ἐστι πρεσβύτερον, αὐτόματός
+τις αὐτὰς φορὰ καὶ τύχη συνεκλήρωσεν. ἀλλ᾽ ὁρῶμεν, φησὶ Περιπατητικός [B]
+τις ἀγχίνους ὥσπερ ὁ Ξέναρχος, τούτων αἴτιον ὂν τὸ πέμπτον καὶ κυκλικὸν
+σῶμα. γελοῖος δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὑπὲρ τούτων ζητῶν τε καὶ πολυπραγμονῶν,
+ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Θεόφραστος· ἠγνόησε γοῦν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φωνήν. ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰς τὴν
+ἀσώματον οὐσίαν ἐλθὼν καὶ νοητὴν ἔστη μὴ πολυπραγμονῶν τὴν αἰτίαν, ἀλλὰ
+φὰς οὕτω ταῦτα πεφυκέναι· χρῆν δὲ δήπουθεν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος τὸ
+πεφυκέναι ταῦτῃ λαμβάνοντα μηκέτι ζητεῖν τὰς αἰτίας, ἵστασθαι δὲ ἐπὶ αὐτῶν
+καὶ μὴ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἐκπίπτειν ὂν μὲν οὐδὲν [C] φύσει καθ᾽ ἑαυτό, ἔχον δὲ
+ἄλλως κενὴν ὑπόνοιαν. τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἐγὼ μέμνημαι τοῦ Ξενάρχου λέγοντος
+ἀκηκοώς. εἰ μὲν οὖν ὀρθῶς ἢ μὴ ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος ἔφη, τοῖς ἄγαν ἐφείσθω
+Περιπατητικοῖς ὀνυχίζειν, ὅτι δὲ οὐ προσηνῶς ἐμοὶ παντί που δῆλον, ὅπου γε
+καὶ τὰς Ἀριστοτελικὰς ὑποθέσεις ἐνδεεστέρως ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνω, εἰ μή τις
+αὐτὰς ἐς ταὐτὸ τοῖς Πλάτωνος ἄγοι, [D] μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ταῖς ἐκ θεῶν
+δεδομέναις προφητείαις.
+
+(I am told that on this same subject of which I am impelled to speak at
+the very season of these sacred rites, Porphyry too has written a
+philosophic treatise. But since I have never met with it I do not know
+whether at any point it may chance to agree with my discourse. But him
+whom I call Gallus or Attis I discern of my own knowledge to be the
+substance of generative and creative Mind which engenders all things down
+to the lowest plane of matter,(806) and comprehends in itself all the
+concepts and causes of the forms that are embodied in matter. For truly
+the forms of all things are not in all things, and in the highest and
+first causes we do not find the forms of the lowest and last, after which
+there is nothing save privation(807) coupled with a dim idea. Now there
+are many substances and very many creative gods, but the nature of the
+third creator,(808) who contains in himself the separate concepts of the
+forms that are embodied in matter and also the connected chain of causes,
+I mean that nature which is last in order, and through its superabundance
+of generative power descends even unto our earth through the upper region
+from the stars,—this is he whom we seek, even Attis. But perhaps I ought
+to distinguish more clearly what I mean. We assert that matter exists and
+also form embodied in matter. But if no cause be assigned prior to these
+two, we should be introducing, unconsciously, the Epicurean doctrine. For
+if there be nothing of higher order than these two principles, then a
+spontaneous motion and chance brought them together. “But,” says some
+acute Peripatetic like Xenarchus, “we see that the cause of these is the
+fifth or cyclic substance. Aristotle is absurd when he investigates and
+discusses these matters, and Theophrastus likewise. At any rate he
+overlooked the implications of a well‐known utterance of his. For just as
+when he came to incorporeal and intelligible substance he stopped short
+and did not inquire into its cause, and merely asserted that this is what
+it is by nature; surely in the case of the fifth substance also he ought
+to have assumed that its nature is to be thus; and he ought not to have
+gone on to search for causes, but should have stopped at these, and not
+fallen back on the intelligible, which has no independent existence by
+itself, and in any case represents a bare supposition.” This is the sort
+of thing that Xenarchus says, as I remember to have heard. Now whether
+what he says is correct or not, let us leave to the extreme Peripatetics
+to refine upon. But that his view is not agreeable to me is, I think,
+clear to everyone. For I hold that the theories of Aristotle himself are
+incomplete unless they are brought into harmony with those of Plato(809);
+or rather we must make these also agree with the oracles that have been
+vouchsafed to us by the gods.)
+
+Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἴσως ἄξιον πυθέσθαι, πῶς τὸ κυκλικὸν σῶμα δύναται τὰς ἀσωμάτους
+ἔχειν αἰτίας τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ δίχα τούτων ὑποστῆναι τὴν
+γένεσιν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται, πρόδηλόν ἐστί που καὶ σαφές. τοῦ χάριν γάρ ἐστι
+τοσαῦτα τὰ γιγνόμενα; πόθεν δὲ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ; πόθεν δὲ ἡ κατὰ γένος τῶν
+ὄντων ἐν ὡρισμένοις εἴδεσι διαφορά, [163] εἰ μή τινες εἶεν προϋπάρχοντες
+καὶ προϋφεστῶτες(810) λόγοι αἰτίαι τε ἐν παραδείγματος λόγῳ προϋφεστῶσαι;
+πρὸς ἃς εἴπερ ἀμβλυώττομεν, ἔτι καθαιρώμεθα τὰ ὄμματα τῆς ψυχῆς. κάθαρσις
+δὲ ὀρθὴ στραφῆναι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν καὶ κατανοῆσαι, πῶς μὲν ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ ὁ ἔνυλος
+νοῦς ὥσπερ ἐκμαγεῖόν τι τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν καὶ εἰκών ἐστιν. ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν
+ἐστι τῶν σωμάτων ἢ τῶν [B] περὶ τὰ σώματα γινομένων τε καὶ θεωρουμένων
+ἀσωμάτων, οὗ τὴν φαντασίαν ὁ νοῦς οὐ δύναται λαβεῖν ἀσωμάτως, ὅπερ οὔποτ᾽
+ἂν ἐποίησεν, εἰ μή τι ξυγγενὲς εἶχεν αὐτοῖς φύσει. ταῦτά τοι καὶ
+Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν ψυχὴν τόπον εἰδῶν ἔφη, πλὴν οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει.
+τὴν μὲν οὖν τοιαύτην ψυχὴν καὶ τὴν ἐπεστραμμένην πρὸς τὸ σῶμα δυνάμει
+ταῦτα ἔχειν ἀναγκαῖον· εἰ δέ τις ἄσχετος εἴη καὶ ἀμιγὴς ταύτῃ, τοὺς λόγους
+οὐκέτι δυνάμει, [C] πάντας δὲ ὑπάρχειν ἐνεργείᾳ νομιστέον. λάβωμεν δὲ αὐτὰ
+σαφέστερον διὰ τοῦ παραδείγματος, ᾧ καὶ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Σοφιστῇ(811) πρὸς
+ἕτερον μὲν λόγον, ἐχρήσατο δ᾽ οὖν ὅμως. τὸ παράδειγμα δὲ οὐκ εἰς ἀπόδειξιν
+φέρω τοῦ λόγου· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ ἀποδείξει χρὴ λαβεῖν αὐτόν,(812) ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιβολῇ
+μόνῃ, περὶ γὰρ τῶν πρώτων αἰτιῶν ἐστιν ἢ τῶν γε ὁμοστοίχων τοῖς πρώτοις,
+εἴπερ ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον νομίζειν, [D] καὶ ὁ Ἄττις θεός. τί δὲ
+καὶ ποῖόν ἐστι τὸ παράδειγμα; φησί(813) που Πλάτων, τῶν περὶ τὴν μίμησιν
+διατριβόντων εἰ μὲν ἐθέλοι τις μιμεῖσθαι, ὥστε καθυφεστάναι τὰ μιμητά,
+ἐργώδη τε εἶναι καὶ χαλεπὴν καὶ νὴ Δία γε τοῦ ἀδυνάτου πλησίον μᾶλλον,
+εὔκολον δὲ καὶ ῥᾳδίαν καὶ σφόδρα δυνατὴν τὴν διὰ τοῦ δοκεῖν τὰ ὄντα
+μιμουμένην. ὅταν οὖν τὸ κάτοπτρον λαβόντες περιφέρωμεν ἐκ πάντων τῶν ὄντων
+ῥᾳδίως ἀπομαξάμενοι, [164] δείκνυμεν ἑκάστου τοὺς τύπους. ἐκ τούτου τοῦ
+παραδείγματος ἐπὶ τὸ εἰρημένον μεταβιβάσωμεν τὸ ὁμοίωμα, ἵν᾽ ᾖ τὸ μὲν
+κάτοπτρον ὁ λεγόμενος ὑπὸ Ἀριστοτέλους δυνάμει τόπος εἰδῶν.
+
+(But this it is perhaps worth while to inquire, how the cyclic
+substance(814) can contain the incorporeal causes of the forms that are
+embodied in matter. For that, apart from these causes, it is not possible
+for generation to take place is, I think, clear and manifest. For why are
+there so many kinds of generated things? Whence arise masculine and
+feminine? Whence the distinguishing characteristics of things according to
+their species in well‐defined types, if there are not pre‐existing and
+pre‐established concepts, and causes which existed beforehand to serve as
+a pattern?(815) And if we discern these causes but dimly, let us still
+further purify the eyes of the soul. And the right kind of purification is
+to turn our gaze inwards and to observe how the soul and embodied Mind are
+a sort of mould(816) and likeness of the forms that are embodied in
+matter. For in the case of the corporeal, or of things that though
+incorporeal come into being and are to be studied in connection with the
+corporeal, there is no single thing whose mental image the mind cannot
+grasp independently of the corporeal. But this it could not have done if
+it did not possess something naturally akin to the incorporeal forms.
+Indeed it is for this reason that Aristotle himself called the soul the
+“place of the forms,”(817) only he said that the forms are there not
+actually but potentially. Now a soul of this sort, that is allied with
+matter, must needs possess these forms potentially only, but a soul that
+should be independent and unmixed in this way we must believe would
+contain all the concepts, not potentially but actually. Let us make this
+clearer by means of the example which Plato himself employed in the
+Sophist, with reference certainly to another theory, but still he did
+employ it. And I bring forward the illustration, not to prove my argument;
+for one must not try to grasp it by demonstration, but only by
+apprehension. For it deals with the first causes, or at least those that
+rank with the first, if indeed, as it is right to believe, we must regard
+Attis also as a god. What then, and of what sort is this illustration?
+Plato says that, if any man whose profession is imitation desire to
+imitate in such a way that the original is exactly reproduced, this method
+of imitation is troublesome and difficult, and, by Zeus, borders on the
+impossible; but pleasant and easy and quite possible is the method which
+only seems to imitate real things. For instance, when we take up a mirror
+and turn it round we easily get an impression of all objects, and show the
+general outline of every single thing. From this example let us go back to
+the analogy I spoke of, and let the mirror stand for what Aristotle calls
+the “place of the forms” potentially.)
+
+Αὐτὰ δὲ χρὴ τὰ εἴδη πρότερον ὑφεστάναι πάντως ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ δυνάμει. τῆς
+τοίνυν ἐν ἡμῖν ψυχῆς, ὡς καὶ Ἀριστοτέλει δοκεῖ, δυνάμει τῶν ὄντων ἐχούσης
+τὰ εἴδη, ποῦ πρῶτον ἐνεργείᾳ θησόμεθα ταῦτα; πότερον ἐν τοῖς ἐνύλοις; [B]
+ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι γε ταῦτα φανερῶς τὰ τελευταῖα. λείπεται δὴ λοιπὸν ἀύλους αἰτίας
+ζητεῖν ἐνεργείᾳ προτεταγμένας τῶν ἐνύλων, αἷς παρυποστᾶσαν καὶ
+συμπροελθοῦσαν ἡμῶν τὴν ψυχὴν δέχεσθαι μὲν ἐκεῖθεν, ὥσπερ ἐξ ὄντων τινῶν
+τὰ ἔσοπτρα, τοὺς τῶν εἰδῶν ἀναγκαῖον λόγους, ἐνδιδόναι δὲ διὰ τῆς φύσεως
+τῇ τε ὕλῃ καὶ τοῖς ἐνύλοις τουτοισὶ σώμασιν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἐστὶ
+δημιουργὸς τῶν σωμάτων ἴσμεν, ὡς ὅλη τις οὖσα τοῦ παντός, ἡ δὲ καθ᾽
+ἕκαστον [C] ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἐν μέρει, πρόδηλόν ἐστί που καὶ σαφές, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ
+φύσις ἐνεργείᾳ δίχα φαντασίας ἐν ἡμῖν, ἡ δὲ ὑπὲρ ταύτης ψυχὴ καὶ τὴν
+φαντασίαν προσείληφεν. εἰ τοίνυν ἡ φύσις καὶ ὧν οὐκ ἔχει τὴν φαντασίαν
+ἔχειν ὅμως ὁμολογεῖται τὴν αἰτίαν, ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου πρὸς θεῶν οὐχὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ
+μᾶλλον ἔτι καὶ πρεσβύτερον τῇ ψυχῇ δώσομεν, ὅπου καὶ φανταστικῶς αὐτὸ
+γιγνώσκομεν ἤδη [D] καὶ λόγῳ καταλαμβάνομεν; εἶτα τίς οὕτως ἐστὶ
+φιλόνεικος, ὡς τῇ φύσει μὲν ὑπάρχειν ὁμολογεῖν τοὺς ἐνύλους λόγους, εἰ καὶ
+μὴ πάντας καὶ κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει γε πάντας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ μὴ
+δοῦναι τοῦτο αὐτό; οὐκοῦν εἰ δυνάμει μὲν ἐν τῇ φύσει καὶ οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ τὰ
+εἴδη, δυνάμει δὲ ἔτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ καθαρώτερον καὶ δικεκριμένως μᾶλλον,
+ὥστε δὴ καὶ καταλαμβάνεσθαι καὶ γινώσκεσθαι, ἐνεργείᾳ δὲ οὐδαμοῦ· πόθεν
+ἀναρτήσομεν τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τὰ πείσματα; ποῦ δὲ ἑδράσομεν [165] τοὺς ὑπὲρ
+τῆς ἀιδιότητος κόσμου λόγους; τὸ γὰρ τοι κυκλικὸν σῶμα ἐξ ὑποκειμένου καὶ
+εἴδους ἐστίν. ἀνάγκη δὴ οὖν, εἰ καὶ μήποτε ἐνεργείᾳ ταῦτα δίχα ἀλλήλων,
+ἀλλὰ ταῖς γε ἐπινοίαις ἐκεῖνα πρῶτα ὑπάρχοντα εἶναί τε καὶ νομίζεσθαι
+πρεσβύτερα. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ δέδοταί τις καὶ τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν αἰτία
+προηγουμένη παντελῶς ἄυλος ὑπὸ τὸν τρίτον δημιουργόν, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐ τούτων
+μόνον ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ φαινομένου καὶ πέμπτου σώματος πατὴρ καὶ
+δεσπότης· [B] ἀποδιελόντες ἐκείνου τὸν Ἄττιν, τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ὕλης
+καταβαίνουσαν αἰτίαν, καὶ θεὸν γόνιμον Ἄττιν εἶναι καὶ Γάλλον
+πεπιστεύκαμεν, ὃν δή φησιν ὁ μῦθος ἀνθῆσαι μὲν ἐκτεθέντα παρὰ Γάλλου
+ποταμοῦ ταῖς δίναις, εἶτα καλὸν φανέντα καὶ μέγαν ἀγαπηθῆναι παρὰ τῆς
+Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν. τὴν δὲ τά τε ἄλλα πάντα ἐπιτρέψαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὸν ἀστερωτὸν
+περιθεῖναι(818) πῖλον. [C] ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τὴν κορυφὴν σκέπει τοῦ Ἄττιδος ὁ
+φαινόμενος οὐρανὸς οὑτοσί, τὸν Γάλλον ποταμὸν ἄρα μή ποτε χρὴ τὸν γαλαξίαν
+αἰνίττεσθαι(819) κύκλον; ἐνταῦθα γάρ φασι μίγνυσθαι τὸ παθητὸν σῶμα πρὸς
+τὴν ἀπαθῆ τοῦ πέμπτου κυκλοφορίαν. ἄχρι τοι τούτων ἐπέτρεψεν ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν
+θεῶν σκιρτᾶν τε καὶ χορεύειν τῷ καλῷ τούτῳ καὶ ταῖς ἡλιακαῖς ἀκτῖσιν
+ἐμφερεῖ τῷ νοερῷ θεῷ, τῷ Ἄττιδι. ὁ δὲ ἐπειδὴ προïὼν ἦλθεν ἄχρι τῶν
+ἐσχάτων, ὁ μῦθος αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ ἄντρον(820) κατελθεῖν ἔφη καὶ συγγενέσθαι τῇ
+νύμφῃ, [D] τὸ δίυγρον αἰνιττόμενος τῆς ὕλης· καὶ οὐδὲ τὴν ὕλην αὐτὴν νῦν
+ἔφη, τὴν τελευταίαν δὲ αἰτίαν ἀσώματον, ἣ τῆς ὕλης προüφέστηκε.(821)
+λέγεταί τοι καὶ πρὸς Ἡρακλείτου(822)
+
+(Now the forms themselves must certainly subsist actually before they
+subsist potentially. If, therefore, the soul in us, as Aristotle himself
+believed, contains potentially the forms of existing things, where shall
+we place the forms in that previous state of actuality? Shall it be in
+material things? No, for the forms that are in them are evidently the last
+and lowest. Therefore it only remains to search for immaterial causes
+which exist in actuality prior to and of a higher order than the causes
+that are embodied in matter. And our souls must subsist in dependence on
+these and come forth together with them, and so receive from them the
+concepts of the forms, as mirrors show the reflections of things; and then
+with the aid of nature it bestows them on matter and on these material
+bodies of our world. For we know that nature is the creator of bodies,
+universal nature in some sort of the All; while that the individual nature
+of each is the creator of particulars is plainly evident. But nature
+exists in us in actuality without a mental image, whereas the soul, which
+is superior to nature, possesses a mental image besides. If therefore we
+admit that nature contains in herself the cause of things of which she has
+however no mental image, why, in heaven’s name, are we not to assign to
+the soul these same forms, only in a still higher degree, and with
+priority over nature, seeing that it is in the soul that we recognise the
+forms by means of mental images, and comprehend them by means of the
+concept? Who then is so contentious as to admit on the one hand that the
+concepts embodied in matter exist in nature—even though not all and
+equally in actuality, yet all potentially—while on the other hand he
+refuses to recognise that the same is true of the soul? If therefore the
+forms exist in nature potentially, but not actually, and if also they
+exist potentially in the soul,(823) only in a still purer sense and more
+completely separated, so that they can be comprehended and recognised; but
+yet exist in actuality nowhere at all; to what, I ask, shall we hang the
+chain of perpetual generation, and on what shall we base our theories of
+the imperishability of the universe? For the cyclic substance(824) itself
+is composed of matter and form. It must therefore follow that, even though
+in actuality these two, matter and form, are never separate from one
+another, yet for our intelligence the forms must have prior existence and
+be regarded as of a higher order. Accordingly, since for the forms
+embodied in matter a wholly immaterial cause has been assigned, which
+leads these forms under the hand of the third creator(825)—who for us is
+the lord and father not only of these forms but also of the visible fifth
+substance—from that creator we distinguish Attis, the cause which descends
+even unto matter, and we believe that Attis or Gallus is a god of
+generative powers. Of him the myth relates that, after being exposed at
+birth near the eddying stream of the river Gallus, he grew up like a
+flower, and when he had grown to be fair and tall, he was beloved by the
+Mother of the Gods. And she entrusted all things to him, and moreover set
+on his head the starry cap.(826) But if our visible sky covers the crown
+of Attis, must one not interpret the river Gallus as the Milky Way?(827)
+For it is there, they say, that the substance which is subject to change
+mingles with the passionless revolving sphere of the fifth substance. Only
+as far as this did the Mother of the Gods permit this fair intellectual
+god Attis, who resembles the sun’s rays, to leap and dance. But when he
+passed beyond this limit and came even to the lowest region, the myth said
+that he had descended into the cave, and had wedded the nymph. And the
+nymph is to be interpreted as the dampness of matter; though the myth does
+not here mean matter itself, but the lowest immaterial cause which
+subsists prior to matter. Indeed Heracleitus also says:)
+
+
+    ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὑγρῇσι γενέσθαι·
+
+    (“It is death to souls to become wet.”)
+
+
+τοῦτον οὖν τὸν Γάλλον, τὸν νοερὸν θεόν, τὸν τῶν ἐνύλων καὶ ὑπὸ σελήνην
+εἰδῶν συνοχέα, τῇ προτεταγμένῃ τῆς ὕλης αἰτίᾳ συνιόντα, συνιόντα δὲ οὐχ ὡς
+ἄλλον ἄλλῃ, [166] ἀλλ᾽ οἷον αὐτὸ εἰς ἑαυτὸ(828) λέγομεν(829) ὑποφερόμενον.
+
+(We mean therefore that this Gallus, the intellectual god, the connecting
+link between forms embodied in matter beneath the region of the moon, is
+united with the cause that is set over matter, but not in the sense that
+one sex is united with another, but like an element that is gathered to
+itself.)
+
+Τίς οὖν ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν θεῶν; ἡ τῶν κυβερνώντων τοὺς ἐμφανεῖς νοερῶν καὶ
+δημιουργικῶν θεῶν πηγή, ἡ καὶ τεκοῦσα καὶ συνοικοῦσα τῷ μεγάλῳ Διὶ θεὸς
+ὑποστᾶσα μεγάλη μετὰ τὸν μέγαν καὶ σὺν τῷ μεγάλῳ δημιουργῷ, ἡ πάσης μὲν
+κυρία ζωῆς, πάσης δὲ γενέσεως αἰτία, ἡ ῥᾷστα μὲν ἐπιτελοῦσα τὰ ποιούμενα,
+γεννῶσα δὲ δίχα πάθους καὶ δημιουργοῦσα τὰ ὄντα μετὰ τοῦ πατρός· αὕτη [B]
+καὶ παρθένος ἀμήτωρ καὶ Διὸς σύνθωκος καὶ μήτηρ θεῶν ὄντως οὖσα πάντων.
+τῶν γὰρ νοητῶν ὑπερκοσμίων τε(830) θεῶν δεξαμένη πάντων τὰς(831) αἰτίας ἐν
+ἑαυτῇ πηγὴ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐγένετο. ταύτην δὴ τὴν θεὸν οὖσαν καὶ πρόνοιαν
+ἔρως μὲν ὑπῆλθεν ἀπαθὴς Ἄττιδος· ἐθελούσια γὰρ αὐτῇ καὶ κατὰ γνώμην ἐστὶν
+οὐ τὰ ἔνυλα μόνον εἴδη, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τὰ τούτων αἴτια. τὴν δὴ τὰ γινόμενα
+καὶ φθειρόμενα σώζουσαν [C] προμήθειαν ἐργᾶν ὁ μῦθος ἔφη τῆς δημιουργικῆς
+τούτων αἰτίας καὶ γονίμου, καὶ κελεύειν μὲν αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τίκτειν
+μᾶλλον καὶ βούλεσθαι μὲν(832) πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐπεστράφθαι καὶ συνοικεῖν,
+ἐπίταγμα δὲ ποιεῖσθαι, μηδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἅμα μὲν τὸ ἑνοειδὲς σωτήριον
+διώκουσαν, ἅμα δὲ φεύγουσαν τὸ πρὸς τὴν ὕλην νεῦσαν· πρὸς ἑαυτήν τε
+βλέπειν ἐκέλευσεν, οὖσαν πηγὴν μὲν τῶν δημιουργικῶν θεῶν, οὐ καθελκομένην
+δὲ εἰς τὴν γένεσιν οὐδὲ θελγομένην· [D] οὕτω γὰρ ἔμελλεν ὁ μέγας Ἄττις καὶ
+κρείττων(833) εἶναι δημιουργός, ἐπείπερ ἐν πᾶσιν ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον
+ἐπιστροφὴ μᾶλλόν ἐστι δραστήριος τῆς πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον νεύσεως. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ
+πέμπτον σῶμα τούτῳ δημιουργικώτερόν ἐστι τῶν τῇδε καὶ θειότερον, τῷ μᾶλλον
+ἐστράφθαι πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, ἐπεί τοι τὸ σῶμα, κἂν αἰθέρος ᾖ τοῦ
+καθαρωτάτου, ψυχῆς ἀχράντου καὶ καθαρᾶς, ὁποίαν τὴν Ἡρακλέους ὁ δημιουργὸς
+ἐξέπεμψεν, οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν κρεῖττον τολμήσειε. [167] τότε μέντοι ἦν τε
+καὶ ἐδόκει μᾶλλον δραστήριος, ἢ ὅτε(834) αὑτὴν ἔδωκεν ἐκείνη σώματι. ἐπεὶ
+καὶ αὐτῷ νῦν Ἡρακλεῖ ὅλῳ πρὸς ὅλον κεχωρηκότι τὸν πατέρα ῥᾴων ἡ τούτων
+ἐπιμέλεια καθέστηκεν ἢ πρότερον ἦν, ὅτε ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις σαρκία φορῶν
+ἐστρέφετο. οὕτως ἐν πᾶσι δραστήριος μᾶλλον ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἀπόστασις
+τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον στροφῆς. ὁ δὴ βουλόμενος ὁ μῦθος διδάξαι παραινέσαι φησὶ
+τὴν Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν τῷ Ἄττιδι θεραπεύειν αὑτὴν καὶ μήτε ἀποχωρεῖν μήτε
+ἐρᾶν ἄλλης. [B] ὁ δὲ προῆλθεν ἄχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων τῆς ὕλης κατελθών. ἐπεὶ δὲ
+ἐχρῆν παύσασθαί ποτε καὶ στῆναι τὴν ἀπειρίαν, Κορύβας μὲν ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος, ὁ
+σύνθρονος τῇ Μητρὶ καὶ συνδημιουργῶν αὐτῇ τὰ πάντα καὶ συμπρομηθούμενος
+καὶ οὐδὲν πράττων αὐτῆς δίχα, πείθει τὸν λέοντα μηνυτὴν γενέσθαι. τίς δὲ ὁ
+λέων; αἴθωνα δήπουθεν ἀκούομεν αὐτόν, αἰτίαν τοίνυν τὴν προüφεστῶσαν(835)
+τοῦ θερμοῦ καὶ πυρώδους, [C] ἣ πολεμήσειν ἔμελλε τῇ νύμφῃ καὶ ζηλοτυπήσειν
+αὐτὴν τῆς πρὸς τὸν Ἄττιν κοινωνίας· εἴρηται δὲ ἡμῖν τίς ἡ νύμφη· τῇ
+δὲ(836) δημιουργικῇ προμηθείᾳ τῶν ὄντων ὑπουργῆσαί φησιν ὁ μῦθος,(837)
+δηλαδὴ τῇ Μητρὶ τῶν θεῶν· εἶτα φωράσαντα καὶ μηνυτὴν γενόμενον αἴτιον
+γενέσθαι τῷ νεανίσκῳ τῆς ἐκτομὴς. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ τίς; ἐποχὴ τῆς ἀπειρίας·
+ἔστη γὰρ δὴ τὰ τῆς γενέσεως ἐν ὡρισμένοις τοῖς εἴδεσιν ὑπὸ τῆς
+δημιουργικῆς ἐπισχεθέντα προμηθείας, [D] οὐκ ἄνευ τῆς τοῦ Ἄττιδος
+λεγομένης παραφροσύνης, ἣ τὸ μέτριον ἐξισταμένη καὶ ὑπερβαίνουσα καὶ διὰ
+τοῦτο ὥσπερ ἐξασθενοῦσα καὶ οὐκέθ᾽ αὑτῆς εἶναι δυναμένη·(838) ὃ δὴ περὶ
+τὴν τελευταίαν ὑποστῆναι τῶν θεῶν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἄλογον. σκόπει οὖν
+ἀναλλοίωτον κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀλλοίωσιν τὸ πέμπτον θεώμενος σῶμα περὶ τοὺς
+φωτισμοὺς τῆς σελήνης, ἵνα λοιπὸν ὁ συνεχῶς γιγνόμενός τε καὶ ἀπολλύμενος
+κόσμος γειτνιᾷ τῷ πέμπτῳ σώματι. περὶ      168 τοὺς φωτισμοὺς αὐτῆς
+ἀλλοίωσίν τινα καὶ πάθη συμπίπτοντα θεωροῦμεν. οὐκ ἄτοπον οὖν καὶ τὸν
+Ἄττιν τοῦτον ἡμίθεόν τινα εἶναι· βούλεται γὰρ δὴ καὶ ὁ μῦθος τοῦτο· μᾶλλον
+δὲ θεὸν μὲν τῷ παντί· πρόεισί τε γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ καὶ
+ἐπανάγεται πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομήν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ὅλως
+ῥέπειν καὶ(839) νεύειν εἰς τὴν ὕλην δοκεῖ, θεῶν μὲν ἔσχατον, ἔξαρχον δὲ
+[B] τῶν θείων γενῶν ἁπάντων οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοι τις αὐτὸν ὑπολαβών. ἡμίθεον δὲ
+διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μῦθός φησι, τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀτρέπτους αὐτοῦ θεοὺς ἐνδεικνύμενος
+διαφοράν. δορυφοροῦσι γὰρ αὐτὸν παρὰ τῆς Μητρὸς δοθέντες οἱ Κορύβαντες, αἱ
+τρεῖς ἀρχικαὶ τῶν μετὰ θεοὺς κρεισσόνων γενῶν ὑποστάσεις. ἄρχει δὲ καὶ τῶν
+λεόντων, οἳ τὴν ἔνθερμον οὐσίαν καὶ πυρώδη κατανειμάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν
+ἐξάρχου λέοντος αἴτιοι τῷ πυρὶ μὲν πρώτως, διὰ δὲ τῆς ἐνθένδε θερμότητος
+ἐνεργείας τε κινητικῆς αἴτιοι [C] καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εἰσὶ σωτηρίας·
+περίκειται δὲ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀντὶ τιάρας, ἐκεῖθεν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ γῆν ὁρμώμενος.
+
+(Who then is the Mother of the Gods? She is the source of the
+intellectual(840) and creative gods, who in their turn guide the visible
+gods: she is both the mother and the spouse of mighty Zeus; she came into
+being next to and together with the great creator; she is in control of
+every form of life, and the cause of all generation; she easily brings to
+perfection all things that are made; without pain she brings to birth, and
+with the father’s(841) aid creates all things that are; she is the
+motherless maiden,(842) enthroned at the side of Zeus, and in very truth
+is the Mother of all the Gods. For having received into herself the causes
+of all the gods, both intelligible and supra‐mundane, she became the
+source of the intellectual gods. Now this goddess, who is also
+Forethought, was inspired with a passionless love for Attis. For not only
+the forms embodied in matter, but to a still greater degree the causes of
+those forms, voluntarily serve her and obey her will. Accordingly the myth
+relates the following: that she who is the Providence who preserves all
+that is subject to generation and decay, loved their creative and
+generative cause, and commanded that cause to beget offspring rather in
+the intelligible region; and she desired that it should turn towards
+herself and dwell with her, but condemned it to dwell with no other thing.
+For only thus would that creative cause strive towards the uniformity that
+preserves it, and at the same time would avoid that which inclines towards
+matter. And she bade that cause look towards her, who is the source of the
+creative gods, and not be dragged down or allured into generation. For in
+this way was mighty Attis destined to be an even mightier creation, seeing
+that in all things the conversion to what is higher produces more power to
+effect than the inclination to what is lower. And the fifth substance
+itself is more creative and more divine than the elements of our earth,
+for this reason, that it is more nearly connected with the gods. Not that
+anyone, surely, would venture to assert that any substance, even if it be
+composed of the purest aether, is superior to soul undefiled and pure,
+that of Heracles for instance, as it was when the creator sent it to
+earth. For that soul of his both seemed to be and was more effective than
+after it had bestowed itself on a body. Since even Heracles, now that he
+has returned, one and indivisible, to his father one and indivisible, more
+easily controls his own province than formerly when he wore the garment of
+flesh and walked among men. And this shows that in all things the
+conversion to the higher is more effective than the propensity to the
+lower. This is what the myth aims to teach us when it says that the Mother
+of the Gods exhorted Attis not to leave her or to love another. But he
+went further, and descended even to the lowest limits of matter. Since,
+however, it was necessary that his limitless course should cease and halt
+at last, mighty Helios the Corybant,(843) who shares the Mother’s throne
+and with her creates all things, with her has providence for all things,
+and apart from her does nothing, persuaded the Lion(844) to reveal the
+matter. And who is the Lion? Verily we are told that he is flame‐
+coloured.(845) He is, therefore, the cause that subsists prior to the hot
+and fiery, and it was his task to contend against the nymph and to be
+jealous of her union with Attis. (And who the nymph is, I have said.) And
+the myth says that the Lion serves the creative Providence of the world,
+which evidently means the Mother of the Gods. Then it says that by
+detecting and revealing the truth, he caused the youth’s castration. What
+is the meaning of this castration? It is the checking of the unlimited.
+For now was generation confined within definite forms checked by creative
+Providence. And this would not have happened without the so‐called madness
+of Attis, which overstepped and transgressed due measure, and thereby made
+him become weak so that he had no control over himself. And it is not
+surprising that this should come to pass, when we have to do with the
+cause that ranks lowest among the gods. For consider the fifth substance,
+which is subject to no change of any sort, in the region of the light of
+the moon: I mean where our world of continuous generation and decay
+borders on the fifth substance. We perceive that in the region of her
+light it seems to undergo certain alterations and to be affected by
+external influences. Therefore it is not contradictory to suppose that our
+Attis also is a sort of demigod—for that is actually the meaning of the
+myth—or rather for the universe he is wholly god, for he proceeds from the
+third creator, and after his castration is led upwards again to the Mother
+of the Gods. But though he seems to lean and incline towards matter, one
+would not be mistaken in supposing that, though he is the lowest in order
+of the gods, nevertheless he is the leader of all the tribes of divine
+beings. But the myth calls him a demigod to indicate the difference
+between him and the unchanging gods. He is attended by the Corybants who
+are assigned to him by the Mother; they are the three leading
+personalities of the higher races(846) that are next in order to the gods.
+Also Attis rules over the lions, who together with the Lion, who is their
+leader, have chosen for themselves hot and fiery substance, and so are,
+first and foremost, the cause of fire. And through the heat derived from
+fire they are the causes of motive force and of preservation for all other
+things that exist. And Attis encircles the heavens like a tiara, and
+thence sets out as though to descend to earth.)
+
+Οὗτος ὁ μέγας ἡμῖν θεὸς Ἄττις ἐστίν· αὗται τοῦ βασιλέως Ἄττιδος αἱ
+θρηνούμεναι τέως φυγαὶ καὶ κρύψεις καὶ ἀφανισμοὶ καὶ αἱ δύσεις αἱ κατὰ τὸ
+ἄντρον. τεκμήρια δὲ ἔστω μοι τούτου ὁ χρόνος, ἐν ᾧ γίνεται. τέμνεσθαι γάρ
+φασι τὸ ἱερὸν δένδρον καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ἰσημερινῆς
+ἁψῖδος ἔρχεται· εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς περισαλπισμὸς παραλαμβάνεται· [D] τῇ τρίτῃ δὲ
+τέμνεται τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἀπόρρητον θέρος τοῦ θεοῦ Γάλλου· ἐπὶ τούτοις Ἱλάρια,
+φασί, καὶ ἑορταί. ὅτι μὲν οὖν στάσις ἐστὶ τῆς ἀπειρίας ἡ θρυλουμένη παρὰ
+τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐκτομή, πρόδηλον ἐξ ὧν ἡνίκα ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ
+ψαύσας κύκλου, ἵνα τὸ μάλιστα ὡρισμένον ἐστί·(847) τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἴσον
+ὡρισμένον ἐστί, τὸ δὲ ἄνισον ἄπειρόν τε καὶ ἀδιεξίτητον· κατὰ τὸν λόγον
+αὐτίκα τὸ δένδρον τέμνεται· [169] εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς γίνεται τὰ λοιπά, τὰ μὲν διὰ
+τοὺς μυστικοὺς καὶ κρυφίους θεσμούς, τὰ δὲ καὶ διὰ(848) ῥηθῆναι πᾶσι
+δυναμένους. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ τοῦ δένδρου, τοῦτο δὲ τῇ μὲν ἱστορίᾳ προσήκει τῇ
+περὶ τὸν Γάλλον, οὐδὲν δὲ τοῖς μυστηρίοις, οἷς παραλαμβάνεται, διδασκόντων
+ἡμᾶς οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν συμβολικῶς, ὅτι χρὴ τὸ κάλλιστον ἐκ γῆς δρεψαμένους,
+ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας, ἀπενεγκεῖν τῇ θεῷ, σύμβολον τῆς ἐνταῦθα χρηστῆς
+πολιτείας ἐσόμενον. τὸ γάρ τοι δένδρον ἐκ [B] γῆς μὲν φύεται, σπεύδει δὲ
+ὥσπερ εἰς τὸν αἰθέρα καὶ ἰδεῖν τέ ἐστι καλὸν καὶ σκιὰν παρασχεῖν ἐν
+πνίγει, ἤδη δὲ καὶ καρπὸν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προβαλεῖν καὶ χαρίσασθαι· οὗτως αὐτῷ
+πολύ τί γε τοῦ γονίμου περίεστιν. ἡμῖν οὖν ὁ θεσμὸς παρακελεύεται, τοῖς
+φύσει μὲν οὐρανίοις, εἰς γῆν δὲ ἐνεχθεῖσιν, ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας ἀπὸ τῆς
+ἐν τῇ γῇ πολιτείας ἀμησαμένους παρὰ τὴν προγονικὴν [C] καὶ ζωογόνον
+σπεύδειν θεόν.
+
+(This, then, is our mighty god Attis. This explains his once lamented
+flight and concealment and disappearance and descent into the cave. In
+proof of this let me cite the time of year at which it happens. For we are
+told that the sacred tree(849) is felled on the day when the sun reaches
+the height of the equinox.(850) Thereupon the trumpets are sounded.(851)
+And on the third day the sacred and unspeakable member of the god Gallus
+is severed.(852) Next comes, they say, the Hilaria(853) and the festival.
+And that this castration, so much discussed by the crowd, is really the
+halting of his unlimited course, is evident from what happens directly
+mighty Helios touches the cycle of the equinox, where the bounds are most
+clearly defined. (For the even is bounded, but the uneven is without
+bounds, and there is no way through or out of it.) At that time then,
+precisely, according to the account we have, the sacred tree is felled.
+Thereupon, in their proper order, all the other ceremonies take place.
+Some of them are celebrated with the secret ritual of the Mysteries, but
+others by a ritual that can be told to all. For instance, the cutting of
+the tree belongs to the story of Gallus and not to the Mysteries at all,
+but it has been taken over by them, I think because the gods wished to
+teach us, in symbolic fashion, that we must pluck the fairest fruits from
+the earth, namely, virtue and piety, and offer them to the goddess to be
+the symbol of our well‐ordered constitution here on earth. For the tree
+grows from the soil, but it strives upwards as though to reach the upper
+air, and it is fair to behold and gives us shade in the heat, and casts
+before us and bestows on us its fruits as a boon; such is its
+superabundance of generative life. Accordingly the ritual enjoins on us,
+who by nature belong to the heavens but have fallen to earth, to reap the
+harvest of our constitution here on earth, namely, virtue and piety, and
+then strive upwards to the goddess of our forefathers, to her who is the
+principle of all life.)
+
+Εὐθὺς οὖν ἡ σάλπιγξ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἐνδίδωσι τὸ ἀνακλητικὸν τῷ Ἄττιδι καὶ
+τοῖς ὅσοι ποτὲ οὐρανόθεν ἔπτημεν εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐπέσομεν. μετὰ δὴ τὸ
+σύμβολον τοῦτο, ὅτε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἄττις ἵστησι τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς ἐκτομῆς,
+ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ κελεύουσιν ἐκτέμνειν καὶ αὐτοῖς τὴν ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς ἀπειρίαν
+καὶ μιμεῖσθαι τοὺς ἡγεμόνας,(854) ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ ὡρισμένον καὶ ἑνοειδὲς καί,
+εἴπερ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν, [D] αὐτὸ τὸ ἓν ἀνατρέχειν· οὗπερ γενομένου πάντως
+ἕπεσθαι χρὴ τὰ Ἱλάρια. τί γὰρ εὐθυμότερον, τί δὲ ἱλαρώτερον γένοιτο ἂν
+ψυχῆς ἀπειρίαν μὲν καὶ γένεσιν καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ κλύδωνα διαφυγούσης, ἐπὶ δὲ
+τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτοὺς ἀναχθείσης; ὧν ἕνα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ὄντα περιεῖδεν οὐδαμῶς
+ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ βαδίζοντα πρόσω πλέον ἢ χρῆν, πρὸς ἑαυτὴν δὲ ἐπέστρεψε,
+στῆσαι τὴν ἀπειρίαν προστάξασα.
+
+(Therefore, immediately after the castration, the trumpet sounds the
+recall for Attis and for all of us who once flew down from heaven and fell
+to earth. And after this signal, when King Attis stays his limitless
+course by his castration, the god bids us also root out the unlimited in
+ourselves and imitate the gods our leaders and hasten back to the defined
+and uniform, and, if it be possible, to the One itself. After this, the
+Hilaria must by all means follow. For what could be more blessed, what
+more joyful than a soul which has escaped from limitlessness and
+generation and inward storm, and has been translated up to the very gods?
+And Attis himself was such a one, and the Mother of the Gods by no means
+allowed him to advance unregarded further than was permitted: nay, she
+made him turn towards herself, and commanded him to set a limit to his
+limitless course.)
+
+Καὶ μή τις ὑπολάβῃ με λέγειν, ὡς ταῦτα ἐπράχθη ποτέ καὶ γέγονεν, [170]
+ὥσπερ οὐκ εἰδότων τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν, ὅ, τι ποιήσουσιν, ἢ τὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν
+ἁμαρτήματα διορθουμένων. ἀλλὰ οἱ παλαιοὶ τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ τὰς αἰτίας, ἤτοι
+τῶν θεῶν ὑφηγουμένων ἢ κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς διερευνώμενοι, βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως
+εἰπεῖν ζητοῦντες ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι τοῖς θεοῖς, ἔπειτα εὑρόντες ἐσκέπασαν
+αὐτὰς(855) μύθοις παραδόξοις, ἵνα διὰ τοῦ παραδόξου καὶ ἀπεμφαίνοντος τὸ
+πλάσμα φωραθὲν ἐπὶ τὴν ζήτησιν ἡμᾶς τῆς [B] ἀληθείας προτρέψῃ, τοῖς μὲν
+ἰδιώταις ἀρκούσης οἶμαι τῆς ἀλόγου καὶ διὰ τῶν συμβόλων μόνων ὠφελείας,
+τοῖς δὲ περιττοῖς κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν οὕτως μόνως ἐσομένης ὠφελίμου τῆς περὶ
+θεῶν ἀληθείας, εἴ τις ἐξετάζων αὐτὴν ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι τοῖς θεοῖς εὕροι καὶ
+λάβοι, διὰ μὲν τῶν αἰνιγμάτων ὑπομνησθείς, ὅτι χρή τι περὶ αὐτῶν ζητεῖν,
+ἐς τέλος δὲ καὶ ὥσπερ κορυφὴν τοῦ πράγματος διὰ τῆς σκέψεως εὑρὼν
+πορευθείη, [C] οὐκ αἰδοῖ καὶ πίστει μᾶλλον ἀλλοτρίας δόξης ἢ τῆς σφετέρᾳ
+κατὰ νοῦν ἐνεργείᾳ.
+
+(But let no one suppose my meaning to be that this was ever done or
+happened in a way that implies that the gods themselves are ignorant of
+what they intend to do, or that they have to correct their own errors. But
+our ancestors in every case tried to trace the original meanings of
+things, whether with the guidance of the gods or independently—though
+perhaps it would be better to say that they sought for them under the
+leadership of the gods—then when they had discovered those meanings they
+clothed them in paradoxical myths. This was in order that, by means of the
+paradox and the incongruity, the fiction might be detected and we might be
+induced to search out the truth. Now I think ordinary men derive benefit
+enough from the irrational myth which instructs them through symbols
+alone. But those who are more highly endowed with wisdom will find the
+truth about the gods helpful; though only on condition that such a man
+examine and discover and comprehend it under the leadership of the gods,
+and if by such riddles as these he is reminded that he must search out
+their meaning, and so attains to the goal and summit of his quest(856)
+through his own researches; he must not be modest and put faith in the
+opinions of others rather than in his own mental powers.)
+
+Τί οὖν εἶναί φαμεν, ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ; κατανοήσαντες ἄχρι τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος
+οὐ τὸ νοητὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα ταῦτα σώματα τῆς ἀπαθοῦς ὄντα
+καὶ θείας μερίδος, ἄχρι τούτου θεοὺς ἐνόμισαν ἀκραιφνεῖς εἶναι· τῇ γονίμῳ
+δὲ τῶν θεῶν οὐσίᾳ τῶν τῇδε παρυποστάντων, ἐξ ἀιδίου συμπροελθούσης τῆς
+ὕλης τοῖς θεοῖς, [D] παρ᾽ αὐτῶν δὲ καὶ δι᾽ αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ ὑπέρπληρες αὐτῶν
+τῆς γονίμου καὶ δημιουργικῆς αἰτίας ἡ των ὄντων προμήθεια συνουσιωμένη
+τοῖς θεοῖς ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ σύνθωκος μὲν οὖσα τῷ βασιλεῖ Διί, πηγὴ δὲ τῶν
+νοερῶν θεῶν, καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἄζωον καὶ ἄγονον καὶ σκύβαλον καὶ τῶν ὄντων,
+οἷον ἂν εἴποι τις, ἀποκάθαρμα καὶ τρύγα καὶ ὑποσταθμὴν διὰ τῆς τελευταίας
+αἰτίας(857) τῶν θεῶν, εἰς ἣν αἱ πάντων οὐσίαι τῶν θεῶν ἀποτελευτῶσιν,
+ἐκόσμησέ τε καὶ διωρθώσατο καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον μετέστησεν.
+
+(What shall I say now by way of summary? Because men observed that, as far
+as the fifth substance, not only the intelligible world but also the
+visible bodies of our world must be classed as unaffected by externals and
+divine, they believed that, as far as the fifth substance, the gods are
+uncompounded. And when by means of that generative substance the visible
+gods came into being, and, from everlasting, matter was produced along
+with those gods, from them and through their agency, by reason of the
+superabundance in them of the generative and creative principle; then the
+Providence of the world, she who from everlasting is of the same essential
+nature as the gods, she who is enthroned by the side of King Zeus, and
+moreover is the source of the intellectual gods, set in order and
+corrected and changed for the better all that seemed lifeless and barren,
+the refuse and so to speak offscourings of things, their dregs and
+sediment: and this she did by means of the last cause(858) derived from
+the gods, in which the substances of all the gods come to an end.)
+
+[171] Ὁ γὰρ Ἄττις οὗτος ἔχων τὴν κατάστικτον τοῖς ἄστροις τιάραν εὔδηλον
+ὅτι τὰς πάντων τῶν θεῶν εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ὁρωμένας λήξεις ἀρχὰς
+ἐποιήσατο τῆς ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείας· ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸ μὲν ἀκραιφνὲς καὶ καθαρὸν ῾ἦν
+ἄχρι γαλαξίου· περὶ τοῦτον δὲ ἤδη τὸν τόπον μιγνυμένου πρὸς τὸ ἀπαθὲς τοῦ
+παθητοῦ καὶ τῆς ὕλης παρυφισταμένης ἐκεῖθεν, ἡ πρὸς ταύτην κοινωνία
+κατάβασίς ἐστιν εἰς τὸ ἄντρον, [B] οὐκ ἀκουσίως μὲν γενομένη τοῖς θεοῖς
+καὶ τῇ τούτων Μητρί, λεγομένη δὲ ἀκουσίως γενέσθαι. φύσει γὰρ ἐν κρείττονι
+τοὺς θεοὺς ὄντας οὐκ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τάδε καθέλκειν ἐθέλει τὰ βελτίω, ἀλλὰ διὰ
+τῆς τῶν κρειττόνων συγκαταβάσεως καὶ ταῦτα ἀνάγειν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀμείνονα καὶ
+θεοφιλεστέραν λῆξιν. οὕτω τοι καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν οὐ κατεχθραίνουσα μετὰ τὴν
+ἐκτομὴν ἡ Μήτηρ λέγεται, ἀλλὰ ἀγανακτεῖ μὲν οὐκέτι, ἀγανακτοῦσα δὲ λέγεται
+διὰ τὴν συγκατάβασιν, ὅτι κρείττων ὢν [C] καὶ θεὸς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν τῷ
+καταδεεστέρῳ· στήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν τῆς ἀπειρίας τὴν πρόοδον καὶ τὸ ἀκόσμητον
+τοῦτο κοσμήσαντα διὰ τῆς πρὸς τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον συμπαθείας, ἵνα ὁ
+μέγας Ἥλιος τῆς ὡρισμένης κινήσεως τὸ τελειότατον κυβερνᾷ μέτρον, ἐπανάγει
+πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἡ θεὸς ἀσμένως, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔχει παρ᾽ ἑαυτῇ. καὶ οὐδέποτε
+γέγονεν, ὅτε μὴ ταῦτα τοῦτον εἶχε τὸν τρόπον, ὅνπερ νῦν ἔχει, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ μὲν
+Ἄττις ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς τῇ Μητρὶ [D] καὶ ἡνίοχος, ἀεὶ δὲ ὀργᾷ εἰς τὴν
+γένεσιν, ἀεὶ δὲ ἀποτέμνεται τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς ὡρισμένης τῶν εἰδῶν
+αἰτίας. ἐπαναγόμενος δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ γῆς τῶν ἀρχαίων αὖθις λέγεται δυναστεύειν
+σκήπτρων, ἐκπεσὼν μὲν αὐτῶν οὐδαμῶς οὐδὲ ἐκπίπτων, ἐκπεσεῖν δὲ αὐτῶν
+λεγόμενος διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ παθητὸν σύμμιξιν.
+
+(For it is evident that Attis of whom I speak, who wears the tiara set
+with stars, took for the foundation of his own dominion the functions of
+every god as we see them applied to the visible world. And in his case all
+is undefiled and pure as far as the Milky Way. But, at this very point,
+that which is troubled by passion begins to mingle with the passionless,
+and from that union matter begins to subsist. And so the association of
+Attis with matter is the descent into the cave, nor did this take place
+against the will of the gods and the Mother of the Gods, though the myth
+says that it was against their will. For by their nature the gods dwell in
+a higher world, and the higher powers do not desire to drag them hence
+down to our world: rather through the condescension of the higher they
+desire to lead the things of our earth upwards to a higher plane more
+favoured by the gods. And in fact the myth does not say that the Mother of
+the Gods was hostile to Attis after his castration: but it says that
+though she is no longer angry, she was angry at the time on account of his
+condescension, in that he who was a higher being and a god had given
+himself to that which was inferior. But when, after staying his limitless
+progress, he has set in order the chaos of our world through his sympathy
+with the cycle of the equinox, where mighty Helios controls the most
+perfect symmetry of his motion within due limits, then the goddess gladly
+leads him upwards to herself, or rather keeps him by her side. And never
+did this happen save in the manner that it happens now; but forever is
+Attis the servant and charioteer of the Mother; forever he yearns
+passionately towards generation; and forever he cuts short his unlimited
+course through the cause whose limits are fixed, even the cause of the
+forms. In like manner the myth says that he is led upwards as though from
+our earth, and again resumes his ancient sceptre and dominion: not that he
+ever lost it, or ever loses it now, but the myth says that he lost it on
+account of his union with that which is subject to passion and change.)
+
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνο ἴσως ἄξιον προσαπορῆσαι· διττῆς γὰρ οὔσης τῆς ἰσημερίας, [172]
+οὐ τὴν ἐν ταῖς χηλαῖς, τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ κριῷ προτιμῶσι. τίς οὖν αἰτία τούτου,
+φανερὸν δήπουθεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡμῖν ὁ ἥλιος ἄρχεται τότε πλησιάζειν ἀπὸ τῆς
+ἰσημερίας, αὐξομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἡμέρας, ἔδοξεν οὗτος ὁ καιρὸς ἁρμοδιώτερος.
+ἔξω γὰρ τῆς αἰτίας, ἥ φησι τοῖς θεοῖς εἶναι τὸ φῶς σύνδρομον, ἔχειν
+οἰκείως πιστευτέον τοῖς ἀφεθῆναι τῆς γενέσεως σπεύδουσι τὰς ἀναγωγοὺς
+ἀκτῖνας ἡλίου. [B] σκόπει δὲ ἐναργῶς· ἕλκει μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς πάντα καὶ
+προκαλεῖται(859) καὶ βλαστάνειν ποιεῖ τῇ ζωπυρίδι καὶ θαυμαστῇ θέρμῃ,
+διακρίνων οἶμαι πρὸς ἄκραν λεπτότητα τὰ σώματα, καὶ τὰ φύσει φερόμενα κάτω
+κουφίζει. τὰ δὴ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀφανῶν αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων ποιητέον τεκμήρια. ὁ γὰρ
+ἐν τοῖς σώμασι διὰ τῆς σωματοειδοῦς θέρμης οὕτω τοῦτο ἀπεργαζόμενος πῶς οὐ
+διὰ τῆς ἀφανοῦς καὶ ἀσωμάτου πάντη καὶ θείας καὶ καθαρᾶς ἐν ταῖς ἀκτῖσιν
+ἱδρυμένης οὐσίας ἕλξει καὶ ἀνάξει τὰς εὐτυχεῖς ψυχάς; [C] οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ
+πέφηνεν οἰκεῖον μὲν τοῖς θεοῖς τὸ φῶς τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς ἀναχθῆναι σπεύδουσιν,
+αὔξεται δὲ ἐν τῷ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν κόσμῳ τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὥστε εἶναι τὴν ἡμέραν μείζω
+τῆς νυκτός, Ἡλίου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιπορεύεσθαι τὸν κριὸν ἀρξαμένου·
+δέδεικται δὴ καὶ(860) ἀναγωγὸν φύσει τὸ τῶν ἀκτίνων τοῦ θεοῦ διά τε τῆς
+φανερᾶς ἐνεργείας καὶ τῆς ἀφανοῦς, ὑφ᾽ ἧς παμπληθεῖς ἀνήχθησαν ψυχαὶ [D]
+τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἀκολουθήσασαι τῇ φανοτάτῃ καὶ μάλιστα ἡλιοειδεῖ. τὴν γὰρ
+τοιαύτην τῶν ὀμμάτων αἴσθησιν οὐκ ἀγαπητὴν μόνον οὐδὲ χρήσιμον εἰς τὸν
+βίον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς σοφίαν ὁδηγὸν ὁ δαιμόνιος ἀνύμνησε Πλάτων.(861) εἰ δὲ
+καὶ τῆς ἀρρήτου μυσταγωγίας ἁψαίμην, ἢν ὁ Χαλδαῖος περὶ τὸν ἑπτάκτινα θεὸν
+ἐβάκχευσεν, ἀνάγων δι᾽ αὐτοῦ τὰς ψυχάς, ἄγνωστα ἐρῶ, καὶ μάλα γε ἄγνωστα
+τῷ συρφετῷ, [173] θεουργοῖς δὲ τοῖς μακαρίοις γνώριμα· διόπερ αὐτὰ σιωπήσω
+τανῦν.
+
+(But perhaps it is worth while to raise the following question also. There
+are two equinoxes, but men pay more honour to the equinox in the sign of
+Capricorn than to that in the sign of Cancer.(862) Surely the reason for
+this is evident. Since the sun begins to approach us immediately after the
+spring equinox,—for I need not say that then the days begin to
+lengthen,—this seemed the more agreeable season. For apart from the
+explanation which says that light accompanies the gods, we must believe
+that the uplifting rays(863) of the sun are nearly akin to those who yearn
+to be set free from generation. Consider it clearly: the sun, by his
+vivifying and marvellous heat, draws up all things from the earth and
+calls them forth and makes them grow; and he separates, I think, all
+corporeal things to the utmost degree of tenuity, and makes things weigh
+light that naturally have a tendency to sink. We ought then to make these
+visible things proofs of his unseen powers. For if among corporeal things
+he can bring this about through his material heat, how should he not draw
+and lead upwards the souls of the blessed by the agency of the invisible,
+wholly immaterial, divine and pure substance which resides in his rays? We
+have seen then that this light is nearly akin to the god, and to those who
+yearn to mount upwards, and moreover, that this light increases in our
+world, so that when Helios begins to enter the sign of Capricorn the day
+becomes longer than the night. It has also been demonstrated that the
+god’s rays are by nature uplifting; and this is due to his energy, both
+visible and invisible, by which very many souls have been lifted up out of
+the region of the senses, because they were guided by that sense which is
+clearest of all and most nearly like the sun. For when with our eyes we
+perceive the sun’s light, not only is it welcome and useful for our lives,
+but also, as the divine Plato said when he sang its praises, it is our
+guide to wisdom. And if I should also touch on the secret teaching of the
+Mysteries in which the Chaldean,(864) divinely frenzied, celebrated the
+God of the Seven Rays, that god through whom he lifts up the souls of men,
+I should be saying what is unintelligible, yea wholly unintelligible to
+the common herd, but familiar to the happy theurgists.(865) And so I will
+for the present be silent on that subject.)
+
+Ὅπερ δὲ ἔλεγον, ὅτι καὶ τὸν καιρὸν οὐκ ἀλόγως ὑποληπτέον, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἔνι
+μάλιστα μετὰ εἰκότος καὶ ἀληθοῦς λόγου παρὰ τῶν παλαιῶν τῷ θεσμῷ
+προστεθεῖσθαι, σημεῖον δὴ(866) τούτου, ὅτι τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον ἡ θεὸς
+αὐτὴ(867) κατενείματο. τελεῖται γὰρ περὶ τὸν ζυγὸν Δηοῖ καὶ Κόρῃ τὰ σεμνὰ
+καὶ ἀπόρρητα μυστήρια. [B] καὶ τοῦτο εἰκότως γίνεται. χρὴ γὰρ καὶ ἀπιόντι
+τῷ θεῷ τελεσθῆναι πάλιν, ἵνα μηδὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθέου καὶ σκοτεινῆς δυσχερὲς
+πάθωμεν ἐπικρατούσης δυνάμεως. δὶς γοῦν Ἀθηναῖοι τῇ Δηοῖ τελοῦσι τὰ
+μυστήρια, ἐν αὐτῷ μὲν τῷ κριῷ τὰ μικρὰ, φασί, μυστήρια, τὰ μεγάλα δὲ περὶ
+τὰς χηλὰς ὄντος ἡλίου, δι᾽ ἃς ἔναγχος ἔφην αἰτίας. μεγάλα δὲ ὠνομάσθαι καὶ
+μικρὰ νομίζω καὶ ἄλλων ἕνεκα, μάλιστα δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τούτου ἀποχωροῦντος
+τοῦ θεοῦ μᾶλλον ἤπερ προσιόντος· [C] διόπερ ἐν τούτοις ὅσον εἰς ὑπόμνησιν
+μόνον. ἅτε δὴ καὶ παρόντος τοῦ σωτῆρος καὶ ἀναγωγοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ προτέλεια
+κατεβάλλοντο τῆς τελετῆς· εἶτα μικρὸν ὕστερον ἁγνεῖαι συνεχεῖς καὶ τῶν
+ἱερέων(868) ἁγιστεῖαι. ἀπιόντος δὲ λοιπὸν τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἀντίχθονα
+ζώνην, καὶ φυλακῆς ἕνεκα καὶ σωτηρίας αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον ἐπιτελεῖται τῶν
+μυστηρίων. ὅρα δέ· ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα τὸ τῆς γενέσεως αἴτιον ἀποτέμνεται, οὕτω
+δὲ καὶ παρὰ Ἀθηναίοις οἱ τῶν ἀρρήτων ἁπτόμενοι παναγεῖς εἰσι, [D] καὶ ὁ
+τούτων ἐξάρχων ἱεροφάντης ἀπέστραπται πᾶσαν τὴν γένεσιν, ὡς οὐ μετὸν αὐτῷ
+τῆς ἐπ᾽ ἄπειρον προόδου, τῆς ὡρισμένης δὲ καὶ ἀεὶ μενούσης καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ
+συνεχομένης οὐσίας ἀκηράτου τε καὶ καθαρᾶς. ὑπὲρ μὲν δὴ τούτων ἀπόχρη
+τοσαῦτα.
+
+(I was saying that we ought not to suppose that the ancients appointed the
+season of the rites irrationally, but rather as far as possible with
+plausible and true grounds of reason; and indeed a proof of this is that
+the goddess herself chose as her province the cycle of the equinox. For
+the most holy and secret Mysteries of Deo and the Maiden(869) are
+celebrated when the sun is in the sign of Libra, and this is quite
+natural. For when the gods depart we must consecrate ourselves afresh, so
+that we may suffer no harm from the godless power of darkness that now
+begins to get the upper hand. At any rate the Athenians celebrate the
+Mysteries of Deo twice in the year, and the Lesser Mysteries as they call
+them in the sign of Capricorn, and the Great Mysteries when the sun is in
+the sign of Cancer, and this for the reason that I have just mentioned.
+And I think that these Mysteries are called Great and Lesser for several
+reasons, but especially, as is natural, they are called great when the god
+departs rather than when he approaches; and so the Lesser are celebrated
+only by way of reminder.(870) I mean that when the saving and uplifting
+god approaches, the preliminary rites of the Mysteries take place. Then a
+little later follow the rites of purification, one after another, and the
+consecration of the priests. Then when the god departs to the antipodes,
+the most important ceremonies of the Mysteries are performed, for our
+protection and salvation. And observe the following: As in the festival of
+the Mother the instrument of generation is severed, so too with the
+Athenians, those who take part in the secret rites are wholly chaste and
+their leader the hierophant forswears generation; because he must not have
+aught to do with the progress to the unlimited, but only with the
+substance whose bounds are fixed, so that it abides for ever and is
+contained in the One, stainless and pure. On this subject I have said
+enough.)
+
+Λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν, ὡς εἰκός, ὑπέρ τε τῆς ἁγιστείας αὐτῆς καὶ τῆς ἁγνείας
+διεξελθεῖν, ἵνα καὶ ἐντεῦθεν λάβωμεν [174] εἰς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν εἴ τι
+συμβάλλεται. γελοῖον δὲ αὐτίκα τοῖς πᾶσιν ἐκεῖνο φαίνεται· κρεῶν μὲν
+ἅπτεσθαι δίδωσιν ὁ ἱερὸς νόμος, ἀπαγορεύει δὲ τῶν σπερμάτων. οὐκ ἄψυχα μὲν
+ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα δὲ ἔμψυχα; οὐ καθαρὰ μὲν ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα δὲ αἵματος καὶ πολλῶν
+ἄλλων οὐκ εὐχερῶν ὄψει τε καὶ ἀκοῇ πεπληρωμένα; οὐ, τὸ μέγιστον, ἐκείνοις
+μὲν πρόσεστι τὸ μηδένα ἐκ τῆς ἐδωδῆς ἀδικεῖσθαι, τούτοις δὲ τὸ καταθύεσθαι
+καὶ κατασφάττεσθαι τὰ ζῷα ἀλγοῦντα γε, [B] ὡς εἰκός, καὶ τρυχόμενα; ταῦτα
+πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν περιττῶν εἴποιεν ἄν· ἐκεῖνα δὲ ἤδη κωμῳδοῦσι καὶ τῶν
+ἀνθρώπων οἱ δυσσεβέστατοι. τὰ μὲν ὄρμενά φασιν ἐσθίεσθαι τῶν λαχάνων,
+παραιτεῖσθαι δὲ τὰς ῥίζας, ὥσπερ γογγυλίδας. καὶ σῦκα μὲν ἐσθίεσθαί φασι,
+ῥοιὰς δὲ οὐκέτι καὶ μῆλα πρὸς τούτοις. ταῦτα ἀκηκοὼς μινυριζόντων πολλῶν
+πολλάκις, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς εἰρηκὼς(871) πρότερον ἔοικα ἐγὼ μόνος ἐκ πάντων
+πολλὴν εἴσεσθαι τοῖς δεσπόταις θεοῖς μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασι, πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ
+τῇ Μητρὶ [C] τῶν θεῶν, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ
+χάριν, ὅτι με μὴ περιεῖδεν ὥσπερ ἐν σκότῳ πλανώμενον, ἀλλά μοι πρῶτον μὲν
+ἐκέλευσεν ἀποκόψασθαι οὔτι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ψυχικὰς ἀλόγους ὁρμὰς
+καὶ κινήσεις τῇ νοερᾷ καὶ προüφεστώσῃ(872) τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν αἰτίᾳ τὰ περιττὰ
+καὶ μάταια. ἐπὶ νοῦν δὲ ἔδωκεν αὕτη λόγους τινὰς ἴσως οὐκ ἀπᾴδοντας πάντη
+[D] τῆς ὑπὲρ θεῶν ἀληθοῦς ἅμα καὶ εὐαγοῦς ἐπιστήμης. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα γάρ, ὥσπερ
+οὐκ ἔχων ὅ τι φῶ, κύκλῳ περιτρέχειν. ἐμοὶ δὲ πάρεστι μὲν καὶ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον
+ἐπιόντι σαφεῖς καὶ τηλαυγεῖς αἰτίας ἀποδοῦναι, τοῦ χάριν ἡμῖν οὐ θέμις
+ἐστὶ προσφέρεσθαι ταῦτα, ὧν ὁ θεῖος εἴργει θεσμός· καὶ ποιήσω δὲ(873) αὐτὸ
+μικρὸν ὕστερον· ἄμεινον δὲ νῦν ὥσπερ τύπους τινὰς προθεῖναι καὶ κανόνας,
+οἷς ἑπόμενοι, κἄν τι πολλάκις ὑπὸ τῆς σπουδῆς παρέλθῃ τὸν λόγον, ἕξομεν
+ὑπὲρ τούτων κρῖναι.
+
+(It only remains now to speak, as is fitting, about the sacred rite
+itself, and the purification, so that from these also I may borrow
+whatever contributes to my argument. For example, everyone thinks that the
+following is ridiculous. The sacred ordinance allows men to eat meat, but
+it forbids them to eat grains and fruits. What, say they, are not the
+latter lifeless, whereas the former was once possessed of life? Are not
+fruits pure, whereas meat is full of blood and of much else that offends
+eye and ear? But most important of all is it not the case that, when one
+eats fruit nothing is hurt, while the eating of meat involves the
+sacrifice and slaughter of animals who naturally suffer pain and torment?
+So would say many even of the wisest. But the following ordinance is
+ridiculed by the most impious of mankind also. They observe that whereas
+vegetables that grows upwards can be eaten, roots are forbidden, turnips,
+for instance; and they point out that figs are allowed, but not
+pomegranates or apples either. I have often heard many men saying this in
+whispers, and I too in former days have said the same, but now it seems
+that I alone of all men am bound to be deeply grateful to the ruling gods,
+to all of them, surely, but above all the rest to the Mother of the Gods.
+For all things am I grateful to her, and for this among the rest, that she
+did not disregard me when I wandered as it were in darkness.(874) For
+first she bade me cut off no part indeed of my body, but by the aid of the
+intelligible cause(875) that subsists prior to our souls, all that was
+superfluous and vain in the impulses and motions of my own soul. And that
+cause gave me, to aid my understanding, certain beliefs which are perhaps
+not wholly out of harmony with the true and sacred knowledge of the gods.
+But it looks as though, not knowing what to say next, I were turning round
+in a circle. I can, however, give clear and manifest reasons in every
+single case why we are not allowed to eat this food which is forbidden by
+the sacred ordinance, and presently I will do this. But for the moment it
+is better to bring forward certain forms, so to speak, and regulations
+which we must observe in order to be able to decide about these matters,
+though perhaps, owing to my haste, my argument may pass some evidence by.)
+
+[175] Προσήκει δὲ πρῶτον ὑπομνῆσαι διὰ βραχέων, τίνα τε ἔφαμεν εἶναι τὸν
+Ἄττιν καὶ τί τὴν ἐκτομήν, τίνος τε εἶναι σύμβολα τὰ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἄχρι
+τῶν Ἱλαρίων γινόμενα καὶ τί βούλεσθαι τὴν ἁγνείαν. ὁ μὲν οὖν Ἄττις ἐλέγετο
+αἰτία τις οὖσα καὶ θεός, ὁ προσεχῶς δημιουργῶν τὸν ἔνυλον κόσμον, ὃς μέχρι
+τῶν ἐσχάτων κατιὼν ἵσταται ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς κινήσεως, ὅταν ἐπὶ
+τῆς ἄκρως [B] ὡρισμένης τοῦ παντὸς ὁ θεὸς γένηται περιφερείας, ᾗ(876) τῆς
+ἰσημερίας τοὔνομά ἐστι κατὰ τὸ ἔργον. ἐκτομὴν δὲ ἐλέγομεν εἶναι τῆς
+ἀπειρίας τὴν ἐποχήν, ἣν οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἑπὶ τὰς πρεσβυτέρας καὶ
+ἀρχηγικωτέρας αἰτίας ἀνακλήσεώς τε καὶ ἀναδύσεως συμβαίνειν. αὐτῆς δὲ τῆς
+ἁγνείας φαμὲν τὸν σκοπὸν ἄνοδον τῶν ψυχῶν.
+
+(First I had better remind you in a few words who I said Attis is; and
+what his castration means; and what is symbolised by the ceremonies that
+occur between the castration and the Hilaria; and what is meant by the
+rite of purification. Attis then was declared to be an original cause and
+a god, the direct creator of the material world, who descends to the
+lowest limits and is checked by the creative motion of the sun so soon as
+that god reaches the exactly limited circuit of the universe, which is
+called the equinox because of its effect in equalising night and day.(877)
+And I said that the castration meant the checking of limitlessness, which
+could only be brought about through the summons and resurrection of Attis
+to the more venerable and commanding causes. And I said that the end and
+aim of the rite of purification is the ascent of our souls.)
+
+Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐᾷ πρῶτον σιτεῖσθαι τὰ κατὰ γῆς δυόμενα σπέρματα· ἔσχατον μὲν
+γὰρ τῶν ὄντων ἡ γῆ. ἐνταῦθα δέ φησιν ἀπελαθέντα καὶ Πλάτων τὰ κακὰ
+στρέφεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τῶν λογίων οἱ θεοὶ σκύβαλον αὐτὸ πολλαχοῦ καλοῦσι, [C]
+καὶ φεύγειν ἐντεῦθεν παρακελεύονται.(878) πρῶτον οὖν ἡ ζωογόνος καὶ
+προμηθὴς θεὸς οὐδὲ ἄχρι τῆς τῶν σωμάτων τροφῆς ἐπιτρέπει τοῖς κατὰ γῆς
+δυομένοις χρῆσθαι, παραινοῦσά γε πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸν
+οὐρανὸν βλέπειν. ἑνί τινες κέχρηνται σπέρματι, τοῖς λοβοῖς, οὐ σπέρμα
+μᾶλλον ἢ λάχανον αὐτὸ νομίζοντες [D] εἶναι τῷ πεφυκέναι πως ἀνωφερὲς καὶ
+ὀρθὸν καὶ οὐδὲ ἐρριζῶσθαι κατὰ τῆς γῆς· ἐρρίζωται δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ δένδρου
+κιττοῦ τινος ἢ καὶ ἀμπέλου καρπὸς ἤρτηται καὶ καλάμης.(879) ἀπηγόρευται
+μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν σπέρματι χρῆσθαι διὰ τοῦτο φυτῶν, ἐπιτέτραπται δὲ χρῆσθαι
+καρποῖς καὶ λαχάνοις, οὐ τοῖς χαμαιζήλοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐκ γῆς αἰρομένοις ἄνω
+μετεώροις. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τῆς γογγυλίδος τὸ μὲν γεωχαρὲς ὡς χθόνιον
+ἐπιτάττει παραιτεῖσθαι, [176] τὸ δὲ ἀναδυόμενον ἄνω καὶ εἰς ὕψος αἰρόμενον
+ὡς αὐτῷ τούτῳ καθαρὸν τυγχάνον δίδωσι προσένεγκασθαι. τῶν γοῦν λαχάνων
+ὀρμένοις μὲν συγχωρεῖ χρῆσθαι, ῥίζαις δὲ ἀπαγορεύει καὶ μάλιστα ταῖς
+ἐντρεφομέναις καὶ συμπαθούσαις τῇ γῇ. καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν δένδρων μῆλα μὲν ὡς
+ἱερὰ καὶ χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀρρήτων ἄθλων καὶ τελεστικῶν εἰκόνας καταφθείρειν οὐκ
+ἐπέτρεψε καὶ καταναλίσκειν, ἄξιά γε ἄντα τῶν ἀρχετύπων χάριν τοῦ σέβεσθαί
+τε καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι· [B] ῥοιὰς δὲ ὡς φυτὸν χθόνιον παρῃτήσατο, καὶ τοῦ
+φοίνικος δὲ τὸν καρπὸν ἴσως μὲν ἄν τις εἴποι διὰ τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι περὶ τὴν
+Φρυγίαν, ἔνθα πρῶτον ὁ θεσμὸς κατέστη· ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ μᾶλλον ὡς ἱερὸν ἡλίου
+τὸ φυτὸν ἀγήρων τε ὂν οὐ συγχωρῆσαι καταναλίσκειν ἐν ταῖς ἀγιστείαις εἰς
+τροφὴν σώματος. ἐπὶ τούτοις ἀπηγόρευται ἰχθύσιν ἅπασι χρῆσθαι. κοινὸν δέ
+ἐστι τοῦτο [C] καὶ πρὸς Αἰγυπτίους τὸ πρόβλημα. δοκεῖ δὲ ἔμοιγε δυοῖν
+ἕνεκεν ἄν τις ἰχθύων μάλιστα μὲν ἀεί, πάντως δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἁγιστείαις
+ἀποσχέσθαι, ἑνὸς μέν, ὅτι τούτων, ἃ μὴ θύομεν τοῖς θεοῖς, οὐδὲ σιτεῖσθαι
+προσήκει. δέος δὲ ἴσως οὐδέν, μή πού τις ἐνταῦθα λίχνος καὶ γάστρις
+ἐπιλάβηταί μου, ὥς που καὶ πρότερον ἤδη παθὼν αὐτὸ διαμνημονεύω, “Διὰ τί
+δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ θύομεν αὐτῶν πολλάκις τοῖς θεοῖς”; εἰπόντος ἀκούσας. ἀλλ᾽
+εἴχομέν τι καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο εἰπεῖν. [D] καὶ θύομέν γε, ἔφην, ὦ μακάριε, ἔν
+τισι τελεστικαῖς θυσίαις, ὡς ἵππον Ῥωμαῖοι, ὡς πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα θηρία καὶ
+ζῷα, κύνας ἴσως Ἕλληνες Ἑκάτῃ καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι δέ· καὶ πολλὰ παρ᾽ ἄλλοις ἐστὶ
+τῶν τελεστικῶν, καὶ δημοσίᾳ ταῖς πόλεσιν ἅπαξ τοῦ ἔτους ἢ δὶς τοιαῦτα
+θύματα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις, ὧν μόνων κοινωνεῖν ἄξιον καὶ
+τραπεζοῦν θεοῖς. τοὺς δὲ ἰχθύας ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις οὐ θύομεν, ὅτι μήτε
+νέμομεν, [177] μήτε τῆς γενέσεως αὐτῶν ἐπιμελούμεθα, μήτε ἡμῖν εἰσιν
+ἀγέλαι καθάπερ προβάτων καὶ βοῶν οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων. ταῦτα μὲν γὰρ ὑφ᾽
+ἡμῶν βοηθούμενα τὰ ζῷα καὶ πληθύνοντα διὰ τοῦτο δικαίως ἂν ἡμῖν εἴς τε τὰς
+ἄλλας χρείας ἐπικουροίη καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων ἐς τιμητηρίους θυσίας. εἷς
+μὲν δὴ λόγος οὗτος, δι᾽ ὃν οὐκ οἶμαι δεῖν ἰχθὺν ἐν ἁγνείας καιρῷ
+προσφέρεσθαι τροφήν. ἕτερος δέ, ὃν καὶ μᾶλλον ἡγοῦμαι τοῖς προειρημένοις
+ἁρμόζειν, ὅτι τρόπον τινὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ κατὰ τοῦ βυθοῦ δεδυκότες εἶεν [B] ἂν
+χθονιώτεροι τῶν σπερμάτων, ὁ δὲ ἐπιθυμῶν ἀναπτῆναι καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὲρ τὸν
+ἀέρα πρὸς αὐτὰς οὐρανοῦ πτῆναι κορυφὰς δικαίως ἂν ἀποστρέφοιτο πάντα τὰ
+τοιαῦτα, μεταθέοι δὲ καὶ μετατρέχοι τὰ τεινόμενα πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα καὶ
+σπεύδοντα πρὸς τὸ ἄναντες καί, ἵνα ποιητικώτερον(880) εἴπω, πρὸς τὸν
+οὐρανὸν ὁρῶντα.(881) ὄρνισιν οὖν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι πλὴν ὀλίγων, οὓς ἱεροὺς
+εἶναι πάντῃ συμβέβηκε, καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων τοῖς συνήθεσιν ἔξω [C] τοῦ
+χοίρου. τοῦτον δὲ ὡς χθόνιον πάντη μορφῇ τε καὶ τῷ βίῳ καὶ αὐτῷ τῷ τῆς
+οὐσίας λόγῳ. περιττωματικός τε γὰρ καὶ παχὺς τὴν σάρκα· τῆς ἱερᾶς
+ἀποκηρύττει τροφῆς. φίλον γὰρ εἶναι πεπίστευται θῦμα τοῖς χθονίοις θεοῖς
+οὐκ ἀπεικότως. ἀθέατον γάρ ἐστιν οὐρανοῦ τουτὶ τὸ ζῷον, οὐ μόνον οὐ
+βουλόμενον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ πεφυκὸς ἀναβλέψαι ποτέ. τοιαύτας μὲν δὴ αἰτίας ὑπὲρ
+τῆς ἀποχῆς ὧν ἀπέχεσθαι δεῖ εἴρηκεν ὁ θεῖος θεσμός· [D] οἱ ξυνιέντες δὲ
+κοινούμεθα τοῖς ἐπισταμένοις θεούς.
+
+(For this reason then the ordinance forbids us first to eat those fruits
+that grow downwards in the earth. For the earth is the last and lowest of
+things. And Plato also says(882) that evil, exiled from the gods, now
+moves on earth; and in the oracles the gods often call the earth refuse,
+and exhort us to escape thence. And so, in the first place, the life‐
+generating god who is our providence does not allow us to use to nourish
+our bodies fruits that grow under the earth; and thereby enjoins that we
+turn our eyes towards the heavens, or rather above the heavens.(883) One
+kind of fruit of the earth, however, some people do eat, I mean fruit in
+pods, because they regard this as a vegetable rather than a fruit, since
+it grows with a sort of upward tendency and is upright, and not rooted
+below the soil; I mean that it is rooted like the fruit of the ivy that
+hangs on a tree or of the vine that hangs on a stem. For this reason then
+we are forbidden to eat seeds and certain plants, but we are allowed to
+eat fruit and vegetables, only not those that creep on the ground, but
+those that are raised up from the earth and hang high in the air. It is
+surely for this reason that the ordinance bids us also avoid that part of
+the turnip which inclines to the earth since it belongs to the under
+world, but allows us to eat that part which grows upwards and attains to
+some height, since by that very fact it is pure. In fact it allows us to
+eat any vegetables that grow upwards, but forbids us roots, and especially
+those which are nourished in and influenced by the earth. Moreover in the
+case of trees it does not allow us to destroy and consume apples, for
+these are sacred and golden and are the symbols of secret and mystical
+rewards. Rather are they worthy to be reverenced and worshipped for the
+sake of their archetypes. And pomegranates are forbidden because they
+belong to the under‐world; and the fruit of the date‐palm, perhaps one
+might say because the date‐palm does not grow in Phrygia where the
+ordinance was first established. But my own theory is rather that it is
+because this tree is sacred to the sun, and is perennial, that we are
+forbidden to use it to nourish our bodies during the sacred rites. Besides
+these, the use of all kinds of fish is forbidden. This is a question of
+interest to the Egyptians as well as to ourselves. Now my opinion is that
+for two reasons we ought to abstain from fish, at all times if possible,
+but above all during the sacred rites. One reason is that it is not
+fitting that we should eat what we do not use in sacrifices to the gods.
+And perhaps I need not be afraid that hereupon some greedy person who is
+the slave of his belly will take me up, though as I remember that very
+thing happened to me once before; and then I heard someone objecting:
+“What do you mean? Do we not often sacrifice fish to the gods?” But I had
+an answer ready for this question also. “My good sir,” I said, “it is true
+that we make offerings of fish in certain mystical sacrifices, just as the
+Romans sacrifice the horse and many other animals too, both wild and
+domesticated, and as the Greeks and the Romans too sacrifice dogs to
+Hecate. And among other nations also many other animals are offered in the
+mystic cults; and sacrifices of that sort take place publicly in their
+cities once or twice a year. But that is not the custom in the sacrifices
+which we honour most highly, in which alone the gods deign to join us and
+to share our table. In those most honoured sacrifices we do not offer
+fish, for the reason that we do not tend fish, nor look after the breeding
+of them, and we do not keep flocks of fish as we do of sheep and cattle.
+For since we foster these animals and they multiply accordingly, it is
+only right that they should serve for all our uses and above all for the
+sacrifices that we honour most.” This then is one reason why I think we
+ought not to use fish for food at the time of the rite of purification.
+The second reason which is, I think, even more in keeping with what I have
+just said, is that, since fish also, in a manner of speaking, go down into
+the lowest depths, they, even more than seeds, belong to the under‐world.
+But he who longs to take flight upwards and to mount aloft above this
+atmosphere of ours, even to the highest peaks of the heavens, would do
+well to abstain from all such food. He will rather pursue and follow after
+things that tend upwards towards the air, and strive to the utmost height,
+and, if I may use a poetic phrase, look upward to the skies. Birds, for
+example, we may eat, except only those few which are commonly held
+sacred,(884) and ordinary four‐footed animals, except the pig. This animal
+is banned as food during the sacred rites because by its shape and way of
+life, and the very nature of its substance—for its flesh is impure and
+coarse—it belongs wholly to the earth. And therefore men came to believe
+that it was an acceptable offering to the gods of the under‐world. For
+this animal does not look up at the sky, not only because it has no such
+desire, but because it is so made that it can never look upwards. These
+then are the reasons that have been given by the divine ordinance for
+abstinence from such food as we ought to renounce. And we who comprehend
+share our knowledge with those who know the nature of the gods.)
+
+Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι λέγομεν τοσοῦτον, ὡς οὐ πᾶσιν ἅπαντα,(885) τὸ
+δυνατὸν δὲ ὁ θεῖος νόμος τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει σκοπῶν ἐπέτρεψε χρῆσθαι
+τουτοισὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς, οὐχ ἵνα πᾶσι πάντες ἐξ ἀνάγκης χρησώμεθα· τοῦτο μὲν
+γὰρ ἴσως οὐκ εὔκολον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως ἐκείνῳ, ὅτῳ ἄρα πρῶτον [178] μὲν ἡ τοῦ
+σώματος συγχωρεῖ(886) δύναμις, εἶτά τις περιουσία συντρέχει καὶ τρίτον ἡ
+προαίρεσις, ἣν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς οὕτως ἄξιον ἐπιτείνειν, ὥστε καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν
+τοῦ σώματος δύναμιν ὁρμᾶν καὶ προθυμεῖσθαι τοῖς θείοις ἀκολουθεῖν θεσμοῖς.
+ἔστι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο μάλιστα μὲν ἀνυσιμώτερον αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ πρὸς σωτηρίαν, εἰ
+μείζονα λόγον αὑτῆς, [B] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦ σώματος τῆς ἀσφαλείας ποιήσαιτο, πρὸς
+δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα μείζονος καὶ θαυμασιωτέρας φαίνεται λεληθότως τῆς
+ὠφελείας μεταλαγχάνον. ὅταν γὰρ ἡ ψυχὴ πᾶσαν ἑαυτὴν δῷ τοῖς θεοῖς, ὅλα τὰ
+καθ᾽ ἑαυτὴν ἐπιτρέψασα τοῖς κρείττοσιν, ἑπομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἁγιστείας καὶ
+πρό γε ταύτης τῶν θείων θεσμῶν ἡγουμένων, ὄντος οὐδενὸς λοιπὸν τοῦ
+ἀπείργοντος καὶ ἐμποδίζοντος· πάντα γάρ ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ πάντα περὶ
+αὐτοὺς ὑφέστηκε καὶ πάντα τῶν θεῶν ἐστι πλήρη· αὐτίκα μὲν αὐταῖς ἐλλάμπει
+τὸ θεῖον φῶς, θεωθεῖσαι δὲ αὗται τόνον τινὰ καὶ ῥώμην ἐπιτιθέασι [C] τῷ
+συμφύτῳ πνεύματι, τοῦτο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν στομούμενον ὥσπερ καὶ κρατυνόμενον
+σωτηρίας ἐστιν αἴτιον ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι. τὸ δὲ ὅτι μάλιστα μὲν πάσας τὰς
+νόσους, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅτι τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἐκ τῆς τοῦ πνεύματος εἶναι
+τροπῆς καὶ παραφορᾶς συμβέβηκεν, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οἶμαι τῶν Ἀσκληπιαδῶν οὐ
+φήσει.(887) οἱ μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάσας φασίν, οἱ δὲ τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας
+καὶ ἰαθῆναι χαλεπωτάτας· μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τούτοις [D] καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν λόγια,
+φημὶ δέ, ὅτι διὰ τῆς ἁγιστείας οὐχ ἡ ψυχὴ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σώματα
+βοηθείας πολλῆς καὶ σωτηρίας ἀξιοῦται· σώζεσθαι γάρ σφισι καὶ τὸ “πικρᾶς
+ὕλης περίβλημα βρότειον” οἱ θεοὶ τοῖς ὑπεράγνοις παρακελευόμενοι τῶν
+θεουργῶν κατεπαγγέλλονται.
+
+(And to the question what food is permitted I will only say this. The
+divine law does not allow all kinds of food to all men, but takes into
+account what is possible to human nature and allows us to eat most
+animals, as I have said. It is not as though we must all of necessity eat
+all kinds—for perhaps that would not be convenient—but we are to use first
+what our physical powers allow; secondly, what is at hand in abundance;
+thirdly, we are to exercise our own wills. But at the season of the sacred
+ceremonies we ought to exert those wills to the utmost so that we may
+attain to what is beyond our ordinary physical powers, and thus may be
+eager and willing to obey the divine ordinances. For it is by all means
+more effective for the salvation of the soul itself that one should pay
+greater heed to its safety than to the safety of the body. And moreover
+the body too seems thereby to share insensibly in that great and
+marvellous benefit. For when the soul abandons herself wholly to the gods,
+and entrusts her own concerns absolutely to the higher powers, and then
+follow the sacred rites—these too being preceded by the divine
+ordinances—then, I say, since there is nothing to hinder or prevent—for
+all things reside in the gods, all things subsist in relation to them, all
+things are filled with the gods—straightway the divine light illumines our
+souls. And thus endowed with divinity they impart a certain vigour and
+energy to the breath(888) implanted in them by nature; and so that breath
+is hardened as it were and strengthened by the soul, and hence gives
+health to the whole body. For I think not one of the sons of Asclepios
+would deny that all diseases, or at any rate very many and those the most
+serious, are caused by the disturbance and derangement of the breathing.
+Some doctors assert that all diseases, others that the greater number and
+the most serious and hardest to cure, are due to this. Moreover the
+oracles of the gods bear witness thereto, I mean that by the rite of
+purification not the soul alone but the body as well is greatly benefited
+and preserved. Indeed the gods when they exhort those theurgists who are
+especially holy, announce to them that their “mortal husk of raw
+matter”(889) shall be preserved from perishing.)
+
+Τίς οὖν ἡμῖν ὑπολείπεται λόγος, ἄλλως τε καὶ ἐν βραχεῖ νυκτὸς μέρει ταῦτα
+ἀπνευστὶ ξυνεῖραι(890) συγχωρηθεῖσιν, οὐδὲν οὔτε προανεγνωκόσιν οὔτε
+σκεψαμένοις περὶ αὐτῶν, [179] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ προελομένοις ὑπὲρ τούτων εἰπεῖν
+πρὶν ἢ τὰς δέλτους ταύτας αἰτῆσαι; μάρτυς δὲ ἡ θεός μοι τοῦ λόγου. ἀλλ᾽,
+ὅπερ ἔφην, τί τὸ λειπόμενον ἡμῖν ὑμνῆσαι τὴν θεὸν μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ τοῦ
+Διονύσου, ὧν δὴ καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς ἐν ταύταις ἔθετο ταῖς ἁγιστείαις ὁ νόμος;
+ὁρῶ μὲν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πρὸς τὴν Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν διὰ τῆς προνοητικῆς ἐν
+ἑκατέραις ταῖς οὐσίαις ὁμοιότητος [B] τὴν συγγένειαν ἐπισκοπῶ δὲ καὶ τὴν
+Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν, ἣν ἐκ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς καὶ μονίμου ζωῆς τοῦ
+μεγάλου Διὸς ὁ μέγας Διόνυσος παραδεξάμενος, ἅτε καὶ προελθὼν ἐξ ἐκείνου,
+τοῖς φαινομένοις ἅπασιν ἐγκατένειμεν, ἐπιτροπεύων καὶ βασιλεύων τῆς
+μεριστῆς συμπάσης δημιουργίας. προσήκει δὲ σὺν τούτοις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ τὸν
+Ἐπαφρόδιτον Ἑρμῆν· [C] καλεῖται γὰρ οὕτως ὑπὸ τῶν μυστῶν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος,
+ὅσοι λαμπάδας φασὶν ἀνάπτειν Ἄττιδι τῷ σοφῷ. τίς οὖν οὕτω παχὺς τὴν ψυχήν,
+ὃς οὐ συνίησιν, ὅτι δι᾽ Ἑρμοῦ μὲν καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ἀνακαλεῖται πάντα πανταχοῦ
+τὰ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχοντα τὸ ἕνεκά του(891) πάντη καὶ πάντως ὃ τοῦ λόγου
+μάλιστα ἴδιόν ἐστιν; Ἄττις δὲ οὐχ οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἄφρων, νῦν
+δὲ ἀκούων διὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν σοφός; ἄφρων μὲν ὅτι τὴν ὕλην εἵλετο καὶ τὴν
+γένεσιν ἐπιτροπεύει, σοφὸς δὲ ὅτι τὸ σκύβαλον τοῦτο εἰς κάλλος ἐκόσμησε
+τοσοῦτον [D] καὶ μετέστησεν, ὅσον οὐδεμί ἂν μιμήσαιτο ἀνθρώπων τέχνη καὶ
+σένεσις. ἀλλὰ τί πέρας ἔσται μοι τῶν λόγων; ἢ δῆλον ὡς ὁ τῆς μεγάλης ὕμνος
+θεοῦ;
+
+(And now what is left for me to say? Especially since it was granted me to
+compose this hymn at a breath, in the short space of one night, without
+having read anything on the subject beforehand, or thought it over. Nay, I
+had not even planned to speak thereof until the moment that I asked for
+these writing‐tablets. May the goddess bear witness to the truth of my
+words! Nevertheless, as I said before, does there not still remain for me
+to celebrate the goddess in her union with Athene and Dionysus? For the
+sacred law established their festivals at the very time of her sacred
+rites. And I recognise the kinship of Athene and the Mother of the Gods
+through the similarity of the forethought that inheres in the substance of
+both goddesses. And I discern also the divided creative function of
+Dionysus, which great Dionysus received from the single and abiding
+principle of life that is in mighty Zeus. For from Zeus he proceeded, and
+he bestows that life on all things visible, controlling and governing the
+creation of the whole divisible world. Together with these gods we ought
+to celebrate Hermes Epaphroditus.(892) For so this god is entitled by the
+initiated who say that he kindles the torches for wise Attis. And who has
+a soul so dense as not to understand that through Hermes and Aphrodite are
+invoked all generated things everywhere, since they everywhere and
+throughout have a purpose which is peculiarly appropriate to the
+Logos?(893) But is not this Logos Attis, who not long ago was out of his
+senses, but now through his castration is called wise? Yes, he was out of
+his senses because he preferred matter and presides over generation, but
+he is wise because he adorned and transformed this refuse, our earth, with
+such beauty as no human art or cunning could imitate. But how shall I
+conclude my discourse? Surely with this hymn to the Great Goddess.)
+
+Ὦ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων μῆτερ, ὦ τοῦ μεγάλου σύνθωκε καὶ σύνθρονε Διός, ὦ πηγὴ
+τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν, ὦ τῶν νοητῶν ταῖς ἀχράντοις οὐσίαις συνδραμοῦσα καὶ τὴν
+κοινὴν ἐκ πάντων αἰτίαν παραδεξαμένη [180] καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐνδιδοῦσα
+ζωογόνε θεὰ καὶ μῆτις καὶ πρόνοια καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν δημιουργέ, ὦ τὸν
+μέγαν Διόνυσον ἀγαπῶσα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ἐκτεθέντα περισωσαμένη καὶ πάλιν
+αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ γῆς ἄντρον καταδυόμενον ἐπανάγουσα, ὦ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν τοῖς
+νοεροῖς ἡγουμένη θεοῖς, πάντων δὲ ἀποπληροῦσα τὸν αἰσθητὸν κόσμον, πάντα
+δὲ ἡμῖν ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθὰ χαρισαμένη, δίδου πᾶσι [B] μὲν ἀνθρώποις
+εὐδαιμονίαν, ἧς τὸ κεφάλαιον ἡ τῶν θεῶν γνῶσίς ἐστι, κοινῇ δὲ τῷ Ῥωμαίων
+δήμῳ, μάλιστα μὲν ἀποτρίψασθαι τῆς ἀθεότητος τὴν κηλίδα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τὴν
+τύχην εὐμενῆ συνδιακυβερνῶσαν αὐτῷ τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς πολλὰς χιλιάδας ἐτῶν, ἐμοὶ
+δὲ καρπὸν γενέσθαι τῆς περὶ σὲ θεραπείας ἀλήθειαν ἐν τοῖς περὶ θεῶν
+δόγμασιν, ἐν θεουργίᾳ τελειότητα, πάντων ἔργων, οἷς προσερχόμεθα περὶ τὰς
+πολιτικὰς [C] καὶ στρατιωτικὰς πράξεις,(894) ἀρετὴν μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης
+καὶ τὸ τοῦ βίου πέρας ἄλυπον τε καὶ εὐδόκιμον μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος τῆς
+ἐπὶ τῇ παρ᾽ ὑμᾶς πορείᾳ.
+
+(O Mother of gods and men, thou that art the assessor of Zeus and sharest
+his throne, O source of the intellectual gods, that pursuest thy course
+with the stainless substance of the intelligible gods; that dost receive
+from them all the common cause of things and dost thyself bestow it on the
+intellectual gods; O life‐giving goddess that art the counsel and the
+providence and the creator of our souls; O thou that lovest great
+Dionysus, and didst save Attis when exposed at birth, and didst lead him
+back when he had descended into the cave of the nymph; O thou that givest
+all good things to the intellectual gods and fillest with all things this
+sensible world, and with all the rest givest us all things good! Do thou
+grant to all men happiness, and that highest happiness of all, the
+knowledge of the gods; and grant to the Roman people in general that they
+may cleanse themselves of the stain of impiety; grant them a blessed lot,
+and help them to guide their Empire for many thousands of years! And for
+myself, grant me as fruit of my worship of thee that I may have true
+knowledge in the doctrines about the gods. Make me perfect in theurgy. And
+in all that I undertake, in the affairs of the state and the army, grant
+me virtue and good fortune, and that the close of my life may be painless
+and glorious, in the good hope that it is to you, the gods, that I
+journey!)
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+_References to Homer are not given on account of their number._
+
+Achilles, 133, 143, 147, 155, 161, 181, 199, 255
+
+Acropolis, the, 445
+
+Adonis, 439, 440, 443
+
+Aeetes, 221
+
+Aeneas, 421
+
+Aeschines, 83
+
+Aeschylus, 199, 409
+
+Agamemnon, 133, 145, 181, 199, 253, 263
+
+Agesilaus, 39, 113, 279
+
+Ajax, 147, 189
+
+Alcibiades, 33
+
+Alcinous, 141, 255, 281, 283
+
+Alexander, 25, 45, 107, 111, 119, 145, 193, 229, 253, 255, 287
+
+Alexandria, 429
+
+Aloadae, the, 73
+
+Alps, the, 193, 199
+
+Amazon, the, 339
+
+Ammianus, Marcellinus, 365
+
+Antioch, 105
+
+Antiochus, king, 167
+
+Antony, 45
+
+Aphrodite, 351, 411, 419, 421, 501
+
+Apollo, 348, 357, 369, 391, 393, 409
+
+Aquileia, 99, 191, 193
+
+Arabs, the, 53
+
+Arcadians, the, 207
+
+Arcesilaus, 279
+
+Archidamus, 207
+
+Archilochus, 215
+
+Archimedes, 75
+
+Areopagus, the, 163
+
+Argolis, 317
+
+Argos, 285, 317
+
+Arion, 297
+
+Aristophanes, 215, 257
+
+Aristotle, 279, 287, 353, 354, 359, 362, 363, 389, 405, 415, 453, 455,
+            457, 499
+
+Armenians, the, 47, 53
+
+Arsaces, 53
+
+Asclepios, 393, 395, 419, 499
+
+Assyria, 223, 337
+
+Astyages, 83
+
+Athenaeus, 255
+
+Athene, 281, 285, 305, 351, 407, 409, 411, 419, 463, 499
+
+Athenians, the, 55, 485
+
+Athens, 21, 73, 305, 317
+
+Athos, 211
+
+Atlantic, the, 149
+
+Attalids, the, 445
+
+Attis, 439, 440, 443‐503
+
+Augustine, Saint, 385
+
+Augustus, 45
+
+Aurelian, 425
+
+Azizos, 413, 423
+
+Baal, 413
+
+Babylon, 223, 287, 337
+
+Brennus, 77
+
+Briseis, 199
+
+Cadmus, 217
+
+Caesar, Julius, 223
+
+Calypso, 301, 302
+
+Cambyses, 107, 287, 313
+
+Cancer, tropic of, 481, 485
+
+Capaneus, 151, 295
+
+Capitoline, the, 77, 421
+
+Capricorn, tropic of, 427, 481, 485
+
+Caria, 169
+
+Carians, the, 151
+
+Carrhae, 45
+
+Carthage, 83, 105, 449
+
+Carthaginians, the, 35, 39, 41, 75, 199, 445
+
+Carus, Emperor, 45
+
+Catullus, 439, 467
+
+Celts, the, 29, 33, 77, 89, 149, 329
+
+Chaldaeans, the, 429, 483
+
+Cimon, 341
+
+Circe, 301
+
+Claudia, 447
+
+Claudius, Emperor, 17, 137
+
+Cleon, 65
+
+Cnossus, 219
+
+Colophon, 215
+
+Commodus, 349
+
+Constans, 23, 25, 43, 249, 251
+
+Constantine, 19, 23, 43, 139, 249
+
+Constantine II, 23, 43, 249, 251
+
+Constantinople, 15, 21, 105
+
+Constantius, 3‐127, 305, 309, 311, 315, 321, 327, 343, 351
+
+Constantius Chlorus, 17, 139
+
+Corinth, 317
+
+Corybants, 319, 467, 469
+
+Crassus, 45
+
+Crete, 169
+
+Cumont, 348, 351, 439
+
+Cyaxares, 113
+
+Cybele, 349, 439, 440, 443‐503
+
+Cyprus, 369, 391
+
+Cyrus, 23, 25, 33, 83, 107, 113, 207, 279, 287
+
+Cyrus the Younger, 279
+
+Damascius, 483
+
+Danube, the, 193, 287
+
+Darius, 85, 227, 313
+
+Darius III, 253
+
+Demeter, 483
+
+Demosthenes, 67, 83, 87, 91, 205
+
+Deo, 483, 485
+
+Dio Chrysostom, 231
+
+Diocletian, 19
+
+Dionysus, 333, 351, 369, 393, 395, 407, 417, 419, 499, 501, 503
+
+Dioscorides, 255
+
+Dioscuri, the, 401
+
+Drave, the, 161, 259
+
+Dulichium, 295
+
+Egypt, 313
+
+Egyptians, the, 317, 429, 493
+
+Eleusinian Mysteries, 483
+
+Emesa, 413, 423
+
+Empedocles, 373, 379
+
+Epicureans, the, 451
+
+Euboea, 341
+
+Euphrates, the, 337
+
+Eupolis, 85
+
+Euripides, 81, 227, 257, 261, 331
+
+Eusebia, Empress, 273‐345
+
+Eustathius, 409
+
+Evadne, 295
+
+Fausta, 19, 23
+
+Franks, the, 91
+
+Frazer, 439, 471
+
+Galatia (Gaul), 35, 67, 329, 345
+
+Galatians (Gauls), 77, 89
+
+Galerius (Maximianus), 45
+
+Galli, the, 439, 467
+
+Gallus, 115, 443, 471, 473
+
+Gallus, the river, 451, 461
+
+Gallus Caesar, vii, 273
+
+Germans, the, 149, 199
+
+Getae, the, 25
+
+Gibbon, 53
+
+Graces, the, 401, 407
+
+Gyges, 41
+
+Hades, 351, 369
+
+Harrison, 439
+
+Hecate, 493
+
+Hector, 147, 179, 181, 189, 193
+
+Helen, 253
+
+Heliaia, the, 425, 429
+
+Helicon, 285
+
+Heliogabalus, 413
+
+Helios, Hymn to, 353‐435, 451, 461, 467, 471
+
+Heneti (Veneti), 193
+
+Hera, 373
+
+Heracleidae, the, 35, 37, 217
+
+Heracleitus, 463
+
+Heracles, 139, 151, 219, 257, 285, 465, 467
+
+Hermes, 357, Epaphroditus, 501
+
+Herodotus, 23, 33, 211, 227, 229, 267, 285, 313, 337, 339
+
+Hesiod, 151, 351, 371
+
+Hilaria, the, 471, 473, 489
+
+Hipparchus, 429
+
+Homerids, the, 141
+
+Horace, 33, 217, 423
+
+Horus, 407
+
+Hyperion, 371
+
+Iamblichus, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353, 359, 365, 397, 399, 401, 411, 413,
+            433, 441, 453, 483
+
+Iberians, the, 149
+
+Illyria, 15, 67, 205, 287
+
+Illyrians, the, 91, 215
+
+India, 91, 193
+
+Ionia, 317
+
+Iris, 181
+
+Isis, 349
+
+Isocrates, 3, 7, 193, 229, 231
+
+Italy, 67
+
+Ithaca, 295
+
+Juno, 421
+
+Jupiter, 77
+
+Kronia, the, 431
+
+Kronos, 429
+
+Lacedaemonians, the, 33, 35
+
+Laodameia, 295
+
+Latin, 209
+
+Leda, 219
+
+Leonidas, 261
+
+Libanius, 3
+
+Libra, 485
+
+Licinius, 97
+
+Ligurians, the, 193
+
+Livy, 423, 445
+
+Lucifer, 413
+
+Lycurgus, 37
+
+Lycus, the, 199
+
+Lydia, 211
+
+Lydians, the, 41, 287
+
+Lysander, 39, 113
+
+Macedonia, 211, 285, 287, 289, 295
+
+Macedonians, the, 45, 253
+
+Macrobius, 363, 369, 401
+
+Magnentius, 5, 79, 81, 87, 88, 147, 193, 251, 253
+
+Marcellinus, 155
+
+Marcellus, 75
+
+Mases, 317
+
+Maxentius, 21
+
+Maximianus, 17, 25
+
+Maximus of Ephesus, 483
+
+Medes, the, 73, 33, 287
+
+Memnon, 221
+
+Menander (rhetorician), 3, 348
+
+Menelaus, 263
+
+Menestheus, 143
+
+Meriones, 141
+
+Messene, 75
+
+Methymna, 297
+
+Metroum, the, 445
+
+Midas, 227
+
+Milan, 273
+
+Minos, 219
+
+Misopogon, the, 303
+
+Mithras, 348, 349, 353, 361, 401, 425, 440, 483
+
+Monimos, 413
+
+Muses, the, 357, 393, 395, 417, 419
+
+Mygdonius, the, 69, 165, 167
+
+Myrmecides, 299
+
+Myrsa, 93, 125
+
+Nausicaa, 281, 301
+
+Naville, 350
+
+Nestor, 143, 181, 199
+
+Nicias, 65
+
+Nile, the, 69, 317
+
+Nisaean horses, 135
+
+Nitocris, Queen, 227, 337
+
+Norici, the, 93
+
+Numa, King, 425, 427
+
+Oceanus, 351, 373, 403, 405
+
+Odysseus, 31, 83, 199, 203, 205, 255, 303, 371
+
+Olympia, games at, 209, 223
+
+Olympus, 285
+
+Oricus, 287
+
+Osiris, 369
+
+Ovid, 423, 445
+
+Palatine, the, 421
+
+Pandareos, 155
+
+Pandarus, 141
+
+Pannonia (Paeonia), 49, 53, 77, 91, 93, 259
+
+Paris, 263
+
+Parthia, 35
+
+Parthians, the, 33, 35, 57, 61, 199
+
+Parysatis, 23
+
+Patroclus, 193
+
+Peirene, 319
+
+Pelopids, the, 217
+
+Peloponnesus, the, 341
+
+Penelope, 281, 295, 301, 303, 305, 339, 341
+
+Penthesilea, 339
+
+Pergamon, 445
+
+Pericles, 85, 341, 343
+
+Persephone, 440, 483
+
+Persians, the, 45, 47, 69, 91, 253, 287, 350
+
+Phaeacians, the, 301
+
+Phaethon, 223
+
+Pheidias, 145, 299
+
+Philip of Macedon, 25, 287
+
+Phocian war, the, 87
+
+Phoenicians, the, 363, 411
+
+Phrygia, 449, 493
+
+Phrygians, the, 443, 447
+
+Pieria, 285
+
+Pindar, 21, 309, 358, 371
+
+Pittacus, 135
+
+Plataeans, the, 75
+
+Plato, 29, 36, 135, 183, 185, 187, 199, 211, 217, 219, 227, 229, 231, 233,
+            235, 239, 243, 279, 349, 351, 353, 354, 359, 369, 379, 381,
+            383, 391, 393, 395, 397, 399, 405, 411, 417, 440, 448, 453,
+            455, 457, 483, 485
+
+Plautus, 229
+
+Plotinus, 348, 349, 353, 397, 440, 441, 451, 459
+
+Plutarch, 193, 279, 341, 348, 350, 405, 423, 440, 485
+
+Po, river, 199
+
+Porphyry, 353, 385, 441, 451, 467, 481, 495
+
+Poseidon, 259, 283
+
+Praxiteles, 145
+
+Priam, 193, 253
+
+Proclus, 393, 411, 431, 483
+
+Prodicus, 151
+
+Propertius, 447
+
+Ptolemy, Claudius, 429
+
+Ptolemy Soter, 369
+
+Pylos, 65, 75
+
+Pyramids, the, 223
+
+Pythian oracle, the, 211
+
+Pytho, 223
+
+Quintilian, 273
+
+Quirinus (Romulus), 423, 425
+
+Remus, 423
+
+Renan, 349
+
+Rhadamanthus, 219
+
+Rhine, the, 193, 345
+
+Rhodogyne, 337
+
+Rhodopis, 337
+
+Romans, the, 261, 419, 443, 449, 493, 503
+
+Rome, 13, 15, 17, 75, 77, 259, 343, 357, 413, 421, 425, 449
+
+Romulus, 23, 421, 425
+
+Sallust, 351, 353, 431, 441, 461, 477
+
+Samos, 295, 313, 341
+
+Sapor, King, 53, 61, 63, 69, 73, 169
+
+Sappho, 293
+
+Sarambos, 229
+
+Sarpedon, 147, 159, 173, 179
+
+Saturn, 429
+
+Saxons, the, 91
+
+Scamander, the, 161
+
+Scheria, 303
+
+Scipio, 449
+
+Scythians, the, 77, 91
+
+Selene, 411, 423
+
+Seleucus, 105
+
+Semiramis, 337
+
+Serapis, 349, 351, 369
+
+Showerman, 348
+
+Sicily, 67, 199, 445
+
+Sicyon, 317
+
+Silius Italicus, 445
+
+Silvanus, 125, 259, 261
+
+Silvia, 423
+
+Simonides, 9
+
+Socrates, 211, 255, 279
+
+Sogdiana, 193
+
+Sophocles, 358
+
+Sparta, 207, 317
+
+Spartans, the, 261
+
+Sparti, the, 217
+
+Stobaeus, 229
+
+Stoics, the, 499
+
+Syloson, 313
+
+Syracuse, 75
+
+Syria, 69
+
+Syrians, the, 423
+
+Taenarum, 297
+
+Tantalus, 227
+
+Telemachus, 141
+
+Temenus, 285
+
+Terpander, 297
+
+Tertullian, 348
+
+Teucer, 141
+
+Thales, 335
+
+Thea, 371
+
+Themistius, 193, 205, 229, 453
+
+Theophrastus, 453
+
+Thermopylae, 259
+
+Thessalians, the, 83, 289
+
+Thessalonica, 289
+
+Thessaly, 169
+
+Thrace, 287, 317
+
+Tiber, the, 445
+
+Tigris, the, 57, 149, 167, 199
+
+Tiranus, 53
+
+Tiridates, 53
+
+Tomyris, Queen, 339
+
+Troy, 257
+
+Typho, 151
+
+Usener, 425
+
+Veneti, the, 191
+
+Vesta, 423
+
+Vetranio, 5, 67, 77, 79, 123, 193, 205, 207
+
+Wilamowitz, 351
+
+Xenarchus, 453
+
+Xenophon, 37, 151, 207, 279
+
+Xerxes, 73, 109, 169, 211
+
+Zeller, 407
+
+Zeus, 351, 371, 391, 393, 407, 409, 477, 501
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 The chief sources for the life of Julian are his _Orations_, his
+      _Letter to the Athenians_, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the _Orations_
+      and _Epistles_ of Libanius.
+
+    2 fr. 89.
+
+    3 Epistle, 33.
+
+    4 352 A.
+
+    5 236 A.
+
+    6 The text of the present edition is Hertlein’s, revised.
+
+    7 ψεῦδος V.
+
+    8 τὴν δύναμιν Wyttenbach, δύνασθαι τὴν MSS, Hertlein.
+
+    9 Vetranio.
+
+   10 Magnentius.
+
+   11 Isocrates, _Panegyricus_, 42 C.
+
+   12 τοῦ Reiske adds.
+
+   13 τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, τότε προλαβοῦσιν MSS.
+
+   14 σε Schaefer adds.
+
+   15 Simonides _fr._ 66. Horace, _Odes_ 3. 2. 25.
+
+   16 καὶ Reiske adds.
+
+   17 ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν MSS.
+
+   18 γεγόνασιν· οὐκοῦν ὡς MSS, οὔκουν ἀλλ᾽ ὡς M, οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ ὡς
+      Hertlein suggests.
+
+   19 ἐκγόνων Wright, ἐγγόνων MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   20 σε Schaefer adds.
+
+   21 ἐθέλοιμ᾽ ἄν Cobet, ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν Hertlein, εὔχομαι MSS.
+
+   22 δόξης Wyttenbach ἀξίας MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   23 Rome.
+
+   24 Rome.
+
+   25 τῶν Hertlein adds.
+
+   26 πρᾴως Cobet, ὁσίως MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   27 Constantius Chlorus and Maximianus.
+
+   28 Diocletian.
+
+   29 Constantine and Fausta.
+
+   30 Maxentius.
+
+   31 Constantinople.
+
+   32 Pindar _fr._ 46.
+
+   33 τε Cobet, εὖ MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   34 Herodotus 3. 89.
+
+   35 Constantine II. and Constans.
+
+   36 συνέβαινε Reiske, lacuna Hertlein.
+
+   37 οὔσης Wyttenbach adds, περιουσίας· MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   38 ἄν Schaefer adds.
+
+   39 ἔκγονοι Petavius, ἔγγονοι MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   40 γεγόνασιν Wyttenbach adds.
+
+   41 σε Wyttenbach adds.
+
+   42 Maximianus.
+
+   43 Constans.
+
+   44 καὶ Wyttenbach adds.
+
+   45 ποιεῖσθαι Wyttenbach, ποιεῖσθαι εἶναι δὲ MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   46 ἀναβιβάζοντα Cobet, ἀνάγοντα MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   47 Isocrates, _Evagoras_ 21.
+
+   48 Romulus.
+
+   49 _Republic_ 467 E.
+
+   50 τὰς πόλεις Cobet, ταῖς πόλεσιν MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   51 τῷ μὲν ὃς Wright, τὸν μὲν MSS, Hertlein, τὸ μὲν V.
+
+   52 Herodotus 1. 114.
+
+   53 πρῶτον Cobet adds.
+
+   54 ἤνεγκας Cobet, διήνεγκας MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   55 ἢ Reiske adds.
+
+   56 περιουσίαν Petavius, γερουσίαν MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   57 ἄρξοντα Hertlein suggests, ἄρχοντα MSS.
+
+   58 διαφυλάττοντα [καὶ] Hertlein.
+
+   59 ἄρξουσιν Cobet, ἄρχουσιν MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   60 παραδυομένη Wright, cf. Rep. 424 D, ὑποδυομένη MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   61 ἐνέτεκεν Wyttenbach, ἐντεκεῖν MSS, Hertlein, πέφυκεν ἐντεκεῖν
+      Petavius.
+
+   62 Cf. Aeschines _Against Ctesiphon_ 78. Horace _Epistles_ 1. 11. 27.
+
+   63 cf. Xenophon _Rep. Lac._ 15. 7.
+
+   64 τὰ Wyttenbach adds.
+
+   65 λαθεῖν Cobet, τὸ λαθεῖν MSS, Hertlein, τοῦ λαθεῖν Schaefer.
+
+   66 τι δρῶντα Spanheim, ἱδρῶτα MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   67 τροφῆς MSS, Cobet, διατροφῆς V, Hertlein.
+
+   68 κατακτησάμενος Cobet κτησάμενος MSS, Hertlein, καταχρησάμενος V.
+
+   69 δεόμενος MSS, Cobet, ἐνδεόμενος Hertlein.
+
+   70 Gyges.
+
+   71 ἰσηγορίας Petavius, ἴσης παρηγορίας MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   72 At Nicomedia 337 A.D.
+
+   73 Isocrates, _Evagoras_ 1.
+
+   74 Constans and Constantine.
+
+   75 φέροντες πρὸς MSS.
+
+   76 ὅσπερ . . . . στρατηγός MSS.
+
+   77 ἡ Schaefer adds.
+
+   78 πεντήκοντα μναῖς Reiske, Cobet, μνᾶς MSS.
+
+   79 ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς Petavius, Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἀλυσιτελὲς
+      MSS.
+
+   80 Defeated at Carrhae B.C. 53: the Roman standards were recovered by
+      Augustus B.C. 20.
+
+   81 Emperor 282‐283 A.D.
+
+   82 Galerius Maximianus, son‐in‐law of Diocletian, was defeated in
+      Mesopotamia, 296 A.D., by Narses.
+
+   83 Diocletian.
+
+   84 The provinces of the East.
+
+   85 Regularly in Greek for Pannonia.
+
+   86 πραγμάτων θορύβου Wyttenbach, θορύβου πραγμάτων MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   87 ἀναγκαίου Capps suggests, γενναίου MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   88 πορείαις ταχείαις Capps suggests, πορείας μὲν τάχει MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   89 ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Petavius, ἀθρόως ἐκ MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   90 Tiranus, King of Armenia, was now, 337 A.D., deposed and imprisoned
+      by Sapor. His son, Arsaces, succeeded him in 341. Julian is
+      describing the interregnum. Gibbon, chap. 18, wrongly ascribes these
+      events to the reign of Tiridates, who died 314 A.D.
+
+   91 ὰς λειτουργίας Reiske adds.
+
+   92 ἐν Reiske adds.
+
+   93 καιρὸν Cobet, εὔκαιρον MSS, Hertlein. ἄκαιρον V, ἀκαριᾶιον Hertlein
+      conjectures.
+
+   94 δὲ Wright, τε Schaefer, Hertlein.
+
+   95 διατρίψας Cobet, τρίψας MSS, Hertlein.
+
+   96 ἀνανδρίας [καὶ δειλίας] Hertlein. M omits καὶ before δειλίας, hence
+      Petavius omits δειλίας.
+
+   97 χρησαμένου Hertlein suggests, χρησάμενον V, χρησαμένην MSS.
+
+   98 κελεύοντος σοῦ Hertlein suggests, κελεύοντος MSS.
+
+   99 τῷ πολλὰς Cobet, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  100 τὸ Cobet, τῷ MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  101 ἀγωνισαμένους Rouse suggests, ἀγωνισομένους MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  102 διαδραμόντες Naber, δραμόντες MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  103 τοὺς ὑπὲρ MSS, Cobet (τοὺς ἀμυνομένους) ὑπὲρ Hertlein.
+
+  104 In Mesopotamia, 348 A.D. (Bury argues for 344 A.D.)
+
+  105 Sapor.
+
+  106 Sapor’s son.
+
+  107 ἡγητέον Schaefer, ἡγεῖ τὸ δὲ Cobet, Hertlein, ἡγεῖτο δὲ V, M, ἡγῇ τὸ
+      δὲ MSS.
+
+  108 καὶ Reiske, ὃ καὶ MSS.
+
+  109 κρινοῦντα Cobet, κρίνοντα MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  110 διεξιέναι Reiske, lacuna Hertlein following Petavius.
+
+  111 καίτοι Reiske, καὶ MSS, Hertlein. Petavius omits καὶ.
+
+  112 παρασκευῆς V, παρασκευῆς ἁπάσης MSS.
+
+  113 cf. Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 169.
+
+  114 Gaul.
+
+  115 Vetranio.
+
+  116 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 61.
+
+  117 ἐπάγειν Hertlein suggests, ἐπάξοντες Wyttenbach, ἐπαύξουσι V,
+      ἐπάξουσι MSS.
+
+  118 σέλματα Reiske, ἕρματα MSS, Herlein. Reiske suggests συντριβομένων.
+      ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς δὲ μηχανημάτων καὶ βελῶν πλῆθος.
+
+  119 ὀλλυμένων Cobet, ἀπολλυμένων MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  120 Nisibis.
+
+  121 cf. _Iliad_, 4. 451. ὀλλύντων τε καὶ ὀλλυμένων.
+
+  122 εὗρον τὸν Cobet, ηὕροντο Hertlein, εὗρον τὸν V, εὕραντο MSS.
+
+  123 Sapor.
+
+  124 _Odyssey_ 8. 49.
+
+  125 ἀρκεῖ Cobet, ἤρκει MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  126 Archimedes.
+
+  127 Marcellus 212 B.C.
+
+  128 The Galatians, _i.e._ the Gauls, and Celts are often thus
+      incorrectly distinguished, cf. 34 C. 36 B. 124 A.
+
+  129 390 B.C. under Brennus.
+
+  130 The Capitoline.
+
+  131 πόλιν Reiske, τὴν πόλιν MSS.
+
+  132 γεγόνασιν; Wright, γεγόνασιν. Hertlein.
+
+  133 Vetranio.
+
+  134 Magnentius.
+
+  135 πλέον ἔχειν Hertlein suggests, πλέον MSS.
+
+  136 σε Hertlein adds.
+
+  137 πάντως Hertlein suggests, ἄλλως MSS, cf. 222 A 353 C.
+
+  138 καὶ Hertlein adds.
+
+  139 σὲ Reiske adds.
+
+  140 Vetranio.
+
+  141 Magnentius.
+
+  142 Magnentius.
+
+  143 Demosthenes, _De Chersoneso_ 42.
+
+  144 Euripides, _Andromache_ 1146.
+
+  145 A proverb for necessity disguised as a choice, cf. 274 C.
+
+  146 σ᾽ Reiske adds.
+
+  147 ἴσως Hertlein suggests.
+
+  148 στρατηγεῖον Cobet, Hertlein, στρατήγιον MSS.
+
+  149 After τῷ Petavius adds σῷ.
+
+  150 ἡ Cobet, ἣ Reiske adds, Hertlein.
+
+  151 ἐγκαταλιπεῖν ἰσχύσασα Cobet, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἴσχυσε Schaefer, Hertlein,
+      ἐναπολιπεῖν ἰσχύσαι MSS.
+
+  152 ἐν Reiske adds, ἐλέγχου σοι V.
+
+  153 Aeschines, _Ctesiphon_ 74. 18.
+
+  154 From the description of the oratory of Pericles, Eupolis _fr._ 94:
+      πειθώ τις ἐπεκάθιζεν ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσιν· | οὕτως ἐκήλει καὶ μόνος τῶν
+      ῥητόρων | τὸ κέντρον ἐγκατέλειπε τοῖς ἀκροωμάνοις. Cf. 426 B.
+
+  155 συστῆναι Petavius, Cobet, ἐνστῆναι Schaefer, Hertlein, στῆναι MSS.
+
+  156 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 230, a favourite common‐place.
+
+  157 Magnentius.
+
+  158 ὧν εἴς τε Schaefer, ὧν τε εἰς Hertlein, εἰς V, ἐς MSS.
+
+  159 ὡς Hertlein adds.
+
+  160 ἂν Schaefer adds.
+
+  161 ἄκοντες Reiske, Hertlein, ἁλόντες MSS.
+
+  162 τε Wyttenbach adds.
+
+  163 περὶ Hertlein suggests.
+
+  164 [καὶ] τοσοῦτον Hertlein.
+
+  165 Gauls.
+
+  166 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 153.
+
+  167 Gaul.
+
+  168 351 A.D.
+
+  169 Demosthenes, _Olynthiac_ l. 23.
+
+  170 ἐπὶ κέρως Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἐπικαίρως MSS.
+
+  171 θράσους Wyttenbach, Cobet, θράσος MSS, Hertlein. πρὸς . . . καὶ τοῦ
+      Hertlein suggests, καὶ πρὸς . . . τοῦ MSS.
+
+  172 In Pannonia 353 A.D.
+
+  173 Gallic.
+
+  174 ἦγες V, Hertlein, εἶχες MSS.
+
+  175 ἐκ Reiske adds.
+
+  176 Licinius.
+
+  177 cf. _Oration_ 2. 57 C.
+
+  178 τοῖς ποθοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, ποθοῦσιν MSS.
+
+  179 After φαινόμενον Reiske thinks ἐπέδειξε has fallen out.
+
+  180 Aquileia.
+
+  181 ἀνόσιος Cobet, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ θεὸς V, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ θεὸς MSS.
+
+  182 νίκης
+
+  183 Gaul.
+
+  184 In wrestling, the third fall secured the victory. Cf. _Or._ 2. 74 C.
+
+  185 355 A.D.
+
+  186 ἐξ Reiske, τῶν ἐξ MSS.
+
+  187 πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ Wyttenbach, ἐπώνυμόν σοι ἑαυτὴν Reiske, πόλιν
+      ἐπώνυμον MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  188 ἔχειν Hertlein suggests.
+
+  189 Seleucus son of Antiochus.
+
+  190 Constantinople.
+
+  191 οὕτως Reiske adds.
+
+  192 σε Reiske adds.
+
+  193 Hertlein suggests ὁ.
+
+  194 ἐπὶ τῶν Cobet, διὰ τῶν Wyttenbach, Hertlein, τῶν V, τὸν MSS.
+
+  195 πλέον ἔχουσι Reiske, πλέον MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  196 Cyaxares.
+
+  197 οὖν ὅτι MSS.
+
+  198 An echo of Demosthenes, _Against Leptines_ 15.
+
+  199 Gallus 351 A.D.: then Julian 355 A.D.
+
+  200 σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.
+
+  201 σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.
+
+  202 τοσούτοις τῷ πλήθει V, τοσούτοις τὸ πλῆθος MSS.
+
+  203 γνησίους MSS, Cobet, γνησίως V, Hertlein.
+
+  204 M and Petavius omit πρὸς . . . ἐπιτρεπομένη.
+
+  205 μένει Wyttenbach, μένειν MSS, Hertlein, ἐπὶ πολὺ μένειν V and
+      Spanheim omit.
+
+  206 ἀνείλου Hertlein suggests, Cobet, cf. 94 D 95 A, εἵλω V, εἵλου MSS.
+
+  207 πιστεύσας καὶ MSS.
+
+  208 Vetranio.
+
+  209 τινὰ λύκον MSS, τινῶν λύκων Hertlein suggests.
+
+  210 τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.
+
+  211 Under Silvanus.
+
+  212 Gaul.
+
+  213 Silvanus.
+
+  214 355 A.D.
+
+  215 The peroration is lost.
+
+  216 56 B and 101 D.
+
+  217 74 D.
+
+  218 Agamemnon.
+
+  219 _Iliad_ 19. 56.
+
+  220 Μοῖραν Hertlein suggests, Μοίρας MSS.
+
+  221 _Republic_ 577 E.
+
+  222 κοινῇ μὲν Hertlein suggests, κοινῇ τε MSS, cf. 43 D, 51 D.
+
+  223 μηδὲ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.
+
+  224 _Iliad_ 6. 289.
+
+  225 Herodotus 7. 40; horses from the plain of Nisaea drew the chariot of
+      Xerxes when he invaded Greece.
+
+  226 _Iliad_ 2. 101.
+
+  227 [, ὁ δὲ] Πέλοπι Reiske, Hertlein.
+
+  228 [τῶν] βασιλευσάντων Hertlein.
+
+  229 Maximianus.
+
+  230 Constantius Chlorus.
+
+  231 Gaul.
+
+  232 Julian is in error; according to Bury, in Gibbon, Vol. 2, p. 588,
+      Spain was governed by Maximianus.
+
+  233 The Atlantic.
+
+  234 The Mediterranean.
+
+  235 _Iliad_ 20. 221.
+
+  236 θαρροῦντας Cobet, θαρρούντως MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  237 _Iliad_ 5. 222.
+
+  238 _Odyssey_ 4. 69 foll.
+
+  239 _Iliad_ 4. 97.
+
+  240 _Iliad_ 23. 870.
+
+  241 _Iliad_ 8. 266.
+
+  242 _Iliad_ 19. 385.
+
+  243 _Iliad_ 2. 552.
+
+  244 Nestor: _Iliad_ 2. 555.
+
+  245 The building of a wall with towers, to protect the ships, is
+      described in _Iliad_ 7. 436 foll.
+
+  246 By Praxiteles.
+
+  247 Alexander.
+
+  248 Agamemnon.
+
+  249 _Iliad_ 2. 761 foll.
+
+  250 _Odyssey_ 11. 550.
+
+  251 [τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.
+
+  252 Magnentius.
+
+  253 _Iliad_ 13. 20.
+
+  254 ὁπλίτης Cobet, ὁπλίτης πεζός MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  255 ξυνεπισπομένης Cobet, ξυνεπομένης V Hertlein ξυνεφεπομένης MSS.
+
+  256 (τὴν) Ἁρετὴν Hertlein, ἀρετὴν MSS.
+
+  257 βαρβαρίζων MSS., Hertlein, βατταρίζων Cobet, cf. Plato, _Theaetetus_
+      175 C.
+
+  258 [τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein, cf. 55 B.
+
+  259 The Carians were proverbially worthless; cf. 320 D.
+
+  260 Hesiod, _Theogony_.
+
+  261 Xenophon, _Memorabilia_ 2. 1. 2.
+
+  262 Heracles.
+
+  263 Aeschylus, _Seven Against Thebes_ 440; Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 1182.
+
+  264 τὴν τάξιν Hertlein suggests, τάξιν MSS.
+
+  265 Marcellinus.
+
+  266 μὲν Reiske adds.
+
+  267 Πανδάρεω V, Naber, cf. _Odyssey_ 20, 66 Τυνδάρεω MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  268 ἐπράχθη MSS., Hertlein, ἐταράχθη Naber.
+
+  269 _Odyssey_ 20. 66.
+
+  270 The Drave.
+
+  271 μέσῃ τῇ πράξει V, Hertlein, μισητῆς πράξεως Reiske, μέση τῆς πράξεως
+      MSS.
+
+  272 Naber suggests ὢθουν ὠθοῦντο.
+
+  273 After δόρατα Petavius, Hertlein omit σφῶν.
+
+  274 ἐφιππαζόμενοι Hertlein suggests, ἀφιππαζόμενοι MSS.
+
+  275 προσβολαῖς—καὶ Wright προσβολαῖς.—[καὶ] Hertlein προσβολαῖς.—καὶ
+      MSS.
+
+  276 ὥσπερ—χρωμάτων Hertlein suggests ὥσπερ ἐν γραφῇ ὑπ᾽ ἀργυρωμάτων
+      τινῶν καὶ χρυσωμάτων “as though by gold or silver work in a
+      picture.”
+
+  277 _Iliad_ 21. 325 foll.
+
+  278 _Iliad_ 21. 242.
+
+  279 _Iliad_ 21. 269.
+
+  280 For eight words the text is hopelessly corrupt.
+
+  281 _Iliad_ 21. 27.
+
+  282 [τὰς] ὑπὲρ Reiske, Hertlein.
+
+  283 πολεμίξομεν Cobet, MSS., πολιμίζομεν V, Hertlein, πτολεμίζομεν M.
+
+  284 _Iliad_ 24. 657.
+
+  285 ἂν Reiske adds.
+
+  286 περιτειχίζων Hertlein suggests, cf. 27 B, ἐπετειχίζων MSS.
+
+  287 εἰσρεῖ Cobet, ἐκρεῖ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  288 Nisibis.
+
+  289 Sapor becomes the ally of Magnentius as the crab was the ally of the
+      Hydra in the conflict with Heracles.
+
+  290 400 lbs. in all.
+
+  291 150 feet.
+
+  292 προῆγε Hertlein suggests, προσῆγε MSS.
+
+  293 παρασκευῆς ἄλλης Cobet, MSS., παρασκευῆς (ἄλλοτε) ἄλλης Reiske,
+      Hertlein.
+
+  294 Elephants.
+
+  295 ἀναρπασόμενοι Hertlein suggests, διαρπασάμενοι V, διαρπασόμενοι MSS.
+
+  296 οὐδὲ—ὕλης corrupt. Reiske suggests οὐδὲ αὐτὸ παντελῶς ὂν ξηρὸν ὑπό
+      τε ὕλης. ἕλης V, ὕλης MSS.
+
+  297 ἐπεξῇσαν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεξῄεσαν MSS., V omits.
+
+  298 τοιαύτῃ Reiske suggests, τοσαύτῃ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  299 _Iliad_ 12. 438; cf. 71 B.
+
+  300 The text here is corrupt.
+
+  301 τὰ μὲν θηρία corrupt, Hertlein.
+
+  302 πυκνοῖς Cobet, πυκνῶς MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  303 κατενεχθέντα Reiske, εἰσενεχθέντα MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  304 ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ Hertlein suggests, μάταιον δ᾽ ἄρα Reiske, μάταιον
+      γὰρ MSS.
+
+  305 ὅ Reiske adds.
+
+  306 Nestor.
+
+  307 _Iliad_ 14. 56.
+
+  308 τέχνης Reiske, τέχνη cant. Hertlein, τέχνῃ MSS.
+
+  309 _Iliad_ 20. 379.
+
+  310 _Iliad_ 11. 163.
+
+  311 _Iliad_ 11. 202.
+
+  312 ἄν Hertlein adds.
+
+  313 μεταγράφειν Cobet, παραγράφειν MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  314 εἰς ἑαυτὸν Cobet, cf. _Menexenus_ 247 E σεαυτοῦ Hertlein suggests
+      ἑαυτὸν, σεαυτὸ V, σεαυτοῦ MSS.
+
+  315 νοῦν—φρόνησιν Hertlein suggests, νῷ—φρονήσει MSS.
+
+  316 τὸν—θεόν Hertlein suggests, τῷ—θεῷ MSS. Hertlein suspects
+      corruption.
+
+  317 [ὡς] ἡδίω Hertlein, μᾶλλον V adds.
+
+  318 _Menexenus_ 247 E.
+
+  319 Plato says εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνήρτηται “who depends on _himself_.”
+
+  320 _Timaeus_ 90 A.
+
+  321 _Apology_ 30 D.
+
+  322 _Republic_ 354 B.
+
+  323 τοῖς πολλοῖς Hertlein suggests, πολλοῖς MSS.
+
+  324 ἰδιώτην τε Hertlein suggests, τε ἰδιώτην MSS.
+
+  325 δαίμων, cf. 69 A.
+
+  326 εὐπρεπὴς Cobet, εὐπρεποῦς MSS., Hertlein suggests εὐπρεπὴς ἀπρεποῦς
+      cf. 19 D.
+
+  327 ἄσμενος Hertlein suggests, ἀσμένως MSS.
+
+  328 Ajax.
+
+  329 _Iliad_ 12. 438.
+
+  330 παμμεγέθη Hertlein suggests, παμμιγῆ MSS.
+
+  331 Aquileia.
+
+  332 “v”.
+
+  333 Because of this favourable omen the city was called Aquileia, “the
+      city of the Eagle.”
+
+  334 κατέβαλον Reiske, ἔβαλον MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  335 ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ Hertlein suggests, εὐβουλίᾳ Wyttenbach, ξυμβουλίᾳ MSS.
+
+  336 Hertlein suggests ἐκτελεῖν, but cf. Phoenissae 516, ἐξελεῖν MSS.
+      οὐδ᾽ ἂν—ἰσχύσειεν Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—ἰσχύσει MSS.
+
+  337 Alexander.
+
+  338 A hill fort in Sogdiana where the Bactrian chief Oxyartes made his
+      last stand against Alexander, 327 B.C.
+
+  339 cf. 77 B., Plutarch, _de Fort. Rom._ c. 4.
+
+  340 Julian refers to the triumph of Constantius over Vetranio, described
+      in _Or._ 1. 31 foll. and echoes Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 516, πᾶν γὰρ
+      ἐξαιρεῖ λόγος | ὃ καὶ σίδηρος πολεμίων δράσειεν ἄν. Themistius,
+      _Or._ 2, 37 B quotes these verses to illustrate the same incident.
+
+  341 πάλαι Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντα MSS.
+
+  342 διήλθομεν Reiske, δηλοῦμεν MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  343 Isocrates, _Evagoras_ 65, _Panegyricus_ 83.
+
+  344 _Iliad_ 24. 544.
+
+  345 ἀρχαῖον Reiske, ἀρχαῖος Hertlein, ὕθλος λίαν ἀρχαῖος Cobet, ἀρχαῖος
+      MSS.
+
+  346 Τρῶες Hertlein adds.
+
+  347 καὶ γὰρ Horkel, lacuna Hertlein; the inappropriate verb ἀναγράφω =
+      “register, record,” indicates corruption.
+
+  348 cf. _Oration_ 1. 22. 28.
+
+  349 In wrestling the third fall was final: the phrase became proverbial,
+      cf. Plato, _Phaedrus_ 256 B, Aeschylus, _Eumenides_ 592, Julian,
+      _Or._ 1. 40 B.
+
+  350 Before τῆς Hertlein, Reiske omit ὑπὲρ.
+
+  351 τῶν Hertlein adds.
+
+  352 ἂν Hertlein adds.
+
+  353 πρότερον οὐ Hertlein suggests, οὐ πρότερον MSS.
+
+  354 νῦν Cobet adds.
+
+  355 ᾔσθοντο σφῶν Cobet, ᾔσθοντο τὸ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  356 ἀπῳκοδομημένον Hertlein suggests, ἀποικοδομούμενον MSS.
+
+  357 διειλημμένον Hertlein suggests, διηλούμενον MSS.
+
+  358 Briseis, _Iliad_ 1. 247.
+
+  359 _Iliad_ 9. 260.
+
+  360 τὰς Reiske adds.
+
+  361 [τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.
+
+  362 τὰ before μαχιμώτατα V, Hertlein omit.
+
+  363 ἐκείνης Naber adds.
+
+  364 μόνοις Hertlein suggests, μόνον MSS.
+
+  365 _Iliad_ 2. 188.
+
+  366 Vetranio; Themistius, _Or._ 2. 37 B, who in a panegyric on
+      Constantius describes this oratorical triumph.
+
+  367 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 262, ἦν γὰρ ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος ...
+      πόλεμος.
+
+  368 The victory of Archidamus over the Arcadians Xenophon, _Hellenica_
+      7. 1. 32.
+
+  369 cf. _Oration_ 1. 32 A.
+
+  370 _Odyssey_ 24. 253.
+
+  371 ἄμεινον Petavius, Cobet, ἄρα Hertlein, MSS., ἄρα κἀκείνων cant. and
+      fl.
+
+  372 τὸ Reiske adds.
+
+  373 ἂ Reiske adds.
+
+  374 ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ MSS., Cobet, ἐσθῆτα ποικίλην Hertlein.
+
+  375 Latin; of which Julian had only a slight knowledge. The fourth
+      century Sophists were content with Greek. Themistius never learned
+      Latin, and Libanius needed an interpreter for a Latin letter,
+      _Epistle 956_.
+
+  376 ἐπαινοῦντα Reiske, εὐδαιμονοῦντα MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  377 cf. 191 A.
+
+  378 Plato, _Gorgias_ 470 D.
+
+  379 Plato, _Laws_ 699 A.
+
+  380 Plato, _Laws_ 698 D; Herodotus 6. 31.
+
+  381 Herodotus 1. 183.
+
+  382 παιδιὰν Cobet, _Mnemosyne_ 10. παιδιὰς (earlier conjecture Cobet)
+      Hertlein, παιδείους V, παῖδας MSS.
+
+  383 The gold work of Colophon was proverbial for its excellence. Cf.
+      Aristophanes, _Cocalus fr._ 8.
+
+  384 _Iliad_ 9. 404.
+
+  385 _Iliad_ 22. 156.
+
+  386 εἰ Hertlein adds.
+
+  387 ἐκγόνων MSS., cf. 82 A B, ἐγγόνων Hertlein.
+
+  388 ἐκγόνων MSS., ἐγγόνων Hertlein.
+
+  389 ἔκγονον MSS., Cobet, ἔγγονον Hertlein.
+
+  390 τε Hertlein adds.
+
+  391 καὶ ἀπορουμένης Hertlein suggests.
+
+  392 τινες καὶ Hertlein suggests, τινες σφόδρα καὶ MSS.
+
+  393 ἰχθῦς Hertlein suggests, ἰχθύας MSS., cf. 59 A, ἰχθῦας V.
+
+  394 ταλαιπωρίας Hertlein suggests, λοιδορίας MSS.
+
+  395 μονάρχην Cobet, μονάρχην μισθωτόν MSS., Hertlein suggests μόναρχον
+      μισθωτόν, ἢ μισθωτὸν Reiske, μονάρχου V.
+
+  396 After διορύττειν Cobet omits ἀναπειθόμενον.
+
+  397 ἀνθρώπους· Cobet, ἀνθρώπους ἐκφανέσ· Hertlein, ἐκφανὲς V, M, ἐμφανὲς
+      MSS.
+
+  398 First used by Archilochus, _fr._ 74, in a description of an eclipse
+      of the sun.
+
+  399 Plato, _Laws_ 728 A.
+
+  400 Horace, _Epistles_ 1. 1. 106.
+
+  401 One shoulder was white as ivory.
+
+  402 The Sparti, sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus.
+
+  403 The Rhine; cf. Julian, _Epistle_ 16.
+
+  404 Plato, _Laws_ 642 C.
+
+  405 Memnon.
+
+  406 cf. _Oration_ 3. 126.
+
+  407 _Iliad_ 17, 20.
+
+  408 Homeric phrase: _Iliad_ 17. 588.
+
+  409 Plato, _Laws_ 832 A.
+
+  410 _Odyssey_ 20. 56.
+
+  411 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 506 and _fr._ 252, Nauck.
+
+  412 Of Queen Nitocris, Herodotus 1. 187.
+
+  413 “Huckster” (κάπηλος) Herodotus 3. 89.
+
+  414 Or Sarabos, a Plataean wineseller at Athens; Plato, _Gorgias_ 518 B;
+      perhaps to be identified with the _Vinarius Exaerambus_ in Plautus,
+      _Asinaria_ 436; cf. Themistius 297 D.
+
+  415 φιλοπολίτης Hertlein suggests, but cf. Isocrates _To Nicocles_ 15.
+
+  416 οἳ Hertlein adds.
+
+  417 τοῖς Hertlein suggests.
+
+  418 ἀδεεῖς Reiske, ἐνδεεῖς MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  419 πείσας εἴη Naber, cf. 272 D, 281 A, πείτειεν Hertlein, πεισθείη MSS.
+
+  420 A saying of Alexander, cf. Themistius 203 C; Stobaeus, _Sermones_
+      214; Isocrates, _To Nicocles_ 21.
+
+  421 Isocrates, _To Nicocles_ 15; Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ i. 28.
+
+  422 _Republic_ 416 A.
+
+  423 Plato, _Laws_ 808 B.
+
+  424 _Republic_ 416 A.
+
+  425 Before τὰς Hertlein omits καὶ.
+
+  426 ἀφανιεῖ Cobet, ἀφανίσει MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  427 οὐ Hertlein adds.
+
+  428 ἐπεισαγαγεῖν Hertlein, ἐπαγαγεῖν MSS.
+
+  429 After τῶν Hertlein omits φίλων καὶ.
+
+  430 ἔγγονος Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  431 προηγόρευται Hertlein suggests, προαγορεύεται MSS.
+
+  432 δικαστήριον Hertlein suggests, τὸ δικαστήριον MSS.
+
+  433 τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς Reiske, ἀρετῆς MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  434 κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν. Reiske, κοινωνίαν, MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  435 μείζονα ἐν Hertlein suggests, μείζονα τε ἐν MSS.
+
+  436 ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων Reiske, ἀδικουμένων, MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  437 Plato, _Theaetetus_ 176 A.
+
+  438 Plato, _Laws_ 937 D.
+
+  439 ἑλόντες Cobet, ἑλόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  440 ὡς πρὸς Cobet, ὥσπερ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  441 τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς Hertlein suggests, ἀλλήλοις MSS.
+
+  442 ψευδομαρτυρίων Cobet, ψευδομαρτυριῶν Hertlein, V, M, ψευδομαρτυρίας
+      MSS.
+
+  443 ὑμᾶσ Hertlein suggests, ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς MSS.
+
+  444 τημελεῖν καὶ Cobet, [ἐπιμελεῖν καὶ] Hertlein, who suggests κήδεσθαι
+      καὶ ἐπαμύνειν, ἐπιμένειν M, ἐπισυνέχειν V, ἐπιμελεῖν MSS.
+
+  445 Constantine II.
+
+  446 Constans.
+
+  447 Constantine II was slain while marching against Constans.
+
+  448 Constans.
+
+  449 Constans was slain by the soldiers of Magnentius.
+
+  450 νεαρᾶς Hertlein suggests, νεωτέρας MSS.
+
+  451 Under Alexander.
+
+  452 Darius III.
+
+  453 _Iliad_ 2. 356.
+
+  454 Magnentius.
+
+  455 cf. _Oration_ l. 34 A.
+
+  456 Alcinous.
+
+  457 _Odyssey_ 8. 209.
+
+  458 τὸν V, τὸν τῆς MSS.
+
+  459 ἀποτρεψάμενον Hertlein suggests, δεξάμενον Petavius, τρεψάμενον MSS.
+
+  460 Dioscorides in Athenaeus 507 D; Tacitus _Hist._ 4. 6; cf. Milton
+      _Lycidas_,
+
+      “Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
+      (That last infirmity of noble mind).”
+
+  461 A proverb, cf. Euripides, _Andromache_ 368.
+
+  462 πολλοῖς fl., Hertlein prefers, πολλῆς MSS.
+
+  463 τοὺς Hertlein suggests, τοῦ MSS.
+
+  464 Aristophanes, _Frogs_ 84.
+
+  465 Pannonia.
+
+  466 Silvanus, cf. _Oration_ 1. 60.
+
+  467 cf. _Oration_ 1. 35 C.
+
+  468 Thermopylae.
+
+  469 Leonidas.
+
+  470 [Ὅμηρος] ὅρκια Hertlein.
+
+  471 ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν Hertlein suggests, ἐλεγχθεῖσιν MSS.
+
+  472 ἐγνωκὼς τρόπου—κατανοήσας Hertlein suggests, ἐγνωκώς—τὸν τρόπου
+      κατανοήσας MSS.
+
+  473 τῆς Hertlein adds.
+
+  474 βούλεσθαι Hertlein suggests, βούλεσθαί περ MSS.
+
+  475 Silvanus.
+
+  476 _Iliad_ 22. 262.
+
+  477 Euripides, _Bacchae_ 822.
+
+  478 cf. _Oration_ 1. 48 C.
+
+  479 His Oriental dress suggested Persian rule, symbolised by the
+      crescent.
+
+  480 cf. _Oration_ l. 49 A.
+
+  481 cf. _Oration_ l. 48 C, D.
+
+  482 A proverb; the pine when cut down does not send up shoots again.
+
+  483 Herodotus 6. 37.
+
+  484 His campaign in Gaul.
+
+  485 cf. Quintilian 3. 7. 10. on the _Gratiarum actio_.
+
+  486 πέρα Cobet, ὑπὲρ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  487 τούτους Cobet, οὗτοι MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  488 ὑποσχὼν Cobet, ὑποσχεῖν MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  489 τὸν ᾧ Cobet, Naber ᾧ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  490 ἐπὶ βασιλέα Cobet, [ἐφ᾽ Ἑλλάδα] Hertlein.
+
+  491 καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς Cobet, καλοὺς MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  492 οἵαν νέμειν Hertlein suggests, νέμειν MSS.
+
+  493 ἐκείνῃ Petavius, ἐκείνην MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  494 εἶτα Cobet adds.
+
+  495 αὐτῷ Cobet, αὐτοῦ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  496 [τῇ] τέχνῃ Hertlein.
+
+  497 Plutarch, _Moralia_ 63 D.
+
+  498 Arete.
+
+  499 Nausicaa.
+
+  500 _Odyssey_ 7. 20.
+
+  501 _Odyssey_ 7. 54.
+
+  502 καὶ τῶν Petavius, οὐ τῶν MSS., Hertlein suggests οὕτως ἀγαθῶν
+      ὑπαρχόντων, Reiske suggests ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἀπορῶ μὲν οὖν ὅτου ἅψωμαι
+      πρώτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν. “I am at a loss which of her noble qualities to
+      discuss first.”
+
+  503 ἀπολιπόντες MSS., ἀπολείποντες V, Hertlein.
+
+  504 ὥστ᾽ Hertlein suggests.
+
+  505 Eusebia belonged to a noble family of Thessalonica, in Macedonia;
+      she was married to Constantius in 352 A.D.
+
+  506 Near Mount Olympus.
+
+  507 Herodotus 8. 137.
+
+  508 Cyrus.
+
+  509 A town on the coast of Illyria.
+
+  510 Aristotle; “who bred | Great Alexander to subdue the world.” Milton,
+      _Paradise Regained_ 4.
+
+  511 _i.e._ of Greeks.
+
+  512 Thessalonica.
+
+  513 ἄρχειν Hertlein adds.
+
+  514 οὔτε—τε Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—δὲ MSS.
+
+  515 δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν Hertlein suggests, καταλιπεῖν V, M, καταλείπει MSS.
+
+  516 The consulship.
+
+  517 οὐδὲν MSS., οὐδὲ ἕν V, Hertlein.
+
+  518 Ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν ἄψ᾽ ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεννον εἶδος.
+      Sappho _fr._ 3.
+
+  519 τῆς Cobet adds.
+
+  520 Before ὑπὲρ Horkel and Hertlein omit ὃς.
+
+  521 δήμους Naber, μούσας MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  522 Euripides, _Suppliants_ 494.
+
+  523 The wife of Protesilaus.
+
+  524 τῶν before γυναικῶν Hertlein omits.
+
+  525 νόμους Hertlein suggests, λόγους MSS.
+
+  526 τε Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.
+
+  527 εἰ [τις] Hertlein.
+
+  528 διὰ πλειόνων. Hertlein suggests, μετὰ πλείονος MSS.
+
+  529 Arion.
+
+  530 Taenarum.
+
+  531 Literally seeds or small beads.
+
+  532 Famed for his minute carving of ivory.
+
+  533 _Odyssey_ 5. 70.
+
+  534 ἡβώωσα Cobet, ἡβῶσα MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  535 δοκεῖτε Hertlein suggests, εἰκὸς Reiske δοκεῖ MSS.
+
+  536 δεινότερα Hertlein suggests, δεινόταιτα MSS.
+
+  537 The cave of Calypso.
+
+  538 cf. _Misopogon_ 342A. In both passages Julian evidently echoes some
+      line, not now extant, from Menander, _Duskolos_.
+
+  539 _Odyssey_ 11. 223.
+
+  540 ἤδη Horkel, εἰ δή MSS.
+
+  541 πίθω Bruno Friederich, πειθώ τε καὶ ἰδέα MSS., Hertlein, τε καὶ ἰδέα
+      Cobet omits.
+
+  542 φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον—ὁμολογεῖν Cobet, φησιν,
+      ἐκβιαζόμενος—ὁμολογεῖ MSS., Hertlein, ἐκβιαζόμενον V, ὁμολογεῖν V,
+      M.
+
+  543 ξυγχωρεῖ Reiske.
+
+  544 ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Hertlein suggests.
+
+  545 ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε Hertlein suggests, οὔτε ἤτησεν ἄλλῳ
+      ποτέ τινι οὔτε MSS.
+
+  546 ἄγει Cobet, ἄγειν MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  547 _Odyssey_ 23. 284.
+
+  548 cf. _Iliad_ 24. 527; _Oration_ 7. 236 C.
+
+  549 The traditional founding of the ancient court of the Areopagus,
+      which tried cases of homicide, is described in Aeschylus,
+      _Eumenides_. Orestes, on trial at Athens for matricide, is
+      acquitted, the votes being even, by the decision of Athene, who
+      thereupon founds the tribunal, 485 foll.
+
+  550 _Iliad_ 4. 43.
+
+  551 _Olympian Ode_ 6. 4. Pindar says that, as though he were building
+      the splendid forecourt of a house, he will begin his Ode with
+      splendid words.
+
+  552 ἐκείνῳ Hertlein suggests, ἐκείνων MSS.
+
+  553 κἂν—ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα—λέγειν Cobet, καὶ—πιστεύσετε πάντα—λέγοντι
+      MSS., πάντως V, Hertlein, πιστεύσατε V.
+
+  554 αὐτῆς γε—ταύτης Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ τε—αὐτῆς MSS.
+
+  555 Cambyses.
+
+  556 Syloson, Herodotus 3. 139; cf. Julian, _Epistle_ 29; Themistius 67
+      A, 109 D.
+
+  557 _Iliad_ 12. 382 ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλ᾽ ἡβῶν.
+
+  558 τούτων Reiske adds.
+
+  559 _Iliad_ 4. 171.
+
+  560 The port of Argolis.
+
+  561 περαίνειν διανοούμεθα Hertlein suggests, διαπεραίνειν οἰόμεθα MSS.
+
+  562 ἧς Horkel adds.
+
+  563 ἁπτόμεθα Cobet, ἡττώμεθα V, ἡψάμεθα MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  564 _Iliad_ 9. 380.
+
+  565 παραγίγνεται Reiske, lacuna MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  566 [λιάν] αὐθάδει Hertlein.
+
+  567 δὲ Hertlein adds.
+
+  568 ἀμῶς γέ πη—τὸν ἡνίοχον Reiske, ἄλλως ἐπὶ τὸν ἡνίοχον MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  569 φοροῦντα Hertlein suggests, φέροντα MSS.
+
+  570 φορεῖν Hertlein suggests, φέρειν MSS.
+
+  571 The title of Caesar.
+
+  572 To illustrate the skill and, at the same time, the difficult
+      position of Constantius as sole Emperor, Julian describes an
+      impossible feat. The restive teams are the provinces of the Empire,
+      which had hitherto been controlled by two or more Emperors.
+
+  573 _Iliad_ 23. 341.
+
+  574 πλείονα Hertlein suggests, πλεῖον MSS.
+
+  575 _Iliad_ 3. 217.
+
+  576 αὐτὴ Hertlein suggests, αὕτη MSS.
+
+  577 _Iliad_ 9. 122.
+
+  578 [σφόδρα] ἡσθῆναι Hertlein.
+
+  579 ἐκείνας Reiske, ἐκεῖνα MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  580 παλαιῶν [ἔργων] Hertlein.
+
+  581 Before τοὺς Klimek omits πρὸς.
+
+  582 Gaul.
+
+  583 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 532.
+
+  584 τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  585 τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  586 στερηθείη Cobet, δεηθείη MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  587 μιμητέον Petavius adds.
+
+  588 τι Horkel, τὸ MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  589 τι Cobet, τινος MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  590 δὲ MSS., Cobet, γὰρ V, M, Hertlein.
+
+  591 εἰκὸς Reiske adds.
+
+  592 Semiramis, Herodotus 1. 184.
+
+  593 The Euphrates.
+
+  594 Herodotus 1. 185; _Oration_ 2. 85 C.
+
+  595 Rhodopis? wrongly supposed to have built the third pyramid.
+
+  596 Herodotus 1. 205.
+
+  597 _Odyssey_ 1. 334.
+
+  598 τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ Hertlein suggests, τούτων δὲ MSS.
+
+  599 πολλὰ ἰδίᾳ τε Hertlein suggests, πολλά τε ἰδίᾳ MSS.
+
+  600 προσῆκον Hertlein suggests, προσῆκεν MSS.
+
+  601 Penthesilea.
+
+  602 Achilles and the Scamander; _Iliad_ 21. 234 foll., _Oration_ 2. 60
+      C.
+
+  603 χρόνον Cobet adds.
+
+  604 Julian tells, incorrectly, the anecdote in Plutarch, _Pericles_ 38.
+
+  605 440 B.C.
+
+  606 445 B.C.
+
+  607 με Cobet adds.
+
+  608 357 A.D.
+
+  609 Plutarch, _Pompeius_ 24. For a full description of the origin and
+      spread of Mithraism see Cumont, _Textes et Monuments figurés
+      relatifs aux mystères de Mithra_, 1896, 1899, _Les Mystères de
+      Mithra_, 1902, and _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme
+      romain_, 1909 (English translation by G. Showerman, 1911).
+
+  610 On Julian’s triad cf. Naville, _Julien l’Apostat et la philosophie
+      du polythéisme_, Paris, 1877.
+
+  611 _Concerning Isis and Osiris_ 46.
+
+  612 148 B.
+
+  613 Iliad 17. 447.
+
+  614 πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  615 τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  616 ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον μὲν MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  617 Aristotle, _Physics_ 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 D.
+
+  618 σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν MSS.
+
+  619 Plato, _Timaeus_ 42 D.
+
+  620 As opposed to the unreasoning soul, ἄλογος ψυχή, that is in animals
+      other than man. Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Porphyry allowed
+      some form of soul to plants, but this was denied by Iamblichus,
+      Julian, and Sallust.
+
+  621 He refers to his initiation into the cult of Mithras.
+
+  622 When he was still a professed Christian.
+
+  623 _i.e._ not only prophets and emperors but all men are related to
+      Helios.
+
+  624 cf. _Oration_ 7. 237 C.
+
+  625 cf. 144 A, 149 C.
+
+  626 Rome.
+
+  627 At the beginning of January; cf. 156 C.
+
+  628 Julian distinguishes the visible sun from his archetype, the
+      offspring of the Good.
+
+  629 _i.e._ the intelligible world, νοητός, comprehended only by pure
+      reason; the intellectual, νοερός, endowed with intelligence; and
+      thirdly the world of sense‐perception αἰσθητός. The first of these
+      worlds the Neo‐Platonists took over from Plato, _Republic_ 508
+      foll.; the second was invented by Iamblichus.
+
+  630 ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως MSS.
+
+  631 Pindar _fr._ 107, and Sophocles, _Antigone_ 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου.
+
+  632 Republic 508 B.
+
+  633 ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια MSS.
+
+  634 Though Aristotle did not use this phrase, it was his theory of a
+      fifth element superior to the other four, called by him “aether” or
+      “first element,” _De Coelo_ 1. 3 270 B, that suggested to Iamblichus
+      the notion of a fifth substance or element; cf. _Theologumena
+      Arithmeticae_ 35, 22 Ast, where he calls the fifth element “aether.”
+
+  635 After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests αἴτοις.
+
+  636 cf. 138 B.
+
+  637 Aristotle, _De Anima_ 418 A.
+
+  638 γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.
+
+  639 133 B.
+
+  640 Julian conceives of the sun in three ways; first as transcendental,
+      in which form he is indistinguishable from the Good in the
+      intelligible world, secondly as Helios‐Mithras, ruler of the
+      intellectual gods, thirdly as the visible sun.
+
+  641 133 D‐134 A is a digression on the light of the sun.
+
+  642 _i.e._ the stars.
+
+  643 _De Anima_ 419 A; Aristotle there says that light is the
+      actualisation or positive determination of the transparent medium.
+      Julian echoes the whole passage.
+
+  644 Mind, νοῦς, is here identified with Helios; cf. Macrobius,
+      _Saturnalia_ 1. 19. 9. Sol mundi mens est, “the sun is the mind of
+      the universe”; Iamblichus, _Protrepticus_ 21, 115; Ammianus
+      Marcellinus, 21. 1. 11.
+
+  645 Julian echoes Plato, _Republic_ 507, 508.
+
+  646 cf. 146 D.
+
+  647 _i.e._ the stationary positions and the direct and retrograde
+      movements of the planets.
+
+  648 157 C.
+
+  649 αὐτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἑαυτοῦ MSS.
+
+  650 144 A, B, 149 C.
+
+  651 _Cratylus_ 403 B.
+
+  652 _Phaedo_ 83 D.
+
+  653 ἔκγονον MSS, ἔγγονον V, Hertlein.
+
+  654 δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος Hertlein suggests, δέ τις ἂν εἴη MSS.
+
+  655 _Iliad_ 8. 480; _Odyssey_ 1. 8.
+
+  656 _Odyssey_ 12. 383.
+
+  657 This oracular verse is quoted as Orphic by Macrobius, _Saturnalia_
+      1. 18. 18; but Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, substitutes
+      Serapis for Dionysus at the end of the verse. The worship of Serapis
+      in the Graeco‐Roman world began with the foundation of a Serapeum by
+      Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris, the
+      Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.
+
+  658 _Phaedo_ 80 D; in _Cratylus_ 403 Plato discusses, though not
+      seriously, the etymology of the word “Hades.”
+
+  659 Ἁΐδης, “Unseen.”
+
+  660 _Theogony_ 371; cf. Pindar, _Isthmian_ 4. 1.
+
+  661 Hyperion means “he that walks above.”
+
+  662 They had devoured the oxen of the sun; _Odyssey_ 12. 352 foll.
+
+  663 _Iliad_ 8. 24; Zeus utters this threat against the gods if they
+      should aid either the Trojans or the Greeks.
+
+  664 _Iliad_ 18. 239.
+
+  665 _Iliad_ 21. 6.
+
+  666 Julian now describes the substance or essential nature, οὐσία, of
+      Helios, 137 D‐142 B.
+
+  667 _i.e._ The sun, moon and planets; the orbits of the planets are
+      complicated by their direct and retrograde movements.
+
+  668 cf. 133 D.
+
+  669 τὰ τελευταῖα Hertlein suggests, τελευταῖα MSS.
+
+  670 Julian defines the ways in which Helios possesses μεσότης, or
+      middleness; he is mediator and connecting link as well as locally
+      midway between the two worlds and the centre of the intellectual
+      gods; see Introduction, p. 350.
+
+  671 cf. Empedocles, _fr._ 18; 122, 2; 17, 19 Diels.
+
+  672 τὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.
+
+  673 Plato, _Timaeus_ 33 A.
+
+  674 cf. 139 C; _Oration_ 5. 165 C, 166 D, 170 C.
+
+  675 τὰς Hertlein suggests.
+
+  676 cf. 167 D. In _Timaeus_ 58 A it is the revolution of the whole which
+      by constriction compresses all matter together, but Julian had that
+      passage in mind. In Empedocles it is the Titan, Aether, _i.e._ the
+      Fifth Substance, that “binds the globe.” _fr._ 38 Diels.
+
+  677 Plato in _Timaeus_ 41 A, distinguishes “the gods who revolve before
+      our eyes” from “those who reveal themselves so far as they will.”
+      Julian regularly describes, as here, a triad; every one of his three
+      worlds has its own unconditioned being (αὐθυπόστατον); its own
+      creative power (δημιουργία); its own power to generate life (γόνιμον
+      τῆς ζωῆς); and in every case, the middle term is Helios as a
+      connecting link in his capacity of thinking or intellectual god
+      (νοερός).
+
+  678 Julian now describes the three kinds of substance (οὐσία) and its
+      three forms (εἴδη) in the three worlds.
+
+  679 _i.e._ the visible heavenly bodies.
+
+  680 Helios connects the forms (Plato’s Ideas) which exist in the
+      intelligible world, with those which in our world ally themselves
+      with matter; cf. _Oration_ 5. 171 B.
+
+  681 αὐτὰ V, αὐτὸς MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  682 _i.e._ the heavenly bodies.
+
+  683 These angels combine, as does a model, the idea and its
+      hypostazisation; cf. 142 A, _Letter to the Athenians_ 275 B. Julian
+      nowhere defines angels, but Porphyry as quoted by Augustine, _De
+      civitate Dei_ 10, 9, distinguished them from daemons and placed them
+      in the aether.
+
+  684 προηγούμενος V, προκαθηγούμενος MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  685 cf. 141 B.
+
+  686 _i.e._ the heavenly bodies; cf. _Fragment of a Letter_ 295 A.
+
+  687 _Nichomachean Ethics_ 7. 14. 1154 b.
+
+  688 τοιοῦτον Hertlein suggests, τούτων MSS.
+
+  689 The powers and activities of Helios are now described, 142 D‐152 A.
+
+  690 cf. 148 C, _Timaeus_ 47 A, _Republic_ 529 B, where Plato
+      distinguishes mere star‐gazing from astronomy.
+
+  691 διὰ τὴν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τὴν MSS.
+
+  692 cf. 144 C.
+
+  693 _Timaeus_ 32 B; Plato says that to make the universe solid, “God set
+      air and water between fire and earth.”
+
+  694 cf. 144 C. 179 A; Proclus on Plato, _Timaeus_ 203 E, says that
+      because Dionysus was torn asunder by the Titans, his function is to
+      divide wholes into their parts and to separate the forms (εἴδη).
+
+  695 Julian calls Dionysus the son of Helios 152 C, D, and the son of
+      Zeus, _Oration_ 5. 179 B.
+
+  696 cf. 153 B, where Asclepios is called “the saviour of the All,” and
+      _Against the Christians_ 200 A.
+
+  697 ἔκγονος MSS, ἔγγονος V, Hertlein.
+
+  698 νοητοῖς Petavius adds.
+
+  699 cf. 141 B, _Letter to the Athenians_ 275 B.
+
+  700 The sun.
+
+  701 Plato, _Symposium_ 206 B τόκος ἐν καλῷ.
+
+  702 _i.e._ Intellectual Helios.
+
+  703 _i.e._ Intelligible Helios.
+
+  704 Plato, _Laws_ 713 D defines daemons as a race superior to men but
+      inferior to gods; they were created to watch over human affairs;
+      Julian, _Letter to Themistius_ 258 B echoes Plato’s description; cf.
+      Plotinus 3. 5. 6; pseudo‐Iamblichus, _De Mysteriis_ 1. 20. 61;
+      Julian 2. 90 B.
+
+  705 _i.e._ the individual souls; by using this term, derived from the
+      Neo‐Platonists and Iamblichus, Julian implies that there is an
+      indivisible world soul; cf. Plotinus 4. 8. 8 ἡ μὲν ὅλη (ψυχὴ) ... αἱ
+      δὲ ἑν μέρει γενόμεναι.
+
+  706 _Odyssey_ 11, 303; Philo Judaeus, _De Decalogo_ 2. 190, τόν τε
+      οὐρανὸν εἰς ἡμισφαίρια τῷ λόγῳ διχῇ διανείμαντες, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς τὸ
+      δ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς, Διοσκούρους ἐκάλεσαν τὸ περὶ τῆς ἑτερημέρου ζωῆς αὐτῶν
+      προστερατευσάμενοι διήγημα.
+
+  707 κενὸν Hertlein suggests, καινὸν Mb, κοινὸν MSS.
+
+  708 _Timaeus_ 37 C; when the Creator had made the universe, he invented
+      Time as an attribute of “divided substance.”
+
+  709 For Julian’s debt to Iamblichus cf. 150 D, 157 B, C.
+
+  710 Kronos, Zeus, Ares, Helios, Aphrodite, Hermes, Selene are the seven
+      planets; cf. 149 D. Though Helios guides the others he is counted
+      with them.
+
+  711 _i.e._ the fixed stars; cf. Iamblichus, _Theologumena arithmeticae_
+      56. 4 ἡ περιέχουσα τὰ πάντα σφαῖρα ὀγδόη, “the eighth sphere that
+      encompasses all the rest.”
+
+  712 The Graces are often associated with Spring; Julian seems to be
+      describing obscurely the annual course of the sun.
+
+  713 Necessity played an important part in the cult of Mithras and was
+      sometimes identified with the constellation Virgo who holds the
+      scales of Justice.
+
+  714 For the adoption of the Dioscuri into the Mithraic cult see Cumont.
+      Julian does not give his own view, though he rejects that of the
+      later Greek astronomers. Macrobius, _Saturnalia_ 1. 21. 22
+      identifies them with the sun.
+
+  715 _i.e._ the torrid zone. On the equator in the winter months shadows
+      fall due north at noon, in the summer months due south; this is more
+      or less true of the whole torrid zone; cf. ἀμφίσκιος which has the
+      same meaning.
+
+  716 _Iliad_ 14. 246.
+
+  717 For the affectation of mystery cf. 152 B, 159 A, 172 D.
+
+  718 δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.
+
+  719 Plutarch, _Demosthenes_ 4, quotes this phrase as peculiarly
+      Platonic; cf. Plato, _Laws_ 676 A.
+
+  720 cf. 143 B and note.
+
+  721 χαριτοδότης Spanheim, χαριδότης Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  722 ἁδρᾷ Hertlein suggests, ἀνδρῶν MSS.
+
+  723 ἐπιτροπεύει Wright, ἐπιτροπεύουσι Hertlein, MSS lacuna Petavius.
+
+  724 Literally “life‐bringer,” Aristotle’s phrase for the zodiac.
+
+  725 cf. Zeller, _Philosophie der Griechen_ III. 2, p. 753, notes.
+
+  726 There is a play on the word κύκλος, which means both “sphere” and
+      “circle.”
+
+  727 The Egyptian sun‐god, whose worship was introduced first into Greece
+      and later at Rome.
+
+  728 Athene as goddess of Forethought was worshipped at Delphi, but her
+      earlier epithet was προναία “whose statue is in front of the
+      temple”; cf. Aeschylus, _Eumenides_ 21, Herodotus 8. 37; late
+      writers often confuse these forms. Julian applies the epithet
+      πρόνοια to the mother of the gods 179 A, and to Prometheus 182 D;
+      cf. 131 C.
+
+  729 This verse was quoted from an unknown source by Eustathius on
+      _Iliad_ 1. p. 83. “The Grey‐eyed” is a name of Athene.
+
+  730 _Iliad_ 8. 538; 13. 827.
+
+  731 δ᾽ Hertlein adds.
+
+  732 τὸ Hertlein adds.
+
+  733 ἐπιμετρῆσαι Hertlein suggests, μετριάσαι MSS.
+
+  734 Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, cf. 154 B, Ἔδεσσαν MSS.
+
+  735 On Athene cf. _Oration_ 7. 230 A; _Against the Christians_ 235 C.
+
+  736 cf. 152 D. Julian derives his theory of the position and functions
+      of the moon from Iamblichus; cf. Proclus on Plato, _Timaeus_ 258 f.
+
+  737 cf. 154 A, and Proclus on Plato, _Timaeus_ 155 F, 259 B, where
+      Aphrodite is called “the binding goddess” συνδετικήν, and
+      “harmoniser” συναρμοστικήν.
+
+  738 _i.e._ as the planet Venus.
+
+  739 cf. _Caesars_ 313 A, _Misopogon_ 357 C. Emesa in Syria was famous
+      for its temple to Baal, the sun‐god. The Emperor Heliogabalus
+      (218‐222 A.D.) was born at Emesa and was, as his name indicates, a
+      priest of Baal, whose worship he attempted to introduce at Rome.
+
+  740 The “strong god,” identified with the star Lucifer.
+
+  741 133 D, 138 B.
+
+  742 τὸ γόνιμον τῇ φύσει Marcilius, cf. 150 B, 151 C, lacuna MSS.,
+      Hertlein.
+
+  743 _Physics_ 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 131 C.
+
+  744 cf. 145 C.
+
+  745 cf. 145 C.
+
+  746 _i.e._ their ascent after death to the gods.
+
+  747 περὶ Hertlein suggests, ἐπὶ MSS.
+
+  748 _Republic_ 529, 530; _Epinomis_ 977 A.
+
+  749 _Laws_ 653 C, D, 665 A.
+
+  750 _i.e._ as a unit of measurement; _Timaeus_ 39 B, 47 A.
+
+  751 γέννησιν Mau, γένεσιν MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  752 cf. 144 C: _Against the Christians_ 200, 235 B.C. Asclepios plays an
+      important part in Julian’s religion, and may have been intentionally
+      opposed, as the son of Helios‐Mithras and the “saviour of the
+      world,” to Jesus Christ.
+
+  753 τὸ Hertlein suggests.
+
+  754 Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, Ἔδεσσαν MSS, Hertlein; cf. 150 C.
+
+  755 Rome.
+
+  756 This refers to the famous temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline; cf.
+      _Oration_ 1. 29 D. The three shrines in this temple were dedicated
+      to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno, but Julian ignores Juno because he
+      wishes to introduce Aphrodite in connection with Aeneas.
+
+  757 Julian accepts the impossible etymology “path of the wolf”; Lycabas
+      means “path of light,” cf. _lux_.
+
+  758 _Odyssey_, 14. 161. The word was also used on Roman coins with the
+      meaning “year.”
+
+  759 ὃν Marcilius, ἣν MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  760 Silvia the Vestal virgin gave birth to twins, Romulus and Remus,
+      whose father was supposed to be Mars (Ares).
+
+  761 Vesta, the Greek Hestia, the goddess of the hearth.
+
+  762 The name given to Romulus after his apotheosis; cf. _Caesars_ 307 B.
+
+  763 For the legend of his translation see Livy 1. 16; Plutarch,
+      _Romulus_ 21; Ovid, _Fasti_ 2. 496; Horace, _Odes_ 3. 3. 15 foll.
+
+  764 After γενόμενον Hertlein omits ὑπὸ τῆς σελήνης.
+
+  765 ὥραν Hertlein, Naber suggest, ἡμέραν MSS, cf. Episile 444. 425 C.
+
+  766 To Numa Pompilius, the legendary king who reigned next after
+      Romulus, the Romans ascribed the foundation of many of their
+      religious ceremonies.
+
+  767 The Vestal virgins.
+
+  768 The Heliaia, _solis agon_, was founded by the Emperor Aurelian at
+      Rome in 274 A.D.; but the “unconquerable sun,” _sol invictus_, had
+      been worshipped there for fully a century before Aurelian’s
+      foundation; see Usener, _Sol invictus_, in _Rheinisches Museum_,
+      1905. Julian once again, _Caesars_ 336 C calls Helios by his Persian
+      name Mithras.
+
+  769 The Attic year began with the summer solstice.
+
+  770 A Greek astronomer who flourished in the middle of the second
+      century B.C. His works are lost.
+
+  771 Claudius Ptolemy an astronomer at Alexandria 127‐151 A.D.
+
+  772 τοῦ τε Hertlein suggests, τε τοῦ MSS.
+
+  773 _i.e._ December.
+
+  774 The festival of Saturn, the Saturnalia, was celebrated by the Latins
+      at the close of December, and corresponds to our Christmas holidays.
+      Saturn was identified with the Greek god Kronos, and Julian uses the
+      Greek word for the festival in order to avoid, according to
+      sophistic etiquette, a Latin name.
+
+  775 Rome.
+
+  776 αὐτὸν Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ MSS.
+
+  777 τοῦ Hertlein suggests, τὸ M, τῷ MSS.
+
+  778 See Introduction, p. 351.
+
+  779 For the threefold creative force cf. Proclus on _Timaeus_ 94 CD.
+      Here Julian means that there are three modes of creation exercised
+      by Helios now in one, now in another, of the three worlds; cf. 135
+      B.C.
+
+  780 This work is lost.
+
+  781 _i.e._ his treatise _On the Gods_, which is not extant.
+
+  782 Hesiod, _Works and Days_ 336.
+
+  783 For the Attis cult see Frazer, _Attis, Adonis and Osiris_; for the
+      introduction of the worship of Cybele into Italy, Cumont, _Les
+      religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_.
+
+  784 See Harrison, _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_.
+
+  785 Catullus 63.
+
+  786 5. 1. 7; 3. 6. 19; 1. 6. 8; cf. Plato, _Theaetetus_ 152 C; and
+      Plutarch, _On Isis and Osiris_, ὁ μῦθος ... λόγου τινὸς ἔμφασίς
+      ἐστιν ἀνακλῶντος ἐπ᾽ ἄλλα τὴν διάνοιαν.
+
+  787 Cf. 206 D. Myths are like toys which help children through teething.
+
+  788 ἐξοίσομεν Cobet adds, ἀνέξοιστα καὶ MSS, Hertlein.
+
+  789 οὑτοσὶ Hertlein suggests, οὑτωσὶ MSS.
+
+  790 μικρὰν Hertlein, μικρὸν Naber, who thinks ἱστορίαν a gloss, cf.
+      _Oration_ vii. 276 C, μικρὸν ἱστορίαν MSS, μικρὸν ἱστορίας Reiske.
+
+  791 ὡς Petavius adds.
+
+  792 αὐτὴν Hertlein suggests, αὑτὴν MSS.
+
+  793 ἐπήγοντο Hertlein suggests, ἐπῆγον τὸν MSS.
+
+  794 The Phrygian god of vegetation who corresponds to the Syrian Adonis.
+      His name is said to mean “father,” and he is at once the lover and
+      son of the Mother of the Gods. His death and resurrection were
+      celebrated in spring.
+
+  795 The generic name for the eunuch priests of Attis.
+
+  796 The Phrygian Cybele, the Asiatic goddess of fertility; the chief
+      seat of her worship was Pessinus in Phrygia.
+
+  797 _i.e._ after the middle of the fifth century B.C.; before that date
+      the records were kept in the Acropolis.
+
+  798 In 204 B.C.; cf. Livy 29. 10 foll.; Silius Italicus 17. 1 foll.;
+      Ovid, _Fasti_ 4. 255 foll. tells the legend and describes the ritual
+      of the cult.
+
+  799 The Attalids.
+
+  800 A black meteoric stone embodied the goddess of Pessinus.
+
+  801 Claudia, turritae rara ministra deae. “Claudia thou peerless
+      priestess of the goddess with the embattled crown.”—Propertius 4.
+      11. 52.
+
+  802 A matron in other versions.
+
+  803 In the Third Punic War, which began 149 B.C., Carthage was sacked by
+      the Romans under Scipio.
+
+  804 Plato, _Republic_ 519 A δριμὺ μὲν βλέπει τὸ ψυχάριον.
+
+  805 A relief in the Capitoline Museum shows Claudia in the act of
+      dragging the ship.
+
+  806 _i.e._ the world of sense‐perception.
+
+  807 Plotinus 1. 8. 4 called matter “the privation of the Good,” στέρησις
+      ἀγαθοῦ.
+
+  808 Helios; cf. _Oration_ 4. 140 A. Attis is here identified with the
+      light of the sun.
+
+  809 Julian here sums up the tendency of the philosophy of his age. The
+      Peripatetics had been merged in the Platonists and Neo‐Platonists,
+      and Themistius the Aristotelian commentator often speaks of the
+      reconciliation, in contemporary philosophy, of Plato and Aristotle;
+      cf. 235 C, 236, 366 C. Julian, following the example of Iamblichus,
+      would force them into agreement; but the final appeal was to
+      revealed religion.
+
+  810 προϋφεστῶτες Hertlein suggests, cf. 165 D, προεστῶτες MSS.
+
+  811 233 D.
+
+  812 αὐτόν Hertlein suggests, αὐτό MSS.
+
+  813 _Sophist_ 235 A; cf. _Republic_ 596 D.
+
+  814 _i.e._ aether, the fifth substance.
+
+  815 _i.e._ the causes of the forms that are embodied in matter have a
+      prior existence as Ideas.
+
+  816 An echo of Plato, _Theaetetus_ 191 C, 196 A; _Timaeus_ 50 C.
+
+  817 _De Anima_ 3. 4. 429 A; Aristotle quotes the phrase with approval
+      and evidently attributes it to Plato; the precise expression is not
+      to be found in Plato, though in _Parmenides_ 132 B he says that the
+      Ideas are “in our souls.”
+
+  818 περιθεῖναι Hertlein suggests, cf. Sallust, _On the Gods and the
+      World_ 249, τὸν ἀστερωτὸν αὐτῷ περιθεῖναι πῖλον: ἐπιθεῖναι MSS.
+
+  819 αἰνίττεσθαι Hertlein suggests, cf. Sallust 250 τὸν γαλαξόαν
+      αἰνίττεται κύκλον: μαντεύεσθαι MSS.
+
+  820 cf. Porphyry, _On the Cave of the Nymph_ 7; and Plato, _Republic_
+      514 A.
+
+  821 προüφέστηκε Hertlein suggests, προέστηκε MSS.
+
+  822 _fr._ 36, Diels.
+
+  823 For the superiority of the soul to nature cf. _De Mysteriis_ 8. 7.
+      270; and for the theory that the soul gives form to matter, Plotinus
+      4. 3. 20.
+
+  824 _i.e._ the fifth substance.
+
+  825 Helios; cf. 161 D. The whole passage implies the identification of
+      Attis with nature, and of the world‐soul with Helios; cf. 162 A
+      where Attis is called “Nature,” φύσις.
+
+  826 cf. 170 D, 168 C; Sallust, _On the Gods and the World_ 4. 16. 1.
+
+  827 cf. 171 A; Sallust also identifies Gallus with the Milky Way, 4. 14.
+      25.
+
+  828 ἑαυτὸ Shorey suggests, τοῦτο Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  829 λέγομεν Petavius suggests, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  830 τε Hertlein suggests.
+
+  831 τὰς Hertlein suggests.
+
+  832 μὲν Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.
+
+  833 κρείττων Hertlein suggests, κρεῖττον MSS.
+
+  834 ἢ ὅτε Shorey, ὅτε Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  835 προüφεστῶσαν Hertlein suggests, προεστῶσαν MSS.
+
+  836 τῇ δὲ Hertlein suggests, τῇ MSS.
+
+  837 φησιν ὁ μῦθος Hertlein suggests, φησι MSS.
+
+  838 A finite verb _e.g._ φαίνεται is needed to complete the
+      construction.
+
+  839 καὶ Friederich, πέπεικε Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  840 cf. 170 D, 179 D.
+
+  841 _i.e._ Zeus.
+
+  842 Hence she is the counterpart of Athene, cf. 179 A. Athene is
+      Forethought among the intellectual gods; Cybele is Forethought among
+      the intelligible gods and therefore superior to Athene; cf. 180 A.
+
+  843 The Corybantes were the Phrygian priests of Cybele, who at Rome were
+      called Galli.
+
+  844 The Asiatic deities, especially Cybele, are often represented
+      holding lions, or in cars drawn by them. cf. Catullus 63. 76,
+      _juncta juga resolvens Cybele leonibus_, “Cybele unharnessed her
+      team of lions”; she sends a lion in pursuit of Attis, cf. 168 B;
+      Porphyry, _On the Cave of the Nymph_ 3. 2. 287 calls the sign of the
+      lion “the dwelling of Helios.”
+
+  845 _Iliad_ 10. 23 λέοντος αἴθωνος.
+
+  846 cf. _Oration_ 4. 145 C.
+
+  847 A finite verb is needed to complete the construction. For the
+      anacoluthon cf. 167 D.
+
+  848 καὶ διὰ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.
+
+  849 A pine sacred to Attis was felled on March 22nd; cf. Frazer, _Attis,
+      Adonis and Osiris_, p. 222.
+
+  850 cf. 171 C, 175 A.
+
+  851 March 23rd.
+
+  852 March 24th was the date of the castration of the Galli, the priests
+      of Attis.
+
+  853 On March 25th the resurrection of Attis and the freeing of our souls
+      from generation (γένεσις) was celebrated by the feast of the
+      Hilaria.
+
+  854 ἡγεμόνας Shorey, cf. 170 A, B, ἡμῶν Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  855 αὐτὰς Hertlein suggests, αὐτὰ MSS.
+
+  856 169 D‐170 C is a digression on the value of myths, which the wise
+      man is not to accept without an allegorising interpretation; cf.
+      _Oration_ 7. 216 C.
+
+  857 τελευταίας αἰτίας Hertlein suggests, τελευταίας MSS.
+
+  858 In 167 D Attis was identified with the light of the moon; cf.
+      _Oration_ 4. 150 A; where the moon is called the lowest of the
+      spheres, who gives form to the world of matter that lies below her;
+      cf. Sallust, _On the Gods and the World_ 4. 14. 23; where Attis is
+      called the creator of our world.
+
+  859 προκαλεῖται Hertlein suggests, προσκαλεῖται MSS.
+
+  860 δὴ καὶ Hertlein suggests, δὲ καὶ V, καὶ MSS.
+
+  861 _Phaedrus_ 250 D, _Timaeus_ 47 A, _Republic_ 507‐508.
+
+  862 Porphyry, _On the Cave of the Nymph_ 22, says that Cancer and
+      Capricorn are the two gates of the sun; and that souls descend
+      through Cancer and rise aloft through Capricorn.
+
+  863 This seems to identify Attis with the sun’s rays.
+
+  864 Chaldean astrology and the Chaldean oracles are often cited with
+      respect by the Neo‐Platonists; for allusions to their worship of the
+      Seven‐rayed Mithras (Helios) cf. Damascius 294 and Proclus on
+      _Timaeus_ 1. 11.
+
+  865 _e.g._ Iamblichus and especially Maximus of Ephesus who is a typical
+      theurgist of the fourth century A.D. and was supposed to work
+      miracles.
+
+  866 δὴ Shorey, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  867 αὐτὴ Wright, αὕτη MSS., Hertlein.
+
+  868 ἱερέων Hertlein suggests, ἱερῶν MSS.
+
+  869 The Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter and Persephone; the Lesser were
+      celebrated in February, the greater in September.
+
+  870 Plato, _Gorgias_ 497 C; Plutarch, _Demetrius_ 900 B.
+
+  871 αὐτὸς εἰρηκώς Hertlein suggests, εἰρηκὼς MSS.
+
+  872 προüφεστώσῃ Hertlein suggests, προεστεώσῃ MSS.
+
+  873 δὲ Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.
+
+  874 cf. _Oration_ 4. 131 A.
+
+  875 Attis.
+
+  876 ᾗ Hertlein suggests, οὗ MSS.
+
+  877 cf. 168 D‐169 A, 171 C.
+
+  878 παρακελεύονται Wyttenbach, μολλαχοῦ παρακελεύονται Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  879 The construction of καὶ καλάμης is not clear; Petavius suspects
+      corruption or omission.
+
+  880 ποιητικώτερον Naber, τι καὶ ποιητικὸν Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  881 ὁρμῶντα Naber.
+
+  882 _Theaetetus_ 176 A; cf. _Oration_ 2. 90 A.
+
+  883 _i.e._ to the intelligible world and the One; cf. 169 C.
+
+  884 Porphyry, _On Abstinence_ 3. 5, gives a list of these sacred birds;
+      _e.g._ the owl sacred to Athene, the eagle to Zeus, the crane to
+      Demeter.
+
+  885 ἅπαντα Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντας MSS.
+
+  886 συγχωρεῖ Hertlein suggests, συγχωροίη MSS.
+
+  887 φήσει Hertlein suggests, φήσειεν MSS.
+
+  888 cf. Aristotle, _On the Generation of Animals_ 736 b. 37, for the
+      breath πνεῦμα, that envelops the disembodied soul and resembles
+      aether. The Stoics sometimes defined the soul as a “warm breath,”
+      ἔνθερμον πνεῦμα.
+
+  889 The phrase probably occurred in an oracular verse.
+
+  890 Oration 6. 203 C; Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 308, συνείρει ...
+      ἀπνευστί.
+
+  891 ἕνεκά του Shorey, ἕνεκα τοῦ Hertlein, MSS.
+
+  892 The epithet means “favoured by Aphrodite.”
+
+  893 In this rendering of λόγος (which may here mean “Reason”) I follow
+      Mau p. 113, and Asmus, _Julians Galiläerschrift_ p. 31.
+
+  894 πράξεις Hertlein suggests, τάξεις MSS.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 1 OF 2)***
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+<body class="tei">
+  <div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style=
+  "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en">
+    <div class="tei tei-front" style=
+    "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project
+            Gutenberg EBook of The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 1 of 2)
+            by Julian, Emperor of Rome</p>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This ebook is
+            for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+            other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+            restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use
+            it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href=
+            "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or
+            online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class=
+            "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>. If you are
+            not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws
+            of the country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
+          </div>
+          <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em">
+Title: The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 1 of 2)
+
+Author: Julian, Emperor of Rome
+
+Release Date: April 7, 2015 [Ebook #48664]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 1 OF 2)***
+</pre>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"></div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 173%">The Works of the Emperor Julian</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 173%">Volume 1</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 173%">With an English Translation by</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 173%">Wilmer Cave Wright</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Harvard University
+        Press</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cambridge,
+        Massachusetts</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1913</p>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em">
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+
+        <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc">
+          <li><a href="#toc1">Introduction</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc3">Bibliography</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc5">Oration I</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc7">Oration II</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc9">Oration III</a></li>
+
+          <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">Introduction To
+          Oration III</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc13">Oration IV</a></li>
+
+          <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc15">Introduction To
+          Oration IV</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc17">Oration V</a></li>
+
+          <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">Introduction To
+          Oration V</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc21">Index</a></li>
+
+          <li><a href="#toc23">Footnotes</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+    "margin-top: 6.00em; margin-bottom: 6.00em">
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 30%; text-align: center">
+          <a href="images/cover.jpg"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt=
+          "Cover Art" /></a>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's
+        Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at
+        Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public
+        domain.]</p>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name=
+      "Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Introduction</span></h1>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flavius Claudius
+        Julianus</span></span>,<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href=
+        "#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> son of
+        Julius Constantius and nephew of the Emperor Constantine, was born at
+        Constantinople in 331 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> His father, eldest
+        brother, and cousins were slain in the massacre by which Constantius,
+        Constantine II., and Constans secured the empire for themselves on
+        the death of their father Constantine in 337. Julian and his elder
+        brother Gallus spent a precarious childhood and youth, of which six
+        years were passed in close confinement in the remote castle of
+        Macellum in Cappadocia, and their position was hardly more secure
+        when, in 350, Gallus was elevated to the Caesarship by Constantius,
+        who, after the violent deaths of his two brothers, was now sole ruler
+        of the empire. But Julian was allowed to pursue his favourite studies
+        in Greek literature and philosophy, partly at Nicomedia and Athens,
+        partly in the cities <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageviii">[pg
+        viii]</span><a name="Pgviii" id="Pgviii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+        of Asia Minor, and he was deeply influenced by Maximus of Ephesus,
+        the occult philosopher, Libanius of Nicomedia, the fashionable
+        sophist, and Themistius the Aristotelian commentator, the only
+        genuine philosopher among the sophists of the fourth century
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the excesses
+        of the revolutionary Gallus ended in his death at the hands of
+        Constantius, Julian, an awkward and retiring student, was summoned to
+        the court at Milan, where he was protected by the Empress Eusebia
+        from the suspicions of Constantius and the intrigues of hostile
+        courtiers. Constantius had no heir to continue the dynasty of the
+        Constantii. He therefore raised Julian to the Caesarship in 355, gave
+        him his sister Helena in marriage, and dispatched him to Gaul to
+        pacify the Gallic provinces. To the surprise of all, Julian in four
+        successive campaigns against the Franks and the Alemanis proved
+        himself a good soldier and a popular general. His <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Commentaries</span></span> on these campaigns
+        are praised by Eunapius<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href=
+        "#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> and
+        Libanius,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href=
+        "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> but are
+        not now extant. In 357-358 Constantius, who was occupied by wars
+        against the Quadi and the Sarmatians, and threatened with a renewal
+        of hostilities by the Persian king Sapor, ordered Julian,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageix">[pg ix]</span><a name="Pgix" id=
+        "Pgix" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who was then at Paris, to send to
+        his aid the best of the Gallic legions. Julian would have obeyed, but
+        his troops, unwilling to take service in the East, mutinied and
+        proclaimed him Emperor (359 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>). Julian issued
+        manifestoes justifying his conduct to the Senates of Rome and Athens
+        and to the Spartans and Corinthians, a characteristic anachronism,
+        since their opinion no longer had any weight. It was not till 361
+        that he began his march eastward to encounter the army of
+        Constantius. His troops, though seasoned and devoted, were in numbers
+        no match for the legions of his cousin. But the latter, while
+        marching through Cilicia to oppose his advance, died suddenly of a
+        fever near Tarsus, and Julian, now in his thirtieth year, succeeded
+        peacefully to the throne and made a triumphal entry into
+        Constantinople in December, 361.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eunuchs and
+        courtiers who had surrounded Constantius were replaced by sophists
+        and philosophers, and in the next six months Julian set on foot
+        numerous economic and administrative reforms. He had long been
+        secretly devoted to the Pagan religion, and he at once proclaimed the
+        restoration of the Pagan gods and the temple worship. Christianity he
+        tolerated, and in his brief reign of sixteen months the Christians
+        were not actively persecuted. His <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "pagex">[pg x]</span><a name="Pgx" id="Pgx" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> treatise <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Against the Christians</span></span>, which
+        survives only in fragments, was an explanation of his apostasy. The
+        epithet <span class="tei tei-q">“Apostate”</span> was bestowed on him
+        by the Christian Fathers. Meanwhile he was preparing—first at
+        Constantinople then at Antioch, where he wrote the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span>, a satire on the luxury
+        and frivolity of the inhabitants—for a campaign against Sapor, a task
+        which he had inherited from Constantius. In March, 362 he left
+        Antioch and crossed the Euphrates, visited Carrhae, memorable for the
+        defeat of Crassus, then crossed the Tigris, and, after burning his
+        fleet, retired northwards towards Armenia. On the march he fought an
+        indecisive battle with the Persians at Maranga, and in a skirmish
+        with the retreating enemy he was mortally wounded by a javelin
+        (January 26th, 363). His body was carried to Tarsus by his successor
+        the Emperor Jovian, and was probably removed later to Constantinople.
+        The legend that as he died he exclaimed: Γαλιλαῖε νενίκηκας,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast conquered, O Galilæan!”</span>
+        appears first in the Christian historian Theodoret in the fifth
+        century. Julian was the last male descendant of the famous dynasty
+        founded by Constantius Chlorus.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In spite of his
+        military achievements, he was, first of all, a student. Even on his
+        campaigns he took his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexi">[pg
+        xi]</span><a name="Pgxi" id="Pgxi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> books
+        with him, and several of his extant works were composed in camp. He
+        had been trained, according to the fashion of his times, in
+        rhetorical studies by professional sophists such as Libanius, and he
+        has all the mannerisms of a fourth century sophist. It was the
+        sophistic etiquette to avoid the direct use of names, and Julian
+        never names the usurpers Magnentius, Silvanus, and Vetranio, whose
+        suppression by Constantius he describes in his two first <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orations</span></span>,
+        regularly refers to Sapor as <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+        barbarian,”</span> and rather than name Mardonius, his tutor, calls
+        him <span class="tei tei-q">“a certain Scythian who had the same name
+        as the man who persuaded Xerxes to invade Hellas.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> He wrote
+        the literary Greek of the fourth century <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> which imitates the
+        classical style, though barbarisms and late constructions are never
+        entirely avoided. His pages are crowded with echoes of Homer,
+        Demosthenes, Plato, and Isocrates, and his style is interwoven with
+        half verses, phrases, and whole sentences taken without
+        acknowledgment from the Greek masterpieces. It is certain that, like
+        other sophists, he wished his readers to recognise these echoes, and
+        therefore his source is always classical, so that where he seems to
+        imitate Dio Chrysostom or Themistius, both go back to a common
+        source, which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexii">[pg
+        xii]</span><a name="Pgxii" id="Pgxii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+        Julian had in mind. Another sophistic element in his style is the use
+        of commonplaces, literary allusions that had passed into the
+        sophistic language and can be found in all the writers of
+        reminiscence Greek in his day. He himself derides this practice<a id=
+        "noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> but he
+        cannot resist dragging in the well-worn references to Cyrus, Darius,
+        and Alexander, to the nepenthe poured out by Helen in the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, to the defiance of nature
+        by Xerxes, or the refusal of Socrates to admit the happiness of the
+        Great King. Julian wished to make Neo-Platonism the philosophy of his
+        revived Hellenism, but he belonged to the younger or Syrian branch of
+        the school, of which Iamblichus was the real founder, and he only
+        once mentions Plotinus. Iamblichus he ranked with Plato and paid him
+        a fanatical devotion. His philosophical writing, especially in the
+        two prose <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hymns</span></span>, is obscure, partly because
+        his theories are only vaguely realised, partly because he reproduces
+        the obscurity of his model, Iamblichus. In satire and narrative he
+        can be clear and straightforward.</p>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexiii">[pg xiii]</span><a name=
+      "Pgxiii" id="Pgxiii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Bibliography</span></h1>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-top: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Manuscripts</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Vossianus</span></span> (V), Leyden, 13th or
+          14th cent. (contains also the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span> of Libanius), is the
+          only reliable MS. of Julian, and was once complete except for a few
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span>. Where pages are lost
+          from V a group of inferior MSS. are used, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Marcianus</span></span> 366 (M), 251 (Mb),
+          both 15th cent., five <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Monacenses</span></span> (at Munich), and
+          several <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Parisini</span></span> (at Paris). Cobet's
+          contributions to the text are in <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Mnemosyne</span></span> 8, 9, 10 (old series
+          1859-1861) and 10, 11 (new series 1882-1883). A. Papadoulos
+          Kerameus published in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Rheinisches Museum</span></span>, 1887, six
+          new <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span> discovered on the island
+          of Chalcis.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Editions</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> and <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters</span></span>
+          (with Latin version) Martin, Paris, 1566. Martin and Cantoclarus,
+          Paris, 1583. Petau (Petavius) Paris, 1630. Spanheim, Leipzig, 1696.
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration
+          I</span></span>, Schaefer, Leipzig, 1802 (with Latin version and
+          Wyttenbach's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Critical Epistle to Ruhnken</span></span>).
+          Hertlein, Leipzig (Teubner), 1875-1876.<a id="noteref_6" name=
+          "noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a>
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against
+          the Christians</span></span>, Neumann, Leipzig, 1880. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Letters:</span></span> Heyler, Mainz, 1828.
+          Westermann, Leipzig, 1854.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Literature</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Vie de l'Empereur
+          Julien</span></span>, Abbé de la Bleterie, Paris, 1735. Strauss,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der
+          Romantiker auf dem Throne der Caesaren</span></span>, Mannheim,
+          1847. Mücke <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Julian's Leben und Schriften</span></span>,
+          Gotha, 1868. Naville, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Julien l'Apostat</span></span>, Neufchâtel,
+          1877. Schwartz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">De vita et scriptis Juliani</span></span>,
+          Bonn, 1888. Gildersleeve <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Julian</span></span> in <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essays and
+          Studies</span></span>, Baltimore, 1890. Gardner, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julian</span></span>,
+          New York, 1895. France (W. C. Wright), <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julian's Relation to
+          Neo-Platonism</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexiv">[pg
+          xiv]</span><a name="Pgxiv" id="Pgxiv" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">and the New
+          Sophistic</span></span>, London, 1896. Negri, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">L'Imperatore
+          Giuliano</span></span>, Milan, 1902 (translated by
+          Letta-Visconti-Arese, London, 1906). Bidez and Cumont, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recherches sur la
+          tradition manuscrite des lettres de Julien</span></span>, Brussels,
+          1898. Asmus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Julian und Dio Chrysostomus</span></span>,
+          Tauberbischofsheim, 1895. Brambs, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Studien</span></span>, Eichstätt, 1897.
+          Allard, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Julien l'Apostat</span></span>, Paris, 1903.
+          Cumont, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Sur l'authenticité de quelques lettres de
+          Julien</span></span>, Gaud, 1889.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Translations</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Latin:
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> and <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span>, Martin in edition.
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration
+          I</span></span>, Schaefer in edition. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span>, Heyler in edition.
+          French: Tourlet, Paris, 3 vols. 1821. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traduction de
+          quelques Ouvrages de l'Empereur Julien</span></span>, Abbé de la
+          Bleterie, Paris, 1748. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span>, Spanheim, Paris, 1683.
+          German: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Against the Christians</span></span>, Neumann,
+          Leipzig, 1880. English: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Select Works</span></span> by Duncombe,
+          London, 1784 (contains also some translations of Libanius).</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "margin-top: 2.88em; margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Bibliographical Addendum
+          (1980)</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">J. Bidez:
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La
+          tradition manuscrite et les éditions des discours de
+          Julien</span></span> (1929). J. Bidez: <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La vie de l'empereur
+          Julien</span></span> (1930). G. W. Bowersock: <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julian the
+          Apostate</span></span>, Cambridge, Mass. (1978). R. Browning:
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+          Emperor Julian</span></span> (1975). G. Gigli: <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giuliano
+          l'Apostata</span></span> (1960). W. E. Kaegi: <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Research on Julian, 1945-1964,”</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">CW</span></span> 58
+          (1965) 229ff. G. Ricciotti: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Julian the Apostate</span></span>, trans. M.
+          J. Costelloe (1960).</p>
+        </div>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name=
+      "Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration I</span></h1>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's
+        Note: The original book had pages with Greek on the left page and the
+        corresponding English translation on the facing right page. In this
+        e-book, each Greek paragraph will be immediately followed by the
+        English translation paragraph, surrounded in parentheses. The Greek
+        text contains markings such as [3] and [B]; they are section and
+        sub-section markings that in the original book were in the right
+        margin. These are different from numbers within parentheses such as
+        (10), which are used as footnote references in some e-book
+        formats.]</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg
+        004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ
+        ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΟΝ</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(PANEGYRIC IN
+        HONOUR OF THE EMPEROR CONSTANTIUS)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πάλαι με
+        προθυμούμενον, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πράξεις ὑμνῆσαι
+        καὶ τοὺς πολέμους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι, καὶ τὰς τυραννίδας ὅπως ἀνῄιρηκας,
+        τῆς μὲν λόγῳ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς δορυφόρους ἀποστήσας, τῆς δὲ τοῖς ὅπλοις
+        κρατήσας, τὸ μέγεθος εἶργε τῶν πράξεων, οὐ τὸ βραχὺ λειφθῆναι τῷ λόγῳ
+        τῶν ἔργων δεινὸν κρίνοντα, ἀλλὰ τὸ παντελῶς τῆς ὑποθέσεως διαμαρτεῖν
+        δόξαι. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ περὶ τοὺς πολιτικοῦς ἀγῶνας καὶ τὴν ποίησιν
+        διατρίβουσιν οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν εἰ ῥᾳδίως ἔξεστιν ἐγχειρεῖν τοῖς
+        ἐπαίνοις τῶν σοι πραχθέντων· [2] περίεστι γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῆς τοῦ
+        λέγειν μελέτης καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις συνηθείας τὸ θαρσεῖν ἐν
+        δίκῃ. ὅσοι δὸ τοῦ μὲν τοιούτου μέρους κατωλιγώρησαν, ὥρμησαν δ᾽ ἐφ᾽
+        ἕτερον παιδείας εἶδος καὶ λόγων ξυγγραφὴν οὐ δήμῳ κεχαρισμένην οὐδ᾽
+        ἐς θέατρα παντοδαπὰ τολμῶσαν ἀποδύεσθαι, πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἔχοιεν
+        ἂν εἰκότως εὐλαβεστέρως. ἔστι γὰρ οὐκ ἄδηλον τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι [B] τοῦς μὲν
+        ποιηταῖς Μοῦσαι καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν ἐκεῖθεν ἐπιπνεομένους τὴν ποίησιν
+        γράφειν ἄφθονον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg
+        006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> παρέχει τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πλάσματος· τοῖς
+        ῥήτορσι δὲ ἡ τέχνη τὴν ἴσην παρέσχεν ἄδειαν, τὸ μὲν πλάττειν
+        ἀφελομένη, τὸ δὲ κολακεύειν οὐδαμῶς ἀπαγορεύσασα, οὐδὲ αἰσχύνην
+        ὁμολογουμένην τῷ λέγοντι τὸ ψευδῶς<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7"
+        href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> ἐπαινεῖν
+        τοὺς οὐκ ἀξίους ἐπαίνου κρίνασα. ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἐπειδὰν καινόν τινα
+        μῦθον καὶ μηδέπω τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐπινοηθέντα φέρωσιν αὐτοὶ ξυνθέντες,
+        [C] τῷ ξένῳ τοὺς ἀκούοντας ψυχαγωγήσαντες πλέον θαυμάζονται· οἱ δὲ
+        τῆς τέχνης ἀπολαῦσαί φασιν ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι περὶ τῶν μικρῶν μειζόνως
+        διελθεῖν, καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἀφελεῖν τῶν ἔργων τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ὄλως
+        ἀντιτάττειν τῇ τῶν πραγμάτων φύσει τὴν δύναμιν<a id="noteref_8" name=
+        "noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> τῶν
+        λόγων.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I have long
+        desired, most mighty Emperor, to sing the praises of your valour and
+        achievements, to recount your campaigns, and to tell how you
+        suppressed the tyrannies; how your persuasive eloquence drew away one
+        usurper's<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href=
+        "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a>
+        bodyguard; how you overcame another<a id="noteref_10" name=
+        "noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> by force
+        of arms. But the vast scale of your exploits deterred me, because
+        what I had to dread was not that my words would fall somewhat short
+        of your achievements, but that I should prove wholly unequal to my
+        theme. That men versed in political debate, or poets, should find it
+        easy to compose a panegyric on your career is not at all surprising.
+        Their practice in speaking, their habit of declaiming in public
+        supplies them abundantly with a well-warranted confidence. But those
+        who have neglected this field and chosen another branch of literary
+        study which devotes itself to a form of composition little adapted to
+        win popular favour and that has not the hardihood to exhibit itself
+        in its nakedness in every theatre, no matter what, would naturally
+        hesitate to make speeches of the epideictic sort. As for the poets,
+        their Muse, and the general belief that it is she who inspires their
+        verse, obviously gives them unlimited license to invent. To
+        rhetoricians the art of rhetoric allows just as much freedom; fiction
+        is denied them, but flattery is by no means forbidden, nor is it
+        counted a disgrace to the orator that the object of his panegyric
+        should not deserve it. Poets who compose and publish some legend that
+        no one had thought of before increase their reputation, because an
+        audience is entertained by the mere fact of novelty. Orators, again,
+        assert<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href=
+        "#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> that the
+        advantage of their art is that it can treat a slight theme in the
+        grand manner, and again, by the use of mere words, strip the
+        greatness from deeds, and, in short, marshall the power of words
+        against that of facts.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν
+        ἑώρων ταύτης ἐμαυτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν χρείᾳ τῆς τέχνης, ἦγον ἂν
+        τὴν προσήκουσαν ἡσυχίαν τοῖς ἀμελετήτως ἔχουσι τῶν τοιούτων λόγων,
+        [D] παραχωρῶν τῶν σῶν ἐγκωμίων ἐκείνοις, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην.
+        ἐπεὶ δὲ ἅπαν τοὐναντίον ὁ παρὼν ἀπαιτεῖ λόγος τῶν πραγμάτων ἁπλῆν
+        διήγησιν οὐδενὸς ἐπεισάκτου κόσμου δεομένην, ἔδοξε κἀμοὶ προσήκειν,
+        τοῦ<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> ἀξίως
+        διηγήσασθαι τῶν ἔργων ἀνεφίκτου καὶ τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν<a id=
+        "noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> ἤδη
+        φανέντος. ἅπαντες γὰρ σχεδὸν οἱ [3] περὶ παιδείαν διατρίβοντες
+        σε<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> ἐν μέτρῳ
+        καὶ καταλογάδην ὑμνοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν ἅπαντα περιλαβεῖν ἐν βραχεῖ
+        τολμῶντες, οἱ δὲ μέρεσιν αὑτοὺς ἐπιδόντες τῶν πράξεων ἀρκεῖν ᾠήθησαν,
+        εἰ τούτων τῆς ἀξίας μὴ διαμάρτοιεν. ἄξιον δὲ ἄγασθαι τὴν προθυμίαν
+        τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἁπάντων, ὅσοι τῶν σῶν ἐπαίνων ἥψαντο. οἱ μὲν γάρ, ὅπως
+        μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τῶν σοι πραχθέντων ἀμαυρωθείη, τὸν μέγιστον
+        ὑποδῦναι πόνον ἐτόλμησαν, οἱ δέ, ὅτι τοῦ παντὸς διαμαρτήσειν ἤλπιζον,
+        τὴν αὑτῶν γνώμην ἐν μέρει προύφηναν, [B] ἄμεινον τοῦ τῆς σιωπῆς
+        ἀκινδύνου γέρως κρίναντες κατὰ δύναμίν σοι τῶν οἰκείων πόνων
+        ἀπάρξασθαι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(If, however, I
+        had seen that on this occasion I should need their art, I should have
+        maintained the silence that befits those who have had no practice in
+        such forms of composition, and should leave your praises to be told
+        by those whom I just now mentioned. Since, on the contrary, the
+        speech I am to make calls for a plain narrative of the facts and
+        needs no adventitious ornament, I thought that even I was not unfit,
+        seeing that my predecessors had already shown that it was beyond them
+        to produce a record worthy of your achievements. For almost all who
+        devote themselves to literature attempt to sing your praises in verse
+        or prose; some of them venture to cover your whole career in a brief
+        narrative, while others devote themselves to a part only, and think
+        that if they succeed in doing justice to that part they have proved
+        themselves equal to the task.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ
+        αὐτὸς εἷς ὢν ἐτύγχανον τῶν τοὺς ἐπιδεικτικοὺς ἀγαπώντων λόγους, ἐχρῆν
+        ἐντεῦθεν ἄρχεσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως, τὴν ἴσην εὔνοιαν ἀπαιτήσαντα τῆς
+        ὑπαρχούσης ἤδη σοι παρ᾽ ἡμῶν καὶ δεηθέντα τῶν λόγων ἀκροατὴν εὐμενῆ
+        γενέσθαι, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκριβῆ καὶ ἀπαραίτητον κριτὴν καταστῆναι. [C] ἐπεὶ
+        δὲ ἐν ἄλλοις μαθήμασι τραφέντες καὶ παιδευθέντες, καθάπερ
+        ἐπιτηδεύμασι καὶ νόμοις, ἀλλοτρίων κατατολμᾶν ἔργων δοκοῦμεν οὐκ
+        ὀρθῶς, μικρά μοι δοκεῖ χρῆναι καὶ περὶ τούτων δηλῶσαι, οἰκειοτέραν
+        ἀρχὴν προθέντα τοῦ λόγου.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Yet one can but
+        admire the zeal of all who have made you the theme of a panegyric.
+        Some did not shrink from the tremendous effort to secure every one of
+        your achievements from the withering touch of time; others, because
+        they foresaw that they could not compass the whole, expressed
+        themselves only in part, and chose to consecrate to you their
+        individual work so far as they were able. Better this, they thought,
+        than <span class="tei tei-q">“the reward of silence that runs no
+        risk.”</span><a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href=
+        "#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> Now if I
+        were one of those whose favourite pursuit is epideictic oratory, I
+        should have to begin my speech by asking from you no less goodwill
+        than I now feel towards yourself, and should beg you graciously to
+        incline your ear to my words and not play the part of a severe and
+        inexorable critic. But since, bred as I have been and educated in
+        other studies, other pursuits, other conventions, I am criticised for
+        venturing rashly into fields that belong to others, I feel that I
+        ought to explain myself briefly on this head and begin my speech more
+        after my own fashion.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Νόμος ἐστὶ παλαιὸς
+        παρὰ τοῦ πρώτου φιλοσοφίαν ἀνθρώποις φήναντος οὑτωσὶ κείμενος·
+        ἅπαντας [D] πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν βλέποντας ἐπιτηδεύειν
+        ἐν λόγοις, ἐν ἔργοις, ἐν ξυνουσίαις, ἐν πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς τοῖς κατὰ τὸν
+        βίον μικροῖς καὶ μείζοσι τοῦ καλοῦ πάντως ἐφίεσθαι. πάντων δὲ ὅτι
+        κάλλιστον ἀρετή, τίς ἂν ἡμῖν τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων ἀμφισβητήσειε; ταύτης
+        τοίνυν ἀντέχεσθαι διακελεύεται τοὺς μὴ μάτην τουτὶ περιοίσοντας
+        τοὔνομα, προσῆκον οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς σφετερισαμένους. ταῦτα δὲ διαγορεύων ὁ
+        νόμος οὐδεμίαν ἰδέαν ἐπιτάττει λόγων, οὐδ᾽ ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος τραγικῆς
+        μηχανῆς, φησὶ, χρῆναι προαγορεύει τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσ [4] σπεύδειν μὲν
+        πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν, ἀποφεύγειν δὲ τὴν πονηρίαν, ἀλλὰ πολλαῖς ὁδοῖς ἐπὶ
+        τοῦτο δίδωσι χρῆσθαι τῷ βουληθέντι μιμεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκείνου φύσιν. καὶ
+        γὰρ παραίνεσιν ἀγαθὴν καὶ λόγων προτρεπτικῶν χρῆσιν καὶ τὸ μετ᾽
+        εὐνοίας ἐπιπλήττειν τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν ἐπαινεῖν τε αὖ τὰ καλῶς
+        πραχθέντα καὶ ψέγειν, ὅταν ᾖ καιρός, τὰ μὴ [B] τοιαῦτα τῶν ἔργων.
+        ἐφίησι δὲ καὶ<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href=
+        "#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> ταῖς
+        ἄλλαις ἰδεαις, εἴ τις ἐθέλοι, πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον τῶν λόγων χρῆσθαι,
+        ἐπὶ παντὶ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ λόγῳ καὶ πράξει μεμνῆσθαι προστάττων, ὅπῃ
+        τούτων ὑφέξουσιν εὐθύνας, ὧν ἂν τύχωσιν εἰπόντες, λέγειν δὲ οὐδὲν ὅ
+        τι μὴ πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἀνοίσουσι. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου
+        ταῦτα καὶ τοιαῦτα ἕτερα.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(There is an
+        ancient maxim taught by him who first introduced philosophy to
+        mankind, and it is as follows. All who aspire to virtue and the
+        beautiful must study in their words, deeds, conversation, in short,
+        in all the affairs of life, great and small, to aim in every way at
+        beauty. Now what sensible man would deny that virtue is of all things
+        the most beautiful? Wherefore those are bidden to lay firm hold on
+        her who do not seek to blazon abroad her name in vain, appropriating
+        that which in no way belongs to them. Now in giving this counsel, the
+        maxim does not prescribe any single type of discourse, nor does it
+        proclaim to its readers, like a god from the machine in tragedy,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye must aspire to virtue and eschew
+        evil.”</span> Many are the paths that it allows a man to follow to
+        this goal, if he desire to imitate the nature of the beautiful. For
+        example, he may give good advice, or use hortatory discourse, or he
+        may rebuke error without malice, or applaud what is well done, or
+        condemn, on occasion, what is ill done. It permits men also to use
+        other types of oratory, if they please, so as to attain the best end
+        of speech, but it enjoins on them to take thought in every word and
+        act how they shall give account of all they utter, and to speak no
+        word that cannot be referred to the standard of virtue and
+        philosophy. That and more to the same effect is the tenour of that
+        precept.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg
+        010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἄρα τί
+        ποτε δράσομεν, εἰργόμενοι μὲν τῷ δοκεῖν ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς χάριν τὴν
+        εὐφημίαν, [C] τοῦ γένους δὲ ἤδη τῶν ἐπαίνων διὰ τούς οὐκ ὀρθῶς
+        μετιόντας ὑπόπτου καθεστῶτος δεινῶς, καὶ κολακείας ἀγεννοῦς, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ
+        μαρτυρίας ἀληθοῦς τῶν ἀρίστων ἔργων εἶναι νομισθέντος; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι τῇ
+        περὶ τὸν ἐπαινούμενον ἀρετῇ πεπιστευκότες ἐπιδώσομεν ἑαυτοὺς
+        θαρροῦντες τοῖς ἐγκωμίοις; τίς ἂν οὖν ἡμῖν ἀρχὴ καὶ τάξις τοῦ λόγου
+        γένοιτο καλλίστη; [D] ἢ δῆλον ὡς ἡ τῶν προγόνων ἀρετή, δι᾽ ἣν ὑπῆρξέ
+        σοι καὶ τὸ τοιούτῳ γενέσθαι; τροφῆς δὲ οἶμαι καὶ παιδείας ἑξῆς
+        προσήκει μνησθῆναι, ἥπερ σοι τὸ πλεῖστον εἰς τῆν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀρετὴν
+        συνεισηνέγκατο, ἐφ᾽ ἅπασι δὲ τούτοις ὥσπερ γνωρίσματα τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς
+        ἀρετῶν τὰς πράξεις διελθεῖν, καὶ τέλος ἐπιτιθέντα τῷ λόγῳ τὰς ἕξεις
+        δηλῶσαι, ὅθεν ὁρμώμενος τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ἔργων ἔδρασας καὶ ἐβουλεύσω.
+        [5] τούτῳ γὰρ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων διοίσειν τὸν λόγον. οἱ μὲν
+        γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων ἵστανται, ἀποχρῆν οἰόμενοι πρὸς τὴν τελείαν
+        εὐφημίαν τὸ τούτων μνησθῆναι, ἐγὼ δὲ οἶμαι δεῖν περὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν τὸν
+        πλεῖστον λόγον ποιήσασθαι, ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὁρμώμενος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον τῶν
+        κατορθωμάτων ἦλθες. τὰ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστα τῶν ἔργων, σχεδὸν δὲ πάντα,
+        τύχη καὶ δορυφόροι καὶ στρατιωτῶν φάλαγγες καὶ τάξεις ἱππέων<a id=
+        "noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a>
+        συγκατορθοῦσι, [B] τὰ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργα μόνου τέ ἐστι τοῦ δράσαντος,
+        καὶ ὁ ἐκ τούτων ἔπαινος ἀληθής καθεστὼς ἴδιος ἐστι τοῦ κεκτημένου.
+        οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν σαφῶς διώρισται, τῶν λόγων ἄρξομαι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now, what am
+        I to do? What embarrasses me is the fact that, if I praise you, I
+        shall be thought simply to curry favour, and in fact, the department
+        of panegyric has come to incur a grave suspicion due to its misuse,
+        and is now held to be base flattery rather than trustworthy testimony
+        to heroic deeds. Is it not obvious that I must put my faith in the
+        merit of him whom I undertake to praise, and with full confidence
+        devote my energies to this panegyric? What then shall be the prelude
+        of my speech and the most suitable arrangement? Assuredly I must
+        begin with the virtues of your ancestors through which it was
+        possible for you to come to be what you are. Next I think it will be
+        proper to describe your upbringing and education, since these
+        contributed very much to the noble qualities that you possess, and
+        when I have dealt with all these, I must recount your achievements,
+        the signs and tokens, as it were, of the nobility of your soul, and
+        finally, as the crown and consummation of my discourse, I shall set
+        forth those personal qualities from which was evolved all that was
+        noble in your projects and their execution. It is in this respect
+        that I think my speech will surpass those of all the others. For some
+        limit themselves to your exploits, with the idea that a description
+        of these suffices for a perfect panegyric, but for my part I think
+        one ought to devote the greater part of one's speech to the virtues
+        that were the stepping-stones by which you reached the height of your
+        achievements. Military exploits in most cases, nay in almost all, are
+        achieved with the help of fortune, the body-guard, heavy infantry and
+        cavalry regiments. But virtuous actions belong to the doer alone, and
+        the praise that they inspire, if it be sincere, belongs only to the
+        possessor of such virtue. Now, having made this distinction clear, I
+        will begin my speech.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg
+        012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ μὲν οὖν τῶν
+        ἐπαίνων νόμος οὐδὲν ἔλαττον τῆς πατρίδος ἢ τῶν προγόνων ἀξιοῖ
+        μεμνῆσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ οἶδα, τίνα χρὴ πρῶτον ὑπολαβεῖν πατρίδα σήν·
+        ἔθνη γὰρ μυρία περὶ ταύτης ἀμφισβητεῖ πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. [C] καὶ ἡ μὲν
+        βασιλεύουσα τῶν ἁπάντων πόλις, μήτηρ οὖσα σὴ καὶ τροφὸς καὶ τὴν
+        βασιλείαν σοι μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης παρασχοῦσα, ἐξαίρετον αὑτῆς φησιν
+        εἶναι τὸ γέρας, οὐ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων δικαίοις
+        χρωμένη· λέγω δὲ ὅτι, κἂν ἀλλαχόθεν <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τυγχάνωσι, τῷ μετέχειν ἅπαντας ἤδη τοῦ
+        πολιτεύματος καὶ τοῖς ἐκεῖθεν ἡμῖν καταδειχθεῖσιν ἔθεσι καὶ νόμοις
+        χρῆσθαι πολῖται γεγόνασιν· οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς<a id="noteref_18"
+        name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> τεκοῦσα
+        τὴν σὴν μητέρα [D] καὶ θρεψαμένη βασιλικῶς καὶ τῶν ἐσομένων
+        ἐκγόνων<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href=
+        "#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> ἀξίως. ἡ
+        δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ Βοσπόρῳ πόλις, ὅλου τοῦ γένους τοῦ Κωνσταντίων ἐπώνυμος,
+        πατρὶς μὲν οὐκ εἶναι φησι, γεγονέναι δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ὁμολογεῖ,
+        καὶ δεινὰ πάσχειν οἰήσεται, εἰ ταύτης γοῦν τις αὐτὴν τῷ λόγῳ τῆς
+        συγγενείας ἀφαιροῖτο. Ἰλλυριοὶ δέ, ὅτι παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς γέγονας, οὐκ
+        ἀνέξονται τοῦ καλλίστου τῶν εὐτυχημάτων στερόμενοι, [6] εἴ τις ἄλλην
+        σοι πατρίδα προσνέμοι. ἀκούω δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ τῶν ἑῴων ἤδη τινὰς λέγειν,
+        ὅτι μὴ δίκαια δρῶμεν ἀφαιρούμενοι σφᾶς τὸν ἐπὶ σοὶ λόγον· αὐτοὶ γάρ
+        φασι τὴν τήθην ἐπὶ τὸν τοῦ μητροπάτορος τοῦ σοῦ προπέμψαι γάμον. καὶ
+        σχεδὸν ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ προφάσεις ἐπινοοῦντες μικρὰς ἢ μείζονας
+        αὑτοῖς σε<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href=
+        "#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a>
+        εἰσποιεῖν ἐκ παντὸς ἐγνώκασιν. ἐχέτω μὲν οὖν τὸ γέρας ἣν αὐτὸς
+        ἐθέλεις, [B] καὶ ἣν ἀρετῶν μητέρα καὶ διδάσκαλον πολλάκις ἐπαινῶν
+        εἴρηκας, τυγχανόντων δὲ ἑκάστη κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν αἱ λοιπαὶ τοῦ
+        προσήκοντος. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπαινεῖν μὲν ἁπάσας <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐθέλοιμ᾽<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21"
+        href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> ἂν ἀξίας
+        οὔσας δόξης<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href=
+        "#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> καὶ
+        τιμῆς, ὀκνῶ δὲ μὴ διὰ τὸ μῆκος, εἰ καὶ δοκεῖ λίαν οἰκεῖα τοῦ παρόντος
+        λόγου, διὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἀλλότρια φανῇ. τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων τοὺς ἐπαίνους
+        διὰ τοῦτ᾽ ἀφήσειν μοι δοκῶ, τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν ἐπαίνων
+        αὐτός, [C] ὦ βασιλεῦ, συλλαβὼν ἐν βραχεῖ καὶ διδάσκαλον ἀρετῆς
+        προσειπών, τῷ δοῦναι τὸ κάλλιστον τῶν ἐγκωμίων, τοὺς παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων
+        λόγους ἀφῄρησαι. τί γὰρ λέξομεν ἡμεῖς περὶ αὐτῆς τοιοῦτον ἕτερον; τί
+        δὲ ἄλλος τις εἰπεῖν ἔχει; ὥστε μοι δοκῶ σεβόμενος εἰκότως τὴν πόλιν
+        τούτῳ τιμᾶν αὐτὴν πλέον, τῷ παραχωρεῖν σοι τῶν εἰς αὐτὴν λόγων.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The rules of
+        panegyric require that I should mention your native land no less than
+        your ancestors. But I am at a loss what country I ought to consider
+        peculiarly yours. For countless nations have long asserted their
+        claim to be your country. The city<a id="noteref_23" name=
+        "noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> that
+        rules over them all was your mother and nurse, and in an auspicious
+        hour delivered to you the imperial sceptre, and therefore asserts her
+        sole title to the honour, and that not merely by resorting to the
+        plea that has prevailed under all the emperors. I mean that, even if
+        men are born elsewhere, they all adopt her constitution and use the
+        laws and customs that she has promulgated, and by that fact become
+        Roman citizens. But her claim is different, namely that she gave your
+        mother birth, rearing her royally and as befitted the offspring who
+        were to be born to her. Then again, the city on the Bosporus which is
+        named after the family of the Constantii, though she does not assert
+        that she is your native place, but acknowledges that she became your
+        adopted land by your father's act, will think she is cheated of her
+        rights if any orator should try to deprive her of at least this claim
+        to kinship. Thirdly, the Illyrians, on whose soil you were born, will
+        not tolerate it if anyone assign you a different fatherland and rob
+        them of the fairest gift of fortune. And now I hear some even of the
+        Eastern provinces protest that it is unjust of me to rob them of the
+        lustre they derive from you. For they say that they sent forth your
+        grandmother to be the consort of your grandfather on the mother's
+        side. Almost all the rest have hit on some pretension of more or less
+        weight, and are determined, on one ground or another, to adopt you
+        for their own. Therefore let that country<a id="noteref_24" name=
+        "noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> have the
+        prize which you yourself prefer and have so often praised as the
+        mother and teacher of the virtues; as for the rest, let each one
+        according to her deserts obtain her due. I should be glad to praise
+        them all, worthy as they are of glory and honour, but I am afraid
+        that my compliments, however germane they may seem to my subject,
+        might, on account of their length, be thought inappropriate to the
+        present occasion. For this reason, then, I think it better to omit a
+        eulogy of the others, but as for Rome, your imperial Majesty summed
+        up her praises in two words when you called her the teacher of
+        virtue, and, by bestowing on her the fairest of all encomiums, you
+        have forestalled all that others might say. What praise of mine would
+        come up to that? What indeed is left for anyone to say? So I feel
+        that I, who naturally hold that city in reverence, shall pay her a
+        higher honour if I leave her praise in your hands.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς
+        εὐγενείας τῆς σῆς ἴσως ἄξιον ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν βραχεῖ διελθεῖν.
+        ἀπορεῖν δὲ ἔοικα κάνταῦθα, [D] πόθεν ἄρχεσθαι χρή. πρόγονοί τε γάρ
+        εἰσί σοι καὶ πάπποι καὶ γονεῖς ἀδελφοί τε καῖ ἀνεψιοὶ καὶ ξυγγενεῖς
+        βασιλεῖς ἅπαντες, αὐτοὶ κτησάμενοι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐννόμως ἢ παρὰ τῶν
+        κρατούντων εἰσποιηθέντες. καὶ τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ τί δεῖ λέγειν, Κλαυδίου
+        μνησθέντα, καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῆς ἐκείνου ἐναργῆ παρέχειν καὶ γνώριμα
+        πᾶσι τεκμήρια, τῶν ἀγώνων τῶν<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25"
+        href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> πρὸς
+        τοὺς ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἴστρον οἰκοῦντας βαρβάρους ἀναμιμνήσκοντα, καὶ ὅπως τὴν
+        ἀρχὴν ὁσίως ἅμα καὶ δικαίως ἑκτήσατο, [7] καὶ τὴν ἐν βασιλείᾳ τῆς
+        διαίτης λιτότητα, καὶ τὴν ἀφέλειαν τῆς ἐσθῆτος ἐπὶ τῶν εἰκόνων
+        ὁρωμένην ἔτι; τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν πάππων τῶν σῶν ἐστι μὲν τούτων νεώτερα,
+        λαμπρὰ δὲ οὐ μεῖον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg
+        018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐκείνων. ἔτυχον μὲν γὰρ ἄμφω τῆς ἀρχῆς δι᾽
+        ἀρετὴν ἀξίω κριθέντε, γενομένω δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων οὕτω πρός τε
+        ἀλλήλους εὐνοïκῶς ἔσχον καὶ πρὸς τὸν μεταδόντα τῆς βασιλείας εὐσεβῶς,
+        ὥσθ᾽ ὁ μὲν ὡμολόγει μηδὲν τούτου πώποτε κρεῖττον βεβουλεῦσθαι, [B]
+        πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα σωτήρια τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐξευρών, οἱ δὲ τὴν μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων
+        κοινωνίαν μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἀρχήν, εἴπερ οἷόν τε ἦν, ἑκάστῳ
+        περιγενομένην ἠγάπων. οὕτω δὲ διακείμενοι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἔργων ἔδρων
+        τὰ κάλλιστα, σεβόμενοι μὲν μετὰ τὴν κρείττονα φύσιν τὸν τὴν ἀρχὴν
+        αὐτοῖς παρασχόντα, τοῖς ὑπηκόοις δὲ πρᾴως<a id="noteref_26" name=
+        "noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> καὶ
+        φιλανθρώπως χρώμενοι, καὶ τοὺς [C] βαρβάρους οὐκ ἐλαύνοντες μόνον
+        πάλαι κατοικοῦντας καὶ νεμομένους καθάπερ τὴν οἰκείαν ἀδεῶς τὰ
+        ἡμέτερα, φρούρια δὲ ἐπιτειχίζοντες αὐτοῖς τοσαύτην πρὸς αὐτοὺς
+        εἰρήνην τοῖς ὑπηκόοις κατέστησαν, ὅσην οὐδὲ εὔξασθαι τότε ῥᾴδιον
+        ἐδόκει. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐκ ἄξιον ἐν παρέργῳ λέγειν. τῆς δὲ
+        ὁμονοίας αὐτῶν τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους τὸ μέγιστον σημεῖον παραλιπεῖν
+        οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον, καὶ ἄλλως προσῆκον τῷ λόγῳ. [D] κοινωνίαν γὰρ τὴν
+        καλλίστην τοῖς αὑτῶν παισὶν ἐπινοήσαντες τῶν σῶν πατέρων τοὺς γάμους
+        ἥρμοσαν. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν βραχεῖ διελθεῖν, ὅπως
+        μῆ τῆς ἀρχῆς φανῇς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς κληρονόμος. τὴν μὲν οὖν
+        βασιλείαν ὅπως μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς κατέσχε τελευτὴν αὐτοῦ τε ἐκείνου
+        τῇ κρίσει καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἁπάντων τῇ ψήφῳ πατὴρ ὁ σός, τί χρὴ νῦν
+        περιεργάζεσθαι; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg
+        020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὴν δὲ ἐς τοὺς πολέμους ῥώμην ἐκ τῶν ἔργων
+        μᾶλλον ἢ διὰ τῶν λόγων ἄν τις γνωρίσειε. τυραννίδας γάρ, [8] ἀλλ᾽ οὐ
+        βασιλείας ἐννόμους καθαιρῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐπῆλθεν ἅπασαν. τοσαύτην
+        δὲ εὔνοιαν αὑτοῦ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις παρέστησεν, ὥσθ᾽ οἱ μὲν στρατευόμενοι
+        τῆς περὶ τὰς δωρεὰς καὶ τὰς χάριτας μεγαλοψυχίας ἔτι μεμνημένοι
+        καθάπερ θεὸν διατελοῦσι σεβόμενοι· τὸ δὲ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν
+        ἀγρῶν πλῆθος, οὐχ οὕτω τῆς τῶν τυράννων ἀπαλλαγῆναι βαρύτητος
+        εὐχόμενοι, ὡς παρὰ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ἀρχθῆναι, [B] τὴν κατ᾽ ἐκείνων αὐτῷ
+        νίκην ἐπηύχοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἁπάντων κύριος κατέστη, ὥσπερ ἐξ αὐχμοῦ τῆς
+        ἀπληστίας τοῦ δυναστεύσαντος πολλῆς ἀπορίας χρημάτων οὔσης καὶ τοῦ
+        πλούτου τῶν βασιλείων ἐν μυχοῖς συνεληλαμένου, τὸ κλεῖθρον ἀφελὼν
+        ἐπέκλυσεν ἀθρόως τῷ πλούτῳ πάντα, πόλιν τε ἐπώνυμον αὑτοῦ κατέστησεν
+        ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις ἔτεσι δέκα, τοσούτῳ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν μείζονα, [C] ὅσῳ
+        τῆς Ῥώμης ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖ, ἧς τὸ δευτέραν τετάχθαι μακρῷ βέλτιον
+        ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἢ τὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν πρώτην νομίζεσθαι. καλὸν ἴσως
+        ἐνταῦθα καὶ τῶν ἀοιδίμων Ἀθηνῶν μνησθῆναι, ἂς ἐκεῖνος ἔργοις καὶ
+        λόγοις τιμῶν τὸν πάντα χρόνον διετέλει. βασιλεὺς γὰρ ὢν καὶ κύριος
+        πάντων, στρατηγὸς ἐκείνων ἠξίου καλεῖσθαι, καὶ τοιαύτης εἰκόνος
+        τυγχάνων μετ᾽ ἐπιγράμματος ἐγάνυτο πλέον ἢ τῶν μεγίστων τιμῶν
+        ἀξιωθείς. [D] ἀμειβόμενος δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τὴν πόλιν, πυρῶν μεδίμνους
+        δίδωσι πολλάκις μυρίους καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔτος δωρεὰν καρποῦσθαι, ἐξ ὧν
+        ὑπῆρχε τῇ πόλει μὲν ἐν ἀφθόνοις <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶναι, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἔπαινοι καὶ τιμαὶ παρὰ τῶν
+        βελτίστων.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now perhaps I
+        ought at this point to say a few words about your noble ancestors.
+        Only that here too I am at a loss where to begin. For all your
+        ancestors, grandfathers, parents, brothers, cousins and kinsfolk were
+        emperors, who had either acquired their power by lawful means or were
+        adopted by the reigning house. Why should I recall ancient history or
+        hark back to Claudius and produce proofs of his merit, which are
+        manifest and known to all? To what end recount his campaigns against
+        the barbarians across the Danube or how righteously and justly he won
+        the empire? How plainly he lived while on the throne! How simple was
+        his dress, as may be seen to this day in his statues! What I might
+        say about your grandparents<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href=
+        "#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> is
+        comparatively recent, but equally remarkable. Both of them acquired
+        the imperial sceptre as the reward of conspicuous merit, and having
+        assumed the command, they were on such good terms with each other and
+        displayed such filial piety to him<a id="noteref_28" name=
+        "noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> who had
+        granted them a share in the empire, that he used to say that of all
+        the safeguards designed by him for the realm, and they were many,
+        this was his master-stroke. They, meanwhile, valued their mutual
+        understanding more than undivided empire, supposing that it could
+        have been bestowed on either of them separately. This was the temper
+        of their souls, and nobly they played their part in action, while
+        next to the Supreme Being they reverenced him who had placed
+        authority in their hands. With their subjects they dealt righteously
+        and humanely, and expelled the barbarians who had for years settled
+        in our territory and had occupied it with impunity as though it were
+        their own, and they built forts to hinder encroachment, which
+        procured for those subjects such peaceful relations with the
+        barbarians as, at that period, seemed to be beyond their dreams.
+        This, however, is a subject that deserves more than a passing
+        mention. Yet it would be wrong to omit the strongest proof of their
+        unanimity, especially as it is related to my subject. Since they
+        desired the most perfect harmony for their children, they arranged
+        the marriage of your father and mother.<a id="noteref_29" name=
+        "noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> On this
+        point also I think I must say a few words to show that virtue was
+        bequeathed to you as well as a throne. But why waste time in telling
+        how your father, on his father's death, became emperor both by the
+        choice of the deceased monarch and by the vote of all the armies? His
+        military genius was made evident by his achievements and needs no
+        words of mine. He traversed the whole civilised world suppressing
+        tyrants, but never those who ruled by right. His subjects he inspired
+        with such affection that his veterans still remember how generous he
+        was with largess and other rewards, and to this day worship him as
+        though he were a god. As for the mass of the people, in town and
+        country alike, they prayed that your father might be victorious over
+        the tyrants, not so much because they would be delivered from that
+        oppression as because they would then be governed by him. But when he
+        had made his power supreme, he found that the tyrant's<a id=
+        "noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> greed
+        had worked like a drought, with the result that money was very
+        scarce, while there were great hoards of treasure in the recesses of
+        the palace; so he unlocked its doors and on the instant flooded the
+        whole country with wealth, and then, in less than ten years, he
+        founded and gave his name to a city<a id="noteref_31" name=
+        "noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> that as
+        far surpasses all others as it is itself inferior to Rome; and to
+        come second to Rome seems to me a much greater honour than to be
+        counted first and foremost of all cities beside. Here it may be
+        proper to mention Athens <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+        illustrious,”</span><a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href=
+        "#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> seeing
+        that during his whole life he honoured her in word and deed. He who
+        was emperor and lord of all did not disdain the title of General of
+        the Athenians, and when they gave him a statue with an inscription to
+        that effect he felt more pride than if he had been awarded the
+        highest honours. To repay Athens for this compliment he bestowed on
+        her annually a gift of many tens of thousands of bushels of wheat, so
+        that while she enjoyed plenty, he won applause and reverence from the
+        best of men.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πολλῶν δὲ καὲ
+        καλῶν ἔργων τῷ πατρὶ τῷ σῷ πραχθέντων, ὧν τε ἐπεμνήσθην καὶ ὅσα διὰ
+        τὸ μῆκος παραλιπεῖν δοκῶ, πάντων ἄριστον ἔγογε φαίην ἄν, [9] οἶμαι δὲ
+        καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας ὁμολογήσειν, τὴν σὴν γένεσιν καὶ τροφὴν καὶ
+        παιδείαν· ἐξ ἧς ὑπάρχει τοῖς λοιποῖς οὐ τὸ πρὸς ὀλίγον ἀπολαῦσαι τῆς
+        ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς οἷον τέ ἐστιν εἰς πλείονα χρόνον. δοκεῖ γοῦν
+        ἄρχειν ἐκεῖνος εἰσέτι. καὶ Κύρῳ μὲν οὐχ ὑπῆρχε τοῦτο. τελευτήσαντος
+        γὰρ ὁ παῖς ὤφθη μακρῷ φαυλότερος, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο πατήρ, ὁ δὲ
+        ἐπωνομάσθη δεσπότης. [B] σὲ δὲ πρᾳότερον μὲν τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις
+        πολλοῖς κρείττονα σαφῶς τε<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href=
+        "#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> οἶδα,
+        καὶ δηλώσω τοῦ καιροῦ φανέντος ἐν τῷ λόγῳ. ἐκείνῳ δὲ προσήκειν καὶ
+        τούτου νομίζω μεταδόντι σοι τῆς ἀρίστης τροφῆς, ὑπὲρ ἧς ἤδη λέγειν
+        πειράσομαι, μητρὸς καὶ ἀδελφῶν τῶν σῶν ἐπιμνησθείς.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Your father's
+        achievements were many and brilliant. Some I have just mentioned, and
+        others I must omit for the sake of brevity. But the most notable of
+        all, as I make bold to say and I think all will agree, was that he
+        begat, reared and educated you. This secured to the rest of the world
+        the advantages of good government, and that not for a limited time
+        but for a period beyond his own lifetime, as far as this is possible.
+        At any rate your father seems still to be on the throne. This is more
+        than Cyrus himself could achieve. When he died his son proved far
+        inferior, so that while men called Cyrus <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“father,”</span> his successor was called <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“master.”</span><a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34"
+        href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> But you
+        are even less stern than your father, and surpass him in many
+        respects, as I well know and will demonstrate in my speech as
+        occasion shall arise. Yet, in my opinion, he should have the credit
+        of this as well, since it was he who gave you that admirable training
+        concerning which I shall presently speak, but not till I have
+        described your mother and brothers.<a id="noteref_35" name=
+        "noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῇ μὲν γὰρ
+        εὐγενείας τοσοῦτον περιῆν καὶ κάλλους σώματος καὶ τρόπων ἀρετῆς, ὄσον
+        οὐκ ἄλλῃ γυναικὶ ῥᾳδίως ἄν τις ἐξεύροι. ἐπεὶ καὶ Περσῶν ἀκούω τὸν
+        ὑπὲρ Παρυσάτιδος λόγον, [C] ὅτι μόνη γέγονεν ἀδελφὴ καὶ μήτηρ καὶ
+        γαμετὴ καὶ παῖς βασιλέως. ἀλλ᾽ ἦν γε αὕτη τοῦ γήμαντος ἀδελφὴ τῇ
+        φύσει, νόμος δὲ ἐδίδου γαμεῖν ἀδελφὴν τῷ Πέρσῃ. τὴν σὴν δὲ μητέρα
+        κατὰ τοὺς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν νόμους ἀχράντους καὶ καθαρὰς τὰς οἰκειότητας
+        ταύτας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name=
+        "Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg025" id=
+        "Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> φυλάττουσαν συνέβαινε<a id=
+        "noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> τοῦ μὲν
+        εἶναι παῖδα, γαμετὴν δὲ ἑτέρου, καὶ ἀδελφὴν ἄλλου, καὶ πολλῶν
+        αὐτοκρατόρων, οἰχὶ δὲ ἑνὸς μητέρα. [D] ὧν ὁ μέν τις τῷ πατρὶ
+        συγκατειργάσατο τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους πόλεμον, ὁ δὲ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς
+        Γέτας ἡμῖν εἰρήνην τοῖς ὅπλοις κρατήσας ἀσφαλῆ παρεσκεύασεν, ὁ δὲ
+        ἐτήρησεν ἄβατον τοῖς πολεμίοις τὴν χώραν, αὐτὸς ἐπιστρατεύων ἐκείνοις
+        πολλάκις, ἕως ἐπέτρεπον οἱ μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἀδικημάτων
+        δίκην ὑποσχόντες. πολλῶν δὲ ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνοις περιφανῶν ἔργων, ἐφ᾽
+        οἷς ἄν τις αὐτοὺς δικαίως ἐπαινεῖν ἔχοι, καὶ τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθῶν
+        περιουσίας οὔσης,<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href=
+        "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> [10]
+        οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον τῶν ἄλλων, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ μακαρίζων ἄν<a id="noteref_38"
+        name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> τις
+        αὐτοὺς εἰκότως σεμνύνοι, ὡς ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἀπόγονοι, τῶν δὲ
+        ἔκγονοι<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href=
+        "#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a>
+        γεγόνασιν.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href=
+        "#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα
+        μὴ μακρότερα περὶ αὐτῶν λέγων τὸν ὀφειλόμενον τοῖς ἐπαίνοις τοῖς σοῖς
+        καιρὸν ἀναλώσω τοῦ λόγου, πειράσομαι λοιπὸν ὡς ἡμῖν ἄξιον, μᾶλλον δέ,
+        εἰ δεῖ μηδὲν ὑποστειλάμενον εἰπεῖν, μακρῷ τῶν προγόνων ἐπιδείξω
+        σε<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a>
+        σεμνότερον.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Your mother's
+        ancestry was so distinguished, her personal beauty and nobility of
+        character were such that it would be hard to find her match among
+        women. I have heard that saying of the Persians about Parysatis, that
+        no other woman had been the sister, mother, wife, and daughter of
+        kings. Parysatis, however, was own sister of her husband, since their
+        law does not forbid a Persian to marry his sister. But your mother,
+        while in accordance with our laws she kept pure and unsullied those
+        ties of kinship, was actually the daughter of one emperor,<a id=
+        "noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> the wife
+        of another, the sister of a third, and the mother not of one emperor
+        but of several. Of these one aided your father in his war against the
+        tyrants; another conquered the Getae and secured for us a lasting
+        peace with them; the third<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href=
+        "#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> kept our
+        frontiers safe from the enemy's incursions, and often led his forces
+        against them in person, so long at least as he was permitted by those
+        who were so soon punished for their crimes against him. Though by the
+        number and brilliance of their achievements they have indeed earned
+        our homage, and though all the blessings of fortune were theirs in
+        abundance, yet in the whole tale of their felicity one could pay them
+        no greater compliment than merely to name their sires and grandsires.
+        But I must not make my account of them too long, lest I should spend
+        time that I ought to devote to your own panegyric. So in what follows
+        I will, as indeed I ought, endeavour—or rather, since affectation is
+        out of place, let me say I will demonstrate—that you are far more
+        august than your ancestors.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Φήμας μὲν δὴ
+        καὶ μαντείας καὶ ὄψεις τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα θρυλεῖν
+        εἰώθασιν ἐπὶ τῶν οὕτω λαμπρὰ καὶ περιφανῊ πραξάντων, Κύρου καὶ τοῦ
+        τῆς ἡμετέρας οἰκιστοῦ πόλεως καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου, καὶ εἴ τις
+        ἄλλος τοιοῦτος γέγονεν, ἑκὼν ἀφίημι· <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> δοκεῖ γὰρ οὐ πόρρω ταῦτα τῆς ποιητικῆς ἐξουσίας
+        εἶναι. καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ὑπάρξαντά σοι γένεσιν ὡς λαμπρὰ καὶ
+        βασιλικὰ καὶ<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href=
+        "#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> τὸ
+        λέγειν εὔηθες. [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἐν τοῖς παισὶν ἀγωγῆς ὁ καιρὸς
+        ὑπομέμνηκεν, ἔδει σοι τῆς βασιλικῆς τροφῆς δήπουθεν, ἣ τὸ μὲν σῶμα
+        πρὸς ἰσχὺν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ εὐεξίαν καὶ κάλλος ἀσκήσει, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ
+        πρὸς ἀνδρείαν καὶ δικαιοσύνην καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν ἐμμελῶς
+        παρασκευάσει. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ ῥᾴδιον διὰ τῆς ἀνειμένης ὑπάρχειν διαίτης,
+        θρυπτούσης μέν, ὡς εἰκός, τὰς ψυχὰς καὶ τὰ σώματα, ἀσθενεστέρας δὲ
+        [D] ἐργαζομένης πρός τε τοὺς κινδύνους τὰς γνώμας καὶ πρὸς τοὺς
+        πόνους τὰ σώματα. οὐκοῦν τῷ μὲν ἔδει γυμναστικῆς, τῷ σώματι, τὴν
+        ψυχὴν δὲ τῇ τῶν λόγων ἐκόσμεις μελέτῃ. ἐπὶ πλέον δὲ ὑπὲρ ἀμφοτέρων
+        ἄξιον διελθεῖν· ἀρχὴ γάρ τις αὕτη τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα πράξεων γέγονε. τῆς
+        μὲν οὖν ἐπιμελείας τῆς περὶ τὴν ἰσχὺν οὐ τὸ πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις
+        ἁρμόζον ἤσκησας, ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ πρέπειν ὑπολαβὼν τῶν τὰς παλαίστρας
+        κατειληφότων τὴν θρυλουμένην εὐεξίαν, [11] μέλλοντι τῶν ἀληθινῶν
+        ἀγώνων μεθέξειν, ὕπνου τε ἐλαχίστου δεομένῳ καὶ τροφῆς οὐ πολλῆς, καὶ
+        ταύτης οὔτε κατὰ πλῆθος οὔτε κατὰ ποιότητα πάντως ὡρισμένης οὔτε κατὰ
+        τὸν καιρόν, ὃν χρὴ προσφέρεσθαι, τῆς ἐπιτυχούσης δέ, ἐπειδὰν αἱ
+        πράξεις τὸν καιρὸν ἐνδῶσιν. ὅθεν ᾤου δεῖν καὶ τὰ γυμνάσια πρὸς ταύτην
+        ποιεῖσθαι,<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href=
+        "#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> πολλὰ
+        καὶ στρατιωτικά, χορείαν τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις, [B] δρόμον τὸν ἐν
+        τούτοις, τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην, οἷς ἅπασι διατετέλεκας ἐξ <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀρχῆς ἐν καιρῷ χρώμενος· καὶ κατώρθωται παρὰ
+        σοὶ τούτων ἕκαστον ὡς παρ᾽ οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁπλιτῶν. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν τις
+        ἐκείνων, πεζὸς ὢν ἀγαθός, τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην ἠγνόησεν, ὁ δέ,
+        ἐπιστάμενος χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἱππικοῖς, ὀκνεῖ πεζὸς εἰς μάχην ἰέναι. μόνῳ
+        δὲ ὑπάρχει σοὶ τῶν μὲν ἱππέων ἀρίστῳ φαίνεσθαι παραπλησίως ἐκείνοις
+        σταλέντι, [C] μετασκευασαμένῳ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ὁπλίτας κρατεῖν ἁπάντων ῥώμῃ
+        καὶ τάχει καὶ τῇ τῶν ποδῶν κουφότητι. ὅπως δὲ μὴ τὰς ἀνέσεις
+        ῥᾳιθύμους εἶναι μηδ᾽ ἄνευ τῶν ὅπλων ποιεῖσθαι συμβαίνῃ, ἐπίσκοπα
+        τοξεύειν ἤσκησας. καὶ τὸ μὲν σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἑκουσίων πόνων πρὸς τοὺς
+        ἀκουσίους εὖ ἔχειν παρεσκεύασας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ ἡγεῖτο μὲν ἡ τῶν λόγων
+        μελέτη καὶ τὰ προσήκοντα τοῖς τηλικούτοις μαθήματα. [D] ὅπως δὲ μὴ
+        παντάπασιν ἀγύμναστος ᾖ μηδὲ καθάπερ ᾄσματα καὶ μύθους τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν
+        ἀρετῶν ἐπακούῃ λόγους, ἔργων δὲ ἀγαθῶν καὶ πράξεων ἄπειρος οὖσα τὸν
+        τοσοῦτον διαμείνῃ χρόνον, καθάπερ ὁ γενναῖος ἠξίωσε Πλάτων οἱονεὶ
+        πτερὰ τοῖς παισὶ χαριζόμενον καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἀναβιβάζοντα<a id=
+        "noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> ἄγειν
+        εἰς τὰς μάχας, θεατὰς ἐσομένους ὧν οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἀγωνιστὰς ἐχρῆν
+        καταστῆναι, πατέρα τὸν σὸν [12] διανοηθέντα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως τοῖς
+        Κελτῶν ἔθνεσιν ἐπιστῆσαι σε φύλακα καὶ βασιλέα, μειράκιον ἔτι, μᾶλλον
+        δὲ παῖδα κομιδῇ τῷ χρόνῳ, ἐπεὶ τῇ γε συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ τοῖς καλοῖς
+        κἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg
+        030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐνάμιλλον ἤδη. τοῦ μὲν ἀκίνδυνον γενέσθαι σοι
+        τὴν πολεμικὴν ἐμπειρίαν ὁ πατὴρ προυνόησε καλῶς, εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξας
+        πρὸς τοὸς ὑπηκόους ἄγειν τοῖς βαρβάροις· [B] μάχεσθαι δὲ ἀναπείθων
+        καὶ στασιάζειν πρὸς ἀλλήλουσ, ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων συμφοραῖς καὶ τοῖς
+        σώμασι στρατηγικὴν ἐδίδασκε τέχνην, ἀσφαλέστερον βουλευόμενος τοῦ
+        σοφοῦ Πλάτωνος. τῷ μὲν γὰρ, εἰ πεζὸς ἐπέλθοι πολεμίων στρατός, οἱ
+        παῖδες θεαταὶ καὶ κοινωνοὶ τῶν ἔργων, ἤν που δεηθῶσι, τοῖς πατράσι
+        γένοιντ᾽ ἄν· κρατούντων δὲ ἱππεῦσι τῶν πολεμίων, ὥρα μηχανᾶσθαι τοῖς
+        μειρακίοις σωτηρίας τρόπον δυσεπινόητον. [C] τὸ δὲ ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις
+        κινδύνοις τοὺς παῖδας ἐθίζειν πολεμίων ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν
+        ἀρκούντως καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν δοκεῖ βεβουλεῦσθαι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now as for
+        heavenly voices and prophecies and visions in dreams and all such
+        portents<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href=
+        "#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> as are
+        common gossip when men like yourself have achieved brilliant and
+        conspicuous success, Cyrus, for instance, and the founder<a id=
+        "noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> of our
+        capital, and Alexander, Philip's son, and the like, I purposely
+        ignore them. Indeed I feel that poetic license accounts for them all.
+        And it is foolish even to state that at the hour of your birth all
+        the circumstances were brilliant and suited to a prince. And now the
+        time has come for me to speak of your education as a boy. You were of
+        course bound to have the princely nurture that should train your body
+        to be strong, muscular, healthy, and handsome, and at the same time
+        duly equip your soul with courage, justice, temperance, and wisdom.
+        But this cannot result from that loose indulgence which naturally
+        pampers body and soul, weakening men's wills for facing danger and
+        their bodies for work. Therefore your body required training by
+        suitable gymnastics, while you adorned your mind by literary studies.
+        But I must speak at greater length about both branches of your
+        education, since it laid the foundation of your later career. In your
+        physical training you did not pursue those exercises that fit one
+        merely for public display. What professional athletes love to call
+        the pink of condition you thought unsuitable for a king who must
+        enter for contests that are not make-believe. Such a one must put up
+        with very little sleep and scanty food, and that of no precise
+        quantity or quality or served at regular hours, but such as can be
+        had when the stress of work allows. And so you thought you ought to
+        train yourself in athletics with a view to this, and that your
+        exercises must be military and of many kinds, dancing and running in
+        heavy armour, and riding. All these you have continued from early
+        youth to practise at the right time, and in every exercise you have
+        attained to greater perfection than any other hoplite. Usually a
+        hoplite who is a good infantryman cannot ride, or, if he is an expert
+        horseman, he shirks marching on foot to battle. But of you alone it
+        can be said that you can put on the cavalry uniform and be a match
+        for the best of them, and when changed into a hoplite show yourself
+        stronger, swifter, and lighter on your feet than all the rest. Then
+        you practised shooting at a mark, that even your hours of leisure
+        might not be hours of ease or be found without the exercise of arms.
+        So by work that was voluntary you trained your body to stand the
+        exertions that you would be compelled to undertake. Your mind,
+        meanwhile, was trained by practice in public speaking and other
+        studies suitable to your years. But it was not to be wholly without
+        the discipline of experience, nor was it for you to listen merely to
+        lectures on the virtues as though they were ballads or saga stories,
+        and so wait all that time without actual acquaintance with brave
+        works and undertakings. Plato, that noble philosopher, advised<a id=
+        "noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> that
+        boys should be furnished as it were with wings for flight by being
+        mounted on horseback, and should then be taken into battle so that
+        they may be spectators of the warfare in which they must soon be
+        combatants. This, I make bold to say, was in your father's mind when
+        he made you governor and king of the Celtic tribes while you were
+        still a youth, or rather a mere boy in point of years, though in
+        intelligence and endurance you could already hold your own with men
+        of parts. Your father wisely provided that your experience of war
+        should be free from risks, having arranged that the barbarians should
+        maintain peace with his subjects. But he instigated them to internal
+        feuds and civil war, and so taught you strategy at the expense of
+        their lives and fortunes. This was a safer policy than the wise
+        Plato's. For, by his scheme, if the invading army were composed of
+        infantry, the boys could indeed be spectators of their fathers'
+        prowess, or, if need arose, could even take part. But supposing that
+        the enemy won in a cavalry engagement, then, on the instant, one
+        would have to devise some means to save the boys, which would be
+        difficult indeed. But to inure the boys to face the enemy, while the
+        hazard belongs to others, is to take counsel that both suffices for
+        their need and also secures their safety.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐν μὲν δὴ τούτοις
+        σοι πρὸς ἀνδρείαν ὑπῆρχε μελέτη. φρονήσεως δὲ ἡ μὲν φύσις, ἣν
+        εἴληχας, αὐταρκὴς ἡγεμών· παρῆσαν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν οἱ
+        κράτιστοι τὰ πολιτικὰ διδάσκοντες. καὶ [D] παρεῖχον ἠθῶν καὶ νόμων
+        καὶ ξένων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἐμπειρίαν αἱ πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τῶν τῇδε
+        βαρβάρων ἐντεύξεις. καίτοι τὸν Ὀδυσσέα συνετὸν Ὅμηρος ἐκ παντὸς
+        ἀποφῆναι προαιρούμενος πολύτροπον εἶναὶ φησι καὶ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν
+        νοῦν καταγνῶναι καὶ ἐπελθεῖν τὰς πόλεισ,<a id="noteref_50" name=
+        "noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> ἵν᾽ ἐξ
+        ἁπάντων ἐπιλεξάμενος ἔχοι τὰ κράτιστα καὶ πρὸς παντοδαποὺς ἀνθρώπους
+        ὁμιλεὶν δύναιτο. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ὃς<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51"
+        href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> οὐκ
+        ἐβασίλευσε <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg
+        032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ποικίλων ἠθῶν ἐμπειρίας χρεία· [13] τὸν δὲ πρὸς
+        τοσαύτην ἡγεμονίαν τρεφόμενον οὐκ ἐν οἰκίσκῳ που χρῆν διδάσκεσθαι
+        οὐδὲ τὴν βασιλείαν, καθάπερ ὁ Κῦρος, παίζοντα μιμεῚσθαι οὐδὲ
+        χρηματίζειν τοῖς ἥλιξι, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνον λέγουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔθνεσιν
+        ὁμιλεῖν καὶ δήμοις, καὶ στρατιωτῶν τάγμασιν ἐπιτάττειν ἁπλῶς τὸ
+        πρακτέον· ὅλως δὲ οὐδενὸς ἀπολείπεσθαι τούτων, ὧν ἐχρῆν ἄνδρα
+        γενόμενον ἐπ᾽ ἀδείας πράττειν.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It was in this
+        way then that you were first trained in manliness. But as regards
+        wisdom, that nature with which you were endowed was your
+        self-sufficing guide. But also, I think, the wisest citizens were at
+        your disposal and gave you lessons in statecraft. Moreover, your
+        intercourse with the barbarian leaders in that region gave you an
+        acquaintance at first hand with the manners, laws, and usages of
+        foreigners. Indeed, when Homer set out to prove the consummate wisdom
+        of Odysseus, he called him <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“much-travelled,”</span> and said that he had come to
+        know the minds of many peoples and visited their cities, so that he
+        might choose what was best in every one and be able to mix with all
+        sorts and conditions of men. Yes, even Odysseus, who never ruled an
+        empire, needed experience of the many and divers minds of men. How
+        much more necessary that one who was being brought up to guide an
+        empire like this should not fit himself for the task in some modest
+        dwelling apart; neither should he, like young Cyrus in his games,
+        play at being emperor, nor give audiences to his playmates, as they
+        say<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> Cyrus
+        did. Rather he ought to mix with nations and peoples, and give orders
+        to his troops definitely indicating what is to be done, and generally
+        he should be found wanting in none of those things which, when he
+        comes to manhood, he must perform without fear.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ
+        τὰ παρὰ τούτοις ἐδιδάχθης καλῶς, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑτέραν ἤπειρον μετιὼν τοῖς
+        Παρθυαίων καὶ Μήδων ἔθνεσιν ἀντετάχθης μόνος. ὑποτυφομένου δὲ ἤδη τοῦ
+        πολέμου καὶ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν μέλλοντος ἀναρριπίζεσθαι, ταχέως καὶ
+        τούτου κατέγνως τὸν τρόπον, καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅπλων ἰσχὺν ἐμιμήσω, καὶ πρὸς
+        τὴν ὥραν τοῦ θέρους εἴθισας καρτερεῖν τὸ σῶμα. πυνθάνομαι δὲ
+        Ἀλκιβιάδην μόνον ἐξ ἁπάντων Ἑλλήνων οὕτως εὐφυῶς μεταβολὰς ἐνεγκεῖν,
+        [C] ὡς καὶ μιμήσασθαι πρῶτον<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53"
+        href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> μὲν τὴν
+        τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἐγκράτειαν, ἐπειδὴ Σπαρτιάταις αὑτὸν ἐδεδώκει, εἶτα
+        Θηβαίους, καὶ Θρᾴκας ὕστερον, καὶ ἐπὶ τέλει τὴν τῶν Περσῶν τρυφήν.
+        ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος μὲν τοῖς χωρίοις συμμεταβάλλων καὶ τὸν τρόπον
+        ἀνεπίμπλατο πολλῆς δυσχερείας καὶ τὸ πάτριον ἐκινδύνευε παντελῶς
+        ἀποβαλεῖν, σὺ δὲ τῆς μὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg
+        034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐγκρατοῦς διαίτης ᾤου δεῖν ἔχεσθαι πανταχοῦ,
+        [D] ἐθίζων δὲ τὸ σῶμα τοῖς πόνοις πρὸς τὰς μεταβολὰς ῥᾷον
+        ἤνεγκας<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href=
+        "#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> τὴν ἐκ
+        Γαλατῶν εἰς Παρθυαίους ἄνοδον ἢ<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55"
+        href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> τῶν
+        πλουσίων οἱ ταῖς ὥραις τὴν οἴκησιν συμμεταβάλλοντες, εἰ παρὰ τὸν
+        καιρὸν βιασθεῖεν. καί μοι δοκεῖ θεὸς εὐμενὴς πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὅλων
+        ἡγεμονίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν παρασκευάζειν ἐθέλων, κύκλῳ σε
+        περιαγαγεῖν καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι τῆς ἀρχῆς ἁπάσης ὅρους καὶ πέρατα καὶ φύσιν
+        χωρίων [14] καὶ μέγεθος χώρας καὶ δύναμιν ἐθνῶν καὶ πλῆθος πόλεων καὶ
+        φύσιν δήμων καὶ τὶ κράτιστον αὐτῶν ἐκείνων τὴν περιουσίαν<a id=
+        "noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> ὧν
+        οὐδενὸς ἀπολελεῖφθαι χρὴ τὸν πρὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν τρεφόμενον. τὸ
+        μέγιστον δὲ μικροῦ με διέφυγεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι τούτων ἁπάντων ἄρχειν ἐκ
+        παίδων διδασκόμενος, ἄρχεσθαι κρεῖττον ἔμαθες, ἀρχῇ τῇ πασῶν ἀρίστῃ
+        καὶ δικαιοτάτῃ, φύσει τε καὶ νόμῳ, σαυτὸν ὑποτιθείς· πατρὶ γὰρ
+        ὑπήκουες ἅμα καὶ βασιλεῖ· ὧν εἰ καὶ θάτερον ὑπῆρχεν ἐκείνῳ μόνον,
+        ἄρχειν αὐτῷ πάντως προσῆκον ἦν. [B] καίτοι τίνα ποτ᾽ ἄν τις ἐξεύροι
+        βασιλικὴν τροφὴν καὶ παιδείαν ἀμείνω ταύτης πάλαι γενομένην; οὔτε γὰρ
+        Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων, οἵπερ δὴ δοκοῦσιν ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς τῆς τῶν
+        βασιλέων μεταλαβεῖν, οὕτω τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας ἐπαίδευον, οὔτε τῶν
+        βαρβάρων οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg
+        036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> βασιλευόμενοι διαφερόντως, τῆς ἀρίστης
+        ἐπιμελείας τὸν ἄρξοντα<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href=
+        "#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> σφῶν
+        ἠξίουν· ἀλλὰ πᾶσιν ἦν κοινὰ τὰ παρὰ τῶν νόμων τῆς ἀρετῆς γυμνάσια καὶ
+        τὶ παιδεύματα, [C] καθάπερ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς πολίταις ἄρξειν τε καὶ
+        ἀρχθήσεσθαι μέλλουσι, καὶ οὐδὲν διάφορον προσῆν εἰς παιδείας λόγον
+        τοῖς ἡγεμόσι τῶν ἄλλων. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ εὔηθες ἀπαιτεῖν μὲν ἀρετῆς
+        μέγεθος ἀνυπέρβλητον παρὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων, προνοεῖν δὲ μηδέν, ὅπως
+        ἔσονται τῶν πολλῶν διαφέροντες; καὶ τοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις, ἅπασιν ἐν
+        κοινῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης προκειμένης, τὸ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῶν ἠθῶν ὁμοίαν
+        γίγνεσθαι παράσχοι συγγνώμην· τὸν Λυκοῦργον [D] δὲ τοῖς ἀφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους
+        ἀστυφέλικτον τὴν βασιλείαν διαφυλάττοντα<a id="noteref_58" name=
+        "noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> μηδεμίαν
+        ὑπεροχὴν ἐν ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις τῶν νέων εὑρόντα σφόδρα ἄν τις εἰκότως
+        μέμψαιτο. οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ πάντας Λακεδαιμονίους ἀθλητὰς ἀρετῆς καὶ
+        τροφίμους ᾤετο δεῖν εἶναι, τῆς ἴσης ἀξιοῦν ἐχρῆν τροφῆς καὶ παιδείας
+        τοὺς ἰδιώτας τοῖς ἄρξουσιν.<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href=
+        "#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> [15] ἡ
+        γὰρ τοιαύτη κατὰ μικρὸν παραδυομένη<a id="noteref_60" name=
+        "noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> συνήθεια
+        ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐνέτεκεν<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href=
+        "#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a>
+        ὑπεροψίαν τῶν κρειττόνων· ὅλως γὰρ οὐδὲ κρείττονας νομιστέον τοὺς οὐ
+        δι᾽ ἀρετὴν πρωτεύειν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg
+        038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> λαχόντας. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ Σπαρτιάτας
+        χαλεπωτέρους ἀρχθῆναι τοῖς βασιλεῦσι παρεῖχε πολλάκις. χρήσαιτο δ᾽ ἄν
+        τις σαφεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῶν [B] ῥηθέντων τῇ Λυσάνδρου πρὸς Ἀγησίλαον
+        φιλοτιμίᾳ καὶ ἄλλοις πλείοσιν, ἐπιὼν τὰ πεπραγμένα τοῖς ἀνδράσιν.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Accordingly, when
+        you had gained a thorough knowledge of the Celts, you crossed to the
+        other continent and were given sole command against the Parthians and
+        Medes. There were already signs that a war was smouldering and would
+        soon burst into flame. You therefore quickly learned how to deal with
+        it, and, as though you took as model the hardness of your weapons,
+        steeled yourself to bear the heat of the summer season. I have heard
+        say that Alcibiades alone, among all the Greeks, was naturally so
+        versatile that when he cast in his lot with the Spartans he copied
+        the self-restraint of the Lacedaemonians, then in turn Theban and
+        Thracian manners, and finally adopted Persian luxury. But Alcibiades,
+        when he changed his country changed his character<a id="noteref_62"
+        name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> too, and
+        became so tainted with perversity and so ill-conditioned that he was
+        likely to lose utterly all that he was born to. You, however, thought
+        it your duty to maintain your severity of life wherever you might be,
+        and by hard work inuring your constitution to change, you easily bore
+        the march inland from Galatia to Parthia, more easily in fact than a
+        rich man who lives now here, now there, according to the season,
+        would bear it if he were forced to encounter unseasonable weather. I
+        think Heaven smiled on you and willed that you should govern the
+        whole world, and so from the first trained you in virtue, and was
+        your guide when you journeyed to all points, and showed you the
+        bounds and limits of the whole empire, the character of each region,
+        the vastness of your territory, the power of every race, the number
+        of the cities, the characteristics of the masses, and above all the
+        vast number of things that one who is bred to so great a kingship
+        cannot afford to neglect. But I nearly forgot to mention the most
+        important thing of all. From a boy you were taught to govern this
+        great empire, but a better thing you learned, to be governed,
+        submitting yourself to the authority that is the best in the world
+        and the most just, that is to say nature and law. I mean that both as
+        son and subject you obeyed your father. Indeed, had he been only your
+        father or only your king, obedience was his due. Now what rearing and
+        education for a king could one find in history better than this?
+        Consider the Greeks. Not thus did the Spartans train the Heracleidae,
+        though they are thought to have enjoyed the best form of government,
+        that of their kings. As for the barbarians, not even the
+        Carthaginians, though they were particularly well-governed by their
+        kings, chose the best method of training their future rulers. The
+        moral discipline and the studies prescribed by their laws were
+        pursued by all alike, as though the citizens were brothers, all
+        destined both to govern and be governed, and in the matter of
+        education they made no difference between their princes and the rest
+        of the citizens. Yet surely it is foolish to demand superlative
+        excellence from one's rulers when one takes no pains to make them
+        better than other men. Among the barbarians, indeed, no man is
+        debarred from winning the throne, so one can excuse them for giving
+        the same moral training to all. But that Lycurgus, who tried to make
+        the dynasty of the Heracleidae proof against all shocks,<a id=
+        "noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> should
+        not have arranged for them a special education better than that of
+        other Spartan youths is an omission for which he may well be
+        criticised. He may have thought that all the Lacedaemonians ought to
+        enter the race for virtue, and foster it, but for all that it was
+        wrong to provide the same nurture and education for private citizens
+        as for those who were to govern. The inevitable familiarity little by
+        little steals into men's souls and breeds contempt for their betters.
+        Though, for that matter, they are not in any sense one's betters
+        unless it was their own merit that earned them the right to rule.
+        This, in my opinion, is the reason why the Spartan kings often found
+        their subjects hard to govern. In proof of what I say one might quote
+        the rivalry of Lysander and Agesilaus, and many other instances, if
+        one should review the history of the Spartan kings.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἡ
+        πολιτεία τὰ<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href=
+        "#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> πρὸς
+        ἀρετὴν ἀρκούντως παρασκευάζουσα, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν διαφέρον ἐπιτηδεύειν
+        ἐδίδου τῶν πολλῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς ὑπάρχειν παρεῖχεν ἀνδράσι·
+        Καρχηδονίων δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ κοινὰ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἐπαινεῖν ἄξιον.
+        ἐξελαύνοντες γὰρ τῶν οἰκιῶν οἱ γονεῖς τοὺς παῖδας ἐπέταττον εὐπορεῖν
+        διὰ τῶν πόνων τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἀναγκαίων, [C] τὸ δρᾶν τι τῶν
+        δοκούντων αἰσχρῶν ἀπαγορεύοντες. τὸ δὲ ἦν, οὐ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐξελεῖν
+        τῶν νέων, ἀλλὰ λαθεῖν<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href=
+        "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a>
+        πειρᾶσθαι τι δρῶντα<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href=
+        "#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a>
+        προστάττειν. πέφυκε γὰρ οὐ τρυφὴ μόνον ἦθος διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ
+        τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδεὴς δίαιτα, ἐφ᾽ ὧν οὔπω τὸ κρίνειν ὁ λόγος προσλαβὼν
+        ἕπεται ταῖς χρείαις ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἀναπειθόμενος, [D] ἄλλως τε εἰ
+        καὶ τούτου μὴ κρατοίη τοῦ πάθους, πρὸς χρηματισμὸν ἐκ παίδων
+        συνεθιζόμενος καί τινας ἀμοιβὰς ἐμποριῶν καὶ καπηλείας τὰς μὲν αὐτὸς
+        εὑρὼν τὰς δὲ παρὰ τῶν εἰδότων μαθών, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ λέγειν μόνον, ἀλλ᾽
+        οὐδὲ ἀκούειν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg
+        040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἄξιον ἐλευθέρῳ παιδί, πλείστας ἂν κηλῚδας
+        ἐναπόθοιτο τῇ ψυχῇ, ὧν πασῶν καθαρὸν εἶναι χρὴ καὶ τὸν ἐπιεικῆ
+        πολίτην, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὸν βασιλέα καὶ στρατηγὸν μόνον.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The Spartan
+        polity, however, by securing a satisfactory development of the moral
+        qualities in their kings, even if it gave them a training in no way
+        different from that of the crowd, at least endowed them with the
+        attributes of well-bred men. But as for the Carthaginians, there was
+        nothing to admire even in the discipline that they all shared. The
+        parents turned their sons out of doors and bade them win the
+        necessaries of life by their own efforts, with the injunction to do
+        nothing that is considered disgraceful. The effect of this was not to
+        uproot the evil inclinations of the young, but to require them to
+        take pains not to be caught in wrong-doing. For it is not
+        self-indulgence only that ruins character, but the lack of mere
+        necessaries may produce the same result. This is true at any rate in
+        the case of those whose reason has not yet assumed the power to
+        decide, being swayed by physical needs and persuaded by desire. It is
+        especially true when one fails to control the passion for
+        money-getting, if from boyhood one is accustomed to it and to the
+        trading and bartering of the market-places. This business, unfit for
+        a youth of gentle birth to mention, or so much as hear spoken of,
+        whether the youth finds it out for himself or learns it from those of
+        greater experience, leaves many scars on the soul; and even a
+        respectable citizen ought to be free from all this, not a king or
+        general alone.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐκ
+        ἐπιτιμᾶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐκείνοις προσήκει· [16] δείξω δὲ μόνον τῆς
+        τροφῆς<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href=
+        "#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> τὸ
+        διαφέρον, ᾗ χρησάμενος κάλλει καὶ ῥώμῃ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ σωφροσύνῃ
+        διήνενκας, διὰ μὲν τῶν πόνων τὴν εὐεξίαν περιβαλόμενος, δὰα δὲ τῶν
+        νόμων τὴν σωφροσύνην κατακτησόμενος,<a id="noteref_68" name=
+        "noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> καὶ τῷ
+        μὲν σώματι ῥωμαλεωτέρῳ διὰ τὴν ἐγκράτειαν τῆς ψυχῆς, τῇ ψυχῇ δ᾽ αὖ
+        διὰ τὴν τοῦ σώματος καρτερίαν δικαιοτέρᾳ χρώμενος, τὰ μὲν ἐκ φύσεως
+        ἀγαθὰ συναύξων ἐκ παντός, τὰ δὲ ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις ἔξωθεν ἀεὶ
+        προσλαμβάνων· [B] καὶ δεόμενος<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69"
+        href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> μὲν
+        οὐδενός, ἐπαρκῶν δ᾽ ἄλλοις καὶ χαριζόμενος μεγάλας δωρεὰς καὶ ὅσαι
+        τοὺς λαβόντας ἤρκουν ἀποφῆναι τῷ Λυδῶν δυνάστῃ παραπλησίους,
+        ἐνδεέστερον μὲν ἀπολαύων αὐτὸς τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἀγαθῶν ἢ Σπαρτιατῶν ὁ
+        σωφρονέστατος, τοῦ τρυφᾶν δὲ παρέχων ἄλλοις χορηγίαν, καὶ τοῖς
+        βουλομένοις σωφρονεῖν παρέχων σαυτὸν μιμεῖσθαι, ἄρχων μὲν πρᾴως καὶ
+        φιλανθρώπως τῶν ἄλλων, [C] ἀρχόμενος δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς σωφρόνως καὶ
+        ὡς εἷς τῶν πολλῶν τόν ἅπαντα διετέλεις χρόνον. παιδὶ μὲν ὄντι σοι καὶ
+        μειρακίῳ ταῦτά τε ὑπῆρχε καὶ ἄλλα πλείονα, περὶ ὧν νῦν λέγειν
+        μακρότερον ἂν εἴη τοῦ καιροῦ.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But it is not for
+        me to criticise the Carthaginians in this place. I will only point
+        out how different was your education, and how you profited by it and
+        have come to excel in looks, strength, justice, and temperance. By
+        your active life you achieved perfect health; your temperance was the
+        result of obedience to the laws; you enjoy a body of unusual strength
+        by reason of your self-control, and a soul of unusual rectitude
+        because of your physical powers of endurance. You left nothing undone
+        to improve your natural talents, but ever acquired new talents by new
+        studies. You needed nothing yourself but gave assistance to others,
+        and lavished such generous gifts that the recipients seemed as rich
+        as the monarch of the Lydians.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70"
+        href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> Though
+        you indulged yourself less in the good things that were yours than
+        the most austere of the Spartans, you gave others the means of luxury
+        in abundance, while those who preferred temperance could imitate your
+        example. As a ruler you were mild and humane; as your father's
+        subject you were ever as modest as any one of his people. All this
+        was true of you in boyhood and youth, and much more about which there
+        is now no time to speak at length.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Γενόμενος δὲ ἐφ᾽
+        ἡλικίας, καὶ τῷ πατρὶ τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ δαίμονος μάλα
+        ὀλβίαν παρασχόντος, οὐ μόνον τῷ πλήθει καὶ κάλλει τῶν ἐπενεχθέντων
+        τὸν τάφον ἐκόσμεις, γενέσεως καὶ τροφῆς ἀποτίνων τὰ χαριστήρια, [D]
+        πολὺ δὲ πλέον τῷ μόνος ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων ζῶντος μὲν ἔτι
+        καὶ πιεζομένου τῇ νόσῳ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁρμῆσαι, τελευτήσαντος δὲ τὰς
+        μεγίστας τιμὰς καταστῆσαι, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐξαρκεῖ καὶ τὸ μνησθῆναι. καλοῦσι
+        γὰρ ἡμᾶς ἐφ᾽ αὑτὰς αἱ πράξεις ὑπομιμνήσκουσαι τῆς ῥώμης, τῆς
+        εὐψυχίας, εὐβουλίας τε ἅμα καὶ δικαιότητος, οἷς ἄμαχος ὤφθης καὶ
+        ἀνυπέρβλητος, τὰ μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοὺς πολίτας καὶ [17]
+        τοὺς πατρῴους σοι φίλους καὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δικαίως καὶ σωφρόνως
+        καταστησάμενος· πλὴν εἴ που βιασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν ἄκων ἑτέρους
+        ἐξαμαρτεῖν οὐ διεκώλυσας· τὰ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους ἀνδρείως καὶ
+        μεγαλοπρεπῶς καὶ τῆς προüπαρχούσης ἀξίως τοῪ γένους δόξης
+        καταστρησάμενος. τοῖς μὲν δι᾽ ὁμονοίας τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον συγγέγονας,
+        ἀστασίαστον μὲν τὴν πόλιν [B] διαφυλάττων καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς
+        συνάρχοντας θεραπεύων ἀεί, τοῖς φίλοις δὲ τῆς ἰσηγορίας<a id=
+        "noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a>
+        μεταδιδοὺς καὶ τῆς παρρησίας μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν ἀφθόνως, κοινωνῶν
+        μὲν ἅπασι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων, μεταδιδοὺς δὲ ὧν ἕκαστος ἐνδεὴς δόξειε. καὶ
+        τούτων μάρτυσι μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις εἰκότως ἄν τις χρήσαιτο, καὶ τὰ
+        πράγματα δὲ τοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσι <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους συνουσίας ἱκανὰ δηλῶσαι τὴν
+        προαίρεσιν τοῦ βίου παντός.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When you had come
+        to man's estate, and after fate had decreed the ending of your
+        father's life<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href=
+        "#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> and
+        Heaven had granted that his last hours should be peculiarly blest,
+        you adorned his tomb not only by lavishing on it splendid
+        decorations<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href=
+        "#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> and so
+        paying the debt of gratitude for your birth and education, but still
+        more by the fact that you alone of his sons hastened to him when he
+        was still alive and stricken by illness, and paid him the highest
+        possible honours after his death. But all this I need only mention in
+        passing. For now it is your exploits that cry aloud for notice and
+        remind me of your energy, courage, good judgment, and justice. In
+        these qualities you are unsurpassed, unrivalled. In your dealings
+        with your brothers,<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href=
+        "#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> your
+        subjects, your father's friends, and your armies you displayed
+        justice and moderation; except that, in some cases, forced as you
+        were by the critical state of affairs, you could not, in spite of
+        your own wishes, prevent others from going astray. Towards the enemy
+        your demeanour was brave, generous, and worthy of the previous
+        reputation of your house. While you maintained the friendly relations
+        that already existed, kept the capital free from civil discord, and
+        continued to cherish your brothers who were your partners in empire,
+        you granted to your friends, among other benefits, the privilege of
+        addressing you as an equal and full freedom of speech without stint,
+        and perfect frankness. Not only did you share with them all whatever
+        you possessed, but you gave to each what he seemed most to need.
+        Anyone who wants testimony to all this might reasonably call your
+        friends to witness, but if he does not know your friends, the facts
+        themselves are sufficient to demonstrate the policy of your whole
+        life.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ῥητέον δὲ ὑπὲρ
+        αὐτῶν ἤδη τῶν πράξεων ἀναβαλλομένοις τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἕξεων λόγον. Πέρσαι
+        τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης πάλαι κρατήσαντες καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ πολλὰ
+        καταστρεψάμενοι, μικροῦ δέω φάναι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην περιβαλόμενοι
+        κύκλῳ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν, ἐπειδὴ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων ἀφῄρηντο, τῆς
+        Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατηγίας ἔργον γενόμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ παίγνιον, χαλεπῶς
+        φέροντες<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href=
+        "#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> τὸ
+        δουλεύειν, ὡς ἐκεῖνον ᾔσθοντο τετελευτηκότα, τῶν διαδόχων ἀποστάντες
+        [D] Μακεδόσι τε εἰς τὴν ἀντίπαλον δύναμιν αὖθις κατέστησαν καὶ ἡμῚν
+        τὸ λειπόμενον τῆς Μακεδόνων ἀρχῆς. κατακτησαμένοις ἀξιόμαχοι διὰ
+        τέλους ἔδοξαν εἶναι πολέμιοι. καὶ τῶν μὲν παλαιῶν τί χρὴ νῦν
+        ὑπομιμνήσκειν, Ἀντωνίου καὶ Κράσσου, στρατηγῶν αὐτοκρατόρων, καὶ ὡς
+        ἐκεῖνα διὰ μακρῶν ἀπωσάμεθα κινδύνων τὰ αἴσχη, πολλῶν καὶ σωφρόνων
+        αὐτοκρατόρων ἀναμαχεσαμένων τὰ πταίσματα; τί δὲ χρὴ τῶν δευτέρων
+        ἀτυχημάτων μεμνῆσθαι καὶ τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τοῦ Κάρου πράξεων, [18] ὅσπερ
+        μετὰ τὰς συμφορὰς ᾑρέθη στρατηγός;<a id="noteref_76" name=
+        "noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> ἀλλ᾽ οἱ
+        τὴν θαυμαστὴν καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀγαπωμένην εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξαντες ἐκείνοις
+        ἄγειν, οἱ πρὸ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς τὴν βασιλείαν κατασχόντες, οὐχ ὁ μὲν
+        καῖσαρ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν συμβαλὼν αἰσχρῶς ἀπήλλαξεν; ἐπιστραφέντος δὲ τοῦ
+        τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης ἄρχοντος καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ἡγεμονίας
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046"
+        id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> [B] ἁπάσης ἐκεῖσε τρέψαντος καὶ
+        προκαταλαβέντος τὰς εἰσβολὰς στρατεύμασι καὶ καταλόγοις ὁπλιτῶν
+        παλαιῶν καὶ νεολέκτων καὶ παντοδαπαῖς παρασκευαῖς, δεδιότες μόλις τὴν
+        εἰρήνην ἠγάπησαν. ἣν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως περιόντος τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ σοῦ
+        συγχέαντες καὶ συνταράξαντες, τῆς μὲν παρ᾽ ἐκείνου τιμωρίας
+        διήμαρτον, ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον παρασκευαῖς τὸν βίον
+        μεταλλάξαντος· σοὶ δὲ ὑπέσχον τὴν δίκην ὕστερον τῶν τετολμημένων.
+        μέλλων δὲ ἔτι δὴ τῶν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀγώνων γενομένων σοι πολλάκις
+        ἅπτεσθαι τοσοῦτον ἁξιῶ σκοπεῖν τοὺς ἀκροωμένους, [C] ὅτι τοῦ τρίτου
+        μορίου τῆς ἀρχῆς καθεστὼς κύριος οὐδαμῶς πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐρρῶσθαι
+        δοκοῦντος, οὐχ ὅπλοις, οὐκ ἀνδράσι τοῖς στρατευομένοις, οὐδενὶ τῶν
+        ἄλλων, ὅσα πρὸς τηλικοῦτον πόλεμον ἐχρῆν ἐπιρρεῖν ἄφθονα, πρὸς
+        τούτοις δὲ οὐδὲ τῶν ἀδελφῶν σοι δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας τὸν πόλεμον
+        ἐλαφρυνόντων· καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἀναίσχυντος οὐδὲ βάσκανος
+        συκοφάντης, [D] ὃς οὐκ αἰτιώτατον γενέσθαι σὲ τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους
+        ὁμονοίας φήσει· ὄντος δὲ οἶμαι τοῦ πολέμου καθ᾽ αὑτὸν δυσχεροῦς, τὰ
+        τὼν στρατοπέδων πρὸς τὴν μεταβολὴν διεταράττετο, τὸν μὲν παλαιὸν σφῶν
+        ἡγεμόνα ποθεῖν ἐκβοῶντες, ὑμῶν δὲ ἄρχειν ἐθέλοντες· καὶ ἄλλα μυρία
+        ἄτοπα καὶ δυσχερῆ πανταχόθεν ἀναφυόμενα χαλεπωτέρας τὰς ὑπὲρ τοῦ
+        πολέμου παρεῖχεν ἐλπίδας· Ἀρμένιοι παλαιοὶ [19] σύμμαχοι στασιάζοντες
+        καὶ μοῖρα σφῶν οὐ φαύλη Πέρσαις προσθέμενοι, τὴν ὅμορον σφίσι λῃσταῖς
+        κατατρέχοντες· καὶ ὅπερ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐφαίνετο <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> μόνον σωτήριον, τὸ σὲ τῶν πραγμάτων ἔχεσθαι καὶ
+        βουλεύεσθαι, τέως οὐχ ὑπῆρχε διὰ τὰς πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἐν Παιονίᾳ
+        συνθήκας, ἃς αὐτὸς παρὼν οὕτω διῴκησας, ὡς μηδεμίαν ἀφορμὴν ἑκείνοις
+        παρασχεῖν μέμψεως. μικροῦ με ἔλαθεν ἡ<a id="noteref_77" name=
+        "noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> τῶν
+        πράξεων ἀρχὴ διαφυγοῦσα καλλίων ἁπασῶν ἢ ταῖς καλλίσταις ἐξ ἴσης
+        θαυμαστή. [B] τὸ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τοσούτων πραγμάτων βουλευόμενον μηδὲν
+        ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖν, εἰ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς τὸ πλέον ἔχειν ἑκὼν συγχωροίης,
+        σωφροσύνης καὶ μεγαλοψυχίας μέγιστον ἂν εἴη σημεῖον. νῦν δὲ εἰ μέν
+        τις τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς νεμόμενος ἑκατὸν ταλάντων,
+        κείσθω δέ, εἰ βούλει, τοσούτων ἄλλων, εἶτα ἔχων πεντήκοντα<a id=
+        "noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> μναῖς
+        ἔλαττον ἠγάπησε δή, καὶ μικροῦ παντελῶς ἀργυρίου τὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους
+        ὁμόνοιαν ἀνταλλαξάμενος, [C] ἐπαίνων ἂν ἐδόκει καὶ τιμῆς ἄξιος ὡς
+        χρημάτων κρείττων, ὡς εὔβουλος φύσει, ξυνελόντι δὲ εἰπεῖν, ὡς καλὸς
+        κἀγαθός. ὁ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἀρχῆς οὅτω μεγαλοψύχως καὶ σωφρόνως
+        δοκῶν βεβουλεῦσθαι, ὡς τὸν μὲν ἐκ τῆς ἐπιμελείας αὑτῷ μείζονα μὴ
+        προσθεῖναι πόνον, τῶν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς προσόδων ἑκὼν ὑφίεσθαι ὑπὲρ
+        ὁμονοίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους Ῥωμαίων ἁπάντων εἰρήνης, [D] πόσων
+        ἐπαίνων ἄξιον κρινεῖ τις; οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο λέγειν ἔνεστιν ἐνταῦθα,
+        ὡς καλῶς μέν, ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς<a id="noteref_79" name=
+        "noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> μὲν γὰρ
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050"
+        id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδέν, ὅ, τι μὲ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ καλόν, ἔμοιγε
+        φαίνεται. ὅλως δὲ εἴ τινι καθ᾽ αὑτὸ τὸ συμφέρον ἐξετάζειν δοκεῖ,
+        κρινέτω μὴ πρὸς ἀργύριον σκοπῶν μηδὲ προσόδους χωρίων ἀπαριθμοόμενος,
+        καθάπερ οἱ φιλάργυροι γέροντες ὑπὸ τῶν κωμῳδῶν ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν
+        ἑλκόμενοι, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τὴν ἀξίωσιν. [20]
+        φιλονεικῶν μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῶν ὁρίων καὶ δυσμενῶς ἔχων ἐκείνων ἂν ἦρξε
+        μόνων ὧν ἔλαχεν, εἰ καὶ πλέον ἔχων ἀπῄει· ὑπερορῶν δὲ τῶν μικρῶν καὶ
+        καταφρονήσας ἦρχε μὲν ἁπάσης μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης,
+        ἐπεμελεῖτο δὲ τοῦ λαχόντος μέρους, ἀπολαύων μὲν τελείας τῆς τιμῆς,
+        μετέχων δὲ ἔλαττον τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ πόνων.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But I must
+        postpone the description of your personal qualities and go on to
+        speak of your achievements. The Persians in the past conquered the
+        whole of Asia, subjugated a great part of Europe, and had embraced in
+        their hopes I may almost say the whole inhabited world, when the
+        Macedonians deprived them of their supremacy, and they provided
+        Alexander's generalship with a task, or rather with a toy. But they
+        could not endure the yoke of slavery, and no sooner was Alexander
+        dead, than they revolted from his successors and once more opposed
+        their power to the Macedonians, and so successfully that, when we
+        took over what was left of the Macedonian empire, we counted them to
+        the end as foes with whom we must reckon. I need not now remind you
+        of ancient history, of Antony and Crassus,<a id="noteref_80" name=
+        "noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> who were
+        generals with the fullest powers, or tell how after long-continued
+        dangers we succeeded in wiping out the disgrace they incurred, and
+        how many a prudent general retrieved their blunders. Nor need I
+        recall the second chapter of our misfortunes and the exploits of
+        Carus<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href=
+        "#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> that
+        followed, when after those failures he was appointed general. Among
+        those who sat on the throne before your father's time and imposed on
+        the Persians conditions of peace admired and welcomed by all, did not
+        the Caesar<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href=
+        "#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> incur a
+        disgraceful defeat when he attacked them on his own account? It was
+        not till the ruler of the whole world<a id="noteref_83" name=
+        "noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> turned
+        his attention to them, directing thither all the forces of the
+        empire, occupying all the passes with his troops and levies of
+        hoplites, both veterans and new recruits, and employing every sort of
+        military equipments, that fear drove them to accept terms of peace.
+        That peace they somehow contrived to disturb and break during your
+        father's lifetime, but they escaped punishment at his hands because
+        he died in the midst of preparations for a campaign. It was left for
+        you later on to punish them for their audacity. I shall often have to
+        speak of your campaigns against them, but this one thing I ask my
+        hearers to observe. You became master of a third of the empire,<a id=
+        "noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> that
+        part in fact which seemed by no means strong enough to carry on a
+        war, since it had neither arms nor troops in the field, nor any of
+        those military resources which ought to flow in abundantly in
+        preparation for so important a war. Then, too, your brothers, for
+        whatever reason, did nothing to make the war easier for you. And yet
+        there is no sycophant so shameless and so envious as not to admit
+        that the harmony existing between you was mainly due to you. The war
+        in itself presented peculiar difficulties, in my opinion, and the
+        troops were disaffected owing to the change of government; they
+        raised the cry that they missed their old leader and they wished to
+        control your actions. Nay, more; a thousand strange and perplexing
+        circumstances arose on every hand to render your hopes regarding the
+        war more difficult to realise. The Armenians, our ancient allies,
+        revolted, and no small part of them went over to the Persians and
+        overran and raided the country on their borders. In this crisis there
+        seemed to be but one hope of safety, that you should take charge of
+        affairs and plan the campaign, but at the moment this was impossible,
+        because you were in Paeonia<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href=
+        "#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> making
+        treaties with your brothers. Thither you went in person, and so
+        managed that you gave them no opening for criticism. Indeed, I almost
+        forgot to mention the very first of your achievements, the noblest of
+        all, or at any rate equal to the noblest. For there is no greater
+        proof of your prudence and magnanimity than the fact that, in
+        planning for interests of such importance, you thought it no
+        disadvantage if you should, of your own free will, concede the lion's
+        share to your brothers. Imagine, for instance, a man dividing among
+        his brothers their father's estate of a hundred talents, or, if you
+        prefer, twice as much. Then suppose him to have been content with
+        fifty minae less than the others, and to raise no objection, because
+        he secured their goodwill in exchange for that trifling sum. You
+        would think he deserved all praise and respect as one who had a soul
+        above money, as far-sighted, in short as a man of honour. But here is
+        one whose policy with regard to the empire of the world seems to have
+        been so high minded, so prudent, that, without increasing the burdens
+        of administration, he willingly gave up some of the imperial revenues
+        in order to secure harmony and peace among all Roman citizens. What
+        praise such a one deserves! And certainly one cannot, in this
+        connection, quote the saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well done, but
+        a bad bargain.”</span> Nothing, in my opinion, can be called a good
+        bargain if it be not honourable as well. In general, if anyone wish
+        to apply the test of expediency alone, he ought not to make money his
+        criterion or reckon up his revenues from estates, like those old
+        misers whom writers of comedy bring on to the stage, but he should
+        take into account the vastness of the empire and the point of honour
+        involved. If the Emperor had disputed about the boundaries and taken
+        a hostile attitude, he might have obtained more than he did, but he
+        would have governed only his allotted share. But he scorned and
+        despised such trifles, and the result was that he really governed the
+        whole world in partnership with his brothers, but had the care of his
+        own portion only, and, while he kept his dignity unimpaired, he had
+        less than his share of the toil and trouble that go with such a
+        position.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν
+        τούτων καὶ αὖθις ἐξέσται διὰ μακροτέρων δηλῶσαι. ὅπως δὲ τῶν
+        πραγμάτων ἐπεμελήθης, [B] τοσούτων κύκλῳ περιστάντων μετὰ τὴν τοῦ
+        πατρὸς τελευτὴν κινδύνων καὶ παντοδαπῶν πραγμάτων, θορύβου,<a id=
+        "noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> πολέμου
+        ἀναγκαίου,<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href=
+        "#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> πολλῆς
+        καταδρομῆς συμμάχων ἀποστάσεως, στρατοπέδων ἀταξίας, ὅσα ἄλλα τότε
+        δυσχερῆ κατελάμβανεν, ἴσως ἤδη διελθεῖν ἄξιον. ἐπειδὴ γάρ σοι τὰ τῶν
+        συνθηκῶν μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης ὁμονοίας διῴκητο, παρῆν δὲ ὁ καιρὸς τοῖς
+        πράγμασιν ἐπιτάττων βοηθεῖν κινδυνεύουσι, [C] πορείαις ταχείαις<a id=
+        "noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a>
+        χρησάμενος ὅπως μὲν ἐκ<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href=
+        "#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> Παιόνων
+        ἐν Σύροις ὤφθης, οὐδὲ τῷ λόγῳ δεῖξαι ῥᾴδιον· ἀρκεῖ <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ τοῖς ἐγνωκόσιν ἡ πεῖρα. ὅπως δὲ πρὸς τὴν
+        παρουσίαν τὴν σὴν ἀθρόως ἅπαντα μεταβαλόντα καὶ μεταστάντα πρὸς τὸ
+        βέλτιον οὐ μόνον τῶν ἐπικρεμασθέντων ἡμᾶς ἀπήλλαξε φόβων, ἀμείνους δὲ
+        μακρῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν μελλόντων παρέσχεν ἐλπίδας, [D] τίς ἂν ἀρκέσειε
+        τῶν ἁπάντων εἰπεῖν; τὰ μὲν τῶν στρατοπέδων, πλησίον γενομένου μόνον,
+        ἐπέπαυτο τῆς ἀταξίας καὶ μεθειστήκει πρὸς κόσμον, Ἀρμενίων δὲ οἱ
+        προσθέμενοι τοῖς πολεμίοις εὐθὺς μετάστησαν, σοῦ τοὺς μὲν αἰτίους τῆς
+        φυγῆς τῷ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης ἄρχοντι παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἐξαγαγόντος, τοῖς
+        φεύγουσι δὲ τὴν ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν κάθοδον ἀδεᾶ παρασκευάσαντος. οὕτω δὲ
+        φιλανθρώπως τοῖς τε παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἀφικομένοις ἄρτι [21] χρησαμένου καὶ
+        τοῖς ἐκ τῆς φυγῆς μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν ἄρχοντος κατεληλυθόσι πρᾴως
+        ὁμιλοῦντος, οἱ μέν, ὅτι καὶ πρότερον ἀπέστησαν, αὑτοὺς ἀπωλοφύραντο,
+        οἱ δὲ τὴν παροῦσαν τύχην τῆς πρόσθεν ἠγάπων μᾶλλον δυναστείας. καὶ οἱ
+        μὲν φεύγοντες ἔμπροσθεν ἔργῳ σωφρονεῖν ἔφασαν ἐκμαθεῖν, οἱ δὲ τοῦ μὴ
+        μεταστῆναι τῆς ἀμοιβῆς ἀξίας τυγχάνειν. τοσαύτῃ δὲ ἐχρήσω περὶ τοὺς
+        κατελθόντας ὑπερβολῇ δωρεῶν καὶ τιμῆς, ὥστε μηδὲ [B] τοῖς ἐχθίστοις
+        σφῶν εὖ πράττουσι καὶ τὰ εἰκότα τιμωμένοις ἄχθεσθαι μηδὲ βασκαίνειν.
+        ταῦτα δὲ ἐν βραχεῖ καταστησάμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐξ Ἀραβίας λῃστὰς ἐπὶ τοὺς
+        πολεμίους ταῖς πρεσβείαις τρέψας, ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ πολέμου παρασκευὰς
+        ἦλθες, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ χεῖρον ἐν βραχεῖ προειπεῖν.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(On that subject,
+        however, I shall have a chance later to speak in more detail. This is
+        perhaps the right moment to describe how you controlled the
+        situation, encompassed as you were, after your father's death, by so
+        many perils and difficulties of all sorts—confusion, an unavoidable
+        war, numerous hostile raids, allies in revolt, lack of discipline in
+        the garrisons, and all the other harassing conditions of the hour.
+        You concluded in perfect harmony the negotiations with your brothers,
+        and when the time had arrived that demanded your aid for the
+        dangerous crisis of affairs, you made forced marches, and immediately
+        after leaving Paeonia appeared in Syria. But to relate how you did
+        this would tax my powers of description, and indeed for those who
+        know the facts their own experience is enough. But who in the world
+        could describe adequately how, at the prospect of your arrival,
+        everything was changed and improved all at once, so that we were set
+        free from the fears that hung over us and could entertain brighter
+        hopes than ever for the future? Even before you were actually on the
+        spot the mutiny among the garrisons ceased and order was restored.
+        The Armenians who had gone over to the enemy at once changed sides
+        again, for you ejected from the country and sent to Rome those who
+        were responsible for the governor's<a id="noteref_90" name=
+        "noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> exile,
+        and you secured for the exiles a safe return to their own country.
+        You were so merciful to those who now came to Rome as exiles, and so
+        kind in your dealings with those who returned from exile with the
+        governor, that the former did, indeed, bewail their misfortune in
+        having revolted, but still were better pleased with their present
+        condition than with their previous usurpation; while the latter, who
+        were formerly in exile, declared that the experience had been a
+        lesson in prudence, but that now they were receiving a worthy reward
+        for their loyalty. On the returned exiles you lavished such
+        magnificent presents and rewards that they could not even resent the
+        good fortune of their bitterest enemies, nor begrudge their being
+        duly honoured. All these difficulties you quickly settled, and then
+        by means of embassies you turned the marauding Arabs against our
+        enemies. Then you began preparations for the war, about which I may
+        as well say a few words.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῆς γὰρ εἰρήνης
+        τῆς πρόσθεν τοῖς μὲν στρατευομένοις ἀνείσης τοὺς πόνους, τοῖς
+        λειτουργοῦσι δὲ κουφοτέρας τὰς λειτουργίας<a id="noteref_91" name=
+        "noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a>
+        παρασχούσης, τοῦ πολέμου δὲ χρημάτων καὶ σιτηρεσίου καὶ χορηγίας
+        λαμπρᾶς δεομένου, [C] πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἰσχύος καὶ ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς
+        ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας τῶν στρατευομένων, ὑπάρχοντος δὲ οὐδενὸς σχεδὸν τῶν
+        τοιούτων, αὐτὸς ἐξηῦρες καὶ κατέστησας, τοῖς μὲν ἐν<a id="noteref_92"
+        name="noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> ἡλικίᾳ
+        στρατεύεσθαι λαχοῦσιν ἀποδείξας τῶν πόνων μελέτην, παπαπλησίαν δὲ
+        τοῖς πολεμίοις ἱππικὴν καταστησάμενος δύναμιν, τῷ πεζῷ δὲ ἐπιτάξας
+        τῶν πόνων ἔχεσθαι· καὶ ταῦτα οὐ ῥήμασι μόνον οὐδὲ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος,
+        μελετῶν δὲ [D] αὐτὸς καὶ συνασκούμενος καὶ δεικνύων ἔργῳ τὸ πρακτέον,
+        πολέμων ἐργάτας ἄφνω κατέστησας. χρημάτων δὲ ἐπενόεις πόρους, οὐκ
+        αὔξων τοὺς φόρους οὐδὲ τὰς συντάξεις, καθάπερ Ἀθηναῖοι πρόσθεν, εἰς
+        τὸ διπλάσιον ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον καταστήσας, ἐμμένων δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς
+        ἀρχαίοις πλὴν εἴ που πρὸς βραχὺ καὶ πρὸς καιρὸν<a id="noteref_93"
+        name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> ἐχρῆν
+        αἰσθέσθαι δαπανηροτέρων τῶν λειτουργημάτων. ἐν τοσαύτηι δὲ<a id=
+        "noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> τοὺς
+        στρατευομένους ἦγες ἀφθονίᾳ, [22] ὡς μὴτε ὑβρίζειν τῷ κόρῳ μήτε ὑπὸ
+        τῆς ἐνδείας πλημμελεῖν ἀναγκασθῆναι. ὅπλων δὲ καὶ ἵππων παρασκευὴν
+        καὶ νεῶν τῶν ποταμίων καὶ μηχανημάτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τὸ πλῆθος
+        σιωπῇ κατέχω. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τέλος εἶχε <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ ἔδει χρῆσθαι τοῖς προρρηθεῖσιν εἰς δέον,
+        ἐζεύγνυτο μὲν ὁ Τίγρης σχεδίᾳ πολλάκις, ἤρθη δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ φρούρια, καὶ
+        τῶν πολεμίων οὐδεὶς ἐτόλμησεν ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, [B] πάντα δὲ
+        παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἤγετο τἀκείνων ἀγαθά, τῶν μὲν οὐδὲ εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι
+        τολμώντων, τῶν θρασυνομένων δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τὴν τιμωρίαν ὑποσχόντων. τὸ
+        μὲν δὴ κεφάλαιον τῶν εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν εἰσβολῶν τοιοῦτον. καθ᾽ ἕκαστον
+        γὰρ ἐπεξιέναι τίς ἂν ἀξίως ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ δυνηθείη, τῶν μὲν τὰς
+        συμφορὰς τῶν δὲ τὰς ἀριστείας ἀπαριθμούμενος; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως εἰπεῖν
+        οὐ χαλεπόν, [C] ὅτι πολλάκις τὸν ποταμὸν ἐκεῖνον περαιωθεὶς ξὺν τῷ
+        στρατεύματι καὶ πολὺν ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ διατρίψας<a id="noteref_95" name=
+        "noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> χρόνον,
+        λαμπρὸς ἐπανῄεις τοῖς τροπαίοις, τὰς διὰ σὲ πόλεις ἐλευθέρας ἐπιὼν
+        καὶ χαριζόμενος εἰρήνην καὶ πλοῦτον, πάντα ἀθρόως τὰ ἀγαθά, καὶ τῶν
+        πάλαι ποθουμένων διδοὺς ἀπολαύειν, νίκης κατὰ τῶν βαρβάρων, τροπαίων
+        ἐγειρομένων κατὰ τῆς Παρθυαίων ἀπιστίας καὶ ἀνανδρίας,<a id=
+        "noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> ὧν τὸ
+        μὲν ἐπεδείξαντο [D] τὰς σπονδὰς λύσαντες καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην συγχέαντες,
+        τὸ δὲ μὴ τολμῶντες ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν φιλτάτων ἀμύνεσθαι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The previous
+        period of peace had relaxed the labours of the troops, and lightened
+        the burdens of those who had to perform public services. But the war
+        called for money, provisions, and supplies on a vast scale, and even
+        more it demanded endurance, energy, and military experience on the
+        part of the troops. In the almost entire absence of all these, you
+        personally provided and organised everything, drilled those who had
+        reached the age for military service, got together a force of cavalry
+        to match the enemy's, and issued orders for the infantry to persevere
+        in their training. Nor did you confine yourself to speeches and
+        giving orders, but yourself trained and drilled with the troops,
+        showed them their duty by actual example, and straightway made them
+        experts in the art of war. Then you discovered ways and means, not by
+        increasing the tribute or the extraordinary contributions, as the
+        Athenians did in their day, when they raised these to double or even
+        more. You were content, I understand, with the original revenues,
+        except in cases where, for a short time, and to meet an emergency, it
+        was necessary that the people should find their services to the state
+        more expensive. The troops under your leadership were abundantly
+        supplied, yet not so as to cause the satiety that leads to insolence,
+        nor, on the other hand, were they driven to insubordination from lack
+        of necessaries. I shall say nothing about your great array of arms,
+        horses, and river-boats, engines of war and the like. But when all
+        was ready and the time had come to make appropriate use of all that I
+        have mentioned, the Tigris was bridged by rafts at many points and
+        forts were built to guard the river. Meanwhile the enemy never once
+        ventured to defend their country from plunder, and every useful thing
+        that they possessed was brought in to us. This was partly because
+        they were afraid to offer battle, partly because those who were rash
+        enough to do so were punished on the spot. This is a mere summary of
+        your invasions of the enemy's country. Who, indeed, in a short speech
+        could do justice to every event, or reckon up the enemy's disasters
+        and our successes? But this at least I have space to tell. You often
+        crossed the Tigris with your army and spent a long time in the
+        enemy's country, but you always returned crowned with the laurels of
+        victory. Then you visited the cities you had freed, and bestowed on
+        them peace and plenty, all possible blessings and all at once. Thus
+        at your hands they received what they had so long desired, the defeat
+        of the barbarians and the erection of trophies of victory over the
+        treachery and cowardice of the Parthians. Treachery they had
+        displayed when they violated the treaties and broke the peace,
+        cowardice when they lacked the courage to fight for their country and
+        all that they held dear.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μή τις
+        ὑπολάβῃ με τούτων μὲν ἡδέως μεμνῆσθαι τῶν ἔργων, ὀκνεῖν δὲ ἐκεῖνα,
+        περὶ ἃ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις πλεονεκτῆσαι παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη, μᾶλλον δὲ ἡ
+        χώρα τὴν ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ προσλαβοῦσα ῥοπήν, ὡς αἰσχύνην ἡμῖν, οὐχὶ δὲ
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058"
+        id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔπαινον καὶ τιμὴν φέροντα, καὶ ὑπὲρ
+        τούτων πειράσομαι δηλῶσαι διὰ βραχέων, οὐ πρὸς τὸ [23] λυσιτελέστατον
+        ἐμαυτῷ τοὺς λόγους πλάττων, τὴν ἀλήθειαν δὲ ἀγαπῶν ἐν πᾶσιν. ἧς εἴ
+        τις ἑκὼν ἁμαρτάνοι, τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν αἰσχύνην οὐδαμῶς ἐκφεύγει,
+        προστίθησι δὲ τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις τὸ δοκεῖν μηδ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων εὖ
+        ἀκούειν κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν· ὃ παθεῖν εὐλαβησόμεθα. δείξει δὲ ὁ λόγος
+        αὐτός, εἰ μηδαμοῦ τὸ ψεῦδος πρὸ τῆς ἀληθείας τετίμηκεν. οὐκοῦν εὖ
+        οἶδα, ὅτι πάντες ἂν μέγιστον φήσειαν πλεονέκτημα τῶν βαρβάρων τὸν πρὸ
+        τῶν Σιγγάρων πόλεμον. [B] ἐγὼ δὲ ἐκείνην τὴν μάχην ἴσα μὲν ἐνεγκεῖν
+        τοῖς στρατοπέδοις τὰ δυστυχήματα, δεῖξαι δὲ τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν
+        περιγενομένην τῆς ἐκείνων τύχης φαίην ἂν εἰκότως, καὶ ταῦτα
+        στρατοπέδῳ χρησαμένου<a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href=
+        "#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> θρασεῖ
+        καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὥραν καὶ τὴν τοῦ πνίγους ῥώμην οὐχ ὁμοίως
+        ἐκείνοις συνήθει. ὅπως δὲ ἕκαστον ἐπράχθη, διηγήσομαι. θέρος μὲν γὰρ
+        ἦν ἀκμάζον ἔτι, συνῄει δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν τὰ στρατόπεδα πολὺ πρὸ τῆς
+        μεσημβρίας. [C] ἐκπληττόμενοι δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι τὴν εὐταξίαν καὶ τὸν
+        κόσμον καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν, αὐτοὶ δὲ πλήθει θαυμαστοὶ φανέντες, ἤρχετο
+        μὲν οὐδεὶς τῆς μάχης, τῶν μὲν εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι πρὸς οὕτω
+        παρεσκευασμένην δύναμιν ὀκνούντων, τῶν δὲ περιμενόντων ἐκείνους
+        ἄρχειν, ὅπως ἀμυνόμενοι μᾶλλον ἐν πᾶσιν, οὐχὶ δὲ αὐτοὶ πολέμου μετὰ
+        τὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name=
+        "Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg061" id=
+        "Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> εἰρήνην ἄρχοντες φανεῖεν. τέλος
+        δὲ ὁ τῆς βαρβαρικῆς ἐκείνης δυνάμεως ἡγεμών, [D] μετέωρος ἀρθεὶς ὑπὲρ
+        τῶν ἀσπίδων καὶ καταμαθὼν τὸ πλῆθος ἐν τάξει, οἷος ἐξ οἵου γέγονε καὶ
+        ποίας ἀφίει φωνάς; προδεδόσθαι βοῶν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ πολέμου
+        πείσαντας αἰτιώμενος, φεύγειν ᾤετο χρῆναι διὰ τάχους καὶ τοῦτο μόνον
+        οἱ πρὸς σωτηρίαν ἀρκέσειν, εἰ φθήσεται τὸν ποταμὸν διαβῆναι, ὅσπερ
+        ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν ὅρος ἀρχαῖος. ταῦτα
+        διανοηθεὶς ἐκεῖνος πρῶτον ἐπὶ πόδα σημαίνει τὴν ἀναχώρησιν, καὶ κατ᾽
+        [24] ὀλίγον προστιθεὶς τῷ τάχει τέλος ἤδη καρτερῶς ἔφευγεν, ἔχων
+        ὀλίγους ἱππάας ἀμφ᾽ αὑτόν, τὴν δύναμιν ἅπασαν τῷ παιδὶ καὶ τῷ
+        πιστοτάτῳ τῶν φίλων ἐπιτρέψας ἄγειν. ταῦτα ὁρῶντες τὸ στράτευμα καὶ
+        χαλεπαίνοντες, ὅτι μηδεμίαν ὑπέσχον τῶν τετολμημένων δίκην, ἐβόων
+        ἄγειν ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, καὶ κελεύοντος σοῦ<a id="noteref_98" name=
+        "noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> μένειν
+        ἀχθόμενοι μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων ἕθεον ὡς ἕκαστος εἶχε ῥώμης τε καὶ τάχους,
+        ἄπειροι μὲν ὄντες αὐτοὶ τέως τῆς σῆς στρατηγίας, [B] εἰς δὲ τὴν
+        ἡλικίαν ὁρῶντες ἄμεινον αὑτῶν τὸ συμφέρον κρίνειν ἧττον ἐπίστευον·
+        καὶ τῷ πολλὰς<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href=
+        "#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a>
+        συγκατειργάσθαι τῷ πατρὶ τῷ σῷ μάχας καὶ κρατῆσαι παντχοῦ τὸ<a id=
+        "noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> δοκεῖν
+        ἀηττήτους εἶναι συνηγωνίζετο. τούτων δὲ οὐδενὸς ἔλαττον τὸ παρεστὼς
+        Παρθυαίων δέος ἐπῆρεν ὡς οὐκ ἀγωνισαμένους<a id="noteref_101" name=
+        "noteref_101" href="#note_101"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> πρὸς
+        τοὺς ἄνδρας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg
+        062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν χώραν αὐτήν, καὶ εἴ τι
+        μεῖζον ἔξωθεν προσπίπτοι, καὶ τούτου πάντως κρατήσοντας. ταχέως οὖν
+        ἑκατὸν μεταξὺ στάδια [C] διαδραμόντες<a id="noteref_102" name=
+        "noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a>
+        ἐφειστήκεσαν ἤδη Παρθυαίοις εἰς τὸ τεῖχος καταπεφευγόσιν, ὃ πρότερον
+        ἤδη πεποίητο σφίσιν ὥσπερ στρατόπεδον. ἑσπέρα δὲ ἦν λοιπὸν καὶ ὁ
+        πόλεμος αὐτόθεν ξυνερρήγνυτο. καὶ τὸ μὲν τεῖχος αἱροῦσιν εὐθέως τοὺς
+        ὑπὲρ<a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href=
+        "#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> αὐτοῦ
+        κτείναντες· γενόμενοι δὲ εἴσω τῶν ἐρυμάτων πολὺν μὲν ἠρίστευον
+        χρόνον, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ δίψους ἀπειρηκότες ἤδη καὶ λάκκοις ὕδατος
+        ἐντυχόντες ἔνδον, τὴν καλλίστην νίκην διέφθειραν καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις
+        παρέσχον ἀναμαχέσασθαι τὸ πταῖσμα. [D] τοῦτο τέλος τῆς μάχης ἐκείνης
+        γέγονε, τρεῖς μὲν ἢ τέτταρας ἀφελομένης τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, Παρθυαίων δὲ
+        τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ βασιλείᾳ τρεφόμενον, ἁλόντα πρότερον, καὶ τῶν ἀμφ᾽ αὐτὸν
+        παμπληθεῖς ξυνδιαφθειράσης· τούτοις δὲ ἅπασι δρωμένοις ὁ μὲν τῶν
+        βαρβάρων ἡγεμὼν οὐδὲ ὄναρ παρῆν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπέσχε τὴν φυγὴν πρὶν ἢ
+        κατὰ νώτου τὸν ποταμὸν ἐποιέσατο· [25] αὐτὸς δὲ διέμενες ἐν τοῖς
+        ὄπλοις δι᾽ ὄλης ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς ἁπάσης, συμμετέχων μὲν τοῖς
+        κρατοῦσι τῶν ἀγωνισμάτων, τοῖς πονοῦσι δὲ ἐπαρκῶν διὰ ταχέων. ὑπὸ δὲ
+        τῆς ἀνδρείας καὶ τῆς εὐψυχίας εἰς τοσοῦτον τὸν ἀγῶνα μετέστησας, ὥστε
+        αὐτοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν αὑτῶν τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπιλαβούσης ἀσμένως ἀποσώζεσθαι,
+        ἀναχωρεῖν δὲ ἐκ τῆς μάχης, ἑπομένου σου, καὶ τοὺς τραυματίας; οὕτω τὸ
+        δέος πᾶσιν ἀνῆκας τῆς φυγῆς. [B] ποῖον οὖν <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἥλω φρούριον; τίς δὲ ἐπολιορκήθη πόλις; τίνος
+        δὲ ἀποσκευῆς οἱ πολέμιοι κρατήσαντες ἔσχον ἐφ᾽ ὅτῳ σεμνύνωνται μετὰ
+        τὸν πόλεμον;</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But lest anyone
+        should suppose that, while I delight in recalling exploits like
+        these, I avoid mentioning occasions when luck gave the enemy the
+        advantage—or rather it was the nature of the ground combined with
+        opportunity that turned the scale—and that I do so because they
+        brought us no honour or glory but only disgrace, I will try to give a
+        brief account of those incidents also, not adapting my narrative with
+        an eye to my own interests, but preferring the truth in every case.
+        For when a man deliberately sins against the truth he cannot escape
+        the reproach of flattery, and moreover he inflicts on the object of
+        his panegyric the appearance of not deserving the praise that he
+        receives on other accounts. This is a mistake of which I shall
+        beware. Indeed my speech will make it clear that in no case has
+        fiction been preferred to the truth. Now I am well aware that all
+        would say that the battle we fought before Singara<a id="noteref_104"
+        name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> was a
+        most important victory for the barbarians. But I should answer and
+        with justice that this battle inflicted equal loss on both armies,
+        but proved also that your valour could accomplish more than their
+        luck; and that although the legions under you were violent and
+        reckless men, and were not accustomed, like the enemy, to the climate
+        and the stifling heat. I will relate exactly what took place. It was
+        still the height of summer, and the legions mustered long before
+        noon. Since the enemy were awestruck by the discipline, accoutrements
+        and calm bearing of our troops, while to us they seemed amazing in
+        numbers, neither side began the battle; for they shrank from coming
+        to close quarters with forces so well equipped, while we waited for
+        them to begin, so that in all respects we might seem to be acting
+        rather in self-defence, and not to be responsible for beginning
+        hostilities after the peace. But at last the leader<a id=
+        "noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> of the
+        barbarian army, raised high on their shields, perceived the magnitude
+        of our forces drawn up in line. What a change came over him! What
+        exclamations he uttered! He cried out that he had been betrayed, that
+        it was the fault of those who had persuaded him to go to war, and
+        decided that the only thing to be done was to flee with all speed,
+        and that one course alone would secure his safety, namely to cross,
+        before we could reach it, the river, which is the ancient
+        boundary-line between that country and ours. With this purpose he
+        first gave the signal for a retreat in good order, then gradually
+        increasing his pace he finally took to headlong flight, with only a
+        small following of cavalry, and left his whole army to the leadership
+        of his son and the friend in whom he had most confidence. When our
+        men saw this they were enraged that the barbarians should escape all
+        punishment for their audacious conduct, and clamoured to be led in
+        pursuit, chafed at your order to halt, and ran after the enemy in
+        full armour with their utmost energy and speed. For of your
+        generalship they had had no experience so far, and they could not
+        believe that you were a better judge than they of what was expedient.
+        Moreover, under your father they had fought many battles and had
+        always been victorious, a fact that tended to make them think
+        themselves invincible. But they were most of all elated by the terror
+        that the Parthians now shewed, when they thought how they had fought,
+        not only against the enemy, but against the very nature of the
+        ground, and if any greater obstacle met them from some fresh quarter,
+        they felt that they would overcome it as well. Accordingly they ran
+        at full speed for about one hundred stades, and only halted when they
+        came up with the Parthians, who had fled for shelter into a fort that
+        they had lately built to serve as a camp. It was, by this time,
+        evening, and they engaged battle forthwith. Our men at once took the
+        fort and slew its defenders. Once inside the fortifications they
+        displayed great bravery for a long time, but they were by this time
+        fainting with thirst, and when they found cisterns of water inside,
+        they spoiled a glorious victory and gave the enemy a chance to
+        retrieve their defeat. This then was the issue of that battle, which
+        caused us the loss of only three or four of our men, whilst the
+        Parthians lost the heir to the throne<a id="noteref_106" name=
+        "noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> who had
+        previously been taken prisoner, together with all his escort. While
+        all this was going on, of the leader of the barbarians not even the
+        ghost was to be seen, nor did he stay his flight till he had put the
+        river behind him. You, on the other hand, did not take off your
+        armour for a whole day and all the night, now sharing the struggles
+        of those who were getting the upper hand, now giving prompt and
+        efficient aid to those who were hard-pressed. And by your bravery and
+        fortitude you so changed the face of the battle that at break of day
+        the enemy were glad to beat a safe retreat to their own territory,
+        and even the wounded, escorted by you, could retire from the battle.
+        Thus did you relieve them all from the risks of flight. Now what fort
+        was taken by the enemy? What city did they besiege? What military
+        supplies did they capture that should give them something to boast
+        about after the war?)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως, φήσει
+        τισ, τὸ μηδέποτε τῶν πολεμίων ἧττον ἔχοντα ἀπελθεῖν εὐτυχὲς καὶ
+        εὔδαιμον ἡγητέον,<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href=
+        "#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> τὸ δὲ
+        ἀντιστῆναι τῇ τύχῃ ῥωμαλεώτερον καὶ<a id="noteref_108" name=
+        "noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a>
+        μείζονος ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει σημεῖον.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps some
+        one will say that never to come off worse than the enemy must indeed
+        be considered good fortune and felicity, but to make a stand against
+        fortune calls for greater vigour and is a proof of greater
+        valour.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸς
+        κυβερνήτης ἐν εὐδίᾳ τὴν ναῦν κατευθύνων, [C] γαλήνης ἀκριβοῦς
+        κατεχούσης τὸ πέλαγος; τίς δὲ ἡνίοχος ἅρματος δεξιὸς ἐν ὁμαλῷ καὶ
+        λείῳ χωρίῳ εὐπειθεῖς καὶ πρᾴους καὶ ταχεῖς ἵππους ζευξάμενος, εἶτα ἐν
+        τούτοις ἐπιδεικνύμενος τὴν τέχνην; πόσῳ δὲ ἀμείνων νεὼς μὲν ἰθυντὴρ ὁ
+        καὶ τὸν μέλλοντα χειμῶνα προμαθὼν καὶ προαισθόμενος καὶ πειραθείς γε
+        τοῦτον ἐκκλῖναι, εἶτα δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας ἐμπεσὼν καὶ διασώσας
+        ἀπαθῆ τὴν ναῦν αὐτῷ φόρτῳ; [D] ἄρματος δ᾽ ἐπιστάτης ὁ καὶ πρὸς χωρίων
+        ἀγωνιζόμενος τραχύτητα καὶ τοὺς ἵππους μετατιθεὶς ἅμα καὶ βιαζόμενος,
+        ἤν τι πλημμελῶσιν; ὅλως δὲ οὐδεμίαν ἄξιον τέχνην μετὰ τῆς τύχης
+        ἐξετάζειν, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὴν ἐφ᾽ αὑτῆς σκοπεῖν. οὐδὲ στρατηγὸς ἀμείνων ὁ
+        Κλέων Νικίου, ἐπειδὴ τὰ περὶ τὴν Πύλον ηὐτύχησεν, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλος οὐδεὶς
+        τῶν τύχῃ μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ κρατούντων. ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὴ καὶ τὴν τύχην τὴν
+        σὴν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν τῆς τῶν ἀντιταξαμένων, μᾶλλον δὲ τῆς
+        ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων κρατίστην φήσαιμι, [26] ἀδικεῖν ἂν εἰκότως
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066"
+        id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δοκοίην, τὴν μὴ παρασχοῦσαν τοῖς
+        πολεμίοις αἰσθέσθαι τὸ πλεονέκτημα. χρὴ γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν δικαίως ὑπὲρ
+        τῶν ῥηθέντων κρινοῦντα<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href=
+        "#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> τὸ μὲν
+        ἐλάττωμα τῇ τοῦ πνίγους ἀνανταγωνίστῳ ῥώμῃ λογίζεσθαι, τὸ δὲ εἰς ἴσον
+        καταστῆσαι τοὺς πολεμίους ταῖς συμφοραῖς τῆς σῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργον
+        ὑπολαβεῖν, τὸ δὲ τῶν μὲν οἰκείων αἰσθέσθαι συμφορῶν, ἀγνοῆσαι δὲ τὰ
+        κατορθώματα τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης ἔργον λογέζεσθαι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Is a man a
+        skilful pilot because he can steer his ship in fair weather when the
+        sea is absolutely calm? Would you call a charioteer an expert driver
+        who on smooth and level ground has in harness horses that are gentle,
+        quiet and swift, and under such conditions gives a display of his
+        art? How much more skilful is the pilot who marks and perceives
+        beforehand the coming storm and tries to avoid its path, and then, if
+        for any reason he must face it, brings off his ship safe and sound,
+        cargo and all? Just so, the skilful charioteer is he who can contend
+        against the unevenness of the ground, and guide his horses and
+        control them at the same time, if they grow restive. In short, it is
+        not fair to judge of skill of any sort when it is aided by fortune,
+        but one must examine it independently. Cleon was not a better general
+        than Nicias because he was fortunate in the affair of Pylos, and the
+        same may be said of all whose success is due to luck rather than to
+        good judgment. But if I did not claim that your fortune was both
+        better and better deserved than that of your opponents, or rather of
+        all men, I should with reason be thought to do it an injustice, since
+        it prevented the enemy from even perceiving their advantage. For, in
+        my opinion, an impartial judge of my narrative ought to ascribe our
+        reverse to the extreme and insupportable heat, and the fact that you
+        inflicted loss on the enemy equal to ours he would regard as achieved
+        by your valour, but that, though they were aware of their losses,
+        they took no account of their success, he would regard as brought
+        about by your good fortune.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ
+        μακρότερα περὶ τούτων λέγων τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων καιρὸν ἀναλώσω,
+        πειράσομαι λοιπὸν τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο περιστὰν ἡμᾶς τῶν πραγμάτων πλῆθος
+        διεξιέναι<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href=
+        "#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> καὶ τῶν
+        κινδύνων τὸ μέγεθος, καὶ ὅπως ἅπασιν ἀντισχὼν τυράννων μὲν πλῆθος,
+        βαρβάρων δὲ ἐτρέψω δυνάμεις. ἦν μὲν γὰρ ὁ χειμὼν ἐπ᾽ ἐξόδοις ἤδη,
+        ἕκτον που μάλιστα μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἔτος, οὗ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην,
+        [C] ἧκε δὲ ἀγγέλλων τισ, ὡς Γαλατία μὲν συναφεστῶσα τῷ τυράννῳ ἀδελφῷ
+        τῷ σῷ ἐβοὐλευσέ τε καὶ ἐπετέλεσε τὸν φόνον, εἶτα ὡς Ἰταλία καὶ
+        Σικελία κατείληπται, τὰ δὲ ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς στρατόπεδα ταραχωδῶς ἔχει καὶ
+        Βασιλέα σφῶν ἀπέδειξε τὸν τέως στρατηγὸν ἀντισχεῖν ἐθέλοντα πρὸς τὴν
+        ἄμαχον δοκοῦσαν τῶν τυράννων φοράν. ἱκέτευε δὲ αὐτὸς οὗτος χρήματα
+        πέμπειν καὶ δύναμιν τὴν βοηθήσουσαν, σφόδρα ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ δεδιὼς καὶ
+        τρέμων, μὴ πρὸς τῶν τυράννων κρατηθείη. [D] καὶ τέως μὲν ἐπηγγέλλετο
+        τὰ προσήκοντα δράσειν, οὐδαμῶς αὑτὸν ἀξιῶν <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἐπίτροπον δὲ οἶμαι πιστὸν καὶ φύλακα
+        παρέξειν ἐπαγγελλόμενος· ἔμελλε δὲ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἄπιστος φανεῖσθαι
+        καὶ δίκην ὑφέξειν καίτοι<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href=
+        "#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a>
+        φιλάνθρωπον. ταῦτα πυθόμενος οὐκ ᾤου δεῖν ἐν ῥᾳστώνῃ πολλῇ τὸν χρόνον
+        ἀναλίσκειν μάτην. ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ Συρίᾳ πόλεις μηχανημάτων καὶ
+        φρουρᾶς καὶ σίτου καὶ τῆς ἄλλης παρασκευῆς<a id="noteref_112" name=
+        "noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a>
+        ἐμπλήσας, καὶ ἀπὼν ἀρκέσειν τοῖς τῇδε προσεδόκησας, [27] αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ
+        τοὺς τυράννους ὁρμᾶν ἐβουλεύου.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(That I may not,
+        however, by saying more on this subject, spend time that belongs to
+        more important affairs, I will try to describe next the multitude of
+        difficulties that beset us, the magnitude of our perils, and how you
+        faced them all, and not only routed the numerous following of the
+        usurpers, but the barbarian forces as well. About six years had
+        passed since the war I have just described, and the winter was nearly
+        over, when a messenger arrived with the news<a id="noteref_113" name=
+        "noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> that
+        Galatia<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href=
+        "#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> had
+        gone over to the usurper, that a plot had been made to assassinate
+        your brother and had been carried out, also that Italy and Sicily had
+        been occupied, lastly that the Illyrian garrisons were in revolt and
+        had proclaimed their general<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115"
+        href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a>
+        emperor, though for a time he had been inclined to resist what seemed
+        to be the irresistible onset of the usurpers.<a id="noteref_116"
+        name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a> Indeed,
+        he himself kept imploring you to send money and men to his aid, as
+        though he were terribly afraid on his own account of being
+        overpowered by them. And for a while he kept protesting that he would
+        do his duty, that for his part he had no pretensions to the throne,
+        but would faithfully guard and protect it for you. Such were his
+        assertions, but it was not long before his treachery came to light
+        and he received his punishment, tempered though it was with mercy. On
+        learning these facts you thought you ought not to waste your time in
+        idleness to no purpose. The cities of Syria you stocked with engines
+        of war, garrisons, food supplies, and equipment of other kinds,
+        considering that, by these measures, you would, though absent,
+        sufficiently protect the inhabitants, while you were planning to set
+        out in person against the usurpers.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πέρσαι δὲ ἐξ
+        ἐκείνου τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον παραφυλάξαντες, ὡς ἐξ ἐφόδου τὴν Συρίαν
+        ληψόμενοι, πᾶσαν ἐξαναστήσαντες ἡλικίαν καὶ φύσιν καὶ τύχην ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς
+        ὥρμηντο, ἄνδρες, μειράκια, πρεσβῦται καὶ γυναικῶν πλῆθος καὶ
+        θεραπόντων, οὐ μόνον τῶν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὑπουργιῶν χάριν, ἐκ
+        περιουσίας δὲ πλεῖστον ἑπόμενον. διενοοῦντο γὰρ ὡς καὶ τὰς πόλεις [B]
+        καθάξοντες καὶ τῆς χώρας ἤδη κρατήσαντες κληρούχους ἡμῖν
+        ἐπάγειν.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href=
+        "#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> κενὰς
+        δὲ ἀπέφηνεν αὐτοῖς τὰς προσδοκίας τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς σῆς τὸ μέγεθος.
+        ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς πολιορκίαν κατέστησαν, ἐπετειχίζετο μὲν ἡ πόλις κύκλῳ
+        τοῖς χώμασιν, ἐπέρρει δὲ ὁ Μυγδόνιος πελαγίζων τὸ περὶ τῷ τείχει
+        χωρίον, καθάπερ ὁ Νεῖλος, φασὶ, τὴν Αἴγυπτον. προσήγετο δὲ ἐπὶ νεῶν
+        ταῖς ἐπάλξεσι τὰ μηχανήματα, καὶ ἐπιπλεῖν ἄλλοι <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> διενοοῦντο τοῖς τείχεσιν, [C] ἄλλοι δὲ ἔβαλλον
+        ἀπὸ τῶν χωμάτων τοὺς ἀμυνομένους ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως. οἱ δὲ ἐκ τῶν τειχῶν
+        ἤμυνον καρτερῶς τῇ πίλει. μεστὰ δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα σωμάτων καὶ ναυαγίων καὶ
+        ὅπλων καὶ βελῶν, τῶν μὲν ἄρτι καταδυομένων, τῶν δέ, ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον
+        ὑπὸ τῆς βίας κατενεχθέντα κατέδυ, κουφιζομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος.
+        ἀσπίδες μὲν ἐπενήχοντο βαρβάρων παμπληθεῖς καὶ νεῶν σέλματα<a id=
+        "noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a>
+        συντριβομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς τῶν μηχανημάτων. [D] βελῶν πλῆθος
+        ἐπινηχόμενον μικροῦ δεῖν ἐπεῖχεν ἅπαν τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ τείχους καὶ τῶν
+        χωμάτων. ἐτέτραπτο δὲ ἡ λίμνη πρὸς λύθρον, καὶ κύκλῳ τὸ τεῖχος
+        ἐπήχουν οἰμωγαὶ βαρβάρων ὀλλύντων μὲν οὐδαμῶς, ὀλλυμένων<a id=
+        "noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> δὲ
+        πολυτρόπως καὶ τιτρωσκομένων ποικίλοις τραύμασι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But the Persians
+        ever since the last campaign had been watching for just such an
+        opportunity, and had planned to conquer Syria, by a single invasion.
+        So they mustered all forces, every age, sex, and condition, and
+        marched against us, men and mere boys, old men and crowds of women
+        and slaves, who followed not merely to assist in the war, but in vast
+        numbers beyond what was needed. For it was their intention to reduce
+        the cities, and once masters of the country, to bring in colonists in
+        spite of us. But the magnitude of your preparations made it manifest
+        that their expectations were but vanity. They began the siege and
+        completely surrounded the city<a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120"
+        href="#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> with
+        dykes, and then the river Mygdonius flowed in and flooded the ground
+        about the walls, as they say the Nile floods Egypt. The siege-engines
+        were brought up against the ramparts on boats, and their plan was
+        that one force should sail to attack the walls while the other kept
+        shooting on the city's defenders from the mounds. But the garrison
+        made a stout defence of the city from the walls. The whole place was
+        filled with corpses, wreckage, armour, and missiles, of which some
+        were just sinking, while others, after sinking from the violence of
+        the first shock, floated on the waters. A vast number of barbarian
+        shields and also ship's benches, as a result of the collisions of the
+        siege-engines on the ships, drifted on the surface. The mass of
+        floating weapons almost covered the whole surface between the wall
+        and the mounds. The lake was turned to gore, and all about the walls
+        echoed the groans of the barbarians, slaying not, but being
+        slain<a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" href=
+        "#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> in
+        manifold ways and by all manner of wounds.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς ἂν ἀξίως τῶν
+        δρωμένων διηγοῖτο; πῦρ μὲν ἐνίετο ταῖς ἀσπίσιν, ἐξέπιπτον δὲ τῶν
+        ὁπλιτῶν ἡμίκαυτοι πολλοί, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀποδιδράσκοντες τὴν φλόγα τὸν ἐκ
+        τῶν βελῶν οὐκ ἀπέφευγον κίνδυνον· [28] ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἔτι νηχόμενοι τὰ
+        νῶτα τρωθέντες ἐς βυθὸν κατεδύοντο, οἱ δὲ ἐξαλλόμενοι τῶν μηχανημάτων
+        πρὶν ὕδατος ἅψασθαι βληθέντες οὐ σωτηρίαν, κουφότερον δὲ εὗρον
+        τὸν<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href=
+        "#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a>
+        θάνατον. τοὺς δὲ οὐδὲ νεῖν εἰδότας ἀκλεέστερον τῶν πρόσθεν
+        ἀπολλυμένους τίς ἂν ἀξιώσειεν ἁριθμοῦ καὶ μνήμης; ἐπιλείψει με, καθ᾽
+        ἕκαστον εἰ πᾶσιν ἐπεξελθεῖν βουλοίμην, ὁ χρόνος· τὸ <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> κεφάλαιον δὲ ἀκούειν ἀπόχρη. [B] ταύτην ἥλιος
+        ἐπεῖδε τὴν μάχην ἄγνωστον ἀνθρώποις τὸν ἔμπροσθεν χρόνον· ταῦτα τὴν
+        παλαιὰν ἀλαζονείαν ἤλενξε τῶν Μήδων τῦφον ὄντα κενόν· ταῦτα τῆς
+        Ξέρξου παρασκευῆς ἀπιστουμένης τέως τὸ μέγεθος, εἰ τοσαύτη γενομένη
+        τέλος ἔσχεν αἰσχρὸν καὶ ἐπονείδιστον, ἐναργέστερον τῶν δοκούντων
+        εἶναι γνωρίμων ἡμῖν κατέστησεν. ὁ μὲν ἐπειρᾶτο πλεῖν καὶ πεζεύειν
+        ἀπεναντίον τῇ φύσει μαχόμενος καὶ, [C] ὥσπερ οὖν ᾤετο, κρατῶν ἠπείρου
+        φύσεως καὶ θαλάττης ἀνδρὸς Ἕλληνος ἡττᾶτο σοφίας καὶ ῥώμης στρατιωτῶν
+        οὐ τρυφᾶν μεμελετηκότων οὐδὲ δουλεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐλευθέρως ἄρχεσθαι καὶ
+        πονεῖν εἰδότων. ὁ δὲ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς ἐκείνου καταδεέστερος,
+        ἔμπληκτος δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ τῇ μανίᾳ τοὺς Ἀλωάδας ὑπερβαλλόμενος μόνον
+        οὐχὶ τὸ πλησίον ὄρος ἐγνωκὼς ἀμφικαλύψαι τῇ πόλει, ἐπαφιεὶς δὲ [D]
+        ποταμῶν ῥεύματα καὶ τὰ τείχη διαλύσας οὐδὲ ἀτειχίστου τῆς πόλεως
+        περιγενόμενος ἔσχεν ἐφ᾽ ὅτῳ σεμνύνηται, καθάπερ ὁ Ξέρξης ταῖς Ἀθήναις
+        ἐμβαλὼν τὴν φλόγα. ἐπανῄει δὲ τεττάρων μηνῶν ἀναλώσας χρόνον μυριάσι
+        πολλαῖς ἧττον ἀπάγων τὸ στάατευμα, καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπησεν ὁ πρόσθεν
+        ἀφόρητος δοκῶν, τὴν σὴν ἀσχολίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν πραγμάτων
+        παραχὴν ὥσπερ ἔρυμα τῆς αὑτοῦ προβαλλόμενος σωτηρίας.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Who could find
+        suitable words to describe all that was done there? They hurled fire
+        down on to the shields, and many of the hoplites fell half-burned,
+        while others who fled from the flames could not escape the danger
+        from the missiles. But some while still swimming were wounded in the
+        back and sank to the bottom, while others who jumped from the
+        siege-engines were hit before they touched the water, and so found
+        not safety indeed but an easier death. As for those who knew not how
+        to swim, and perished more obscurely than those just mentioned, who
+        would attempt to name or number them? Time would fail me did I desire
+        to recount all this in detail. It is enough that you should hear the
+        sum of the matter. On that day the sun beheld a battle the like of
+        which no man had ever known before. These events exposed the historic
+        boastings of the Medes as only empty conceit. Till then men had
+        hardly believed that Xerxes could have had so huge an armament,
+        seeing that for all its size its fate was so shameful and
+        ignominious; but these events made the fact clearer to us than things
+        long familiar and obvious. Xerxes tried to sail and to march by
+        fighting against the laws of nature, and, as he thought, overcame the
+        nature of the sea and of the dry land, but he proved to be no match
+        for the wisdom and endurance of a Greek whose soldiers had not been
+        bred in the school of luxury, nor learned to be slaves, but knew how
+        to obey and to use their energies like free-born men. That man,<a id=
+        "noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a>
+        however, though he had no such vast armament as Xerxes, was even more
+        insensate, and outdid the Aloadae in his infatuation, as if almost he
+        had conceived the idea of overwhelming the city with the
+        mountain<a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" href=
+        "#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> that
+        was hard by. Then he turned the currents of rivers against its walls
+        and undermined them, but even when the city had lost its walls he
+        could not succeed in taking it, so that he had not even that triumph
+        to boast of, as Xerxes had when he set fire to Athens. So, after
+        spending four months, he retreated with an army that had lost many
+        thousands, and he who had always seemed to be irresistible was glad
+        to keep the peace, and to use as a bulwark for his own safety the
+        fact that you had no time to spare and that our own affairs were in
+        confusion.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα καταλιπὼν
+        ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας τρόπαια καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg
+        074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> νίκας, [29] ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην ἀκμῆτας ἦγες τὸ
+        στράτευμα, τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν ἐμπλῆσαι τροπαίων ἐγνωκώς. ἐμοὶ δὲ
+        ἀρκεῖ<a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href=
+        "#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> τὰ
+        πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἔτι περὶ σοῦ λέγειν εἶχον σεμνότερον,
+        πρὸς τὸ πάντων ἀποφῆναι σε τῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῆς αὐτῆς σοι μετασχόντων
+        τύχης συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ κρατοῦντα. τὸ γὰρ ἀπαθῶς ὤσασθαι μεὲ τὴν
+        Περσῶν δύναμιν, οὐ πόλιν οὐδὲ φρούριον, ἀλλ᾽ [B] οὐδὲ στρατιώτην τῶν
+        ἐκ καταλόγου προέμενον, πολιορκίᾳ δὲ τέλος ἐπιθεῖναι λαμπρὸν καὶ οἷον
+        οὔπω πρόσθεν ἠκούσαμεν, τίνι χρὴ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν παραβαλεῖν ἔργων;
+        περιβόητος γέγονεν ἡ Καρχηδονίων ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς τόλμα, ἀλλ᾽
+        ἐτελεύτησεν εἰς συμφοράς· λαμπρὰ τὰ περὶ τὴν Πλαταιέων πολιορκίαν
+        γενόμενα, ἐχρήσαντο δὲ οἱ δείλαιοι γνωριμώτερον τοῖς δυστυχήμασι. τί
+        χρὴ Μεσσήνης καὶ Πύλου μεμνῆσθαι, οὔτε ἀγωνισαμένων καρτερῶς οὔτε
+        ἁλόντων ξὺν βίᾳ; [C] Συρακούσιοι δὲ τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον ἀντιτάξαντες
+        ταῖς παρασκευαῖς τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως καὶ τῷ καλῷ κἀγαθῷ στρατηγῷ τί
+        πλέον ὤναντο; οὐχ ἑάλωσαν μὲν τῶν ἄλλων αἴσχιον, ἐσώζοντο δὲ καλὸν
+        ὑπόμνημα τῆς τῶν ἑλόντων πρᾳότητος; Ἀλλ᾽ εἰ πάσας ἐξαριθμεῖσθαι τὰς
+        πόλεις βουλοίμην, αἳ πρὸς τὰς ὑποδεεστέρας οὐ κατήρκεσαν παρασκευάς,
+        πόσας οἴει μοι βίβλους ἀρκέσειν; τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ ἴσως ἄξιον μνησθῆναι
+        πάλαι ποτὲ χρησαμένης τύχῃ τοιαύτῃ, [D] Γαλατῶν οἶμαι καὶ Κελτῶν ἐς
+        ταύτὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name=
+        "Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg077" id=
+        "Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πνευσάντων καὶ φερομένων ἐπ᾽
+        αὐτὴν καθάπερ χειμάρρους ἐξαίφνης. κατέλαβον μὲν γὰρ τὸν λόφον
+        ἐκεῖνον, οὗ τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ἀφίδρυται βρέτας; γέρροις δὲ καί τισι
+        τοιούτοις οἱονεὶ τείχει φραξάμενοι, πολυπραγμονούντων οὐδὲν προσιέναι
+        τῶν πολεμίων βίᾳ τολμώντων, ἐκράτησαν.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such were the
+        trophies and victories that you left behind you in Asia, and you led
+        your troops to Europe in perfect condition, determined to fill the
+        whole world with the monuments of your victories. Even if I had
+        nothing more wonderful to relate about you, what I have said is
+        enough to demonstrate that in good sense and energy you surpass all
+        those in the past whose fortune was the same as yours. Indeed to have
+        repulsed the whole strength of Persia and remain unscathed, not to
+        have lost so much as a soldier from the ranks, much less a town or
+        fort, and finally to have brought the siege to so brilliant and
+        unprecedented a conclusion,—what achievement I ask in the past could
+        one compare with this? The Carthaginians were famous for their daring
+        in the face of danger, but they ended in disaster. The siege of
+        Plataea shed lustre on its citizens, but all that their valour could
+        do for those unhappy men was to make their misfortunes more widely
+        known. What need to quote Messene or Pylos, since there the defeated
+        did not make a brave defence nor was a vigorous assault necessary to
+        subdue them? As for the Syracusans, they had their famous man of
+        science<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href=
+        "#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> to aid
+        them against the armaments of Rome and our illustrious general,<a id=
+        "noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> but
+        what did he avail them in the end? Did they not fall more
+        ignominiously than the rest, and were only spared to be a glorious
+        monument of their conqueror's clemency? But if I wished to reckon up
+        all the states that could not withstand armaments inferior to their
+        own, how many volumes do you think would suffice? Rome, however, I
+        ought perhaps to mention, because long ago she had just such a
+        fortune, I mean when the Galatians and Celts<a id="noteref_128" name=
+        "noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a>
+        conspired together, and without warning poured down on the city like
+        a winter torrent.<a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href=
+        "#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> The
+        citizens occupied the famous hill<a id="noteref_130" name=
+        "noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> on
+        which stands the statue of Jupiter. There they intrenched themselves
+        with wicker barricades and such like defences, as though with a wall,
+        while the enemy offered no hindrance nor ventured to approach to
+        attack at close quarters, and so they won the day.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[30] Ταύτῃ
+        παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον τῇ πολιορκίᾳ τὴν ἔναγχος τῷ τέλει τῆς τύχης, ἐπεὶ
+        τοῖς γε ἔργοις οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν ὅσαι πάλαι γεγόνασι. τίς γὰρ ἔγνω
+        κυκλουμένην μὲν ὕδασι πόλιν,<a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131"
+        href="#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> λόφοις
+        δὲ ἔξωθεν καθάπερ δικτύοις περιβληθεῖσαν, καὶ ποταμὸν ἐπαφιέμενον
+        οἱονεὶ μηχάνημα, συνεχῶς ῥέοντα καὶ προσρηγνύμενον τοῖς τείχεσι, τάς
+        τε ὑπὲρ τῶν ὑδάτων μάχας καὶ ὅσαι περὶ τῷ τείχει κατενεχθέντι
+        γεγόνασιν;<a id="noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href=
+        "#note_132"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> ἐμοὶ
+        μὲν οὖν, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἀπόχρη καὶ ταῦτα· τὰ λειπόμενα δέ ἐστι μακρῷ
+        σεμνότερα. [B] καὶ τυχὸν οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον ἅπαξ ἑλόμενον ἁπάντων ἐς
+        δύναμιν μνησθῆναι τῶν σοι πραχθέντων, ἀκμαζουσῶν ἔτι τῶν πράξεων,
+        ἁφεῖναι τὴν διήγησιν. ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἔτι τοῖς ἔργοις προσκαθήμενος, ὧν
+        μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην, περὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην διῴκησας, πρεσβείας πέμπων
+        καὶ ἀναλίσκων χρήματα καὶ στρατόπεδα τὰ προσκαθήμενα τοῖς Σκύθαις ἐν
+        Παιονίᾳ ἐκπέμπων, τοῦ μὴ κρατηθῆναι τὸν πρεσβύτην ὑπὸ <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦ τυράννου προνοῶν, πῶς ἄν τις ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ
+        [C] παραστῆσαι δύναιτο καὶ πάνυ σπουδάζων;</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It is with this
+        siege that the recent one may well be compared, at least in the issue
+        of its fortunes; for the actual occurrences could not be paralleled
+        in all history. For who ever heard of surrounding a city with water,
+        and from without throwing hills about it like nets, then hurling at
+        it, like a siege-engine, a river that flowed in a steady stream and
+        broke against its walls, or of fighting like that which took place in
+        the water and about the wall where it had fallen in? For my purpose,
+        this is, as I said, evidence enough. But what remains to tell is far
+        more awe-inspiring. And perhaps, since I have undertaken to record,
+        as far as possible, all that you accomplished, it is not fair to
+        break off my narrative at the point where you were at the very height
+        of your activity. For even while you were occupied by the interests I
+        have just described, you arranged your affairs in Europe, despatching
+        embassies, spending money, and sending out the legions that were
+        garrisoning Paeonia against the Scythians, all of which was with the
+        intention of preventing that feeble old man<a id="noteref_133" name=
+        "noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> from
+        being overpowered by the usurper.<a id="noteref_134" name=
+        "noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> But how
+        could one, with the best will in the world, present all this in a
+        short speech?)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπει δέ, ἤδη σου
+        πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὡρμημένου, οὐκ οἶδα παρ᾽ ὅτου δαιμόνων ἐξαιρεθεὶς
+        τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς φρένας ὁ τέως πιστὸς μενεῖν φύλαξ ἐπαγγελλόμενος καὶ
+        χρήμασι καὶ στρατοπέδοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ὑπὸ σοῦ περισωζόμενος
+        εἰρήνην ὡμολόγησε τῷ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἀνοσιωτάτῳ καὶ πολεμίῳ κοινῇ μὲν
+        ἁπάντων, ὁπόσοις εἰρήνης μέλει καὶ τὴν ὁμόνοιαν ἐκ παντὸς στέργουσιν,
+        [D] ἰδίᾳ δὲ σοὶ καὶ πλέον τῶν ἄλλων· οὔτε ἔδεισας τῆς παρασκευῆς τὸ
+        μέγεθος οὔτε ἀπίστων ἀνδρῶν ξυμμαχίαν πλέον ἔχειν<a id="noteref_135"
+        name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a>
+        ὑπέλαβες τῆς ἔμφρονος γνώμης. ἐγκαλῶν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τῷ μὲν ἀπιστίαν,
+        τῷ δὲ πρὸς ταύτῃ πράξεων ἀναγῶν καὶ παρανόμων τολμήματα, τὸν μὲν εἰς
+        δίκην καὶ κρίσιν ἐπὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων προυκάλεις, τοῦ δὲ κριτὴν
+        ὑπελάμβανες εἶναι τὸν πόλεμον. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ὁ καλὸς καὶ συνετὸς
+        ἀπήντα πρεσβύτης, [31] εὐχερέστερον παιδαρίου τινὸς μετατιθέμενος τὰ
+        δόξαντα καὶ ὧν εὖ πάθοι δεόμενος μετὰ τὴν χρείαν ἐπιλήσμων· παρῆν δὲ
+        ἄγων ὁπλιτῶν φάλαγγας καὶ τάξεις ἱππέων, ὡς, εἰ μὴ πείθοι, βιασόμενος
+        σε<a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href=
+        "#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> ὀπίσω
+        πάλιν ἀπιέναι τὴν αὐτὴν ἄπρακτον· οὐδὲν ἐκπλαγείς, ὅτι τὸν σύμμαχον
+        καὶ στρατηγὸν μενεῖν ἐπαγγελλόμενον πολέμιον εἶδες ἐξ ἴσης ἄρχειν
+        ἐθέλοντα, καίτοι τῷ πλήθει τῶν στρατευμάτων <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐλαττούμενος, ἐπεὶ μὴ πάντες εἵποντο, [B] πρὸς
+        πλήθει κρατοῦντα διαγωνίζεσθαι τολμηρὸν μὲν ἴσως, σφαλερὸν δὲ
+        πάντως<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href=
+        "#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a>
+        ὑπολαβὼν καὶ κρατήσαντι τῇ μάχῃ διὰ τὸν ἐφεδρεύοντα τοῖς καιροῖς καὶ
+        τοῖς πράγμασιν ἄγριον τύραννον, ἐβουλεύσω καλῶς μόνον εἶναι σὸν
+        ἐθέλων τὸ κατόρθωμα, καὶ παρῄεις ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα μετὰ τοῦ τέως
+        συνάρχοντος· συνῄει δὲ ὁπλίτης δῆμος στίλβων τοῖς ὅπλοις, τὰ ξίφη
+        γυμνὰ καὶ τὰ δόρατα προτείνοντες, [C] δειλῷ μὲν φρικῶδες καὶ δεινὸν
+        θέαμα, εὐψύχῳ δὲ καὶ θαρραλέῳ καὶ οἷος αὐτὸς γέγονας ὄφελος γενναῖον.
+        οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἤρξω τῶν λόγων, σιγὴ μὲν ἐπέσχε, πρὸς τὴν ἀκοὴν
+        ὡρμημένων πάντων, τὸ στράτευμα· δάκρυα δὲ προυχεῖτο πολλοῖς, καὶ ἐς
+        τὸν οὐρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας ὤρεγον, σιγῇ καὶ ταῦτα δρῶντες, ὡς μήτις
+        αἴσθηται. τὴν εὔνοιαν δὲ οἱ μὲν ἐνεδείκνυντο καὶ<a id="noteref_138"
+        name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> διὰ τῆς
+        ὄψεως, πάντες δὲ τῷ σφόδρα ὡρμῆσθαι τῶν λόγων ἀκούειν. [D] ἀκμαζούσης
+        δὲ τῆς δημηγορίας συνενθουσιῶντες τῷ λόγῳ πάντες ἐπεκρότουν, εἶτα
+        αὖθις ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμοῦντες ἡσύχαζον. τέλος δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων
+        ἀναπειθόμενοι σὲ<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href=
+        "#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> μόνον
+        ἐκάλουν βασιλέα, μόνον ἄρχειν ἠξίουν ἁπάντων, ἡγεῖσθαι σφῶν ἐκέλευον
+        ἐπὶ τὸν πολέμιον, ἀκολουθήσειν ὡμολόγουν, ἀπολαμβάνειν ἠξίουν τῆς
+        ἀρχῆς τὰ γνωρίσματα. σὺ δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν χεῖρα προσάγειν ᾤου δεῖν οὐδὲ
+        ἀφελέσθαι ξὺν βίᾳ· ὁ δὲ ἄκων μὲν καὶ μόλις, εἴξας δὲ ὅμως ὀψέ ποτε,
+        φασί, τῇ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg
+        082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> Θετταλικῇ πειθανάνκῃ, [32] προσῆγέ σοι
+        περιελόμενος τὴν ἁλουργίδα. οἷός τις ἐνταῦθα γέγονας τοσούτων μὲν
+        ἐθνῶν καὶ στρατοπέδων καὶ χρημάτων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ γεγονὼς κύριος, τὸν
+        πολέμιον δέ, εἰ καὶ μὴ τοῖς ἔργοις, ἀλλα τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα, τὴν ἀρχὴν
+        ἀφελόμενος καὶ τοῦ σώματος κρατήσας;</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(No sooner had you
+        set out for the seat of war, than this very man, who had all along
+        protested that he would loyally continue to guard your interests,
+        though you had reinforced him with money, troops, and everything of
+        the sort, was driven to folly and madness by I know not what evil
+        spirit, and came to terms with the most execrable of mankind, the
+        common enemy of all who care for peace and cherish harmony above all
+        things, and more particularly your enemy for personal reasons. But
+        you were undismayed by the magnitude of his preparations, nor would
+        you admit that a conspiracy of traitors could overreach your own wise
+        purpose. One<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href=
+        "#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> of the
+        pair you justly accused of treason, the other<a id="noteref_141"
+        name="noteref_141" href="#note_141"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> of
+        infamous crimes besides, and deeds of lawless violence, and you
+        summoned the former to trial and judgment before the legions, the
+        latter you decided to leave to the arbitrament of war. Then he met
+        you face to face, that honourable and prudent old man, who used to
+        change his opinions more easily than any child, and, though he had
+        begged for them, forgot all your favours as soon as the need had
+        passed. He arrived with his phalanxes of hoplites and squadrons of
+        cavalry, intending to compel, if he could not persuade you, to take
+        no action and return the way you came. When, then, you saw this man,
+        who had protested that he would continue to be your ally and general,
+        playing an enemy's part and claiming an equal share of your empire,
+        you were not at all dismayed, though his troops outnumbered yours.
+        For you had not brought your whole force with you since you decided
+        that to fight it out with such odds against you might be courageous
+        but was in every way hazardous, even if you won the battle, because
+        of that other savage usurper<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142"
+        href="#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> who was
+        lying in wait for a favourable opportunity<a id="noteref_143" name=
+        "noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> when
+        you should be in difficulties. You therefore made a wise resolve in
+        preferring to achieve success single-handed, and you mounted the
+        platform with him who for the moment was your colleague in empire. He
+        was escorted by a whole host of hoplites with glittering
+        weapons,<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href=
+        "#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a>
+        presenting drawn swords and spears, a sight to make a coward shake
+        with fear, though it inspired and supported one so brave and gallant
+        as yourself. Now when first you began to speak, silence fell on the
+        whole army and every man strained his ears to hear. Many shed tears
+        and raised their hands to heaven, though even this they did in
+        silence, so as to be unobserved. Some again showed their affection in
+        their faces, but all showed it by their intense eagerness to hear
+        your words. When your speech reached its climax, they were carried
+        away by enthusiasm and burst into applause, then eager to miss no
+        word they became quiet again. Finally, won by your arguments, they
+        hailed you as their only Emperor, demanded that you alone should rule
+        the whole empire, and bade you lead them against your adversary,
+        promising to follow you and begging you to take back the imperial
+        insignia. You, however, thought it beneath you to stretch out your
+        hand for them or to take them by force. Then against his will and
+        with reluctance, but yielding at last to what is called Thessalian
+        persuasion,<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href=
+        "#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> he took
+        off the purple robe and offered it to you. What a heroic figure yours
+        was then, when, in a single day, you became master of all those
+        races, those legions, all that wealth, when you stripped of his power
+        and took prisoner one who, if not in fact yet in intention, had shown
+        that he was your enemy!)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρ᾽ οὐ τούτῳ μὲν
+        ἄμεινον καὶ δικαιότερον προσηνέχθης ἢ Κῦρος τῷ πάππῳ, τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν
+        δὲ τὰς τιμὰς διεφύλαξας οὐδὲν οὐδενὸς ἀφελόμενος, προσθεὶς δὲ οἶμαι
+        δωρεὰς πολλοῖς; [B] τίς δέ σ᾽<a id="noteref_146" name="noteref_146"
+        href="#note_146"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> εἶδεν ἢ
+        πρὸ τοῦ κρατῆσαι σκυθρωπὸν λίαν ἢ μετὰ τοῦθ᾽ ὑπερηδόμενον; καίτοι
+        πῶς<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href=
+        "#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> ἄξιον
+        ἐπαινεῖν ἐστί σε δημηγόρον ἅμα καὶ στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα χρηστὸν καὶ
+        γενναῖον ὁπλίτην προσαγορεύοντας; ὃς πάλαι μὲν ἀπορραγὲν τὸ
+        στρατηγεῖον<a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href=
+        "#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> ἀπὸ τοῦ
+        βήματος ἐς ταὐτὸν πάλιν ἐπαναγαγεῖν ἠξίωσας σχῆμα, μιμούμενος οἶμαι
+        Ὀδυσσέα καὶ Νέστορα καὶ τοὺς ἐξελόντας Καρχηδόνα Ῥωμαίων στρατηγοὺς,
+        [C] οἳ φοβερωτέρους αὑτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν ἢ τοῖς
+        πολεμίοις ἐπὶ τῆς παρατάξεως ἀεὶ κατέστησαν. Δημοσθένους δὲ καὶ ὅστις
+        τοῦτον ἐζήλωκε τὴν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἰσχὺν αἰδούμενος, τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς
+        δημηγορίας οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἀξιώσαιμι τῷ<a id="noteref_149" name=
+        "noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> σῷ
+        παραβαλεῖν τἀκείνων θέατρα. οὐ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὁπλίταις ἐδημηγόρουν οὐδὲ
+        ὑπέρ τοσούτων κινδυνεόοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ χρημάτων ἢ <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τιμῆς ἢ δόξης, ἢ φίλοις συνερεῖν
+        ἐπαγγειλάμενοι, ἀπῄεσαν οἶμαι πολλάκις ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος, [D] τοῦ δήμου
+        θορυβήσαντος, ὠχροὶ καὶ τρέμοντες, ὥσπερ οἱ δειλοὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἐν
+        ὄψει στρατηγοὶ παραταττόμενοι. καὶ οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοσοῦτον
+        ἔργον ἑτέρῳ πραχθὲν πώποτε καὶ τοσούτων ἐθνῶν κτῆσιν ἐκ δικαστηρίου,
+        ἄλλως τε καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρα τῆς δίκης οὔσης οὐχ, ὡς οἱ πολλοί φασιν, [33]
+        εὐκαταφρόνητον, ἁλλὰ πολλαῖς μὲν στρατείαις γνώριμον, πρεσβύτην δὲ
+        ἤδη καὶ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἐκ τοῦ χρόνου δοκοῦντα προσειληφέναι καὶ τῶν
+        στρατοπέδων ἐκείνων ἄρχειν λαχόντα πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. τίς οὖν ἡ ῥώμη
+        γέγονε τῶν λόγων; τίς δὲ ἡ πειθὼ τοῖς χείλεσιν ἐπικαθημένη, ἡ<a id=
+        "noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a>
+        παντοδαπῶν ἀνθρώπων συνειλεγμένων τὸ κέντρον ἐγκαταλιπεῖν<a id=
+        "noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a>
+        ἰσχύσασα ταῖς ψυχαῖς, καὶ νίκην παρασχεῖν τῷ [B] μεγέθει μὲν
+        ἐνάμιλλον ταῖς ἐκ τῶν ὅπλων περιγινομέαις, εὐαγῆ δὲ καὶ καθαράν,
+        ὥσπερ ἱερέως ἐς θεοῦ ποιτῶντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως ἐς πόλεμον, ἔργον
+        γενομένην; καίτοι γε μὴν ταὺτης εἰκόνα τῆς πράξεως μακρῷ λειπομένην
+        καὶ Πέρσαι θρυλοῦσι, τοὺς Δαρείου παῖδας τοῦ πατρὸς τελευτήσαντος
+        ὑπὲρ τῆς άρχῆς διαφερομένους δίκῃ τὰ καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς καὶ οὐ τῇ τῶν ὅπλων
+        ἐπιτρέψαι κρίσει. σοὶ δὲ πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς λόγοις
+        οὄτε ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις ἀγὼν γέγονεν οὐδὲ εἷς· [C] ἕχαιρες <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ οἶμαι τῷ κοινὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους εἶναί σοι τὴν
+        ἐπιμέλειαν μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ μόνος ἁπάντων γενέσθαι κύριος· πρὸς δὲ τὸν
+        ἀσεβὲς μὲν ἢ παράνομον οὐδὲν εἰργασμένον, ἄπιστον δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα
+        ἐν<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href=
+        "#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a>
+        ἐλέγχοις, οἳ τὴν ἀπιστίαν ἐκείνου δείξουσι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Did you not
+        behave more nobly and more generously to him than Cyrus did to his
+        own grandfather? For you deprived your enemy's followers of nothing,
+        but protected their privileges and, I understand, gave many of them
+        presents besides. Who saw you despondent before your triumph or
+        unduly elated after it? Orator, general, virtuous emperor,
+        distinguished soldier, though men give you all these titles, how can
+        any praise of ours be adequate? Long had the orator's platform been
+        wholly disconnected from the general's functions<a id="noteref_153"
+        name="noteref_153" href="#note_153"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a>; and it
+        was reserved for you to combine them once more in your person, in
+        this surely following the example of Odysseus and Nestor and the
+        Roman generals who sacked Carthage; for these men were always even
+        more formidable to wrong-doers whom they attacked from the platform
+        than to the enemy in the field of battle. Indeed I pay all the homage
+        due to the forcible eloquence of Demosthenes and his imitators, but
+        when I consider the conditions of your harangue I can never admit
+        that there is any comparison between your theatre and theirs. For
+        they never had to address an audience of hoplites nor had they such
+        great interests at stake, but only money, or honour, or reputation,
+        or friends whom they had undertaken to assist, yet when the citizens
+        clamoured in dissent, they often, I believe, left the platform pale
+        and trembling, like generals who prove to be cowards when they have
+        to face the enemy in battle-line. Indeed from all history it would be
+        impossible to cite an achievement as great as yours when you acquired
+        control of all those races by judicial pleading alone; and moreover
+        you had to make out your case against a man not by any means to be
+        despised, as many people think, but one who had won distinction in
+        many campaigns, who was full of years, who had the reputation of
+        experience gained in a long career, and had for a considerable period
+        been in command of the legions there present. What overwhelming
+        eloquence that must have been! How truly did <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“persuasion sit on your lips”</span><a id="noteref_154"
+        name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> and had
+        the power to <span class="tei tei-q">“leave a sting”</span> in the
+        souls of that motley crowd of men, and to win you a victory that in
+        importance rivals any that were ever achieved by force of arms, only
+        that yours was stainless and unalloyed, and was more like the act of
+        a priest going to the temple of his god than of an emperor going to
+        war. It is true indeed that the Persians have a similar instance to
+        quote, but it falls far short of what you did, I mean that on their
+        father's death the sons of Darius quarrelled about the succession to
+        the throne and appealed to justice rather than to arms to arbitrate
+        their case. But between you and your brothers there never arose any
+        dispute, either in word or deed, nay not one, for it was in fact more
+        agreeable to you to share the responsibility with them than to be the
+        sole ruler of the world. But your quarrel was with one who, though
+        his actions had not so far been impious or criminal, was shown to
+        have a treasonable purpose, and you brought proofs to make that
+        treason manifest.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταύτην ἐκδέχεται
+        στρατεία λαμπρὰ τὴν δημηγορίαν καὶ πόλεμος ἱερός, οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἱεροῦ
+        χωρίου, ὁποῖον τὸν Φωκικὸν ἀκούομεν συστῆναι<a id="noteref_155" name=
+        "noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> κατὰ
+        τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν, [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν νόμων καὶ τῆς πολιτείας καὶ φόνου
+        πολιτῶν μυρίων, ὧν τοὺς μὲν ἀνῃρήκει, τοὺς δὲ ἐμέλλησε, τοὺς δὲ
+        ἐπεχείρησε συλλαβεῖν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μή τις αὐτὸν πολίτην
+        μοχθηρόν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ βάρβαρον ὑπολάβῃ φύσει. τὰ γὰρ εἰς τὴν σὴν οἰκίαν
+        ἀδικήματα οὐδενὸς ὄντα τῶν κοινῇ τολμηθέντων αὐτῷ φαυλότερα καὶ
+        ἐλάττονος ἀξιοῦν ᾤου δεῖν φροντίδος· οὕτω σοι τὰ κοινὰ πρὸ τῶν ἰδίων
+        ἔδοξε καὶ δοκεῖ τίμια.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(After your
+        harangue there followed a brilliant campaign and a war truly sacred,
+        though it was not on behalf of sacred territory, like the Phocian
+        war, which we are told was waged<a id="noteref_156" name=
+        "noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> in the
+        days of our ancestors, but was to avenge the laws and the
+        constitution and the slaughter of countless citizens, some of whom
+        the usurper<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href=
+        "#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> had put
+        to death, while others he was just about to kill or was trying to
+        arrest. It was really as though he was afraid that otherwise he might
+        be considered, for all his vices, a Roman citizen instead of a
+        genuine barbarian. As for his crimes against your house, though they
+        were quite as flagrant as his outrages against the state, you thought
+        it became you to devote less attention to them. So true it is, that,
+        then as now, you rated the common weal higher than your private
+        interests.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[34] Πότερον οὖν
+        χρὴ τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἁπάντων μεμνῆσθαι ὧν εἴς τε<a id="noteref_158"
+        name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> τὸ
+        κοινὸν καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν ἔδρασε, κτείνας μὲν τὸν αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ δεσπίτην·
+        ἁνδράποδον γὰρ ἦν τῶν ἐκείνου προγόνων, τῆς ἁπὸ Γερμανῶν λείας
+        λείψανον δυστυχὲς περισωζόμενον· ἄρχειν δὲ ἡμῶν ἐπιχειρῶν, ᾧ μηδὲ
+        ἐλευθέρῳ προσῆκον ἦν νομισθῆναι μὴ τοῦτο παρ᾽ <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑμῶν λαβόντι· καὶ ὡς<a id="noteref_159" name=
+        "noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> τοὺς
+        ἐπὶ τοῦ στρατοπέδου ξυνδῶν καὶ ἀποκτιννὺς καὶ δουλεύων αἰσχρῶς τῷ
+        πλήθει καὶ κολακεύων τὴν εὐταξίαν διέφθειρε· καὶ ὡς τοὺς καλοὺς
+        ἐκείνους ἐτίθει νόμους, [B] τὴν ἡμίσειαν εἰσφέρειν, θάνατον ἀπειλῶν
+        τοῖς ἀπειθοῦσι, μηνυτὰς δὲ εἶναι τὸν βουλόμενον τῶν οἰκετῶν· καὶ ὅπως
+        ἠνάγκαζε τοὺς οὐδὲν δεομένους τὰ βασιλικὰ κτήματα πρίασθαι; ἐπιλείψει
+        με τἀκείνου διηγούμενον ὁ χρόνος ἀδικήματα καὶ τῆς τυραννίδος τῆς
+        καταλαβούσης τὸ μέγεθος. ἀλλὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐς τὸν πόλεμον, ἣν
+        κατέβαλε μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους, [C] ἐχρήσατο δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, τὴν ἰσχὺν
+        τίς ἂν<a id="noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href=
+        "#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> ἀξίως
+        παραστήσειε; Κελτοὶ καὶ Γαλάται, ἔθνη καὶ τοῖς πάλαι φανέντα
+        δυσανταγώνιστα, πολλάκις μὲν ἐπιρρεύσαντα καθάπερ χειμάρρους
+        ἀνυπόστατος Ἰταλοῖς καὶ Ἰλλυριοῖς, ἤδη δὲ καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἁψάμενα τῷ
+        κρατεῖν τοῖς ἐνόπλοις ἀγῶσιν, ἄκοντες<a id="noteref_161" name=
+        "noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> ἡμῖν
+        ὑπήκουσαν, ἔς τε<a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href=
+        "#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> τοὺς
+        καταλόγους τῶν στρατευμάτων ἐγγράφονται καὶ τέλη παρέχονται λαμπρὰ
+        παρὰ τῶν σῶν προγόνων καὶ πατρὸς κατειλεγμένα· εἰρήνης δὲ μακρᾶς καὶ
+        τῶν ἐκ ταύτης ἀγαθῶν ἀπολαύοντες, [D] ἐπιδούσης αὐτοῖς τῆς χώρας πρὸς
+        πλοῦτον καὶ εὐανδρίαν, καὶ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς σοῖς στρατιώτας καταλέξαι
+        πολλοὺς παρέσχοντο, τέλος δὲ τῷ τυράννῳ βίᾳ καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ πανδημεὶ
+        συνεστρατεύοντο. ἠκολούθουν δὲ αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ ξυγγενὲς ξύμμαχοι
+        προθυμότατοι Φράγγοι καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg
+        090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> Σάξονες, τῶν ὑπὲρ τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ περὶ<a id=
+        "noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href="#note_163"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a> τὴν
+        ἑσπερίαν θάλατταν ἐθνῶν τὰ μαχιμώτατα. καὶ [35] πόλις πᾶσα καὶ
+        φρούριον πρόσοικον Ῥήνῳ τῶν ἐνοικούντων φυλάκων ἐξερημωθέντα
+        προδέδοτο μὲν ἀφύλακτα πάντα τοῖς βαρβάροις, ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς δὲ ἐξεπέμπετο
+        παρεσκευασμένον λαμπρῶς τὸ στράτευμα· πᾶσα δὲ ἐῴκει πόλις Γαλατικὴ
+        στρατοπέδῳ παρασκευαζομένῳ πρὸς πόλεμον· καὶ πάντα ἦν ὅπλων καὶ
+        παρασκευῆς ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν καὶ τοξοτῶν καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν πλήρη.
+        συρρέοντων [B] δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἁπανταχόθεν τῶν ἐκείνου ξυμμάχων καὶ
+        τοῖς ἐνταῦθα πάλαι κατειλεγμένοις στρατιώταις ἐς ταὐτὸν ἐλθόντων,
+        οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἐφάνη τολμηρός, ὃς οὐκ ἔδεισεν οὐδὲ ἐξεπλάγη τὸν ἐπιόντα
+        χειμῶνα. σκηπτὸς ἐδόκει πᾶσιν ὁ φερόμενος ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων, σκηπτὸς
+        ἀφόρητος ἔργῳ καὶ ἄρρητος λόγῳ. τοῦτον ἔδεισαν Ἰλλυριοὶ καὶ Παίονες
+        καὶ Θρᾷκες καὶ Σκύθαι, τοῦτον οἱ τὴν Ἀσίαν οἰκοῦντες ἄνθρωποι ἐφ᾽
+        αὑτοὺς ὡρμῆσθαι πάντως ὑπέλαβον, τούτῳ [C] πολεμέσειν ἤδη περὶ τῆς
+        αὑτῶν καὶ Πέρσαι παρεσκευάζοντο. ὁ δὲ μικρὰ μὲν ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι τὰ
+        παρόντα καὶ πόνον οὐ πολὺν τῆς σῆς συνέσεως καὶ ῥώμης κρατῆσαι, τοὺς
+        Ἰνδῶν δὲ ἐσκόπει πλούτους καὶ Περσῶν τὴν πολυτέλειαν· τοσοῦτον<a id=
+        "noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href="#note_164"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> αὐτῷ
+        περιῆν ἀνοίας καὶ θράσους ἐκ μικροῦ παντελῶς περὶ τοὺς κατασκόπους
+        πλεονεκτέματος, οὓς ἀφυλάκτους ὅλῃ τῇ στρατιᾷ λοχήσας ἔκτεινεν. οὕτω
+        τὸ πράττειν εὖ παρὰ τὴν ἀξίαν ἀρχὴ πολλάκις γέγονε τοῖς ἀνοήτοις
+        μειζόνων συμφορῶν. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg
+        092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> [D] ἀρθεὶς γὰρ ὁ δείλαιος ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας
+        ταύτης μετέωρος κατέλιπε μὲν τὰ προκείμενα τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐρυμνὰ χωρία,
+        ἐς Νωρικοὺς δὲ καὶ Παίονας ἀφυλάκτως ᾔει, δεῖν αὑτῷ τάχους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ
+        ὅπλων οὐδὲ ἀνδρείας οἰόμενος.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I need not
+        mention all the usurper's offences against the community and against
+        individuals. He assassinated his own master. For he had actually been
+        the slave of the murdered emperor's ancestors, a miserable remnant
+        saved from the spoils of Germany. And then he aimed at ruling over
+        us, he who had not even the right to call himself free, had you not
+        granted him the privilege. Those in command of the legions he
+        imprisoned and put to death, while to the common soldiers he behaved
+        with such abject servility and deference that he ruined their
+        discipline. Then he enacted those fine laws of his, a property tax of
+        fifty per cent., and threatened the disobedient with death, while any
+        slave who pleased might inform against his master. Then he compelled
+        those who did not want it to purchase the imperial property. But time
+        would fail me were I to tell of all his crimes and of the vast
+        proportions that his tyranny had assumed. As for the armament which
+        he had collected to use against the barbarians but actually employed
+        against us, who could give you an adequate report of its strength?
+        There were Celts and Galatians<a id="noteref_165" name="noteref_165"
+        href="#note_165"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> who had
+        seemed invincible even to our ancestors, and who had so often like a
+        winter torrent that sweeps all before it,<a id="noteref_166" name=
+        "noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> poured
+        down on the Italians and Illyrians, and, following up their repeated
+        victories on the field of battle, had even invaded Asia, and then
+        became our subjects because they had no choice. They had been
+        enrolled in the ranks of our armies and furnished levies that won a
+        brilliant reputation, being enlisted by your ancestors, and, later,
+        by your father. Then, since they enjoyed the blessings of
+        long-continued peace, and their country increased in wealth and
+        population, they furnished your brothers with considerable levies,
+        and finally, by compulsion, not choice, they all in a body took part
+        in the usurper's campaign. The most enthusiastic of his followers
+        were, in virtue of their ties of kinship, the Franks and Saxons, the
+        most warlike of the tribes who live beyond the Rhine and on the
+        shores of the western sea. And since every city and every fortified
+        place on the banks of the Rhine was shorn of its garrison, that whole
+        region was left with no defence against the barbarians, and all that
+        splendidly organised army was despatched against us. Every town in
+        Galatia<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href=
+        "#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> was
+        like a camp preparing for war. Nothing was to be seen but weapons of
+        war and forces of cavalry, infantry, archers, and javelin men. When
+        these allies of the usurper began to pour into Italy from all
+        quarters and there joined the troops who had been enrolled long
+        before, there was no one so bold as not to feel terror and dismay at
+        the tempest that threatened.<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168"
+        href="#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> It
+        seemed to all as though a thunderbolt had fallen from the Alps, a
+        bolt that no action could avert, no words describe. It struck terror
+        into the Illyrians, the Paeonians, the Thracians, the Scythians; the
+        dwellers in Asia believed it was directed entirely against
+        themselves, and even the Persians began to get ready to oppose it in
+        their country's defence. But the usurper thought his task was easy,
+        and that he would have little difficulty in baffling your wisdom and
+        energy, and already fixed his covetous gaze on the wealth of India
+        and the magnificence of Persia. To such an excess of folly and
+        rashness had he come, and after a success wholly insignificant, I
+        mean the affair of the scouts whom, while they were unprotected by
+        the main army, he ambushed and cut in pieces. So true it is that when
+        fools meet with undeserved success<a id="noteref_169" name=
+        "noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> they
+        often find it is but the prelude to greater misfortunes. And so,
+        elated by this stroke of luck, he left the fortified posts that
+        protected the Italian frontier, and marched towards the Norici and
+        the Paeonians, taking no precautions, because he thought that speed
+        would serve him better than force of arms or courage.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὃ δὴ καταμαθὼν
+        ἐπανῆγες ἀπὸ τῶν δυσχωριῶν τὸ στράτευμα, εἵπετο δὲ ἐκεῖνος, διώκειν,
+        οὐχὶ δὲ καταστρατηγεῖσθαι νομίσας, ἕως εἰς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν ἄμφω
+        κατέστητε. τῶν πεδίων δὲ τῶν πρὸ τῆς Μύρσης ὀφθέντων, [36] ἐτάττοντο
+        μὲν ἐπὶ κέρως<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href=
+        "#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> ἱππεῖς
+        ἑκατέρου πεζοί τε ἐν μέσῳ· ἔχων δὲ αὐτός, ὦ βασιλεῦ, τὸν ποταμὸν ἐν
+        δεξιᾷ, τῷ λαιῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἐτρέψω μὲν εὐθέως καὶ
+        διέλυσας τὴν φάλαγγα οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν συγκειμένην ὀρθῶς, ἅτε ἀνδρὸς
+        ἀπείρου πολέμων καὶ στρατηγίας αὐτὴν κοσμήσαντος. ὁ δὲ τέως διώκειν
+        ὑπολαμβάνων, οὐδὲ ἐς χεῖρας ἀφικόμενος, [B] ἔφευγε καρτερῶς ἐκπλαγεὶς
+        τὸν κτύπον τῶν ὅπλων, οὐδὲ τὸν ἐνυάλιον παιᾶνα τῶν στρατοπέδων
+        ἐπαλαλαζόντων ἀδεῶς ἀκούων. διαλυθείσης δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται τῆς τάξεως
+        συνιστάμενοι κατὰ λόχους πάλιν τὸν ἀγῶνα συνέβαλον, αἰσχυνόμενοι μὲν
+        ὀφθῆναι φεύγοντες καὶ τὸ τέως ἄπιστον ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις ἐφ᾽ αὑτῶν
+        δεῖξαι συμβαῖνον, στρατιώτην Κελτόν, στρατιώτην ἐκ Γαλατίας τὰ νῶτα
+        τοῖς πολεμίοις δείξαντα. [C] οἱ βάρβαροι δὲ τὴν ἐπάνοδον ἀπεγνωκότες,
+        εἰ πταίσειαν, ἢ κρατεῖν ἢ θνήσκειν δράσαντές τι δεινὸν τοὺς πολεμίους
+        ἠξίουν. τοῖς μὲν οὖν ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοσοῦτον περιῆν <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> θράσους<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171"
+        href="#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> πρὸς τὰ
+        δεινὰ καὶ τοῦ χωρεῖν ὁμόσε πολλὴ προθυμία.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The moment that
+        you learned this, you led your army out of the narrow and dangerous
+        passes, and he followed in pursuit, as he thought, unaware that he
+        was being outgeneralled, until you both reached open country. When
+        the plains before Myrsa<a id="noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href=
+        "#note_172"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> were in
+        sight, the cavalry of both armies were drawn up on the wings, while
+        the infantry formed the centre. Then your Majesty kept the river on
+        your right, and, outflanking the enemy with your left, you at once
+        turned and broke his phalanx, which indeed had from the first the
+        wrong formation, since it had been drawn up by one who knew nothing
+        of war or strategy. Then he who so far had thought he was the pursuer
+        did not even join battle, but took to headlong flight, dismayed by
+        the clash of weapons; he could not even listen without trembling when
+        the legions shouted their battle-song. His ranks had been thrown into
+        disorder, but the soldiers formed into companies and renewed the
+        battle. For they disdained to be seen in flight, and to give an
+        example in their own persons of what had hitherto been inconceivable
+        to all men, I mean a Celtic or Galatian<a id="noteref_173" name=
+        "noteref_173" href="#note_173"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> soldier
+        turning his back to the enemy. The barbarians too, who, if defeated,
+        could not hope to make good their retreat, were resolved either to
+        conquer, or not to perish till they had severely punished their
+        opponents. Just see the extraordinary daring of the usurper's troops
+        in the face of dangers and their great eagerness to come to close
+        quarters!)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οἱ δὲ τῶν ὅλων
+        κρατήσαντες, αἰδούμενοι μὲν ἀλλήλους καὶ τὸν βασιλέα, παροξυνόμενοι
+        δὲ ὐπὸ τῶν πάλαι κατορθωμάτων καὶ τῶν ἐν χερσὶ λαμπρῶν καὶ τέως
+        ἀπίστων ἔργων, τέλος [D] ἄξιον τοῖς προϋπηργμένοις ἐπιθεῖναι
+        φιλοτιμούμενοι πάντα ὑπέμενον ἡδέως πόνον καὶ κίνδυνον. ὥσπερ οὖν
+        ἄρτι τῆς παρατάξεως ἀρχομένης, συνιόντες πάλιν ἔργα τόλμης
+        ἀπεδείκνυντο καὶ θυμοῦ γενναῖα, οἱ μὲν ὠθούμενοι περὶ τοῖς ξίφεσιν,
+        ἄλλοι δὲ λαμβανόμενοι τῶν ἀσπίδων, καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ὁπόσους ἵπποι
+        τρωθέντες ἀπεσείοντο πρὸς τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο. ταῦτα ἔδρων οἱ
+        ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοῖς πεζοῖς ἐπιβρέσαντες· καὶ ἦν ὁ πόλεμος ἐξ ἴσης,
+        ἕως οἱ θωρακοφόροι καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τῶν ἱππέων πλῆθος, [37] οἱ μὲν ἐκ
+        τόξων βάλλοντες, ἄλλοι δὲ ἐπελαύνοντες τοὺς ἵππους, πολλοὺς μὲν
+        ἔκτεινον, ἐδίωκον δὲ ἅπαντας καρτερῶς, τινὰς μὲν πρὸς τὸ πεδίον
+        ὡρμηκότας φεύγειν, ὧν ἡ νὺξ ὀλίγους ἀπέσωσε μόλις, τὸ λοιπὸν δὲ ἐς
+        τὸν ποταμὸν κατηνέχθη, καθάπερ βοῶν ἢ βοσκημάτων ἀγέλη
+        συνελαυνόμενοι. τοσαῦτα ἐκεῖνο τὸ στράτευμα τῆς τοῦ τυράννου δειλίας,
+        οὐδὲν ἐκεῖνον ὀνῆσαν ἐκ τῆς [B] ἀνδρείας τῆς αὑτοῦ, μάτην
+        ἀπέλαυσε.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Our men, on the
+        other hand, had so far carried all before them and were anxious to
+        retain the good opinion of their comrades and of the Emperor, and
+        were moreover stimulated by their successes in the past and by the
+        almost incredible brilliance of their exploits in this very
+        engagement, and, ambitious as they were to end the day as gloriously
+        as they had begun it, cheerfully encountered toil and danger. So they
+        charged again as though the battle had only just begun, and gave a
+        wonderful display of daring and heroism. For some hurled themselves
+        full on the enemy's swords, or seized the enemy's shields, others,
+        when their horses were wounded and the riders thrown, at once
+        transformed themselves into hoplites. The usurper's army meanwhile
+        did the same and pressed our infantry hard. Neither side gained the
+        advantage, till the cuirassiers by their archery, aided by the
+        remaining force of cavalry, who spurred on their horses to the
+        charge, had begun to inflict great loss on the enemy, and by main
+        force to drive the whole army before them. Some directed their flight
+        to the plain, and of these a few were saved just in time by the
+        approach of night. The rest were flung into the river, crowded
+        together like a herd of oxen or brute beasts. Thus did the usurper's
+        army reap the fruits of his cowardice, while their valour availed him
+        nothing.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τρόπαιον δὲ
+        ἀνέστησας ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ τοῦ πατρῴου λαμπρότερον. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς τέως
+        ἀμάχους <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name=
+        "Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg097" id=
+        "Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δοκοῦντας ἄγων ἐκράτει γέροντος
+        δυστυχοῦς· σὺ δὲ ἡβῶσαν καὶ ἀκμάζουσαν οὐ τοῖς κακοῖς μόνον οἷς ἔδρα,
+        τῇ νεότητι δὲ πλέον, τὴν τυραννίδα παρεστήσω, τοῖς ὑπὸ σοῦ
+        παρασκευασθεῖσι στρατοπέδοις παραταξάμενος. τίς γὰρ εἰπεῖν ἔχει τῶν
+        πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων ἱππικὴν δύναμιν καὶ σκευὴν τῶν [C] ὅπλων
+        τοιαύτην ἐπινοήσαντα καὶ μιμησάμενον; ᾗ πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἐγγυμνασάμενος
+        διδάσκαλος ἐγένου τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅπλων χρήσεως ἀμάχου. ὑπὲρ ἧς εἰπεῖν
+        τολμήσαντες πολλοὶ τῆς ἀξίας διήμαρτον, ὥσθ᾽ ὅσοι τῶν λόγων
+        ἀκούσαντες ὕστερον ἰδεῖν ηὐτύχησαν τὰς ἀκοὰς σαφῶς ἀπιστοτέρας
+        ἔγνωσαν εἶναι τῶν ὀμμάτων. ἄπειρον γὰρ ἦγες<a id="noteref_174" name=
+        "noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> ἱππέων
+        πλῆθος, καθάπερ ἀνδριάντας ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ὀχουμένους, οἷς συνήρμοστο
+        τὰ μέλη κατὰ μίμησιν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως· [D] ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἄκρων
+        καρπῶν ἐς τοὺς ἀγκῶνας, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς ὤμους, καὶ ὁ θώραξ
+        ἐκ<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href=
+        "#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a>
+        τμημάτων κατὰ τὸ στέρνον καὶ τὰ νῶτα συναρμοζόμενος, τὸ κράνος αὐτῷ
+        προσώπῳ σιδηροῦν ἐπικείμενον ἀνδριάντος λαμπροῦ καὶ στίλβοντος
+        παρέχει τὴν ὄψιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ κνῆμαι καὶ μηροὶ μηδὲ ἄκροι πόδες τῆς
+        σκευῆς ταύτης ἔρημοι λείπονται. συναρμοζομένων δὲ αὐτῶν τοῖς θώραξι
+        διά τινων ἐκ κρίκου λεπτοῦ πεποιημένων οἱονεὶ ὑφασμάτων οὐδὲν ἂν
+        ὀφθείη τοῦ σώματος γυμνὸν μέρος, ἅτε καὶ τῶν χειρῶν [38] τοῖς
+        ὑφάσμασι τούτοις σκεπομένων πρὸς τὸ καὶ καμπτομένοις ἐπακολουθεῖν
+        τοῖς δακτύλοις. ταῦτα <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg
+        098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὁ λόγος παραστῆσαι μὲν σαφῶς ἐπιθυμεῖ,
+        ἀπολειπόμενος δὲ θεατὰς τῶν ὅπλων τοὺς μαθεῖν τι πλέον ἐθέλοντας,
+        οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκροατὰς τῆς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν διηγήσεως ἀξιοῖ γενέσθαι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The trophy that
+        you set up for that victory was far more brilliant than your
+        father's. He led an army that had always proved itself invincible,
+        and with it conquered a miserable old man.<a id="noteref_176" name=
+        "noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> But the
+        tyranny that you suppressed was flourishing and had reached its
+        height, partly through the crimes that had been committed, but still
+        more because so many of the youth were on that side, and you took the
+        field against it with legions that had been trained by yourself. What
+        emperor can one cite in the past who first planned and then
+        reproduced so admirable a type of cavalry, and such accoutrements?
+        First you trained yourself to wear them, and then you taught others
+        how to use such weapons so that none could withstand them. This is a
+        subject on which many have ventured to speak, but they have failed to
+        do it justice, so much so that those who heard their description, and
+        later had the good fortune to see for themselves, decided that their
+        eyes must accept what their ears had refused to credit. Your cavalry
+        was almost unlimited in numbers and they all sat their horses like
+        statues, while their limbs were fitted with armour that followed
+        closely the outline of the human form. It covers the arms from wrist
+        to elbow and thence to the shoulder, while a coat of mail protects
+        the shoulders, back and breast. The head and face are covered by a
+        metal mask which makes its wearer look like a glittering statue, for
+        not even the thighs and legs and the very ends of the feet lack this
+        armour. It is attached to the cuirass by fine chain-armour like a
+        web, so that no part of the body is visible and uncovered, for this
+        woven covering protects the hands as well, and is so flexible that
+        the wearers can bend even their fingers.<a id="noteref_177" name=
+        "noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> All
+        this I desire to represent in words as vividly as I can, but it is
+        beyond my powers, and I can only ask those who wish to know more
+        about this armour to see it with their own eyes, and not merely to
+        listen to my description.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐπειδὴ
+        τὸν πρῶτον πόλεμον διεληλύθαμεν, ληγούσης ἤδη τῆς ὀπώρας, [B] ἆρ᾽
+        ἐνταῦθα τὴν διήγησιν πάλιν ἀφήσομεν; ἢ πάντως τὸ τέλος ἁποδοῦναι τῶν
+        ἔργων τοῖς ποθοῦσιν<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href=
+        "#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> ἄξιον;
+        ἐπέλαβε μὲν ὁ χειμὼν καὶ παρέσχε διαφυγεῖν τῆν τιμωρίαν τὸν τύραννον.
+        κηρύγματα δὲ ἦν λαμπρὰ καὶ βασιλικῆς ἄξια μεγαλοψυχίας· ἄδεια δὲ
+        πᾶσιν ἐδίδοτο τοῖς ταξαμένοις μετὰ τοῦ τυράννου, πλὴν εἴ τις ἀνοσίων
+        ἐκείνῳ φόνων ἐκοινώνει· ἀπελάμβανον τὰς οἰκίας ἅπαντες καὶ τὰ χρήματα
+        καὶ πατρίδας οἱ μηδὲ ὄψεσθαί τι τῶν φιλτάτων αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζοντες. [C]
+        ὑπεδέχου τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐπανερχόμενον, πολλοὺς ἐκεῖθεν
+        πολίτας κατάγον φεύγοντας οἶμαι τὴν τῶν τυράννων ὠμότητα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ
+        καιρὸς ἐκάλει στρατεύεσθαι, πάλιν ἐφειστήκεις δεινὸς τῷ τυράννῳ. ὁ δὲ
+        προυβάλλετο τὰς Ἰταλῶν δυσχωρίας, καὶ τοῖς ὄρεσι τοῖς ἐκεῖ καθάπερ
+        θηρίον ἐναποκρύψας τὰς δυνάμεις αὐτὸς οὐδὲ ὑπαίθριος ἐτόλμα
+        στρατεύειν. [D] ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἁὑτὸν εἰς τὴν πλησίον πόλιν τρυφῶσαν καὶ
+        πολυτελῆ, ἐν πανηγύρεσι καὶ τρυφαῖς ἔτριβε τὸν χρόνον, ἀρκέσειν μὲν
+        αὑτῷ πρὸς σοτηρίαν τῶν ὀρῶν τὴν δυσχωρίαν μόνον οἰόμενος. ἀκόλαστος
+        δὲ ὢν φύσει κερδαίνειν ᾤετο τὸ χαρίζεσθαι ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις ἐν
+        τοσούτοις κακοῖς, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg
+        100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> δῆλός τε ἦν λίαν πεπιστευκὼς ἀσφαλῶς αὐτῷ τὰ
+        παρόντα ἔχειν, ἀποτειχιζομένης ἐν κύκλῳ τῆς Ἰταλίας τοῖς ὄρεσι, [39]
+        πλὴν ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἡ θάλασσα τεναγώδης οὖσα καὶ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίων
+        ἕλεσιν ἐμφερὴς ἄβατον καὶ νηίτῃ στρατῷ πολεμίων ἀνδρῶν καθίστησιν.
+        ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικεν οὐδὲ ἓν ᾑ φύσις πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην τοῖς
+        ἀκολάστοις καὶ δειλοῖς ἔρυμα μηχανήσασθαι, πάντα ὑποχωρεῖν φρονήσει
+        μετὰ ἀνδρείας ἐπιούσῃ παρασκευάζουσα· πάλαι τε ἡμῖν ἐξηῦρε τὰς
+        τέχνας, [B] δι᾽ ὧν εἰς εὐπορίαν τῶν τέως δοξάντων ἀπόρων κατέστημεν,
+        καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔργων τὸ πολλοῖς ἀδύνατον εἶναι
+        φαινόμενον<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href=
+        "#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a>
+        ἐπιτελούμενον πρὸς ἀνδρὸς σώφρονος. ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε τοῖς ἔργοις, ὦ
+        βασιλεῦ, δείξας εἰκότως ἂν ἀποδέχοιο τοὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ λόγους.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now that I have
+        told the story of this first campaign, which was fought at the end of
+        the autumn, shall I here break off my narrative? Or is it altogether
+        unfair to withhold the end and issue of your achievements from those
+        who are eager to hear? Winter overtook us and gave the usurper a
+        chance to escape punishment. Then followed a splendid proclamation
+        worthy of your imperial generosity. An amnesty was granted to those
+        who had taken sides with the usurper, except when they had shared the
+        guilt of those infamous murders. Thus they who had never hoped even
+        to see again anything that they held dear, recovered their houses,
+        money, and native land. Then you welcomed the fleet which arrived
+        from Italy bringing thence many citizens who, no doubt, had fled from
+        the usurper's savage cruelty. Then when the occasion demanded that
+        you should take the field, you again menaced the usurper. He however
+        took cover in the fastnesses of Italy and hid his army away there in
+        the mountains, wild-beast fashion, and never even dared to carry on
+        the war beneath the open heavens. But he betook himself to the
+        neighbouring town<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href=
+        "#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> which
+        is devoted to pleasure and high living, and spent his time in public
+        shows and sensual pleasures, believing that the impassable mountains
+        alone would suffice for his safety. Moreover, intemperate as he was
+        by nature, he thought it clear gain to be able to indulge his
+        appetites at so dangerous a crisis, and he evidently placed too much
+        confidence in the safety of his position, because the town is cut off
+        from that part of Italy by a natural rampart of mountains, except the
+        half that is bounded by a shoaling sea, which resembles the marshes
+        of Egypt and makes that part of the country inaccessible even to an
+        invading fleet. It seems however as though nature herself will not
+        devise any safeguard for the sensual and cowardly against the
+        temperate and brave, for when prudence and courage advance hand in
+        hand she makes everything give way before them. Long since she
+        revealed to us those arts through which we have attained an abundance
+        of what was once thought to be unattainable, and in the field of
+        individual effort we see that what seemed impossible for many working
+        together to achieve can be accomplished by a prudent man. And since
+        by your own actions you demonstrated this fact it is only fair, O my
+        Emperor, that you should accept my words to that effect.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐστράτευες μὲν γὰρ
+        αὐτὸς ὑπαίθριος, καὶ ταῦτα πλησίον παρούσης πόλεως οὐ φαύλης, τοῖς
+        στρατευομένοις δὲ οὐκ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος τὸ πονεῖν καὶ κινδυνεύειν, ἐξ ὧν
+        δὲ αὐτὸς ἔδρας παρεγγυῶν· ἄτραπον μὲν ἐξηῦρες ἄγνωστον τοῖς πᾶσι,
+        πέμψας [C] δὲ ἀξιόμαχον τῆς δυνάμεως ἁπάσης ὁπλιτῶν μοῖραν, εἶτα
+        ἐπειδὴ σαφῶς ἔγνως αὐτοὺς τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐφεστῶτας, αὐτὸς ἀναλαβὼν
+        ἦγες τὸ στράτευμα, καὶ κύκλῳ περιέχων πάντων ἐκράτησας. ταῦτα ἐδρᾶτο
+        πρὸ τῆς ἕω, ἤγγελτο δὲ πρὸ μεσημβρίας τῷ τυράννῳ ἁμίλλαις ἱππικαῖς
+        καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name=
+        "Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg103" id=
+        "Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πανηγύρει προσκαθημένῳ καὶ τῶν
+        παρόντων οὐδὲν ἐλπίζοντι. [D] τίς μὲν οὖν γέγονεν ἐκ τίνος, καὶ
+        ποταπὴν γνώμην εἶχεν ὑπὲρ τῶν παρόντων, καὶ ὅπως ἐκλιπὼν ἔφυγε τὴν
+        πόλιν καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν πᾶσαν, τοὺς φόνους καὶ τὰς πρόσθεν ἀδικίας
+        ἐκκαθαιρόμενος, οὐ τοῦ παρόντος ἂν εἴη λόγου διηγεῖσθαι. ἔμελλε δὲ
+        βραχείας ἀνοκωχῆς τυχὼν οὐδέν τι μεῖον τῶν ἔμπροσθεν δράσειν. οὕτως
+        οὐδὲν πρὸς πονηρίαν ψυχῆς ἄνθρωπος ἀνόσιος<a id="noteref_181" name=
+        "noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> ἐξηῦρε
+        καθάρσιον διὰ τοῦ σώματος. ἀφικόμενος γὰρ εῖς Γαλατίαν ὁ χρηστὸς
+        οὑτοσὶ καὶ νόμιμος [40] ἄρχων τοσοῦτον αὐτοῦ γέγονε χαλεπώτερος, ὡς,
+        εἴ τις πρότερον αὐτὸν διαφυγὼν ἐλελήθει τιμωρίας τρόπος ὠμότατος,
+        τοῦτον ἐξευρὼν θέαμα κεχαρισμένον αὑτῷ τὰς τῶν ἀθλίων πολιτῶν παρεῖχε
+        συμφοράς· ἅρματος ζῶντας ἐκδήσας καὶ μεθεὶς φέρεσθαι τοῖς ἡνιόχοις
+        ἕλκειν ἂν ἐκέλευεν, αὐτὸς ἐφεστηκὼς καὶ θεώμενος τὰ δρώμενα· καί τισι
+        τοιούτοις ἑτέροις αὑτὸν ψυχαγωγῶν τὸν πάντα διετέλει χρόνον, ἕως [B]
+        αὐτὸν καθάπερ Ὀλυμπιονίκης περὶ τῷ τρίτῳ παλαίσματι καταβαλὼν δίκην
+        ἐπιθεῖναι τῶν τετολμημένων ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασας ὤσαντα διὰ τῶν στέρνων
+        τὸ αὐτὸ ξίφος, ὃ πολλῶν πολιτῶν ἐμίανε φόνῳ. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς
+        νίκης<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href=
+        "#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> ἀμείνω
+        καὶ δικαιοτέραν οὔποτε γενέσθαι φημὶ οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ᾗ μᾶλλον τὸ κοινὸν τῶν
+        ἀνθρώπων ηὐφράνθη γένος, τοσαύτης ὠμότητος καὶ πικρίας ἀφεθὲν ὄντως
+        ἐλεύθερον, εὐνομίᾳ δὲ ἤδη γανύμενον, ἧς τέως <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> [C] ἀπολαύομεν καὶ ἀπολαύσαιμέν γε ἐπὶ πλέον, ὦ
+        πάντα ἀγαθὴ πρόνοια.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For you conducted
+        the campaign under the open skies, and that though there was a city
+        of some importance near at hand, and moreover you encouraged your men
+        to work hard and to take risks, not merely by giving orders, but by
+        your own personal example. You discovered a path hitherto unknown to
+        all, and you sent forward a strong detachment of hoplites chosen from
+        your whole army; then when you had ascertained that they had come up
+        with the enemy, you led forward your army in person, surrounded them,
+        and defeated his whole force. This happened before dawn, and before
+        noon the news was brought to the usurper. He was attending a
+        horse-race at a festival, and was expecting nothing of what took
+        place. How his attitude changed, what was his decision about the
+        crisis, how he abandoned the town and in fact all Italy, and fled,
+        thus beginning to expiate his murders and all his earlier crimes, it
+        is not for this speech to relate. Yet though the respite he gained
+        was so brief, he proceeded to act no less wickedly than in the past.
+        So true is it that by the sufferings of the body alone it is
+        impossible for the wicked to cleanse their souls of evil. For when he
+        reached Galatia,<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href=
+        "#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> this
+        ruler who was so righteous and law-abiding, so far surpassed his own
+        former cruelty that he now bethought himself of all the ruthless and
+        brutal modes of punishment that he had then overlooked, and derived
+        the most exquisite pleasure from the spectacle of the sufferings of
+        the wretched citizens. He would bind them alive to chariots and,
+        letting the teams gallop, would order the drivers to drag them along
+        while he stood by and gazed at their sufferings. In fact he spent his
+        whole time in amusements of this sort, until, like an Olympic victor,
+        you threw him in the third encounter<a id="noteref_184" name=
+        "noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> and
+        forced him to pay a fitting penalty for his infamous career, namely
+        to thrust into his own breast that very sword which he had stained
+        with the slaughter of so many citizens.<a id="noteref_185" name=
+        "noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> Never,
+        in my opinion, was there a punishment more suitable or more just than
+        this, nor one that gave greater satisfaction to the whole human race,
+        which was now really liberated from such cruelty and harshness, and
+        at once began to exult in the good government that we enjoy to this
+        day. Long may we continue to enjoy it, O all-merciful
+        Providence!)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐμοὶ δὲ ποθοῦντι
+        μὲν ἐπεξελθεῖν ἅπασι τοῖς σοι πραχθεῖσιν, ἀπολειπομένῳ δὲ συγγνώμην
+        εἰκότως, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, παρέξεις, εἰ μήτε τῶν ἀποστόλων τῶν ἐπὶ
+        Καρχηδόνα μνημονεύοιμι ἀπό τε Αἰγύπτου παρασκευασθέντων καὶ ἐξ<a id=
+        "noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> Ἰταλίας
+        ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν πλευσάντων, μήτε ὡς τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν ἐκράτησας ναυσὶν
+        ἐκπέμψας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ στράτευμα, μήτε τῶν [D] ἔναγχός σοι πολλάκις πρὸς
+        τοὺς βαρβάρους πραχθέντων, μήτ᾽ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον τῶν πάλαι
+        γεγονὸς λέληθε τοὺς πολλούς. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν Ἀντιόχου πόλιν ἑαυτὴν
+        σοῦ<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href=
+        "#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a>
+        ἐπώνυμον ἐπονομάζουσαν ἀκούω πολλάκις. ἔστι μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸν κτίσαντα,
+        πλουτεῖ δὲ ἤδη καὶ πρὸς ἅπασαν εὐπορίαν ἐπιδέδωκε διὰ σὲ λιμένας
+        εὐόρμους τοῖς καταίρουσι παρασχόντα· τέως δὲ οὐδὲ παραπλεῖν ἀσφαλὲς
+        οὐδὲ ἀκίνδυνον ἐδόκει· [41] οὕτως ἦν πάντα σκοπέλων τινῶν καὶ πετρῶν
+        ὑφάλων ἀνάπλεα τῆς θαλάσσης τῆσδε πρὸς ταῖς ᾐόσι. στοὰς δὲ καὶ κρήνας
+        καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα παρὰ τῶν ὑπάρχων διὰ σὲ γέγονεν οὐδὲ ὀνομάζειν ἄξιον.
+        ὁπόσα δὲ τῇ πατρῴᾳ πόλει προστέθεικας, τεῖχος μὲν αὐτῇ κύκλῳ
+        περιβαλὼν ἀρξάμενον τότε, τὰ δοκοῦντα δὲ οὐκ ἀσφαλῶς ἔχειν<a id=
+        "noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> τῶν
+        οἰκοδομημάτων εἰς ἀθάνατον ἀσφάλειαν κατατιθεῖς, τίς ἂν
+        ἀπαριθμήσαιτο; [B] ἐπιλείψει με τούτων ἕκαστον ὁ χρόνος
+        διηγούμενον.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I would fain
+        recite every single one of your achievements, but you will with
+        reason pardon me, most mighty Emperor, if I fall short of that
+        ambition and omit to mention the naval armament against Carthage
+        which was equipped in Egypt and set sail from Italy to attack her,
+        and also your conquest of the Pyrenees, against which you sent an
+        army by sea, and your successes against the barbarians, which of late
+        have been so frequent, and all such successes in the past as have not
+        become a matter of common knowledge. For example, I often hear that
+        even Antioch now calls herself by your name. Her existence she does
+        indeed owe to her founder,<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189"
+        href="#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> but her
+        present wealth and increase in every sort of abundance she owes to
+        you, since you provided her with harbours that offer good anchorage
+        for those who put in there. For till then it was considered a
+        dangerous risk even to sail past Antioch; so full were all the waters
+        of that coast, up to the very shores, of rocks and sunken reefs. I
+        need not stop to mention the porticoes, fountains, and other things
+        of the kind that you caused to be bestowed on Antioch by her
+        governors. As to your benefactions to the city of your
+        ancestors,<a id="noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href=
+        "#note_190"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> you
+        built round it a wall that was then only begun, and all buildings
+        that seemed to be unsound you restored and made safe for all time.
+        But how could one reckon up all these things? Time will fail me if I
+        try to tell everything separately.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Σκοπεῖν δὲ ὑπὲρ
+        ἁπάντων ἄξιον ἤδη τῶν ῥηθέντων, εἰ μετὰ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς βελτίστης
+        ἕξεως ἅπαντα γέγονε· τούτῳ γὰρ ἤδη καὶ τῶν λόγων ἀρχόμενος μάλιστα
+        προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν ἠξίουν. οὐκοῦν τῷ πατρὶ μὲν εὐσεβῶς καὶ
+        φιλανθρώπως ὅπως προσηνέχθης, ὁμονοῶν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς
+        διετέλεσας τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἀρχόμενος μὲν προθύμως, [C] συνάρχων δὲ
+        ἐκείνοις σωφρόνως, πάλαι τε εἴρηται καὶ νῦν ἀξιούσθω μνήμης. τοῦτο δὲ
+        ὅστις μικρᾶς ἀρετῆς ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Κῦρον
+        τὸν Καμβύσου σκοπῶν ἐπαινείτω. ὁ μὲν γὰρ μειράκιον ἔτι κομιδῇ νέον
+        δῆλος ἦν τοῦ πατρὸς οὐκ ἀνεξόμενος ἄρχοντος, ὁ δὲ ἀφείλετο τὴν ἀρχὴν
+        τὸν πάππον. καὶ ταῦτα οὐδείς ἐστιν οὕτως<a id="noteref_191" name=
+        "noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a>
+        ἠλίθιος, ὅστις οὐκ οἴεταί σε,<a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192"
+        href="#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> μηδὲν
+        ἐκείνων μεγαλοψυχίᾳ καὶ τῇ πρὸς τὰ καλὰ φιλοτιμίᾳ λειπόμενον, οὕτως
+        ἐγκρατῶς καὶ σωφρόνως [D] τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς προσενηνέχθαι.
+        παρασχούσης γὰρ τῆς τύχης τὸν καιρὸν, ἐν ᾧ τῆς ἁπάντων ἡγεμονίας
+        ἐχρῆν μεταποιηθῆναι, πρῶτος ὡρμήθης, πολλῶν ἀπαγορευόντων καὶ πρὸς
+        τἀναντία ξυμπείθειν ἐπιχειρούντων· ῥᾷστα δὲ καὶ πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν τὸν ὲν
+        χερσὶ πόλεμον διοικησάμενος ἐλευθεροῦν ἔγνως τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ
+        κατειλημμένα, [42] δικαιοτάτην μὲν καὶ οἵαν οὔπω πρόσθεν ἔλαβε
+        πρόφασιν πόλεμος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ἔχθρας <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τιθέμενος. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐμφύλιον ἄξιον
+        προσαγορεύειν τὸν πόλεμον, οὗ βάρβαρος ἦν ἡγεμὼν ἑαυτὸν ἀναγορεύσας
+        βασιλέα καὶ χειροτονήσας στρατηγόν. τῶν ἀδικημάτων δὲ τῶν ἐκείνου καὶ
+        ὧν ἔδρασεν εἰς οἰκίαν τὴν σὴν οὐχ ἡδύ μοι πολλάκις μεμνῆσθαι.
+        ἀνδρειοτέραν δὲ τ῀εσδε τῆς πράξεως τίς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι; ἐφ᾽ ἧς δῆλος
+        μὲν [B] ἦν ἀποτυχόντι τῶν ἔργων ὁ<a id="noteref_193" name=
+        "noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a>
+        κίνδυνος· ὑπέμενες δὲ οὐδὲν κέρδους χάριν οὐδὲ κλέος ἀείμνηστον
+        ἀντωνούμενος, ὑπὲρ οὗ καὶ ἀποθνήσκειν ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ πολλάκις
+        τολμῶσιν, οἷον πρὸς ἀργύριον τὴν δόξαν τὰς ψυχὰς ἀποδιδόμενοι, οὐδὲ
+        μὴν δι᾽ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀρχῆς μείζονος καὶ λαμπροτέρας, ὅτι μηδὲ νέῳ σοι
+        τούτων ἐπιθυμῆσαι συνέβη, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ καλὸν στέργων τῆς πράξεως
+        πάντα ὑπομένειν ᾤου δεῖν πρὶν ἰδεῖν Ῥωμαίων βάρβαρον βασιλεύοντα καὶ
+        νόμων κύριον καὶ [C] πολιτείας καθεστῶτα καὶ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν
+        εὐχὰς ποιούμενον τὸν τοσούτοις ἀσεβήμασιν ἔνοχον καὶ φόνοις. τῆς
+        παρασκευῆς δὲ αὐτῆς ἡ λαμπρότης καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος τίνα
+        οὐχ ἱκανὸν ἐκπλῆξαι; καίτον Ξέρξην μὲν ἀκούω τὸν τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐπὶ τοὺς
+        Ἕλληνας ἐξαναστήσαντα χρόνον ἐτῶν οὐκ ἐλάσσονα δέκα πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον
+        ἐκεῖνον παρασκευάζεσθαι, εἶτα ἐπαγαγεῖν πρὸς ταῖς χιλίαις τριήρεσι
+        διακοσίας ἐκ τούτων αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν χωρίων, [D] ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς ἐν οὐδὲ
+        ὅλοις μησὶ δέκα ναυπηγησάμενος ἤγειρας τὸν στόλον, πλήθει νεῶν
+        ἐκεῖνον ὑπερβαλλόμενος· τῇ τύχῃ δὲ οὐδὲ ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν οὐδὲ τοῖς
+        ἔργοις.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The time has now
+        come when it is proper to consider whether your career, so far as I
+        have described it, is at every point in harmony with virtue and the
+        promptings of a noble disposition. For to this, as I said at the
+        beginning of my speech, I think it right to pay special attention.
+        Let me therefore mention once more what I said some time ago, that to
+        your father you were dutiful and affectionate, and that you
+        constantly maintained friendly relations with your brothers, for your
+        father you were ever willing to obey, and as the colleague of your
+        brothers in the empire you always displayed moderation. And if anyone
+        thinks this a trifling proof of merit, let him consider the case of
+        Alexander the son of Philip, and Cyrus the son of Cambyses, and then
+        let him applaud your conduct. For Alexander, while still a mere boy,
+        showed clearly that he would no longer brook his father's control,
+        while Cyrus dethroned his grandfather. Yet no one is so foolish as to
+        suppose that, since you displayed such modesty and self-control
+        towards your father and brothers, you were not fully equal to
+        Alexander and Cyrus in greatness of soul and ambition for glory. For
+        when fortune offered you the opportunity to claim as your right the
+        empire of the world, you were the first to make the essay, though
+        there were many who advised otherwise and tried to persuade you to
+        the contrary course. Accordingly, when you had carried through the
+        war that you had in hand, and that with the utmost ease and so as to
+        ensure safety for the future, you resolved to liberate that part of
+        the empire which had been occupied by the enemy, and the reason that
+        you assigned for going to war was most just and such as had never
+        before arisen, namely your detestation of those infamous men. Civil
+        war one could not call it, for its leader was a barbarian who had
+        proclaimed himself emperor and elected himself general. I dislike to
+        speak too often of his evil deeds and the crimes that he committed
+        against your house. But could anything be more heroic than your line
+        of action? For should you fail in your undertaking the risk involved
+        was obvious. But you faced it, and you were not bidding for gain, nay
+        nor for undying renown, for whose sake brave men so often dare even
+        to die, selling their lives for glory as though it were gold, nor was
+        it from desire of wider or more brilliant empire, for not even in
+        your youth were you ambitious of that, but it was because you were in
+        love with the abstract beauty of such an achievement, and thought it
+        your duty to endure anything rather than see a barbarian ruling over
+        Roman citizens, making himself master of the laws and constitution
+        and offering public prayers for the common weal, guilty as he was of
+        so many impious crimes and murders. Who could fail to be dazzled by
+        the splendour of your armament and the vast scale of your
+        expenditure? And yet I am told that Xerxes, when he mustered all Asia
+        against the Greeks, spent no less than ten years in preparing for
+        that war. Then he set out with twelve hundred triremes, from the very
+        spot, as I understand, where you gathered your fleet together, having
+        built it in rather less than ten months, and yet you had more ships
+        than Xerxes. But neither his fortune nor his achievements can
+        properly be compared with yours.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὴν δὲ εἰς τὰ
+        λοιπὰ δαπανήματα μεγαλοπρέπειαν μὴ πολὺ λίαν ἔργον ᾖ φράζειν, οὐδὲ
+        ὁπόσα ταῖς πόλεσι πάλαι στερομέναις ἀπεδίδους ἀπαριθμούμενος ἐνοχλήσω
+        τὰ νῦν. [43] πλουτοῦσι μὲν γὰρ ἅπασαι διὰ σὲ ἐπὶ τῶν<a id=
+        "noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a>
+        ἔμπροσθεν ἐνδεεῖς οὖσαι καὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ἐπιδίδωσι δὲ τῶν ἰδίων
+        ἕκαστος οἴκων διὰ τὰς κοινὰς τῶν πόλεων εὐετηρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν εἰς τοὺς
+        ἰδιώτας ἄξιον δωρεῶν μεμνῆσθαι, ἐλευθέριόν σε καὶ μεγαλόδωρον βασιλέα
+        προσαγορεύοντα, ὃς πολλοῖς μὲν στερομένοις πάλαι τῶν αὑτῶν κτημάτων,
+        τοῦ πατρῴου κλήρου συμφορᾷ περιπεπτωκότος ἐν δίκῃ καὶ παρὰ δίκην,
+        ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐγένου κύριος, [B] τοῖς μὲν καθάπερ δικαστὴς ἀγαθὸς τὰ
+        τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ἁμαρτήματα διορθωσάμενος κυρίους εἶναι τῆς αὑτῶν οὐσίας
+        παρέσχες, τοῖς δὲ ἐπιεικὴς κριτὴς γενόμενος ταῦτα μὲν ὧν ἀφῄρηντο
+        πάλιν ἐχαρίσω, ἀρκεῖν οἰόμενος τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου πρὸς τιμωρίαν τοῖς
+        παθοῦσιν· ὅσα δὲ αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν χαριζόμενος πλουσιωτέρους ἀπέθηνας
+        πολλοὺς τῶν πάλαι δοξάντων ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν χρημάτων εὐπορίᾳ σεμνύνεσθαι,
+        [C] τί χρὴ νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκοντα περὶ μικρὰ διατρίβειν δοκεῖν; ἄλλως τε
+        καὶ πᾶσιν ὄντος καταφανοῦς, ὅτι μηδεὶς πώποτε πλὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ
+        Φιλίππου τοσαῦτα βασιλεῦς τοῖς αὑτοῦ φίλοις διανέμων ὤφθη. ἀλλὰ τοῖς
+        μὲν ὁ τῶν φίλων πλοῦτος τῆς τῶν πολεμίων ῥώμης ὕποπτος ἐφάνη μᾶλλον
+        καὶ φοβερώτερος, ἄλλοι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg
+        112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀρχομένων εὐγένειαν ὑπιδόμενοι πάντα
+        τρόπον τοὺς εὖ γεγονότας προπηλακίζοντες [D] ἢ καὶ ἀναιροῦντες ἄρδην
+        τὰς οἰκίας κοινῇ μὲν ταῖς πόλεσι συμφορῶν, ἰδίᾳ δὲ αὑτοῖς ἀνοσίων
+        ἔργων αἰτιώτατοι κατέστησαν. οὐκ ἀπέσχοντο δὲ ἤδη τινὲς τοῖς τοῦ
+        σώματος ἀγαθοῖς, ὑγιείᾳ φημὶ καὶ κάλλει καὶ εὐεξίᾳ, βασκαίνοντες·
+        ψυχῆς τε ἀρετὴν ἔν τινι τῶν πολιτῶν γενομένην οὐδὲ ἀκούειν ὑπέμενον,
+        ἀλλ᾽ ἦν ἀδίκημα τοῦτο, καθάπερ ἀνδροφονία καὶ κλοπὴ καὶ προδοσία, τὸ
+        δοκεῖν ἀρετῆς μεταποιηθῆναι. [44] καὶ ταῦτα τυχὸν ἀληθῶς οὐ βασιλέων
+        φήσει τις, πονηρῶν δὲ καὶ ἀνελευθέρων τυράννων ἔργα καὶ πράξεις.
+        ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη τὸ πάθος οὐ τῶν ἀνοήτων μόνον, ἀλλά τινων ἐπιεικῶν καὶ
+        πρᾴων ἀνδρῶν ἁψάμενον, τὸ τοῖς φίλοις ἄχθεσθαι πλέον ἔχουσι<a id=
+        "noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> καὶ
+        πολλάκις ἐλαττοῦν ἐθέλειν καὶ τῶν προσηκόντων αὐτοὺς ἀφαιρεῖσθαι, τίς
+        ἐπὶ σοῦ λέγειν ἐτόλμησε; τοῦτο καὶ Κῦρόν φασι τὸν Πέρσην γάμβρον ὄντα
+        βασιλέως παρὰ τοῦ κηδεστοῦ παθεῖν ἀχθομένου τῇ παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους εἰς
+        τὸν ἄνδρα τιμῇ, καὶ ἀγησίλαος δὲ [B] δῆλος ἦν ἀχθόμενος τιμωμένῳ παρὰ
+        τοῖς Ἴωσι Λυσάνδρῳ.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I fear that it is
+        beyond my powers to describe the magnificence of your outlay for
+        other purposes, nor will I risk being tedious by staying now to count
+        up the sums you bestowed on cities that had long been destitute. For
+        whereas, in the time of your predecessors, they lacked the
+        necessaries of life, they have all become rich through you, and the
+        general prosperity of each city increases the welfare of every
+        private household in it. But it is proper that I should mention your
+        gifts to private persons, and give you the title of a generous and
+        open-handed Emperor; for since there were many who long ago had lost
+        their property, because, in some cases justly, in others unjustly,
+        their ancestral estates had suffered loss, you had no sooner come
+        into power, than like a just judge you set right in the latter cases
+        the errors committed by men in the past, and restored them to the
+        control of their property, while in the former cases you were a
+        kindly arbiter, and granted that they should recover what they had
+        lost, thinking that to have suffered so long was punishment enough.
+        Then you lavished large sums from your privy purse, and increased the
+        reputation for wealth of many who even in the past had prided
+        themselves on their large incomes. But why should I remind you of all
+        this and seem to waste time over trifles? Especially as it must be
+        obvious to all that no king except Alexander the son of Philip was
+        ever known to bestow such splendid presents on his friends. Indeed
+        some kings have thought that the wealth of their friends gave more
+        grounds for suspicion and alarm than did the resources of their
+        enemies, while others were jealous of the aristocrats among their
+        subjects, and therefore persecuted the well-born in every possible
+        way, or even exterminated their houses, and thus were responsible for
+        the public disasters of their cities and, in private life, for the
+        most infamous crimes. There were some who went so far as to envy mere
+        physical advantages, such as health or good looks, or good condition.
+        And as for a virtuous character among their subjects, they could not
+        bear even to hear of it, but counted it a crime like murder or theft
+        or treason to appear to lay claim to virtue. But perhaps someone will
+        say, and with truth, that these were the actions and practices not of
+        genuine kings but of base and contemptible tyrants. Nay, but that
+        other malady which has been known to attack not only those who were
+        irrational, but some even who were just and mild, I mean the tendency
+        to quarrel with friends who were too prosperous and to wish to humble
+        them and deprive them of their rightful possessions, who I ask has
+        ever dared so much as to mention such conduct in your case? Yet such,
+        they say, was the treatment that Cyrus the Persian, the king's
+        son-in-law, received from his kinsman,<a id="noteref_196" name=
+        "noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> who
+        could not brook the honour in which Cyrus was held by the common
+        people, and Agesilaus also is well known to have resented the honours
+        paid to Lysander by the Ionians.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τούτους οὖν<a id=
+        "noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> πάντας
+        ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἀρετῇ, τοῖς πλουτοῦσι μὲν τὸ πλουτεῖν ἀσφαλέστερον ἢ
+        πατὴρ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισί κατέστησας, εὐγενείας <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων προνοεῖς καθάπερ ἁπάσης
+        πόλεως οἰκιστὴς καὶ νομοθέτης· καὶ τοὶς ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθοῖς πολλὰ
+        μὲν προστιθείς, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξ ἀρχῆς χαριζόμενος, δῆλος [C] εἶ
+        τῷ μεγέθει μὲν τὰς παρὰ τῶν βασιλέων δωρεὰς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, τῇ
+        βεβαιότητι δὲ τῶν ἅπαξ δοθέντων τὰς παρὰ τῶν δήμων χάριτας
+        ἁποκρυπτόμενος. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ μάλα εἰκότως συμβαίνει. οἱ μὲν γὰρ
+        ἐφ᾽ οἷς συνίσασιν αὑτοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσιν ἀγαθοῖς, τοῖς κεκτημένοις
+        βασκαίνουσιν, ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἐστὶ λαμπρὰ καὶ οἷα οὐδενὶ
+        τῶν ἄλλων, τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς προαιρέσεως τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης μακρῷ σεμνότερα,
+        οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτου δεόμενος τῷ κεκτημένῳ φθονήσειεν. [D] ὃ δὴ καὶ σαυτῷ
+        μάλιστα πάντων ὑπάρχειν ἐγνωκὼς χαίρεις μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων
+        ἀγαθοῖς, εὐφραίνει δὲ σε τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων κατορθώματα· καὶ τιμὰς ἐπ᾽
+        αὐτοῖς τὰς μὲν ἐχαρίσω, τὰς δὲ ἤδη μέλλεις, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐνίων βουλεύῃ·
+        καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη σοι πόλεως μιᾶς οὐδὲ ἔθνους ἑνὸς οὐδὲ πολλῶν ὁμοῦ τοῖς
+        φίλοις ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς τιμὰς διανέμειν· ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ
+        βασιλείας [45] ἕλοιο κοινωνόν, ὑπὲρ ἧς τοσοῦτον ὑπομείνας πόνον τὸ
+        τῶν τυράννων γένος ἀνῄρηκας, οὐδὲν ἄξιον τῶν σαυτοῦ κατορθωμάτων
+        ἔργον ὑπέλαβες. καὶ ὅτι μὴ χρείᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ χαίρειν πάντα
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116"
+        id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δωρούμενος ἐπὶ ταύτην ὥρμησας τὴν γνώμην,
+        ἅπασιν οἶμαι γνώριμον γέγονε. τῶν μὲν γὰρ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ἀγώνων
+        κοινωνὸν οὐχ εἵλου, τῆς τιμῆς δὲ τὸν οὐ μετασχόντα τῶν πόνων ἠξίωσας
+        μεταλαβεῖν μόνον, ὅτε μηδὲν ἔτι φοβερὸν ἐδόκει. [B] καὶ τῆς μὲν οὐδὲ
+        ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀφελὼν δῆλος εἶ, τῶν πόνων δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν κοινωνεῖν
+        ἀξιοῖς. πλὴν εἴ που δέοι πρὸς ὀλίγον ἑπόμενον σοι στρατεύεσθαι.
+        πότερον οὖν καὶ περὶ τούτων μαρτύρων τινῶν καὶ τεκμηρίων τῷ λόγῳ
+        προσδεῖ; ἢ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι μὴ ψευδεῖς ἐπεισάγει λόγους;
+        ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐδὲν ἔτι πλέον ἄξιον ἐνδιατρίβειν.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(All these, then,
+        you have surpassed in merit, for you have made their wealth more
+        secure for the rich than a father would for his own children, and you
+        take thought that your subjects shall be well-born, as though you
+        were the founder and law-giver of every single city. Those to whom
+        fortune has been generous you still further enrich, and in many cases
+        men owe all their wealth to your generosity, so that in amount your
+        gifts clearly surpass those of other princes, while, in security of
+        ownership of what has once been given, you cast into the shade any
+        favours bestowed by democracies.<a id="noteref_198" name=
+        "noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> And
+        this is, I think, very natural. For when men are conscious that they
+        lack certain advantages, they envy those who do possess them, but
+        when a man is more brilliantly endowed by fortune than any of his
+        fellows, and by his own initiative has won even higher dignities than
+        fate had assigned him, he lacks nothing, and there is none whom he
+        need envy. And since you realise that in your case this is especially
+        true, you rejoice at the good fortune of others and take pleasure in
+        the successes of your subjects. You have already bestowed on them
+        certain honours, and other honours you are on the point of bestowing,
+        and you are making plans for the benefit of yet other persons. Nor
+        are you content to award to your friends the government of a single
+        city or nation, or even of many such, with the honours attaching
+        thereto. But unless you chose a colleague<a id="noteref_199" name=
+        "noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> to
+        share that empire on whose behalf you had spared no pains to
+        exterminate the brood of usurpers, you thought that no act of yours
+        could be worthy of your former achievements. That you reached this
+        decision not so much because it was necessary as because you take
+        pleasure in giving all that you have to give, is, I suppose, well
+        known to all. For you chose no colleague to aid you in your contests
+        with the usurpers, but you thought it right that one who had not
+        shared in the toil should share in the honour and glory, and that
+        only when all danger seemed to be over. And it is well known that
+        from that honour you subtract not even a trifling part, though you do
+        not demand that he should share the danger even in some small degree,
+        except indeed when it was necessary for a short time that he should
+        accompany you on your campaign. Does my account of this call for any
+        further witnesses or proofs? Surely it is obvious that he who tells
+        the tale would not be the one to introduce a fictitious account. But
+        on this part of my subject I must not spend any more time.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Σωφροσύνης δὲ ὑπὲρ
+        τῆς σῆς καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ ὅσην εὔνοιαν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις ἐνειργάσω, [C]
+        βραχέα διελθεῖν ἴσως οὐκ ἄτοπον. τίς γάρ σ᾽<a id="noteref_200" name=
+        "noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> ἀγνοεῖ
+        τῶν ἁπάντων τοσαύτην ἐκ παίδων τῆς ἀρετῆς ταύτης ἐπιμέλειαν ἐσχηκότα,
+        ὅσην οὐδεὶς ἄλλος τῶν ἔμπροσθεν; καὶ τῆς μὲν ἐν παισὶ σωφροσύνης
+        μάρτυς ὁ πατὴρ γέγονεν ἀξιόχρεως, σοὶ τὰ περὶ τὴς ἀρχὴν καὶ τὰ πρὸς
+        τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς διοικεῖν ἐπιτρέψας μόνῳ, ὄντι γε οὐδὲ πρεσβυτάτῳ τῶν
+        ἐκείνου παίδων· τῆς δὲ ἐν ἀνδράσιν ἅπαντες αἰσθανόμεθα, [D] καθάπερ
+        πολίτου τοῖς νόμοις ὑπακούοντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως τῶν νόμων ἄρχοντος,
+        ἀεί σου προσφερομένου τῷ πλήθει καὶ τοῖς ἐν τέλει. τίς γάρ σ᾽<a id=
+        "noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> ἔγνω
+        μεῖζον ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας φρονήσαντα; τίς δὲ ἐπαρθέντα <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς κατορθώμασι τοσούτοις<a id="noteref_202"
+        name="noteref_202" href="#note_202"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> καὶ
+        τηλικούτοις ἐν βραχεῖ χρόνῳ γενομένοις; ἀλλὰ τὸν Φιλίππου φασὶν
+        Ἀλέξανδρον, ἐπειδὴ τὴν Περσῶν καθεῖλε δύναμιν, οὐ μόνον τὴν ἄλλην
+        δίαιταν πρὸς ὄγκον μείζονα καὶ λίαν ἐπαχθῆ τοῖς πᾶσιν ὑπεροψίαν
+        μεταβαλεῖν, [46] ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ τοῦ φύσαντος ὑπερορᾶν καὶ τῆς
+        ἀνθρωπίνης ἁπάσης φύσεως. ἠξίου γὰρ υἱὸς Ἄμμωνος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ Φιλίππου
+        νομίζεσθαι, καὶ τῶν συστρατευσαμένων ὄσοι μὴ κολακεύειν μηδὲ
+        δουλεύειν ἠπίσταντο τῶν ἑαλωκότων πικρότερον ἐκολάζοντο. ἀλλὰ σοῦ γε
+        τῆς εἰς τὸν πατέρα τιμῆς ἆρα ἄξιον ἐνταῦθα μεμνῆσθαι; ὃν οὐκ ἰδίᾳ
+        μόνον σεβόμενος, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς συλλόγοις διετέλεις
+        ἀνακηρύττων καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν ἥρωα. τῶν φίλων δέ, [B] ἀξιοῖς γὰρ αὐτοὺς
+        οὐκ ἄχρις ὀνόματος μόνον τῆς τιμῆς, πολὺ δὲ πλέον διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων
+        βεβαιοῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν τοὔνομα· ἔστιν οὖν ἄρα τις ὁ μεμφόμενος ἀτιμίαν ἢ
+        ζημίαν ἢ βλάβην ἤ τινα μικρὰν ὑπεροψίαν ἢ μείζονα; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν
+        οὐδαμῶς εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν. τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν γηραιοὶ σφόδρα,
+        ταῖς ἀρχαῖς εἰς τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου παραμείναντες, τὰς
+        ἐπιμελείας τῶν κοινῶν συναπέθεντο τοῖς σώμασι, [C] παισὶν ἢ φίλοις ἤ
+        τισι πρὸς γένους τοὺς κλήρους παραπέμποντες· ἄλλοι δὲ πρὸς τοὺς
+        πόνους καὶ τὰς στρατείας ἀπαγορεύοντες, ἀφέσεως ἐντίμου τυχόντες,
+        ζῶσιν ὄλβιοι· τινὲς δὲ καὶ μετήλλαξαν, εὐδαίμονες παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους
+        εἶναι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name=
+        "Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg121" id=
+        "Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> κρινόμενοι. ὅλως δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν
+        οὐδὲ εἷς, ὃς ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ἠξιώθη τῆς τιμῆς, εἰ καὶ μοχθηρὸς ὕστερον
+        ἐφάνη, τιμωρίας ἔτυχε μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος· ἤρκεσε δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπηλλάχθαι
+        μόνον καὶ μηδὲν ἐνοχλεῖν ἔτι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(A few words about
+        your temperance, your wisdom, and the affection that you inspired in
+        your subjects, will not, I think, be out of place. For who is there
+        among them all who does not know that from boyhood you cultivated the
+        virtue of temperance as no one had ever done before you? That in your
+        youth you possessed that virtue your father is a trustworthy witness,
+        for he entrusted to you alone the management of affairs of state and
+        all that related to your brothers, although you were not even the
+        eldest of his sons. And that you still display it, now that you are a
+        man, we are all well aware, since you ever behave towards the people
+        and the magistrates like a citizen who obeys the laws, not like a
+        king who is above the laws. For who ever saw you made arrogant by
+        prosperity? Who ever saw you uplifted by those successes, so numerous
+        and so splendid, and so quickly achieved? They say that Alexander,
+        Philip's son, when he had broken the power of Persia, not only
+        adopted a more ostentatious mode of life and an insolence of manner
+        obnoxious to all, but went so far as to despise the father that begat
+        him, and indeed the whole human race. For he claimed to be regarded
+        as the son of Ammon instead of the son of Philip, and when some of
+        those who had taken part in his campaigns could not learn to flatter
+        him or to be servile, he punished them more harshly than the
+        prisoners of war. But the honour that you paid to your father need I
+        speak of in this place? Not only did you revere him in private life,
+        but constantly, where men were gathered together in public, you sang
+        his praises as though he were a beneficent hero-god. And as for your
+        friends, you grant them that honour not merely in name, but by your
+        actions you make their title sure. Can any one of them, I ask, lay to
+        your charge the loss of any right, or any penalty or injury suffered,
+        or any overbearing act either serious or trifling? Nay there is not
+        one who could bring any such accusation. For your friends who were
+        far advanced in years remained in office till the appointed end of
+        their lives, and only laid down with life itself their control of
+        public business, and then they handed on their possessions to their
+        children or friends or some member of their family. Others again,
+        when their strength failed for work or military service, received an
+        honourable discharge, and are now spending their last days in
+        prosperity; yet others have departed this life, and the people call
+        them blessed. In short there is no man who having once been held
+        worthy of the honour of your friendship, ever suffered any punishment
+        great or small, even though later he proved to be vicious. For them
+        all that he had to do was to depart and give no further trouble.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἐν δὲ τούτοις
+        ἅπασιν ὢν καὶ γεγονὼς τοιοῦτος ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἡδονῆς ἁπάσης, ᾗ πρόσεστιν
+        ὄνειδος καὶ μικρόν, καθαρὰν τὴν ψυχὴν διεφύλαξας. μόνον δὲ οἶμαι σὲ
+        τῶν πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων, σχεδὸν δὲ πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων καὶ πάντων
+        ἀνθρώπων οὐκ ἀνδράσι μόνον παράδειγμα πρὸς σωφροσύνην παρασχεῖν
+        κάλλιστον, καὶ γυναιξὶ δὲ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας κοινωνίας. [47] ὅσα
+        γὰρ ἐκείναις ἀπαγορεύουσιν οἱ νόμοι τοῦ γνησίους<a id="noteref_203"
+        name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> φύεσθαι
+        τοὺς παῖδας ἐπιμελόμενοι, ταῦτα ὁ λόγος ἀπαγορεύει ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις
+        παρὰ σοί. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἔχων ἔτι πλείονα λίγειν ἀφίημι.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(While this has
+        been your character from first to last in all these relations, you
+        always kept your soul pure of every indulgence to which the least
+        reproach is attached. In fact I should say that you alone, of all the
+        emperors that ever were, nay of all mankind almost, with very few
+        exceptions, are the fairest example of modesty, not to men only but
+        to women also in their association with men. For all that is
+        forbidden to women by the laws that safeguard the legitimacy of
+        offspring, your reason ever denies to your passions. But though I
+        could say still more on this subject, I refrain.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῆς φρονήσεως δὲ
+        ἄξιον μὲν ἔπαινον διελθεῖν οὐδαμῶς εὐχερές, μικρὰ δὲ ὅμως καὶ ὑπὲρ
+        ταύτης ῥητέον. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἔργα τῶν λόγων οἶμαι πιστότερα. οὐ γάρ
+        ἐστιν εἰκὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν [B] καὶ δύναμιν μὴ παρὰ τῆς ἴσης
+        διοικουμένην καὶ κρατουμένην φρονήσεως πρὸς τοσοῦτον μέγεθος
+        ἀφικέσθαι καὶ κάλλος πράξεων· ἀγαπητὸν δὶ, εἰ καὶ τῇ τύχῃ μόνον δίχα
+        φρονήσεως ἐπιτρεπομένη<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href=
+        "#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> ἐπὶ
+        πολὺ μένει.<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href=
+        "#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> ἀνθῆσαι
+        μὲν γὰρ τῇ τύχῃ προσσχόντα πρὸς βραχὺ ῥάδιον, διαφυλάξαι δὲ τὰ
+        δοθέντα ἀγαθὰ δίχα φρονήσεως οὐ λίαν εὔκολον, μᾶλλον <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ ἀδύνατον ἴσως. ὄλως δὲ εἰ χρὴ καὶ περὶ
+        τούτων ἐναργὲς φράζειν τεκμήριον, πολλῶν καὶ γνωρίμων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν.
+        [C] τὴν γὰρ εὐβουλίαν ὑπολαμβάνομεν τῶν περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἀγαθῶν καὶ
+        συμφερόντων ἐξευρίσκειν τὰ κράτιστα. σκοπεῖν οὖν ἄξιον ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων
+        ἁπλῶς, εἰ μὴ τοῦθ᾽ ἕν ἐστι τῶν σοι πραχθέντων. οὐκοῦν ὅπου μὲν ἦν
+        ὁμονοίας χρεία, ἔχαιρες ἐλαττούμενος, ὅπου δὲ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐχρῆν
+        βοηθεῖν, τὸν πόλεμον ἀνείλου<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206"
+        href="#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a>
+        προθυμότατα. καὶ Περσῶν μὲν τὴν δύναμιν καταστρατηγήσας οὐδένα τῶν
+        ὁπλιτῶν ἀποβαλὼν διέφθειρας, τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους δὲ πόλεμον
+        διελὼν τοῦ μὲν ἐκράτησας ταῖς δημηγορίαις, [D] καὶ τὴν μετ᾽ ἐκείνου
+        δύναμιν ἀκέραιον καὶ κακῶν ἀπαθῆ προσλαβὼν κατεπολέμησας μᾶλλον διὰ
+        τῆς συνέσεως ἢ διὰ τῆς ῥώμης τὸν τοσούτων τοῖς κοινοῖς αἴτιον
+        συμφορῶν. βούλομαι δὲ σαφέστερον περὶ τούτων εἰπὼν ἅπασι δεῖξαι, τίνι
+        μάλιστα πιστεύσας<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href=
+        "#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a>
+        τοσούτοις σαυτὸν ἐπιδοὺς πράγμασιν οὐδενὸς ὅλως διήμαρτες. [48]
+        εὔνοιαν οἴει δεῖν παρὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων ὑπάρχειν τῷ βασιλεύοντι ἐρυμάτων
+        ἀσφαλέστατον. ταύτην δὲ ἐπιτάττοντα μὲν καὶ κελεύοντα καθάπερ
+        εἰσφορὰς καὶ φόρους κτήσασθαι παντελῶς ἄλογον. λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν,
+        καθάπερ αὐτὸς ὥρμηκας, τὸ πάντας εὖ ποιεῖν καὶ μιμεῖσθαι τὴν θείαν ἐν
+        ἀνθρώποις φύσιν· πρᾴως <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg
+        124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν ἔχειν πρὸς ὀργήν, [B] τῶν τιμωριῶν δὲ
+        ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὰς χαλεπότητας, πταίσασι δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἐπιεικῶς
+        καὶ εὐγνωμόνως προσφέρεσθαι. ταῦτα πράττων, ταῦτα θαυμάζων, ταῦτα
+        τοῖς ἄλλοις προστάττων μιμεῖσθαι τὴν Ῥώμην μέν, ἔτι τοῦ τυράννου
+        κρατοῦντος τῆς Ἰταλίας, διὰ τῆς γερουσίας εἰς Παιονίαν μετέστησας,
+        προθύμους δὲ εἶχες τὰς πόλεις πρὸς τὰς λειτουργίας.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Your wisdom it is
+        by no means easy to praise as it deserves, but I must say a few words
+        about it. Your actions, however, are more convincing, I think, than
+        my words. For it is not likely that this great and mighty empire
+        would have attained such dimensions or achieved such splendid
+        results, had it not been directed and governed by an intelligence to
+        match. Indeed, when it is entrusted to luck alone, unaided by wisdom,
+        we may be thankful if it last for any length of time. It is easy by
+        depending on luck to flourish for a brief space, but without the aid
+        of wisdom it is very hard, or rather I might say impossible, to
+        preserve the blessings that have been bestowed. And, in short, if we
+        need cite a convincing proof of this, we do not lack many notable
+        instances. For by wise counsel we mean the ability to discover most
+        successfully the measures that will be good and expedient when put
+        into practice. It is therefore proper to consider in every case
+        whether this wise counsel may not be counted as one of the things you
+        have achieved. Certainly when there was need of harmony you gladly
+        gave way, and when it was your duty to aid the community as a whole
+        you declared for war with the utmost readiness. And when you had
+        defeated the forces of Persia without losing a single hoplite, you
+        made two separate campaigns against the usurpers, and after
+        overcoming one of them<a id="noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href=
+        "#note_208"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> by your
+        public harangue, you added to your army his forces, which were fresh
+        and had suffered no losses, and finally, by intelligence rather than
+        by brute force, you completely subdued the other usurper who had
+        inflicted so many sufferings on the community. I now desire to speak
+        more clearly on this subject and to demonstrate to all what it was
+        that you chiefly relied on and that secured you from failure in every
+        one of those great enterprises to which you devoted yourself. It is
+        your conviction that the affection of his subjects is the surest
+        defence of an emperor. Now it is the height of absurdity to try to
+        win that affection by giving orders, and levying it as though it were
+        a tax or tribute. The only alternative is the policy that you have
+        yourself pursued, I mean of doing good to all men and imitating the
+        divine nature on earth. To show mercy even in anger, to take away
+        their harshness from acts of vengeance, to display kindness and
+        toleration to your fallen enemies, this was your practice, this you
+        always commended and enjoined on others to imitate, and thus, even
+        while the usurper still controlled Italy, you transferred Rome to
+        Paeonia by means of the Senate and inspired the cities with zeal for
+        undertaking public services.)</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῶν στρατευμάτων
+        δὲ τὴν εὔνοιαν τίς ἂν ἀξίως διηγήσαιτο; τάξις μὲν ἱππέων πρὸ τῆς ἐν
+        τῇ Μύρσῃ παρατάξεως μεθειστήκει, [C] ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐκράτησας,
+        πεζῶν κατάλογοι καὶ τέλη λαμπρά. ἀλλὰ τὸ μικρὸν μετὰ τὴν τοῦ τυράννου
+        δυστυχῆ τελευτὴν ἐν Γαλατίᾳ γενόμενον κοινὴν ἁπάντων ἔδειξε
+        στρατοπέδων τὴν εὔνοιαν, τὸν θρασυνόμενον καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας καὶ τὴν
+        γυναικείαν ἁλουργίδα περιβαλόμενον ὥσπερ τινὰ λύκον<a id=
+        "noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a>
+        ἐξαίφνης διασπασαμένων. ὅστις δὲ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ γέγονας τῇ πράξει, καὶ
+        ὅπως πρᾴως ἅπασι καὶ φιλανθρώπως τοῖς ἐκείνου γνωρίμοις προσηνέχθης,
+        ὅσοι μηδὲν ἠλέγχοντο ἐκείνῳ συμπράξαντες, πολλῶν ἐφεστηκότων τῇ
+        κατηγορίᾳ συκοφαντῶν, [D] καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον φιλίαν ὑποπτεύειν
+        μόνον κελευόντων, ἐγὼ μὲν ἁπάσης ἀρετῆς τίθεμαι τοῦτο<a id=
+        "noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a>
+        κεφάλαιον. καὶ γὰρ ἐπιεικῶς καὶ δικαίως φημὶ καὶ πολὺ πλέον ἐμφρόνως
+        πεπράχθαι. ὅστις δὲ ἄλλως ἡγεῖται καὶ τῆς περὶ τοῦ πράγματος ἀληθοῦς
+        ὑπολήψεως καὶ τῆς σῆς γνώμης διήμαρτε. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἐλεγχθέντας
+        δίκαιον ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, [49] σώζεσθαι, <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπόπτους δὲ τὰς φιλίας καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φευκτὰς
+        οὐδαμῶς ᾤου δεῖν κατασκευάζειν, ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων εὐνοίας ἐς τοῦτο
+        μεγέθους ἀρθεὶς καὶ πράξεων. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν παῖδα τοῦ τετολμηκότος
+        νήπιον κομιδῇ τῆς πατρῴας οὐδὲν εἴασας μετασχεῖν ζημίας. οὕτω σοι
+        πρὸς ἐπιείκειαν ἡ πρᾶξις ῥέπουσα τελείας ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει γνώρισμα. * *
+        *</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As for the
+        affection of your armies, what description could do it justice? Even
+        before the battle at Myrsa, a division of cavalry came over to your
+        side,<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href=
+        "#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> and
+        when you had conquered Italy bodies of infantry and distinguished
+        legions did the same. But what happened in Galatia<a id="noteref_212"
+        name="noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> shortly
+        after the usurper's miserable end demonstrated the universal loyalty
+        of the garrisons to you; for when, emboldened by his isolated
+        position, another<a id="noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href=
+        "#note_213"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> dared
+        to assume the effeminate purple, they suddenly set on him as though
+        he were a wolf and tore him limb from limb.<a id="noteref_214" name=
+        "noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> Your
+        behaviour after that deed, your merciful and humane treatment of all
+        those of his friends who were not convicted of having shared his
+        crimes, and that in spite of all the sycophants who came forward with
+        accusations and warned you to show only suspicion against friends of
+        his, this I count as the culmination of all virtue. What is more, I
+        maintain that your conduct was not only humane and just, but prudent
+        in a still higher degree. He who thinks otherwise falls short of a
+        true understanding of both the circumstances and your policy. For
+        that those who had not been proved guilty should be protected was of
+        course just, and you thought you ought by no means to make friendship
+        a reason for suspicion and so cause it to be shunned, seeing that it
+        was due to the loyal affection of your own subjects that you had
+        attained to such power and accomplished so much. But the son of that
+        rash usurper, who was a mere child, you did not allow to share his
+        father's punishment. To such a degree does every act of yours incline
+        towards clemency and is stamped with the mint-mark of perfect virtue
+        * * * * *.)<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href=
+        "#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a></p>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name=
+      "Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration II</span></h1>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration
+          II</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Second
+          Oration is a panegyric of the Emperor Constantius, written while
+          Julian, after his elevation to the rank of Caesar, was campaigning
+          in Gaul.<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href=
+          "#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> It
+          closely resembles and often echoes the First, and was probably
+          never delivered. In his detailed and forced analogies of the
+          achievements of Constantius with those of the Homeric heroes,
+          always to the advantage of the former, Julian follows a sophistic
+          practice that he himself condemns,<a id="noteref_217" name=
+          "noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> and
+          though he more than once contrasts himself with the <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“ingenious rhetoricians”</span> he is careful to
+          observe all their rules, even in his historical descriptions of the
+          Emperor's campaigns. The long Platonic digression on Virtue and the
+          ideal ruler is a regular feature of a panegyric of this type,
+          though Julian neglects to make the direct application to
+          Constantius. In the First Oration he quoted Homer only once, but
+          while the Second contains the usual comparisons with the Persian
+          monarchs and Alexander, its main object is to prove, by direct
+          references to the Iliad, that Constantius surpassed Nestor in
+          strategy, Odysseus in eloquence, and in courage Hector, Sarpedon
+          and Achilles.</p>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name=
+        "Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg133" id=
+        "Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ
+          ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian,
+          Caesar)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ
+          ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ Η ΠΕΡΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The Heroic
+          Deeds of the Emperor Constantius, Or, On Kingship)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὸν Ἀχιλλέα
+          φησὶν ἡ ποίησις, ὁπότε ἐμήνισε καὶ διηνέχθη πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα,
+          μεθεῖναι μὲν ταῖν χεροῖν τὴν αἰχμὴν καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα, ψαλτήριον δὲ
+          ἁρμοσάμενον καὶ κιθάραν ᾄδειν καὶ ὑμνεῖν τῶν ἡμιθέων τὰς πράξεις,
+          καὶ ταύτην διαγωγὴν τῆς ἡσυχίας ποιεῖσθαι, εὖ μάλα ἐμφρόνως τοῦτο
+          διανοηθέντα. [D] τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι καὶ παροξύνειν τὸν βασιλέα
+          λίαν αὔθαδες καὶ ἄγριον· τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκείνης ἀπολύεται τῆς
+          μέμψεως ὁ τῆς Θέτιδος, ὅτι τῷι καιρῷ τῶν ἔργων εἰς ᾠδὰς καταχρῆται
+          καὶ κρούματα, ἐξὸν τότε μὲν ἔχεσθαι τῶν ὅπλων καὶ μὴ μεθιέναι,
+          αὖθις δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡσυχίας ὑμνεῖν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ᾄδειν τὰ κατορθώματα.
+          [50] οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονά φησιν ὁ πατὴρ ἐκείνων τῶν λόγων
+          μετρίως καὶ πολιτικῶς προσενεχθῆναι τῷ στρατηγῷ, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπειλῇ τε
+          χρῆσθαι καὶ ἔργοις ὑβρίζειν, τοῦ γέρως ἀφαιρούμενον. συνάγων δὲ
+          αὐτοὺς ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀλλήλοις ἐπὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας μεταμελομένους, τὸν μὲν
+          τῆς Θέτιδος ἐκβοῶντα</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Achilles, as
+          the poet tells us, when his wrath was kindled and he quarrelled
+          with the king,<a id="noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href=
+          "#note_218"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a> let
+          fall from his hands his spear and shield; then he strung his harp
+          and lyre and sang and chanted the deeds of the demi-gods, making
+          this the pastime of his idle hours, and in this at least he chose
+          wisely. For to fall out with the king and affront him was
+          excessively rash and violent. But perhaps the son of Thetis is not
+          free from this criticism either, that he spent in song and music
+          the hours that called for deeds, though at such a time he might
+          have retained his arms and not laid them aside, but later, at his
+          leisure, he could have sung the praises of the king and chanted his
+          victories. Though indeed the author of that tale tells us that
+          Agamemnon also did not behave to his general either temperately or
+          with tact, but first used threats and proceeded to insolent acts,
+          when he robbed Achilles of his prize of valour. Then Homer brings
+          them, penitent now, face to face in the assembly, and makes the son
+          of Thetis exclaim)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀτρείδη, ἦ ἄρ τι τόδ᾽
+                ἀμφοτέροισιν ἄρειον</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἔπλετο, σοὶ καὶ ἐμοί,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Son of
+            Atreus, verily it had been better on this wise for both thee and
+            me!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name=
+          "Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg135" id=
+          "Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] εἶτα
+          ἐπαρώμενον τῇ προφάσει τῇ ἀπεχθείας καὶ ἀπαριθμούμενον τὰς ἐκ τῆς
+          μήνιδος ξυμφοράς, τὸν βασιλέα δὲ αἰτιώμενον Δία καὶ Μοῖραν<a id=
+          "noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> καὶ
+          Ἐρινύν, δοκεῖ μοι διδάσκειν, ὥσπερ ἐν δράματι τοῖς προκειμένοις
+          ἀνδράσιν οἷον εἰκόσι χρώμενος, ὅτι χρὴ τοὺς μὲν βασιλέας μηδὲν
+          ὕβρει πράττειν μηδὲ τῇ δυνάμει πρὸς ἅπαν χρῆσθαι μηδὲ ἐφιέναι τῷ
+          θυμῷ, καθάπερ ἵππῳ θρασεῖ χήτει χαλινοῦ καὶ ἡνιόχου φερομένῳ,
+          παραινεῖν δὲ αὖ τοῖς [C] στρατηγοῖς ὑπεροψίαν βασιλικὴν μὴ
+          δυσχεραίνειν, φέρειν δὲ ἐγκρατῶς καὶ πρᾴως τὰς ἐπιτιμήσεις, ἵνα μὴ
+          μεταμελείας αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος μεστὸς ᾖ.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Later on he
+          makes him curse the cause of their quarrel, and recount the
+          disasters due to his own wrath, and we see the king blaming Zeus
+          and Fate and Erinys. And here, I think, he is pointing a moral,
+          using those heroes whom he sets before us, like types in a tragedy,
+          and the moral is that kings ought never to behave insolently, nor
+          use their power without reserve, nor be carried away by their anger
+          like a spirited horse that runs away for lack of the bit and the
+          driver; and then again he is warning generals not to resent the
+          insolence of kings but to endure their censure with self-control
+          and serenely, so that their whole life may not be filled with
+          remorse.<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" href=
+          "#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα κατ᾽
+          ἐμαυτὸν ἐννοῶν, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, καὶ σὲ μὲν ὁρῶν ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων τὴν
+          Ὁμηρικὴν παιδείαν ἐπιδεικνύμενον καὶ ἐθέλοντα πάντως κοινῇ
+          μὲν<a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href=
+          "#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a>
+          ἅπαντας ἀγαθόν τι δρᾶν, ἡμῖν δὲ ἰδίᾳ τιμὰς καὶ γέρα ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις
+          παρασκευάζοντα, τοσούτῳ δὲ οἶμαι κρείττονα τοῦ τῶν Ἐλλήνων βασιλέως
+          εἶναι ἐθέλοντα, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἠτίμαζε τοὺς ἀρίστους, σὺ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ
+          τῶν φαύλων πολλοῖς τὴν συγγνώμην νέμεις, τὸν Πιττακὸν ἐπαινῶν τοῦ
+          λόγου, ὃς τὴν συγγνώμην τῆς τιμωρίας προυτίθει, [D] αἰσχυνοίμην ἄν,
+          εἰ μὴ τοῦ Πηλέως φαινοίμην εὐγνωμονέστερος μηδὲ<a id="noteref_223"
+          name="noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a>
+          ἐπαινοίην εἰς δύναμιν τὰ προσόντα σοί, οὔτι φημὶ χρυσὸν καὶ ἁλουργῆ
+          χλαῖναν, οὐδὲ μὰ Δία πέπλους παμποικίλους, γυναικῶν ἔργα Σιδωνίων,
+          οὐδὲ ἵππων Νισαίων κάλλη καὶ χρυσοκολλήτων ἁρμάτων ἀστράπτουσαν
+          αἴγλην, [51] οὐδὲ τὴν Ἰνδῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> λίθον εὐανθῆ καὶ χαρίεσσαν. καίτοι γε εἴ τις
+          ἐθέλοι τούτοις τὸν νοῦν προσέχων ἕκαστον ἀξιοῦν λόγου, μικροῦ πᾶσαν
+          οἶμαι τὴν Ὁμήρου ποίησιν ἀποχετεύσας ἔτι δεήσεται λόγων, καὶ οὐκ
+          ἀποχρήσει σοὶ μόνῳ τὰ ξύμπασι ποιηθέντα τοῖς ἡμιθέιος ἐγκώμια.
+          ἀρξώμεθα δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σκήπτρου πρῶτον, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τῆς βασιλείας
+          αὐτῆς· [B] τί γὰρ δή φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλων τῆς τῶν
+          Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας τὴν ἀρχαιότητα καὶ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἡγεμονίας
+          ἐνδείξασθαι;</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When I reflect
+          on this, my beloved Emperor, and behold you displaying in all that
+          you do the result of your study of Homer, and see you so eager to
+          benefit every citizen in the community in every way, and devising
+          for me individually such honours and privileges one after another,
+          then I think that you desire to be nobler than the king of the
+          Greeks, to such a degree, that, whereas he insulted his bravest
+          men, you, I believe, grant forgiveness to many even of the
+          undeserving, since you approve the maxim of Pittacus which set
+          mercy before vengeance. And so I should be ashamed not to appear
+          more reasonable than the son of Peleus, or to fail to praise, as
+          far as in me lies, what appertains to you, I do not mean gold, or a
+          robe of purple, nay by Zeus, nor raiment embroidered all over, the
+          work of Sidonian women,<a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" href=
+          "#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> nor
+          beautiful Nisaean horses,<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225"
+          href="#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> nor
+          the gleam and glitter of gold-mounted chariots, nor the precious
+          stone of India, so beautiful and lovely to look upon. And yet if
+          one should choose to devote his attention to these and think fit to
+          describe every one of them, he would have to draw on almost the
+          whole stream of Homer's poetry and still he would be short of
+          words, and the panegyrics that have been composed for all the
+          demi-gods would be inadequate for your sole praise. First, then,
+          let me begin, if you please, with your sceptre and your sovereignty
+          itself. For what does the poet say when he wishes to praise the
+          antiquity of the house of the Pelopids and to exhibit the greatness
+          of their sovereignty?)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+              "text-align: left; margin-left: 16.20em">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ἀνὰ δὲ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἔστη σκῆπτρον ἔχων, τὸ μὲν
+                Ἥφαιστος κάμε τεύξων,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(Then uprose their lord Agamemnon and in his
+            hand was the sceptre that Hephaistos made and
+            fashioned.)</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_226" name=
+            "noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ἔδωκε Διί, ὁ
+          δὲ τῷ τῆς Μαίας καὶ ἑαυτοῦ παιδί, Ἑρμείας δὲ ἄναξ δῶκε
+          Πέλοπι,<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href=
+          "#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> Πέλοψ
+          δὲ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and gave to
+          Zeus; then Zeus gave it to his own and Maia's son, and Hermes the
+          prince gave it to Pelops, and Pelops)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+              "margin-left: 18.00em; text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">δῶκ᾽ Ἀτρέι ποιμένι λαῶν·</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀτρεὺς δὲ θνήσκων ἔλιπε πολύαρνι
+                Θυέστῃ·</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Αὐτὰρ ὅγ᾽ αὖτε Θυέστ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνονι
+                δῶκε φορῆναι, [C]</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Πολλῇσιν νήσοισι καὶ Ἄργεï παντὶ
+                ἀνάσσειν·</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Gave it to
+            Atreus, shepherd of the host, and Atreus at his death left it to
+            Thyestes, rich in flocks; and he in turn gave it into the hands
+            of Agamemnon, so that he should rule over many islands and all
+            Argos.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Αὕτη σοι τῆς
+          Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας ἡ γενεαλογία, εἰς τρεῖς οὐδὲ ὅλας μείνασα γενεάς·
+          τά γε μὴν τῆς ἡμετέρας ξυγγενείας ἤρξατο μὲν ἀπὸ Κλαυδίου, μικρὰ δὲ
+          ἐν μέσῳ διαλιπούσης τῆς ἡγεμονίας τὼ πάππω τὼ σὼ διαδέχεσθον. καὶ ὁ
+          μὲν τῆς μητρὸς πατὴρ τὴν Ῥώμην διῴκει καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, [D] καὶ τὴν
+          Λιβύην τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ, καὶ Σαρδὼ καὶ Σικελίαν, οὔτι φαυλοτέραν τῆς
+          Ἀργείας καὶ Μυκηναίας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg
+          138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δυναστείαν, ὅ γε μὴν τοῦ πατρὸς γεννήτωρ
+          Γαλατίας ἔθνη τὰ μαχιμώτατα καὶ τοῦς Ἑσπερίους Ἴβηρας καὶ τὰς ἐντὸς
+          Ὠκεανοῦ νήσους, αἳ τοσούτῳ μείζους τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ τῇ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς
+          ὁρωμένων εἰσίν, ὅσῳ καὶ τῆς εἴσω θαλάττης ἡ τῶν Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν
+          ὑπερχεομένη. ταύτας δὲ ὅλας τὰς χώρας καθαρὰς ἀπέφηναν πολεμίων,
+          κοινῇ μὲν ἐπιστρατεύοντες, [52] εἴ ποτε τούτου δεήσειεν,
+          ἐπιφοιτῶντες δὲ ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν ἕκαστος τῶν ὁμόρων
+          βαρβάρων ὕβριν τε καὶ ἀδικίαν ἐξέκοπτον. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν δὴ τούτοις
+          ἐκοσμοῦντο. ὁ πατὴρ δὲ τὴν μὲν προσήκουσαν αὐτῷ μοῖραν μάλα εὐσεβῶς
+          καὶ ὁσίως ἐκτήσατο, περιμείνας τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ
+          γεγεννηκότος, τὰ λοιπὰ δὲ ἀπὸ βασιλείας εἰς τυραννίδας ὑπενεχθέντα
+          δουλείας ἔπαυσε χαλεπῆς, [B] καὶ ἦρξε συμπάντων τρεῖς ὑμᾶς τοὺς
+          αὑτοῦ παῖδας προσελόμενος ξυνάρχοντας. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἄξιον μέγεθος
+          δυνάμεως παραβαλεῖν καὶ τὸν ἐν τῇ δυναστείᾳ χρόνον καὶ πλῆθος
+          βασιλευσάντων;<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href=
+          "#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> ἢ
+          τοῦτο μέν ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ἀρχαῖον, μετιτέον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ
+          θαυμαστέον σου τὴν χλαμύδα ξὺν τῇ πόρπῃ, ἃ δὴ καὶ Ὁμήρῳ διατριβὴν
+          παρέσχεν ἡδεῖαν; λόγου τε ἀξιωτέον πολλοῦ τὰς Τρωὸς ἵππουσ, αἳ
+          τρισχίλιαι οὖσαι</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here then you
+          have the genealogy of the house of Pelops, which endured for barely
+          three generations. But the story of our family began with Claudius;
+          then its supremacy ceased for a short time, till your two
+          grandfathers succeeded the throne. And your mother's father<a id=
+          "noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a>
+          governed Rome and Italy and Libya besides, and Sardinia and Sicily,
+          an empire not inferior certainly to Argos and Mycenae. Your
+          father's father<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href=
+          "#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> ruled
+          the most warlike of all the tribes of Galatia,<a id="noteref_231"
+          name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> the
+          Western Iberians<a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href=
+          "#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> and
+          the islands that lie in the Ocean,<a id="noteref_233" name=
+          "noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> which
+          are as much larger than those that are to be seen in our seas as
+          the sea that rolls beyond the pillars of Heracles is larger than
+          the inner sea.<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href=
+          "#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> These
+          countries your grandfathers entirely cleared of our foes, now
+          joining forces for a campaign, when occasion demanded, now making
+          separate expeditions on their own account, and so they annihilated
+          the insolent and lawless barbarians on their frontiers. These,
+          then, are the distinctions that they won. Your father inherited his
+          proper share of the Empire with all piety and due observance,
+          waiting till his father reached his appointed end. Then he freed
+          from intolerable slavery the remainder, which had sunk from empire
+          to tyranny, and so governed the whole, appointing you and your
+          brothers, his three sons, as his colleagues. Now can I fairly
+          compare your house with the Pelopids in the extent of their power,
+          the length of their dynasty, or the number of those who sat on the
+          throne? Or is that really foolish, and must I instead go on to
+          describe your wealth, and admire your cloak and the brooch that
+          fastens it, the sort of thing on which even Homer loved to linger?
+          Or must I describe at length the mares of Tros that numbered three
+          thousand, and)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο,
+                [C]</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">pastured in
+            the marsh-meadow</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span><a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235"
+            href="#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ τὰ φώρια τὰ
+          ἐντεῦθεν; ἢ τοὺς Θρᾳκίους ἵππους εὐλαβησόμεθα λευκοτέρους μὲν τῆς
+          χιόνος, θεῖν δὲ ὠκυτέρους τῶν χειμερίων πνευμάτων, καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς
+          ἅρματα; καὶ ἔχομέν σε ἐν τούτοις <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπαινεῖν, οἰκίαν τε οἶμαι τὴν Ἀλκίνου καὶ τὰ
+          τοῦ Μενέλεω δώματα καταπληξάμενα καὶ τὸν τοῦ πολύφρονος Ὀδυσσέως
+          παῖδα καὶ τοιαῦτα ληρεῖν ἀναπείσαντα τοῖς σοῖς παραβαλεῖν
+          ἀξιώσομεν, [D] μὴ ποτε ἄρα ἔλασσον ἔχειν ἐν τούτοις δοκῇς, καὶ οὐκ
+          ἀπωσόμεθα τὴν φλυαρίαν; ἀλλ᾽ ὅρα μή τις ἡμᾶς μικρολογίας καὶ
+          ἀμαθίας τῶν ἀληθῶς καλῶν γραψάμενος ἕλῃ. οὐκοῦν ἀφέντας χρὴ τοῖς
+          Ὁμηρίδαις τὰ τοιαῦτα πολυπραγμονεῖν ἐπὶ τὰ τούτων ἐγγυτέρω πρὸς
+          ἀρετήν, καὶ ὧν μείζονα ποιεῖ προμήθειαν, σώματος ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν
+          τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας, θαρροῦντας<a id="noteref_236" name=
+          "noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a>
+          ἰέναι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and the theft
+          that followed?<a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href=
+          "#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> Or
+          shall I pay my respects to your Thracian horses, whiter than snow
+          and faster than the storm winds, and your Thracian chariots? For in
+          your case also we can extol all these, and as for the palace of
+          Alcinous and those halls that dazzled even the son of prudent
+          Odysseus and moved him to such foolish expressions of wonder,<a id=
+          "noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> shall
+          I think it worth while to compare them with yours, for fear that
+          men should one day think that you were worse off than he in these
+          respects, or shall I not rather reject such trifling? Nay, I must
+          be on my guard lest someone accuse and convict me of using
+          frivolous speech and ignoring what is really admirable. So I had
+          better leave it to the Homerids to spend their energies on such
+          themes, and proceed boldly to what is more closely allied to
+          virtue, and things to which you yourself pay more attention, I mean
+          bodily strength and experience in the use of arms.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίνι δήποτε οὖν
+          τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς Ὁμηρικῆς ὑμνουμένων σειρῆνος εἴξομεν; [53] ἔστι μὲν γὰρ
+          τοξότης παρ᾽ αὐτῷ Πάνδαρος, ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ χρημάτων ἥττων, ἀλλα
+          καὶ ἀσθενὴς τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ὁπλίτης φαῦλος, Τεῦκρος τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ
+          Μηριόνης, ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς πελειάδος τῷ τόξῳ χρώμενος, ὁ δὲ ἠρίστευε
+          μὲν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἐδεῖτο δὲ ὥσπερ ἐρύματος καὶ τειχίου. ταῦτά τοι καὶ
+          προβάλλεται τὴν ἀσπίδα, οὔτι τὴν οἰκείαν, τἀδελφοῦ δέ, καὶ
+          στοχάζεται καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν τῶν πολεμίων, γελοῖος ἀναφανεὶς στρατιώτης,
+          [B] ὅς γε ἐδεῖτο μείζονος φύλακος καὶ οὐκ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐποιεῖτο
+          τῆς σωτηρίας τὰς ἐλπίδας. σὲ δῆτα ἐθεασάμην, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ,
+          ἄρκτους καὶ παρδάλεις καὶ λέοντας συχνοὺς καταβάλλοντα <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς ἀφιεμένοις βέλεσι, χρώμενον δὲ πρὸς
+          θήραν καὶ παιδιὰν τόξῳ, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς παρατάξεως ἀσπίς ἐστί σοι καὶ
+          θώραξ καὶ κράνος· καὶ οὐκ ἂν καταδείσαιμι τὸν ἀχιλλέα τοῖς
+          Ἡφαιστείοις λαμπρυνόμενον καὶ ἀποπειρώμενον αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν
+          ὅπλον,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now which
+          one of those heroes to whom Homer devotes his enchanting strains
+          shall I admit to be superior to you? There is the archer Pandaros
+          in Homer, but he is treacherous and yields to bribes<a id=
+          "noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href="#note_239"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a>;
+          moreover his arm was weak and he was an inferior hoplite: then
+          there are besides, Teucer and Meriones. The latter employs his bow
+          against a pigeon<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href=
+          "#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> while
+          Teucer, though he distinguished himself in battle, always needed a
+          sort of bulwark or wall. Accordingly he keeps a shield in front of
+          him,<a id="noteref_241" name="noteref_241" href=
+          "#note_241"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a> and
+          that not his own but his brother's, and aims at the enemy at his
+          ease, cutting an absurd figure as a soldier, seeing that he needed
+          a protector taller than himself and that it was not in his weapons
+          that he placed his hopes of safety. But I have seen you many a
+          time, my beloved Emperor, bringing down bears and panthers and
+          lions with the weapons hurled by your hand, and using your bow both
+          for hunting and for pastime, and on the field of battle you have
+          your own shield and cuirass and helmet. And I should not be afraid
+          to match you with Achilles when he was exulting in the armour that
+          Hephaistos made, and testing himself and that armour to see)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">[C] Εἴ οἱ ἐφαρμόσσειε καὶ
+                ἐντρέχοι ἀγλαὰ γυῖα·</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whether it
+            fitted him and whether his glorious limbs ran free
+            therein;</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀνακηρύττει γὰρ
+          εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν σὴν ἐμπειρίαν τὰ κατορθώματα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(for your
+          successes proclaim to all men your proficiency.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τήν γε μὴν
+          ἱππικὴν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις κουφότητα ἆρά σοι παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον
+          τῶν πρόσθεν τοὺς ἀραμένους ὄνομα καὶ δόξαν μείζονα; ἢ τὸ μὲν οὐδὲ
+          ηὕρητό πω; ἅρμασι γὰρ ἐχρῶντο καὶ οὔπω πώλοις ἄζυξι· τάχει δὲ ὅστις
+          διήνεγκε, τούτῳ πρὸς σὲ γέγονεν ἀμφήριστος κρίσις· [D] τάξιν δὲ
+          κοσμῆσαι καὶ φάλαγγα διατάξαι καλῶς δοκεῖ Μενεσθεὺς κράτιστος, καὶ
+          τούτῳ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁ Πύλιος οὐχ ὑφίεται τῆς ἐμπειρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν
+          μὲν οἱ πολέμιοι πολλάκις τὰς τάξεις συνετάραξαν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ
+          τείχους ἴσχυον ἀντέχειν παραταττόμενοι· σοὶ δὲ μυρίαις μάχαις
+          ξυμμίξαντι καὶ πολεμίοις πολλοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις, οὐκ ἐλάττοσι δὲ
+          τούτων τοῖς οἴκοθεν ἀφεστῶσι καὶ συνεπιθεμένοις τῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν
+          σφετερίσασθαι προελομένῳ ἀρραγὴς ἔμεινεν ἡ φάλανξ καὶ ἀδιάλυτος,
+          [54] οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἐνδοῦσα. καὶ ὅτι μὴ λῆρος ταῦτα μηδὲ
+          προσποίησις λόγων τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg
+          144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων ἀληθείας κρείττων, ἐθέλω τοῖς
+          παροῦσι διεξελθεῖν. γελοῖον γὰρ οἶμαι πρὸς σὲ περὶ τῶν σῶν ἔργων
+          διηγεῖσθαι· καὶ ταὐτὸν ἂν πάθοιμι φαύλῳ καὶ ἀκόμψῳ θεατῇ τῶν
+          Φειδίου δημιουργημάτων πρὸς αὐτὸν Φειδίαν ἐπιχειροῦντι διεξιέναι
+          περὶ τῆς ἐν ἀκροπόλει παρθένου καὶ τοῦ παρὰ τοῖς Πισαίοις Διός. εἰ
+          δὲ ἐς τοὺς ἄλλους ἐκφέροιμι τὰ σεμνότατα τῶν ἔργων, [B] ἴσως ἂν
+          ἀποφύγοιμι τὴν ἁμαρτάδα, καὶ οὐκ ἔσομαι ταῖς διαβολαῖς ἔνοχος· ὥστε
+          ἤδη θαρροῦντα χρὴ λέγειν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As for your
+          horsemanship and your agility in running, would it be fair to
+          compare with you any of those heroes of old who won a name and
+          great reputation? Is it not a fact that horsemanship had not yet
+          been invented? For as yet they used only chariots and not
+          riding-horses. And as for their fastest runner, it is an open
+          question how he compares with you. But in drawing up troops and
+          forming a phalanx skilfully Menestheus<a id="noteref_243" name=
+          "noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> seems
+          to have excelled, and on account of his greater age the
+          Pylian<a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href=
+          "#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> is
+          his equal in proficiency. But the enemy often threw their line into
+          disorder, and not even at the wall<a id="noteref_245" name=
+          "noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> could
+          they hold their ground when they encountered the foe. You, however,
+          engaged in countless battles, not only with hostile barbarians in
+          great numbers, but with just as many of your own subjects, who had
+          revolted and were fighting on the side of one who was ambitious of
+          grasping the imperial power; yet your phalanx remained unbroken and
+          never wavered or yielded an inch. That this is not an idle boast
+          and that I do not make a pretension in words that goes beyond the
+          actual facts, I will demonstrate to my hearers. For I think it
+          would be absurd to relate to you your own achievements. I should be
+          like a stupid and tasteless person who, on seeing the works of
+          Pheidias should attempt to discuss with Pheidias himself the Maiden
+          Goddess on the Acropolis, or the statue of Zeus at Pisa. But if I
+          publish to the rest of the world your most distinguished
+          achievements, I shall perhaps avoid that blunder and not lay myself
+          open to criticism. So I will hesitate no more but proceed with my
+          discourse.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καί μοι μή τις
+          δυσχεράνῃ πειρωμένῳ πράξεων ἅπτεσθαι μειζόνων, εἰ καὶ τὸ τοῦ λόγου
+          συνεκθέοι μῆκος, καὶ ταῦτα θέλοντος ἐπέχειν καὶ βιαζομένου, ὅπως μὴ
+          τῷ μεγέθει τῶν ἔργων ἡ τῶν λόγων ἀσθένεια περιχεομένη διαλυμήνηται·
+          καθάπερ δὴ τὸν χρυσόν φασι τοῦ Θεσπιᾶσιν [C] Ἔρωτος τοῖς πτεροῖς
+          ἐπιβληθέντα τὴν ἀκρίβειαν ἀφελεῖν τῆς τέχνης. δεῖται γὰρ ἀληθῶς τῆς
+          Ὁμηρικῆς σάλπιγγος τὰ κατορθώματα, καὶ πολὺ πλέον ἢ τὰ τοῦ
+          Μακεδόνος ἔργα. δῆλον δὲ ἔσται χρωμένοις ἡμῖν τῷ τρόπῳ τῶν λόγων,
+          ὅνπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς προυθέμεθα. ἐφαίνετο δὲ τῶν βασιλέως ἔργων πρὸς τὰ
+          τῶν ἡρώων πολλὴ ξυγγένεια, καὶ αὐτὸν ἔφαμεν ἁπάντων προφέρειν ἐν ᾧ
+          μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστος διήνεγκε, καὶ ὅπως ἐστὶ τοῦ μὲν δὴ
+          βασιλέως αὐτοῦ βασιλικώτερος, [D] εἴ που μεμνήμεθα τῶν ἐν προοιμίῳ
+          ῥηθέντων, ἐπεδείκνυμεν, ἔσται δὲ καὶ μάλα αὖθις καταφανές. νῦν δὲ,
+          εἰ βούλεσθε, τὰ περί τὰς μάχας καὶ τοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb"
+          id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> πολέμους ἀθρήσωμεν. τίνας οὖν Ὅμηρος
+          διαφερόντως ὕμνησεν Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων; αὐτὰ ὑμῖν
+          ἀναγνώσομαι τῶν ἐπῶν τὰ καιριώτατα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I hope no one
+          will object if, when I attempt to deal with exploits that are so
+          important, my speech should become proportionately long, and that
+          though I desire to limit and restrain it lest my feeble words
+          overwhelm and mar the greatness of your deeds; like the gold which
+          when it was laid over the wings of the Eros at Thespiae<a id=
+          "noteref_246" name="noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> took
+          something, so they say, from the delicacy of its workmanship. For
+          your triumphs really call for the trumpet of Homer himself, far
+          more than did the achievements of the Macedonian.<a id=
+          "noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> This
+          will be evident as I go on to use the same method of argument which
+          I adopted when I began. It then became evident that there is a
+          strong affinity between the Emperor's exploits and those of the
+          heroes, and I claimed that while one hero excelled the others in
+          one accomplishment only, the Emperor excels them all in all those
+          accomplishments. That he is more kingly than the king himself<a id=
+          "noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> I
+          proved, if you remember, in what I said in my introduction, and
+          again and again it will be evident. But now let us, if you please,
+          consider his battles and campaigns. What Greeks and barbarians did
+          Homer praise above their fellows? I will read you those of his
+          verses that are most to the point.)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">[55] Τίς τ᾽ ἂρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος
+                ἔην, σύ μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀνδρῶν ἠδ᾽ ἵππων, οἳ ἃμ᾽
+                Ἀτρείδαισιν ἕποντο.</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀνδρῶν μὲν μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην
+                Τελαμώνιος Αἴας,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν· ὁ γὰρ πολὺ
+                φέρτατος ἦεν.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Tell me,
+            Muse, who was foremost of those warriors and horses that followed
+            the sons of Atreus. Of warriors far the best was Ajax, son of
+            Telamon, so long as the wrath of Achilles endured. For he was far
+            the foremost.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_249" name=
+            "noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ αὖθις ὑπὲρ
+          τοῦ Τελαμωνίου φησίν·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And again he
+          says of the son of Telamon:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Αἴας, ὃς περὶ μὲν εἶδος, περὶ δ᾽
+                ἔργ᾽ ἐτέτυκτο,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">[B] Τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽
+                ἀμύμονα Πηλείωνα.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ajax who in
+            beauty and in the deeds he wrought was of a mould above all the
+            other Danaans, except only the blameless son of
+            Peleus.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href="#note_250"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἑλλήνων μὲν δὴ
+          τούτους ἀρίστους ἀφῖχθαί φησι, τῶν δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς Τρῶας Ἕκτορα καὶ
+          Σαρπηδόνα. βούλεσθε οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ λαμπρότατα ἐπιλεξάμενοι
+          περιαθρῶμεν τὸ μέγεθος; καὶ γάρ πως ἐς ταὐτόν τισι τῶν
+          βασιλέως<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href=
+          "#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a>
+          ξυμφέρεται ἥ τε ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ τοῦ Πηλέως μάχη καὶ ὁ περὶ τὸ τεῖχος
+          τῶν Ἀχαιῶν πόλεμος· [C] Αἴας τε ὑπεραγωνιζόμενος τῶν νεῶν καὶ
+          ἐπιβεβηκὼς τῶν ἰκρίων ἴσως ἂν τυγχάνοι τινὸς ἀξίας εἰκόνος. ἐθέλω
+          δὲ ὑμῖν διγγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ μάχην, ἣν ἠγωνίσατο βασιλεὺς
+          ἔναγχος. ἴστε δὲ ὅθεν ὁ πόλεμος ἐξερράγη, καὶ ὅτι ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ οὐ
+          τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίᾳ διεπολεμήθη. κωλύει δὲ οὐδὲν ὑπομνησθῆναι δι᾽
+          ὀλίγων.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(These two, he
+          says, were the bravest of the Greeks who came to the war, and of
+          the Trojan army Hector and Sarpedon. Do you wish, then, that I
+          should choose out their most brilliant feats and consider what they
+          amounted to? And, in fact, the fighting of Achilles at the river
+          resembles in some respects certain of the Emperor's achievements,
+          and so does the battle of the Achaeans about the wall. Or Ajax
+          again, when, in his struggle to defend the ships, he goes up on to
+          their decks, might be allowed some just resemblance to him. But now
+          I wish to describe to you the battle by the river which the Emperor
+          fought not long ago. You know the causes of the outbreak of the
+          war, and that he carried it through, not from desire of gain, but
+          with justice on his side. There is no reason why I should not
+          briefly remind you of the facts.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ
+          θρασὺς τῆς οὐ προσηκούσης [D] ὀρεχθεὶς ἡγεμονίας κτείνει τὸν
+          ἀδελφὸν βασιλέως <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg
+          148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς κοινωνόν, καὶ ᾔρετο λαμπραῖς
+          ταῖς ἐλπίσιν, ὡς τὸν Ποσειδῶνα μιμησόμενος καὶ ἀποφανῶν οὐ μῦθον
+          τὸν Ὁμήρου λόγον, παντὸς δὲ ἀληθῆ μᾶλλον, ὃς ἔφη περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(A rash and
+          traitorous man<a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href=
+          "#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> tried
+          to grasp at power to which he had no right, and assassinated the
+          Emperor's brother and partner in empire. Then he began to be
+          uplifted and dazzled by his hopes, as though he was about to
+          imitate Poseidon and to prove that Homer's story was not mere
+          fiction but absolutely true, where he says about the god)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Τρὶς μὲν ὀρέξατ᾽ ἰών, τὸ δὲ
+                τέτρατον ἵκετο τέκμωρ,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Αἰγάς,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Three
+            strides did he make, and with the fourth came to his goal, even
+            to Aegae,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_253" name=
+            "noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ὡς ἐντεῦθεν
+          τὴν πανοπλίαν ἀναλαβῶν καὶ ὑποζεύξας τοὺς ἵππους διὰ τοῦ πελάγους
+          ἐφέρετο.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and how he took
+          thence all his armour and harnessed his horses and drove through
+          the waves:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">[56] Γηθοσύνῃ δὲ θάλασσα
+                διίστατο· τοὶ δ᾽ ἐπέτοντο</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ῥίμφα μάλ᾽, οὐδ᾽ ὑπένερθε
+                διαίνετο χάλκεος ἄξων,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And with
+            gladness the sea parted before him, and the horses fared very
+            swiftly, and the bronze axle was not wetted
+            beneath,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἅτε οὐδενὸς
+          ἐμποδὼν ὄντος, πάντων δὲ ἐξισταμένων καὶ ὑποχωρούντων ἐν χαρμονῇ.
+          οὔκουν οὐδὲν αὑτῷ πολέμιον οὐδὲ ἀντίπαλον ᾤετο καταλιπέσθαι, οὐδὲ
+          αὑτὸν κατείργειν οὐδὲ ἓν τὸ μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ Τίγρητος στῆναι ταῖς
+          ἐκβολαῖς. εἵπετο δὲ αὐτῷ πολὺς μὲν ὁπλίτης,<a id="noteref_254"
+          name="noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a>
+          ἱππεῖς δὲ οὐχ ἥττους, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οἳπερ ἄλκιμοι, Κελτοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες
+          Γερμανῶν τε οἱ πρόσοικοι Ῥήνῳ καὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τῇ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ἣν
+          εἴτε Ὠκεανὸν χρὴ καλεῖν εἴτε Ἀτλαντικὴν θάλατταν εἴτε ἄλλῃ τινὶ
+          χρῆσθαι προσωνυμίᾳ προσῆκον, οὐκ ἰσχυρίζομαι· πλὴν ὅτι δὴ αὐτῇ
+          προσοικεῖ δύσμαχα καὶ ῥώμῃ διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν γένη
+          βαρβάρων, οὐκ ἀκοῇ μόνον, ἥπερ δὴ τυγχάνει πίστις οὐκ ἀσφαλής, ἀλλ᾽
+          αὐτῇ πείρᾳ τοῦτο ἐκμαθὼν οἶδα. [C] τούτων δὴ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐξαναστήσας
+          οὐκ ἔλαττον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg
+          150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> πλῆθος τῆς οἴκοθεν αὐτῷ ξυνεπισπομένης<a id=
+          "noteref_255" name="noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a>
+          στρατιᾶς, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ μὲν ὡς οἰκεῖον εἵπετο πολὺ καὶ αὐτῷ
+          ξύμφυλον, τὸ δὲ ἡμέτερον· οὕτω γὰρ καλεῖν ἄξιον· ὁπόσον Ῥωμαίων βίᾳ
+          καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ ξυνηκολούθησεν, ἐοικὸς ἐπικούροις καὶ μισθοφόροις, ἐν
+          Καρὸς εἵπετο τάξει καὶ σχήματι, δύσνουν μέν, ὡς εἰκός, βαρβάρῳ καὶ
+          ξένῳ, μέθῃ [D] καὶ κραιπάλῃ τὴν δυναστείαν περιφρονήσαντι καὶ
+          ἀνελομένῳ, ἄρχοντι δέ, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον τὸν ἐκ τοιούτων προοιμίων καὶ
+          προνομίων ἀρξάμενον. ἡγεῖτο δὲ αὐτὸς οὔτι κατὰ τὸν Τυφῶνα, ὃν ἡ
+          ποιητικὴ τερατεία φησὶ τῷ Διὶ χαλεπαίνουσαν τὴν Γῆν ὠδῖναι, οὐδὲ ὡς
+          γιγάντων ὁ κράτιστος, ἀλλ᾽ οἵαν ὁ σοφὸς ἐν μύθοις Πρόδικος τὴν
+          Κακίαν δημιουργεῖ πρὸς τὴν Ἀρετὴν<a id="noteref_256" name=
+          "noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a>
+          διαμιλλωμένην καὶ ἐθέλουσαν τὸν τοῦ Διὸς ἀναπείθειν παῖδα, ὅτι ἄρα
+          αὐτῷ μάλιστα πάντων τιμητέα εἴη. προάγων [57] δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν μάχην
+          προυφέρετο τὰ τοῦ Καπανέως, βαρβαρίζων<a id="noteref_257" name=
+          "noteref_257" href="#note_257"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> καὶ
+          ἀνοηταίνων, οὔτι μὴν κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον τῇ ῥώμῃ τῆς ψυχῆς πίσυνος οὐδὲ
+          ἀλκῇ τοῦ σώματος, τῷ πλήθει δὲ τῶν ξυνεπομένων βαρβάρων, οἷς δὴ καὶ
+          λείαν ἅπαντα προθήσειν ἠπείλει, ταξίαρχον ταξιάρχῳ καὶ λοχαγὸν
+          λοχαγῷ καὶ στρατιώτην στρατιώτῃ τῶν ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐταῖς ἀποσκευαῖς
+          καὶ κτήμασιν, οὐδὲ τὸ σῶμα ἁφιεὶς ἐλεύθερον. αὔξει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν
+          διάνοιαν ἡ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg
+          152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> βασιλέως<a id="noteref_258" name=
+          "noteref_258" href="#note_258"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a>
+          δεινότης, [B] καὶ ἐκ τῶν δυσχωριῶν εἰς τὰ πεδία κατάγει γανύμενον
+          καὶ οὐ ξυνιέντα, δρασμὸν δὲ ἀτεχνῶς καὶ οὐ στρατηγίαν τὸ πρᾶγμα
+          κρίνοντα. ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἁλίσκεται, καθάπερ ὄρνιθες καὶ ἰχθύες
+          δικτύοις. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν καὶ τὰ πεδία τῶν Παιόνων
+          ἦλθε καὶ ἐδόκει λῷον ἐνταῦθα διαγωνίζεσται, τότε δὴ βασιλεὺς τούς
+          τε ἱππέας ἐπὶ κέρως τάττει χωρὶς ἑκατέρου.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(for nothing
+          stood in his way, but all things stood aside and made a path for
+          him in their joy. Even so the usurper thought that he had left
+          behind him nothing hostile or opposed to him, and that there was
+          nothing at all to hinder him from taking up a position at the mouth
+          of the Tigris. And there followed him a large force of heavy
+          infantry and as many cavalry, yes, and good fighters they were,
+          Celts, Iberians and Germans from the banks of the Rhine and from
+          the coasts of the western sea. Whether I ought to call that sea the
+          Ocean or the Atlantic, or whether it is proper to use some other
+          name for it, I am not sure. I only know that its coasts are peopled
+          by tribes of barbarians who are not easy to subdue and are far more
+          energetic than any other race, and I know it not merely from
+          hearsay, on which it is never safe to rely, but I have learned it
+          from personal experience. From these tribes, then, he mustered an
+          army as large as that which marched with him from home, or rather
+          many followed him because they were his own people, allied to him
+          by the ties of race, but our subjects—for so we must call them—I
+          mean all his Roman troops followed from compulsion and not from
+          choice, like mercenary allies, and their position and <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">rôle</span></span>
+          was like that of the proverbial Carian,<a id="noteref_259" name=
+          "noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> since
+          they were naturally ill-disposed to a barbarian and a stranger who
+          had conceived the idea of ruling and embarked on the enterprise at
+          the time of a drunken debauch, and was the sort of leader that one
+          might expect from such a preface and prelude as that. He led them
+          in person, not indeed like Typho, who, as the poet tells us,<a id=
+          "noteref_260" name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> in
+          his wonder tale, was brought forth by the earth in her anger
+          against Zeus, nor was he like the strongest of the Giants, but he
+          was like that Vice incarnate which the wise Prodicus created in his
+          fable,<a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" href=
+          "#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a>
+          making her compete with Virtue and attempt to win over the son of
+          Zeus,<a id="noteref_262" name="noteref_262" href=
+          "#note_262"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a>
+          contending that he would do well to prize her above all else. And
+          as he led them to battle he outdid the behaviour of Capaneus,<a id=
+          "noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href="#note_263"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> like
+          the barbarian that he was, in his insensate folly, though he did
+          not, like Capaneus, trust to the energy of his soul or his physical
+          strength, but to the numbers of his barbarian followers; and he
+          boasted that he would lay everything at their feet to plunder, that
+          every general and captain and common soldier of his should despoil
+          an enemy of corresponding rank of his baggage and belongings, and
+          that he would enslave the owners as well. He was confirmed in this
+          attitude by the Emperor's clever strategy, and led his army out
+          from the narrow passes to the plains in high spirits and little
+          knowing the truth, since he decided that the Emperor's march was
+          merely flight and not a manoeuvre. Thus he was taken unawares, like
+          a bird or fish in the net. For when he reached the open country and
+          the plains of Paeonia, and it seemed advantageous to fight it out
+          there, then and not before the Emperor drew up his cavalry
+          separately on both wings.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τούτων δὲ οἱ μέν
+          εἰσιν αἰχμοφόροι, θώραξιν ἐλατοῖς καὶ κράνεσιν ἐκ σιδήρου
+          πεποιημένοις σκεπόμενοι· [C] κνημῖδές τε τοῖς σφυροῖς εὖ μάλα
+          περιηρμοσμέναι καὶ περιγονατίδες καὶ περὶ τοὶς μηροῖς ἕτερα τοιαῦτα
+          ἐκ σιδήρου καλύμματα· αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ ἀνδριάντες ἐπὶ τῶν
+          ἵππων φερόμενοι, οὐδὲν ἀσπίδος δεόμενοι. τούτοις εἵπετο τῶν ἄλλων
+          ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀσπίδας φέροντες, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων τοξεύοντες.
+          πεζῶν [D] δὲ ὁ μὲν ὁπλίτης ἦν ἐν τῷ μώσῳ συνάπτων ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερα τοῖς
+          ἱππεῦσιν· ἐξόπισθεν δὲ οἱ σφενδονῆται καὶ τοξόται καὶ ὁπόσον ἐκ
+          χειρὸς βάλλει γυμνὸν ἀσπίδος καὶ θώρακος. οὕτω κοσμηθείσης τῆς
+          φάλαγγος, μικρὰ τοῦ λαιοῦ κέρως προελθόντος ἅπαν τὸ πολέμιον
+          συνετετάρακτο καὶ οὐκ ἐφύλαττε τὴν τάξιν.<a id="noteref_264" name=
+          "noteref_264" href="#note_264"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a>
+          ἐγκειμένων δὲ τῶν ἱππέων καὶ οὐκ ἀνιέντων φεύγει μὲν αἰσχρῶς ὁ τὴν
+          βασιλείαν αἴσχιον ἁρπάσας, λείπει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἵππαρχον καὶ
+          χιλιάρχους καὶ ταξιάρχους πάνυ πολλοὺς καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb"
+          id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐρρωμένως ἀγωνιζομένους, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τὴν
+          ποιητὴν τοῦ τερατώδους καὶ ἐξαγίστου δράματος, [58] ὃς πρῶτος ἐπὶ
+          νοὺν ἐβάλετο μεταποιῆσαι τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ ἀφελέσθαι τοῦ γέρως
+          ἡμᾶς.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Of these troops
+          some carry lances and are protected by cuirasses and helmets of
+          wrought iron mail. They wear greaves that fit the legs closely, and
+          knee-caps, and on their thighs the same sort of iron covering. They
+          ride their horses exactly like statues, and need no shield. In the
+          rear of these was posted a large body of the rest of the cavalry,
+          who carried shields, while others fought on horseback with bows and
+          arrows. Of the infantry the hoplites occupied the centre and
+          supported the cavalry on either wing. In their rear were the
+          slingers and archers and all troops that shoot their missiles from
+          the hand and have neither shield nor cuirass. This, then, was the
+          disposition of our phalanx. The left wing slightly outflanked the
+          enemy, whose whole force was thereby thrown into confusion, and
+          their line broke. When our cavalry made a charge and maintained it
+          stubbornly, he who had so shamefully usurped the imperial power
+          disgraced himself by flight, and left there his cavalry commander
+          and his numerous chiliarchs and taxiarchs, who continued to fight
+          bravely, and in command of all these the real author<a id=
+          "noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> of
+          that monstrous and unholy drama, who had been the first to suggest
+          to him that he should pretend to the imperial power and rob us of
+          our royal privilege.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ τέως
+          μὲν<a id="noteref_266" name="noteref_266" href=
+          "#note_266"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a>
+          ἔχαιρε τῆς πρώτης πείρας οὐκ ἀποσφαλεὶς οὐδὲ ἁμαρτήσας, τέτε δὲ
+          ἐφεστώσας ξὺν δίκῃ ποινὰς ἀπαιτεῖται τῶν ἔργων καὶ ἄπιστον τιμωρίαν
+          εἰσπράττεται. πάντων γὰρ ὁπόσοι τοῦ πολέμου τῷ τυράννῳ συνεφήψαντο
+          ἐμφανὴς μὲν ὁ θάνατος, δήλη δ᾽ ἡ φυγὴ καὶ ἄλλων μεταμέλεια·
+          ἰκέτευον γὰρ πολλόι, [B] καὶ ἔτυχον ἅπαντες συγγνώμης, βασιλέως τὸν
+          τῆς Φέτιδος ὑπερβαλλομένου μεγαλοφροσύνῃ. ὁ μὲν γάρ, ἐπειδὴ
+          Πάτροκλος ἔπεσεν, οὐδὲ πιπράκειν ἁλόντας ἔτι τοὺς πολεμίους ἠξίου,
+          ἀλλ᾽ ἱκετεύοντας περὶ τοῖς γόνασιν ἔκτεινεν· ὁ δὲ ἐκήρυττεν ἄδειαν
+          τοῖς ἐξαρνουμένοις τὴν ξυνωμοσίαν, οὐ θανάτου μόνον ἢ φυγῆς ἤ τινος
+          ἄλλης τιμωρίας ἀφαιρῶν τὸν φόβον, ὥσπερ δὲ ἔκ τινος ταλαιπωρίας καὶ
+          ἄλης δυστυχοῦς τῆς ξὺν [C] τῷ τυράννῳ βιοτῆς κατάγειν σφᾶς ἐπ᾽
+          ἀκεραίοις τοῖς πρόσθεν ἠξίου. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ αὖθις τεύξεται
+          λόγου.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For a time
+          indeed he enjoyed success, and at his first attempt met with no
+          repulse or failure, but on that day he provoked the punishment that
+          justice had in store for his misdeeds, and had to pay a penalty
+          that is hardly credible. For all the others who abetted the usurper
+          in that war met death openly or their flight was evident to all, as
+          was the repentance of others. For many came as suppliants, and all
+          obtained forgiveness, since the Emperor surpassed the son of Thetis
+          in generosity. For Achilles, after Patroclus fell, refused any
+          longer even to sell those whom he took captive, but slew them as
+          they clasped his knees and begged for mercy. But the Emperor
+          proclaimed an amnesty for those who should renounce the conspiracy,
+          and so not only freed them from the fear of death or exile or some
+          other punishment, but, as though their association with the usurper
+          had been due to some misadventure or unhappy error, he deigned to
+          reinstate them and completely cancel the past. I shall have
+          occasion to refer to this again.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη
+          ῥητέον, ὡς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς κειμένοις ἦν οὔτε ἐν τοῖς φεύγουσιν ὁ
+          παιδοτρίβης τοῦ τυράννου. τὸ γὰρ μηδὲ ἐλπίσαι συγγνώμην εὔλογον
+          οὕτω μὲν ἄδικα διανοηθέντα, ἀσεβῆ δὲ ἐργασάμενον, φόνων τε ἀδίκων
+          ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν, πολλῶν μὲν ἰδιωτῶν, [D] πάντων δὲ σχεδὸν
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name=
+          "Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg157" id=
+          "Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὁπόσοι τοῦ βασιλείου γένους
+          μετεῖχον ἁψάμενον, οὔτι ξὺν δείματι οὐδὲ ἄν τις ἐμφύλιον φόνον
+          διανοηθείν δρῶν, παλαμναίους τινὰς καὶ μιάστορας δεδιὼς καὶ
+          ὑφορώμενος ἐκ τοῦ μιάσματος, ἀλλα ὥσπερ τισὶ καθαρσίοις καινοῖς καὶ
+          ἀτόποις τοὺς πρόσθεν ἀπονιπτόμενος ἄνδρα ἐπ᾽ ἀνδρὶ καὶ γυναῖκας ἐπὶ
+          τοῖς φιλτάτοις ἀποκτιννὺς εἰκότως ἀπέγνω τὴν ἱκετηρίαν. ταῦτα εἰκὸς
+          μὲν αὐτὸν διανοηθῆναι, [59] εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχειν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ
+          ἴσμεν ὅ, τί ποτε παθὼν ἢ δράσας ᾤχετο ἄιστος, ἄφαντος. ἀλλ᾽ εἴτε
+          αὐτὸν δαίμων τιμωρὸς ξυναρπάσας, καθάπερ Ὅμηρός φησι τὰς τοῦ
+          Πανδάρεω<a id="noteref_267" name="noteref_267" href=
+          "#note_267"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a>
+          θυγατέρας, ἐπὶ γῆς ἄγει πέρατα ποινὰς ἀπαιτήσων τῶν διανοημάτων,
+          εἴτε αὐτὸν ὁ ποταμὸς ὑποδεξάμενος ἑστιᾶν κελεύει τοὺς ἰχθῦς, οὔτι
+          πω δῆλον. ἄχρι μὲν γὰρ τῆς μάχης αὐτῆς καὶ ὁπηνίκα οἱ λόχοι
+          συνετάττοντο πρὸς φάλαγγα θρασὺς [B] ἦν ἐν μέσοις ἀναστρεφόμενος;
+          ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐπράχθη<a id="noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href=
+          "#note_268"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> τὰ
+          τῆς μάχης, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον, ἀφανὴς ᾤχετο οὐκ οἶδα ὑπὸ τοῦ θεῶν ἢ
+          δαιμόνων κρυφθείς, πλὴν ὅτι γε οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἀμείνοσι ταῖς τύχαις
+          εὔδηλον. οὐ γὰρ δὴ αὖθις ἔμελλε φανεὶς ἐπ᾽ ἐξουσίας ὑβρίζων ἀδεῶς
+          εὐδαιμονήσειν, ὡς ᾤετο, ἀλλα ἐς τὸ παντελὲς ἀφανισθεὶς τιμωρίαν
+          ὑφέξειν αὐτῷ μὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg
+          158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δυστυχῆ, πολλοῖς δὲ ὠφέλιμον καὶ πρὸς
+          ἐπανόρθωσιν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But what I must
+          now state is that the man who had trained and tutored the usurper
+          was neither among the fallen nor the fugitives. It was indeed
+          natural that he should not even hope for pardon, since his schemes
+          had been so wicked, his actions so infamous, and he had been
+          responsible for the slaughter of so many innocent men and women, of
+          whom many were private citizens, and of almost all who were
+          connected with the imperial family. And he had done this not with
+          shrinking nor with the sentiments of one who sheds the blood of his
+          own people, and because of that stain of guilt fears and is on the
+          watch for the avenger and those who will exact a bloody reckoning,
+          but, with a kind of purification that was new and unheard of, he
+          would wash his hands of the blood of his first victims, and then go
+          on to murder man after man, and then, after those whom they held
+          dear, he slew the women as well. So he naturally abandoned the idea
+          of appealing for mercy. But likely as it is that he should think
+          thus, yet it may well be otherwise For the fact is that we do not
+          know what he did or suffered before he vanished out of sight, out
+          of our ken. Whether some avenging deity snatched him away, as Homer
+          says of the daughters of Pandareos,<a id="noteref_269" name=
+          "noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> and
+          even now is carrying him to the very verge of the world to punish
+          him for his evil designs, or whether the river<a id="noteref_270"
+          name="noteref_270" href="#note_270"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> has
+          received him and bids him feed the fishes, has not yet been
+          revealed. For till the battle actually began, and while the troops
+          were forming the phalanx, he was full of confidence and went to and
+          fro in the centre of their line. But when the battle was ended as
+          was fitting, he vanished completely, taken from our sight by I know
+          not what god or supernatural agency, only it is quite certain that
+          the fate in store for him was far from enviable. At any rate he was
+          not destined to appear again, and, after insulting us with
+          impunity, live prosperous and secure as he thought he should; but
+          he was doomed to be completely blotted out and to suffer a
+          punishment that for him indeed was fatal but to many was beneficial
+          and gave them a chance of recovery.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ
+          τὸν μηχανοποιὸν τῆς ὅλης ὑποθέσεως πλείονος ἀξιωθέντα λόγου, [C]
+          μέσῃ τῇ πράξει<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href=
+          "#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a>
+          παρελόμενα τὸ ξυνεχὲς τῆς διηγήσεως, ἐνταῦθά που πάλιν ἀφετέα.
+          ἐπανιτέον δὲ ὅθενπερ ἐξὴλθον καὶ ἀποδοτέον τὸ τέλος τῆς μάχης. οὐ
+          γὰρ δὴ ξὺν τῇ τῶν στρατηγῶν δειλίᾳ καὶ τὰ τῶν στρατιωτῶν πίπτει
+          φρονήματα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τὰ τῆς τάξεως αὐτοῖς διεφθάρη, οὐ κακίᾳ
+          σφῶν, ἀπειρίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ τοῦ τάττοντος, κατὰ λόχους συνιστάμενοι
+          διηγωνίζοντο· καὶ ἦν τὸ ἔργον ἁπάσης ἐλπίδος μεῖζον, [D] τῶν μὲν
+          οὐχ ὑφιεμένων ἐς τὸ παντελὲς τοῖς κρατοῦσι, τῶν δὲ ἐπεξελθεῖν
+          τελέως τῇ νίκῃ φιλοτιμουμένων, ξυμμιγής τε ᾔρετο τάραχος καὶ βοὴ
+          καὶ κτύπος τῶν ὅπλων, ξιφῶν τε ἀγνυμένων ἀμφὶ τοῖς κράνεσι καὶ τῶν
+          ἀσπίδων περὶ τοῖς δόρασιν. ἀνὴρ δὲ ἀνδρὶ ξυνίστατο, καὶ
+          ἀπορριπτοῦντες τὰς ἀσπίδας αὐτοῖς τοῖς ξίφεσιν ὠθοῦντο<a id=
+          "noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href="#note_272"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> μικρὰ
+          τοῦ παθεῖν φροντίζοντες, ἅπαντα δὲ εἰς τὸ δρᾶσαί τι δεινὸν τοὺς
+          πολεμίους τὸν θυμὸν τρέποντες, τοῦ μὴ καθαρὰν αὐτοῖς μηδὲ ἄδακρυν
+          παρασχεῖν τὴν νίκην καὶ τὸ ἀποθνήσκειν ἀνταλλαττόμενοι. [60] καὶ
+          ταῦτα ἔδρων οὐ πεζοὶ μόνον πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσοις τῶν
+          ἱππέων ὑπὸ τῶν θραυμάτων ἀχρεῖα παντελῶς ἐγεγόνει τὰ δόρατα.<a id=
+          "noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href="#note_273"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a>
+          ξυστοὶ δέ εἰσιν εὐμήκεις, οὓς συγκαταγνύντες καὶ ἀποπηδῶντες εἰς
+          τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ χρόνον μὲν τινα χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις
+          ἀντεῖχον· ἐπεὶ δὲ οἵ τε ἱππεῖς ἔβαλλον ἐκ τόξων πόρρωθεν
+          ἐφιππαζόμενοι<a id="noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href=
+          "#note_274"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a> καὶ
+          οἱ θωρακοφόροι πυκναῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐχρῶντο ταῖς ἐπελάσεσιν ἅτε [B]
+          ἐν πεδίῳ καθαρῷ καὶ λείῳ νύξ τε ἐπέλαβεν, ἐνταῦθα οἱ μὲν ἀπέφευγον
+          ἄσμενοι, οἱ δὲ ἐδίωκον καρτερῶς ἄχρι τοῦ χάρακος, καὶ αὐτὸν
+          αἱροῦσιν αὐταῖς ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ ἀνδραπόδοις καὶ κτήνεσιν. ἀρξαμένης
+          δὲ, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἄρτι τῆς τροπῆς τῶν πολεμίων καὶ τῶν διωκόντων οὐκ
+          ἀνιέντων, ἐπὶ τὸ λαιὸν ὠθοῦνται, ἵναπερ ὁ ποταμὸς ἦν τοῖς κρατοῦσιν
+          ἐν δεξιᾳ. ἐνταῦθα δὲ ὁ πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, [C] καὶ ἐπλήσθη νεκρῶν
+          ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ ἵππων ἀναμίξ. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ὁ Δρᾶος ἐῴκει Σκαμάνδρῳ, οὐδὲ
+          ἦν εὐμενὴς τοῖς φεύγουσιν, ὡς τοὺς μὲν νεκροὺς αὐτοῖς ὅπλοις
+          ἐξωθεῖν καὶ ἀπορριπτεῖν τῶν ῥευμάτων, τοὺς ζῶντας δὲ ξυγκαλύπτειν
+          καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν ἀσφαλῶς ταῖς δίναις. τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ ποταμὸς ὁ Τρὼς
+          τυχὸν μὲν ὑπὸ εὐνοίας ἔδρα, τυχὸν δὲ οὕτως ἔχων μεγέθους, ὡς ῥᾴδιον
+          παρέχειν βαδίζειν τε ἐθέλοντι καὶ νηχομένῳ τὸν πόρον· ἐπεὶ [D] καὶ
+          γεφυροῦται μιᾶς ἐμβληθείσης εἰς αὐτὸν πτελέας, ἅπας τε ἀναμορμύρων
+          ἀφρῷ καὶ αἵματι πλάζ᾽ ὤμους Ἀχιλῆος, εἰ χρὴ καὶ τοῦτο πιστεῦσαι,
+          βιαιότερον δὲ οὐδὲν εἰργάζετο· καὶ ἐπιλαβόντος ὀλίγου καύματος
+          ἀπαγορεύει τὸν πόλεμον καὶ ἐξόμνυται τὴν ἐπικουρίαν. Ὁμήρου δὲ
+          ἔοικεν εἶναι καὶ τοῦτο παίγνιον, καινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον μονομαχίας
+          τρόπον ἐπινοήσαντος. ἐπεὶ καὶ τἆλλα <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δῆλός ἐστιν Ἀχιλλεῖ χαριζόμενος, καὶ ὥσπερ
+          [61] θεατὰς ἄγων τὸ στράτευμα μόνον ἄμαχον καὶ ἀνυπόστατον ἐπάγει
+          τοῖς πολεμίοις, κτείνοντα μὲν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, τρεπόμενον δὲ
+          ἁπαξαπλῶς πάντας φωνῇ καὶ σχήματι καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων ταῖς προσβολαῖς,
+          ἀρχομένης τε οἶμαι τῆς παρατάξεως καὶ<a id="noteref_275" name=
+          "noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> ἐπὶ
+          τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου ταῖς ᾐόσιν, ἕως εἰς τὸ τεῖχος ἄσμενοι ξυνελέγησαν οἱ
+          διαφυγόντες. ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος πολλοῖς ἔπεσι διηγούμενος καὶ θεῶν
+          ἀναπλάττων μάχας καὶ ἐπικοσμῶν μύθοις τὴν ποίησιν δεκάζει τοὺς
+          κριτὰς καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει δικαίαν φέρειν καὶ ἀψευδῆ ψῆφον. [B] ὅστις
+          δὲ ἐθέλει μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοὺ κάλλους ἐξαπατᾶσθαι τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῶν
+          ἔξωθεν ἐπιφερομένων πλασμάτων, † ὥσπερ ἐν ἐρχῇ περὶ ἀρωμάτων τινῶν
+          καὶ χρωμάτων,†<a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href=
+          "#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a>
+          ἀρεοπαγίτης ἔστω κριτής, καὶ οὐκ εὐλαβησόμεθα τὴν κρίσιν. εἶναι μὲν
+          γὰρ ἀγαθὸν στρατιώτην ὁμολογοῦμεν τὸν Πηλέως, ἐκ τῆς ποιήσεως
+          ἀναπειθόμενοι. κτείνει μὲν ἄνδρας εἴκοσι,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now though it
+          would be well worth while to devote more of my speech to this man
+          who was the author of that whole enterprise, yet it breaks the
+          thread of my narrative, which had reached the thick of the action.
+          So I must leave that subject for the present, and going back to the
+          point where I digressed, describe how the battle ended. For though
+          their generals showed such cowardice, the courage of the soldiers
+          was by no means abated. When their line was broken, which was due
+          not to their cowardice but to the ignorance and inexperience of
+          their leader, they formed into companies and kept up the fight. And
+          what happened then was beyond all expectation; for the enemy
+          refused altogether to yield to those who were defeating them, while
+          our men did their utmost to achieve a signal victory, and so there
+          arose the wildest confusion, loud shouts mingled with the din of
+          weapons, as swords were shattered against helmets and shields
+          against spears. It was a hand to hand fight, in which they
+          discarded their shields and attacked with swords only, while,
+          indifferent to their own fate, and devoting the utmost ardour to
+          inflicting severe loss on the foe, they were ready to meet even
+          death if only they could make our victory seem doubtful and dearly
+          bought. It was not only the infantry who behaved thus to their
+          pursuers, but even the cavalry, whose spears were broken and were
+          now entirely useless. Their shafts are long and polished, and when
+          they had broken them they dismounted and transformed themselves
+          into hoplites. So for some time they held their own against the
+          greatest odds. But since our cavalry kept shooting their arrows
+          from a distance as they rode after them, while the cuirassiers made
+          frequent charges, as was easy on that unobstructed and level plain,
+          and moreover night overtook them, the enemy were glad at last to
+          take to flight, while our men kept up a vigorous pursuit as far as
+          the camp and took it by assault, together with the baggage and
+          slaves and baggage animals. Directly the rout of the enemy had
+          begun, as I have described, and while we kept up a hot pursuit,
+          they were driven towards the left, where the river was on the right
+          of the victors. And there the greatest slaughter took place, and
+          the river was choked with the bodies of men and horses,
+          indiscriminately. For the Drave was not like the Scamander, nor so
+          kind to the fugitives; it did not put ashore and cast forth from
+          its waters the dead in their armour, nor cover up and hide securely
+          in its eddies those who escaped alive. For that is what the Trojan
+          river did<a id="noteref_277" name="noteref_277" href=
+          "#note_277"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a>,
+          perhaps out of kindness, perhaps it was only that it was so small
+          that it offered an easy crossing to one who tried to swim or walk.
+          In fact, when a single poplar was thrown into it, it formed a
+          bridge,<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href=
+          "#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> and
+          the whole river roared with foam and blood and beat upon the
+          shoulders of Achilles,<a id="noteref_279" name="noteref_279" href=
+          "#note_279"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> if
+          indeed we may believe even this, but it never did anything more
+          violent. When a slight fire scorched it, it gave up fighting at
+          once and swore not to play the part of ally. However this, too, was
+          probably a jest on Homer's part, when he invented that strange and
+          unnatural sort of duel. For in the rest of the poem also he
+          evidently favours Achilles, and he sets the army there as mere
+          spectators while he brings Achilles on to the field as the only
+          invincible and resistless warrior, and makes him slay all whom he
+          encounters and put every one of the foe to flight, simply by his
+          voice and bearing and the glance of his eyes, both when the battle
+          begins and on the banks of the Scamander, till the fugitives were
+          glad to gather within the wall of the city. Many verses he devotes
+          to relating this, and then he invents the battles of the gods, and
+          by embellishing his poem with such tales he corrupts his critics
+          and prevents us from giving a fair and honest vote. But if there be
+          any one who refuses to be beguiled by the beauty of the words and
+          the fictions that are imported into the poem ...<a id="noteref_280"
+          name="noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a>,
+          then, though he is as strict as a member of the Areopagus, I shall
+          not dread his decision. For we are convinced by the poem that the
+          son of Peleus is a brave soldier. He slays twenty men; then)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ζωοὺς δ᾽ ἐκ ποταμοῖο δυώδεκα
+                λέξατο κούρους,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Τοὺς ἐξῆγε θύραζε τεθηπότας ἠύτε
+                νεβρούς,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ποινὴν Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο
+                θανόντος.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He chose
+            twelve youths alive out of the river and led them forth amazed
+            like fawns to atone for the death of Patroclus, son of
+            Menoitius.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span><a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281"
+            href="#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τοσαύτην μέντοι
+          ἤνεγκεν εἰς τὰ πράγματα τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἡ νίκη τὴν ῥοπήν, [C] ὥστε οὐδὲ
+          μείζονα φόβον τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐνέβαλεν οὐδὲ ἀπογνῶναι ἐς τὸ παντελὲς
+          ὑπὲρ σφῶν ἐποίει. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἆρ᾽ ἑτέρου τινὸς μάρτυρος δεησόμεθα τὸν
+          Ὅμηρον παραλιπόντες; [D] καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη τῶν ἐπῶν μνησθῆναι, ἃ
+          πεποίηκεν ἐκεῖνος, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς ἦλθεν ὁ Πρίαμος φέρων ὑπὲρ
+          τοῦ παιδὸς τὰ λύτρα; ἐρομένου γὰρ μετὰ τὰς διαλύσεις, ὑπὲρ<a id=
+          "noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> ὧν
+          ἀφῖκτο, τοῦ τῆς Θέτιδος υἱέος</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But his
+          victory, though it had some influence on the fortunes of the
+          Achaeans, was not enough to inspire any great fear in the enemy,
+          nor did it make them wholly despair of their cause. On this point
+          shall we set Homer aside and demand some other witness? Or is it
+          not enough to recall the verses in which he describes how Priam
+          came to the ships bringing his son's ransom? For after he had made
+          the truce for which he had come, and the son of Thetis asked:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ποσσῆμαρ μέμονας κτερεïζέμεν
+                Ἕκτορα δῖον,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For how
+            many days dost thou desire to make a funeral for noble
+            Hector?</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τά τε ἄλλα
+          διέξεισι καὶ περὶ τοῦ πολέμου φησί·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(He told him not
+          only that, but concerning the war he said:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Τῇ δὲ δυωδεκάτῃ
+                πολεμίξομεν,</span><a id="noteref_283" name="noteref_283"
+                href="#note_283"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style=
+                "text-align: left"><span style=
+                "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a>
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">εἴπερ ἀνάγκη.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And on the
+            twelfth day we will fight again, if fight we
+            must.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_284" name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[62] οὕτως οὐδὲ
+          ἐπαγγέλλειν ὀκνεῖ μετὰ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν τὸν πόλεμον. ὁ δὲ ἀγεννὴς καὶ
+          δειλὸς τύραννος ὄρη τε ὑψηλὰ προυτείνετο τῆς αὑτοῦ φυγῆς καὶ
+          ἐξοικοδομήσας ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς φρούρια οὐδὲ τῇ τῶν τόπων ὀχυρότητι
+          πιστεύει, ἀλλὰ ἱκετεύει συγγνώμης τυγχάνειν. καὶ ἔτυχεν ἄν,<a id=
+          "noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href="#note_285"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> εἴπερ
+          ἦν ἄξιος καὶ μὴ ἐφωράθη πολλάκις ἄπιστος καὶ θρασύς, ἄλλα ἐπ᾽
+          ἄλλοις προστιθεὶς ἀδικήματα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(You see he does
+          not hesitate to announce that war will be resumed after the
+          armistice. But the unmanly and cowardly usurper sheltered his
+          flight behind lofty mountains and built forts on them; nor did he
+          trust even to the strength of the position, but begged for
+          forgiveness. And he would have obtained it had he deserved it, and
+          not proved himself on many occasions both treacherous and insolent,
+          by heaping one crime on another.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ μὲν δὴ κατὰ
+          τὴν μάχην, εἰ μὴ δόξῃ τις τῶν διηγουμένων προσέχειν ἐθέλοι μηδὲ [B]
+          ἔπεσιν εὖ πεποιημένοις, ἐς αὐτὰ δὲ ὁρᾶν τὰ ἔργα, κρινέτω. ἑξῆς δ᾽,
+          εἰ βούλεσθε τὴν Αἴαντος ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους τῶν
+          Ἀχαιῶν ἀντιθεῖναι μάχην τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης ἔργοις· ᾗ δὴ
+          Μυγδόνιος ποταμῶν κάλλιστος τὴν αὑτοῦ προστίθησι <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> φήμην, οὔσῃ δὲ καὶ Ἀντιόχου βασιλέως ἐπωνύμῳ·
+          γέγονε δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ ἕτερον ὄνομα βάρβαρον, σύνηθες τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑπὸ
+          τῆς πρὸς τοὺς τῇδε βαρβάρους ἐπιμιξίας· ταύτην δὴ τὴν πὸλιν στρατὸς
+          ἀμήχανος πλήθει Παρθυαίων [C] ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς περιέσχεν, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὸν
+          τύραννον βαδίζειν προύκειτο· καὶ ὅπερ Ἡρακλεῖ φασιν ἐπὶ τὸ Λερναῖον
+          ἰόντι θηρίον συνενεχθῆναι, τὸν θαλάττιον καρκίνον, τοῦτο ἦν ὁ
+          Παρθυαίων βασιλεὺς ἐκ τῆς ἠπείρου Τίγρητα διαβὰς καὶ
+          περιτειχίζων<a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href=
+          "#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> τὴν
+          πόλιν χώμασιν· εἶτα εἰς ταῦτα δεχόμενος τὸν Μυγδόνιον λίμνην
+          ἀπέφηνε τὸ περὶ τῷ ἄστει χωρίον καὶ ὥσπερ νῆσον ἐν αὐτῇ συνεῖχε τὴν
+          πόλιν, [D] μικρὸν ὑπερεχουσῶν καὶ ὑπερφαινομένων τῶν ἐπάλξεων.
+          ἐπολιόρκει δὲ ναῦς τε ἐπάγων καὶ ἐπὶ νεῶν μηχανάς· καὶ ἦν οὐχ
+          ἡμέρας ἔργον, μηνῶν δὲ οἶμαι σχεδόν τι τεττάρων. οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ τείχει
+          συνεχῶς ἀπεκρούοντο τοὺς βαρβάρους καταπιμπράντες τὰς μηχανὰς τοῖς
+          πυρφόροις· ναῦς δὲ ἀνεῖλκον πολλὰς μὲν ἐκ τοῦ τείχους, ἄλλαι δὲ
+          κατεάγνυντο ὑπὸ ῥώμης τῶν ἀφιεμένων ὀργάνων καὶ βάρους τῶν βελῶν.
+          [63] ἐφέροντο γὰρ εἰς αὐτὰς λίθοι ταλάντων ὁλκῆς Ἀττικῶν ἑπτά. καὶ
+          ἐπειδὴ συχναῖς ἡμέραις ταῦτ᾽ ἐδρᾶτο, ῥήγνυται μέρος τοῦ χώματος καὶ
+          ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων εἰσρεῖ<a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href=
+          "#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a>
+          πλήμμυρα, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ τείχους μέρος οὐκ ἔλασσον πήχεων ἑκατὸν
+          συγκατηνέχθη.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now with
+          regard to the battle, if there be anyone who declines to heed
+          either the opinion expressed in my narrative or those admirably
+          written verses, but prefers to consider the actual facts, let him
+          judge from those. Accordingly we will next, if you please, compare
+          the fighting of Ajax in defence of the ships and of the Achaeans at
+          the wall with the Emperor's achievements at that famous city. I
+          mean the city to which the Mygdonius, fairest of rivers, gives its
+          name, though it has also been named after King Antiochus. Then,
+          too, it has another, a barbarian name<a id="noteref_288" name=
+          "noteref_288" href="#note_288"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> which
+          is familiar to many of you from your intercourse with the
+          barbarians of those parts. This city was besieged by an
+          overwhelming number of Parthians with their Indian allies, at the
+          very time when the Emperor was prepared to march against the
+          usurper. And like the sea crab which they say engaged Heracles in
+          battle when he sallied forth to attack the Lernaean monster,<a id=
+          "noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href="#note_289"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> the
+          King of the Parthians, crossing the Tigris from the mainland,
+          encircled the city with dykes. Then he let the Mygdonius flow into
+          these, and transformed all the space about the city into a lake,
+          and completely hemmed it in as though it were an island, so that
+          only the ramparts stood out and showed a little above the water.
+          Then he besieged it by bringing up ships with siege-engines on
+          board. This was not the work of a day, but I believe of almost four
+          months. But the defenders within the wall continually repulsed the
+          barbarians by burning the siege-engines with their fire-darts. And
+          from the wall they hauled up many of the ships, while others were
+          shattered by the force of the engines when discharged and the
+          weight of the missiles. For some of the stones that were hurled on
+          to them weighed as much as seven Attic talents.<a id="noteref_290"
+          name="noteref_290" href="#note_290"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> When
+          this had been going on for many days in succession, part of the
+          dyke gave way and the water flowed in in full tide, carrying with
+          it a portion of the wall as much as a hundred cubits long.<a id=
+          "noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href="#note_291"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐνταῦθα κοσμεῖ
+          τὴν στρατιὰν τὸν Περσικὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg
+          168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τρόπον. διασώζουσι γὰρ καὶ ἀπομιμοῦνται τὰ
+          Περσικὰ οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, Παρθυαῖοι νομίζεσθαι, [B]
+          Πέρσαι δὲ εἶναι προσποιούμενοι. ταῦτά τοι καὶ στολῇ Μηδικῇ
+          χαίρουσι. καὶ ἐς μάχας ἔρχονται ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις ὅπλοις τε
+          ἀγαλλόμενοι τοιούτοις καὶ ἐσθήμασιν ἐπιχρύσοις καὶ ἁλουργέσι.
+          σοφίζονται δὲ ἐντεῦθεν τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν ἀφεστάναι Μακεδόνων, ἀναλαβεῖν
+          δὲ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχαίου βασιλείαν προσήκουσαν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς
+          Ξέρξην μιμούμενος ἐπί τινος χειροποιήτου καθῆστο γηλόφου,
+          προῆγε<a id="noteref_292" name="noteref_292" href=
+          "#note_292"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> δὲ ἡ
+          στρατιὰ ξὺν τοῖς θηρίοις. ταῦτα δὲ ἐξ Ἰνδῶν εἵπετο, καὶ ἔφερεν ἐκ
+          σιδήρου πύργους τοξοτῶν πλήρεις. ἡγοῦντο δὲ αὐτῶν ἱππεῖς οἱ
+          θωρακοφόροι καὶ οἱ τοξόται, [C] ἕτερον ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀμήχανον. τὸ
+          πεζὸν γάρ σφιν ἀχρεῖον ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ καθέστηκεν οὔτε ἐντίμου
+          μετέχον τάξεως οὔτε ὄν σφιν ἐν χρείᾳ, πεδιάδος οὔσης καὶ ψιλῆς τῆν
+          χώρας ὁπόσην νέμονται ἔιοκε γὰρ δὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα πρὸς τὰς τοῦ πολέμου
+          χρείας τιμῆς καὶ ἀτιμίας ἀξιοῦσθαι. ὡς οὖν ἀχρεῖον τῇ φύσει οὐδὲ ἐκ
+          τῶν νόμων πολυωρίας ἀξιοῦται. συνέβη δὲ οὕτω καὶ περὶ τὴν Κρήτην
+          καὶ Καρίαν καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις [D] δὲ μυρίοις ἔθνεσι τὰ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον
+          κατασκευασθῆναι. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ Θετταλῶν οὖσα πεδιὰς ἱππεῦσιν
+          ἐναγωνίζεσθαι καὶ ἐμμελετᾶν ἐπιτήδειος ἐφάνη. τὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς
+          ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ἅτε ἐς ἀντιπάλους παντοδαποὺς καταστάντα, εὐβουλίᾳ
+          καὶ τύχῃ περιγενόμενα, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg
+          170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἰκότως ἐς ἅπαν εἶδος ὅπλων τε καὶ παρασκευῆς
+          ἄλλης<a id="noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href=
+          "#note_293"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a>
+          ἡρμόσθη.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Thereupon he
+          arrayed the besieging army in the Persian fashion. For they keep up
+          and imitate Persian customs, I suppose, because they do not wish to
+          be considered Parthians, and so pretend to be Persians. That is
+          surely the reason why they prefer the Persian manner of dress. And
+          when they march to battle they look like them, and take pride in
+          wearing the same armour, and raiment adorned with gold and purple.
+          By this means they try to evade the truth and to make it appear
+          that they have not revolted from Macedon, but are merely resuming
+          the empire that was theirs of old. Their king, therefore, imitating
+          Xerxes, sat on a sort of hill that had been artificially made, and
+          his army advanced accompanied by their beasts.<a id="noteref_294"
+          name="noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> These
+          came from India and carried iron towers full of archers. First came
+          the cavalry who wore cuirasses, and the archers, and then the rest
+          of the cavalry in huge numbers. For infantry they find useless for
+          their sort of fighting and it is not highly regarded by them. Nor,
+          in fact, is it necessary to them, since the whole of the country
+          that they inhabit is flat and bare. For a military force is
+          naturally valued or slighted in proportion to its actual usefulness
+          in war. Accordingly, since infantry is, from the nature of the
+          country, of little use to them, it is granted no great
+          consideration in their laws. This happened in the case of Crete and
+          Caria as well, and countless nations have a military equipment like
+          theirs. For instance the plains of Thessaly have proved suitable
+          for cavalry engagements and drill. Our state, on the other hand,
+          since it has had to encounter adversaries of all sorts, and has won
+          its pre-eminence by good judgment combined with good luck, has
+          naturally adapted itself to every kind of armour, and to a varying
+          equipment.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν
+          ἴσως οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν λόγον, ὡς ἂν εἴποιεν οἱ ταῖς τῶν ἐπαίνων
+          τέχναις καθάπερ νόμοις ἐπιτεταγμένοι· ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν τί σοι προσήκει
+          καὶ τούτων, ἐν καιρῷ σκέψομαι, [64] τά γε μὴν ὀνείδη τῶν ἀνθρώπων
+          οὐ χαλεπῶς ἀπολύομαι. φημὶ γὰρ ὡς οὔτε ἐγὼ τῶν τεχνῶν μεταποιοῦμαι
+          οὔτε ὅστις μή τισιν ὡμολόγησεν ἐμμενεῖν ἀδικεῖ μὴ φυλάττων ταῦτα·
+          τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἄλλων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν εὐπρεπῶν παραιτήσεων. ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ
+          ἄξιον μακρότερον εἰς οὐδὲν δέον ἀπαρτᾶν τὸν λόγον καὶ ἀποπλανᾶσθαι
+          τῆς ὑποθέσεως. ἐπαναβῶμεν οὖν αὖθις εἰς ἴχνος καὶ ὅθεν ἐξέβην.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps
+          those who watch over the rules for writing panegyric as though they
+          were laws, may say that all this is irrelevant to my speech. Now
+          whether what I have been saying partly concerns you I shall
+          consider at the proper time. But at any rate I can easily clear
+          myself from the accusation of such persons. For I declare that I
+          make no claim to be an expert in their art, and one who has not
+          agreed to abide by certain rules has the right to neglect them. And
+          it may be that I shall prove to have other convincing excuses
+          besides. But it is not worth while to interrupt my speech and
+          digress from my theme any longer when there is no need. Let me,
+          then, retrace my steps to the point at which I digressed.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ
+          οἱ Παρθυαῖοι κοσμηθέντες ὅπλοις αὐτοί τε καὶ ἵπποι ξὺν τοῖς
+          Ἰνδικοῖς θηρίοις προσῆγον τῷ τείχει, λαμπροὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν ὡς αὐτίκα
+          μάλα ἀναρπασόμενοι,<a id="noteref_295" name="noteref_295" href=
+          "#note_295"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a> καὶ
+          ἐδέδοτό σφιν τοῦ πρόσω χωρεῖν τὸ σημεῖον, ὠθοῦντο ξύμπαντες, αὐτός
+          τις ἐθέλων πρῶτος ἐσαλέσθαι τὸ τεῖχος καὶ οἴχεσθαι φέρων τὸ ἐπ᾽
+          αὐτῷ κλέος· εἶναί τε οὐδὲν ἐτόπαζον δέος· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑπομενεῖν σφῶν
+          τὴν ὁρμὴν τοὺς ἔνδον. [C] Παρθυαίοις μὲν τοσοῦτον περιῆν ἐλπίδος.
+          οἱ δὲ πυκνήν τε εἶχον τὴν φάλαγγα κατὰ τὸ διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους,
+          καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ συνεστῶτος ὁπόσον ἦν ἀχρεῖον πλῆθος <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐν τῇ πόλει κατέστησαν ἀναμίξαντες τῶν
+          στρατιωτῶν οὐκ ἐλάττω μοῖραν. ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι προσήλαυνον καὶ
+          οὐδὲν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τείχους ἀφίετο βέλος, βεβαιοτέραν εἶχον τὴν
+          ἐλπίδα τοῦ κατ᾽ ἄκρας αἱρήσειν τὴν πόλιν, καὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἔπαιον
+          μάστιξι καὶ ᾕμασσον τὰς πλευρὰς τοῦς κέντροις, [D] ἕως ἐποιήσαντο
+          σφῶν κατὰ νώτου τὰ χώματα· ἐπεποίητο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐκεῖνα πρότερον
+          πρὸς τὸ ἐπέχειν τοῦ Μυγδονίου τὰς ἐκροάς, ἰλύς τε ἦν περὶ τὸ χωρίον
+          εὖ μάλα βαθεᾶα † οὐδὲ αὐτοῦ παντελῶς ὄντος ὑπὸ τῆς ὕλης<a id=
+          "noteref_296" name="noteref_296" href="#note_296"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a>† καὶ
+          διὰ τὸ πίειραν εἶναι τὴν γῆν καὶ στέγειν δύνασθαι φύσει τὰς
+          λιβάδας. ἦν δὲ ἐνταῦθα καὶ παλαιὸν ἔρυμα τῇ πόλει τάφρος εὐρεῖα,
+          καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ βαθύτερον συνειστήκει τέλμα. [65] ἁπτομένων δὲ ἤδη τῶν
+          πολεμίων καὶ ταύτης καὶ διαβαίνειν πειρωμένων, ἐπεξῇσαν<a id=
+          "noteref_297" name="noteref_297" href="#note_297"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a>
+          πολλοὶ μὲν ἔνδοθεν, πολλοὶ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἔβαλλον τοῖς λίθοις·
+          καὶ αὐτῶν μὲν πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, φυγῇ δὲ ἔτρεπον τοὺς ἵππους
+          ξύμπαντες, τῷ μόνον ἐθέλειν καὶ δηλοῦν τὴν γνώμην διὰ τοῦ σχήματος.
+          ἐπιστρεφόντων γὰρ ἔπιπτον εὐθέως καὶ κατέφερον τοὺς ἱππέας· βαρεῖς
+          δὲ ὄντες τοῖς ὅπλοις μᾶλλον ἐνείχοντο τῷ τέλματι. [B] καὶ αὐτῶν
+          ἐνταῦθα γίνεται φόνος, ὅσος οὔπω πρόσθεν ἐν πολιορκίᾳ τοιαύτῃ<a id=
+          "noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href="#note_298"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a>
+          γέγονεν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now when the
+          Parthians advanced to attack the wall in their splendid
+          accoutrements, men and horses, supported by the Indian elephants,
+          it was with the utmost confidence that they would at once take it
+          by assault. And at the signal to charge they all pressed forward,
+          since every man of them was eager to be the first to scale the
+          wall<a id="noteref_299" name="noteref_299" href=
+          "#note_299"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> and
+          win the glory of that exploit. They did not imagine that there was
+          anything to fear, nor did they believe that the besieged would
+          resist their assault. Such was the exaggerated confidence of the
+          Parthians. The besieged, however, kept their phalanx unbroken at
+          the gap in the wall, and on the portion of the wall that was still
+          intact they posted all the non-combatants in the city, and
+          distributed among them an equal number of soldiers. But when the
+          enemy rode up and not a single missile was hurled at them from the
+          wall, their confidence that they would completely reduce the city
+          was strengthened, and they whipped and spurred on their horses so
+          that their flanks were covered with blood, until they had left the
+          dykes behind them. These dykes they had made earlier to dam the
+          mouth of the Mygdonius, and the mud thereabouts was very deep. In
+          fact there was hardly any ground at all because of the wood,<a id=
+          "noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href="#note_300"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> and
+          because the soil was so rich, and of the sort that conceals springs
+          under its surface. Moreover there was in that place a wide moat
+          that had been made long ago to protect the town, and had become
+          filled up with a bog of considerable depth. Now when the enemy had
+          already reached this moat and were trying to cross it, a large
+          force of the besieged made a sally, while many others hurled stones
+          from the walls. Then many of the besiegers were slain, and all with
+          one accord turned their horses in flight, though only from their
+          gestures could it be seen that flight was what they desired and
+          intended. For, as they were in the act of wheeling them about,
+          their horses fell and bore down the riders with them. Weighed down
+          as they were by their armour, they floundered still deeper in the
+          bog, and the carnage that ensued has never yet been paralleled in
+          any siege of the same kind.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῶν
+          ἱππέων ὧδε ἐπεπράγει, τῶν ἐλεφάντων πειρῶνται, καταπλήξεσθαι μᾶλλον
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name=
+          "Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg175" id=
+          "Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οἰόμενοι τῷ ξένῳ τῆς μάχης· οὐ
+          γὰρ δὴ τοσοῦτον αὐτοῖς τὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων διέφθαρτο, ὡς μὴ καθορᾶν
+          βαρύτερον μὲν ὂν ἵππου τὸ θηρίον, φέρον δὲ ἄχθος οὐχ ἵππων δυοῖν ἢ
+          πλειόνων, ἁμαξῶν δὲ οἶμαι συχνῶν, [C] τοξότας καὶ ἀκοντιστὰς καὶ
+          σιδηροῦν πύργον. ταῦτα δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα πρὸς τὸ χωρίον χειροποίητον
+          γεγονὸς τέλμα κωλύματα, καὶ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἔργῳ φανερά· ὅθεν οὐκ εἰκὸς
+          εἰς μάχην ἰέναι, ἀλλὰ ἐς κατάπληξιν τῶν ἔνδον παρασκευάζεσθαι.
+          προσῆγον δὲ ἐν τάξει μέτρον διεστῶτες ἀλλήλων ἴσον, καὶ ἐῴκει
+          τείχει τῶν Παρθυαίων ἡ φάλανξ· τὰ μὲν θηρία<a id="noteref_301"
+          name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> τοὺς
+          πύργους φέροντα, τῶν ὁπλιτῶν δὲ ἀναπληρούντων τὰ ἐν μέσῳ. ταχθέντες
+          δὲ οὕτως οὐ μέγα ὄφελος ἦσαν τῷ βαρβάρῳ· [D] παρεῖχον γὰρ ἡδονὴν
+          καὶ τέρψιν τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ τείχους θεωμένοις. ὡς δὲ ἐγένοντο διακορεῖς
+          οἱονεὶ λαμπρᾶς καὶ πολυτελοῦς πομπῆς πεμπομένης, λίθους ἐκ μηχανῶν
+          ἀφιέντες καὶ τόξοις βάλλοντες ἐς τὴν τειχομαχίαν προυκαλοῦντο τοὺς
+          βαρβάρους. φύσει δὲ ὄντες εἰς ὀργὴν ὀξύρροποι καὶ δεινὸν ποιούμενοι
+          τὸ γέλωτα ὀφλῆσαι καὶ ἀπαγαγεῖν ὀπίσω τὴν παρασκευὴν ἄπρακτον,
+          ἐγκελευομένου σφίσι τοῦ βασιλέως, προσῆγον τῷ τείχει καὶ ἐβάλλοντο
+          πυκνοῖς<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href=
+          "#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> τοῖς
+          λίθοις καὶ τοῖς τοξεύμασι· [66] καὶ ἐτρώθη τῶν θηρίων τινὰ καὶ
+          ἀπέθανεν κατενεχθέντα<a id="noteref_303" name="noteref_303" href=
+          "#note_303"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> ὑπὸ
+          τῆς ἰλυος. δείσαντες δὶ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπῆγον ὀπίσω πάλιν εἰς
+          τὸ στρατόπεδον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Since this fate
+          had overtaken the cavalry, they tried the elephants, thinking that
+          they would be more likely to overawe us by that novel sort of
+          fighting. For surely they had not been stricken so blind as not to
+          see that an elephant is heavier than a horse, since it carries the
+          load, not of two horses or several, but what would, I suppose,
+          require many waggons, I mean archers and javelin men and the iron
+          tower besides. All this was a serious hindrance, considering that
+          the ground was artificially made and had been converted into a bog.
+          And this the event made plain. Hence it is probable that they were
+          not advancing to give battle, but rather were arrayed to overawe
+          the besieged. They came on in battle line at equal distances from
+          one another, in fact the phalanx of the Parthians resembled a wall,
+          with the elephants carrying the towers, and hoplites filling up the
+          spaces between. But drawn up as these were they were of no great
+          use to the barbarian. It was, however, a spectacle which gave the
+          defenders on the wall great pleasure and entertainment, and when
+          they had gazed their fill at what resembled a splendid and costly
+          pageant in procession, they hurled stones from their engines, and,
+          shooting their arrows, challenged the barbarians to fight for the
+          wall. Now the Parthians are naturally quick-tempered, and they
+          could not endure to incur ridicule and lead back this imposing
+          force without striking a blow; so by the king's express command
+          they charged at the wall and received a continuous fire of stones
+          and arrows, while some of the elephants were wounded, and perished
+          by sinking into the mud. Thereupon, in fear for the others also,
+          they led them back to the camp.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὡς δὲ καὶ ταύτης
+          ὁ Παρθυαῖος ἥμαρτε τῆς πείρας, τοὺς τοξότας διελὼν εἰς μοίρας
+          διαδέχεσθαί τε ἀλλήλους κελεύει καὶ συνεχῶς βάλλειν πρὸς τὸ
+          διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, ὡς μὴ δυνηθεῖεν ἀποικοδομῆσαι καὶ ἔχειν
+          ἀσφαλῶς τὴν πόλιν· οὕτω γὰρ αἱρήσειν λαθὼν ἢ βιασάμενος τῷ πλήθει
+          τους ἔνδον ἤλπιζε. [B] ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ<a id="noteref_304" name=
+          "noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a>
+          ἀπέφηνεν ἡ βασιλέως παρασκευὴ τοῦ βαρβάρου τὸ διανόημα. κατὰ νώτου
+          γὰρ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἕτερον τεῖχος εἰργάζετο· ὁ δὲ ᾤετο τοῖς ἀρχαίοις
+          ἴχνεσιν ἐς τὰ θεμέλια χρωμένους μέλλειν ἔτι. ἡμέρᾳ δὲ ὅληι καὶ
+          νυκτὶ συνεχῶς ἐργασαμένων ἔστε ἐπὶ τέτταρας πήχεις ὕψους ἠγείρετο,
+          καὶ ἕωθεν ὤφθη λαμπρὸν καὶ νεουργές, ἐκείνων οὐδὲ ἀκαρῆ χρόνον
+          ἐνδιδόντων, διαδεχομένων δὲ ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀκοντιζόντων ἐς τοὺς
+          ἐφεστῶτας τῷ κειμένῳ τείχει, τοῦτο ἐξέπληξε δεινῶς τὸν βάρβαρον.
+          [C] οὐ μὴν ἀπῆγεν εὐθὺς τὴν στρατιάν, ἀλλ᾽ αὖθις τοῖς αὐτοῖς χρῆται
+          παλαίσμασι. δράσας δὲ οἶμαι καὶ παθὼν παραπλήσια ἀπῆγε τὴν στρατιὰν
+          ὀπίσω, πολλοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας δήμους ἀπολέσας, πολλὰ δὲ
+          ἀναλώσας περὶ τοῖς χώμασι καὶ τῇ πολιορκίᾳ σώματα, [D] σατράπας δὲ
+          ἀνελὼν συχνούς, ἄλλον ἄλλο ἐπαιτιώμενος, τὸν μὲν ὅτι μὴ καρτερῶς
+          ἐπεποίητο τὰ χώματα, εἶξε δὲ καὶ ἐπεκλύσθη παρὰ τῶν ποταμίων
+          ῥευμάτων, τὸν δὲ ὡς φαύλως <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀγωνισάμενον ὑπὸ τοῖς τείχεσι, καὶ ἄλλους
+          ἄλλας ἐπάγων αἰτίας ἔκτεινεν. ἔστι γὰρ εὖ μάλα τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν
+          βαρβάροις σύνηθες ἐς τοὺς ὑπηκόους τὰς αἰτίας τῆς δυσπραγίας
+          ἀποσκευάζεσθαι, ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε δράσας ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο. καὶ ἄγει πρὸς
+          ἡμᾶς εἰρήνην ἐκ τούτου, καὶ οὔτε ὅρκων οὔτε συνθηκῶν ἐδέησεν, [67]
+          ἀγαπᾷ δὲ οἴκοι μένων, εἰ μὴ στρατεύοιτο βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ
+          δίκην ἀπαιτοίη τοῦ θράσους καὶ τῆς ἀπονοίας.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Having failed
+          in this second attempt as well, the Parthian king divided his
+          archers into companies and ordered them to relieve one another and
+          to keep shooting at the breach in the wall, so that the beseiged
+          could not rebuild it and thus ensure the safety of the town. For he
+          hoped by this means either to take it by surprise, or by mere
+          numbers to overwhelm the garrison. But the preparations that had
+          been made by the Emperor made it clear that the barbarian's plan
+          was futile. For in the rear of the hoplites a second wall was being
+          built, and while he thought they were using the old line of the
+          wall for the foundations and that the work was not yet in hand,
+          they had laboured continuously for a whole day and night till the
+          wall had risen to a height of four cubits. And at daybreak it
+          became visible, a new and conspicuous piece of work. Moreover the
+          besieged did not for a moment yield their ground, but kept
+          relieving one another and shooting their javelins at those who were
+          attacking the fallen wall, and all this terribly dismayed the
+          barbarian. Nevertheless he did not at once lead off his army but
+          employed the same efforts over again. But when he had done as
+          before, and as before suffered repulse, he did lead his army back,
+          having lost many whole tribes through famine, and squandered many
+          lives over the dykes and in the siege. He had also put to death
+          many satraps one after another, on various charges, blaming one of
+          them because the dykes had not been made strong enough, but gave
+          way and were flooded by the waters of the river, another because
+          when fighting under the walls he had not distinguished himself; and
+          others he executed for one offence or another. This is in fact the
+          regular custom among the barbarians in Asia, to shift the blame of
+          their ill-success on to their subjects. Thus then the king acted on
+          that occasion, and afterwards took himself off. And from that time
+          he has kept the peace with us and has never asked for any covenant
+          or treaty, but he stays at home and is thankful if only the Emperor
+          does not march against him and exact vengeance for his audacity and
+          folly.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρά γε ἄξιον
+          ταύτην παραβαλεῖν τὴν μάχην ταῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ
+          τοῦ τείχους; ἀθρεῖτε δὲ ὧδε τὴν ὁμοιότητα καὶ τὸ διάφορον
+          λογίζεσθε. Ἑλλήνων μὲν Αἴαντε καὶ οἱ Λαπίθαι καὶ Μενεσθεὺς τοῦ
+          τείχους εἶξαν καὶ περιεῖδον τὰς πύλας συντριβομένας ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος καὶ
+          τῶν ἐπάλξεων ἐπιβεβηκότα τὸν Σαρπηδάνα. [B] οἱ δὲ οὐδὲ διαρραγέντος
+          αὐτομάτως τοῦ τείχους ἐνέδοσαν, ἀλλὰ ἐνίκων μαχόμενοι καὶ
+          ἀπεκρούοντο Παρθυαίους ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς ἐπιστρατεύσαντας. εἶτα ὁ μὲν
+          ἐπιβὰς τῶν νεῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἰκρίων ὥσπερ ἐρύματος πεζὸς διαγωνίζεται,
+          οἱ δὲ πρότερον ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἀναυμάχουν, τέλος δὲ οἱ μὲν τῶν
+          ἐπάλξεων εἶξαν καὶ τῶν νεῶν, οἱ δὲ ἐνίκων ναυσὶ τε ἐπιόντας καὶ
+          πεζῇ τοὺς πολεμίους. ἀλλὰ γὰρ εὖ ποιῶν ὁ λόγος ἐπὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα καὶ
+          τὸν Σαρπηδόνα, οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως, [C] ὑπηνέχθη καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτό γέ φασι τῶν
+          ἔργων <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name=
+          "Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg181" id=
+          "Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τὸ κεφάλαιον, τὴν καθαίρεσιν
+          τοῦ τείχους, ὃ<a id="noteref_305" name="noteref_305" href=
+          "#note_305"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a> μιᾷ
+          πρότερον ἡμέρᾳ τοὺς Ἀχαιούς φησι, τοῦ Πυλίου δημαγωγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως
+          ξυμπείθοντος, ἄρρηκτον νηῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν εἶλαρ κατασκευάσασθαι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now am I
+          justified in comparing this battle with those that were fought in
+          defence of the Greek ships and the wall? Observe the following
+          points of similarity, and note also the difference. Of the Greeks
+          the two Ajaxes, the Lapithae and Menestheus fell back from the wall
+          and looked on helplessly while the gates were battered down by
+          Hector, and Sarpedon scaled the battlements. But our garrison did
+          not give way even when the wall fell in of itself, but they fought
+          and won, and repulsed the Parthians, aided though these were by
+          their Indian allies. Then again Hector went up on to the ships and
+          fought from their decks on foot, and as though from behind a
+          rampart, whereas our garrison first had to fight a naval battle
+          from the walls, and finally, while Hector and Sarpedon had to
+          retreat from the battlements and the ships, the garrison routed not
+          only the forces that brought ships to the attack but the land force
+          as well. Now it is appropriate that by some happy chance my speech
+          should have alluded to Hector and Sarpedon, and to what I may call
+          the very crown of their achievements, I mean the destruction of
+          that wall which Homer tells us the Achaeans built only the day
+          before, on the advice of the princely orator<a id="noteref_306"
+          name="noteref_306" href="#note_306"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> of
+          Pylos <span class="tei tei-q">“to be an impregnable bulwark for the
+          ships and the army.”</span><a id="noteref_307" name="noteref_307"
+          href="#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Σχεδὸν γάρ μοι
+          τοῦτο φαίνεται τὸ γενναιότατον τῶν ἔργων Ἕκτορος, καὶ οὐχὶ Γλαύκου
+          τέχνης<a id="noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href=
+          "#note_308"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a>
+          συνεῖναι οὐδὲ σοφωτέρας ἐπινοίας δεῖται, Ὁμήρου σαφῶς διδάσκοντος,
+          ὡς Ἀχιλλέως μὲν φανέντος</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For that I
+          think was almost the proudest of Hector's achievements, and he did
+          not need the craft of Glaucus to help him, or any wiser plan, for
+          Homer says plainly that the moment Achilles appeared)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ἐδύσετο οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He shrank
+            back into the crowd of men.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_309" name=
+            "noteref_309" href="#note_309"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἀγαμέμνονος
+          δὲ τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἐπικειμένου καὶ ἐς τὸ τεῖχος καταδιώξαντος Ἕκτορα
+          ὕπαγε Ζεύς, ἵνα ἀποσώζοιτο καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν. προσπαίζων δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ
+          ποιητὴς καὶ καταγελῶν τῆς δειλίας ὑπὸ τῇ φηγῷ καὶ πρὸς ταῖς πύλαις
+          ἤδη καθημένῳ τὴν Ἶριν ἥκειν ἔφη παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς φράζουσαν</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Again, when
+          Agamemnon attacked the Trojans and pursued them to the wall, Zeus
+          stole away<a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href=
+          "#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a>
+          Hector so that he might escape at his leisure. And the poet is
+          mocking him and ridiculing his cowardice when he says that as he
+          was sitting under the oak-tree, being already near the gate, Iris
+          came to him with this message from Zeus:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν ὁρᾷς Ἀγαμέμνονα
+                ποιμένα λαῶν</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Θύνοντ᾽ ἐν προμάχοισιν,
+                ἐναίροντα στίχας ἀνδρῶν, [68]</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Τόφρ᾽ ὑπόεικε μάχης.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">So long as
+            thou seest Agamemnon, shepherd of the host, raging among the
+            foremost fighters and cutting down the ranks of men, so long do
+            thou keep back from the fight.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_311" name=
+            "noteref_311" href="#note_311"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πῶς γὰρ εἰκὸς
+          οὕτως ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλὰ παραινεῖν τὸν Δία, ἄλλως τε οὐδὲ μαχομένῳ,
+          ξὺν πολλῇ δὲ ἑστῶτι ῥᾳστώνῃ; καὶ ὁπηνίκα δὲ ὁ τοῦ Τυδέως, τῆς
+          ἀθηνᾶς πολλὴν ἐκ τοῦ κράνους ἀναπτούσης φλόγα, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινε,
+          φεύγειν δὲ ἠνάνκαζε τοὺς ὑπομένοντας, [B] πόρῥω τε ἀφειστήκει τοῦ
+          πολέμου, καὶ πολλὰ ὑπομένων ὀνείδη ἀπέγνω μὲν κρατοῦσι τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς
+          ἀντιστῆναι, εὐπρεπῆ δὲ ποιεῖται τὴν εἰς τὸ ἄστυ πορείαν, ὡς τῇ
+          μητρὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name=
+          "Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg183" id=
+          "Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> παραινέσων ἐξιλεοῦσθαι τὴν
+          Ἀθηνᾶν μετὰ τῶν Τρωάδων. καίτοι εἰ μὲν αὐτὸς ἱκέτευε πρὸ τοῦ νεὼ
+          ξὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, πολὺν ἂν<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312"
+          href="#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a> εἶχε
+          λόγον· προσήκει γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα καθάπερ ἱερέα καὶ
+          προφήτην θεραπεύειν ἀεὶ ξὺν κόσμῳ τὸν θεὸν καὶ μηδὲν ὀλιγωρεῖν [C]
+          μηδὲ ἑτέρῳ μᾶλλον προσήκειν ἡγεῖσθαι μηδὲ ἐπιτρέπειν, ἀνάξιον αὑτοῦ
+          νομίζοντα τὸ διακόνημα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For is it
+          likely that Zeus would give such base and cowardly advice,
+          especially to one who was not even fighting, but was standing there
+          very much at his ease? And while the son of Tydeus, on whose head
+          Athene kindled a mighty flame, was slaying many and forcing to
+          flight all who stayed to encounter him, Hector stood far away from
+          the battle. Though he had to endure many taunts, he despaired of
+          making a stand against the Achaeans, but made a specious excuse for
+          going to the city to advise his mother to propitiate Athene in
+          company with the Trojan women. And yet if in person he had besought
+          the goddess before the temple, with the elders, he would have had
+          good reason for that, for it is only proper, in my opinion, that a
+          general or king should always serve the god with the appointed
+          ritual, like a priest or prophet, and not neglect this duty nor
+          think it more fitting for another, and depute it as though he
+          thought such a service beneath his own dignity.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οἶμαι γὰρ τὴν
+          Πλάτωνος μικρὰ παρατρέψας λέξιν οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεσθαι, ὡς ὅτῳ ἀνδρί,
+          μᾶλλον δὲ βασιλεῖ, ἐς τὸν θεὸν ἀνήρτηται πάντα τὰ πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν
+          φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις αἰωρεῖται, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς
+          πραξάντων πλανᾶσθαι [D] ἀναγκάζεται αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ ἐκείνου πράγματα,
+          τούτῳ ἄριστα παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν. εἰ δὲ ἐπιτρέποι μηδεὶς
+          μεταγράφειν<a id="noteref_313" name="noteref_313" href=
+          "#note_313"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> μηδὲ
+          ἐκτρέπειν μηδὲ μεταλαμβάνειν τοὔνομα, ἀλλὰ ὥσπερ ἱερὸν ἀρχαῖον
+          κελεύοι μένειν ἐᾶν ἀκίνητον, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἄλλο τι διανοεῖσθαι τὸν
+          σοφὸν ἐροῦμεν. τὸ γὰρ εἰς ἑαυτὸν<a id="noteref_314" name=
+          "noteref_314" href="#note_314"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> οὐ
+          δήπου τὸ σῶμά φησιν οὐδὲ τὰ χρήματα οὐδὲ εὐγένειαν καὶ δόξαν
+          πατέρων· ταῦτα γὰρ αὐτοῦ μέν τινος οἰκεῖα κτήματα, οὐ μήν ἐστι
+          ταῦτα αὐτός· ἀλλὰ νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν,<a id="noteref_315" name=
+          "noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a> φησί,
+          καὶ τὸ ὅλον τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν θεόν·<a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316"
+          href="#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> ὃ δὴ
+          καὶ αὐτὸς [69] ἑτέρωθι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg
+          184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> κυριώτατον ἐν ἡμῖν ψυχῆς εἶδος ἔφη, καὶ ὡς
+          ἄρα αὐτὸν δαίμονα θεὸς ἑκάστῳ δέδωκε, τοῦτο ὃ δή φαμεν οἰκεῖν μὲν
+          ἡμῶν ἐπ᾽ ἄκρῳ τῷ σώματι, πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἐν οὐρανῷ ξυγγένειαν ἀπὸ γῆς
+          ἡμᾶς αἴρειν. ἐς τοῦτο γὰρ ἔοικεν ἐπιτάττειν ἀνηρτῆσθαι χρῆναι
+          ἑκάστῳ ἀνδρί, καὶ οὐκ εἰς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους, οἳ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα βλάπτειν
+          καὶ κωλύειν ἐθέλοντες πολλάκις ἐδυνήθησαν· ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ μὴ
+          βουλόμενοι τῶν ἡμετέρων τινὰ παρείλοντο. [B] τοῦτο δὲ ἀκώλυτον
+          μόνον καὶ ἀπαθές ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ θεμιτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ χείρονος τὸ
+          κρεῖττον βλάπτεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐκεῖθεν ὁ λόγος. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα
+          γὰρ καταφορτίζειν ὑμᾶς τοῖς τοῦ Πλάτωνος λόγοις μικρὰ ἐπιπάττων τῶν
+          ῥημάτων ὥσπερ ἁλῶν ἢ χρυσοῦ ψήγματος. τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν<a id=
+          "noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> ἡδίω
+          τὴν τροφήν, ὁ δὲ εὐπρεπῆ μᾶλλον παρέχει τὴν θέαν. ἀμφότερα δὲ ἐν
+          τοῖς Πλάτωνος λόγοις· [C] καὶ γὰρ αἰσθέσθαι διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς ἡδίους
+          τῶν ἁλῶν καὶ θρέψαι ψυχὴν ξὺν ἡδονῇ καὶ καθῆραι θαυμαστοί· ὥστε οὐκ
+          ἀποκνητέον οὐδὲ εὐλαβητέον τὸν ψόγον, εἴ τις ἄρα καταμέμφοιτο τὴν
+          ἀπληστίαν, καὶ ὅτι παντὸς ἐπιδραττόμεθα ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις οἱ
+          λίχνοι τῶν ἐδωδίμων ἁπάντων, οὐχ ὑπομένοντες τὸ μὴ τῶν προκειμένων
+          ἅψασθαι. τοῦτο γὰρ δὴ τρόπον τινὰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἔοικε συμβαίνειν,
+          ἐπαίνους ἅμα καὶ δόγματα ᾄδειν καὶ πρὶν ἢ μετρίως ἐφικέσθαι [D] τοῦ
+          προτέρου λόγου μέσον ὑποτεμομένοις φιλοσόφων ἐξηγεῖσθαι ῥήσεις.
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name=
+          "Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg187" id=
+          "Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς δὴ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα
+          καταμεμφομένους εἴρηται μὲν ἤδη καὶ πρότερον καὶ αὖθις δὲ ἴσως
+          λελέξεται.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For here I
+          think I may without offence adapt slightly Plato's language where
+          he says that the man, and especially the king, best equipped for
+          this life is he who depends on God for all that relates to
+          happiness, and does not hang in suspense on other men, whose
+          actions, whether good or bad, are liable to force him and his
+          affairs out of the straight path.<a id="noteref_318" name=
+          "noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> And
+          though no one should allow me to paraphrase or change that passage
+          or alter that word,<a id="noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href=
+          "#note_319"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> and
+          though I should be told that I must leave it undisturbed like
+          something holy and consecrated by time, even in that case I shall
+          maintain that this is what that wise man meant. For when he says
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“depends on himself,”</span> assuredly he
+          does not refer to a man's body or his property, or long descent, or
+          distinguished ancestors. For these are indeed his belongings, but
+          they are not the man himself; his real self is his mind, his
+          intelligence, and, in a word, the god that is in us. As to which,
+          Plato elsewhere calls it <span class="tei tei-q">“the supreme form
+          of the soul that is within us,”</span> and says that <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“God has given it to each one of us as a guiding
+          genius, even that which we say dwells in the summit of our body and
+          raises us from earth towards our celestial affinity.”</span><a id=
+          "noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href="#note_320"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> It is
+          on this that he plainly says every man ought to depend, and not on
+          other men, who have so often succeeded when they wish to harm and
+          hinder us in other respects. Indeed it has happened before now that
+          even without such a desire men have deprived us of certain of our
+          possessions. But this alone cannot be hindered or harmed, since
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“Heaven does not permit the bad to injure
+          what is better than itself.”</span><a id="noteref_321" name=
+          "noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> This
+          saying also is from Plato. But it may be that I am wearying you
+          with these doctrines of his with which I sprinkle my own utterances
+          in small quantities, as with salt or gold dust. For salt makes our
+          food more agreeable, and gold enhances an effect to the eye. But
+          Plato's doctrines produce both effects. For as we listen to them
+          they give more pleasure than salt to the sense, and they have a
+          wonderful power of sweetly nourishing and cleansing the soul. So
+          that I must not hesitate or be cautious of criticism if someone
+          reproaches me with being insatiable and grasping at everything,
+          like persons at a banquet who, in their greed to taste every dish,
+          cannot keep their hands from what is set before them.<a id=
+          "noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href="#note_322"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> For
+          something of this sort seems to happen in my case when, in the same
+          breath, I utter panegyric and philosophic theories, and, before I
+          have done justice to my original theme, break off in the middle to
+          expound the sayings of philosophers. I have had occasion before now
+          to reply to those who make such criticisms as these, and perhaps I
+          shall have to do so again.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Νῦν δὲ τὸ
+          συνεχὲς ἀποδόντες τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ ἐπὶ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανάγωμεν ὥσπερ
+          οἱ προεκθέοντες ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις. ἐλέγετο δ᾽ οὖν ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ὡς
+          αὐτὸν μέν τινά φησι Πλάτων τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὴν ψυχήν, [70] αὐτοῦ δὲ τὸ
+          σῶμα καὶ τὴν κτῆσιν. ταῦτα δὲ ἐν τοῖς θαυμασίοις διώρισται νόμοις.
+          ὥσπερ οὖν, εἴ τις ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναλαβὼν λέγοι· <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Ὅτῳ ἀνδρὶ ἐς νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν ἀνήρτηται πάντα τὰ ἐς
+          εὐδαιμονίαν φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν τοῖς ἐκτός, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς
+          πραξάντων ἢ καὶ πασχόντων πλανᾶσθαι ἀναγκάζεται, τούτῳ ἄριστα
+          παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν,”</span> οὐ παρατρέπει τὴν λέξιν οὐδὲ
+          παραποιεῖ, ἐξηγεῖται δὲ ὀρθῶς καὶ ἑρμηνεύει· [B] οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὅστις
+          ἀντὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ λέξεως τὸν θεὸν παραλαμβάνει οὐκ ἀδικεῖ. εἰ γὰρ τὸν
+          ἐν ἡμῖν δαίμονα, ὄντα μὲν ἀπαθῆ τῇ φύσει καὶ θεῷ ξυγγενῆ, πολλὰ δὲ
+          ἀνατλάντα καὶ ὑπομείναντα διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα κοινωνίαν καὶ τοῦ
+          πάσχειν τε καὶ φθείρεσθαι φαντασίαν τοῖς πολλοῖς<a id="noteref_323"
+          name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a>
+          παρασχόντα, τοῦ παντὸς ἐκεῖνος προïσταται βίου τῷ γε εὐδαιμονήσειν
+          μέλλοντι, τί χρὴ προσδοκᾶν αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ καθαροῦ καὶ ἀμιγοῦς γηίνῳ
+          σώματι διανοηθῆναι νοῦ, [C] ὅν δὴ καὶ θεὸν εἶναί φαμεν καὶ αὐτῷ τὰς
+          ἡνίας ἐπιτρέπειν τοῦ βίου χρῆναι παραινοῦμεν πάντα ἰδιώτην τε<a id=
+          "noteref_324" name="noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> καὶ
+          βασιλέα, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg
+          188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τόν γε ὡς ἀληθῶς ἄξιον τῆς ἐπικλήσεως καὺ οὐ
+          νόθον οὐδὲ ψευδώνυμον, συνιέντα μὲν αὐτοῦ καὶ αἰσθανόμενον διὰ
+          συγγένειαν, ὑφιέμενον δὲ αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ ὑποχωροῦντα τῆς
+          ἐπιμελείας ὡς ἔμφρονα; ἀνόητον γὰρ καὶ μάλα αὔθαδες τὸ μὴ καθάπαξ
+          ἐς δύναμιν πείθεσθαι [D] τῷ θεῷ ἀρετῆς ἐπιμελομένους· τούτῳ γὰρ
+          μάλιστα χαίρειν ὑποληπτέον τὸν θεόν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῆς ἐννόμου
+          θεραπείας ἀποστατέον οὐδὲ τὴν τοιαύτην τιμὴν ὑπεροπτέον τοῦ
+          κρείττονος, θετέον δὲ ἐν ἀρετῆς μοίρᾳ τὴν εὐσέβειαν τὴν κρατίστην.
+          ἔστι γὰρ ὁσιότης τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔκγονος· αὕτη δὲ ὅτι τοῦ θειοτέρου
+          ψυχῆς εἴδους ἐστίν, οὐδένα λέληθε τῶν ὅσοι τὰ τοιαῦτα
+          μεταχειρίζονται.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I will now,
+          however, resume the thread of my discourse and go back to my
+          starting-point, like those who, when a race is being started, run
+          ahead out of the line. Well, I was saying, a moment ago, that Plato
+          declares that a man's real self is his mind and soul, whereas his
+          body and his estate are but his possessions. This is the
+          distinction made in that marvellous work, the Laws. And so if one
+          were to go back to the beginning and say <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“That man is best equipped for life who makes
+          everything that relates to happiness depend on his mind and
+          intelligence and not on those outside himself who, by doing or
+          faring well or ill force him out of the straight path,”</span> he
+          is not changing or perverting the sense of the words, but expounds
+          and interprets them correctly. And if for Plato's word <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“genius”</span><a id="noteref_325" name="noteref_325"
+          href="#note_325"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a> he
+          substitutes the word <span class="tei tei-q">“God”</span> he has a
+          perfect right to do so. For if Plato gives the control of our whole
+          life to the presiding <span class="tei tei-q">“genius”</span>
+          within us which is by nature unaffected by sensation and akin to
+          God, but must endure and suffer much because of its association
+          with the body, and therefore gives the impression to the crowd that
+          it also is subject to sensation and death; and if he says that this
+          is true of every man who wishes to be happy, what must we suppose
+          is his opinion about pure intelligence unmixed with earthly
+          substance, which is indeed synonymous with God? To this I say every
+          man, whether he be a private citizen or a king, ought to entrust
+          the reins of his life, and by a king I mean one who is really
+          worthy of the name, and not counterfeit or falsely so called, but
+          one who is aware of God and discerns his nature because of his
+          affinity with him, and being truly wise bows to the divine
+          authority and yields the supremacy to God. For it is senseless and
+          arrogant indeed for those who cultivate virtue not to submit to God
+          once and for all, as far as possible. For we must believe that this
+          above all else is what God approves. Again, no man must neglect the
+          traditional form of worship or lightly regard this method of paying
+          honour to the higher power, but rather consider that to be virtuous
+          is to be scrupulously devout. For Piety is the child of Justice,
+          and that justice is a characteristic of the more divine type of
+          soul is obvious to all who discuss such matters.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτά τοι καὶ
+          ἐπαινοῦμεν τὸν Ἕκτορα σπένδειν μὲν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα διὰ τὸν ἐπὶ τῶν
+          χειρῶν λύθρον· [71] ἠξιοῦμεν δὲ μηδὲ ἐς ἄστυ ἰίναι μηδὲ ἀπολείπειν
+          τὴν μάχην μέλλοντά γε οὐ στρατηγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως ἐπιτελεῖν ἔργον,
+          διακόνου δὲ καὶ ὑπηρέτου, Ἰδαίου τινὸς ἢ Ταλθυβίου τάξιν
+          ἀναληψόμενον. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γάρ, ὅπερ ἔφαμεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς, πρόφασις
+          εὐπρεπὴς<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href=
+          "#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> εἶναι
+          φυγῆς τοῦτο. καὶ γὰρ ὁπότε τῷ Τελαμωνίῳ ξυνίστατο πεισθεὶς τῷ φήμῃ
+          τοῦ μάντεως, ἀσπασίως διελύθη καὶ ἔδωκε δῶρα, τὸν θάνατον ἐκφυγὼν
+          ἄσμενος·<a id="noteref_327" name="noteref_327" href=
+          "#note_327"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> [B]
+          καθόλου δὲ εἰπεῖν, φεύγουσιν ἕπεται <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> θρασέως, αἴτιος δέ ἐστιν οὐδαμοῦ νίκης καὶ
+          τροπῆς, πλὴν ὅτε</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For this
+          reason, then, while I applaud Hector for refusing to make a
+          libation because of the blood-stains on his hands, he had, as I
+          said, no right to go back to the city or forsake the battle, seeing
+          that the task he was about to perform was not that of a general or
+          of a king, but of a messenger and underling, and that he was ready
+          to take on himself the office of an Idaeus or Talthybius. However,
+          as I said at first, this seems to have been simply a specious
+          excuse for flight. And indeed when he obeyed the bidding of the
+          seer and fought a duel with the son of Telamon,<a id="noteref_328"
+          name="noteref_328" href="#note_328"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> he
+          was very ready to make terms and to give presents, and rejoiced to
+          have escaped death. In short, as a rule, he is brave when in
+          pursuit of the retreating foe, but in no case has he the credit of
+          a victory or of turning the tide of battle, except when)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">πρῶτος ἐσήλατο τεῖχος
+                Ἀχαιῶν</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He was the
+            first to leap within the wall of the Achaeans</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_329" name=
+            "noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ξὺν τῷ
+          Σαρπηδόνι. πότερον οὖν ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες τηλικοῦτον ἔργον βασιλέως
+          εὐλαβησόμεθα τὸν ἀγῶνα, μή ποτε ἄρα μικρὰ μεγάλοις καὶ φαῦλα
+          σπουδῆς ἀξίοις μείζονος παρατιθέναι δόζωμεν, [C] ἢ τολμήσομεν καὶ
+          πρὸς τηλικοῦτον ἔργον ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνο μὲν ἦν τὸ τεῖχος
+          ὑπὲρ τῆς ᾐόνος, ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλῳ τῷ πρὸ μεσημβρίας χρόνῳ συντελεσθέν,
+          ὁποίους ἡμῖν τοὺς χάρακας ἔννομον κατασκευάζεσθαι· τὸ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν
+          Ἄλπεων τεῖχος παλαιόν τε ἦν φρούριον, καὶ αὐτῷ χρῆται μετὰ τὴν
+          φυγὴν ὁ τύραννος, ὥσπερ ἔρυμά τι νεουργὲς ἀποφήνας καὶ ἀξιόλογον
+          φρουρὰν ἀπολιπὼν ἐρρωμένων ἀνδρῶν. [D] οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὡς πορρωτάτω
+          πορεύεται, ἔμενε δὲ ἐν τῇ πλησίον πόλει. ἔστι δὲ Ἰταλῶν ἐμπόριον
+          πρὸς θαλάττῃ μάλα εὔδαιμον καὶ πλούτῳ βρύον, φέρουσι γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν
+          φορτία Μυσοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ τῶν Ἰταλῶν ὁπόσοι τὴν μεσόγαιαν
+          κατοικοῦσιν, Ἑνετοὶ δὲ οἶμαι τὸ πρόσθεν ὠνομάζοντο. νῦν δὲ ἤδη
+          Ῥωμαίων τὰς πόλεις ἐχόντων τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὄνομα σώζουσι βραχείᾳ
+          προσθήκῃ γράμματος ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς ἐπωνυμίας· ἔστι δὲ αὐτοῦ σύμβολον
+          χαρακτὴρ εἷς, [72] ὀνομάζουσι δὲ αὐτὸν οὔ, καὶ χρῶνται ἀντὶ τοῦ
+          βῆτα πολλάκις προσπνεύσεως οἶμαι τινὸς ἕνεκα καὶ ἰδιότητος τῆς
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name=
+          "Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg193" id=
+          "Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> γλώττης. τὸ μὲν δὴ ξύμπαν ἔθνος
+          ὦδε ἐπονομάζεται· τῇ πόλει δὲ ἀετός, ὥς φασιν, οἰκιζομένῃ δεξιὸς ἐκ
+          Διὸς ἱπτάμενος τὴν αὑτοῦ φήμην χαρίζεται. οἰκεῖται δὲ ὑπὸ τοῖς ποσὶ
+          τῶν Ἄλπεων· ὄρη δέ ἐστι ταῦτα παμμεγέθη<a id="noteref_330" name=
+          "noteref_330" href="#note_330"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> καὶ
+          ἀπορρῶγες ἐν αὐτοῖς πέτραι, μόλις ἁμάξῃ μιᾷ καὶ ὀρικῷ ζεύγει τὴν
+          ὑπέρβασιν βιαζομένοις ξυγχωροῦντα, [B] ἀρχόμενα μὲν ἀπὸ θαλάττης,
+          ἣν δὴ τὸν Ἰόνιον εἶναί φαμεν, ἀποτειχίζοντα δὲ τὴν νῦν Ἰταλίαν ἀπό
+          τε Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Γαλατῶν καὶ ἐς τὸ Τυρρηνὸν πέλαγος ἀναπαυόμενα.
+          Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ ἐπειδὴ τῆς χώρας ἁπάσης ἐκράτουν· ἔστι δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ τό τε
+          τῶν Ἑνετῶν ἔθνος καὶ Λίγυές τινες καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Γαλατῶν οὐ φαύλη
+          μοῖρα· τὰ μὲν ἀρχαῖα σφῶν ὀνόματα σώζειν οὐ διεκώλυσαν, τῷ κοινῷ δὲ
+          τῶν Ἰταλῶν ξυγχωρεῖν κατηνάγκασαν. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσα μέν εἴσω τῶν
+          Ἄλπεων κατοικεῖται, [C] ἔστε ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τὸν Τυρρηνὸν
+          καθήκοντα, ταύτῃ κοσμεῖται τῇ προσωνυμίᾳ· τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων τῶν
+          πρὸς ἑσπέραν Γαλάται νέμονται, καὶ Ῥαιτοὶ δὲ τὰ ὑπὸ τῆν ἄρκτον, ἵνα
+          Ῥήνου τέ εἰσιν αἱ πηγαὶ καὶ αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πλησίον παρὰ τοῖς γείτοσι
+          βαρβάροις· τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἕω ταῦτα δὴ τὰς Ἄλπεις ὀχυροῦν ἔφαμεν,
+          ἵναπερ ὁ τύραννος τὴν φρουρὰν κατεσκευάσατο. οὕτω δὴ τῆς Ἰταλίας
+          ἁπανταχόθεν ὄρεσὶ [D] τε συνεχομένης λίαν δυσβάτοις καὶ θαλάσσῃ
+          τεναγώδει, ἅτε ἐσρεόντων ποταμῶν μυρίων, οἳ ποιοῦσιν ἕλος
+          προσεοικὸς τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις ἕλεσι, τὸ ξύμπαν <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς ἐκείνῃ θαλάττης πέρας βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ σοφίας
+          ἔλαβε καὶ ἐβιάσατο τὴν ἄνοδον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(together with
+          Sarpedon. Shall I therefore shrink from competition as though I
+          could not cite on behalf of the Emperor any such exploit, and must
+          therefore avoid seeming to compare the trivial with the important
+          and things of little account with what deserves more serious
+          consideration, or shall I venture to enter the lists even against
+          an achievement so famous? Now that wall was to protect the beach,
+          and was a palisade such as we are wont to construct, and was
+          completed in less than a morning. But the wall that was on the Alps
+          was an ancient fort, and the usurper used it after his flight,
+          converting it into a defence as strong as though it had been newly
+          built, and he left there an ample garrison of seasoned troops. But
+          he did not himself march all the way there, but remained in the
+          neighbouring city.<a id="noteref_331" name="noteref_331" href=
+          "#note_331"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> This
+          is a trading centre of the Italians on the coast, very prosperous
+          and teeming with wealth, since the Mysians and Paeonians and all
+          the Italian inhabitants of the interior procure their merchandise
+          thence. These last used, I think, to be called Heneti in the past,
+          but now that the Romans are in possession of these cities they
+          preserve the original name, but make the trifling addition of one
+          letter at the beginning of the word. Its sign is a single
+          character<a id="noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href=
+          "#note_332"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> and
+          they call it <span class="tei tei-q">“oo,”</span> and they often
+          use it instead of <span class="tei tei-q">“b,”</span> to serve, I
+          suppose, as a sort of breathing, and to represent some peculiarity
+          of their pronunciation. The nation as a whole is called by this
+          name, but at the time of the founding of the city an eagle from
+          Zeus flew past on the right, and so bestowed on the place the omen
+          derived from the bird.<a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" href=
+          "#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> It is
+          situated at the foot of the Alps, which are very high mountains
+          with precipices in them, and they hardly allow room for those who
+          are trying to force their way over the passes to use even a single
+          waggon and a pair of mules. They begin at the sea which we call
+          Ionian, and form a barrier between what is now Italy and the
+          Illyrians and Galatians, and extend as far as the Etruscan sea. For
+          when the Romans conquered the whole of this country, which includes
+          the tribe of the Heneti and some of the Ligurians and a
+          considerable number of Galatians besides, they did not hinder them
+          from retaining their ancient names, but compelled them to
+          acknowledge the dominion of the Italian republic. And, in our day,
+          all the territory that lies within the Alps and is bounded by the
+          Ionian and the Etruscan seas has the honour of being called Italy.
+          On the other side of the Alps, on the west, dwell the Galatians,
+          and the Rhaetians to the north where the Rhine and the Danube have
+          their sources hard by in the neighbouring country of the
+          barbarians. And on the east, as I said, the Alps fortify the
+          district where the usurper stationed his garrison. In this way,
+          then, Italy is contained on all sides, partly by mountains that are
+          very hard to cross, partly by a shallow sea into which countless
+          streams empty and form a morass like the marshlands of Egypt. But
+          the Emperor by his skill gained control of the whole of that
+          boundary of the sea, and forced his way inland.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ ἵνα μὴ
+          διατρίβειν δοκῶ αὖθίς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν δυσχωριῶν διαλεγόμενος, καὶ ὡς
+          οὔτε στρατόπεδον ἦν οὐδὲ χάρακα πλησίον καταβαλέσθαι, οὔτε ἐπάγειν
+          μηχανὰς καὶ ἑλεπόλεις, ἀνύδρου δεινῶς ὄντος καὶ οὐδὲ μικρὰς λιβάδας
+          ἔχοντος [73] τοῦ πέριξ χωρίου, ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν εἶμι τὴν αἵρεσιν. καὶ εἰ
+          βούλεσθε τὸ κεφάλαιον ἀθρόως ἑλεῖν τοῦ λόγου, ὑπομνήσθητε τῆς τοῦ
+          Μακεδόνος ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς πορείας, οἳ τὴν πέτραν ἐκείνην κατῴκουν,
+          ἐφ᾽ ἣν οὐδὲ τῶν ὀρνίθων ἦν τοῖς κουφοτάτοις ἀναπτῆναι, ὅπως ἑάλω,
+          καὶ οὐδὲν πλέον ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμήσετε· πλὴν τοσοῦτον μόνον, ὅτι
+          Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν ἀπέβαλε πολλοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐξελὼν τὴν πέτραν, ὁ δὲ
+          ἡμέτερος ἄρχων καὶ στρατηγὸς οὐδὲ χιλίαρχον ἀποβαλὼν ἢ λοχαγόν
+          τινα, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλίτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου, καθαρὰν καὶ ἄδακρυν
+          περιεποιήσατο τὴν νίκην. Ἕκτωρ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ Σαρπηδὼν πολλοὺς ἐκ τοῦ
+          τειχίσματος κατέβαλον,<a id="noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href=
+          "#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a>
+          ἐντυχόντες δὲ ἀριστεύοντι Πατρόκλῳ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν κτείνεται, ὁ
+          δὲ ἔφευγεν αἰσχρῶς οὐδὲ ἀνελόμενος τὸ σῶμα τοῦ φίλου. οὕτως οὐδενὶ
+          ξὺν νῷ, ῥώμῃ δὲ μᾶλλον σωμάτων θρασυνόμενοι τὴν ἐς τὸ τεῖχος
+          πάροδον ἐτόλμων. βασιλεὺς δὲ οὗ μὲν ἀλκῆς ἔργον ἐστι καὶ θυμοῦ
+          χρῆται τοῖς ὅπλοις καὶ κρατεῖ ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ,<a id="noteref_335"
+          name="noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a> [C]
+          οὗ δὲ μόνον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg
+          196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐδέησε γνώμης, ταύτῃ κυβερνᾷ καὶ κατεργάζεται
+          πράγματα τοσαῦτα, ὁπόσα οὐδ᾽ ἄν ὁ σίδηρος ἐξελεῖν ἰσχύσειεν.<a id=
+          "noteref_336" name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a></p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I will now
+          relate how the city was actually taken, lest you should think I am
+          wasting time by describing once more the difficulties of the
+          ground, and how it was impossible to plant a camp or even a
+          palisade near the city or to bring up siege-engines or devices for
+          storming it, because the country all about was terribly short of
+          water, and there were not even small pools. And if you wish to
+          grasp the main point of my narrative in a few words, remember the
+          Macedonian's<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href=
+          "#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a>
+          expedition against those Indians who lived on the famous rock<a id=
+          "noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href="#note_338"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> up to
+          which not even the lightest birds could wing their flight, and how
+          he took it by storm, and you will be content to hear no more from
+          me. However I will add this merely, that Alexander in storming the
+          rock lost many of his Macedonians, whereas our ruler and general
+          lost not a single chiliarch or a captain, nay not even a legionary
+          from the muster-roll, but achieved an unsullied and <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“tearless”</span><a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339"
+          href="#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a>
+          victory. Now Hector and Sarpedon, no doubt, hurled down many men
+          from the wall, but when they encountered Patroclus in all his glory
+          Sarpedon was slain near the ships, while Hector, to his shame, fled
+          without even recovering the body of his friend. Thus without
+          intelligence and emboldened by mere physical strength they ventured
+          to attack the wall. But the Emperor, when strength and daring are
+          required, employs force of arms and good counsel together, and so
+          wins the day, but where good judgment alone is necessary it is by
+          this that he steers his course, and thus achieves triumphs such as
+          not even iron could ever avail to erase.<a id="noteref_340" name=
+          "noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ καθ᾽
+          αὑτὸν ὁ λόγος φερόμενος ἥκει πάλαι ποθῶν τὴν ξύνεσιν ἐπαινεῖν καὶ
+          τὴν εὐβουλίαν, ἀποδοτέον. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ὀλίγα πάλαι<a id=
+          "noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a>
+          διεληλύθαμεν· ὁπόσα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐφαίνετο [D] πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ἐκείνων
+          ἔχειν ξυγγένειαν, μεγάλα μικροῖς εἰκάζοντες, δι᾽ ὁμοιότητα
+          διήλθομεν.<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" href=
+          "#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> δῆλον
+          δὲ ἀποβλέψαντι πρὸς τὸ τῆς παρασκευῆς μέγεθος καὶ τῆς δυνάμενως τὴν
+          περιουσίαν. τότε γὰρ ἥ τε Ἑλλὰς ἐκεκίνητο ξύμπασα καὶ Θρᾳκῶν μοῖρα
+          καὶ Παιόνων τό τε τοῦ Πριάμου ξύμπαν ὑπήκοον,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since my
+          speech has of its own accord reached this point in its course and
+          has long been eager to praise the Emperor's wisdom and wise
+          counsel, I allow it to do so. And in fact I spoke briefly on this
+          subject some time ago, and all the cases where there seemed to me
+          to be any affinity between the heroes of Homer and the Emperor, I
+          described because of that resemblance, comparing great things with
+          small. And indeed if one considers the size of their armaments, the
+          superiority of his forces also becomes evident. For in those days
+          all Greece was set in motion,<a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343"
+          href="#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> and
+          part of Thrace and Paeonia, and all the subject allies of
+          Priam,)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὅσσον Λέσβος ἔσω Μάκαρος ἕδος
+                ἐντὸς ἐέργει</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ
+                Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">All that
+            Lesbos, the seat of Makar, contains within, and Phrygia on the
+            north and the boundless Hellespont.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_344" name=
+            "noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[74] τὰ δὲ νῦν
+          ἔθνη συνιόντα βασιλεῖ καὶ συμπολεμοῦντα τὸν πόλεμον καὶ τοὺς
+          ἀντιταξαμένους καταριθμεῖν μὴ λῆρος ᾖ καὶ φλυαρία περιττὴ καὶ λίαν
+          ἀρχαῖον.<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href=
+          "#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> ὅσῳ
+          δὲ μείζους αἱ συνιοῦσαι δυνάμεις, τοσούτῳ τὰ ἔργα προφέρειν εἰκός·
+          ὥστε ἀνάγκη καὶ ταῦτα ἐκείνων ὑπεραίρειν. πλήθει γε μὴν ποῦ ποτε
+          ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν; οἱ μὲν γὰρ περὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> μιᾶς ἐμάχοντο πόλεως ξυνεχῶς, καὶ οὔτε
+          Τρῶες<a id="noteref_346" name="noteref_346" href=
+          "#note_346"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a>
+          ἀπελάσαι τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐπικρατοῦντες ἠδύναντο, οὔτε ἐκεῖνοι νικῶντες
+          ἐξελεῖν καὶ ἀνατρέψαι τῶν Πριαμιδῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν
+          ἴσχυον, δεκαέτης δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀναλώθη χρόνος. [B] βασιλεῖ δὲ πολλοὶ
+          μέν εἰσιν ἀγῶνες· καὶ γὰρ<a id="noteref_347" name="noteref_347"
+          href="#note_347"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a>
+          ἀνεγράφη Γερμανοῖς τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ῥήνου πολεμῶν, τά τε ἐπὶ τῷ
+          Τίγρητι ζεύγματα καὶ τῆς Παρθυαίων δυνάμεως καὶ τοῦ φρονήματος
+          ἔλεγχος οὐ φαῦλος, ὅτε οὐχ ὑπέμενον ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, ἀλλὰ
+          περιεῖδον ἅπασαν τμηθεῖσαν τὴν εἴσω Τίγρητος καὶ Λύκου, [C] τῶν γε
+          μὴν πρὸς τὸν τύραννον πραχθέντων ὅ τε ἐπὶ Σικελίαν ἔκπλους καὶ ἐς
+          Καρχηδόνα, Ἠριδανοῦ τε αἱ προκαταλήψεις τῶν ἐκβολῶν ἁπάσας αὐτοῦ
+          τὰς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ δυνάμεις ἀφελόμεναι, καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον καὶ τρίτον
+          πάλαισμα περὶ ταῖς Κοττίαις Ἄλπεσιν, ὃ δὴ βασιλεῖ μὲν παρέσχεν
+          ἀσφαλῆ καὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος ἀδεᾶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς νίκης ἡδονήν, τὸν δὲ
+          ἡττηθέντα δίκην ἐπιθεῖναι δικαίαν αὑτῷ καὶ τῶν ἐξειργασμένων [D]
+          πάνυ ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασε.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But to try to
+          count up the nations who lately marched with the Emperor and fought
+          on his side in the war, would be idle talk, superfluous verbiage,
+          and absurd simplicity. And it is natural that, in proportion as the
+          armies are larger, their achievements are more important. So it
+          follows of necessity that, in this respect as well, the Emperor's
+          army surpassed Homer's heroes. In mere numbers, at any rate, at
+          what point, I ask, could one justly compare them? For the Greeks
+          fought all along for a single city and the Trojans when they
+          prevailed were not able to drive away the Greeks, nor were the
+          Greeks strong enough, when they won a victory, to destroy and
+          overthrow the power and the royal sway of the house of Priam, and
+          yet the time they spent over it was ten years long. But the
+          Emperor's wars and undertakings have been numerous. He has been
+          described as waging war against the Germans across the Rhine, and
+          then there was his bridge of boats over the Tigris, and his
+          exposure of the power and arrogance of the Parthians<a id=
+          "noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a> was
+          no trivial thing, on that occasion when they did not venture to
+          defend their country while he was laying it waste, but had to look
+          on while the whole of it was devastated between the Tigris and the
+          Lycus. Then, when the war against the usurper was concluded, there
+          followed the expeditions to Sicily and Carthage, and that stratagem
+          of occupying beforehand the mouth of the Po, which deprived the
+          usurper of all his forces in Italy, and finally that third and last
+          fall<a id="noteref_349" name="noteref_349" href=
+          "#note_349"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> at
+          the Cottian Alps, which secured for the Emperor the pleasure of a
+          victory that was sure, and carried with it no fears for the future,
+          while it compelled the defeated man to inflict on himself a just
+          penalty wholly worthy of his misdeeds.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοσαῦτα ὑπὲρ τῶν
+          βασιλέως ἔργων ἐν βραχεῖ διεληλύθαμεν, οὔτε κολακείᾳ προστιθέντες
+          καὶ αὔξειν ἐπιχειροῦντες τυχὸν οὐδενὸς διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων, οὔτε
+          πόρρωθεν ἕλκοντες καὶ βιαζόμενοι τῶν ἔργων τὰς ὁμοιότητας, καθάπερ
+          οἱ τοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg
+          200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> μύθους ἐξηγούμενοι τῶν ποιητῶν καὶ ἀναλύοντες
+          ἐς λόγους πιθανοὺς καὶ ἐνδεχομένους τὰ πλάσματα ἐκ μικρᾶς πάνυ τῆς
+          ὑπονοίας ὁρμώμενοι [75] καὶ ἀμυδρὰς λίαν παραλαβόντες τὰς ἀρχὰς
+          πειρῶνται ξυμπείθειν, ὡς δὴ ταῦτα γε αὐτὰ ἐκείνων ἐθελόντων λέγειν.
+          ἐνταῦθα δὲ εἴ τις ἐξέλοι τῶν Ὁμήρου μόνον τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ὀνόματα,
+          ἐνθείη δὲ τὸ βασιλέως καὶ ἐναρμόσειεν, οὐ μᾶλλον εἰς ἐκείνους ἢ
+          τοῦτον πεποιῆσθαι δόξει τὰ<a id="noteref_350" name="noteref_350"
+          href="#note_350"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a> τῆς
+          Ἰλιάδος ἔπη.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I have given
+          this brief account of the Emperor's achievements, not adding
+          anything in flattery and trying to exaggerate things that are
+          perhaps of no special importance, nor dragging in what is
+          far-fetched and unduly pressing points of resemblance with those
+          achievements, like those who interpret the myths of the poets and
+          analyse them into plausible versions which allow them to introduce
+          fictions of their own, though they start out from very slight
+          analogies, and having recourse to a very shadowy basis, try to
+          convince us that this is the very thing that the poets intended to
+          say. But in this case if anyone should take out of Homer's poems
+          merely the names of the heroes, and insert and fit in the
+          Emperor's, the epic of the Iliad would be seen to have been
+          composed quite as much in his honour as in theirs.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ τὰ
+          ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔργων μόνον ἀκούοντες τὰ τῶν κατορθωμάτων τῶν<a id=
+          "noteref_351" name="noteref_351" href="#note_351"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a> ἐς
+          τὸν πόλεμον ἔλαττον [B] ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνητε βασιλέα περὶ τὰ
+          σεμνότερα καὶ ὧν ἄξιον μείζονα ποιεῖσθαι λόγον, δημηγοριῶν φημι καὶ
+          ξυμβουλιῶν, καὶ ὁπόσα γνώμη μετὰ νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως κατευθύνει,
+          ἀθρεῖτε ἐν Ὀδυσσεῖ καὶ Νέστορι τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις κατὰ τὴν ποίησιν,
+          καὶ ἤν τι μεῖον ἐν βασιλεῖ καταμανθάνητε, τοῖς ἐπαινέταις τοῦτο
+          λογίζεσθε, πλέον δὲ ἔχοντα δικαίως ἂν<a id="noteref_352" name=
+          "noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a> αὐτὸν
+          μᾶλλον ἀποδεχοίμεθα. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν, ὁπηνίκα χαλεπαίνειν καὶ
+          στασιάζειν ἤρχοντο περὶ τῆς αἰχμαλώτου κόρης, λέγειν ἐπιχειρῶν οὕτω
+          δή τι πείθει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τὸν τῆς Θέτιδος, [C] ὥστε ὁ μὲν
+          ἀκόσμος διέλυσε τὸν ξύλλογον, ὁ δὲ οὐδὲ περιμείνας ἀφοσιώσασθαι τὰ
+          πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἔτι δὲ αὐτὰ δρῶν καὶ ἀφορῶν ἐς τὴν θεωρίδα, στέλλει
+          τοὺς κήρυκας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀχιλλέως σκηνὴν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μὴ τῆς
+          ὀργῆς ἐπιλαθόμενος καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg
+          202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπαλλαγεὶς τοῦ πάθους μεταγνοίη καὶ ἀποφύγοι
+          τὴν ἁμαρτάδα· ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς Ἰθάκης ῥήτωρ πολύτροπος πείθειν ἐπιχειρῶν
+          πρὸς διαλλαγὰς Ἀχιλλέα καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ διδούς, [D] μυρία δὲ
+          ἐπαγγελλόμενος, οὕτω τὸν νεανίσκον παρώξυνεν, ὥστε πρότερον
+          οὐ<a id="noteref_353" name="noteref_353" href=
+          "#note_353"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a>
+          βουλευσάμενον τὸν ἀπόπλουν νῦν<a id="noteref_354" name=
+          "noteref_354" href="#note_354"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a>
+          παρασκευάζεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ θαυμαστὰ τῆς συνέσεως δείγματα αἵ
+          τε ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον παρακλήσεις καὶ ἡ τειχοποιία τοῦ Νέστορος,
+          πρεσβυτικὸν λίαν καὶ ἄτολμον ἐπινόημα. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ὄφελος ἦν πολὺ
+          τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς τοῦ μηχανήματος· [76] ἀλλὰ ἡττῶντον τῶν Τρώων τὸ
+          τεῖχος ἐπιτελέσαντες, καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. τότε μὲν γὰρ αὐτοὶ τῶν νεῶν
+          ᾤοντο προβεβλῆσθαι καθάπερ ἔρυμα γενναῖον· ἐπεὶ δὲ ᾔσθοντο
+          σφῶν<a id="noteref_355" name="noteref_355" href=
+          "#note_355"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a>
+          προκείμενον καὶ ἀποικοδομούμενον<a id="noteref_356" name=
+          "noteref_356" href="#note_356"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a>
+          τεῖχος τάφρῳ βαθείᾳ καὶ πασσάλοις ὀξέσι διηλούμενον,<a id=
+          "noteref_357" name="noteref_357" href="#note_357"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a>
+          κατερρᾳθύμουν καὶ ὑφίεντο τῆς ἀλκῆς τῷ τειχίσματι πεποιθότες. ἀλλ᾽
+          οὐ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐκείνοις μέμφοιτο καὶ ἐπιδεικνύοι διαμαρτάνοντας,
+          οὗτός ἐστι βασιλέως ἀξιόχρεως ἐπαινέτης· ὅστις δὲ οἶμαι τῶν ἔργων
+          ἀξίως μνησθείη, [B] οὐ μάτην οὐδὲ αὐτομάτως οὐδὲ ἀλόγῳ φορᾷ
+          γενομένων, προβουλευθέντων δὲ ὀρθῶς καὶ διοικηθέντων, οὗτος
+          ἀρκούντως ἐπαινεῖ τὴν βασιλέως ἀγχίνοιαν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But that you
+          may not think, if you hear only about his achievements and
+          successes in war, that the Emperor is less well endowed for
+          pursuits that are loftier and rightly considered of more
+          importance, I mean public speaking and deliberations and all those
+          affairs in which judgment combined with intelligence and prudence
+          take the helm, consider the case of Odysseus and Nestor, who are so
+          highly praised in the poem; and if you find that the Emperor is
+          inferior to them in any respect, put that down to his panegyrists,
+          but we should rather in fairness concede that he is far superior.
+          Nestor, for instance, when they began to disagree and quarrel about
+          the captive damsel,<a id="noteref_358" name="noteref_358" href=
+          "#note_358"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a> tried
+          to address them, and he did persuade the king and the son of
+          Thetis, but only to this extent that Achilles broke up the assembly
+          in disorder, while Agamemnon did not even wait to complete his
+          expiation to the god, but while he was still performing the rite
+          and the sacred ship was in view, he sent heralds to the tent of
+          Achilles, just as though, it seems to me, he were afraid that he
+          would forget his anger, and, once free from that passion, would
+          repent and avoid his error. Again, the far-travelled orator from
+          Ithaca, when he tried to persuade Achilles to make peace, and
+          offered him many gifts and promised him countless others, so
+          provoked the young warrior that, though he had not before planned
+          to sail home, he now began to make preparations.<a id="noteref_359"
+          name="noteref_359" href="#note_359"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a> Then
+          there are those wonderful proofs of their intelligence, their
+          exhortations to battle and Nestor's building of the wall, a
+          cowardly notion and worthy indeed of an old man. Nor in truth did
+          the Achaeans benefit much from that device. For it was after they
+          had finished the wall that they were worsted by the Trojans, and
+          naturally enough. For before that, they thought that they were
+          themselves protecting the ships, like a noble bulwark. But when
+          they realised that a wall lay in front of them, built with a deep
+          moat and set at intervals with sharp stakes, they grew careless and
+          slackened their valour, because they trusted to the fortification.
+          Yet it is not anyone who blames them and shows that they were in
+          the wrong who is therefore a fit and proper person to praise the
+          Emperor. But he who, in a worthy manner, recounts the Emperor's
+          deeds, which were done not idly or automatically, or from an
+          irrational impulse, but were skilfully planned beforehand and
+          carried through, he alone praises adequately the Emperor's keen
+          intelligence.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὸ δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῃ
+          συνόδῳ τὰς δημηγορίας ἐκλέγειν τὰς<a id="noteref_360" name=
+          "noteref_360" href="#note_360"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a> ἐς τὰ
+          στρατόπεδα καὶ δήμους καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg
+          204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> βουλευτήρια μακροτέρας δεῖται τῆς ξυγγραφῆς.
+          ἑνὸς δὲ ἴσως ἐπακούειν οὐ χαλεπόν. καί μοι πάλιν ἐννοήσατε τὸν
+          Λαέρτου, ὁπότε ὡρμημένους ἐκπλεῖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπέχει τῆς ὁρμῆς [C]
+          καὶ ἐς τὸν πόλεμον μετατίθησι τὴν προθυμίαν, καὶ<a id="noteref_361"
+          name="noteref_361" href="#note_361"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a>
+          βασιλέως τὸν ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς ξύλλογον, ἵνα δὴ πρεσβύτης ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ
+          μειρακίων παιδικὰ φρονεῖν ἀναπειθόμενος ὁμολογιῶν ἐπελανθάνετο καὶ
+          πίστεων, καὶ τῷ μὲν σωτῆρι καὶ εὐεργέτῃ δυσμενὴς ἦν, σπονδὰς δὲ
+          ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς ὃν ἦν ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος βασιλεῖ πόλεμος, στρατόν
+          τε ἤγειρε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς [D] ὁρίοις ἀπήντα τῆς χώρας, κωλῦσαι τοῦ
+          πρόσω χωρεῖν ἐπιθυμῶν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν ἦλθον ἀμφοτέρω τὼ
+          στρατεύματε καὶ ἐχρῆν ἐπὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, βῆμά
+          τε ὑψηλὸν ᾔρετο καὶ αὐτὸ περιέσχεν ὁπλιτῶν δῆμος καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν καὶ
+          τοξοτῶν ἱππεῖς τε ἐνσκευασάμενοι τοὺς ἵππους καὶ τὰ σημεῖα τῶν
+          τάξεων· ἀνῄει τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸ βασιλεὺς μετὰ τοῦ τέως ξυνάρχοντος οὔτε
+          αἰχμὴν φέρων οὔτε ἀσπίδα [77] καὶ κράνος, ἀλλὰ ἐσθῆτα τὴν συνήθη.
+          καὶ οὐδὲ αὐτῷ τις τῶν δορυφόρων εἵπετο, μόνος δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος
+          εἱστήκει πεποιθὼς τῷ λόγῳ σεμνῶς ἡρμοσμένῳ. ἐργάτης γάρ ἐστι καὶ
+          τούτων ἀγαθός, οὐκ ἀποσμιλεύων οὐδὲ ἀπονυχίζων τὰ ῥήματα οὐδὲ
+          ἀποτορνεύων τὰς περιόδους καθάπερ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> οἱ κομψοὶ ῥήτορες, σεμνὸς δὲ ἅμα καὶ καθαρὸς
+          καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι ξὺν καιρῷ χρώμενος, ὥστε ἐνδύεσθαι ταῖς ψυχαῖς [B]
+          οὐ τῶν παιδείας καὶ ξυνέσεως μεταποιουμένων μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ τῶν
+          ἰδιωτῶν ξυνιέναι πολλοὺς καὶ ἐπαïειν τῶν ῥημάτων. οὐκοῦν ᾕρει
+          μυριάδας ὁπλιτῶν συχνὰς καὶ χιλιάδας ἱππέων εἴκοσι καὶ ἔθνη
+          μαχιμώτατα<a id="noteref_362" name="noteref_362" href=
+          "#note_362"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a> καὶ
+          χώραν πάμφορον, οὐ βίᾳ ἕλκων οὐδὲ αἰχμαλώτους ἄγων, ἑκόντας δὲ αὐτῷ
+          πειθομένους καὶ τὸ ἐπιταττόμενον ποιεῖν ἐθέλοντας. ταύτην ἐγὼ τὴν
+          νίκην κρίνω τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἐκείνης<a id="noteref_363" name=
+          "noteref_363" href="#note_363"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a> μακρῷ
+          σεμνοτέραν· ἡ μέν γε ἦν ἄδακρυς μόνοις<a id="noteref_364" name=
+          "noteref_364" href="#note_364"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a> τοῖς
+          κρατοῦσιν, [C] ἡ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς κρατηθεῖσιν ἤνεγκε δάκρυα, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ
+          τοῦ βήματος κατῆλθεν ὁ τῆς βασιλείας ὑποκριτὴς δικασάμενος καὶ
+          ὥσπερ ὄφλημα βασιλεῖ πατρῷον ἀποδοὺς τὴν ἁλουργίδα· τἆλλα δὲ αὐτῷ
+          δίδωσι βασιλεὺς ἄφθονα μᾶλλον ἢ Κῦρόν φασι παρασχεῖν τῷ πάππῳ, ζῆν
+          τε ἐποίησε καὶ διαιτᾶσθαι καθάπερ Ὅμηρος ἀξιοῖ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς
+          ἀφηλικεστέρους,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But to report
+          to you those speeches which he made at every public gathering to
+          the armies and the common people and the councils, demands too long
+          a narrative, though it is perhaps not too much to ask you to hear
+          about one of these. Pray then think once more of the son of Laertes
+          when the Greeks were rushing to set sail and he checked the rush
+          and diverted their zeal back to the war,<a id="noteref_365" name=
+          "noteref_365" href="#note_365"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a> and
+          then of the Emperor's assembly in Illyria, when that old man,<a id=
+          "noteref_366" name="noteref_366" href="#note_366"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a>
+          persuaded by mere youths to think childish thoughts, forgot his
+          treaties and obligations and proved to be the enemy of his
+          preserver and benefactor, and came to terms with one against whom
+          the Emperor was waging a war that allowed no truce nor herald of a
+          truce,<a id="noteref_367" name="noteref_367" href=
+          "#note_367"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a> and
+          who was not only getting an army together, but came to meet the
+          Emperor on the border of the country, because he was anxious to
+          hinder him from advancing further. And when those two armies met,
+          and it was necessary to hold an assembly in the presence of the
+          hoplites, a high platform was set up and it was surrounded by a
+          crowd of hoplites, javelin-men and archers and cavalry equipped
+          with their horses and the standards of the divisions. Then the
+          Emperor, accompanied by him who for the moment was his colleague,
+          mounted the platform, carrying no sword or shield or helmet, but
+          wearing his usual dress. And not even one of his bodyguard followed
+          him, but there he stood alone on the platform, trusting to that
+          speech which was so impressively appropriate. For of speeches too
+          he is a good craftsman, though he does not plane down and polish
+          his phrases nor elaborate his periods like the ingenious
+          rhetoricians, but is at once dignified and simple, and uses the
+          right words on every occasion, so that they sink into the souls not
+          only of those who claim to be cultured and intelligent, but many
+          unlearned persons too understand and give hearing to his words. And
+          so he won over many tens of thousands of hoplites and twenty
+          thousand cavalry and most warlike nations, and at the same time a
+          country that is extremely fertile, not seizing it by force, or
+          carrying off captives, but by winning over men who obeyed him of
+          their own free will and were eager to carry out his orders. This
+          victory I judge to be far more splendid than that for which Sparta
+          is famous.<a id="noteref_368" name="noteref_368" href=
+          "#note_368"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a> For
+          that was <span class="tei tei-q">“tearless”</span> for the victors
+          only, but the Emperor's did not cause even the defeated to shed
+          tears, but he who was masquerading as Emperor came down from the
+          platform when he had pleaded his cause, and handed over to the
+          Emperor the imperial purple<a id="noteref_369" name="noteref_369"
+          href="#note_369"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a> as
+          though it were an ancestral debt. And all else the Emperor gave him
+          in abundance, more than they say Cyrus gave to his grandfather, and
+          arranged that he should live and be maintained in the manner that
+          Homer recommends for men who are past their prime:—)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Τοιούτῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν, ἐπεὶ
+                λούσαιτο φάγοι τε,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Εὐδέμεναι μαλακῶς· [D] ἣ γὰρ
+                δίκη ἐστὶ γερόντων.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For it is
+            fitting that such a one, when he has bathed and fed, should sleep
+            soft, for that is the manner of the aged.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_370" name=
+            "noteref_370" href="#note_370"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐμὸν
+          ἡδέως ἂν τοὺς ῥηθέντας λόγους διεξῆλθον, καὶ οὐκ ἄν με ὄκνος
+          καταλάβοι οὕτω καλῶν ἁπτόμενον λόγων· αἰδὼς δὲ οἶμαι κατείργει καὶ
+          οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει μετατιθέναι καὶ ἐξερμηνεύειν ἐς ὑμᾶς τοὺς λόγους.
+          ἀδικοίην γὰρ ἂν διαφθείρων <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ ἐλεγχόμενος αἰσχυνοίμην, εἴ τις ἄρα τὸ
+          βασιλέως ἀναγνοὺς ξύγγραμμα ἢ τότε ἀκούσας ἀπομνημονεύοι καὶ
+          ἀπαιτοίη οὐ τὰ νοήματα μόνον, [78] ὅσαις δὲ ἀρεταῖς ἐκεῖνα
+          κοσμεῖται κατὰ τὴν πάτριον φωνὴν ξυγκείμενα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἦν Ὁμήρῳ
+          τὸ δέος πολλαῖς μὲν ὕστερον γενεαῖς τοὺς λόγους διηγουμένῳ,
+          λιπόντων δὲ ἐκείνων οὐδὲν ὑπόμνημα τῶν ἐς τοὺς ξυλλόγους ῥηθέντων,
+          καὶ σαφῶς οἶμαι πιστεύοντι, ὅτι ἄμεινον<a id="noteref_371" name=
+          "noteref_371" href="#note_371"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a>
+          τἀκείνων αὐτὸς ἐξαγγελεῖ καὶ διηγήσεται. τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον
+          μιμεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον καὶ οὐκ ἄξιον ἐλευθέρας ψυχῆς καὶ γενναίας.
+          [B] τὰ μὲν δὴ θαυμαστὰ τῶν ἔργων καὶ ὁπόσων ὁ πολὺς ὅμιλος θεατῆς
+          τε ἐγένετο καὶ διασώζει τὴν μνήμην ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ, ἅτε ἐς τὸ<a id=
+          "noteref_372" name="noteref_372" href="#note_372"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a> τέλος
+          ἀφορῶν καὶ τῶν εὖ ἢ κακῶς ἀποβάντων κριτὴς καθεστὼς καὶ ἐπαινέτης
+          οὐ μάλα ἀστεῖος, ἀκηκόατε πολλάκις τῶν μακαρίων σοφιστῶν καὶ τοῦ
+          ποιητικοῦ γένους πρὸς αὐτῶν τῶν μουσῶν ἐπιπνεομένου, ὥστε ὑμᾶς
+          τούτων ἕνεκα καὶ διωχλήκαμεν, μακροτέρους τοὺς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν
+          ποιούμενοι λόγους· [C] καὶ γάρ ἐστε λίαν αὐτῶν ἤδη διακορεῖς καὶ
+          ὑμῶν ἐστι τὰ ὦτα πλήρη, καὶ οὐ μή ποτε ἐπιλίπωσιν οἱ τούτων
+          ποιηταί, πολέμους ὑμνοῦντες καὶ νίκας ἀνακηρύττοντες λαμπρᾷ τῇ φωνῇ
+          κατὰ τοὺς Ὀλυμπίασι κήρυκας· παρέσχεσθε γὰρ ὑμεῖς τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων
+          ἀφθονίαν, ἀσμένως ἐπακούοντες. καὶ οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν. εἰσὶ γὰρ αἱ
+          τούτων ὑπολήψεις ἀγαθῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg
+          210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> πέρι καὶ φαύλων ταῖς ὑμετέραις ξυγγενεῖς, [D]
+          καὶ ἀπαγγέλλουσι πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὰ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν διανοήματα, ἃ<a id=
+          "noteref_373" name="noteref_373" href="#note_373"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a> ὥσπερ
+          ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ<a id="noteref_374" name="noteref_374" href=
+          "#note_374"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a> τοῖς
+          ὀνόμασι σκιαγραφήσαντες καὶ διαπλάσαντες ἡδίστοις ῥυθμοῖς καὶ
+          σχήμασιν ὡς δή τι καινὸν εὑρόντες εἰς ὑμᾶς φέρουσιν· ὑμεῖς δὲ
+          ἄσμενοι παραδέχεσθε, καὶ ἐκείνους τε οἴεσθε ὀρθῶς ἐπαινεῖν, τούτοις
+          τε ἀποδίδοσθαι τὸ προσῆκόν φατε. τὸ δὲ ἐστι μὲν ἴσως ἀληθές, τυχὸν
+          δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχει, ἀγνοούμενον πρὸς ὑμῶν ὅπῃ ποτὲ ἂν ὀρθῶς
+          γίγνοιτο.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now for my part
+          I should have been glad to repeat to you the words that the Emperor
+          used, and no fear would overtake me when handling words so noble.
+          But modesty restrains me and does not permit me to change or
+          interpret his words to you. For it would be wrong of me to tamper
+          with them, and I should blush to have my ignorance exposed, if
+          someone who had read the Emperor's composition or heard it at the
+          time should remember it by heart, and demand from me not only the
+          ideas in it but all the excellences with which they are adorned,
+          though they are composed in the language of our ancestors.<a id=
+          "noteref_375" name="noteref_375" href="#note_375"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a> Now
+          this at any rate Homer had not to fear when, many generations
+          later, he reported his speeches, since his speakers left no record
+          of what they said in their assemblies, and I think he was clearly
+          confident that he was able to relate and report what they said in a
+          better style. But to make an inferior copy is absurd and unworthy
+          of a generous and noble soul. Now as to the marvellous portion of
+          his achievements and those of which the great multitude was
+          spectator and hence preserves their memory and commends them, since
+          it looks to the result and is there to judge whether they turn out
+          well or ill, and eulogises them in language that is certainly not
+          elegant,—as to all this I say you have often heard from the
+          ingenious sophists, and from the race of poets inspired by the
+          Muses themselves, so that, as far as these are concerned, I must
+          have wearied you by speaking about them at too great length. For
+          you are already surfeited with them, your ears are filled with
+          them, and there will always be a supply of composers of such
+          discourses to sing of battles and proclaim victories with a loud
+          clear voice, after the manner of the heralds at the Olympic games.
+          For you yourselves, since you delight to listen to them, have
+          produced an abundance of these men. And no wonder. For their
+          conceptions of what is good and bad are akin to your own, and they
+          do but report to you your own opinions and depict them in fine
+          phrases, like a dress of many colours, and cast them into the mould
+          of agreeable rhythms and forms, and bring them forth for you as
+          though they had invented something new. And you welcome them
+          eagerly, and think that this is the correct way to eulogise, and
+          you say that these deeds have received their due. And this is
+          perhaps true but it may well be otherwise, since you do not really
+          know what the correct way should be.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[79] Ἐπεὶ καὶ
+          τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ἐνενόησα Σωκράτη· ἴστε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀκοῇ τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὸ
+          ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ κλέος τῆς σοφίας παρὰ τῆς Πυθίας ἐκβοηθέν· οὐ ταῦτα
+          ἐπαινοῦντα<a id="noteref_376" name="noteref_376" href=
+          "#note_376"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a> οὐδὲ
+          εὐδαίμονας καὶ μακαρίους ὁμολογοῦντα τοὺς πολλὴν κεκτημένους χώραν,
+          πλεῖστα δ᾽ ἔθνη καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλοὺς μὲν Ἑλλήνων, πλείους δὲ ἔτι
+          καὶ μείζους βαρβάρων καὶ τὸν Ἄθω διορύττειν δυναμένους καὶ σχεδίᾳ
+          τὰς ἠπείρους, ἐπειδὰν ἐθέλωσι διαβαίνειν, συνάπτοντας καὶ ἔθνη
+          καταστρεφομένους [B] καὶ αἱροῦντας νήσους καὶ σαγηνεύοντας καὶ
+          λιβανωτοῦ χίλια τάλαντα καταθύοτας. οὔτε οὖν Ξέρξην ἐκεῖνος ἐπῄνει
+          ποτὲ οὔτε ἄλλον τινὰ Περσῶν ἢ Λυδῶν ἢ Μακεδόνων βασιλέα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ
+          Ἑλλήνων στρατηγόν, πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων, ὁπόσους ἠπίστατο χαίροντας
+          ἀρετῇ καὶ ἀσπαζομένους ἀνδρείαν μετὰ σωφροσύνης καὶ φρόνησιν μετὰ
+          δικαιοσύνης στέργοντας. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg
+          212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὅσους δὲ ἀγχίνους ἢ δεινοὺς ἢ στρατηγικοὺς ἢ
+          κομψοὺς καὶ τῷ πλήθει πιθανοὺς ἑώρα, σμίκρ᾽ ἄττα μόρια
+          κατανειμαμένους ἀρετῆς, [C] οὐδὲ τούτους ἐς ἅπαν ἐπῄνει. ἕπεται δὲ
+          αὐτοῦ τῇ κρίσει σοφῶν ἀνδρῶν δῆμος ἀρετὴν θεραπεύοντες, τὰ κλεινὰ
+          δὲ οἶμαι ταῦτα καὶ θαυμαστὰ οἱ μὲν ὀλίγου τινός, οἱ δὲ οὐδενὸς ἄξια
+          λέγοντες.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For I have
+          observed that Socrates the Athenian—you know the man by hearsay and
+          that his reputation for wisdom was proclaimed aloud by the Pythian
+          oracle<a id="noteref_377" name="noteref_377" href=
+          "#note_377"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a>—I say
+          I have observed that he did not praise that sort of thing, nor
+          would he admit<a id="noteref_378" name="noteref_378" href=
+          "#note_378"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a> that
+          they are happy and fortunate who are masters of a great territory
+          and many nations, with many Greeks too among them, and still more
+          numerous and powerful barbarians, such men as are able to cut a
+          canal through Athos and join continents<a id="noteref_379" name=
+          "noteref_379" href="#note_379"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> by a
+          bridge of boats whenever they please, and who subdue nations and
+          reduce islands by sweeping the inhabitants into a net,<a id=
+          "noteref_380" name="noteref_380" href="#note_380"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a> and
+          make offerings of a thousand talents' worth of frankincense.<a id=
+          "noteref_381" name="noteref_381" href="#note_381"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a>
+          Therefore he never praised Xerxes or any other king of Persia or
+          Lydia or Macedonia, and not even a Greek general, save only a very
+          few, whomsoever he knew to delight in virtue and to cherish courage
+          with temperance and to love wisdom with justice. But those whom he
+          saw to be cunning, or merely clever, or generals and nothing more,
+          or ingenious, or able, though each one could lay claim to only one
+          small fraction of virtue, to impose on the masses, these too he
+          would not praise without reserve. And his judgment is followed by a
+          host of wise men who reverence virtue, but as for all those wonders
+          and marvels that I have described, some say of them that they are
+          worth little, others that they are worth nothing.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ
+          ὑμῖν ταύτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, δέος οὐ φαῦλόν με ἔχει περὶ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν
+          λόγων καὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, μή ποτε ἄρα τοὺς μὲν παιδιὰν<a id="noteref_382"
+          name="noteref_382" href="#note_382"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a>
+          ἀποφήνητε, σοφιστὴν δὲ ἐμὲ γελοῖον καὶ ἀμαθῆ, μεταποιούμενον
+          τέχνης, [D] ἧς σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἔχειν ὁμολογῶ, ὥς γ᾽ ἐμοὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς
+          ὁμολογητέον ἐστὶ τοὺς ἀληθεῖς ἐπαίνους διεξιόντι καὶ ὧν ἀκούειν
+          ἄξιον ὑμῖν οἴεσθε, εἰ καὶ ἀγροικότεροι καὶ ἐλάττους μακρῷ τῶν
+          ῥηθέντων τοῖς πολλοῖς φαίνοιντο. εἰ δέ, ὅπερ ἔμπροσθεν ἔφην,
+          ἀποδέχεσθε τοὺς ἐκείνων ποιητάς, ἐμοὶ μὲν ἀνεῖται τὸ δέος εὖ μάλα.
+          οὐ γὰρ πάντα ὑμῖν ἄτοπος φανοῦμαι, ἀλλὰ πολλῶν μὲν οἶμαι
+          φαυλότερος, κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν δὲ ἐξεταζόμενος οὐ παντάπασιν [80]
+          ἀπόβλητος οὐδὲ ἀτόποις ἐπιχειρῶν. ὑμῖν δὲ ἴσως οὐ ῥᾴδιον σοφοῖς καὶ
+          θείοις ἀπιστεῖν ἀνδράσιν, οἳ δὴ λέγουσι πολλὰ μὲν ἕκαστος ἰδίᾳ, τὸ
+          κεφάλαιον δέ ἐστι τῶν λόγων ἀρετῆς ἔπαινος. ταύτην δὲ τῇ ψυχῇ φασιν
+          ἐμφύεσθαι καὶ αὐτὴν ἀποφαίνειν εὐδαίμονα καὶ βασιλικὴν καὶ ναὶ μὰ
+          Δία πολιτικὴν καὶ στρατηγικὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ πλουσίαν γε ἀληθῶς οὐ τὸ
+          Κολοφώνιον ἔχουσαν χρυσίον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now if you also
+          are of their opinion, I feel no inconsiderable alarm for what I
+          said earlier, and for myself, lest possibly you should declare that
+          my words are mere childishness, and that I am an absurd and
+          ignorant sophist and make pretensions to an art in which I confess
+          that I have no skill, as indeed I must confess to you when I recite
+          eulogies that are really deserved, and such as you think it worth
+          while to listen to, even though they should seem to most of you
+          somewhat uncouth and far inferior to what has been already uttered.
+          But if, as I said before, you accept the authors of those other
+          eulogies, then my fear is altogether allayed. For then I shall not
+          seem wholly out of place, but though, as I admit, inferior to many
+          others, yet judged by my own standard, not wholly unprofitable nor
+          attempting what is out of place. And indeed it is probably not easy
+          for you to disbelieve wise and inspired men who have much to say,
+          each in his own manner, though the sum and substance of all their
+          speeches is the praise of virtue. And virtue they say is implanted
+          in the soul and makes it happy and kingly, yes, by Zeus, and
+          statesmanlike and gifted with true generalship, and generous and
+          truly wealthy, not because it possesses the Colophonian<a id=
+          "noteref_383" name="noteref_383" href="#note_383"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a>
+          treasures of gold,)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">[B] Οὐδ᾽ ὅσα λάϊνος οὐδὸς
+                ἀφήτορος ἐντὸς ἐέργε</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Nor all
+            that the stone threshold of the Far-Darter contained
+            within,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_384" name="noteref_384" href="#note_384"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τὸ πρὶν ἐπ᾽
+          εἰρήνης, ὅτε ἦν ὀρθὰ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πράγματα, οὐδὲ ἐσθῆτα πολυτελῆ
+          καὶ ψήφους Ἰνδικὰς καὶ γῆς πλέθρων μυριάδας πάνυ πολλάς, ἀλλ᾽ ὃ
+          πάντων ἅμα τούτων καὶ κρεῖττον καὶ θεοφιλέστερον, ὃ καὶ ἐν
+          ναυαγίαις ἔνεστι διασώσασθαι καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ καὶ ἐν δήμῳ καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ
+          καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας, [C] ἐν λῃσταῖς μέσοις καὶ ἀπὸ τυράννων βιαίων.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“in the old days, in times of peace,”</span><a id=
+          "noteref_385" name="noteref_385" href="#note_385"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> when
+          the fortunes of Greece had not yet fallen; nay nor costly clothing
+          and precious stones from India and many tens of thousands of acres
+          of land, but that which is superior to all these things together
+          and more pleasing to the gods; which can keep us safe even in
+          shipwreck, in the market-place, in the crowd, in the house, in the
+          desert, in the midst of robbers, and from the violence of
+          tyrants.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅλως γὰρ οὐδέν
+          ἐστιν ἐκείνου κρεῖττον, ὃ βιασάμενον καθέξει καὶ ἀφαιρήσεται τὸν
+          ἔχοντα ἅπαξ. ἔστι γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς ψυχῇ τὸ κτῆμα τοῦτο τοιοῦτον, ὁποῖον
+          οἶμαι τὸ φῶς ἡλίῳ. καὶ γὰρ δὴ τοῦδε νεὼς μὲν καὶ ἀναθήματα πολλοὶ
+          πολλάκις ὑφελόμενοι καὶ διαφθείραντες ᾤχοντο, δόντες μὲν ἄλλοι τὴν
+          δίκην, ἄλλοι δὲ ὠλιγωρηθέντες ὡς οὐκ ἄξιοι κολάσεως εἰς ἐπανόρθωσιν
+          φερούσης· τὸ φῶς δὲ οὐδεὶς αὐτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται, οὐδὲ ἐν ταῖς συνόδοις
+          [D] ἡ σελήνη τὸν κύκλον ὑποτρέχουσα, οὐδὲ εἰς αὑτὴν δεχομένη τὴν
+          ἀκτῖνα καὶ ἡμῖν πολλάκις, τοῦτο δὴ τὸ λεγόμενον, ἐκ μεσημβρίας
+          νύκτα δεικνῦσα. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται φωτὸς τὴν σελήνην
+          ἐξ ἐναντίας ἱσταμένην περιλάμπρων καὶ μεταδιδοὺς αὐτῇ τῆς αὑτοῦ
+          φύσεως οὐδὲ τὸν μέγαν καὶ θαυμαστὸν τουτονὶ κόσμον ἐμπλήσας αὐγῆς
+          καὶ ἡμέρας. οὔκουν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg
+          216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς ἀρετῆς μεταδιδοὺς ἄλλῳ τῷ
+          μεταδοθέντι μεῖον ἔχων ἐφάνη ποτέ· [81] οὕτω θεῖόν ἐστι κτῆμα καὶ
+          πάγκαλον, καὶ οὐ ψευδὴς ὁ λόγος τοῦ Ἀθηναίου ξένου, ὅστις ποτὲ ἄρα
+          ἦν ἐκεῖνος ὁ θεῖος ἀνήρ· πᾶς γὰρ ὅ τε ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς χρυσὸς
+          ἀρετῆς οὐκ ἀντάξιος. θαρροῦντες οὖν ἤδη πλούσιον καλῶμεν τὸν ταύτην
+          ἔχοντα, οἶμαι δὲ ἐγὼ καὶ εὐγενῆ καὶ βασιλέα μόνον τῶν ἁπάντων, εἴ
+          τῳ ξυνδοκεῖ. κρείττων μὲν εὐγένεια φαυλότητος γένους, [B] κρείττων
+          δὲ ἀρετὴ διαθέσεως οὐ πάντη σπουδαίας. καὶ μή τις οἰέσθω τὸν λόγον
+          δύσεριν καὶ βίαιον εἰς τὴν συνήθειαν ἀφορῶν τῶν ὀνομάτων· φασὶ γὰρ
+          οἱ πολλοὶ τοὺς ἐκ πάλαι πλουσίων εὐγενεῖς. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ ἄτοπον
+          μάγειρον μὲν ἢ σκυτέα καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία κεραμέα τινὰ χρήματα ἐκ τῆς
+          τέχνης ἢ καὶ ἄλλοθέν ποθεν ἀθροίσαντα μὴ δοκεῖν εὐγενῆ μηδὲ ὑπὸ τῶν
+          πολλῶν ἐπονομάζεσθαι τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, εἰ δὲ ὁ τούτου παῖς
+          διαδεξάμενος τὸν κλῆρον εἰς τοὺς ἐκγόνους διαπορθμεύσειε, [C]
+          τούτους δὲ ἤδη μέγα φρονεῖν καὶ τοῖς Πελοπίδαις ἢ τοῖς Ἡρακλείδαις
+          ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὅστις προγόνων ἀγαθῶν ἔφυ,
+          αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν τοῦ βίου ῥοπὴν κατηνέχθη, δικαίως ἂν
+          μεταποιοῖτο τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ξυγγενείας, εἰ<a id="noteref_386"
+          name="noteref_386" href="#note_386"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a> μηδὲ
+          ἐς τοὺς Πελοπίδας ἐξῆν ἐγγράφεσθαι τοὺς μὴ φέροντας ἐπὶ τὸν ὤμον
+          τοῦ γένους τὰ γνωρίσματα. λόγχη δὲ λέγεται περὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν τοῖς
+          Σπαρτοῖς ἐντυπωθῆναι παρὰ τῆς τεκούσης <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ θρεψαμένης αὐτοὺς βώλου, [D] καὶ τὸ
+          ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ πολὺ διασωθῆναι τοῦτο τῷ γένει σύμβολον. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν
+          ψυχῶν οὐδὲν οἰόμεθα δεῖν ἐγκεχαράχθαι τοιοῦτον, ὃ τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῖν
+          ἀκριβῶς κατερεῖ καὶ ἀπελέγξει τὸν τόκον γνήσιον; ὑπάρχειν δὲ φασι
+          καὶ Κελτοῖς ποταμὸν ἀδέκαστον κριτὴν τῶν ἐκγόνων·<a id=
+          "noteref_387" name="noteref_387" href="#note_387"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a> καὶ
+          οὐ πείθουσιν αὐτὸν οὔτε αἱ μητέρες ὀδυρόμεναι συγκαλύπτειν αὐταῖς
+          [82] καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν τὴν ἁμαρτάδα οὔτε οἱ πατέρες ὑπὲρ τῶν γαμετῶν
+          καὶ τῶν ἐκγόνων<a id="noteref_388" name="noteref_388" href=
+          "#note_388"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a> ἐπὶ
+          τῇ κρίσει δειμαίνοντες, ἀτρεκὴς δὲ ἐστι καὶ ἀψευδὴς κριτής. ἡμᾶς δὲ
+          δεκάζει μέν πλοῦτος, δεκάζει δὲ ἰσχὺς καὶ ὥρα σώματος καὶ δυναστεία
+          προγόνων ἔξωθεν ἐπισκιάζουσα, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει διορᾶν οὐδὲ
+          ἀποβλέπειν ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν, ᾗπερ δὴ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων διαφέροντες εἰκότως
+          ἂν κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ποιοίμεθα κρίσιν. καί μοι
+          δοκοῦσιν εὐστοχίᾳ φύσεως [B] οἱ πάλαι θαυμαστῇ χρώμενοι, καὶ οὐκ
+          ἐπίκτητον ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἔχοντες τὸ φρονεῖν, οὔτι πλαστῶς, ἀλλ᾽
+          αὐτοφυῶς φιλοσοφοῦντες, τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα τοῦ Διὸς
+          ἀνειπεῖν ἔκγονον<a id="noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href=
+          "#note_389"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a> καὶ
+          τὼ τῆς Λήδας ιἱέε, Μίνω τε οἶμαι τὸν νομοθέτην καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυν τὸν
+          Κνώσιον τῆς αὐτῆς ἀξιῶσαι φήμης· καὶ ἄλλους δὲ ἄλλων ἐκγόνους
+          ἀνεκήρυττον πολλοὺς διαφέροντας τῶν φύσει πατέρων. ἔβλεπον γὰρ ἐς
+          τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτὴν καὶ τὰς πράξεις, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐς πλοῦτον βαθὺν
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name=
+          "Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg221" id=
+          "Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ χρόνῳ πολιόν, οὐδὲ
+          δυναστείαν ἐκ πάππων τινῶν καὶ ἐπιπάππων ἐς αὐτοὺς ἥκουσαν· [C]
+          καίτοι γε ὑπῆρχέ τισιν οὐ παντάπασιν ἀδόξων γενέσθαι πατέρων· ἀλλὰ
+          διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἧς ἐτίμων τε καὶ ἐθεράπευον ἀρετῆς αὐτῶν
+          ἐνομίζοντο τῶν θεῶν παῖδες. δῆλον δὲ ἐνθένδε· ἄλλων γὰρ οὐδὲ
+          εἰδότες τοὺς φύσει γονέας ἐς τὸ δαιμόνιον ἀνῆπτον τὴν φήμην, τῇ
+          περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀρετῇ χαριζόμενοι. καὶ οὐ πειστέον τοῖς λέγουσιν, ὡς
+          ἄρα ἐκεῖνοι ὑπ᾽ ἀμαθίας ἐξαπατώμενοι ταῦτα τῶν θεῶν κατεψεύδοντο.
+          εἰ γὰρ δὴ [D] καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰκὸς ἦν ἐξαπατηθῆναι θεῶν ἢ
+          δαιμόνων, σχήματα περιτιθέντας ἀνθρώπινα καὶ μορφὰς τοιαύτας, ἀφανῆ
+          μὲν αἰσθήσει καὶ ἀνέφικτον κεκτημένων αὐτῶν φύσιν, νῷ δὲ ἀκριβεῖ
+          διὰ ξυγγένειαν μόλις προσπίπτουσαν· οὔτι γε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμφανῶν
+          θεῶν τοῦτο παθεῖν εὔλογον ἐκείνους, Ἡλίου μὲν ἐπιφημίζοντας Αἰήτην
+          υἱέα, Ἑωσφόρου δὲ ἕτερον, καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλων. ὅπερ δὲ ἔφην, [83] χρὴ
+          περὶ αὐτῶν πειθομένους ἡμᾶς ταύτην ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας
+          ἐξέτασιν· καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἂν ὦσιν ἀγαθοὶ πατέρες καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκείνοις
+          ἐμφερής, τοῦτον ὀνομάζειν θαρρούντως εὐγενῆ· ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν τῶν
+          πατέρων ὑπῆρξεν ἀρετῆς ἐνδεᾶ, αὐτὸς δὲ μετεποιήθη τούτου τοῦ
+          κτήματος, τούτου δὲ νομιστέον πατέρα τὸν Δία καὶ φυτουργόν, καὶ
+          οὐδὲν μεῖον αὐτῷ δοτέον ἐκείνων, οἳ γεγονότες πατέρων ἀγαθῶν τοὺς
+          σφῶν τοκέας ἐζήλωσαν· [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν γέγονε μοχθηρός,
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name=
+          "Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg223" id=
+          "Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦτον τοῖς νόθοις ἐγγράφειν
+          ἄξιον· τοὺς δὲ ἐκ μοχθηρῶν φῦντας καὶ προσομοίους τοῖς αὑτῶν
+          τοκεῦσιν οὔποτε εὐγενεῖς φατέον, οὐδὲ εἰ πλουτοῖεν ταλάντοις
+          μυρίοις, οὐδὲ εἰ ἀπαριθμοῖντο προγόνους δυνάστας ἢ ναὶ μὰ Δία
+          τυράννους εἴκοσιν, οὐδὲ εἰ νίκας Ὀλυμπιακὰς ἢ Πυθικὰς ἢ τῶν
+          πολεμικῶν ἀγώνων, [C] αἳ δὴ τῷ παντὶ ἐκείνων εἰσὶ λαμπρότεραι,
+          ἀνελομένους ἔχοιεν δείκνυσθαι πλείους ἢ Καῖσαρ ὁ πρῶτος, ὀρύγματά
+          τε<a id="noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href=
+          "#note_390"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a> τὰ
+          Ἀσσύρια καὶ τὰ Βαβυλωνίων τείχη πυραμίδας τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰς
+          Αἰγυπτίων, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πλούτου καὶ χρημάτων καὶ τρυφῆς γέγονε
+          σημεῖα καὶ διανοίας ὑπὸ φιλοτιμίας ἀναφλεγομένης καὶ
+          ἀπορουμένης<a id="noteref_391" name="noteref_391" href=
+          "#note_391"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a> ἐς
+          ὅ,τι τῷ πλούτῳ χρήσεται, εἶτα ἐς τοῦτο τὰς τῶν χρημάτων εὐπορίας
+          καταβαλλομένης. εὖ γὰρ δὴ ἴστε, ὡς οὔτε πλοῦτος ἀρχαῖος ἢ νεωστί
+          ποθεν ἐπιρρέων Βασιλέα ποιεῖ οὔτε [D] ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον οὔτε τιάρα
+          καὶ σκῆπτρον καὶ διάδημα καὶ θρόνος ἀρχαῖος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλῖται
+          πολλοῖ καὶ ἱππεῖς μυρίοι, οὐδὲ εἰ πάντες ἄνθρωποι βασιλέα σφῶν
+          τοῦτον ὁμολογοῖεν συνελθόντες, ὅτι μηδὲ ἀρετὴν οὗτοι χαρίζονται,
+          ἀλλὰ δυναστείαν μὲν οὐ μάλα εὐτυχῆ τῷ λαβόντι, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τοῖς
+          παρασχομένοις. δεξάμενος γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος αἴρεται μετέωρος ἐπίπαν,
+          οὐδὲν διαφέρων τοῦ περὶ τὸν Φαέθοντα μύθου καὶ πάθους. καὶ οὐδὲν
+          ἑτέρων δεῖ παραδειγμάτων πρὸς πίστιν τῷ λόγῳ, [84] τοῦ βίου παντὸς
+          ἀναπεπλησμένου τοιούτων παθημάτων καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς λόγων. ὑμῖν δὲ εἰ
+          θαυμαστὸν δοκεῖ τὸ μὴ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg
+          224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δικαίως μεταποιεῖσθαι τῆς καλῆς ταύτης καὶ
+          θεοφιλοῦς ἐπωνυμίας τοὺς πολλῆς μὲν γῆς καὶ ἐθνῶν ἀπείρων ἄρχοντας,
+          γνώμῃ δὲ αὐτεξουσίῳ δίχα νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ
+          ξυνεπομένων ἀρετῶν τὰ προστυχόντα κρίνοντας· ἴστε οὐδὲ ἐλευθέρους
+          ὄντας, [B] οὐ μόνον εἰ τὰ παρόντα οὐδενός σφισιν ἐμποδὼν ὄντος
+          ἔχοιεν καὶ ἐμφοροῖντο τῆς ἐξουσίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ τῶν ἐπιστρατευόντων
+          κρατοῖεν καὶ ἐπιόντες ἀνυπόστατοί τινες καὶ<a id="noteref_392"
+          name="noteref_392" href="#note_392"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a>
+          ἄμαχοι φαίνοιντο. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις ὑμῶν τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε, μάλα ἐμφανῶν
+          μαρτύρων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν, Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων, οἳ μάχας πολλὰς
+          καὶ ἰσχυρὰς λίαν μαχεσάμενοι καὶ νενικηκότες ἔθνη μὲν ἐκτῶντο καὶ
+          [C] αὑτοῖς φόρους ἀπάγειν κατηνάνκαζον, ἐδούλευον δὲ αἴσχιον
+          ἐκείνων ἡδονῇ καὶ τρυφῇ καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ καὶ ὕβρει καὶ ἀδικίᾳ. τούτους
+          δὲ οὐδὲ ἰσχυροὺς ἂν φαίη νοῦν ἔχων ἀνήρ, εἰ καὶ ἐπιφαίνοιτο καὶ
+          ἐπιλάμποι μέγεθος τοῖς ἔργοις. μόνος γάρ ἐστι τοιοῦτος ὁ μετὰ
+          ἀρετῆς ἀνδρεῖος καὶ μεγαλόφρων· ὅστις δὲ ἥττων μὲν ἡδονῶν, ἀκράτωρ
+          δὲ ὀργῆς καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν παντοιῶν, καὶ ὑπὸ σμικρῶν ἀπαγορεύειν
+          ἀναγκαζόμενος, οὗτος δὲ [D] οὐδὲ ἰσχυρὸς οὐδὲ ἀνδρεῖος ἀνθρωπίνην
+          ἰσχύν· ἐπιτρεπτέον δὲ ἴσως αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ταύρους ἢ τοὺς λέοντας ἢ
+          τὰς παρδάλεις τῇ ῥώμῃ γάνυσθαι, εἰ μὴ καὶ ταύτην ἀποβαλὼν καθάπερ
+          οἱ κηφῆνες ἀλλοτρίοις ἐφέστηκε πόνοις, αὐτὸς ὢν μαλθακὸς αἰχμητὴς
+          καὶ δειλὸς καὶ ἀκόλαστος. τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν οὐ μόνον ἀληθοῦς ἐνδεὴς
+          πλούτου καθέστηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ πολυτιμήτου καὶ σεμνοῦ καὶ
+          ἀγαπητοῦ, ἐξ οὗ παντοδαπαὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> κρεμάμεναι ψυχαὶ πράγματα ἔχουσι μυρία καὶ
+          πόνους, [85] τοῦ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν κέρδους ἕνεκα πλεῖν τε ὑπομένουσαι καὶ
+          καπηλεύειν καὶ λῃστεύειν καὶ ἀναρπάζειν τὰς τυραννίδας. ζῶσι γὰρ
+          ἀεὶ μὲν κτώμενοι, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐνδεεῖς, οὔτι τῶν ἀναγαίων φημὶ σιτίων καὶ
+          ποτῶν καὶ ἐσθημάτων· ὥρισται γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος πλοῦτος εὖ μάλα παρὰ
+          τῆς φύσεως, καὺ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦυ στέρεσθαι οὔτε τοὺς ὄρνιθας οὔτε
+          τοὺς ἰχθῦς<a id="noteref_393" name="noteref_393" href=
+          "#note_393"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a> οὔτε
+          τὰ θηρία, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀνθρώπων τοὺς σώφρονας· [B] ὅσους δὲ ἐνοχλεῖ
+          χρημάτων ἀπιθυμία καὶ ἔρως δυστυχής, τούτους δὲ ἀνάγκη πεινῆν διὰ
+          βίου καὶ ἀθλιώτερον ἀπαλλάττειν μακρῷ τῶν τῆς ἐφημέρου τροφῆς
+          ἐνδεομένων. τούτοις μὲν γὰρ ἀποπλήσασι τὴν γαστέρα πολλὴ γέγονεν
+          εἰρήνη καὶ ἀνοκωχὴ τῆς ἀλγηδόνος, ἐκείνοις δὲ οὔτε ἡμέρα πέφηνεν
+          ἀκερδὴς ἡδεῖα, οὔτε εὐφρόνη τὸν λυσιμελῆ καὶ λυσιμέριμνον ὕπνον
+          ἐπάγουσα παῦλαν ἐνεποίησε τῆς ἐμμανοῦς λύττης, [C] στροβεῖ δὲ αὐτῶν
+          καὶ στρέφει τὴν ψυχὴν ἐκλογιζομένων καὶ ἀπαριθμουμένων τὰ χρήματα·
+          καὶ οὐκ ἐξαιρεῖται τοὺς ἄνδρας τῆς ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ
+          ταλαιπωρίας<a id="noteref_394" name="noteref_394" href=
+          "#note_394"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a> οὐδὲ
+          ὁ Ταντάλου καὶ Μίδου πλοῦτος περιγενόμενος οὐδὲ ἡ μεγίστη καὶ
+          χαλεπωτάτη δαιμόνων τυραννὶς προσγενομένη. ἢ γὰρ οὐκ ἀκηκόατε
+          Δαρεῖον τὸν Περσῶν μονάρχην,<a id="noteref_395" name="noteref_395"
+          href="#note_395"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a> οὐ
+          παντάπασι μοχθηρὸν ἄνθρωπον, δυσέρωτα δὲ αἰσχρῶς εἰς χρήματα καὶ
+          νεκρῶν θήκας ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας διορύττειν<a id="noteref_396" name=
+          "noteref_396" href="#note_396"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> καὶ
+          πολυτελεῖς [D] ἐπιτάττειν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg
+          228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> φόρουσ; ὅθεν αὐτῷ τὸ κλεινὸν ὄνομα γέγονε
+          κατὰ πάντας ἀνθρώπους·<a id="noteref_397" name="noteref_397" href=
+          "#note_397"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a>
+          ἐκάλουν γὰρ αὐτὸν Περσῶν οἱ γνώριμοι ὅτιπερ Ἀθηναῖοι τὸν
+          Σάραμβον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For there is
+          nothing at all superior to it, nothing that can constrain and
+          control it, or take it from him who has once possessed it. Indeed
+          it seems to me that this possession bears the same relation to the
+          soul as its light to the sun. For often men have stolen the votive
+          offerings of the Sun and destroyed his temples and gone their way,
+          and some have been punished, and others let alone as not worthy of
+          the punishment that leads to amendment. But his light no one ever
+          takes from the sun, not even the moon when in their conjunctions
+          she oversteps his disc, or when she takes his rays to herself, and
+          often, as the saying is, turns midday into night.<a id=
+          "noteref_398" name="noteref_398" href="#note_398"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a> Nor
+          is he deprived of his light when he illumines the moon in her
+          station opposite to himself and shares with her his own nature, nor
+          when he fills with light and day this great and wonderful universe.
+          Just so no good man who imparts his goodness to another was ever
+          thought to have less virtue by as much as he had bestowed. So
+          divine and excellent is that possession, and most true is the
+          saying of the Athenian stranger, whoever that inspired man may have
+          been: <span class="tei tei-q">“All the gold beneath the earth and
+          above ground is too little to give in exchange for
+          virtue.”</span><a id="noteref_399" name="noteref_399" href=
+          "#note_399"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a> Let
+          us therefore now boldly call its possessor wealthy, yes and I
+          should say well-born also, and the only king among them all,<a id=
+          "noteref_400" name="noteref_400" href="#note_400"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a> if
+          anyone agree to this. For as noble birth is better than a lowly
+          pedigree, so virtue is better than a character not in all respects
+          admirable. And let no one say that this statement is contentious
+          and too strong, judging by the ordinary use of words. For the
+          multitude are wont to say that the sons of those who have long been
+          rich are well-born. And yet is it not extraordinary that a cook or
+          cobbler, yes, by Zeus, or some potter who has got money together by
+          his craft, or by some other means, is not considered well-born nor
+          is given that title by the many, whereas if this man's son inherit
+          his estate and hand it on to his sons, they begin to give
+          themselves airs and compete on the score of noble birth with the
+          Pelopids and the Heraclids? Nay, even a man who is born of noble
+          ancestors, but himself sinks down in the opposite scale of life,
+          could not justly claim kinship with those ancestors, seeing that no
+          one could be enrolled among the Pelopids who had not on his
+          shoulder the birth-mark<a id="noteref_401" name="noteref_401" href=
+          "#note_401"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a> of
+          that family. And in Boeotia it was said that there was the
+          impression of a spear on the Sown-men<a id="noteref_402" name=
+          "noteref_402" href="#note_402"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a> from
+          the clod of earth that bore and reared them, and that hence the
+          race long preserved that distinguishing mark. And can we suppose
+          that on men's souls no mark of that sort is engraved, which shall
+          tell us accurately who their fathers were and vindicate their birth
+          as legitimate? They say that the Celts also have a river<a id=
+          "noteref_403" name="noteref_403" href="#note_403"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a> which
+          is an incorruptible judge of offspring, and neither can the mothers
+          persuade that river by their laments to hide and conceal their
+          fault for them, nor the fathers who are afraid for their wives and
+          sons in this trial, but it is an arbiter that never swerves or
+          gives a false verdict. But we are corrupted by riches, by physical
+          strength in its prime, by powerful ancestors, an influence from
+          without that overshadows and does not permit us to see clearly or
+          discern the soul; for we are unlike all other living things in
+          this, that by the soul and by nothing else, we should with reason
+          make our decision about noble birth. And it seems to me that the
+          ancients, employing a wondrous sagacity of nature, since their
+          wisdom was not like ours a thing acquired, but they were
+          philosophers by nature, not manufactured,<a id="noteref_404" name=
+          "noteref_404" href="#note_404"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a>
+          perceived the truth of this, and so they called Heracles the son of
+          Zeus, and Leda's two sons also, and Minos the law-giver, and
+          Rhadamanthus of Cnossus they deemed worthy of the same distinction.
+          And many others they proclaimed to be the children of other gods,
+          because they so surpassed their mortal parents. For they looked at
+          the soul alone and their actual deeds, and not at wealth piled high
+          and hoary with age, nor at the power that had come down to them
+          from some grandfather or great-grandfather. And yet some of them
+          were the sons of fathers not wholly inglorious. But because of the
+          superabundance in them of that virtue which men honoured and
+          cherished, they were held to be the sons of the gods themselves.
+          This is clear from the following fact. In the case of certain
+          others, though they did not know those who were by nature their
+          sires, they ascribed that title to a divinity, to recompense the
+          virtue of those men. And we ought not to say that they were
+          deceived, and that in ignorance they told lies about the gods. For
+          even if in the case of other gods or deities it was natural that
+          they should be so deceived, when they clothed them in human forms
+          and human shapes, though those deities possess a nature not to be
+          perceived or attained by the senses, but barely recognisable by
+          means of pure intelligence, by reason of their kinship with it;
+          nevertheless in the case of the visible gods it is not probable
+          that they were deceived, for instance, when they entitled Aeetes
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“son of Helios”</span> and another<a id=
+          "noteref_405" name="noteref_405" href="#note_405"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a>
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“son of the Dawn,”</span> and so on with
+          others. But, as I said, we must in these cases believe them, and
+          make our enquiry about noble birth accordingly. And when a man has
+          virtuous parents and himself resembles them, we may with confidence
+          call him nobly born. But when, though his parents lack virtue, he
+          himself can claim to possess it, we must suppose that the father
+          who begat him is Zeus, and we must not pay less respect to him than
+          to those who are the sons of virtuous fathers and emulate their
+          parents. But when a bad man comes of good parents, we ought to
+          enrol him among the bastards, while as for those who come of a bad
+          stock and resemble their parents, never must we call them
+          well-born, not even though their wealth amounts to ten thousand
+          talents, not though they reckon among their ancestors twenty
+          rulers, or, by Zeus, twenty tyrants, not though they can prove that
+          the victories they won at Olympia or Pytho or in the encounters of
+          war—which are in every way more brilliant than victories in the
+          games—were more than the first Caesar's, or can point to
+          excavations in Assyria<a id="noteref_406" name="noteref_406" href=
+          "#note_406"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a> or to
+          the walls of Babylon and the Egyptian pyramids besides, and to all
+          else that is a proof of wealth and great possessions and luxury and
+          a soul that is inflamed by ambition and, being at a loss how to use
+          money, lavishes on things of that sort all those abundant supplies
+          of wealth. For you are well aware that it is not wealth, either
+          ancestral or newly acquired and pouring in from some source or
+          other, that makes a king, nor his purple cloak nor his tiara and
+          sceptre and diadem and ancestral throne, nay nor numerous hoplites
+          and ten thousand cavalry; not though all men should gather together
+          and acknowledge him for their king, because virtue they cannot
+          bestow on him, but only power, ill-omened indeed for him that
+          receives it, but still more for those that bestow it. For once he
+          has received such power, a man of that sort is altogether raised
+          aloft in the clouds, and in nowise differs from the legend of
+          Phaethon and his fate. And there is no need of other instances to
+          make us believe this saying, for the whole of life is full of such
+          disasters and tales about them. And if it seems surprising to you
+          that the title of king, so honourable, so favoured by the gods,
+          cannot justly be claimed by men who, though they rule over a vast
+          territory and nations without number, nevertheless settle questions
+          that arise by an autocratic decision, without intelligence or
+          wisdom or the virtues that go with wisdom, believe me they are not
+          even free men; I do not mean if they merely possess what they have
+          with none to hinder them and have their fill of power, but even
+          though they conquer all who make war against them, and, when they
+          lead an invading army, appear invincible and irresistible. And if
+          any of you doubt this statement, I have no lack of notable
+          witnesses, Greek and barbarian, who fought and won many mighty
+          battles, and became the masters of whole nations and compelled them
+          to pay tribute, and yet were themselves slaves in a still more
+          shameful degree of pleasure, money and wantonness, insolence and
+          injustice. And no man of sense would call them even powerful, not
+          though greatness should shine upon and illumine all that they
+          achieved. For he alone is strong whose virtue aids him to be brave
+          and magnanimous. But he who is the slave of pleasure and cannot
+          control his temper and appetites of all sorts, but is compelled to
+          succumb to trivial things, is neither brave himself nor strong with
+          a man's strength, though we may perhaps allow him to exult like a
+          bull or lion or leopard<a id="noteref_407" name="noteref_407" href=
+          "#note_407"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a> in
+          his brute force, if indeed he do not lose even this and, like a
+          drone, merely superintend the labours of others, himself a
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“feeble warrior,”</span><a id="noteref_408"
+          name="noteref_408" href="#note_408"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> and
+          cowardly and dissolute. And if that be his character, he is lacking
+          not only in true riches, but in that wealth also which men so
+          highly honour and reverence and desire, on which hang the souls of
+          men of all sorts, so that they undergo countless toils and labours
+          for the sake of daily gain, and endure to sail the sea and to trade
+          and rob and grasp at tyrannies. For they live ever acquiring but
+          ever in want, though I do not say of necessary food and drink and
+          clothes; for the limit of this sort of property has been clearly
+          defined by nature and none can be deprived of it, neither birds nor
+          fish nor wild beasts, much less prudent men. But those who are
+          tortured by the desire and fatal passion for money must suffer a
+          lifelong hunger,<a id="noteref_409" name="noteref_409" href=
+          "#note_409"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a> and
+          depart from life more miserably than those who lack daily food. For
+          these, once they have filled their bellies, enjoy perfect peace and
+          respite from their torment, but for those others no day is sweet
+          that does not bring them gain, nor does night with her gift of
+          sleep that relaxes the limbs and frees men from care<a id=
+          "noteref_410" name="noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a> bring
+          for them any remission of their raging madness, but distracts and
+          agitates their souls as they reckon and count up their money. And
+          not even the wealth of Tantalus and Midas, should they possess it,
+          frees those men from their desire and their hard toil therewith,
+          nay nor <span class="tei tei-q">“Tyranny the greatest and sternest
+          of the gods,”</span><a id="noteref_411" name="noteref_411" href=
+          "#note_411"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a>
+          should they become possessed of this also. For have you not heard
+          that Darius, the ruler of Persia, a man not wholly base, but
+          insatiably and shamefully covetous of money, dug up in his greed
+          even the tombs of the dead<a id="noteref_412" name="noteref_412"
+          href="#note_412"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> and
+          exacted the most costly tribute? And hence he acquired the
+          title<a id="noteref_413" name="noteref_413" href=
+          "#note_413"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a> that
+          is famous among all mankind. For the notables of Persia called him
+          by the name that the Athenians gave to Sarambos.<a id="noteref_414"
+          name="noteref_414" href="#note_414"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γὰρ ὁ
+          λόγος, ὥσπερ ὁδοῦ τινος κατάντους ἐπιλαβόμενος, ἀφειδῶς ἐμφορεῖσθαι
+          τῆς καταρρήσεως καὶ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος κολάζειν τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς
+          τρόπους, ὥστε οὐκ ἐπιτρεπτέον αὐτῷ περαιτέρω φοιτᾶν. [86]
+          ἀπαιτητέον δὲ εἰς δύναμιν τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ βασιλικὸν καὶ
+          μεγαλόφρονα. ἔστι δὲ πρῶτον μὲν εὐσεβὴς καὶ οὐκ ὀλίγωρος θεραπείας
+          θεῶν, εἶτα ἐς τοὺς τοκέας ζῶντάς τε οἶμαι καὶ τελευτήσαντας ὅσιος
+          καὶ ἐπιμελής, ἀδελφοῖς τε εὔνους, καὶ ὁμογνίους θεοὺς αἰδούμενος,
+          ἱκέταις καὶ ξένοις πρᾷος καὶ μείλιχος, τοῖς μὲν ἀγαθοῖς τῶν πολιτῶν
+          ἀρέσκειν ἐθέλων, τῶν πολλῶν δὲ ἐπιμελόμενος ἐν δίκῃ καὶ ἐπ᾽
+          ὠφελείᾳ· ἀγαπᾷ δὲ πλοῦτον, [B] οὔτι τὸν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ
+          βριθόμενον, φίλων δὲ ἀληθοῦς εὐνοίας καὶ ἀκολακεύτου θεραπείας
+          μεστόν· ἀνδρεῖος μὲν φύσει καὶ μεγαλοπρεπής, πολέμῳ δὲ ἥκιστα
+          χαίρων καὶ στάσιν ἐμφύλιον ἀπεχθαίρων, τούς γε μὴν ἔκ τινος τύχης
+          ἐπιφυομένους ἢ διὰ τὴν σφῶν αὐτῶν μοχθηρίαν ἀνδρείως ὑφιστάμενος
+          καὶ ἀμυνόμενος ἐγκρατῶς, τέλος τε ἐπάγων τοῖς ἔργοις καὶ οὐ
+          πρότερον ἀφιστάμενος, πρὶν ἂν ἐξέλῃ [C] τῶν πολεμίων τὴν δύναμιν
+          καὶ ὑποχείριον αὑτῷ ποιήσηται. κρατήσας δὲ μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name=
+          "Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg231" id=
+          "Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔπαυσε τὸ ξίφος φόνων, μίασμα
+          κρίνων τὸν οὐκ ἀμυνόμενον ἔτι κτείνειν καὶ ἀναιρεῖν. φιλόπονος δὲ
+          ὢν φύσει καὶ μεγαλόψυχος κοινωνεῖ μὲν ἅπασι τῶν πόνων, καὶ ἔχειν ἐν
+          αὐτοῖς τὸ πλέον ἀξιοῖ, μεταδίδωσι δὲ ἐκείνοις τῶν κινδύνων τὰ
+          ἔπαθλα, χαίρων καὶ γεγηθὼς οὔτι τῷ πλέον ἔχειν τῶν ἄλλων χρυσίον
+          καὶ ἀργύριον καὶ ἐπαύλεις κόσμῳ πολυτελεῖ κατεσκευασμένας, [D] ἀλλὰ
+          τῷ πολλοὺς μὲν εὖ ποιεῖν δύνασθαι, χαρίζεσθαι δὲ ἅπασιν ὅτου ἂν
+          τύχωσιν ἐνδεεῖς ὄντες· τούτων αὑτὸν ὅ γε ἀληθινὸς ἀξιοῖ βασιλεύς.
+          φιλόπολις<a id="noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href=
+          "#note_415"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a> δὲ ὢν
+          καὶ φιλοστρατιώτης τῶν μὲν καθάπερ νομεὺς ποιμνίων ἐπιμελεῖται,
+          προνοῶν ὅπως ἂν αὐτῷ θάλλῃ καὶ εὐθηνῆται τὰ θρέμματα δαψιλοῦς καὶ
+          ἀταράχου τῆς νομῆς ἐμπιμπλάμενα, τοὺς δὲ ἐφορᾷ καὶ συνέχει, πρὸς
+          ἀνδρείαν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ πρᾳότητα γυμνάζων καθάπερ σκύλακας εὐφυεῖς
+          [87] καὶ γενναίους τῆς ποίμνης φύλακας, ἔργων τε αὑτῷ κοινωνοὺς καὶ
+          ἐπικούρους τῷ πλήθει νομίζων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ ἁρπακτῆρας τινας οὐδὲ
+          λυμεῶνας τῶν ποιμνίων καθάπερ οἱ λύκοι καὶ κυνῶν οἱ φαυλότατοι,
+          οἳ<a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" href=
+          "#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> τῆς
+          αὑτῶν φύσεως καὶ τροφῆς ἐπιλαθόμενοι ἀντὶ σωτήρων καὶ προαγωνιστῶν
+          ἀνεφάνησαν αὐτοὶ δηλήμονες· οὐδὲ μὴν ὑπνηλοὺς ἀνέξεται εἶναι καὶ
+          ἀργοὺς καὶ ἀπολέμους, ὅπως ἂν μὴ φυλάκων ἑτέρων οἱ φρουροὶ δέωνται,
+          [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀπειθεῖς τοῖς<a id="noteref_417" name="noteref_417"
+          href="#note_417"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a>
+          ἄρχουσιν, εἰδὼς ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστα πάντων, ἔστι δὲ ὅπου καὶ μόνον
+          ἀπόχρη σωτήριον ἐπιτήδευμα <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς πόλεμον· πόνων δὲ ἁπάντων ἀδεεῖς<a id=
+          "noteref_418" name="noteref_418" href="#note_418"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a> καὶ
+          ἀτεράμονας, οὔτι ῥᾳθύμους ἐργάσεται, ἐπιστάμενος ὅτι μὴ μέγα ὄφελος
+          φύλακος τὸν πόνον φεύγοντος καὶ οὐ δυναμένου καρτερεῖν οὐδὲ
+          ἀντέχειν πρὸς κάματον. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ παραινῶν μόνον οὐδὲ ἐπαινῶν τοῦς
+          ἀγαθοὺς προθύμως καὶ χαριζόμενος ἢ κολάζων ἐγκρατῶς [C] καὶ
+          ἀπαραιτήτως ξυμπείθει καὶ βιάζεται, ἀλλὰ πολὺ πρότερον αὑτὸν
+          τοιοῦτον ἐπιδεικνύων, ἀπεχόμενος μὲν ἡδονῆς ἁπάσης, χρημάτων δὲ
+          οὐδὲν οὔτε σμικρὸν οὔτε μεῖζον ἐπιθυμῶν καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος τῶν
+          ὑπηκόων, ὕπνῳ τε εἴκων ὀλίγα καὶ τὴν ἀργίαν ἀποστρεφόμενος, ἀληθῶς
+          γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὐδενὸς εἰς οὐδὲν ἄξιος καθεύδων ἀνὴρ ἢ καὶ ἐγρηγορὼς
+          τοῖς καθεύδουσιν ἐμφερής. πειθομένους δὲ αὐτοὺς ἕξει καλῶς αὑτῷ τε
+          οἲμαι καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν, [D] εἰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις πειθόμενος νόμοις καὶ
+          τοῖς ὀρθοῖς ξυνεπόμενος διατάγμασι δῆλος εἴη, καὶ ὅλως τὴν
+          ἡγεμονίαν ἀποδοὺς τῷ φύσει βασιλικῷ καὶ ἡγεμονικῷ τῆς ψυχῆς μορίῳ,
+          ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τῷ θυμοειδεῖ καὶ ἀκολάστῳ. καὶ καρτερεῖν δὲ καὶ ὑπομένειν
+          τόν τε ἐπὶ στρατιᾶς καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κάματον ὁπόσα τε κατὰ τὴν
+          εἰρήνην ἐξηυρέθη γυμνάσια μελέτης ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ὀθνείους
+          ἀγῶνας, πῶς ἄν τις μάλιστα πείσας εἴη,<a id="noteref_419" name=
+          "noteref_419" href="#note_419"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> ἢ
+          δῆλον ὡς αὐτὸς ὁρώμενος καρτερὸς καὶ ἀδαμάντινος; [88] ἔστι γὰρ
+          ἀληθῶς ἥδιστον θέαμα στρατιώτῃ πονουμένῳ σώφρων αὐτοκράτωρ,
+          συνεφαπτόμενος ἔργων καὶ προθυμούμενος <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ παρακαλῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς δοκοῦσι φοβεροῖς
+          φαιδρὸς καὶ ἀδεὴς καὶ ὅπου λίαν θαρροῦσι σεμνὸς καὶ ἐμβριθής.
+          πέφυκε γὰρ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων εὐλαβείας
+          πέρι καὶ θράσους. προνοητέον δὲ αὐτῷ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ μεῖον ὅπως
+          ἄφθονον τὴν τροφὴν ἔχωσι καὶ οὐδενὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδέωνται. [B]
+          πολλάκις γὰρ οἱ πιστότατοι τῶν ποιμνίων φρουροὶ καὶ φύλακες ὑπὸ τῆς
+          ἐνδείας ἀναγκαζόμενοι ἄγριοι τέ εἰσι τοῖς νομεῦσι καὶ αὐτοὺς
+          πόρρωθεν ἰδόντες περιυλακτοῦσι καὶ οὐδὲ τῶν προβάτων ἀπέσχοντο.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But it seems
+          that my argument, as though it had reached some steep descent, is
+          glutting itself with unsparing abuse, and is chastising the manners
+          of these men beyond what is fitting, so that I must not allow it to
+          travel further. But now I must demand from it an account, as far as
+          is possible, of the man who is good and kingly and great-souled. In
+          the first place, then, he is devout and does not neglect the
+          worship of the gods, and secondly he is pious and ministers to his
+          parents, both when they are alive and after their death, and he is
+          friendly to his brothers, and reverences the gods who protect the
+          family, while to suppliants and strangers he is mild and gentle;
+          and he is anxious to gratify good citizens, and governs the masses
+          with justice and for their benefit. And wealth he loves, but not
+          that which is heavy with gold and silver, but that which is full of
+          the true good-will of his friends,<a id="noteref_420" name=
+          "noteref_420" href="#note_420"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> and
+          service without flattery. Though by nature he is brave and gallant,
+          he takes no pleasure in war, and detests civil discord, though when
+          men do attack him, whether from some chance, or by reason of their
+          own wickedness, he resists them bravely and defends himself with
+          energy, and carries through his enterprises to the end, not
+          desisting till he has destroyed the power of the foe and made it
+          subject to himself. But after he has conquered by force of arms, he
+          makes his sword cease from slaughter, because he thinks that for
+          one who is no longer defending himself to go on killing and laying
+          waste is to incur pollution. And being by nature fond of work, and
+          great of soul, he shares in the labours of all; and claims the
+          lion's share of those labours, then divides with the others the
+          rewards for the risks which he has run, and is glad and rejoices,
+          not because he has more gold and silver treasure than other men,
+          and palaces adorned with costly furniture, but because he is able
+          to do good to many, and to bestow on all men whatever they may
+          chance to lack. This is what he who is truly a king claims for
+          himself. And since he loves both the city and the soldiers,<a id=
+          "noteref_421" name="noteref_421" href="#note_421"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> he
+          cares for the citizens as a shepherd for his flock, planning how
+          their young may flourish and thrive, eating their full of abundant
+          and undisturbed pasture; and his soldiers he oversees and keeps
+          together, training them in courage, strength and mercy, like
+          well-bred dogs, noble guardians of the flock,<a id="noteref_422"
+          name="noteref_422" href="#note_422"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a>
+          regarding them both as the partners of his exploits and the
+          protectors of the masses, and not as spoilers and pillagers of the
+          flock, like wolves and mongrel dogs which, forgetting their own
+          nature and nurture, turn out to be marauders instead of preservers
+          and defenders. Yet on the other hand, he will not suffer them to be
+          sluggish, slothful and unwarlike, lest the guardians should
+          themselves need others to watch them, nor disobedient to their
+          officers, because he knows that obedience above all else, and
+          sometimes alone, is the saving discipline in war. And he will train
+          them to be hardy and not afraid of any labour, and never indolent,
+          for he knows that there is not much use in a guardian who shirks
+          his task and cannot hold out or endure fatigue. And not only by
+          exhorting, or by his readiness to praise the deserving or by
+          rewarding and punishing severely and inexorably, does he win them
+          over to this and coerce them; but far rather does he show that he
+          is himself what he would have them be, since he refrains from all
+          pleasure, and as for money desires it not at all, much or little,
+          nor robs his subjects of it; and since he abhors indolence he
+          allows little time for sleep, For in truth no one who is asleep is
+          good for anything,<a id="noteref_423" name="noteref_423" href=
+          "#note_423"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a> nor
+          if, when awake he resembles those who are asleep. And he will, I
+          think, succeed in keeping them wonderfully obedient to himself and
+          to their officers, since he himself will be seen to obey the wisest
+          laws and to live in accordance with right precepts, and in short to
+          be under the guidance of that part of the soul which is naturally
+          kingly and worthy to take the lead, and not of the emotional or
+          undisciplined part. For how could one better persuade men to endure
+          and undergo fatigue, not only in a campaign and under arms, but
+          also in all those exercises that have been invented in times of
+          peace to give men practice for conflicts abroad, than by being
+          clearly seen to be oneself strong as adamant? For in truth the most
+          agreeable sight for a soldier, when he is fighting hard, is a
+          prudent commander who takes an active part in the work in hand,
+          himself zealous while exhorting his men, who is cheerful and calm
+          in what seems to be a dangerous situation, but on occasion stern
+          and severe whenever they are over confident. For in the matter of
+          caution or boldness the subordinate naturally imitates his leader.
+          And he must plan as well, no less than for what I have mentioned,
+          that they may have abundant provisions and run short of none of the
+          necessaries of life. For often the most loyal guardians and
+          protectors of the flock are driven by want to become fierce towards
+          the shepherds, and when they see them from afar they bark at them
+          and do not even spare the sheep.<a id="noteref_424" name=
+          "noteref_424" href="#note_424"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοιοῦτος μὲν ἐπὶ
+          στρατοπέδων ὁ γενναῖος, πόλει δὲ σωτὴρ καὶ κηδεμών, οὔτι τοὺς
+          ἔξωθεν μόνον ἀπείργων κινδύνους οὐδὲ ἀντιταττόμενος ἢ καὶ
+          ἐπιστρατεύων βαρβάροις γείτοσι· στάσιν δὲ ἐξαιρῶν καὶ ἔθη [C]
+          μοχθηρὰ καὶ τρυφὴν καὶ ἀκολασίαν τῶν μεγίστων κακῶν παρέξει
+          ῥᾳστώνην. ὕβριν δὲ ἐξείργων καὶ παρανομίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν καὶ
+          ἐπιθυμίαν ἀμέτρου κτήσεως τὰς<a id="noteref_425" name="noteref_425"
+          href="#note_425"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> ἐκ
+          τούτων ἀναφυομένας στάσεις καὶ ἔριδας εἰς οὐδὲν χρηστὸν τελευτώσας
+          οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνέξεται φῶναι, γενομένας δὲ ὡς ἔνι τάχιστα
+          ἀφανιεῖ<a id="noteref_426" name="noteref_426" href=
+          "#note_426"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a> καὶ
+          ἐξελάσει τῆς αὑτοῦ πόλεως. λήσεται δὲ αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς ὑπερβὰς τὸν
+          νόμον καὶ βιασάμενος, οὐ<a id="noteref_427" name="noteref_427"
+          href="#note_427"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a>
+          μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν πολεμίων τις τὸν χάρακα. [D] φύλαξ δὲ ὢν ἀγαθὸς τῶν
+          νόμων, ἀμείνων ἔσται δημιουργός, εἴ ποτε καιρὸς καὶ τύχη καλοίη·
+          καὶ οὐδεμία μηχανὴ πείθει τὸν τοιοῦτον ψευδῆ καὶ κίβδηλον καὶ νόθον
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name=
+          "Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg237" id=
+          "Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς κειμένοις ἐπεισάγειν
+          νόμον, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ δούλειον καὶ ἀγεννὲς
+          ἐπεισαγαγεῖν<a id="noteref_428" name="noteref_428" href=
+          "#note_428"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a>
+          σπέρμα. δίκης δὲ αὐτῷ μέλει καὶ θέμιδος, καὶ οὔτε γονεῖς οὔτε
+          ξυγγενεῖς καὶ φίλοι πείθουσι καταχαρίσασθαί [89] σφιν καὶ προδοῦναι
+          τὸ ἔνδικον. ὑπολαμβάνει γὰρ ἁπάντων εἶναι τὴν πατρίδα κοινὴν ἑστίαν
+          καὶ μητέρα, πρεσβυτέραν μὲν καὶ σεμνοτέραν τῶν<a id="noteref_429"
+          name="noteref_429" href="#note_429"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a>
+          πατέρων, φιλτέραν δὲ ἀδελφῶν καὶ ξένων καὶ φίλων· ἧς ἀποσυλῆσαι τὸν
+          νόμον καὶ βιάσασθαι μεῖζον ἀσέβημα κρίνει τῆς περὶ τὰ χρήματα τῶν
+          θεῶν παρανομίας. ἔστι γὰρ ὁ νόμος ἔκγονος<a id="noteref_430" name=
+          "noteref_430" href="#note_430"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a> τῆς
+          δίκης, ἱερὸν ἀνάθημα καὶ θεῖον ἀληθῶς τοῦ μεγίστου θεοῦ, ὃν οὐδαμῶς
+          ὅ γε ἔμφρων ἀνὴρ περὶ σμικροῦ ποιήσεται οὐδὲ ἀτιμάσει· [B] ἀλλὰ ἐν
+          δίκῃ πάντα δρῶν τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς τιμήσει προθύμως, τοὺς μοχθηροὺς
+          δὲ ἐς δύναμιν ἰᾶσθαι καθάπερ ἰατρὸς ἀγαθὸς προθυμήσεται.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such then is
+          the good king at the head of his legions, but to his city he is a
+          saviour and protector, not only when he is warding off dangers from
+          without or repelling barbarian neighbours or invading them; but
+          also by putting down civil discord, vicious morals, luxury and
+          profligacy, he will procure relief from the greatest evils. And by
+          excluding insolence, lawlessness, injustice and greed for boundless
+          wealth, he will not permit the feuds that arise from these causes
+          and the dissensions that end in disaster to show even the first
+          sign of growth, and if they do arise he will abolish them as
+          quickly as possible and expel them from his city. And no one who
+          transgresses and violates the law will escape his notice, no more
+          than would an enemy in the act of scaling his defences. But though
+          he is a good guardian of the laws, he will be still better at
+          framing them, if ever occasion and chance call on him to do so. And
+          no device can persuade one of his character to add to the statutes
+          a false and spurious and bastard law, any more than he would
+          introduce among his own sons a servile and vulgar strain. For he
+          cares for justice and the right, and neither parents nor kinsfolk
+          nor friends can persuade him to do them a favour and betray the
+          cause of justice. For he looks upon his fatherland as the common
+          hearth and mother of all, older and more reverend than his parents,
+          and more precious than brothers or friends or comrades; and to
+          defraud or do violence to her laws he regards as a greater impiety
+          than sacrilegious robbery of the money that belongs to the gods.
+          For law is the child of justice, the sacred and truly divine
+          adjunct of the most mighty god, and never will the man who is wise
+          make light of it or set it at naught. But since all that he does
+          will have justice in view, he will be eager to honour the good, and
+          the vicious he will, like a good physician, make every effort to
+          cure.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Διττῶν δὲ ὄντων
+          τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, καὶ τῶν μὲν ὑποφαινόντων ἐλπίδας ἀμείνους καὶ οὐ
+          πάντη τὴν θεραπείαν ἀπεστραμμένων, τῶν δὲ ἀνίατα πλημμελούντων·
+          τούτοις δὲ οἱ νόμοι θάνατον λύσιν τῶν κακῶν ἐπενόησαν, οὐκ εἰς τὴν
+          ἐκείνων μᾶλλον, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἄλλων ὠφέλειαν· [C] διττὰς δ᾽ ἀνάγκη τὰς
+          κρίσεις γίγνεσθαι. οὐκοῦν τῶν μὲν ἰασίμων αὑτῷ προσήκειν ὑπολήψεται
+          τήν τε ἐπίγνωσιν καὶ τὴν θεραπείαν, ἀφέξεται δὲ τῶν ἄλλων μάλα
+          ἐρρωμένως, καὶ οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἑκὼν ἅψαιτο κρίσεως, ἐφ᾽ ᾗ θάνατος ἡ
+          ζημία παρὰ τῶν νόμων τοῖς ὠφληκόσι τὴν δίκην <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> προηγόρευται.<a id="noteref_431" name=
+          "noteref_431" href="#note_431"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a>
+          νομοθετῶν δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν τοιούτων ὕβριν μὲν καὶ χαλεπότητα καὶ πικρίαν
+          τῶν τιμωριῶν ἀφαιρήσει, ἀποκληρώσει δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδρῶν σωφρόνων καὶ
+          [D] διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου βάσανον οὐ φαύλην τῆς αὑτῶν ἀρετῆς
+          παρασχομένων δικαστήριον,<a id="noteref_432" name="noteref_432"
+          href="#note_432"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> οἳ
+          μηδὲν αὐθαδῶς μηδὲ ὁρμῇ τινι παντελῶς ἀλόγῳ χρώμενοι, ἐν ἡμέρας
+          μορίῳ σμικρῷ βουλευσάμενοι, τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ βουλῇ δόντες, ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς
+          πολίτου τὴν μέλαιναν οἴσουσι ψῆφον. αὐτῷ δὲ οὔτε ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ξίφος
+          εἰς πολίτου, κἂν ἀδικῇ τὰ ἔσχατα, φόνον οὔτε ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ κέντρον
+          ὑπεῖναι χρή, ὅπου καὶ τὴν τῶν μελιττῶν ὁρῶμεν βασιλεύουσαν καθαρὰν
+          [90] ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως πλήκτρου γενομένην. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ εἰς μελίττας
+          βλεπτέον, εἰς αὐτὸν δὲ οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν τὸν βασιλέα οὗπερ εἶναι χρὴ
+          τὸν ἀληθῶς ἄρχοντα προφήτην καὶ ὑπηρέτην. οὐκοῦν ὅσα μὲν ἀγαθὰ
+          γέγονε παντελῶς τῆς ἐναντίας ἄμικτα φύσεως καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ κοινῇ
+          τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου, τούτων δὲ αὐτὸς ἦν τε καὶ ἔστι
+          δημιουργός· τὰ κακὰ δὲ οὔτ᾽ ἐγέννησεν οὔτ᾽ ἐπέταξεν εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽
+          αὐτὰ μὲν ἐφυγάδευσεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, [B] περὶ δὲ τὴν γῆν στρεφόμενα καὶ
+          τὴν ἐκεῖθεν ἀποικίαν σταλεῖσαν τῶν ψυχῶν διαλαβόμενα κρίνειν
+          ἐπέταξε καὶ διακαθαίρειν τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ καὶ ἐγγόνοις. τούτων δὲ
+          οἱ μέν εἰσι σωτῆρες καὶ ἐπίκουροι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, ἄλλοι δὲ
+          ἀπαραίτητοι κριταί, τῶν ἀδικημάτων ὀξεῖαν καὶ δεινὴν ἐπάγοντες
+          δίκην ζῶσί τε ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἀπολυθεῖσι τῶν σωμάτων, <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> οἱ δὲ ὥσπερ δήμιοι [C] τιμωροί τινες καὶ
+          ἀποπληρωταὶ τῶν δικασθέντων, ἕτερον τῶν φαύλων καὶ ἀνοήτων δαιμόνων
+          τὸ φῦλον· ἃ δὴ μιμητέον τῷ γενναίῳ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ, καὶ μεταδοτέον
+          πολλοῖς μὲν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς<a id="noteref_433" name="noteref_433"
+          href="#note_433"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a> διὰ
+          φιλίας ἐς ταύτην τὴν κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν.<a id="noteref_434"
+          name="noteref_434" href="#note_434"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a> ἀρχὰς
+          δὲ ἐπιτρεπτέον οἰκείας ἑκάστου τῇ φύσει καὶ προαιρέσει, τῷ μὲν
+          ἀνδρώδει καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ μεγαλοθύμῳ μετὰ ξυνέσεως στρατιωτικάς, ἵν᾽
+          εἰς δέον ἔχῃ τῷ θυμῷ χρῆσθαι καὶ τῇ ῥώμῃ, τῷ δικαίῳ δὲ καὶ πρᾴῳ καὶ
+          [D] φιλανθρώπῳ καὶ πρὸς οἶκτον εὐχερῶς ἐπικλωμένῳ τῶν πολιτικῶν τὰς
+          ἀμφὶ τὰ συναλλάγματα, βοηθείας τοῖς ἀσθενεστέροις καὶ ἁπλουστέροις
+          μηχανώμενον καὶ πένησι πρὸς τοὺς ἰσχυροὺς καὶ ἀπατεῶνας καὶ
+          πανούργους καὶ ἐπαιρομένους τοῖς χρήμασιν ἐς τὸ βιάζεσθαι καὶ
+          ὑπερορᾶν τῆς δίκης, τῷ δὲ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν κεκραμένῳ μείζονα ἐν<a id=
+          "noteref_435" name="noteref_435" href="#note_435"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> τῇ
+          πόλει τιμὴν καὶ δύναμιν περιθετέον, καὶ αὐτῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν
+          ἁμαρτημάτων κρίσεις, [91] οἷς ἕπεται τιμωρία καὶ κόλασις ἔνδικος
+          ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ τῶν ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων<a id="noteref_436" name=
+          "noteref_436" href="#note_436"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a> ὀρθῶς
+          ἂν καὶ ἐμφρόνως λογίζοιτο. κρίνας γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος ἀδεκάστως ἅμα τοῖς
+          συνέδροις παραδώσει τῷ δημίῳ τὰ γνωσθέντα ἐπιτελεῖν, οὔτε διὰ θυμοῦ
+          μέγεθος οὔτε διὰ μαλακίαν ψυχῆς ἁμαρτάνων τοῦ φύσει διακαίου.
+          κινδυνεύει δὲ ὁ κράτιστος ἐν πόλει τοιοῦτός τις εἶναι, [B] τὰ μὲν
+          ἐν ἀμφοτέροις ἔχων ἀγαθά, τὰς δὲ οἷον κῆρας ἐκ τοῦ πλεονάζοντος
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name=
+          "Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg243" id=
+          "Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν
+          εἰρημένων ἐκφεύγων. ἐφορῶν δὲ αὐτὸς ἅπαντα καὶ κατευθύνων καὶ ἄρχων
+          ἀρχόντων τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν μεγίστων ἔργων καὶ διοικήσεων τεταγμένους
+          καὶ αὐτῷ τῆς ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων βουλῆς κοινωνοῦντας ἀγαθούς τε εἶναι καὶ
+          ὅ,τι μάλιστα αὑτοῦ παραπλησίους εὔξεται γενέσθαι. αἱρήσεται δὲ οὐχ
+          ἁπλῶς οὐδὲ ὡς ἔτυχεν, οὐδ᾽ ἐθελήσει φαυλότερος εἶναι κριτὴς τῶν
+          λιθογνωμόνων [C] καὶ τῶν βασανιζόντων τὸ χρυσίον ἢ τὴν πορφύραν.
+          τούτοις γὰρ οὐ μία ὁδὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ἀπόχρη, ἀλλὰ συνιέντες
+          οἶμαι τῶν πανουργεῖν ἐθελόντων ποικίλην καὶ πολύτροπον τὴν
+          μοχθηρίαν καὶ τὰ ἐπιτεχνήματα εἰς δύναμιν ἅπασιν ἀντετάξαντο, καὶ
+          ἀντέστησαν ἐλέγχους τοὺς ἐκ τῆς τέχνης. ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς περὶ τῆς
+          κακίας ὑπολαμβάνων, ὡς ἐστὶ ποικίλη καὶ ἀπατηλὴ καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι
+          χαλεπώτατον τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων, [D] ὅτι δὴ ψεύδεται πολλάκις ἀρετὴν
+          ὑποδυομένη καὶ ἐξαπατᾷ τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ὀξύτερον ὁρᾶν ἢ καὶ
+          ἀποκάμνοντας τῷ μήκει τοῦ χρόνου πρὸς τὴν ἐξέτασιν, τὸ παθεῖν τι
+          τοιοῦτον ὀρθῶς φυλάξεται. ἑλόμενος δὲ ἅπαξ καὶ περὶ αὑτὸν τοὺς
+          ἀρίστους ἔχων τούτοις ἐπιτρέψει τὴν τῶν ἐλασσόνων ἀρχόντων
+          αἵρεσιν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But there are
+          two kinds of error, for in one type of sinner may dimly be
+          discerned a hope of improvement, nor do they wholly reject a cure,
+          while the vices of others are incurable. And for the latter the
+          laws have contrived the penalty of death as a release from evil,
+          and this not only for the benefit of the criminal, but quite as
+          much in the interest of others. Accordingly there must needs be two
+          kinds of trials. For when men are not incurable the king will hold
+          it to be his duty to investigate and to cure. But with the others
+          he will firmly refuse to interfere, and will never willingly have
+          anything to do with a trial when death is the penalty that has been
+          ordained by the laws for the guilty. However, in making laws for
+          such offences, he will do away with violence and harshness and
+          cruelty of punishment, and will elect by lot, to judge them, a
+          court of staid and sober men who throughout their lives have
+          admitted the most rigid scrutiny of their own virtue, men who will
+          not rashly, or led by some wholly irrational impulse, after
+          deliberating for only a small part of the day, or it may be without
+          even debating, cast the black voting-tablet in the case of a
+          fellow-citizen. But in his own hand no sword should lie ready to
+          slay a citizen, even though he has committed the blackest crimes,
+          nor should a sting lurk in his soul, considering that, as we see,
+          nature has made even the queen-bee free from a sting. However it is
+          not to bees that we must look for our analogy, but in my opinion to
+          the king of the gods himself, whose prophet and vice-regent the
+          genuine ruler ought to be. For wherever good exists wholly
+          untainted by its opposite, and for the benefit of mankind in common
+          and the whole universe, of this good God was and is the only
+          creator. But evil he neither created nor ordered to be,<a id=
+          "noteref_437" name="noteref_437" href="#note_437"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> but
+          he banished it from heaven, and as it moves upon earth and has
+          chosen for its abode our souls, that colony which was sent down
+          from heaven, he has enjoined on his sons and descendants to judge
+          and cleanse men from it. Now of these some are the friends and
+          protectors of the human race, but others are inexorable judges who
+          inflict on men harsh and terrible punishment for their misdeeds,
+          both while they are alive and after they are set free from their
+          bodies, and others again are as it were executioners and avengers
+          who carry out the sentence, a different race of inferior and
+          unintelligent demons. Now the king who is good and a favourite of
+          the gods must imitate this example, and share his own excellence
+          with many of his subjects, whom, because of his regard for them, he
+          admits into this partnership; and he must entrust them with offices
+          suited to the character and principles of each; military command
+          for him who is brave and daring and high-spirited, but discreet as
+          well, so that when he has need he may use his spirit and energy;
+          and for him who is just and kind and humane and easily prone to
+          pity, that office in the service of the state that relates to
+          contracts, devising this means of protection for the weaker and
+          more simple citizens and for the poor against the powerful,
+          fraudulent and wicked and those who are so buoyed up by their
+          riches that they try to violate and despise justice; but to the man
+          who combines both these temperaments he must assign still greater
+          honour and power in the state, and if he entrust to him the trials
+          of offences for which are enacted just pains and penalties with a
+          view to recompensing the injured, that would be a fair and wise
+          measure. For a man of this sort, together with his colleagues, will
+          give an impartial decision, and then hand over to the public
+          official the carrying out of the verdict, nor will he through
+          excess of anger or tender-heartedness fall short of what is
+          essentially just. Now the ruler in our state will be somewhat like
+          this, possessing only what is good in both those qualities, and in
+          every quality that I mentioned earlier avoiding a fatal
+          excess.<a id="noteref_438" name="noteref_438" href=
+          "#note_438"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> And
+          though he will in person oversee and direct and govern the whole,
+          he will see to it that those of his officials who are in charge of
+          the most important works and management and who share his councils
+          for the general good, are virtuous men and as far as possible like
+          himself. And he will choose them, not carelessly or at random, nor
+          will he consent to be a less rigorous judge than a lapidary or one
+          who tests gold plate or purple dye. For such men are not satisfied
+          with one method of testing, but since they know, I suppose, that
+          the wickedness and devices of those who are trying to cheat them
+          are various and manifold, they try to meet all these as far as
+          possible, and they oppose to them the tests derived from their art.
+          So too our ruler apprehends that evil changes its face and is apt
+          to deceive, and that the cruellest thing that it does is that it
+          often takes men in by putting on the garb of virtue, and hoodwinks
+          those who are not keen sighted enough, or who in course of time
+          grow weary of the length of the investigation, and therefore he
+          will rightly be on his guard against any such deception. But when
+          once he has chosen them, and has about him the worthiest men, he
+          will entrust to them the choice of the minor officials.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Νόμων μὲν δὴ
+          πέρι καὶ ἀρχόντων τοιάδε γινώσκει. τοῦ πλήθους δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐν τοῖς
+          ἄστεσιν οὔτε ἀργὸν οὔτε αὔθαδες ἀνέξεται εἶναι οὔτε μὴν ἐνδεὲς τῶν
+          ἀναγκαίων· [92] τὸ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς τῶν γεωργῶν φῦλον ἀροῦντες καὶ
+          φυτεύοντες τροφὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg
+          244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀποίσουσι τοῖς φύλαξι καὶ ἐπικούροις σφῶν,
+          μισθὸν καὶ ἐσθῆτα τὴν ἀναγκαίαν. οἰκοδομήματα δὲ Ἀσσύρια καὶ
+          πολυτελεῖς καὶ δαπανηρὰς λειτουργίας χαίρειν ἐάσαντες ἐν εἰρήνῃ
+          πολλῇ τῶν τε ἔξωθεν πολεμίων καὶ τῶν οἴκοθεν καταβιώσονται,
+          ἀγαπῶντες μὲν τὸν αἴτιον τῶν παρόντων σφίσι καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν δαίμονα,
+          [B] ὑμνοῦντες δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸν θεὸν καὶ ἐπευχόμενοι, οὔτι πλαστῶς
+          οὐδὲ ἀπὸ γλώττης, ἔνδοθεν δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς ψυχῆς αἰτοῦσιν αὐτῷ τὰ
+          ἀγαθά. φθάνουσι δὲ οἱ θεοὶ τὰς εὐχάς, καὶ αὐτῷ πρότερον τὰ θεῖα
+          δόντες οὐτὲ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἐστέρησαν. εἰ δὲ τὸ χρεὼν βιάζοιτο κακῷ
+          τῷ περιπεσεῖν, τούτων δὴ τῶν θρυλουμένων ἀνηκέστων, χορευτήν τε
+          αὑτῶν ἐποιήσαντο καὶ συνέστιον, [C] καὶ αὐτῷ κλέος καθ᾽ ἅπαντας
+          ἤγειραν ἀνθρώπους. ταῦτα ἐγὼ τῶν σοφῶν ἀκούω πολλάκις, καί με ὁ
+          λόγος ἰσχυρῶς πείθει. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς αὐτὸν διεξῆλθον, μακρότερα
+          μὲν τυχὸν ἴσως τοῦ καιροῦ φθεγγόμενος, ἐλάττονα δὲ οἶμαι τῆς
+          ὑποθέσεως· καὶ ὅτῳ γέγονε τῶν τοιούτων λόγων ἐπακούειν ἐν φροντίδι,
+          οὗτος ὅτι μὴ ψεύδομαι σαφῶς ἐπίσταται. ἑτέρα δέ ἐστιν αἰτία τοῦ
+          μήκους τῆς μὲν εἰρημένης ἧττον ἀναγκαία, [D] προσεχεστέρα δὲ οἶμαι
+          τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ· τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ταύτης ἀγηκόους ὑμᾶς εἶναι χρή.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such is his
+          policy with regard to the laws and magistrates. As for the common
+          people, those who live in the towns he will not allow to be idle or
+          impudent, but neither will he permit them to be without the
+          necessaries of life. And the farming class who live in the country,
+          ploughing and sowing to furnish food for their protectors and
+          guardians, will receive in return payment in money, and the clothes
+          that they need. But as for Assyrian palaces and costly and
+          extravagant public services, they will have nothing to do with
+          them, and will end their lives in the utmost peace as regards
+          enemies at home and abroad, and will adore the cause of their good
+          fortune as though he were a kindly deity, and praise God for him
+          when they pray, not hypocritically or with the lips only, but
+          invoking blessings on him from the bottom of their hearts. But the
+          gods do not wait for their prayers, and unasked they give him
+          celestial rewards, but they do not let him lack human blessings
+          either; and if fate should compel him to fall into any misfortune,
+          I mean one of those incurable calamities that people are always
+          talking about, then the gods make him their follower and associate,
+          and exalt his fame among all mankind. All this I have often heard
+          from the wise, and in their account of it I have the firmest faith.
+          And so I have repeated it to you, perhaps making a longer speech
+          than the occasion called for, but too short in my opinion for the
+          theme. And he to whom it has been given to hear such arguments and
+          reflect on them, knows well that I speak the truth. But there is
+          another reason for the length of my speech, less forcible, but I
+          think more akin to the present argument. And perhaps you ought not
+          to miss hearing this also.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν
+          ὑπομνησθῶμεν μικρὰ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν, ὁπότε τῆς ὑπὲρ τούτων διηγήσεως
+          ἀπεπαυόμεθα. ἔφαμέν που χρῆναι τοὺς σπουδαίους τῶν ἀληθινῶν ἐπαίνων
+          ἀκροατὰς οὐκ εἰς ταῦτα ὁρᾶν, ὧν ἡ τύχη καὶ τοῖς μοχθηροῖς πολλάκις
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name=
+          "Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg247" id=
+          "Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μεταδίδωσιν, εἰς δὲ τὰς ἕξεις
+          καὶ τὴν ἀρετήν, ἧς μόνοις μέτεστι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσι καὶ φύσει
+          σπουδαίοις. [93] εἶτα ἐντεῦθεν ἑλόντες<a id="noteref_439" name=
+          "noteref_439" href="#note_439"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a> τοὺς
+          ἑξῆς ἐπεραίνομεν λόγους, ὡς πρὸς<a id="noteref_440" name=
+          "noteref_440" href="#note_440"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a>
+          κανόνα τινὰ καὶ στάθμην ἀπευθύνοντες, ᾗ τοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ
+          βασιλέων ἐπαίνους ἐναρμόττειν ἐχρῆν. καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἀληθὴς καὶ
+          ἀπαράλλακτος ἁρμονία πρὸς τοῦτο γέγονε τὸ ἀρχέτυπον, ὄλβιος μὲν
+          αὐτὸς καὶ ὄντως εὐδαίμων, εὐτυχεῖς δὲ οἱ μεταλαβάντες τῆς τοιαύτης
+          ἀρχῆς· ὅστις δὲ ἐγγὺς ἀφίκετο, τῶν [B] πλέον ἀπολειφθέντων ἀμείνων
+          καὶ εὐτυχέστερος· οἱ δὲ ἀπολειφθέντες παντελῶς ἢ καὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν
+          τραπόμενοι δυστυχεῖς καὶ ἀνόντοι καὶ μοχθηροί, αὑτοῖς τε καὶ ἄλλοις
+          τῶν μεγίστων αἴτιοι συμφορῶν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(In the first
+          place, then, let me remind you briefly of what I said before, when
+          I broke off my discourse for the sake of this digression. What I
+          said was that, when serious-minded people listen to sincere
+          panegyrics, they ought not to look to those things of which fortune
+          often grants a share even to the wicked, but to the character of
+          the man and his virtues, which belong only to those who are good
+          and by nature estimable; and, taking up my tale at that point, I
+          pursued the arguments that followed, guiding myself as it were by
+          the rule and measure to which one ought to adjust the eulogies of
+          good men and good kings. And when one of them harmonises exactly
+          and without variation with this model, he is himself happy and
+          truly fortunate, and happy are those who have a share in such a
+          government as his. And he who comes near to being like him is
+          better and more fortunate than those who fall further short of him.
+          But those who fail altogether to resemble him, or who follow an
+          opposite course, are ill-fated, senseless and wicked, and cause the
+          greatest disasters to themselves and others.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ
+          ὑμῖν ταῦτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, ὥρα ἐπεξιέναι τοῖς ἔργοις, ἂ τεθαυμάκαμεν.
+          καὶ ὅπως μή τις ὑπολάβῃ τὸν λόγον καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἰόντα, καθάπερ ἵππον
+          ἀνταγωνιστοῦ στερόμενον ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις, κρατεῖν καὶ ἀποφέρειν τὰ
+          νικητήρια, πειράσομαι, πῇ ποτε διαφέρετον ἀλλήλων ὅ τε ἡμέτερος [C]
+          καὶ ὁ τῶν σοφῶν ῥητόρων ἔπαινος, δεῖξαι. οὐκοῦν οἱ μὲν τὸ προγόνων
+          γενέσθαι δυναστῶν καὶ βασιλέων θαυμάζουσι μάλα, ὀλβίων καὶ
+          εὐδαιμόνων μακαρίους ὑπολαμβάνοντες τοὺς ἐκγόνους· τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ
+          τούτοις οὔτε ἐνενόησαν οὔτε ἐσκέψαντο, τίνα τρόπον διατελοῦσιν τοῖς
+          ἀγαθοῖς<a id="noteref_441" name="noteref_441" href=
+          "#note_441"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a>
+          χρώμενοι. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg
+          248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καίτοι γε τοῦτο ἦν τῆς εὐτυχίας ἐκείνης τὸ
+          κεφάλαιον καὶ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν ἐκτὸς ἀγαθῶν· εἰ μή τις καὶ πρὸς
+          τοὔνομα δυσχεραίνει, [D] τὴν κτῆσιν ὑπὸ τῆς ἔμφρονος χρήσεως ἀγαθὴν
+          καὶ φαύλην ὑπὸ τῆς ἐναντίας γίγνεσθαι συμβαίνειν· ὥστε οὐ μέγα,
+          καθάπερ οἴονται, τὸ βασιλέως πλουσίου καὶ πολυχρύσου γενέσθαι, μέγα
+          δὲ ἀληθῶς τὸ τὴν ἀρετὴν τὴν πατρῴαν ὑπερβαλλόμενον ἄμεμπτον αὑτὸν
+          τοῖς γειναμένοις παρασχεῖν εἰς ἅπαν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now if you
+          are in any way of my opinion, it is time to proceed to those
+          achievements that we have so admired. And lest any should think
+          that my argument is running alone, like a horse in a race that has
+          lost its competitor and for that reason wins and carries off the
+          prizes, I will try to show in what way my encomium differs from
+          that of clever rhetoricians. For they greatly admire the fact that
+          a man is born of ancestors who had power or were kings, since they
+          hold that the sons of the prosperous and fortunate are themselves
+          blest. But the question that next arises they neither think of nor
+          investigate, I mean how they employed their advantages throughout
+          their lives. And yet, after all, this is the chief cause of that
+          happiness, and of almost all external goods. Unless indeed someone
+          objects to this statement that it is only by wise use of it that
+          property becomes a good, and that it is harmful when the opposite
+          use is made. So that it is not a great thing, as they think, to be
+          descended from a king who was wealthy and <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“rich in gold,”</span> but it is truly great, while
+          surpassing the virtue of one's ancestors, to behave to one's
+          parents in a manner beyond reproach in all respects.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Βούλεσθε οὖν εἰ
+          τοῦτο ὑπάρχει βασελεῖ καταμαθεῖν; παρέξομαι δὲ ὑμῖν ἐγὼ μαρτυρίαν
+          πιστὴν, [94] καί με οὐχ αἱρήσετε ψευδομαρτυρίων,<a id="noteref_442"
+          name="noteref_442" href="#note_442"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a> εὖ
+          οἶδα· ὑπομνήσω γὰρ ὑμᾶς<a id="noteref_443" name="noteref_443" href=
+          "#note_443"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a> ὧν
+          ἴστε· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἤδη τοῦ λεγομένου ξυνίετε, εἴ τε οὔπω δῆλον,
+          αὐτίκα μάλα ξυνήσετε ἐννοήσαντες πρῶτον μὲν ὡς αὐτὸν ὁ πατὴρ ἠγάπα
+          διαφερόντως, οὔτι πρᾷος ὢν λίαν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις οὐδὲ τῇ φύσει πλέον ἢ
+          τῷ τρόπῳ διδούς, ἡττώμενος δὲ οἶμαι τῆς θεραπείας καὶ οὐκ ἔχων, [B]
+          ὄτι μέμφοιτο, δῆλος ἦν εὔνους ὤν. καὶ αὐτοῦ σημεῖον τῆς γνώμης,
+          πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι Κωνσταντίῳ ταύτην ἐξεῖλε τὴν μοῖραν, ἣν αὑτῷ
+          πρότερον προσήκειν ἔχειν ὑπέλαβεν, εἶθ᾽ ὅτι τελευτῶν τὸν βίον, τὸν
+          πρεσβύτατον καὶ τὸν νεώτατον ἀφεὶς σχολὴν ἄγοντας, τοῦτον δὴ
+          ἄσχολον ἐκάλει καὶ ἐπέτρεπε τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ξύμπαντα. γενόμενος
+          δὲ ἐγκρατὴς ἁπάντων οὕτω <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg
+          250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς δικαίως ἅμα καὶ σωφρόνως
+          προσηνέχθη, ὥστε οἱ μὲν οὔτε κληθέντες οὔτε ἀφικόμενοι πρὸς [C]
+          ἀλλήλους ἐστασίαζον καὶ διεμάχοντο, τούτῳ δὲ ἐχαλέπαινον οὐδὲν οὐδὲ
+          ἐμέμφοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτῶν ἡ στάσις τέλος εἶχεν οὐκ εὐτυχές, ἐξὸν
+          μεταποιεῖσθαι πλειόνων, ἑκὼν ἀφῆκε, τῆς αὐτῆς ἀρετῆς ὑπολαμβάνων
+          πολλά τε ἔθνη καὶ ὀλίγα δεῖσθαι, περικεῖσθαι δέ, οἶμαι, φροντίδας
+          μείζονας ὅτῳ πλειόνων ἀνάνκη τημελεῖν καὶ<a id="noteref_444" name=
+          "noteref_444" href="#note_444"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a>
+          κήδεσθαι. οὐ γὰρ δὴ τρυφῆς ὑπολαμβάνει τὴν βασιλείαν εἶναι
+          παρασκευὴν οὐδέ, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν χρημάτων εἰς πότους [D] καὶ ἡδονὰς
+          οἱ καταχρώμενοι μειζόνων εὐπορίαν προσόδων ἐπινοοῦσιν, οὕτω χρῆναι
+          τὸν βασιλέα παρασκευάζεσθαι, οὐδὲ ἀναιρεῖσθαι πόλεμον, ὅ,τι μὴ τῶν
+          ἀρχομένων τῆς ὠφελείας ἕνεκα. οὐκοῦν ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἔχειν τὸ πλέον
+          ξυγχωρῶν, αὐτὸς δὲ μετὰ ἀρετῆς ἔλαττον ἔχων τῷ κρατίστῳ πλεονεκτεῖν
+          ὑπέλαβε. καὶ ὅτι μὴ δέει [95] μᾶλλον τῆς ἐκείνου παρασκευῆς τὴν
+          ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπα, τεκμήριον ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς ἔστω ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα ξυμπεσὼν
+          πόλεμος. ἐχρήσατο γοῦν πρὸς τὰς ἐκείνου δυνάμεις ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς
+          ὅπλοις ὕστερον. πάλιν δὲ ἐνταῦθα ἐκεῖνοι μέν που τὸ νικᾶν
+          τεθαυμάκασιν· ἐγὼ δὲ πολὺ πλέον τὸ ξὺν δίκῃ μὲν ἀνελέσθαι τὸν
+          πόλεμον, διενεγκεῖν δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg
+          252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀνδρείως καὶ μάλα ἐμπείρως, ἐπιθείσης δὲ τὸ
+          τέλος τῆς τύχης δεξιὸν χρήσασθαι τῇ νίκῃ σωφρόνως καὶ βασιλικῶς,
+          καὶ ὅλως ἄξιον τοῦ κρατεῖν φανῆναι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Do you wish to
+          learn whether this is true of the Emperor? I will offer you
+          trustworthy evidence, and I know well that you will not convict me
+          of false witness. For I shall but remind you of what you know
+          already. And perhaps you understand even now what I mean, but if it
+          is not yet evident you very soon will, when you call to mind that
+          the Emperor's father loved him more than the others, though he was
+          by no means over-indulgent to his children, for it was character
+          that he favoured rather than the ties of blood; but he was, I
+          suppose, won over by the Emperor's dutiful service to him, and as
+          he had nothing to reproach him with, he made his affection for him
+          evident. And a proof of his feeling is, first, that he chose for
+          Constantius that portion of the empire which he had formerly
+          thought best suited to himself, and, secondly, that when he was at
+          the point of death he passed over his eldest<a id="noteref_445"
+          name="noteref_445" href="#note_445"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> and
+          youngest<a id="noteref_446" name="noteref_446" href=
+          "#note_446"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> sons,
+          though they were at leisure, and summoned Constantius, who was not
+          at leisure, and entrusted him with the whole government. And when
+          he had become master of the whole, he behaved to his brothers at
+          once so justly and with such moderation, that, while they who had
+          neither been summoned nor had come of themselves quarrelled and
+          fought with one another, they showed no resentment against
+          Constantius, nor ever reproached him. And when their feud reached
+          its fatal issue<a id="noteref_447" name="noteref_447" href=
+          "#note_447"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a>,
+          though he might have laid claim to a greater share of empire, he
+          renounced it of his own free will, because he thought that many
+          nations or few called for the exercise of the same virtues, and
+          also, perhaps, that the more a man has to look after and care for
+          the greater are the anxieties beset him. For he does not think that
+          the imperial power is a means of procuring luxury, nor that, as
+          certain men who have wealth and misapply it for drink and other
+          pleasures set their hearts on lavish and ever-increasing revenues,
+          this ought to be an emperor's policy, nor that he ought ever to
+          embark on a war except only for the benefit of his subjects. And so
+          he allowed his brother<a id="noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href=
+          "#note_448"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> to
+          have the lion's share, and thought that if he himself possessed the
+          smaller share with honour, he had the advantage in what was most
+          worth having. And that it was not rather from fear of his brother's
+          resources that he preferred peace, you may consider clearly proved
+          by the war that broke out later. For he had recourse to arms later
+          on against his brother's forces, but it was to avenge him<a id=
+          "noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href="#note_449"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a>. And
+          here again there are perhaps some who have admired him merely for
+          having won the victory. But I admire far more the fact that it was
+          with justice that he undertook the war, and that he carried it
+          through with great courage and skill, and, when fortune gave him a
+          favourable issue, used his victory with moderation and in imperial
+          fashion, and showed himself entirely worthy to overcome.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Βούλεσθε οὖν
+          καὶ τούτων ὑμῖν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς δικαστηρίοις ὀνομαστὶ καλῶμεν τοὺς
+          μάρτυρας; καὶ ὅτι μὲν οὐδείς πω πόλεμος συνέστη πρότερον οὐδὲ ἐπὶ
+          τὴν Τροίαν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας Μακεδόσιν, οἵπερ δὴ
+          δοκοῦσιν ἐν δίκῃ γενέσθαι, τοσαύτην ἔχων ὑπόθεσιν, καὶ παιδί που
+          δῆλον, τοῖς μέν γε λίαν ἀρχαίων ἀδικημάτων τιμωρίας σφόδρα
+          νεαρᾶς<a id="noteref_450" name="noteref_450" href=
+          "#note_450"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> οὔτ᾽
+          εἰς παῖδας οὔτε εἰς ἐγγόνους γενομένης, ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀφελόμενον καὶ
+          ἀποστερήσαντα [C] τὴν ἀρχὴν τοὺς τῶν ἀδικησάντων ἀπογόνους·
+          Ἀγαμέμνων δὲ ὥρμητο</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now do you wish
+          that, as though I were in a law-court, I should summon before you
+          by name witnesses of this also? But it is plain even to a child
+          that no war ever yet arose that had so good an excuse, not even of
+          the Greeks against Troy or of the Macedonians<a id="noteref_451"
+          name="noteref_451" href="#note_451"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a>
+          against the Persians, though these wars, at any rate, are thought
+          to have been justified, since the latter was to exact vengeance in
+          more recent times for very ancient offences, and that not on sons
+          or grandsons, but on him<a id="noteref_452" name="noteref_452"
+          href="#note_452"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> who
+          had robbed and deprived of their sovereignty the descendants of
+          those very offenders. And Agamemnon set forth)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">τίσασθαι Ἑλένης ὁρμήματά τε
+                στοναχάς τε,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To avenge
+            the strivings and groans of Helen,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_453" name=
+            "noteref_453" href="#note_453"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς
+          Τρῶας ἐστράτευε γυναῖκα μίαν ἐκδικεῖν ἐθέλων. τῷ δὲ ἔτι μὲν ἦν
+          νεαρὰ τὰ ἀδικήματα, ἦρχε δὲ οὐ κατὰ Δαρεῖον οὐδὲ Πρίαμον ἀνὴρ
+          εὐγενὴς καὶ τυχὸν δι᾽ ἀρετὴν ἢ κατὰ γένος προσηκούσης αὐτῷ τῆς
+          βασιλείας ἀξιωθείς, ἀλλὰ ἀναιδὴς καὶ τραχὺς βάρβαρος τῶν ἑαλωκότων
+          οὐ πρὸ πολλοῦ. [D] καὶ ὅσα μὲν ἔπραξε καὶ ὅπως ἦρχεν, οὔτε ἡδύ μοι
+          λέγειν οὔτε ἐν καιρῷ· ἐν δίκῃ δὲ ὅτι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπολέμησεν,
+          ἀκηκόατε. τῆς δὲ ἐμπειρίας καὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας ἱκανὰ μὲν τὰ πρόσθεν
+          ῥηθέντα σημεῖα, πιστότερα δέ, οἶμαι, τὰ ἔργα τῶν <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> λόγων. τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ γενόμενα καὶ ὅπως
+          ξίφους μὲν οὐδὲν ἐδέησεν ἔτι, οὐδ᾽ εἴ τις ἀδικημάτων μειζόνων εἶχεν
+          ὑποψίαν, [96] οὐδὲ εἴ τῳ πρὸς τὸν τύραννον οἰκειοτέρα γέγονε φιλία,
+          οὐδὲ μὴν εἴ τις ἐκείνῳ χαριζόμενος φέρειν τε ἠξίου κηρύκιον καὶ
+          ἐλοιδορεῖτο βασιλεῖ, τῆς προπετείας ἀπέτισε δίκην, ὅ,τι μὴ τἆλλα
+          μοχθηρὸς ἦν, ἐννοήσατε δὴ πρὸς φιλίου Διός. ποταπὸν δὲ χρῆμα
+          λοιδορία; ὡς θυμοδακὲς ἀληθῶς καὶ ἀμύττον ψυχὴν μᾶλλον ἢ σίδηρος
+          χρῶτα; οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα παρώξυνεν εἰς δύναμιν ἀμύνασθαι λόγῳ
+          τε καὶ ἔργῳ· διηνέχθη γοῦν ὑπὲρ τούτου πρὸς τὸν ξενοδόκον αὐτὸς ὢν
+          ἀλήτης καὶ ξένος, καὶ ταῦτα εἰδώς, ὅτι</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(for it was
+          because he desired to avenge one woman that he went to war with the
+          Trojans. But the wrongs done to Constantius were still fresh, and
+          he<a id="noteref_454" name="noteref_454" href=
+          "#note_454"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a> who
+          was in power was not, like Darius or Priam, a man of royal birth
+          who, it may be, laid claim to an empire that belonged to him by
+          reason of his birth or his family, but a shameless and savage
+          barbarian who not long before had been among the captives of
+          war.<a id="noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href=
+          "#note_455"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> But
+          all that he did and how he governed is neither agreeable for me to
+          tell nor would it be well-timed. And that the Emperor was justified
+          in making war on him you have heard, and of his skill and courage
+          what I said earlier is proof enough, but deeds are, I think, more
+          convincing than words. But what happened after the victory, and how
+          he no longer made use of the sword, not even against those who were
+          under suspicion of serious crimes, or who had been familiar friends
+          of the usurper, nay not even against anyone who, to curry favour
+          with the latter, had stooped to win a tale-bearer's fee by
+          slandering the Emperor, consider, in the name of Zeus the god of
+          friendship, that not even these paid the penalty of their audacity,
+          except when they were guilty of other crimes. And yet what a
+          terrible thing is slander! How truly does it devour the heart and
+          wound the soul as iron cannot wound the body! This it was that
+          goaded Odysseus to defend himself by word and deed. At any rate it
+          was for this reason that he quarrelled with his host<a id=
+          "noteref_456" name="noteref_456" href="#note_456"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> when
+          he was himself a wanderer and a guest, and though he knew that)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἄφρων ... καὶ οὐτιδανὸς πέλει
+                ἀνήρ,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὅστις ξεινοδόκῳ ἔριδα προφέρῃσι
+                βαρεῖαν,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Foolish and
+            of nothing worth is that man who provokes a violent quarrel with
+            his host.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_457" name=
+            "noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον
+          τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Ἀχιλλέα τὸν Θέτιδος<a id="noteref_458" name=
+          "noteref_458" href="#note_458"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> καὶ
+          ἄλλους δὲ τινας οὐ φαύλος οὐδὲ ἀγεννεῖς ἀνθρώπους. [C] μόνῳ δὲ
+          ὑπῆρχεν, οἶμαι, Σωκράτει καὶ σπανίοις τισὶν ἐκείνου ζηλωταῖς,
+          εὐδαίμοσιν ἀληθῶς καὶ μακαρίοις γενομένοις, τὸν ἔσχατον ἀποδύσασθαι
+          χιτῶνα τῆς φιλοτιμίας. φιλότιμον γὰρ δεινῶς τὸ πάθος, καὶ ἔοικεν
+          ἐμφύεσθαι διὰ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ταῖς γενναίαις ψυχαῖς· ἄχθονται γὰρ ὡς
+          ἐναντιωτάτῳ σφίσι λοιδορίᾳ, [D] καὶ τοὺς ἀπορρίπτοντας ἐς αὐτοὺς
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name=
+          "Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg257" id=
+          "Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοιαῦτα ῥήματα μισοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ
+          τοὺς ἐπάγοντας τὸν σίδηρον καὶ ἐπιβουλεύοντας φόνον, διαφόρους τε
+          αὑτοῖς ὑπολαμβάνουσι φύσει καὶ οὐ νόμῳ, εἴ γε οἱ μὲν ἐπαίνου καὶ
+          τιμῆς ἐρῶσιν, οἱ δὲ οὐ τούτων μόνον ἀφαιροῦνται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπ᾽
+          αὐτοῖς μηχανῶνται βλασφημίας ψευδεῖς. τούτου καὶ Ἡρακλέα φασὶ καὶ
+          ἄλλους δέ τινας ἀκράτορας τοῦ πάθους γενέσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ οὔτε περὶ
+          ἐκείνων τῷ λόγῳ πείθομαι, καὶ βασιλέα τεθέαμαι σφόδρα ἐγκρατῶς τὴν
+          λοιδορίαν ἀποτρεψάμενον,<a id="noteref_459" name="noteref_459"
+          href="#note_459"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> [97]
+          οὔτι φαυλότερον ἔργον, ὡς ἐγὼ κρίνω, τοῦ Τροίαν ἑλεῖν καὶ φάλαγγα
+          γενναίαν τρέψασθαι. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις καὶ οὐ μέγα οἴεται οὐδὲ ἄξιον
+          έπαίνων τοσούτων, ἐς αὑτὸν ἀφορῶν, ὅταν ἔν τινι τοιαύτῃ ξυμφορᾷ
+          γένηται, κρινέτω, καὶ αὐτῷ οὐ σφόδρα ληρεῖν δόξομεν, ὡς ἐγὼ
+          πείθομαι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And so it was
+          with Alexander, Philip's son, and Achilles, son of Thetis, and
+          others who were not worthless or ignoble men. But only to Socrates,
+          I think, and a few others who emulated him, men who were truly
+          fortunate and happy, was it given to put off the last garment that
+          man discards—the love of glory.<a id="noteref_460" name=
+          "noteref_460" href="#note_460"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a> For
+          resentment of calumny is due to the passion for glory, and for this
+          reason it is implanted most deeply in the noblest souls. For they
+          resent it as their deadliest foe, and those who hurl at them
+          slanderous language they hate more than men who attack them with
+          the sword or plot their destruction; and they regard them as
+          differing from themselves, not merely in their acquired habits, but
+          in their essential nature, seeing that they love praise and honour,
+          and the slanderer not only robs them of these, but also
+          manufactures false accusations against them. They say that even
+          Heracles and certain other heroes were swayed by these emotions.
+          But for my part I do not believe this account of them, and as for
+          the Emperor I have seen him repelling calumny with great
+          self-restraint, which in my judgment is no slighter achievement
+          than <span class="tei tei-q">“to take Troy”</span><a id=
+          "noteref_461" name="noteref_461" href="#note_461"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a> or
+          rout a powerful phalanx. And if anyone does not believe me, and
+          thinks it no great achievement nor worth all these praises, let him
+          observe himself when a misfortune of this sort happens to him, and
+          then let him decide; and I am convinced that he will not think that
+          I am talking with exceeding folly.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν
+          καὶ γενόμενος βασιλεὺς μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον εἰκότως οὐ μόνον ἐστὶ
+          ποθεινὸς τοῖς φίλοις καὶ ἀγαπητός, [B] πολλοῖς<a id="noteref_462"
+          name="noteref_462" href="#note_462"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a> μὲν
+          τιμῆς καὶ δυνάμεως καὶ παρρησίας μεταδιδούς, χρήματα δὲ αὐτοῖς
+          ἄφθονα χαριζόμενος καὶ χρῆσθαι ὅπως τις βούλεται τῷ πλούτῳ
+          ξυγχωρῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις τοιοῦτος ἐδόκει. τεκμήριον δὲ
+          ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς καὶ τοῦδε γιγνέσθω· ἄνδρες, τῆς γερουσίας ὅτιπερ
+          ὄφελος, ἀξιώσει καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ ξυνέσει διαφέροντες τῶν ἄλλων, ὥσπερ
+          ἐς λιμένα καταφεύγοντες τὴν τούτου δεξιάν, ἑστίας τε <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> λιπόντες [C] καὶ οἴκους καὶ παῖδας Παιονίαν
+          μὲν ἀντὶ τῆς Ῥώμης, τὴν μετὰ τούτου δὲ ἀντὶ τῶν φιλτάτων συνουσίαν
+          ἠσπάσαντο, ἴλη τε τῶν ἐπιλέκτων ἱππέων ξὺν τοῖς σημείοις καὶ τὸν
+          στρατηγὸν ἄγουσα τούτῳ τοῦ κινδύνου ξυμμετέχειν μᾶλλον ἢ ἐκείνῳ τῆς
+          εὐτυχίας ἠξίου. καὶ ταῦτα ἅπαντα ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἣν ἐπὶ τοῦ
+          Δράου ταὶς ᾐόσιν ὁ πρόσθεν λόγος παρέστησεν· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ ἤδη
+          βεβαίως ἐθάρρουν, τέως δ ἐδόκει τὰ τῶν τυράννων ἐπικρατεῖν, [D]
+          πλεονεκτήματός τινος περὶ τοὺς κατασκόπους τοὺς<a id="noteref_463"
+          name="noteref_463" href="#note_463"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a>
+          βασιλέως γενομένου, ὁ δὴ ἐκεῖνόν τε ἐποίησεν ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς ἄφρονα
+          καὶ ἐξετάραττε τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ἐφικνεῖσθαι οὐδὲ διορᾶν τὴν
+          στρατηγίαν. ὁ δὲ ἦν ἀκατάπληκτος καὶ γεννάδας καθάπερ ἀγαθὸς νεὼς
+          κυβερνήτης, ἐξαπίνης νεφῶν ῥαγείσης λαίλαπος, εἶτα ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ
+          θεοῦ σείοντος τὸν βυθὸν καὶ τὰς ᾐόνας. ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τοὺς μὲν
+          ἀπείρους δεινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον κατέλαβε δέος, [98] ὁ δὲ ἤδη χαίρει καὶ
+          γάνυται, γαλήνην ἀκριβῆ καὶ νηνεμίαν ἐλπίζων. λέγεται γὰρ δὴ καὶ ὁ
+          Ποσειδῶν συνταράττων τὴν γῆν παύειν τὰ κύματα. καὶ ἡ τύχη δὲ τοὺς
+          ἀνοήτους ἐξαπατᾷ καὶ σφάλλει περὶ τοῖς μείζοσι, μικρὰ πλεονεκτεῖν
+          ἐπιτρέπουσα, τοῖς ἔμφροσι δὲ τὸ βεβαίως θαρσεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων,
+          ὅταν ἐν τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν αὐτοὺς διαταράττῃ, παρέχει. τοῦτο
+          Λακεδαιμόνιοι παθόντες ἐν Πύλαις οὐκ ἀπηγόρευον οὐδὲ ἔδεισαν [B]
+          τὸν Μῆδον ἐπιφερόμενον, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg
+          260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τριακοσίους Σπαρτιατῶν καὶ τὸν βασιλέα περὶ
+          τὰς εἰσβολὰς τῆς Ἑλλάδος προέμενοι· τοῦτο Ῥωμαῖοι πολλάκις παθόντες
+          μείζονα κατώρθουν ὕστερον· ὁ δὴ καὶ βασιλεὺς ἐννοῶν καὶ λογιζόμενος
+          οὐδαμῶς ἐσφάλη τῆς γνώμης.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now since this
+          was and is the Emperor's behaviour after the war, he is naturally
+          loved and <span class="tei tei-q">“longed for by his
+          friends,”</span><a id="noteref_464" name="noteref_464" href=
+          "#note_464"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a> since
+          he has admitted many of them to honour and power and freedom of
+          speech, and has bestowed on them as well vast sums of money, and
+          permits them to use their wealth as they please; but even to his
+          enemies he is the same. The following may serve as a clear proof of
+          this. Those members of the Senate who were of any account and
+          surpassed the rest in reputation and wealth and wisdom, fled to the
+          shelter of his right hand as though to a harbour, and, leaving
+          behind their hearths and homes and children, preferred
+          Paeonia<a id="noteref_465" name="noteref_465" href=
+          "#note_465"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a> to
+          Rome, and to be with him rather than with their dearest. Again, a
+          division of the choicest of the cavalry together with their
+          standards, and bringing their general<a id="noteref_466" name=
+          "noteref_466" href="#note_466"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> with
+          them, chose to share danger with him rather than success with the
+          usurper. And all this took place before the battle on the banks of
+          the Drave, which the earlier part of my speech described to you.
+          For after that they began to feel perfect confidence, though before
+          that it looked as though the usurper's cause was getting the upper
+          hand, when he gained some slight advantage in the affair of the
+          Emperor's scouts,<a id="noteref_467" name="noteref_467" href=
+          "#note_467"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> which
+          indeed made the usurper beside himself with joy and greatly
+          agitated those who were incapable of grasping or estimating
+          generalship. But the Emperor was unperturbed and heroic, like a
+          good pilot when a tempest has suddenly burst from the clouds, and
+          next moment, the god shakes the depths and the shores. Then a
+          terrible and dreadful panic seizes on those who are inexperienced,
+          but the pilot begins to rejoice, and is glad, because he can now
+          hope for a perfect and windless calm. For it is said that Poseidon,
+          when he makes the earth quake, calms the waves. And just so fortune
+          deceives the foolish and deludes them about more important things
+          by allowing them some small advantage, but in the wise she inspires
+          unshaken confidence about more serious affairs even when she
+          disconcerts them in the case of those that are less serious. This
+          was what happened to the Lacedaemonians at Pylae,<a id=
+          "noteref_468" name="noteref_468" href="#note_468"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a> but
+          they did not despair nor fear the onset of the Mede because they
+          had lost three hundred Spartans and their king<a id="noteref_469"
+          name="noteref_469" href="#note_469"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a> at
+          the entrance into Greece. This often happened to the Romans, but
+          they achieved more important successes later on. Wherefore, since
+          the Emperor knew this and counted on it, he in no way wavered in
+          his purpose.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ
+          ἅπαξ ἑκὼν ὁ λόγος ἐς τοῦτο ἀφῖκται καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τοῦ πλήθους καὶ
+          τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ τῶν φυλάκων, οἵπερ δὴ ξυμφυλάττουσιν αὐτῷ τὴν
+          ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπείργουσι τοὺς πολεμίους, διηγεῖται βούλεσθε [C] ὑμῖν
+          ἐναργὲς εἴπω τεκμήριον χθές που ἢ καὶ πρῴην γενόμενον; ἀνὴρ τῶν
+          ἐπιταχθέντων τοῖς ἐν Γαλατίᾳ στρατοπέδοις· ἴστε ἴσως καὶ τοὔνομα
+          καὶ τὸν τρόπον· ὅμηρον φιλίας καὶ πίστεως ἀπέλιπεν οὐδὲν δεομένῳ
+          βασιλεῖ τὸν παῖδα· εἶτα ἦν ἀπιστότερος τῶν λεόντων, οἷς οὐκ ἔστι,
+          φησί, πρὸς ἄνδρας<a id="noteref_470" name="noteref_470" href=
+          "#note_470"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a> ὅρκια
+          πιστά, ἁρπάζων τε ἐκ τῶν πόλεων [D] τὰ χρήματα καὶ διανέμων τοῖς
+          ἐπιοῦσι βαρβάροις καὶ ὥσπερ λύτρα καταβαλλόμενος, ἐξὸν τῷ σιδήρῳ
+          παρασκευάζειν καὶ οὐ τοῖς χρήμασι ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν· ὁ δὲ
+          ἐκείνους ὑπήγετο διὰ τῶν χρημάτων εἰς εὔνοιαν· καὶ τέλος ἐκ τῆς
+          γυναικωνίτιδος ἀνελόμενος ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον γελοῖος ἀληθῶς τύραννος
+          καὶ τραγικὸς ὄντως ἀνεφάνη. ἐνταῦθα οἱ στρατιῶται χαλεπῶς μὲν εἶχον
+          πρὸς τὴν ἀπιστίαν, θῆλυν δὲ οὐχ ὑπομένοντες ὁρᾶν ἐνδεδυκότα [99]
+          στολὴν τὸν δείλαιον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg
+          262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπιθέμενοι σπαράττουσιν, οὐδὲ τὸν τῆς σελήνης
+          κύκλον ἄρξαι σφῶν ἀνασχόμενοι. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ παρὰ τῆς τῶν φυλάκων
+          εὐνοίας ὑπῆρξε βασιλεί τὸ γέρας, ἀρχῆς ἀμεμφοῦς καὶ δικαίας ἀμοιβὴ
+          θαυμαστή. ὅστις δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ γέγονε ποθεῖτε ἀκούειν· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ τοῦτο
+          ὑμᾶς λέληθεν, ὅτι μήτε ἐς τὸν ἐκείνου παῖδα χαλεπὸς μήτε ἐς τοὺς
+          φίλους ὕποπτος καὶ δεινὸς εἵλετο γενέσθαι, [B] ἀλλα ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα
+          πρᾴως εἶχε καὶ εὐμενὴς πᾶσιν ἦν καίτοι πολλῶν συκοφαντεῖν ἐθελόντων
+          καὶ διηρμένων ἐπὶ τοὺς οὐκ αἰτίους τὰ κέντρα. πολλῶν δὲ τυχὸν
+          ἀληθῶς ἐνόχων ὄντων ταῖς περὶ αὐτῶν ὑποψίαις, ὁμοίως ἅπασιν ἦν
+          πρᾷος τοῖς οὐκ ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν<a id="noteref_471" name="noteref_471"
+          href="#note_471"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a> οὐδὲ
+          ἀποφανθεῖσι κοινωνοῖς τῶν ἀτόπων καὶ ἐξαγίστων βουλευμάτων. τὴν δὲ
+          ἐς τὸν τοῦ παρανομήσαντος παῖδα καὶ πατήσαντος πίστιν καὶ ὅρκια [C]
+          φειδὼ ἆρα βασιλικὸν ἀληθῶς καὶ θεῖον φήσομεν, ἢ μᾶλλον ἀποδεξόμεθα
+          τὸν ἀγαμέμνονα χαλεπαίνοντα καὶ πικραινόμενον τῶν Τρώων οὐ τοῖς
+          ξυνεξελθοῦσι μόνον τῷ Πάριδι καὶ καθυβρίσασι τοῦ Μενέλεω τὴν
+          ἑστίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κυουμένοις ἔτι καὶ ὧν τυχὸν οὐδὲ αἱ μητέρες
+          τότ᾽ ἐγεγόνεσαν, ὁπότε ἐκεῖνος τὰ περὶ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν ἐνενόει; εἰ δὴ
+          τὸ μὲν ὠμόν τις οἴεται [D] καὶ τραχὺ καὶ ἀπάνθρωπον ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ
+          πρέπειν, τὸ πρᾷον δὲ οἶμαι καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ φιλάνθρωπον ἁρμόττειν
+          ἥκιστα μὲν χαίροντι τιμωρίαις, ἀχθομένωι δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν ὑπηκόων
+          ξυμφοραῖς, ὅπως ἂν γίγνωνται, εἴτε <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> κακίᾳ σφῶν καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ, εἴτε ἔξωθεν παρὰ τῆς
+          τύχης ἐπάγοιντο, δῆλός ἐστι τούτῳ διδοὺς τὰ νικητήρια. ἐννοεῖτε
+          γάρ, ὡς περὶ τὸν παῖδα γέγονε τοῦ φύσαντος ἀμείνων καὶ δικαιότερος,
+          περὶ δὲ τοὺς ἐκείνου φίλους [100] πιστότερος τοῦ τὴν φιλίαν
+          ὁμολογήσαντος. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντας προεῖτο, ὁ δὲ ἀπέσωσεν ἅπαντας.
+          καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐκεῖνος ταῦτα περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐγνωκὼς<a id=
+          "noteref_472" name="noteref_472" href="#note_472"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a>
+          τρόπου ἅτε ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ κατανοήσας σφόδρα ἐπίστευεν, ἀσφαλῶς μέν
+          οἱ τὰ τοῦ παιδός, βεβαίως δὲ ὁρμεῖν τὰ τῶν φίλων, συνίει μὲν ὀρθῶς,
+          πολλάκις δὲ ἧν πανοῦργος καὶ μοχθηρὸς καὶ δυστυχής, πολέμιος ἐθέλων
+          εἶναι τῷ τοιοίτῳ καὶ ὃν σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν καὶ διαφερόντως [B] πρᾷον
+          ἠπίστατο μισῶν καὶ ἐπιβουλεύων καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος ὧν οὐδαμῶς ἐχρῆν.
+          εἰ δέ, ἀνελπίστου μέν οἱ τοῦ παιδὸς τῆς σωτηρίας τυγχανούσης,
+          χαλεπῆς δὲ καὶ ἀδυνάτου τῆς<a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473"
+          href="#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a> τῶν
+          φίλων καὶ τῶν συγγενῶν, τὴν ἀπιστίαν ὅμως προείλετο, ὁ μὲν ἦν καὶ
+          διὰ ταῦτα μοχθηρὸς καὶ ἀνόητος καὶ ἀγριώτερος τῶν θηρίων, ὁ δὲ
+          ἥμερος καὶ πρᾷος καὶ μεγαλόφρων, τοῦ μὲν νηπίου κατελεήσας τὴν
+          ἡλικίαν καὶ τὸν τρόπον, [C] τοῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐξελεγχθεῖσι πρᾷως ἔχων,
+          τοῦ δὲ ὑπεριδὼν καὶ καταφρονήσας τῶν πονηρευμάτων. ὁ γὰρ ἃ μηδὲ τῶν
+          ἐχθρῶν τις διὰ μέγεθος ὧν αὑτῷ σύνοιδεν ἀδικημάτων ἐλπίζει ξυγχωρῶν
+          εἰκότως ἀρετῆς ἐστι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg
+          266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> νικηφόρος, τὴν δίκην μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον καὶ
+          πρᾳότερον μετατιθεῖς, σωφροσύνῃ δὲ ὑπερβαλλόμενος τοὺς τὸ μέτριον
+          ἐπιτιθέντας ταῖς τιμωρίαις, ἀνδρείᾳ δὲ διαφέρων τῷ μηδένα [D]
+          πολέμιον ἀξιόχρεων ὑπολαμβάνειν, φρόνησιν δὲ ἐπιδεικνύμενος τῷ
+          συγκαταλύειν τὰς ἔχθρας καὶ οὐ παραπέμπειν εἰς τοὺς παῖδας οἐδὲ εἰς
+          ἐγγόνους προφάσει τῆς ἀκριβοῦς δίκης καὶ τοῦ βούλεσθαι<a id=
+          "noteref_474" name="noteref_474" href="#note_474"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a>
+          ἐπιεικῶς μάλα πίτυος δίκην τῶν πονηρῶν ἀφανίζειν τὰ σπέρματα.
+          ἐκείνων γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὸ ἔργον τόδε, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὴν εἰκόνα παλαιὸς
+          ἀπέφηνε λόγος. ὁ δὲ ἀγαθὸς βασιλεὺς μιμούμενος ἀτεχνῶς τὸν θεὸν
+          [101] οἶδε μὲν καὶ ἐκ τῶν πετρῶν ἑσμοὺς μελιττῶν ἐξιπταμένους, καὶ
+          ἐκ τοῦ δριμυτάτου ξύλου τὸν γλυκὺν καρπὸν φυόμενον, σῦκά φημι τὰ
+          χαρίεντα, καὶ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν τὴν σίδην καὶ ἄλλα ἐξ ἄλλων φυόμενα
+          ἀνόμοια τοῖς γεννῶσι καὶ ἀποτίκτουσιν. οὔκουν οἴεται ταῦτα χρῆναι
+          πρὸ τῆς ἀκμῆς διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ περιμένειν τὸν χρόνον καὶ
+          ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτοῖς ἀπωσαμένοις τῶν πατέρων τὴν ἄνοιαν [B] καὶ τὴν
+          μωρίαν ἀγαθοῖς γενέσθαι καὶ σώφροσι, ζηλωτὰς δὲ γενομένους τῶν
+          πατρῴων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὑφέξειν ἐν καιρῷ τὴν δίκην, οὐκ ἀλλοτρίοις
+          ἔργοις καὶ ξυμφοραῖς παραναλωθέντας.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But seeing that
+          my argument has, of its own accord, once reached this point and is
+          describing the affection that the Emperor inspires in the common
+          people, the magistrates, and the garrisons who aid him to protect
+          the empire and repulse its enemies, are you willing that I should
+          relate to you a signal proof of this, which happened, one may say,
+          yesterday or the day before? A certain man<a id="noteref_475" name=
+          "noteref_475" href="#note_475"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> who
+          had been given the command of the garrisons in Galatia—you probably
+          know his name and character—left his son behind him as a hostage
+          for his friendship and loyalty to the Emperor, though not at the
+          Emperor's request. Then he proved to be more treacherous than
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“lions who have no faithful covenants with
+          man,”</span><a id="noteref_476" name="noteref_476" href=
+          "#note_476"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a> as
+          the poet says, and plundered the cities of their wealth and
+          distributed it among the invading barbarians, paying it down as a
+          sort of ransom, though he was well able to take measures to win
+          security by the sword rather than by money. But he tried to win
+          them over to friendliness by means of money. And finally he took
+          from the women's apartments a purple dress, and showed himself
+          truly a tyrant and tragical indeed. Then the soldiers, resenting
+          his treachery, would not tolerate the sight of him thus dressed up
+          in women's garb,<a id="noteref_477" name="noteref_477" href=
+          "#note_477"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> and
+          they set on the miserable wretch and tore him limb from limb,<a id=
+          "noteref_478" name="noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> nor
+          would they endure either that the crescent moon<a id="noteref_479"
+          name="noteref_479" href="#note_479"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a>
+          should rule over them. Now it was the affection of his garrison
+          that gave the Emperor this guerdon, a wonderful recompense for his
+          just and blameless rule. But you are eager to hear how he behaved
+          after this. This too, however, you cannot fail to know, that he
+          chose neither to be harsh towards that man's son<a id="noteref_480"
+          name="noteref_480" href="#note_480"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> nor
+          suspicious and formidable to his friends, but in the highest
+          possible degree he was merciful and kindly to them all, though many
+          desired to bring false accusations<a id="noteref_481" name=
+          "noteref_481" href="#note_481"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a> and
+          had raised their stings to strike the innocent. But though many
+          were perhaps really involved in the crimes of which they were
+          suspected, he was merciful to all alike, provided they had not been
+          convicted or proved to be partners in the usurper's monstrous and
+          abominable schemes. And shall we not declare that the forbearance
+          shown by him towards the son of one who had broken the laws and
+          trampled on loyalty and sworn covenants was truly royal and
+          godlike; or shall we rather approve Agamemnon, who vented his rage
+          and cruelty not only on those Trojans who had accompanied Paris and
+          had outraged the hearth of Menelaus, but even on those who were yet
+          unborn, and whose mothers even were perhaps not yet born when Paris
+          plotted the rape? Anyone therefore who thinks that cruelty and
+          harshness and inhumanity ill become a king, and that mercy and
+          goodness and human kindness befit one who takes no pleasure in acts
+          of vengeance, but grieves at the misfortunes of his subjects,
+          however they may arise, whether from their own wickedness and
+          ignorance or aimed at them from without by fate, will, it is
+          evident, award to the Emperor the palm of victory. For bear in mind
+          that he was kinder and more just to the boy than his own father,
+          and to the usurper's friends he was more loyal than he who
+          acknowledged the tie of friendship. For the usurper forsook them
+          all, but the Emperor saved them all. And if the usurper, knowing
+          all this about the Emperor's character, since he had for a long
+          time been able to observe it, was entirely confident that his son
+          was safely at anchor and his friends securely also, then he did
+          indeed understand him aright, but he was many times over criminal
+          and base and accursed for desiring to be at enmity with such a man,
+          and for hating one whom he knew to be so excellent and so
+          surpassingly mild, and for plotting against him and trying to rob
+          him of what it was a shame to take from him. But if, on the other
+          hand, his son's safety was something that he had never hoped for,
+          and the safety of his friends and kinsfolk he had thought difficult
+          or impossible, and he nevertheless chose to be disloyal, this is
+          yet another proof that he was wicked and infatuated and fiercer
+          than a wild beast, and that the Emperor was gentle and mild and
+          magnanimous, since he took pity on the youth of the helpless child,
+          and was merciful to those who were not proved guilty, and ignored
+          and despised the crimes of the usurper. For he who grants what not
+          one of his enemies expects, because the guilt that is on their
+          conscience is so great, beyond a doubt carries off the prize for
+          virtue: for while he tempers justice with what is nobler and more
+          merciful, in self-restraint he surpasses those who are merely
+          moderate in their vengeance; and in courage he excels because he
+          thinks no enemy worthy of notice; and his wisdom he displays by
+          suppressing enmities and by not handing them down to his sons and
+          descendants on the pretext of strict justice, or of wishing, and
+          very reasonably too, to blot out the seed of the wicked like the
+          seed of a pine-tree.<a id="noteref_482" name="noteref_482" href=
+          "#note_482"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a> For
+          this is the way of those trees, and in consequence an ancient
+          tale<a id="noteref_483" name="noteref_483" href=
+          "#note_483"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a> gave
+          rise to this simile. But the good Emperor, closely imitating God,
+          knows that even from rocks swarms of bees fly forth, and that sweet
+          fruits grow even from the bitterest wood, pleasant figs, for
+          instance, and from thorns the pomegranate, and there are other
+          instances where things are produced entirely unlike the parents
+          that begat them and brought them forth. Therefore he thinks that we
+          ought not to destroy these before they have reached maturity, but
+          to wait for time to pass, and to trust them to cast off the folly
+          and madness of their fathers and become good and temperate, but
+          that, if they should turn out to emulate their fathers' practices,
+          they will in good time suffer punishment, but they will not have
+          been uselessly sacrificed because of the deeds and misfortunes of
+          others.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρ᾽ οὖν ὑμῖν
+          ἱκανῶς δοκοῦμεν ἐκτετελεκέναι τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον; ἢ ποθεῖτε
+          ἀκούειν ὑμεῖς καὶ τὴν καρτερίαν καὶ τὴν σεμνότητα, καὶ ὡς οὐ μόνον
+          ἐστὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἀήττητος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ οὔτε αἰσχρᾶς ἐπιθυμίας ἑάλω
+          πώποτε, οὔτε οἰκίας καλῆς οὔτ᾽ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπαύλεως πολυτελοῦς οὔτε ὅρμων σμαραγδίνων
+          ἐπιθυμήσας ἀφείλετο βίᾳ ἢ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς κεκτημένους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ
+          γυναικὸς ἐλευθέρας οὐδὲ θεραπαίνης, οὐδὲ ὅλως τὴν ἄδικον ἀφροδίτην
+          ἠγάπησε, καὶ ὡς οὐδὲ ὧν ὧραι φύουσιν ἀγαθῶν τὴν ἄμετρον ἀπαιτεῖ
+          πλησμονήν, οὐδὲ αὐτῷ θέρους ὥρᾳ τοῦ κρυστάλλου μέλει, [D] οὐδὲ
+          μεταβάλλει πρὸς τὰς ὥρας τὴν οἴκησιν, τοῖς πονουμένοις δὲ ἀεὶ
+          πάρεστι τῆς ἀρχῆς μέρεσιν ἀντέχων καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρύος καὶ πρὸς τὰ
+          θάλπη τὰ γενναῖα; τούτων δὲ εἴ με κελεύοιτε φέρειν ὑμῖν ἐμφανῆ τὰ
+          τεκμήρια, γνώριμα μὲν ἐρῶ καὶ οὐκ ἀπορήσω, μακρὸς δὲ ὁ λόγος καὶ
+          διωλύγιος, ἐμοί τε οὐ σχολὴ τὰς μούσας ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον θεραπεύειν,
+          ἀλλ᾽ ὥρα λοιπὸν πρὸς ἔργον τρέπεσθαι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now do you
+          think I have made my sincere panegyric sufficiently thorough and
+          complete? Or are you anxious to hear also about the Emperor's
+          powers of endurance and his august bearing, and that not only is he
+          unconquerable by the enemy, but has never yet succumbed to any
+          disgraceful appetite, and never coveted a fine house or a costly
+          palace or a necklace of emeralds, and then robbed their owners of
+          them either by violence or persuasion; and that he has never
+          coveted any free-born woman or handmaid or pursued any
+          dishonourable passion; and that he does not even desire an
+          immoderate surfeit of the good things that the seasons produce, or
+          care for ice in summer, or change his residence with the time of
+          year; but is ever at hand to aid those portions of the empire that
+          are in trouble, enduring both frost and extreme heat? But if you
+          should bid me bring before you plain proofs of this, I shall merely
+          say what is familiar to all, and I shall not lack evidence, but the
+          account would be long, a monstrous speech, nor indeed have I
+          leisure to cultivate the Muses to such an extent, for it is now
+          time for me to turn to my work.<a id="noteref_484" name=
+          "noteref_484" href="#note_484"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a>)</p>
+        </div>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name=
+      "Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration III</span></h1>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a>
+
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration
+          III</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Third
+          Oration is an expression of gratitude (χαριστήριος λόγος)<a id=
+          "noteref_485" name="noteref_485" href="#note_485"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> to
+          the Empress Eusebia, the first wife of Constantius. After Julian's
+          intractable step-brother Gallus Caesar had been murdered by the
+          Emperor, he was summoned to the court at Milan, and there, awkward
+          and ill at ease, cut off from his favourite studies and from the
+          society of philosophers, surrounded by intriguing and unfriendly
+          courtiers, and regarded with suspicion by the Emperor, Julian was
+          protected, encouraged and advised by Eusebia. His praise and
+          gratitude are, for once, sincere. The oration must have been
+          composed either in Gaul or shortly before Julian set out thither
+          after the dangerous dignity of the Caesarship had been thrust upon
+          him. His sincerity has affected his style, which is simpler and
+          more direct than that of the other two Panegyrics.</p>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name=
+        "Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg275" id=
+        "Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ
+          ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΙΑΣ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian,
+          Caesar)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΔΟΣ
+          ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Panegyric in
+          Honour of the Empress Eusebia)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[102] Τί ποτε
+          ἄρα χρὴ διανοεῖσθαι περὶ τῶν ὀφειλόντων μεγάλα καὶ πέρα<a id=
+          "noteref_486" name="noteref_486" href="#note_486"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a>
+          μεγάλων, οὔτι φημὶ χρυσίον οὐδὲ ἀργύριον, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς ὅ,τι ἂν τύχῃ
+          τις παρὰ τοῦ πέλας εὖ παθών· εἶτα τοιαῦτα μὲν ἀποτίνειν οὔτε
+          ἐπιχειρούντων οὔτε διανοουμένων, ῥᾳθύμως δὲ καὶ ὀλιγώρως ἐχόντων
+          πρὸς τὸ τὰ δυνατὰ ποιεῖν καὶ διαλύεσθαι τὸ ὄφλημα; [B] ἢ δῆλον ὅτι
+          φαύλους καὶ μοχθηροὺς νομιστέον; οὐδενὸς γὰρ οἶμαι τῶν ἄλλων
+          ἀδικημάτων ἔλαττον μισοῦμεν ἀχαριστίαν καὶ ὀνειδίζομεν τοῦς
+          ἀνθρώποις, ὅταν εὖ παθόντες περὶ τοὺς εὐεργέτας ὦσιν ἀχάριστοι·
+          ἔστι δὲ οὐχ οὗτος ἀχάριστος μόνον, ὅστις εὖ παθὼν δρᾷ κακῶς ἢ
+          λέγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅστις σιωπᾷ καὶ ἀποκρύπτει, λήθῃ παραδιδοὺς καὶ
+          ἀφανίζων τὰς χάριτας. καὶ τῆς μὲν θηριώδους ἐκείνης [C] καὶ
+          ἀπανθρώπου μοχθηρίας σφόδρα ὀλίγα καὶ εὐαρίθμητα κομιδῇ τὰ
+          παραδείγματα· πολλοὶ δὲ ἀποκρύπτουσι τὸ δοκεῖν εὖ παθεῖν, οὐκ οἶδα
+          ὅ,τι βουλόμενοι· φασὶ δὲ ὅμως θωπείας τινὸς καὶ ἀγεννοῦς κολακείας
+          τὴν δόξαν ἐκκλίνειν. ἐγὼ δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> [103] τούτους<a id="noteref_487" name=
+          "noteref_487" href="#note_487"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a> μὲν
+          ὅτι μηδὲν ὑγιὲς λέγουσι σαφῶς εἰδὼς ὅμως ἀφίημι, καὶ κείσθω
+          διαφεύγειν αὐτούς, καθάπερ οἴονται, κολακείας οὐκ ἀληθῆ δόξαν,
+          πολλοῖς ἅμα πάθεσιν ἐνόχους φανέντας καὶ νοσήμασιν αἰσχίστοις πάνυ
+          καὶ ἀνελευθέροις. ἢ γὰρ οὐ συνιέντες ἀναίσθητοι λίαν εἰσίν, ὧν
+          οὐδαμῶς ἁναίσθητον εἶναι χρῆν, ἢ συνιέντες ἐπιλήσμονες ὧν ἐχρῆν εἰς
+          ἅπαντα μεμνῆσθαι τὸν χρόνον· μεμνημένοι δὲ καὶ ἀποκνοῦντες δι᾽
+          ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας δειλοὶ καὶ βάσκανοι φύσει καὶ ἁπλῶς ἅπασιν
+          ἀνθρώποις δυσμενεῖς, [B] οἵ γε οὐδὲ τοῖς εὐεργέταις πρᾷοι καὶ
+          προσηνεῖς ἐθέλοντες εἶναι, εἶτα, ἂν μὲν δέῃ λοιδορῆσαί που καὶ
+          δακεῖν, ὥσπερ τὰ θηρία ὀργίλον καὶ ὀξὺ βλέπουσιν· ὥσπερ δὲ ἀνάλωμα
+          πολυτελὲς φεύγοντες τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως, αἰτιῶνται
+          τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων εὐφημίας, ἐξὸν ἐκεῖνο ἐξετάζειν μόνον, εἰ
+          τὴν ἀλήθειαν τιμῶσι καὶ περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦνται [C] τοῦ δοκεῖν ἐν
+          τοῖς ἐπαίνοις χαρίζεσθαι. οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ἔνεστιν εἰπεῖν, ὡς
+          ἀνωφελὲς χρῆμα ἡ εὐφημία οὔτε τοῖς ὑπὲρ ὧν γέγονεν οὔτε αὖ τοῖς
+          ἄλλοις, ὁπόσι τὴν ἴσην ἐκείνοις κατὰ τὸν βίον τάξιν εἰληχότες τῆς
+          ἐν ταῖς πράξεσιν ἀρετῆς ἀπελείφθησαν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἄκουσμά τέ ἐστιν
+          ἡδὺ καὶ προθυμοτέρους παρέχει περὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ διαφέροντα τῶν
+          ἔργων· τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ζηλοῦν ἐκεῖνα πειθοῖ καὶ βίᾳ παρώρμησεν
+          ὁρῶντας ὅτι μηδὲ τῶν προλαβόντων <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τινὲς ἀπεστερήθησαν ὃ μόνον δοῦναί τε καὶ
+          λαβεῖν ἐστι δημοσίᾳ καλόν. [D] χρήματα μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς
+          διδόναι καὶ περιβλέπειν, ὅπως ὅτι πλεῖστοι τὸ δοθὲν εἴσονται, πρὸς
+          ἀνδρὸς ἀπειροκάλου· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὑποσχὼν<a id="noteref_488" name=
+          "noteref_488" href="#note_488"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a> τὼ
+          χεῖρε ὑποδέξαιτ᾽ ἄν τις ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πάντων, μὴ παντάπασιν
+          ἀποσεισάμενος αἰδῶ καὶ ἐπιείκειαν τοῦ τρόπου. Ἀρκεσίλαος δὲ [104]
+          καὶ διδοὺς τὸν λαβόντα ἐπειρᾶτο λαθεῖν· συνίει δὲ ἐκεῖνος ἐκ τῆς
+          πράξεως τὸν δράσαντα. ἐπαίνων δὲ ζηλωτὸν μὲν ἀκροατὰς ὡς πλείστους
+          εὑρεῖν, ἀγαπητὸν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ ὀλίγους. καὶ ἐπῄνει δὲ Σωκράτης
+          πολλοὺς καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης· Ξενοφῶν δὲ καὶ Ἀγησίλαον τὸν
+          βασιλέα καὶ Κῦρον τὸν Πέρσην, οὔτι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἐκεῖνον μόνον, ἀλλὰ
+          καὶ τὸν ᾧ<a id="noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href=
+          "#note_489"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a>
+          συνεστράτευτο ἐπὶ βασιλέα<a id="noteref_490" name="noteref_490"
+          href="#note_490"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> καὶ
+          τοὺς ἐπαίνους ξυγγράφων οὐκ ἀπεκρύπτετο. [B] ἐμοὶ δὲ θαυμαστὸν
+          εἶναι δοκεῖ, εἰ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὲν τοὺς καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς<a id=
+          "noteref_491" name="noteref_491" href="#note_491"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a>
+          προθύμως ἐπαινεσόμεθα, γυναῖκα δὲ ἀγαθὴν τῆς εὐφημίας οὐκ
+          ἀξιώσομεν, ἀρετῆς οὐδὲν μεῖον αὐταῖς ἤπερ τοῖς ἀνδράσι προσήκειν
+          ὑπολαμβάνοντες. ἢ γὰρ εἶναι σώφρονα καὶ συνετὴν καὶ οἴαν
+          νέμειν<a id="noteref_492" name="noteref_492" href=
+          "#note_492"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a>
+          ἑκάστῳ τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἀξίαν καὶ θαρραλέαν ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς καὶ
+          μεγαλόφρονα καὶ ἐλευθέριον καὶ πάντα ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ὑπάρχειν
+          ἐκείνῃ<a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" href=
+          "#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a>
+          οἰόμενοι χρῆναι τὰ τοιαῦτα, εἶτα<a id="noteref_494" name=
+          "noteref_494" href="#note_494"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a> τῶν
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name=
+          "Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg281" id=
+          "Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπὶ τοῖς ἔργοις [C] ἐγκωμίων
+          ἀφαιρησόμεθα τὸν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν ψόγον δεδοικότεσ; Ὅμηρος
+          δὲ οὐκ ᾐσχύνετο τὴν Πηνελόπην ἐπαινέσας οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀλκίνου γαμετήν,
+          οὐδὲ εἴ τις ἄλλη διαφερόντως ἀγαθὴ γέγονεν ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἀρετῆς
+          μετεποιήθη. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐκείνη τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τούτωι διήμαρτεν
+          εὐφημίας. πρὸς δὲ αὖ τούτοις παθεῖν μὲν εὖ καὶ τυχεῖν τινος ἀγαθοῦ,
+          σμικροῦ τε ὁμοίως καὶ μείζονος, [D] οὐδὲν ἔλαττον παρὰ γυναικὸς ἢ
+          παρὰ ἀνδρὸς δεξόμεθα, τὴν δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ χάριν ἀποτίνειν ὀκνήσομεν;
+          ἀλλὰ μή ποτε καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ δεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον εἶναι φῶσι καὶ οὐκ
+          ἄξιον ἀνδρὸς ἐπιεικοῦς καὶ γενναίου, εἶναι δὲ καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα τὸν
+          σοφὸν ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλόν, ὅτι τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἱκέτευε θυγατέρα
+          παίζουσαν ἐπὶ τοῦ λειμῶνος ξὺν ταῖς ὁμήλιξι παρθένοις παρὰ τοῦ
+          ποταμοῦ ταῖς ᾐόσι. μή ποτε οὖν οὐδὲ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς τοῦ Διὸς
+          ἀπόσχωνται παιδός, [105] ἣν Ὅμηρός φησιν ἀπεικασθεῖσαν παρθένῳ καλῇ
+          καὶ γενναίᾳ Ὀδυσσεῖ μὲν ἡγήσασθαι τῆς ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια φερούσης
+          ὁδοῦ, σύμβουλον δὲ αὐτῷ<a id="noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href=
+          "#note_495"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a> καὶ
+          διδάσκαλον γενομένην, ὧν ἐχρῆν εἴσω παρελθόντα δρᾶν καὶ λέγειν,
+          καθάπερ τινὰ ῥήτορα ξὺν τέχνῃ<a id="noteref_496" name="noteref_496"
+          href="#note_496"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a>
+          τέλειον ᾆσαι βασιλίδος ἐγκώμιον, ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους ἀρξαμένην.
+          ἔχει δὲ αὐτῷ τὰ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἔπη τὸν τρόπον τόνδε·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What, pray,
+          ought we to think of those who owe things of price and beyond
+          price—I do not mean gold or silver, but simply any benefit one may
+          happen to receive from one's neighbour—suppose that they neither
+          try nor intend to repay that kindness, but are indolent and do not
+          trouble themselves to do what they can and try to discharge the
+          debt? Is it not evident that we must think them mean and base? Far
+          more I think than any other crime do we hate ingratitude, and we
+          blame those persons who have received benefits and are ungrateful
+          to their benefactors. And the ungrateful man is not only he who
+          repays a kindness with evil deeds or words, but also he who is
+          silent and conceals a kindness and tries to consign it to oblivion
+          and abolish gratitude. Now of such brutal and inhuman baseness as
+          the repayment with evil the instances are few and easily reckoned;
+          but there are many who try to conceal the appearance of having
+          received benefits, though with what purpose I know not. They
+          assert, however, that it is because they are trying to avoid a
+          reputation for a sort of servility and for base flattery. But
+          though I know well enough that what they say is all insincere,
+          nevertheless I let that pass, and suppose we assume that they, as
+          they think, do escape an undeserved reputation for flattery, still
+          they at the same time appear to be guilty of many weaknesses and
+          defects of character that are in the highest degree base and
+          illiberal. For either they are too dense to perceive what no one
+          should fail to perceive, or they are not dense but forgetful of
+          what they ought to remember for all time. Or again, they do
+          remember, and yet shirk their duty for some reason or other, being
+          cowards and grudging by nature, and their hand is against every man
+          without exception, seeing that not even to their benefactors do
+          they consent to be gentle and amiable; and then if there be any
+          opening to slander and bite, they look angry and fierce like wild
+          beasts. Genuine praise they somehow or other avoid giving, as
+          though it were a costly extravagance, and they censure the applause
+          given to noble actions, when the only thing that they need enquire
+          into is whether the eulogists respect truth and rate her higher
+          than the reputation of showing their gratitude by eulogy. For this
+          at any rate they cannot assert, that praise is a useless thing,
+          either to those who receive it or to others besides, who, though
+          they have been assigned the same rank in life as the objects of
+          their praise, have fallen short of their merit in what they have
+          accomplished. To the former it is not only agreeable to hear, but
+          makes them zealous to aim at a still higher level of conduct, while
+          the latter it stimulates both by persuasion and compulsion to
+          imitate that noble conduct, because they see that none of those who
+          have anticipated them have been deprived of that which alone it is
+          honourable to give and receive publicly. For to give money openly,
+          and to look anxiously round that as many as possible may know of
+          the gift, is characteristic of a vulgar person. Nay no one would
+          even stretch out his hands to receive it in the sight of all men,
+          unless he had first cast off all propriety of manner and sense of
+          shame. Arcesilaus indeed, when offering a gift, used to try to hide
+          his identity even from the recipient.<a id="noteref_497" name=
+          "noteref_497" href="#note_497"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a> But
+          in his case the manner of the deed always made known the doer. For
+          a eulogy, however, one is ambitious to obtain as many hearers as
+          possible, and even a small audience is, I think, not to be
+          despised. Socrates, for instance, spoke in praise of many, as did
+          Plato also and Aristotle. Xenophon, too, eulogised King Agesilaus
+          and Cyrus the Persian, not only the elder Cyrus, but him whom he
+          accompanied on his campaign against the Great King, nor did he hide
+          away his eulogies, but put them into his history. Now I should
+          think it strange indeed if we shall be eager to applaud men of high
+          character, and not think fit to give our tribute of praise to a
+          noble woman, believing as we do that excellence is the attribute of
+          women no less than of men. Or shall we who think that such a one
+          ought to be modest and wise and competent to assign to every man
+          his due, and brave in danger, high-minded and generous, and that in
+          a word all such qualities as these should be hers,—shall we, I say,
+          then rob her of the encomium due to her good deeds, from any fear
+          of the charge of appearing to flatter? But Homer was not ashamed to
+          praise Penelope and the consort of Alcinous<a id="noteref_498"
+          name="noteref_498" href="#note_498"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a> and
+          other women of exceptional goodness, or even those whose claim to
+          virtue was slight. Nay nor did Penelope fail to obtain her share of
+          praise for this very thing. But besides these reasons for praise,
+          shall we consent to accept kind treatment from a woman no less than
+          from a man, and to obtain some boon whether small or great, and
+          then hesitate to pay the thanks due therefor? But perhaps people
+          will say that the very act of making a request to a woman is
+          despicable and unworthy of an honourable and high-spirited man, and
+          that even the wise Odysseus was spiritless and cowardly because he
+          was a suppliant to the king's daughter<a id="noteref_499" name=
+          "noteref_499" href="#note_499"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a> as
+          she played with her maiden companions by the banks of the river.
+          Perhaps they will not spare even Athene the daughter of Zeus, of
+          whom Homer says<a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" href=
+          "#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a> that
+          she put on the likeness of a fair and noble maiden and guided him
+          along the road that led to the palace, and was his adviser and
+          instructed him what he must do and say when he had entered within;
+          and that, like some orator perfect in the art of rhetoric, she sang
+          an encomium of the queen, and for a prelude told the tale of her
+          lineage from of old. Homer's verses about this are as follows:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Δέσποιναν μὲν πρῶτα κιχήσεαι ἐν
+                μεγάροισιν,</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀρήτη δ᾽ ὄνομ᾽ ἐστὶν ἐπώνυμον,
+                [B] ἐκ δὲ τοκήων</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Τῶν αὐτῶν, οἵπερ τέκον Ἀλκίνοον
+                βασιλῆα.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The queen
+            thou shalt find first in the halls. Arete is the name she is
+            called by, and of the same parents is she as those who begat king
+            Alcinous.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_501" name=
+            "noteref_501" href="#note_501"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name=
+          "Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg283" id=
+          "Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀναλαβὼν δὲ
+          ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος οἶμαι τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γένους καὶ ὅσα
+          ἔδρασάν τε καὶ ἔπαθον εἰπών, καὶ ὅπως αὐτὴν ὁ θεῖος, τοῦ πατρὸς
+          ἀπολομένου νέου καὶ νυμφίου, ἔγημέ τε καὶ ἐτίμησεν,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then he goes
+          back and begins with Poseidon and tells of the origin of that
+          family and all that they did and suffered, and how when her father
+          perished, still young and newly-wed, her uncle married her, and
+          honoured her)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ὡς οὔτις ἐπὶ χθονὶ τίεται
+                ἄλλη,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As no other
+            woman in the world is honoured,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ὅσων
+          τυγχάνει C</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and he tells of
+          all the honour she receives)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἔκ τε φίλων παίδων ἔκ τ᾽ αὐτοῦ
+                Ἀλκινόοιο,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">From her
+            dear children and from Alcinous himself,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἔπι δὲ οἷμαι τῆς
+          γερουσίας καὶ τοῦ δήμου, οἱ καθάπερ θεὸν ὁρῶσι πορευομένην διὰ τοῦ
+          ἄστεος, τέλος ἐπέθηκε ταῖς εὐφημίαις ζηλωτὸν ἀνδρὶ καὶ γυναικί,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and from the
+          council of elders also, I think, and from the people who look upon
+          her as a goddess as she goes through the city; and on all his
+          praises he sets this crown, one that man and woman alike may well
+          envy, when he says)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐ μὲν γάρ τι νόου γε καὶ αὐτὴ
+                δεύεται ἐσθλοῦ</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For indeed
+            she too has no lack of excellent
+            understanding,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">λέγων, καὶ ὡς
+          κρίνειν εὖ ἠπίστατο, οἷσίν τ᾽ εὗ φρονέῃσι, [D] καὶ διαλύειν τὰ πρὸς
+          ἀλλήλους ἐγκλήματα τοῖς πολίταις ἀναφυόμενα ξὺν δίκῃ. ταύτην δὴ οὖν
+          ἱκετεύσας εἰ τύχοις εὔνου, πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔφη,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and that she
+          knows well how to judge between men, and, for those citizens to
+          whom she is kindly disposed, how to reconcile with justice the
+          grievances that arise among them. Now if, when you entreat her, the
+          goddess says to him, you find her well disposed,)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἐλπωρή τοι ἔπειτα φίλους τ᾽
+                ἰδέειν καὶ ἱκέσθαι</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Οἶκον ἐς ὑψόροφον·</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then is
+            there hope that you will see your friends and come to your
+            high-roofed house.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὁ δ᾽ ἐπείσθη τῇ
+          ξυμβουλῇ. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι δεησόμεθα μειζόνων εἰκόνων καὶ ἀποδείξεων
+          ἐναργεστέρων, ὥστε ἀποφυγεῖν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν ὑποψίαν;
+          [106] οὐχὶ δὲ ἤδη μιμούμενοι τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον καὶ θεῖον ποιητὴν
+          ἐπαινέσομεν Εὐσεβίαν τὴν ἀρίστην, ἐπιθυμοῦντες μὲν ἔπαινον αὐτῆς
+          ἄξιον διεξελθεῖν, ἀγαπῶντες δέ, εἰ καὶ μετρίως τυγχάνοιμεν οὕτω
+          καλῶν καὶ πολλῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων; <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τῶν<a id="noteref_502" name="noteref_502"
+          href="#note_502"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a>
+          ἀγαθῶν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνῃ, σωφροσύνης καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἢ
+          πρᾳότητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας ἢ τῆς περὶ τὸν ἄνδρα φιλίας ἢ τῆς περὶ τὰ
+          χρήματα μεγαλοψυχίας [B] ἢ τῆς περὶ τοὺς οἰκείους καὶ ξυγγενεῖς
+          τιμῆς. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καθάπερ ἴχνεσιν ἑπόμενον τοῖς ἤδη ῥηθεῖσιν
+          οὕτω ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ τάξιν, ἀποδιδόντα τὴν αὐτὴν ἐκείνῃ,
+          πατρίδος τε, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ πατέρων μνημονεύοντα, καὶ ὅπως ἐγήματο
+          καὶ ᾧτινι, καὶ τἆλλα πάντα τὸν αὐτὸν ἐκείνοις τρόπον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And he was
+          persuaded by her counsel. Shall I then need yet greater instances
+          and clearer proofs, so that I may escape the suspicion of seeming
+          to flatter? Shall I not forthwith imitate that wise and inspired
+          poet and go on to praise the noble Eusebia, eager as I am to
+          compose an encomium worthy of her, though I shall be thankful if,
+          even in a moderate degree, I succeed in describing accomplishments
+          so many and so admirable? And I shall be thankful if I succeed in
+          describing also those noble qualities of hers, her temperance,
+          justice, mildness and goodness, or her affection for her husband,
+          or her generosity about money, or the honour that she pays to her
+          own people and her kinsfolk. It is proper for me, I think, to
+          follow in the track as it were of what I have already said, and, as
+          I pursue my panegyric, so arrange it as to give the same order as
+          Athene, making mention, as is natural, of her native land, her
+          ancestors, how she married and whom, and all the rest in the same
+          fashion as Homer.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς
+          πατρίδος πολλὰ σεμνὰ λέγειν ἔχων, τὰ μὲν διὰ παλαιότητα παρήσειν
+          μοι δοκῶ· φαίνεται γὰρ εἶναι τῶν μύθων οὐ πόρρω· [C] ὁποῖον δή τι
+          καὶ τὸ περὶ τῶν Μουσῶν λεγόμενον, ὡς εἶεν δήπουθεν ἐκ τῆς Πιερίας,
+          οὐχὶ δὲ ἐξ Ἑλικῶνος εἰς τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἀφίκοιντο παρὰ τὸν πατέρα
+          κληθεῖσαι. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ εἰ δή τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον, μύθῳ μᾶλλον ἢ
+          λόγῳ προσῆκον, ἀπολειπτέον· ὀλίγα δὲ εἰπεῖν τῶν οὐ πᾶσι γνωρίμων
+          τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ παρόντος λόγου. Μακεδόνων γὰρ οἰκίσαι
+          φασὶ τὴν χώραν τοὺς Ἡρακλέους ἐγγόνους, Τημένου παῖδας, [D] οἵ τὴν
+          Ἀργείαν λῆξιν νεμόμενοι καὶ στασιάζοντες τέλος ἐποιήσαντο τὴν
+          ἀποικίαν τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔριδος καὶ φιλοτιμίας· εἶτα ἑλόντες τὴν
+          Μακεδονίαν καὶ γένος ὄλβιον ἀπολιπόντες<a id="noteref_503" name=
+          "noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a>
+          βασιλεῖς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg
+          286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐκ βασιλέων διετέλουν καθάπερ κλῆρον τὴν
+          τιμὴν διαδεχόμενοι. πάντας μὲν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἐπαινεῖν οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε
+          οἶμαι ῥάδιον. πολλῶν δὲ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν γενομένων καὶ καταλιπόντων
+          Ἑλληνικοῦ τρόπου μνημεῖα πάγκαλα, Φίλιππος καὶ ὁ τούτου παῖς ἀρετῇ
+          διηνεγκάτην πάντων, [107] ὅσοι πάλαι Μακεδονίας καὶ Θρᾴκης ἦρξαν,
+          οἶμαι δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ ὅσοι Λυδῶν ἢ Μήδων καὶ Περσῶν καὶ Ἀσσυρίων, πλὴν
+          μόνου τοῦ Καμβύσου παιδός, ὃς ἐκ τῶν Μήδων ἐς Πέρσας τὴν βασιλείαν
+          μετέστησεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτος ἐπειράθη τὴν Μακεδόνων αὐξῆσαι
+          δύναμιν, καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπες τὰ πλεῖστα καταστρεψάμενος ὅρον ἐποιήσατο
+          πρὸς ἕω μὲν καὶ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν τὴν θάλατταν, ἀπ᾽ ἄρκτων δὲ οἶμαι
+          [B] τὸν Ἴστρον καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν τὸ Ὠρικὸν ἔθνος. ὁ τούτου δὲ αὖ
+          παῖς ὑπὸ τῷ Σταγειρίτηι σοφῷ τρεφόμενος τοσοῦτον μεγαλοψυχίᾳ τῶν
+          ἄλλων ἁπάντων διήνεγκε καὶ προσέτι τὸν αὑτοῦ πατέρα τῇ στρατηγίᾳ
+          καὶ τῇ θαρραλεότητι καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις ἀρεταῖς ὑπερβαλλόμενος,
+          ὥστ᾽<a id="noteref_504" name="noteref_504" href=
+          "#note_504"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a> οὐκ
+          ἄξιον αὑτῷ ζῆν ὑπερλάμβανεν, εἰ μὴ ξυμπάντων μὲν ἀνθρώπων, πάντων
+          δὲ ἐθνῶν κρατήσειεν. οὐκοῦν [C] τὴν μὲν Ἀσίαν ἐπῆλθε σύμπασαν
+          καταστρεφόμενος, καὶ ἀνίσχοντα πρῶτος ἀνθρώπων τὸν ἥλιον
+          προσεκύνει, ὡρμημένον δὲ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην, ὅπως τὰ λειπόμενα
+          περιβαλόμενος γῆς τε ἁπάσης καὶ θαλάττης κύριος γένοιτο, τὸ χρεὼν
+          ἐν Βαβυλῶνι κατέλαβε. Μακεδόνες δὲ ἁπάντων ἦρχον, ὧν ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ
+          κτησάμενοι πόλεων καὶ ἐθνῶν ἔτυχον. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι χρὴ διὰ μειζόνων
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name=
+          "Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg289" id=
+          "Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τεκμηρίων δηλοῦν, [D] ὡς
+          ἔνδοξος μὲν ἡ Μακεδονία καὶ μεγάλη τὸ πρόσθεν γένοιτο; ταύτης δὲ
+          αὐτῆς τὸ κράτιστον ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη, ἣν ἀνέστησαν, πεσόντων, οἶμαι,
+          Θετταλῶν, τῆς κατ᾽ ἐκείνων ἐπώνυμον νίκης. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων
+          οὐδὲν ἔτι δέομαι μακρότερα λέγειν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now though I
+          have much that is highly honourable to say about her native
+          land,<a id="noteref_505" name="noteref_505" href=
+          "#note_505"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> I
+          think it well to omit part, because of its antiquity. For it seems
+          to be not far removed from myth. For instance, the sort of story
+          that is told about the Muses, that they actually came from
+          Pieria<a id="noteref_506" name="noteref_506" href=
+          "#note_506"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a> and
+          that it was not from Helicon that they came to Olympus, when
+          summoned to their father's side. This then, and all else of the
+          same sort, since it is better suited to a fable than to my
+          narrative, must be omitted. But perhaps it is not out of the way
+          nor alien from my present theme to tell some of the facts that are
+          not familiar to all. They say<a id="noteref_507" name="noteref_507"
+          href="#note_507"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> that
+          Macedonia was colonised by the descendants of Heracles, the sons of
+          Temenus, who had been awarded Argos as their portion, then
+          quarrelled, and to make an end of their strife and jealousy led out
+          a colony. Then they seized Macedonia, and leaving a prosperous
+          family behind them, they succeeded to the throne, king after king,
+          as though the privilege were an inheritance. Now to praise all
+          these would be neither truthful, nor in my opinion easy. But though
+          many of them were brave men and left behind them very glorious
+          monuments of the Hellenic character, Philip and his son surpassed
+          in valour all who of old ruled over Macedonia and Thrace, yes and I
+          should say all who governed the Lydians as well, or the Medes and
+          Persians and Assyrians, except only the son of Cambyses,<a id=
+          "noteref_508" name="noteref_508" href="#note_508"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> who
+          transferred the sovereignty from the Medes to the Persians. For
+          Philip was the first to try to increase the power of the
+          Macedonians, and when he had subdued the greater part of Europe, he
+          made the sea his frontier limit on the east and south, and on the
+          north I think the Danube, and on the west the people of
+          Oricus,<a id="noteref_509" name="noteref_509" href=
+          "#note_509"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a> And
+          after him, his son, who was bred up at the feet of the wise
+          Stagyrite,<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href=
+          "#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a> so
+          far excelled all the rest in greatness of soul, and besides,
+          surpassed his own father in generalship and courage and the other
+          virtues, that he thought that life for him was not worth living
+          unless he could subdue all men and all nations. And so he traversed
+          the whole of Asia, conquering as he went, and he was the first of
+          men<a id="noteref_511" name="noteref_511" href=
+          "#note_511"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> to
+          adore the rising sun; but as he was setting out for Europe in order
+          to gain control of the remainder and so become master of the whole
+          earth and sea, he paid the debt of nature in Babylon. Then
+          Macedonians became the rulers of all the cities and nations that
+          they had acquired under his leadership. And now is it still
+          necessary to show by stronger proofs that Macedonia was famous and
+          great of old? And the most important place in Macedonia is that
+          city which they restored, after, I think, the fall of the
+          Thessalians, and which is called after their victory over
+          them.<a id="noteref_512" name="noteref_512" href=
+          "#note_512"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a> But
+          concerning all this I need not speak at greater length.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὐγενείας γε μὴν
+          τί ἂν ἔχοιμεν ἔτι πράγματα ἐπιζητοῦντες φανερώτερον καὶ ἐναργὲς
+          μᾶλλον τεκμήριον; θυγάτηρ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνδρὸς ἀξίου νομισθέντος τὴν
+          ἐπώνυμον τοῦ ἔτους ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν,<a id="noteref_513" name=
+          "noteref_513" href="#note_513"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a> πάλαι
+          [108] μὲν ἰσχυρὰν καὶ βασιλείαν ἀτεχνῶς ὀνομαζομένην, μεταβαλοῦσαν
+          δὲ διὰ τοὺς οὐκ ὀρθῶς χρωμένους τῇ δυνάμει τὸ ὄνομα· νῦν δὲ ἤδη τῆς
+          δυνάμεως ἐπιλειπούσης, ἐπειδὴ πρὸς μοναρχίαν τὰ τῆς πολιτείας
+          μεθέστηκε, τιμὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων στερομένη πρὸς πᾶσαν
+          ἰσχὺν ἀντίρροπος εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῖς μὲν ἰδιώταις οἷον ἆθλον
+          ἀποκειμένη καὶ γέρας ἀρετῆς ἦ πίστεως ἤ τινος εὐνοίας καὶ ὑπηρεσίας
+          περὶ τοὺς τῶν ὅλων ἄρχοντας ἢ πράξεως λαμπρᾶς, [B] τοῖς βασιλεῦσι
+          δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔχουσιν ἀγαθοῖς οἷον ἄγαλμα καὶ κόσμος ἐπιτιθεμένη· τῶν
+          μὲν γὰρ ἄλλων ὀνομάτων τε καὶ ἔργων, ὁπόσα τῆς παλαιᾶς ἐκείνης
+          πολιτείας διασώζει τινὰ φαύλην καὶ ἀμυδρὰν εἰκόνα, ἢ παντάπασιν
+          ὑπεριδόντες διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν κατέγνωσαν, ἢ προσιέμενοὶ γε διὰ βίου
+          καρποῦνται τὰς ἐπωνυμίας· μόνης δέ, οἶμαι, ταύτης οὔτε τὴν ἀρχὴν
+          ὑπερεῖδον, χαίρουσί τε<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href=
+          "#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a> καὶ
+          πρὸς ἐνιαυτὸν τυγχάνοντες· [C] καὶ οὔτε <span class="tei tei-pb"
+          id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐδιώτης οὐδεὶς οὔτε βασιλεύς ἐστιν ἢ γέγονεν,
+          ὃς οὐ ζηλωτὸν ἐνόμισεν ὕπατος ἐπονομασθῆναι. εἰ δέ, ὅτι πρῶτος
+          ὔτυχεν ἐκεῖνος καὶ γέγονεν ἀρχηγὸς τῷ γένει τῆς εὐδοξίας, ἔλαττὸν
+          τις ἔχειν αὐτὸν τῶν ἄλλων ὑπολαμβάνει, λίαν ἐξαπατώμενος οὐ
+          μανθάνει· τῷ παντὶ γὰρ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐστι καὶ σεμνότερον ἀρχὴν
+          παρασχεῖν τοῖς ἐγγόνοις περιφανείας τοσαύτης [D] ἢ λαβεῖν παρὰ τῶν
+          προγόνων. ἐπεὶ καὶ πόλεως μεγίστης οἰκιστὴν γενέσθαι κρεῖττον ἢ
+          πολίτην, καὶ λαβεῖν ὁτιοῦν ἀγαθὸν τοῦ δοῦναι τῷ παντὶ
+          καταδεέστερον. λαμβάνειν δὲ ἐοίκασι παρὰ τῶν πατέρων οἱ παῖδες καὶ
+          οἱ πολῖται παρὰ τῶν πόλεων οἷον ἁφορμάς τινας πρὸς εὐδοξίαν. ὅστις
+          δὲ ἀποδίδωσι πάλιν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προγόνοις τε καὶ πατρίδι μείζονα τιμῆς
+          ὑπόθεσιν, λαμπροτέραν μὲν ἐκείνην καὶ σεμνοτέραν, τοὺς πατέρας δὲ
+          ἐνδοξοτέρους ἀποφαίνων, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν<a id=
+          "noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href="#note_515"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> πρὸς
+          εὐγενείας λόγον ἅμιλλαν· [109] οὐδὲ ἔστιν ὅστις ἐκείνου φήσει
+          κρείττων γεγονέναι· ἐξ ἀγαθῶν μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν φῦναι χρή. ὁ δὲ ἐξ
+          ἐνδόξων ἐνδοξότερος γενόμενος, ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀρετῇ τῆς τύχης πνεούσης,
+          οὗτος οὐδενὶ δίδωσιν ἀπορεῖν, εἰ τῆς εὐγενείας εἰκότως
+          μεταποιεῖται.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And of her
+          noble birth why should I take any further trouble to seek for
+          clearer or more manifest proof than this? I mean that she is the
+          daughter of a man who was considered worthy to hold the office that
+          gives its name to the year,<a id="noteref_516" name="noteref_516"
+          href="#note_516"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a> an
+          office that in the past was powerful and actually called royal, but
+          lost that title because of those who abused their power. But now
+          that in these days its power has waned, since the government has
+          changed to a monarchy, the bare honour, though robbed of all the
+          rest, is held to counterbalance all power, and for private citizens
+          is set up as a sort of prize and a reward of virtue, or loyalty, or
+          of some favour done to the ruler of the empire, or for some
+          brilliant exploit, while for the emperors, it is added to the
+          advantages they already possess as the crowning glory and
+          adornment. For all the other titles and functions that still retain
+          some feeble and shadowy resemblance to the ancient constitution
+          they either altogether despised and rejected, because of their
+          absolute power, or they attached them to themselves and enjoy the
+          titles for life. But this office alone, I think, they from the
+          first did not despise, and it still gratifies them when they obtain
+          it for the year. Indeed there is no private citizen or emperor, nor
+          has ever been, who did not think it an enviable distinction to be
+          entitled consul. And if there be anyone who thinks that, because he
+          I spoke of was the first of his line to win that title and to lay
+          the foundations of distinction for his family, he is therefore
+          inferior to the others, he fails to understand that he is deceived
+          exceedingly. For it is, in my opinion, altogether nobler and more
+          honourable to lay the foundations of such great distinction for
+          one's descendants than to receive it from one's ancestors. For
+          indeed it is a nobler thing to be the founder of a mighty city than
+          a mere citizen and to receive any good thing is altogether less
+          dignified than to give. Indeed it is evident that sons receive from
+          their fathers, and citizens from their cities, a start, as it were,
+          on the path of glory. But he who by his own effort pays back to his
+          ancestors and his native land that honour on a higher scale, and
+          makes his country show more brilliant and more distinguished, and
+          his ancestors more illustrious, clearly yields the prize to no man
+          on the score of native nobility. Nor is there any man who can claim
+          to be superior to him I speak of. For the good must needs be born
+          of good parents. But when the son of illustrious parents himself
+          becomes more illustrious, and fortune blows the same way as his
+          merit, he causes no one to feel doubt, if he lays claim, as is
+          reasonable, to be of native nobility.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὐσεβία δέ, περὶ
+          ἧς ὁ λόγος, παῖς μὲν ὑπάτου γέγονε, γαμετὴ δέ ἐστι βασιλέως
+          ἐνδρείου, σώφρονος, συνετοῦ, δικαίου, χρηστοῦ καὶ πρᾴου καὶ
+          μεγαλοψύχου, [B] ὃς ἐπειδὴ πατρῴαν οὖσαν αὐτῷ <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνεκτήσατο, ἀφελόμενος τοῦ βίᾳ
+          λαβόντος, γάμου τε ἐδεῖτο πρὸς παίδων γένεσιν, οἳ κληρονομήσουσι
+          τῆς τιμῆς καὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας, ταύτην ἀξίαν ἔκρινε τῆς κοινωνίας
+          γεγονὼς ἤδη σχεδόν τι τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης κύριος. καίτοι πῶς ἄν
+          τις μείζονα μαρτυρίαν ἐπιζητήσειε τῆσδε; οὐ μόνον περὶ τῆς
+          εὐγενείας αὐτῆς, [C] ὑπὲρ δὲ ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, ὅσα χρῆν οἶμαι τὴν
+          βασιλεῖ τοσούτῳ συνιοῦσαν, καθάπερ φερνὴν οἴκοθεν ἐπιφερομένην,
+          κομίζειν ἀγαθά, παιδείαν ὀρθήν, σύνεσιν ἐμμελῆ, ἀκμὴν καὶ ὥραν
+          σώματος καὶ κάλλος τοσοῦτον, ὥστε ἀποκρύπτεσθαι τᾶς ἄλλας
+          παρθένους, καθάπερ οἶμαι περὶ τῇ σελήνῃ πληθούσῃ οἱ διαφανεῖς
+          ἀστέρες καταυγαζόμενοι κρύπτουσι τὴν μορφὴν. ἓν μὲν γὰρ τούτων
+          οὐδὲν<a id="noteref_517" name="noteref_517" href=
+          "#note_517"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a>
+          ἐξαρκεῖν δοκεῖ πρὸς κοινωνίαν βασιλέως, πάντα δὲ ἅμα, [D] ὥσπερ
+          θεοῦ τινος ἀγαθῷ βασιλεῖ καλὴν καὶ σώφρονα πλάττοντος τὴν νύμφην,
+          εἰς ταὐτὸ συνεληλυθότα πόρρωθεν καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων
+          ἐφελκυσάμενα μάλα ὄλβιον ἦγε τὸν νυμφίον. κάλλος μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ
+          γένους βοηθείας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν οἶμαι στερόμενον οὐδὲ ἰδιώτην
+          ἀκόλαστον ἰσχύει πείθειν τὴν γαμήλιον ἀνάψαι λαμπάδα, ἄμφω δὲ ἅμα
+          συνελθόντα γάμον μὲν ἧρμοσε πολλάκις, ἀπολειπόμενα δὲ [110] τῆς ἐκ
+          τῶν τρόπων ἁρμονίας καὶ χάριτος οὐ λίαν ἐφάνη ζηλωτά.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now Eusebia,
+          the subject of my speech, was the daughter of a consul, and is the
+          consort of an Emperor who is brave, temperate, wise, just,
+          virtuous, mild and high-souled, who, when he acquired the throne
+          that had belonged to his ancestors, and had won it back from him
+          who had usurped it by violence, and desired to wed that he might
+          beget sons to inherit his honour and power, deemed this lady worthy
+          of his alliance, when he had already become master of almost the
+          whole world. And indeed why should one search for stronger evidence
+          than this? Evidence, I mean, not only of her native nobility, but
+          of all those combined gifts which she who is united to so great an
+          Emperor ought to bring with her from her home as a dowry, wit and
+          wisdom, a body in the flower of youth, and beauty so conspicuous as
+          to throw into the shade all other maidens beside, even as, I
+          believe, the radiant stars about the moon at the full are outshone
+          and hide their shape.<a id="noteref_518" name="noteref_518" href=
+          "#note_518"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a> For
+          no single one of these endowments is thought to suffice for an
+          alliance with an Emperor, but all together, as though some god were
+          fashioning for a virtuous Emperor a fair and modest bride, were
+          united in her single person and, attracting not his eyes alone,
+          brought from afar that bridegroom blest of heaven. For beauty
+          alone, if it lacks the support of birth and the other advantages I
+          have mentioned, is not enough to induce even a licentious man, a
+          mere citizen, to kindle the marriage torch, though both combined
+          have brought about many a match, but when they occur without
+          sweetness and charm of character they are seen to be far from
+          desirable.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα
+          ἐπιστάμενον σαφῶς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν σώφρονα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως πολλάκις
+          βουλευσάμενον ἑλέσθαι τὸν γάμον, τὰ μὲν οἶμαι πυνθανόμενον,
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name=
+          "Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg295" id=
+          "Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὅσα χρῆν δι᾽ ἀκοῆς περὶ αὐτῆς
+          μαθεῖν, τεκμαιρόμενον δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς τὴν εὐταξίαν· ὑπὲρ ἧς τὰ
+          μὲν ἄλλα τί δεῖ λέγοντας διατρίβειν, καθάπερ οὐκ ἔχοντας ἴδιον
+          ἐγκώμιον τῆς,<a id="noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href=
+          "#note_519"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> ὑπὲρ
+          ἧς ὁ λόγος, [B] διελθεῖν; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως οὔτε εἰπεῖν οὔτε
+          ἐπακοῦσαι πολὺ καὶ ἐργῶδες, ὅτι δὴ γένος μὲν αὐτῇ σφόδρα Ἑλληνικόν,
+          Ἑλλήνων τῶν πάνυ, καὶ πόλις ἡ μητρόπολις τῆς Μακεδονίας, σωφροσύνη
+          δὲ ὑπέρ τε Εὐάδνην τὴν Καπανέως καὶ τὴν Θετταλὴν ἐκείνην
+          Λαοδάμειαν. αἱ μὲν γὰρ καλοὺς καὶ νέους καὶ ἔτι νυμφίους τοὺς
+          ἄνδρας ἀφαιρεθεῖσαι διαμόνων βίᾳ βασκάνων ἢ μοιρῶν νήμασι τοῦ ζῆν
+          ὑπερεῖδον διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα, ἡ δέ, [C] ἐπειδὴ τὸ χρεὼν τὸν κουρίδιον
+          αὐτῆς ἄνδρα κατέλαβε, τοῖς παισὶ προσκαθημένη τοσοῦτον ἐπὶ
+          σωφροσύνῃ κλέος αὑτῇ εἰργάσατο, ὥστε τῇ μὲν Πηνελόπῃ περιόντος ἔτι
+          καὶ πλανωμένου τοῦ γήμαντος, προσῄει τὰ μειράκια μνηστευσόμενα ἔκ
+          τε Ἰθάκης καὶ Σάμου καὶ Δουλιχίου, τῇ δὲ ἀνὴρ μὲν οὐδεὶς καλὸς καὶ
+          μέγας ἢ ἰσχυρὸς καὶ πλούσιος ὑπὲρ<a id="noteref_520" name=
+          "noteref_520" href="#note_520"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a>
+          τούτων εἰς λόγους ἐλθεῖν ὑπέμεινέ ποτε· τὴν θυγατέρα δὲ βασιλεὺς
+          ἑαυτῷ συνοικεῖν ἀξίαν ἔκρινε, [D] καὶ ἔδρασε τὸν γάμον λαμπρῶς μετὰ
+          τὰ τρόπαια, ἔθνη καὶ πόλεις καὶ δήμους<a id="noteref_521" name=
+          "noteref_521" href="#note_521"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a>
+          ἑστιῶν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I have good
+          reason to say that the Emperor in his prudence understood this
+          clearly, and that it was only after long deliberation that he chose
+          this marriage, partly making enquiries about all that was needful
+          to learn about her by hearsay, but judging also from her mother of
+          the daughter's noble disposition. Of that mother why should I take
+          time to say more, as though I had not to recite a special encomium
+          on her who is the theme of my speech? But so much perhaps I may say
+          briefly and you may hear without weariness, that her family is
+          entirely Greek, yes Greek of the purest stock, and her native city
+          was the metropolis of Macedonia, and she was more self-controlled
+          than Evadne<a id="noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href=
+          "#note_522"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> the
+          wife of Capaneus, and the famous Laodameia<a id="noteref_523" name=
+          "noteref_523" href="#note_523"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> of
+          Thessaly. For these two, when they had lost their husbands, who
+          were young, handsome and still newly-wed, whether by the constraint
+          of some envious powers, or because the threads of the fates were so
+          woven, threw away their lives for love. But the mother of the
+          Empress, when his fate had come upon her wedded lord, devoted
+          herself to her children, and won a great reputation for prudence,
+          so great indeed, that whereas Penelope, while her husband was still
+          on his travels and wanderings, was beset by those young suitors who
+          came to woo her from Ithaca and Samos and Dulichium, that lady no
+          man however fair and tall or powerful and wealthy ever ventured to
+          approach with any such proposals. And her daughter the Emperor
+          deemed worthy to live by his side, and after setting up the
+          trophies of his victories, he celebrated the marriage with great
+          splendour, feasting nations and cities and peoples.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ δέ τις ἄρα
+          ἐκείνων ἐπακούειν ποθεῖ, ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Μακεδονίας ἐκαλεῖτο μετὰ τῆς
+          μητρὸς ἡ νύμφη, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg
+          296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τίς δὲ ἧν ὁ τῆς πομπῆς τρόπος, ἁρμάτων καὶ
+          ἵππων καὶ ὀχημάτων παντοδαπῶν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ καὶ ὀρειχάλκῳ μετὰ
+          τῆς ἀρίστης τέχνης εἰργασμένων, ἴστω παιδικῶν σφόδρα ἀκουσμάτων
+          ἐπιθυμῶν· [111] καθάπερ γὰρ οἶμαι κιθαρῳδοῦ τινος δεξιοῦ τὴν
+          τέχνην· ἔστω δέ, εἰ βούλει, Τέρπανδρος οὗτος ἢ ὁ Μηθυμναῖος
+          ἐκεῖνος, ὃν δὴ λόγος ἔχει δαιμονίᾳ πομπῇ χρησάμενον φιλομουσοτέρου
+          τοῦ δελφῖνος τυχεῖν ἢ τῶν ξυμπλεόντων, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν Λακωνικὴν ἄκραν
+          κομισθῆναι· ἔθελγε γὰρ οἶμαι τοὺς δυστυχεῖς ναύτας ὅσα ἐκεῖνος ἀπὸ
+          τῆς τέχνης εἰργάσατο, αὐτῆς δὲ ἐκείνης ὑπερεώρων καὶ οὐδεμίαν ὤραν
+          ἐποιοῦντο τῆς μουσικῆς· [B] εἰ δὴ οὖν τις τοῖν ἀνδροῖν ἐκείνοιν τὸν
+          κράτιστον ἐπιλεξάμενος καὶ ἀποδοὺς τὸν περὶ τὸ σῶμα κόσμον τῇ τέχνῃ
+          πρέποντα εἶτα ἐς θέατρον παραγάγοι παντοδαπῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν
+          καὶ παίδων φύσει τε καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτηδεύμασι
+          διαφερόντων, οὐκ ἂν οἴεσθε τοὺς μὲν παῖδας καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ
+          γυναικῶν<a id="noteref_524" name="noteref_524" href=
+          "#note_524"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a>
+          ὁπόσοι τοιοῦτοι εἰς τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἀποβλέποντας
+          ἐκπεπλῆχθαι δεινῶς πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν, τῶν ἀνδρῶν δὲ τοὺς ἀμαθεστέρους
+          καὶ γυναικῶν πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος ἡδονῇ [C] καὶ λύπῃ
+          κρίνειν τὰ κρούματα, μουσικὸν δὲ ἄνδρα, τοὺς νόμους<a id=
+          "noteref_525" name="noteref_525" href="#note_525"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a>
+          ἐξεπιστάμενον τῆς τέχνης, οὔτε μιγνύμενα τὰ μέλη τῆς ἡδονῆς χάριν
+          φαύλως ἀνέχεσθαι, δυσχεραίνειν τε<a id="noteref_526" name=
+          "noteref_526" href="#note_526"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a> καὶ
+          εἰ<a id="noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href=
+          "#note_527"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> τοὺς
+          τρόπους τῆς μουσικῆς διαφθείροι <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ εἰ ταῖς ἁρμονίαις μὴ δεόντως χρῷτο μηδὲ
+          ἑπομένως τοῖς νόμοις τῆς ἀληθινῆς καὶ θείας μουσικῆς; ὁρῶν δὲ
+          ἐμμένοντα τοῖς νομισθεῖσι καὶ οὐ κίβδηλον ἡδονήν, καθαρὰν δὲ [D]
+          καὶ ἀκήρατον τοῖς θεαταῖς ἐνεργασάμενον ἄπεισι τοῦτον ἐπαινῶν καὶ
+          ἐκπληττόμενος, ὄτι δὴ σὺν τέχνῃ μηδὲν ἀδικῶν τὰς Μούσας τῷ θεάτρῳ
+          ξυγγέγονε. τὸν δὲ τὴν ἁλουργίδα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἐπαινοῦντα ληρεῖν
+          οἴεται καὶ ἀνοηταίνειν· καὶ εἰ διὰ πλείονων<a id="noteref_528"
+          name="noteref_528" href="#note_528"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> τὰ
+          τοιαῦτα διηγεῖται, λέξει τε ἡδίστῃ κοσμῶν καὶ ἐπιλεαίνων τὸ φαῦλον
+          καὶ ἀγεννὲς τῶν διηγημάτων, γελοιότερον νομίζει [112] τῶν
+          ἀποτορνείειν τὰς κέγχρους ἐπιχειρούντων, καθάπερ οἶμαι φασὶ τὸν
+          Μυρμηκίδην ἀντιταττόμενον τῇ Φειδίου τέχνῃ. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς
+          ἑκόντες αὑτοὺς ταύταις ὑποθήσομεν ταῖς αἰτίαις, ἱματίων πολυτελῶν
+          καὶ δώρων παντοίων ὅρμων τε καὶ στεφάνων κατάλογον τῶν ἐκ βασιλέως
+          μακρόν τινα τοῦτον ᾄδοντες, οὐδὲ ὡς ἀπήντων οἱ δῆμοι δεξιούμενοι
+          καὶ χαίροντες, οὐδὲ ὅσα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκείνην λαμπρὰ καὶ ζηλωτὰ
+          γέγονε καὶ ἐνομίσθη. [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῶν βασιλείων εἴσω παρῆλθε καὶ
+          τῆς ἐπωνυμίας ταύτης ἠξιώθη, τί πρῶτον ἔργον ἐκείνης γέγονε, καὶ
+          αὖθις δεύτερον, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τρίτον, καὶ πολλὰ δὴ μάλα τὸ ἐντεῦθεν;
+          οὐ γάρ, εἰ σφόδρα λέγειν ἐθέλοιμι καὶ μακρὰς ὑπὲρ τούτων βίβλους
+          ξυντιθέναι, ἀρκέσειν ὑπολαμβάνω τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἔργων, ὅσα ἐκείνῃ
+          φρόνησιν καὶ πρᾳότητα καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg
+          300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> σωφροσύνην καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπιείκειάν τε καὶ
+          ἐλευθεριότητα [C] καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς ἐξεμαρτύρησε λαμπρότερον, ἢ
+          νῦν ὁ παρὼν περὶ αὐτῆς λόγος δηλοῦν ἐπιχειρεῖ καὶ ἐκδιδάσκειν τοὺς
+          πάλαι διὰ τῶν ἔργων ἐγνωκότας. οὐ μὴν ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνο δυσχερές,
+          μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδύνατον ἐφάνη, παντελῶς ἄξιον ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων ἀποσιωπῆσαι,
+          πειράσθαι δὲ εἰς δύναμιν φράζειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς μὲν φρονήσεως
+          ποιεῖσθαι σημεῖον καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ἀρετῆς πάσης, ὅτι τὸν γήμαντα
+          διέθηκεν οὕτω περὶ αὑτὴν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον γυναῖκα καλὴν καὶ
+          γενναίαν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But should any
+          haply desire to hear of such things as how the bride was bidden to
+          come from Macedonia with her mother, and what was the manner of the
+          cavalcade, of the chariots and horses and carriages of all sorts,
+          decorated with gold and silver and copper of the finest
+          workmanship, let me tell him that it is extremely childish of him
+          to wish to hear such things. It is like the case of some player on
+          the cithara who is an accomplished artist—let us say if you please
+          Terpander or he of Methymna<a id="noteref_529" name="noteref_529"
+          href="#note_529"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a> of
+          whom the story goes that he enjoyed a divine escort and found that
+          the dolphin cared more for music than did his fellow-voyagers, and
+          was thus conveyed safely to the Laconian promontory.<a id=
+          "noteref_530" name="noteref_530" href="#note_530"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> For
+          though he did indeed charm those miserable sailors by his skilful
+          performance, yet they despised his art and paid no heed to his
+          music. Now, as I was going to say, if some one were to choose the
+          best of those two musicians, and were to clothe him in the raiment
+          suited to his art, and were then to bring him into a theatre full
+          of men, women and children of all sorts, varying in temperament and
+          age and habits besides, do you not suppose that the children and
+          those of the men and women who had childish tastes would gaze at
+          his dress and his lyre, and be marvellously smitten with his
+          appearance, while the more ignorant of the men, and the whole crowd
+          of women, except a very few, would judge his playing simply by the
+          criterion of pleasure or the reverse; whereas a musical man who
+          understood the rules of the art would not endure that the melodies
+          should be wrongly mixed for the sake of giving pleasure, but would
+          resent it if the player did not preserve the modes of the music and
+          did not use the harmonies properly, and conformably to the laws of
+          genuine and inspired music? But if he saw that he was faithful to
+          the principles of his art and produced in the audience a pleasure
+          that was not spurious but pure and uncontaminated, he would go home
+          praising the musician, and filled with admiration because his
+          performance in the theatre was artistic and did the Muses no wrong.
+          But such a man thinks that anyone who praises the purple raiment
+          and the lyre is foolish and out of his mind, while, if he goes on
+          to give full details about such outward things, adorning them with
+          an agreeable style and smoothing away all that is worthless and
+          vulgar in the tale, then the critic thinks him more ridiculous than
+          those who try to carve cherry-stones,<a id="noteref_531" name=
+          "noteref_531" href="#note_531"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> as I
+          believe is related of Myrmecides<a id="noteref_532" name=
+          "noteref_532" href="#note_532"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> who
+          thus sought to rival the art of Pheidias. And so neither will I, if
+          I can help it, lay myself open to this charge by reciting the long
+          list of costly robes and gifts of all kinds and necklaces and
+          garlands that were sent by the Emperor, nor how the folk in each
+          place came to meet her with welcome and rejoicing, nor all the
+          glorious and auspicious incidents that occurred on that journey,
+          and were reported. But when she entered the palace and was honoured
+          with her imperial title, what was the first thing she did and then
+          the second and the third and the many actions that followed? For
+          however much I might wish to tell of them and to compose lengthy
+          volumes about them, I think that, for the majority, those of her
+          deeds will be sufficient that more conspicuously witnessed to her
+          wisdom and clemency and modesty and benevolence and goodness and
+          generosity and her other virtues, than does now the present account
+          of her, which tries to enlighten and instruct those who have long
+          known it all from personal experience. For it would not be at all
+          proper, merely because the task has proved to be difficult or
+          rather impossible, to keep silence about the whole, but one should
+          rather try, as far as one can, to tell about those deeds, and to
+          bring forward as a proof of her wisdom and of all her other virtues
+          the fact that she made her husband regard her as it is fitting that
+          he should regard a beautiful and noble wife.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὥστε ἔγωγε τῆς
+          Πηνελόπης πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα νομίσας ἐπαίνων ἄξια [D] τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς
+          μάλιστα θαυμάζω, ὅτι δὴ τὸν ἄνδρα λίαν ἔπειθε στέργειν καὶ ἀγαπᾶν
+          αὑτὴν ὑπερορῶντα μέν, ὡς φασί, δαιμονίων γάμων, ἀτιμάζοντα δὲ οὐ
+          μεῖον τὴν τῶν Φαιάκων ξυγγένειαν. Καίτοι γε εἶχον αὐτοῦ πᾶσαι
+          ἐρωτικῶς, Καλυψὼ καὶ Κίρκη καὶ Ναυσικάα· καὶ ἦν αὐταῖς τὰ βασίλεια
+          πάγκαλα, κήπων τινῶν [113] καὶ παραδείσων ἐν αὐτοῖς πεφυτευμένων
+          μάλα ἀμφιλαφέσι καὶ κατασκίοις τοῖς δένδρεσι, λειμῶνές τε ἄνθεσι
+          ποικίλοις καὶ μαλακῇ τῆ πόᾳ βρύοντες·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore,
+          though I think that many of the other qualities of Penelope are
+          worthy of praise, this I admire beyond all, that she so entirely
+          persuaded her husband to love and cherish her, that he despised, we
+          are told, unions with goddesses, and equally rejected an alliance
+          with the Phaeacians. And yet they were all in love with him,
+          Calypso, Circe, Nausicaa. And they had very beautiful palaces and
+          gardens and parks withal, planted with wide-spreading and shady
+          trees, and meadows gay with flowers, in which soft grass grew deep:
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“And four fountains in a row flowed with
+          shining water.”</span><a id="noteref_533" name="noteref_533" href=
+          "#note_533"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Κρῆναι δ᾽ ἑξείης
+          πίσυρες ῥέον ὕδατι λευκῷ· καὶ ἐτεθήλει περὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἡμερὶς
+          ἡβώωσα<a id="noteref_534" name="noteref_534" href=
+          "#note_534"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a>
+          σταφυλῆς οἶμαι τῆς γενναίας, βριθομένη τοῖς βότρυσι· καὶ παρὰ τοῖς
+          Φαίαξιν ἕτερα τοιαῦτα, πλὴν ὅσῳ πολυτελέστερα, [B] ἅτε οἶμαι ποιητὰ
+          ξὺν τέχνῃ, τῆς τῶν αὐτοφυῶν ἄλαττον μετεῖχε χάριτος καὶ ἧττον εἶναι
+          ἐδόκει ἐκείνων ἐράσμια. τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page302">[pg 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τρυφῆς δὲ αὖ καὶ τοῦ πλούτου καὶ προσέτι τῆς
+          περὶ τὰς νήσους ἐκείνας εἰρήνης καὶ ἡσυχίας τίνα οὐκ ἂν ἡττηθῆναι
+          δοκεῖτε<a id="noteref_535" name="noteref_535" href=
+          "#note_535"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a>
+          τοσούτους ἀνατλάντα πόνους καὶ κινδύνους καὶ ἔτι ὑφορώμενον
+          δεινότερα<a id="noteref_536" name="noteref_536" href=
+          "#note_536"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a>
+          πείσεσθαι, τὰ μὲν ἐν θαλάττῃ τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας αὐτῆς, [C] πρὸς
+          ἑκατὸν νεανίσκους ἡβῶντας εὖ μάλα μόνον ἀγωνίζεσθαι μέλλοντα, ὅπερ
+          οὐδὲ ἐν Τροίᾳ ἐκείνῳ ποτὲ συνηνέχθη; εἴ τις οὖν ἔροιτο τὸν Ὀδυσσέα
+          παίζων ὧδέ πως· τί ποτε, ὦ σοφώτατε ῥῆτορ ἦ στρατηγὲ ἦ ὅ τι χρή σε
+          ὀνομάζειν, τοσούτους ἑκὼν ὑπέμεινας πόνους, ἐξὸν εἶναι ὄλβιον καὶ
+          εὐδαίμονα, τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἀθάνατον εἴ τι χρὴ ταῖς ἐπαγγελίαις
+          Καλυψοῦς πιστεύειν, σὺ δὲ ἑλόμενος τὰ χείρω πρὸ τῶν βελτιόνων
+          τοσούτους σαυτῷ προστέθεικας πόνους, οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ Σχερίᾳ καταμεῖναι
+          ἐθελήσας, [D] ἐξὸν ἐκεῖ που παυσάμενον τῆς πλάνης καὶ τῶν κινδύνων
+          ἀπηλλάχθαι· σὺ δὲ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας ἔγνως στρατεύεσθαι καὶ ἄθλους
+          δή τινας καὶ ἀποδημίαν ἑτέραν ἐκτελεῖν οὔτι τῆς πρόσθεν, ὥς γε τὸ
+          εἰκὸς ἀπονωτέραν οὐδὲ κουφοτέραν. τί δὴ οὖν οἴεσθε πρὸς ταῦτα
+          ἐκεῖνον εἰπεῖν ἔχειν; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὅτι τῇ Πηνελόπῃ συνεῖναι ἐθέλων τοὺς
+          ἄθλους αὐτῇ καὶ τὰς στρατείας χαρίεντα διηγήματα φέρειν ὑπέλαβε;
+          ταῦτά τοι καὶ τὴν μητέρα πεποίηκεν αὐτῷ παραινοῦσαν μεμνῆσθαι
+          πάντων, [114] ὧν τε εἶδε θεαμάτων καὶ ὧν ἤκουσεν ἀκουσμάτων,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And a lusty
+          wild vine bloomed about her dwelling,<a id="noteref_537" name=
+          "noteref_537" href="#note_537"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> with
+          bunches of excellent grapes, laden with clusters. And at the
+          Phaeacian court there were the same things, except that they were
+          more costly, seeing that, as I suppose, they were made by art, and
+          hence had less charm and seemed less lovely than those that were of
+          natural growth. Now to all that luxury and wealth, and moreover to
+          the peace and quiet that surrounded those islands, who do you think
+          would not have succumbed, especially one who had endured so great
+          toils and dangers and expected that he would have to suffer still
+          more terrible hardships, partly by sea and partly in his own house,
+          since he had to fight all alone against a hundred youths in their
+          prime, a thing which had never happened to him even in the land of
+          Troy? Now if someone in jest were to question Odysseus somewhat in
+          this fashion: <span class="tei tei-q">“Why, O most wise orator or
+          general, or whatever one must call you, did you endure so many
+          toils, when you might have been prosperous and happy and perhaps
+          even immortal, if one may at all believe the promises of Calypso?
+          But you chose the worse instead of the better, and imposed on
+          yourself all those hardships<a id="noteref_538" name="noteref_538"
+          href="#note_538"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a> and
+          refused to remain even in Scheria, though you might surely have
+          rested there from your wandering and been delivered from your
+          perils; but behold you resolved to carry on the war in your own
+          house and to perform feats of valour and to accomplish a second
+          journey, not less toilsome, as seemed likely, nor easier than the
+          first!”</span> What answer then do you think he would give to this?
+          Would he not answer that he longed always to be with Penelope, and
+          that those contests and campaigns he purposed to take back to her
+          as a pleasant tale to tell? For this reason, then, he makes his
+          mother exhort him to remember everything, all the sights he saw and
+          all the things he heard, and then she says:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ἵνα καὶ μετόπισθε τεῇ εἴπῃσθα
+                γυναικί,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">So that in
+            the days to come thou mayst tell it to thy
+            wife.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_539" name="noteref_539" href="#note_539"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name=
+          "Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg305" id=
+          "Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">φησίν. ὁ δὲ
+          οὐδενὸς ἐπιλαθόμενος, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἀφίκετο καὶ τῶν μειρακίων ἐπὶ
+          τὰ βασίλεια κωμαζόντων ἐκράτει ξὺν δίκῃ, πάντα ἀθρόως αὐτῇ
+          διηγεῖτο, ὅσα τε ἔδρασε καὶ ὅσα ἀνέτλη, καὶ εἰ δὴ τι ἄλλο ὑπὸ τῶν
+          χρησμῶν ἀναπειθόμενος ἐκτελεῖν διενοεῖτο· ἀπόρρητον δὲ ἐποιεῖτο
+          πρὸς αὐτὴν οὐδὲ ἕν, [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἠξίου κοινωνὸν γίγνεσθαι τῶν
+          βουλευμάτων καὶ ὅ,τι πρακτέον εἴη συννοεῖν καὶ συνεξευρίσκειν. ἆρα
+          τοῦτο ὑμῖν τῆς Πηνελόπης ὀλίγον ἐγκώμιον δοκεῖ, ἢ ἤδη<a id=
+          "noteref_540" name="noteref_540" href="#note_540"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a> τις
+          ἄλλη τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν ὑπερβαλλομένη γαμετή τε οὖσα βασιλέως
+          ἀνδρείου καὶ μεγαλοψύχου καὶ σώφρονος τοσαύτην εὔνοιαν ἐνεποίησεν
+          αὑτῆς τῷ γήμαντι, [C] συγκερασαμένη τῇ παρὰ τῶν ἐρώτων ἐπιπνεομένῃ
+          φιλίᾳ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀρετῆς καθάπερ ῥεῦμα θεῖον ἐπιφερομένην ταῖς
+          ἀγαθαῖς καὶ γενναίαις ψυχαῖς; δύο γὰρ δὴ τώδε τινὲ πίθω<a id=
+          "noteref_541" name="noteref_541" href="#note_541"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a>
+          φιλίας ἔστον, ὧν ἥδε κατ᾽ ἴσον ἀρυσαμένη βουλευμάτων τε αὐτῷ γέγονε
+          κοινωνὸς καὶ πρᾷον ὄντα φύσει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα
+          πρὸς ἃ πέφυκε παρακαλεῖ μᾶλλον πρεπόντως καὶ πρὸς συγγνώμην τὴν
+          δίκην τρέπει. ὥστε οὐκ ἂν τις εἰπεῖν ἔχοι, ὅτωι γέγονεν ἡ βασιλὶς
+          ἥδε ἐν δίκῃ τυχὸν ἢ καὶ παρὰ δίκην αἰτία τιμωρίας καὶ κολάσεως
+          μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος. [D] Ἀθήνησι μὲν οὖν φασιν, ὅτε τοῖς πατρίοις
+          ἔθεσιν ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἔζων τοῖς οἰκείοις πειθόμενοι νόμοις μεγάλην καὶ
+          πολυάνθρωπον οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, εἴ ποτε τῶν δικαζόντων <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> αἱ ψῆφοι κατ᾽ ἴσον γένοιντο τοῖς φεύγουσι
+          πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας, τὴν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐπιτιθεμένην τῷ τὴν δίκην
+          ὀφλήσειν μέλλοντι ἀπολύειν ἄμφω τῆς αἰτίας, [115] τὸν μὲν ἐπάγοντα
+          τὴν κατηγορίαν τοῦ δοκεῖν εἶναι συκοφάντην, τὸν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τοῦ
+          δοκεῖν ἔνοχον εἶναι τῷ πονηρεύματι. τοῦτον δὴ φιλάνθρωπον ὄντα καὶ
+          χαρίεντα τὸν νόμον ἐπὶ τῶν δικῶν, ἃς βασιλεὺς κρίνει, σωζόμενον
+          πρᾳότερον αὕτη καθίστησιν. οὗ γὰρ ἂν ὁ φεύγων παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἔλθῃ τὴν
+          ἴσην ἐν ταῖς ψήφοις λαχεῖν, πείθει, τὴν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δέησιν προσθεῖσα
+          καὶ ἱκετηρίαν, ἀφεῖναι πάντως τῆς αἰτίας. ὁ δὲ ἑκὼν ἑκόντι τῷ θυμῷ
+          χαρίζεται τὰ τοιαῦτα, [B] καὶ οὐ, καθάπερ Ὅμηρός φησι τὸν Δία
+          ἐκβιαζόμενον παρὰ τῆς γαμετῆς ὁμολογεῖν<a id="noteref_542" name=
+          "noteref_542" href="#note_542"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> ὅ,τι
+          ξυγχωροίη,<a id="noteref_543" name="noteref_543" href=
+          "#note_543"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a>
+          δίδωσιν ἑκὼν ἀέκοντί γε θυμῷ. καὶ τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον χαλεπῶς καὶ
+          μόλις τὰ τοιαῦτα ξυγχωρεῖν κατὰ ἀνδρῶν ὑβριστῶν καὶ ἀλαζόνων. ἀλλ᾽
+          οὐδὲ<a id="noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href=
+          "#note_544"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a> γὰρ
+          εἰ σφόδρα ἐπιτήδειοί τινές εἰσι πάσχειν κακῶς καὶ κολάζεσθαι,
+          τούτους ἐκ παντὸς ἀπολέσθαι χρεών· ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ξυννοοῦσα
+          κακὸν μὲν οὐδὲν ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε<a id="noteref_545"
+          name="noteref_545" href="#note_545"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a> [C]
+          κόλασιν οὔτε τιμωρίαν ἐπαγαγεῖν οὐχ ὅπως βασιλείᾳ τινὸς ἢ πόλει,
+          ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ οἰκίᾳ μιᾷ τῶν πολιτῶν. προσθείην δ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγε θαρρῶν εὖ
+          μάλα ὅτι μηδὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg
+          308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ψεῦδός φημι, ὡς οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἢ
+          γυναικὸς μιᾶς ἔστιν αὐτὴν αἰτιᾶσθαι ξυμφορᾶς τῳ τῆς τυχούσης, ἀγαθὰ
+          δὲ ὅσα καὶ οὕστινας δρᾷ καὶ ἔδρασεν, ἡδέως ἂν ὑμῖν τὰ πλεῖστα
+          ἐξαριθμησαίμην καθ᾽ ἕκαστα ἀπαγγέλλων, ὡς ὅδε μὲν τὸν πατρῷον δι᾽
+          ἐκείνην νέμεται κλῆρον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἀπηλλάγη τιμωρίας, [D] ὀφλήσας
+          τοῖς νὀμοις, ἄλλος συκοφαντίαν διέφυγε, παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐλθὼν κινδύνου,
+          τιμῆς δὲ ἔτυχον καὶ ἀρχῆς μυρίοι. καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις ἐμὲ
+          ψεύδεσθαι τῶν ἁπάντων φήσει, εἰ καὶ ὀνομαστὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὴ
+          καταλέγοιμι. ἀλλ᾽ ὀκνῶ, μή τισιν ἐξονειδίζειν δόξω τὰς συμφορὰς καὶ
+          οὐκ ἔπαινον τῶν ταύτης ἀγαθῶν, κατάλογον δὲ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων
+          συγγράφειν ἀτυχημάτων. τοσούτων δὲ ἔργων μηδὲν παρασχέσθαι μηδὲ εἰς
+          τὸ ἐμφανὲς ἄγειν [116] τεκμήριον κενόν πως εἶναι δοκεῖ καὶ ἐς
+          ἀπιστίαν ἄγει<a id="noteref_546" name="noteref_546" href=
+          "#note_546"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a> τὸν
+          ἔπαινον. οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνα παραιτησάμενος, ὁπόσα γ᾽ ἐμοί τε εἰπεῖν
+          ἀνεπίφθονον ταύτῃ τε ἀκούειν καλὰ λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν ἤδη.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And indeed he
+          forgot nothing, and no sooner had he come home and vanquished, as
+          was just, the youths who caroused in the palace, than he related
+          all to her without pause, all that he had achieved and endured, and
+          all else that, obeying the oracles, he purposed still to
+          accomplish.<a id="noteref_547" name="noteref_547" href=
+          "#note_547"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> And
+          from her he kept nothing secret, but chose that she should be the
+          partner of his counsels and should help him to plan and contrive
+          what he must do. And do you think this a trifling tribute to
+          Penelope, or is there not now found to be yet another woman whose
+          virtue surpasses hers, and who, as the consort of a brave,
+          magnanimous and prudent Emperor, has won as great affection from
+          her husband, since she has mingled with the tenderness that is
+          inspired by love that other which good and noble souls derive from
+          their own virtue, whence it flows like a sacred fount? For there
+          are two jars,<a id="noteref_548" name="noteref_548" href=
+          "#note_548"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a> so to
+          speak, of these two kinds of human affection, and Eusebia drew in
+          equal measure from both, and so has come to be the partner of her
+          husband's counsels, and though the Emperor is by nature merciful,
+          good and wise, she encourages him to follow yet more becomingly his
+          natural bent, and ever turns justice to mercy. So that no one could
+          ever cite a case in which this Empress, whether with justice, as
+          might happen, or unjustly, has ever been the cause of punishment or
+          chastisement either great or small. Now we are told that at Athens,
+          in the days when they employed their ancestral customs and lived in
+          obedience to their own laws, as the inhabitants of a great and
+          humane city, whenever the votes of the jurymen were cast evenly for
+          defendant and plaintiff, the vote of Athene<a id="noteref_549"
+          name="noteref_549" href="#note_549"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> was
+          awarded to him who would have incurred the penalty, and thus both
+          were acquitted of guilt, he who had brought the accusation, of the
+          reputation of sycophant, and the defendant, naturally, of the guilt
+          of the crime. Now this humane and gracious custom is kept up in the
+          suits which the Emperor judges, but Eusebia's mercy goes further.
+          For whenever the defendant comes near to obtaining an equal number
+          of votes, she persuades the Emperor, adding her request and
+          entreaty on his behalf, to acquit the man entirely of the charge.
+          And of free will with willing heart he grants the boon, and does
+          not give it as Homer says Zeus, constrained by his wife, agreed as
+          to what he should concede to her <span class="tei tei-q">“of free
+          will but with soul unwilling.”</span><a id="noteref_550" name=
+          "noteref_550" href="#note_550"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> And
+          perhaps it is not strange that he should concede this pardon
+          reluctantly and under protest in the case of the violent and
+          depraved. But not even when men richly deserve to suffer and be
+          punished ought they to be utterly ruined. Now since the Empress
+          recognises this, she has never bidden him inflict any injury of any
+          kind, or any punishment or chastisement even on a single household
+          of the citizens, much less on a whole kingdom or city. And I might
+          add, with the utmost confidence that I am speaking the absolute
+          truth, that in the case of no man or woman is it possible to charge
+          her with any misfortune that has happened, but all the benefits
+          that she confers and has conferred, and on whom, I would gladly
+          recount in as many cases as possible, and report them one by one,
+          how for instance this man, thanks to her, enjoys his ancestral
+          estate, and that man has been saved from punishment, though he was
+          guilty in the eyes of the law, how a third escaped a malicious
+          prosecution, though he came within an ace of the danger, how
+          countless persons have received honour and office at her hands. And
+          on this subject there is no one of them all who will assert that I
+          speak falsely, even though I should not give a list of those
+          persons by name. But this I hesitate to do, lest I should seem to
+          some to be reproaching them with their sufferings, and to be
+          composing not so much an encomium of her good deeds as a catalogue
+          of the misfortunes of others. And yet, not to cite any of these
+          acts of hers, and to bring no proof of them before the public seems
+          perhaps to imply that they are lacking, and brings discredit on my
+          encomium. Accordingly, to deprecate that charge, I shall relate so
+          much as it is not invidious for me to speak or for her to
+          hear.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὴν
+          τοῦ γήμαντος εὔνοιαν τηλαυγέστατον πρόσωπον, κατὰ τὸν σοφὸν
+          Πίνδαρον, ἀρχομένη τῶν ἔργων ἔθετο, γένος τε ἅπαν καὶ ξυγγενεῖς
+          εὐθὺς ἐνέπλησε τιμῆς, τοὺς μὲν ἤδη γνωρίμους καὶ πρεσβυτέρους ἐπὶ
+          μειζόνων τάττουσα πράξεων καὶ ἀποφήνασα μακαρίους καὶ ζηλωτοὺς
+          βασιλεῖ τ᾽ ἐποίησε φίλους καὶ τῆς εὐτυχίας τῆς παρούσης ἔδωκε τὴν
+          ἀρχήν. [B] καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg
+          310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> γὰρ εἴ τῳ δοκοῦσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἀληθές, δι᾽
+          αὑτοὺς τίμιοι, ταύτῃ γε οἶμαι προσθήσει τὸν ἔπαινον· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι
+          μὴ τῇ τοῦ γένους κοινωνίᾳ μόνον, πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἀρετῇ φαίνεται
+          νέμουσα· οὗ μεῖζον οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως τις ἐγκώμιον ἐρεῖ. περὶ μὲν τούσδε
+          γέγονε τοιάδε. ὅσοι δὲ ἀγνῶτες ἔτι διὰ νεότητα τοῦ γνωρισθῆναι καὶ
+          ὁπωσοῦν ἐδέοντο, [C] τούτοις ἐλάττονας διένειμε τιμάς. ἀπέλιπε δὲ
+          οὐδὲν εὐεργετοῦσα ξύμπαντας. καὶ οὐ τοὺς ξυγγενεῖς μόνον τοσαῦτα
+          ἔδρασεν ἀγαθά, ξενίαν δὲ ὅτῳ πρὸς τοὺς ἐκείνης πατέρας ὑπάρξασαν
+          ἔγνω, οὐκ ἀνόνητον ἀφῆκε τοῖς κτησαμένοις, τιμᾷ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ
+          τούτους καθάπερ ξυγγενεῖς, καὶ ὅσους τοῦ πατρὸς ἐνόμισε φίλους, [D]
+          ἅπασιν ἔνειμε τῆς φιλίας ἔπαθλα θαυμαστά.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When she had,
+          in the beginning, secured her husband's good-will for her actions
+          like a <span class="tei tei-q">“frontage shining from afar,”</span>
+          to use the words of the great poet Pindar,<a id="noteref_551" name=
+          "noteref_551" href="#note_551"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> she
+          forthwith showered honours on all her family and kinsfolk,
+          appointing to more important functions those who had already been
+          tested and were of mature age, and making them seem fortunate and
+          enviable, and she won for them the Emperor's friendship and laid
+          the foundation of their present prosperity. And if anyone thinks,
+          what is in fact true, that on their own account they are worthy of
+          honour, he will applaud her all the more. For it is evident that it
+          was their merit, far more than the ties of kinship, that she
+          rewarded; and one could hardly pay her a higher compliment than
+          that. Such then was her treatment of these. And to all who, since
+          they were still obscure on account of their youth, needed
+          recognition of any sort, she awarded lesser honours. In fact she
+          left nothing undone to help one and all. And not only on her
+          kinsfolk has she conferred such benefits, but whenever she learned
+          that ties of friendship used to exist with her ancestors, she has
+          not allowed it to be unprofitable to those who owned such ties, but
+          she honours them, I understand, no less than her own kinsfolk, and
+          to all whom she regards as her father's friends she dispensed
+          wonderful rewards for their friendship.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐγὲ δέ, ἐπειδή
+          μοι τεκμηρίων καθάπερ ἐν δικαστηρίῳ τὸν λόγον ὁρῶ δεόμενον, αὐτὸς
+          ὑμῖν ἐμαυτὸν τούτων ἐκείνῳ<a id="noteref_552" name="noteref_552"
+          href="#note_552"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a>
+          μάρτυρα καὶ ἐπαινέτην παρέξομαι· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μου μή ποτε ὑπιδόμενοι
+          τὴν μαρτυρίαν πρὶν ἐπακοῦσαι τῶν λόγων διαταράττησθε, ὄμνυμι ὑμῖν,
+          ὡς οὐδὲν ψεῦδος οὐδὲ πλάσμα ἐρῶ· ὑμεῖς δὲ κἂν ἀνωμότῳ ἐπιστεύσατε
+          πάντα οὐ κολακείας ἕνεκα λέγειν<a id="noteref_553" name=
+          "noteref_553" href="#note_553"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a>.
+          [117] ἔχω γὰρ ἤδη τοῦ θεοῦ διδόντος καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἅπαντα τὰ
+          ἀγαθά, αὐτῆς γε οἶμαι καὶ ταύτης<a id="noteref_554" name=
+          "noteref_554" href="#note_554"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a>
+          ξυμπροθυμουμένης, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἄν τις κολακεύων ἅπαντα ἀφείη
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name=
+          "Pg312" id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg313" id=
+          "Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ῥήματα, ὥστε, εἰ μὲν πρὸ τούτων
+          ἔλεγον, ἴσως ἐχρῆν ὀρρωδεῖν τὴν ἄδικον ὑποψίαν· νῦν δὲ ἐν ταύτῃ
+          γεγονὼς τῇ τύχῃ καὶ ἀπομνημονεύων τῶν ἐκείνης εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργων
+          παρέξομαι ὑμῖν εὐγνωμοσύνης μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ σημεῖον, μαρτύριον δὲ
+          ἀληθὲς τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων. [B] πυνθάνομαι γὰρ δὴ καὶ Δαρεῖον, ἕως
+          ἔτι δορυφόρος ἦν τοῦ Περσῶν μονάρχου, τῷ Σαμίῳ ξένῳ περὶ τὴν
+          Αἴγυπτον συμβαλεῖν φεύγοντι τὴν αὑτοῦ, καὶ λαβόντα φοινικίδα τινὰ
+          δῶρον, οὗ σφόδρα ἐπεθύμει, τὴν Σαμίων ὕστερον ἀντιδοῦναι τυραννίδα,
+          ὁπηνίκα, οἶμαι, τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης κύριος κατέστη. εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ
+          αὐτὸς πολλὰ μὲν παρ᾽ αὐτῆς, ὅτε ἔτι ζῆν ἐξῆν ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ, τὰ μέγιστα
+          δὲ δι᾽ αὐτὴν παρὰ τοῦ γενναίου [C] καὶ μεγαλόφρονος βασιλέως λαβὼν
+          ὁμολογοίην τοῦ μὲν ἀντιδοῦναι τὴν ἴσην λείπεσθαι· ἔχει γάρ, οἶμαι,
+          ξύμπαντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ καὶ ἡμῖν χαρισαμένου λαβοῦσα· τῷ βούλεσθαι
+          δὲ τὴν μνήμην ἀθάνατον αὐτῇ τῶν ἔργων γενέσθαι καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς ταῦτα
+          ἀπαγγέλλειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀγνωμονέστερος φανοῦμαι τοῦ Πέρσου, εἴπερ εἰς
+          τὴν γνώμην ὁρῶντα χρὴ κρίνειν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὅτῳ παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη
+          πολλαπλάσιον ἀποτῖσαι τὸ εὐεργέτημα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since I see
+          that my account is in need of proofs, just as in a law-court, I
+          will offer myself to bear witness on its behalf to these actions
+          and to applaud them. But lest you should mistrust my evidence and
+          cause a disturbance before you have heard what I have to say, I
+          swear that I will tell you no falsehood or fiction; although you
+          would have believed, even without an oath, that I am saying all
+          this without intent to flatter. For I already possess, by the grace
+          of God and the Emperor, and because the Empress too was zealous in
+          my behalf, all those blessings to gain which a flatterer would
+          leave nothing unsaid, so that, if I were speaking before obtaining
+          these, perhaps I should have to dread that unjust suspicion. But as
+          it is, since this is the state of my fortunes, I will recall her
+          conduct to me, and at the same time give you a proof of my own
+          right-mindedness and truthful evidence of her good deeds. I have
+          heard that Darius, while he was still in the bodyguard of the
+          Persian monarch,<a id="noteref_555" name="noteref_555" href=
+          "#note_555"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">555</span></span></a> met,
+          in Egypt, a Samian stranger<a id="noteref_556" name="noteref_556"
+          href="#note_556"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">556</span></span></a> who
+          was an exile from his own country, and accepted from him the gift
+          of a scarlet cloak to which Darius had taken a great fancy, and
+          that later on, in the days when, I understand, he had become the
+          master of all Asia, he gave him in return the tyranny of Samos. And
+          now suppose that I acknowledge that, though I received many
+          kindnesses at Eusebia's hands, at a time when I was still permitted
+          to live in peaceful obscurity, and many also, by her intercession,
+          from our noble and magnanimous Emperor, I must needs fall short of
+          making an equal return; for as I know, she possesses everything
+          already, as the gift of him who was so generous to myself; yet
+          since I desire that the memory of her good deeds should be
+          immortal, and since I am relating them to you, perhaps I shall not
+          be thought less mindful of my debt than the Persian, seeing that in
+          forming a judgment it is to the intention that one must look, and
+          not to an instance in which fortune granted a man the power to
+          repay his obligation many times over.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τί ποτε οὖν
+          ἐγὼ τοσοῦτον εὖ παθεῖν φημι καὶ ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου τὸν ἄπαντα χρόνον
+          ὑπόχρεων ἀμαυτὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg
+          314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶναι χάριτος ὁμολογῶ τῇδε, σφόδρα ὥρμησθε
+          ἀκούειν. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι· ἐμοὶ γὰρ βασιλεὺς οὑτοσὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ
+          παιδὸς νηπίου γεγονὼς ἤπιος πᾶσαν ὑπερεβάλλετο φιλοτιμίαν, κινδύνων
+          τε ἐξαρπάσας τηλικούτων, οὓς οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἡβῶν ἀνὴρ εὖ μάλα διαφύγοι,
+          [118] μὴ θείας τινὸς καὶ ἀμηχάνου σωτηρίας τυχών, εἶτα τὴν οἰκίαν
+          καταληφθεῖσαν καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας παρά τοῦ τῶν δυναστῶν ἀφείλετο
+          ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ ἀπέφηνεν αὖθις πλούσιον. καὶ ἄλλα ἂν ἔχοιμι περὶ αὐτοῦ
+          πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργα πολλῆς ἄξια χάριτος, ὑπὲρ ὧν τὸν
+          ἅπαντα χρόνον εὔνουν ἐμαυτὸν ἐκείνῳ καὶ πιστὸν παρέχων οὐκ οἶδα ἐκ
+          τίνος [B] αἰτίας τραχυτέρως ἔχοντος ᾐσθόμην ἔναγχος. ἡ δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸ
+          πρῶτον ἤκουσεν ἀδικήματος μὲν οὐδενὸς ὄνομα, ματαίας δὲ ἄλλως
+          ὑποψίας, ἠξίου διελέγχειν καὶ μὴ πρότερον προσέσθαι μηδὲ ἐνδέξασθαι
+          ψευδῆ καὶ ἄδικον διαβολήν, καὶ οὐκ ἀνῆκε ταῦτα δεομένη πρὶν ἐμὲ
+          ἤγαγεν ἐς ὄψιν τὴν βασιλέως καὶ τυχεῖν ἐποίησε λόγου· καὶ
+          ἀπολυομένῳ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν ἄδικον συνήσθη, καὶ οἴκαδε ἐπιθυμοῦντι
+          πάλιν ἀπιέναι πομπὴν ἀσφαλῆ παρέσχεν, [C] ἐπιτρέψαι πρῶτον τὸν
+          βασιλέα ξυμπείσασα. δαίμονος δέ, ὅσπερ οὖν ἐῴκει μοι τὰ πρόσθεν
+          μηχανήσασθαι, ἤ τινος ξυντυχίας ἀλλοκότου τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην
+          ὑποτεμομένης, ἐποψόμενον πέμπει τὴν Ἑλλάδα, ταύτην αἰτήσασα παρὰ
+          βασιλέως ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀποδημοῦντος ἤδη τὴν χάριν, ἐπειδ\η με
+          λόγοις ἐπέπυστο χαίρειν καὶ παιδείᾳ τὸ χωρίον ἐπιτήδειον εἶναι
+          ξυννοοῦσα. ἐγὼ δὲ τότε μὲν αὐτῇ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page316">[pg 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ πρώτῳ γε, [D] ὡς εἰκός, βασιλεῖ πολλὰ καὶ
+          ἀγαθὰ διδόναι τὸν θεὸν ηὐχόμην, ὅτι μοι τὴν ἀληθινὴν ποθοῦντι καὶ
+          ἀγαπῶντι πατρίδα παρέσχον ἰδεῖν· ἐσμὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οἱ περὶ τὴν
+          Θρᾴκην καὶ τὴν Ἰωνίαν οἰκοῦντες ἔγγονοι, καὶ ὄστις ἡμῶν μὴ λίαν
+          ἀγνώμων, ποθεῖ προσειπεῖν τοὺς πατέρας καὶ τὴν χώραν αὐτὴν
+          ἀσπάσασθαι. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ πάλαι μὲν ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, ποθεινόν, [119]
+          καὶ ὑπάρξαι μοι τοῦτο ἐβουλόμην μᾶλλον ἢ πολὺ χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον.
+          ἀνδρῶν γὰρ ἀγαθῶν φημι ξυντυχίαν πρὸς χρυσίου πλῆθος ὁσονδηοῦν
+          ἐξεταζομένην καθέλκειν τὸν ζυγὸν καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπειν τῷ σώφρονι
+          κριτῇ οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ῥοπῆς ἐπιστῆσαι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Why, then, I
+          say that I have been so kindly treated, and in return for what I
+          acknowledge that I am her debtor for all time, that is what you are
+          eager to hear. Nor shall I conceal the facts. The Emperor was kind
+          to me almost from my infancy, and he surpassed all generosity, for
+          he snatched me from dangers so great that not even <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“a man in the strength of his youth”</span><a id=
+          "noteref_557" name="noteref_557" href="#note_557"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">557</span></span></a> could
+          easily have escaped them, unless he obtained some means of safety
+          sent by heaven and not attainable by human means, and after my
+          house had been seized by one of those in power, as though there
+          were none to defend it, he recovered it for me, as was just, and
+          made it wealthy once more. And I could tell you of still other
+          kindnesses on his part towards myself, that deserve all gratitude,
+          in return for which I ever showed myself loyal and faithful to him;
+          but nevertheless of late I perceived that, I know not why, he was
+          somewhat harsh towards me. Now the Empress no sooner heard a bare
+          mention, not of any actual wrong-doing but of mere idle suspicion,
+          than she deigned to investigate it, and before doing so would not
+          admit or listen to any falsehood or unjust slander, but persisted
+          in her request until she brought me into the Emperor's presence and
+          procured me speech with him. And she rejoiced when I was acquitted
+          of every unjust charge, and when I wished to return home, she first
+          persuaded the Emperor to give his permission, and then furnished me
+          with a safe escort. Then when some deity, the one I think who
+          devised my former troubles, or perhaps some unfriendly chance, cut
+          short this journey, she sent me to visit Greece, having asked this
+          favour on my behalf from the Emperor, when I had already left the
+          country. This was because she had learned that I delighted in
+          literature, and she knew that that place is the home of culture.
+          Then indeed I prayed first, as is meet, for the Emperor, and next
+          for Eusebia, that God would grant them many blessings, because when
+          I longed and desired to behold my true fatherland, they made it
+          possible. For we who dwell in Thrace and Ionia are the sons of
+          Hellas, and all of us who are not devoid of feeling long to greet
+          our ancestors and to embrace the very soil of Hellas. So this had
+          long been, as was natural, my dearest wish, and I desired it more
+          than to possess treasures of gold and silver. For I consider that
+          intercourse with distinguished men, when weighed in the balance
+          with any amount whatever of gold, drags down the beam, and does not
+          permit a prudent judge even to hesitate over a slight turn of the
+          scale.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Παιδείας δὲ
+          ἕνεκα καὶ φιλοσοφίας πέπονθεν οἶμαι νῦν τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος παραπλήσιόν
+          τι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις μυθολογήμασι καὶ λόγοις. λέγουσι γὰρ δὴ [B] καὶ
+          Αἰγύπτιοι τὸν Νεῖλον παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς εἶναι τά τ᾽ ἄλλα σωτῆρα καὶ
+          εὐεργέτην τῆς χώρας καὶ ἀπείργειν αὐτοῖς τὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς φθοράν,
+          ὁπόταν ᾕλιος διὰ μακρῶν τινων περιόδων ἄστροις γενναίοις συνελθῶν ἢ
+          συγγενόμενος ἐμπλήσῃ τὸν ἀέρα πυρὸς καὶ ἐπιφλέγῃ τὰ σύμπαντα. οὐ
+          γὰρ ἰσχύει, φασίν, ἀφανίσαι οὐδὲ ἐξαναλῶσαι τοῦ Νείλου τὰς πηγάς.
+          οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων παντελῶς [C] οἴχεται φιλοσοφία, οὐδὲ ἐπέλιπε
+          τὰς Ἀθήνας οὐδὲ τὴν Σπάρτην οὐδὲ τὴν Κόρινθον· ἥκιστα δὲ ἐστι
+          τούτων<a id="noteref_558" name="noteref_558" href=
+          "#note_558"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">558</span></span></a> τῶν
+          πηγῶν ἕκητι τὸ Ἄργος πολυδίψιον· πολλαὶ μὲν γὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ ἄστει,
+          πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος περὶ τὸν παλαιον ἐκεῖνον Μάσητα· τὴν
+          Πειρήνην <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg
+          318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ Σικυὼν ἔχει καὶ οὐχ ἡ Κόρινθος.
+          τῶν Ἀθηνῶν δὲ πολλὰ μὲν καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ ἐπιχώρια τὰ νάματα, πολλὰ δὲ
+          ἔξωθεν ἐπιρρεῖ καὶ ἐπιφέρεται τίμια τῶν ἔνδον οὐ μεῖον· οἱ δὲ
+          ἀγαπῶσι καὶ στέργουσι, [D] πλουτεῖν ἐθέλοντες οὗ μόνου σχεδὸν ὁ
+          πλοῦτος ζηλωτόν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now, as regards
+          learning and philosophy, the condition of Greece in our day reminds
+          one somewhat of the tales and traditions of the Egyptians. For the
+          Egyptians say that the Nile in their country is not only the
+          saviour and benefactor of the land, but also wards off destruction
+          by fire, when the sun, throughout long periods, in conjunction or
+          combination with fiery constellations, fills the atmosphere with
+          heat and scorches everything. For it has not power enough, so they
+          say, to evaporate or exhaust the fountains of the Nile. And so too
+          neither from the Greeks has philosophy altogether departed, nor has
+          she forsaken Athens or Sparta or Corinth. And, as regards these
+          fountains, Argos can by no means be called <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“thirsty,”</span><a id="noteref_559" name="noteref_559"
+          href="#note_559"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">559</span></span></a> for
+          there are many in the city itself and many also south of the city,
+          round about Mases,<a id="noteref_560" name="noteref_560" href=
+          "#note_560"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">560</span></span></a>
+          famous of old. Yet Sicyon, not Corinth, possesses Peirene itself.
+          And Athens has many such streams, pure and springing from the soil,
+          and many flow into the city from abroad, but no less precious than
+          those that are native. And her people love and cherish them and
+          desire to be rich in that which alone makes wealth enviable.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμεῖς δὲ τί ποτε
+          ἄρα πεπόνθαμεν; καὶ τίνα νῦν περαίνειν διανοούμεθα<a id=
+          "noteref_561" name="noteref_561" href="#note_561"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">561</span></span></a>
+          λόγον, εἰ μὴ τῆς φίλης Ἑλλάδος ἔπαινον, ἧς<a id="noteref_562" name=
+          "noteref_562" href="#note_562"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">562</span></span></a> οὐκ
+          ἔστι μνησθέντα μὴ πάντα θαυμάζειν; ἀλλ᾽ οὐ φήσει τις τυχὸν
+          ὑπομνησθεὶς τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ταῦτα ἐθέλειν ἡμᾶς ἐξ ἀρχῆς διελθεῖν,
+          καθάπερ δὲ τοὺς Κορυβαντιῶντας ὑπὸ τῶν αὐλῶν ἐπεγειρομένους
+          χορεύειν καὶ πηδᾶν οὐδενὶ ξὺν λόγῳ, [120] καὶ ἡμᾶς ὑπὸ τῆς μνήμης
+          τῶν παιδικῶν ἀνακινηθέντας ᾆσαι τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγκώμιον.
+          πρὸς δὴ τοῦτον ἀπολογεῖσθαι χρεὼν ὧδέ πως λέγοντα· ὦ δαιμόνιε, καὶ
+          τέχνης ἀληθῶς γενναίας ἡγεμών, σοφὸν μὲν χρῆμα ἐπινοεῖς, οὐκ ἐφιεὶς
+          οὐδὲ ἐπιτρέπων τῶν ἐπαινουμένων οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μεθίεσθαι, ἅτε
+          αὐτὸς οἶμαι ξὺν τέχνῃ τοῦτο δρῶν. ἡμῖν δὲ τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦτον, [B] ὃν
+          σὺ φὴς αἴτιον εἶναι τῆς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἀταξίας, ἐπειδὴ προσγέγονεν,
+          οἶμαι, παρακελεύεσθαι μὴ σφόδρα ἐκνεῖν μηδὲ εὐλαβεῖσθαι τὰς αἰτίας.
+          οὐ γὰρ ἀλλοτρίων ἁπτόμεθα<a id="noteref_563" name="noteref_563"
+          href="#note_563"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">563</span></span></a> λόγων
+          δεῖξαι ἐθέλοντες, ὅσων ἡμῖν ἀγαθῶν αἰτία γέγονε τιμῶσα τὸ
+          φιλοσοφίας ὄνομα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινά μοι τρόπον ἐπικείμενον
+          ἀγαπήσαντι μὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg
+          320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> εὖ μάλα τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἐρασθέντι δεινῶς τοῦ
+          πράγματος, ἀπολειφθέντι δὲ οὐκ οἶδε ὅντινα τρόπον ὄνομα [C]
+          ἐτύγχανε μόνον καὶ λόγος ἔργου στερόμενος. ἡ δὲ ἐτίμα καὶ τοὔνομα·
+          αἰτίαν γὰρ δὴ ἄλλην οὔτε αὐτὸς εὑρίσκω οὔτε ἄλλου του πυθέσθαι
+          δύναμαι, δι᾽ ἣν οὕτω μοι πρόθυμος γέγονε βοηθὸς καὶ ἀλεξίκακος καὶ
+          σώτειρα, τὴν τοῦ γενναίου βασιλέως εὔνοιαν ἀκέραιον ἡμῖν καὶ ἀσινῆ
+          μένειν ξὺν πολλῷ πόνῳ πραγματευσαμένη, ἧς μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν οὔποτε ἐγώ
+          τι τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων νομίσας ἑάλων, οὐ τὸν ἐπὶ γῆς καὶ ὑπὸ γῆς χρυσὸν
+          ἀντάξιον [D] οὐδ᾽ ἀργύρου πλῆθος, ὁπόσος νῦν ἐστιν ὑπ᾽ αὐγὰς ἡλίου,
+          καὶ εἴ ποτε ἄλλος προσγένοιτο, τῶν μεγίστων ὀρῶν αὐταῖς, οἶμαι,
+          πέτραις καὶ δένδρεσι μεταβαλλόντων εἰς τήνδε τὴν φύσιν, οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν
+          τὴν μεγίστην οὐδὲ ἄλλο τῶν πάντων οὐδέν· ἐκ μὲν γὰρ δὴ ἐκείνης
+          ταῦτά μοι γέγονε πολλὰ καὶ ὅσα οὐδεὶς ἂν ἤλπισεν, οὐ σφόδρα πολλῶν
+          δεομένῳ γε οὐδὲ ἐμαυτὸν ἐλπίσι τοιαύταις τρέφοντι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But as for me,
+          what has come over me? And what speech do I intend to achieve if
+          not a panegyric of my beloved Hellas, of which one cannot make
+          mention without admiring everything? But perhaps someone,
+          remembering what I said earlier, will say that this is not what I
+          intended to discuss when I began, and that, just as Corybants when
+          excited by the flute dance and leap without method, so I, spurred
+          on by the mention of my beloved city, am chanting the praises of
+          that country and her people. To him I must make excuse somewhat as
+          follows: Good sir, you who are the guide to an art that is
+          genuinely noble, that is a wise notion of yours, for you do not
+          permit or grant one to let go even for a moment the theme of a
+          panegyric, seeing that you yourself maintain your theme with skill.
+          Yet in my case, since there has come over me this impulse of
+          affection which you say is to blame for the lack of order in my
+          arguments, you really urge me, I think, not to be too much afraid
+          of it or to take precautions against criticism. For I am not
+          embarking on irrelevant themes if I wish to show how great were the
+          blessings that Eusebia procured for me because she honoured the
+          name of philosophy. And yet the name of philosopher which has been,
+          I know not why, applied to myself, is really in my case nothing but
+          a name and lacks reality, for though I love the reality and am
+          terribly enamoured of the thing itself, yet for some reason I have
+          fallen short of it. But Eusebia honoured even the name. For no
+          other reason can I discover, nor learn from anyone else, why she
+          became so zealous an ally of mine, and an averter of evil and my
+          preserver, and took such trouble and pains in order that I might
+          retain unaltered and unaffected our noble Emperor's good-will; and
+          I have never been convicted of thinking that there is any greater
+          blessing in this world than that good-will, since all the gold
+          above the earth or beneath the earth is not worth so much, nor all
+          the mass of silver that is now beneath the sun's rays or may be
+          added thereto,<a id="noteref_564" name="noteref_564" href=
+          "#note_564"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">564</span></span></a> not
+          though the loftiest mountains, let us suppose, stones and trees and
+          all were to change to that substance, nor the greatest sovereignty
+          there is, nor anything else in the whole world. And I do indeed owe
+          it to her that these blessings are mine, so many and greater than
+          anyone could have hoped for, for in truth I did not ask for much,
+          nor did I nourish myself with any such hopes.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὔνοιαν δὲ
+          ἀληθινὴν οὐκ ἔστι πρὸς χρυσίον ἀμείψασθαι, οὐδὲ ἄν τις αὐτὴν
+          ἐντεῦθεν πρίαιτο, [121] θείᾳ δέ τινι καὶ κρείττονι μοίρᾳ ἀνθρώπων
+          ἀγαθῶν συμπροθυμουμένων παραγέγνεται.<a id="noteref_565" name=
+          "noteref_565" href="#note_565"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">565</span></span></a> ὃ δὴ
+          καὶ ἐμοὶ παρὰ βασιλέως παιδὶ μὲν ὑπῆρχε κατὰ θεόν, ὀλίγου δὲ
+          οἴχεσθαι δεῆσαν ἀπεσώθη πάλιν τῆς βασιλίδος ἀμυνούσης καὶ
+          ἀπειργούσης τὰς ψευδεῖς καὶ ἀλλοκότους ὑποψίας. ἃς ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς
+          ἐκείνη διέλυσεν, ἐναργεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῷ βίῳ τὠμῷ χρωμένη, <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg323" id="Pg323" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καλοῦντός τε αὖθις [B] τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπὸ τῆς
+          Ἑλλάδος ὑπήκουον, ἆρα ἐνταῦθα κατέλιπεν, ὡς οὐκέτι πολλῆς βοηθείας,
+          ἅτε οὐδενὸς ὄντος ἐν μέσῳ δυσχεροῦς οὐδὲ ὑπόπτου, δεόμενον; καὶ πῶς
+          ἂν ὅσια δρῴην οὕτως ἐναργῆ καὶ σεμνὰ σιωπῶν καὶ ἀποκρύπτων;
+          κυρουμένης τε γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ταυτησὶ τῆς γνώμης
+          διαφερόντως ηὐφραίνετο καὶ συνεπήχει μουσικόν, θαρρεῖν κελεύουσα
+          καὶ μήτε τὸ μέγεθος δείσαντα τῶν διδομένων ἀρνεῖσθαι τὸ λαβεῖν, [C]
+          μήτε ἀγροίκῳ καὶ αὐθάδει<a id="noteref_566" name="noteref_566"
+          href="#note_566"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">566</span></span></a>
+          χρησάμενον παρῥησίᾳ φαύλως ἀτιμάσαι τοῦ τοσαῦτα ἐργασαμένου ἀγαθὰ
+          τὴν ἀναγκαίαν αἴτησιν. ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπήκουον οὔτι τοῦτό γε ἡδέως σφόδρα
+          ὑπομένων, ἄλλως δὲ ἀπειθεῖν χαλεπὸν ὂν σφόδρα ἠπιστάμην, οἷς γὰρ ἂν
+          ἐξῇ πράττειν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλωσι σὺν βίᾳ, ἦ που δεόμενοι δυσωπεῖν καὶ
+          πείθειν ἀρκοῦσιν. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδή μοι πεισθέντι γέγονε [D] καὶ
+          μεταβαλόντι ἐσθῆτα καὶ θεραπείαν καὶ διατριβὰς τὰς συνήθεις καὶ τὴν
+          οἴκησιν δὲ αὐτὴν καὶ δίαιταν πάντα ὄγκου πλέα καὶ σεμνότητος ἐκ
+          μικρῶν, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ φαύλων τῶν πρόσθεν, ἐμοὶ μὲν ὑπὸ ἀηθείας ἡ
+          ψυχὴ διεταράττετο, οὔτι τὸ μέγεθος ἐκπληττομένῳ τῶν παρόντων
+          ἀγαθῶν· σχεδὸν γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας οὐδὲ μεγάλα ταῦτα ἐνόμιζον, ἀλλὰ
+          δυνάμεις τινὰς χρωμένοις μὲν ὀρθῶς σφόδρα ωφελίμους, ἁμαρτάνουσι δὲ
+          περὶ τὴν χρῆσιν βλαβερὰς [122] καὶ οἴκοις καὶ πόλεσι πολλαῖς μυρίων
+          αἰτίας ξυμφορῶν. παραπλήσια <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page324">[pg 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ ἐπεπονθεῖν ἀνδρὶ σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἡνιοχικῆς
+          ἔχοντι καὶ οὐδὲ ἐθελήσαντι τύυτης μεταλαβεῖν τῆς τέχνης, κᾆτα
+          ἀναγκαζομένῳ καλοῦ καὶ γενναίου κομίζειν ἅρμα ἡνιόχου, πολλὰς μὲν
+          ξυνωρίδας, πολλὰ δέ, οἶμαι, τέτρωρα τρέφοντος καὶ ἅπασι μὲν
+          ἐπιβεβηκότος, διὰ δὲ<a id="noteref_567" name="noteref_567" href=
+          "#note_567"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">567</span></span></a>
+          γενναιότητα φύσεως καὶ ῥώμην ὑπερβάλλουσαν ἔχοντος οἶμαι τὰς ἡνίας
+          πάντων ἐγκρατῶς, [B] εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς μιᾶς ἄντυγος βαίνοι, οὐ μὴν ἀεί
+          γε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς μένοντος, μεταφερομένου δὲ πολλάκις ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε καὶ
+          ἀμείβοντος δίφρον ἐκ δίφρου, εἴ ποτε τοὺς ἵππους πονουμένους ἢ καὶ
+          ὑβρίσαντας αἴσθοιτο, ἐν δὲ δὴ τοῖς ἅρμασι τοῖσδε κεκτημένου
+          τέτρωρον ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας καὶ θράσους ὑβρίζον, πιεζόμενον τῇ συνεχεῖ
+          ταλαιπωρίᾳ καὶ τοῦ θράσους οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἐπιλαθόμενον, ἀγριαῖνον
+          δὲ ἀεὶ [C] καὶ παροξυνόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν συμφορῶν ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον
+          ὑβρίζειν καὶ ἀπειθεῖν καὶ ἀντιτείνειν, οὐ δεχόμενον ἀμῶς γέ πη
+          πορεύεσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ αὐτὸν ὁρῴη τὸν ἡνίοχον<a id=
+          "noteref_568" name="noteref_568" href="#note_568"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">568</span></span></a> διὰ
+          τέλους χαλεπαῖνον ἤ, τό γε ἔλαττον, στολὴν γοῦν ἡνιοχικὴν ἄνθρωπον
+          φοροῦντα·<a id="noteref_569" name="noteref_569" href=
+          "#note_569"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">569</span></span></a> οὕτως
+          ἐστὶν ἀλόγιστον φύσει. ὁ δέ, οἶμαι, παραμυθούμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν ἄνοιαν
+          ἄνδρα ἐπέστησε, δοὺς φορεῖν<a id="noteref_570" name="noteref_570"
+          href="#note_570"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">570</span></span></a>
+          τοιαύτην ἐσθῆτα καὶ σχῆμα περιβαλὼν ἡνιόχου σεμνοῦ [D] καὶ
+          ἐπιστήμονος, ὃς εἰ μὲν ἄφρων εἴη παντελῶς καὶ ἀνόητος, χαίρει καὶ
+          γέγηθε καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὸ τῶν ἱματίων καθάπερ πτερῶν ἐπαίρεται,
+          συνέσεως δὲ εἰ καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg
+          326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg327" id="Pg327" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μετέχοι καὶ σώφρονος νοῦ, σφόδρα
+          εὐλαβεῖται,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But genuine
+          kindness one cannot obtain in exchange for money, nor could anyone
+          purchase it by such means, but it exists only when men of noble
+          character work in harmony with a sort of divine and higher
+          providence. And this the Emperor bestowed on me even as a child,
+          and when it had almost vanished it was restored again to me because
+          the Empress defended me and warded off those false and monstrous
+          suspicions. And when, using the evidence of my life as plain proof,
+          she had completely cleared me of them, and I obeyed once more the
+          Emperor's summons from Greece, did she ever forsake me, as though,
+          now that all enmity and suspicion had been removed, I no longer
+          needed much assistance? Would my conduct be pious if I kept silence
+          and concealed actions so manifest and so honourable? For when a
+          good opinion of me was established in the Emperor's mind, she
+          rejoiced exceedingly, and echoed him harmoniously, bidding me take
+          courage and neither refuse out of awe to accept the greatness<a id=
+          "noteref_571" name="noteref_571" href="#note_571"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">571</span></span></a> of
+          what was offered to me, nor, by employing a boorish and arrogant
+          frankness, unworthily slight the urgent request of him who had
+          shown me such favour. And so I obeyed, though it was by no means
+          agreeable to me to support this burden, and besides I knew well
+          that to refuse was altogether impracticable. For when those who
+          have the power to exact by force what they wish condescend to
+          entreat, naturally they put one out of countenance and there is
+          nothing left but to obey. Now when I consented, I had to change my
+          mode of dress, and my attendants, and my habitual pursuits, and my
+          very house and way of life for what seemed full of pomp and
+          ceremony to one whose past had naturally been so modest and humble,
+          and my mind was confused by the strangeness, though it was
+          certainly not dazzled by the magnitude of the favours that were now
+          mine. For in my ignorance I hardly regarded them as great
+          blessings, but rather as powers of the greatest benefit, certainly,
+          to those who use them aright, but, when mistakes are made in their
+          use, as being harmful to many houses and cities and the cause of
+          countless disasters. So I felt like a man who is altogether
+          unskilled in driving a chariot,<a id="noteref_572" name=
+          "noteref_572" href="#note_572"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">572</span></span></a> and
+          is not at all inclined to acquire the art, and then is compelled to
+          manage a car that belongs to a noble and talented charioteer, one
+          who keeps many pairs and many four-in-hands too, let us suppose,
+          and has mounted behind them all, and because of his natural talent
+          and uncommon strength has a strong grip on the reins of all of
+          them, even though he is mounted on one chariot; yet he does not
+          always remain on it, but often moves to this side or that and
+          changes from car to car, whenever he perceives that his horses are
+          distressed or are getting out of hand; and among these chariots he
+          has a team of four that become restive from ignorance and high
+          spirit, and are oppressed by continuous hard work, but none the
+          less are mindful of that high spirit, and ever grow more unruly and
+          are irritated by their distress, so that they grow more restive and
+          disobedient and pull against the driver and refuse to go in a
+          certain direction, and unless they see the charioteer himself or at
+          least some man wearing the dress of a charioteer, end by becoming
+          violent, so unreasoning are they by nature. But when the charioteer
+          encourages some unskilful man, and sets him over them, and allows
+          him to wear the same dress as his own, and invests him with the
+          outward seeming of a splendid and skilful charioteer, then if he be
+          altogether foolish and witless, he rejoices and is glad and is
+          buoyed up and exalted by those robes, as though by wings, but, if
+          he has even a small share of common sense and prudent
+          understanding, he is very much alarmed)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">μήπως αὑτὸν τε τρώσῃ σύν θ᾽
+                ἅρματα ἄξῃ,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Lest he
+            both injure himself and shatter his chariot
+            withal,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_573" name="noteref_573" href="#note_573"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">573</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ τῷ μὲν
+          ἡνιόχῳ ζημίας, αὑτῷ δὲ αἰσχρᾶς καὶ ἀδόξου συμφορᾶς αἴτιος γένηται.
+          ταῦτα ἐγὼ ἐλογιζόμην ἐν νυκτὶ βουλεύων καὶ δι᾽ ἡμέρας κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν
+          ἐπισκοπούμενος, [123] σύννους ὢν ἀεὶ καὶ σκυθρωπός. ὁ γενναῖος δὲ
+          καὶ θεῖος ἀληθῶς αὐτοκράτωρ ἀφῄρει τι πάντως τῶν ἀλγεινῶν, ἔργοις
+          καὶ λόγοις τιμῶν καὶ χαριζόμενος. τέλος δὲ τὴν βασιλίδα προσειπεῖν
+          κελεύει, θάρσος τε ἡμῖν ἐνδιδοὺς καὶ τοῦ σφόδρα πιστεύειν γενναῖον
+          εὖ μάλα παρέχων γνώρισμα. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐς ὄψιν ἐκείνης
+          ἦλθον, ἐδόκουν μὲν ὥσπερ ἐν ἱερῷ καθιδρυμένον ἄγαλμα σωφροσύνης
+          ὁρᾶν· [B] αἰδὼς δὲ ἐπεῖχε τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ ἐπέπηκτό μοι κατὰ γῆς τὰ
+          ὄμματα συχνὸν ἐπιεικῶς χρόνον, ἕως ἐκείνη θαρρεῖν ἐκέλευε. καὶ τὰ
+          μέν, ἔφη, ἤδη παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ἔχεις, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἕξεις σὺν θεῷ, μόνον εἰ
+          πιστὸς καὶ δίκαιος εἰς ἡμᾶς γένοιο. τοσαῦτα ἤκουσα σχεδόν· οὐδὲ γὰρ
+          αὐτὴ πλεῖονα<a id="noteref_574" name="noteref_574" href=
+          "#note_574"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">574</span></span></a>
+          ἐφθέγξατο, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπισταμένη τῶν γενναίων ῥητόρων οὐδὲ ἓν
+          φαυλοτέρους ἀπαγγέλλειν λόγους. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς ἐντεύξεως ἀπαλλαγεὶς
+          σφόδρα ἐθαύμασα καὶ ἐξεπεπλήγμην, ἐναργῶς δοκῶν ἀκηκοέναι
+          σωφροσύνης αὐτῆς φθεγγομένης· οὕτω πρᾷον ἦν αὐτῇ φθέγμα καὶ
+          μείλιχον, [C] ταῖς ἐμαῖς ἀκοαῖς ἐγκαθιδρυμένον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and so cause
+          loss to the charioteer and bring on himself shameful and inglorious
+          disaster. On all this, then, I reflected, taking counsel with
+          myself in the night season, and in the daytime pondering it with
+          myself, and I was continually thoughtful and gloomy. Then the noble
+          and truly godlike Emperor lessened my torment in every way, and
+          showed me honour and favour both in deed and word. And at last he
+          bade me address myself to the Empress, inspiring me with courage
+          and giving me a very generous indication that I might trust her
+          completely. Now when first I came into her presence it seemed to me
+          as though I beheld a statue of Modesty set up in some temple. Then
+          reverence filled my soul, and my eyes were fixed upon the
+          ground<a id="noteref_575" name="noteref_575" href=
+          "#note_575"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">575</span></span></a> for
+          some considerable time, till she bade me take courage. Then she
+          said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Certain favours you have already
+          received from us and yet others you shall receive, if God will, if
+          only you prove to be loyal and honest towards us.”</span> This was
+          almost as much as I heard. For she herself did not say more, and
+          that though she knew how to utter speeches not a whit inferior to
+          those of the most gifted orators. And I, when I had departed from
+          this interview, felt the deepest admiration and awe, and was
+          clearly convinced that it was Modesty herself I had heard speaking.
+          So gentle and comforting was her utterance, and it is ever firmly
+          settled in my ears.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Βούλεσθε οὖν τὰ
+          μετὰ ταῦτα πάλιν ἔργα καὶ ὅσα ἔδρασεν ἡμᾶς ἀγαθὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον
+          λεπτουργοῦντες <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg
+          328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπαγγέλλωμεν; ἢ τά γε ἐντεῦθεν ἀθρόως
+          ἑλόντες, καθάπερ ἔδρασεν αὐτὴ,<a id="noteref_576" name=
+          "noteref_576" href="#note_576"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">576</span></span></a> πάντα
+          ὁμοῦ διηγησώμεθα; [D] ὁπόσους μὲν εὖ ἐποίησε τῶν ἐμοὶ γνωρίμων,
+          ὅπως δὲ ἐμοὶ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τὸν γάμον ἥρμοσεν. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἴσως
+          ποθεῖτε καὶ τὸν κατάλογον ἀκοίειν τῶν δώρων,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Do you wish
+          then that I should report to you what she did after this, and all
+          the blessings she conferred on me, and that I should give precise
+          details one by one? Or shall I take up my tale concisely as she did
+          herself, and sum up the whole? Shall I tell how many of my friends
+          she benefited, and how with the Emperor's help she arranged my
+          marriage? But perhaps you wish to hear also the list of her
+          presents to me:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ἕπτ᾽ ἀπύρους τρίποδας, δέκα δὲ
+                χρυσοῖο τάλαντα</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Seven
+            tripods untouched by fire and ten talents of
+            gold,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_577" name="noteref_577" href="#note_577"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">577</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ λέβητας
+          ἐείκοσιν. ἀλλ᾽ οὔ μοι σχολὴ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἀδολεσχεῖν· ἑνὸς δὲ
+          ἴσως τῶν ἐκείνης δώρων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄχαρι καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς ἀπομνημονεῦσαι,
+          ᾧ μοι δοκῶ καὶ αὐτὸς ἡσθῆναι<a id="noteref_578" name="noteref_578"
+          href="#note_578"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">578</span></span></a>
+          διαφερόντως· βίβλους γὰρ φιλοσόφων καὶ ξυγγραφέων ἀγαθῶν [124] καὶ
+          ῥετόρων πολλῶν καὶ ποιητῶν, ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς ὀλίγας οἴκοθεν ἔφερον,
+          ἐλπίδι καὶ πόθῳ τοῦ πάλιν οἴκαδε ἐπανελθεῖν τὴν ταχίστην
+          ψυχαγωγούμενος, ἔδωκεν ἀθρόως τοσαύτας, ὥστε ἐμοῦ μὲν ἀποπλῆσαι τὴν
+          ἐπιθυμίαν σφόδρα ἀκορέστως ἔχοντος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνας<a id=
+          "noteref_579" name="noteref_579" href="#note_579"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">579</span></span></a>
+          συνουσίας, μουσεῖον δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἀποφῆναι βιβλίων ἕκητι τὴν
+          Γαλατίαν καὶ τὴν Κελτίδα. τούτοις ἐγὼ προσκαθήμενος συνεχῶς τοῖς
+          δώροις, εἴ ποτε σχολὴν ἄγοιμι, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἐπιλανθάνωμαι τῆς
+          χαρισαμένης· [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατευομένῳ μοι ἕν γέ τι πάντως ἕπεται
+          οἷον ἐφόδιον τῆς στρατείας πρὸς αὐτόπτου πάλαι ξυγκείμενον. πολλὰ
+          γὰρ δὴ τῆς τῶν παλαιῶν<a id="noteref_580" name="noteref_580" href=
+          "#note_580"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">580</span></span></a>
+          ἐμπειρίας ὑπομνήματα ξὺν τέχνηι γραφέντα τοῖς ἁμαρτοῦσι
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name=
+          "Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg331" id=
+          "Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν τῆς θέας ἐναργῆ
+          καὶ λαμπρὰν εἰκόνα φέρει τῶν πάλαι πραχθέντων, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἤδη καὶ νέοι
+          πολλοὶ γερόντων μυρίων πολιὸν μᾶλλον ἐκτήσαντο τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς
+          φρένας, [C] καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἀγαθὸν ἐκ τοῦ γήρως ὑπάρχειν τοῖς
+          ἀνθρώποις μόνον, τὴν ἐμπειρίαν, δι᾽ ἣν ὁ πρεσβύτης ἔχει τι λέξαι
+          τῶν νέων σοφώτερον, τοῖς οὐ ῥᾳθύμοις τῶν νέων ἔδωκεν. ἔστι δὲ οἶμαί
+          τις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ παιδαγωγία πρὸς ἦθος γενναῖον, εἴ τις ἐπίσταιτο
+          τοὺς ἀρίστους ἄνδρας καὶ λόγους καὶ πράξεις, οἷον ἀρχέτυπα
+          προτιθέμενος δημιουργός, πλάττειν ἤδη πρὸς ταῦτα τὴν αὑτοῦ διάνοιαν
+          καὶ ἀφομοιοῦν τοὺς<a id="noteref_581" name="noteref_581" href=
+          "#note_581"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">581</span></span></a>
+          λόγους. ὧν εἰ μὴ παμπληθὲς ἀπολειφθείη, [D] τυγχάνοι δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾽
+          ὀλίγον τῆς ὁμοιότητος, οὐ σμικρὰ ἂν ὄναιτο, εὖ ἴστε. ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς
+          πολλάκις ξυννοῶν παιδιάν τε οὐκ ἄμουσον ἐν αὐτοῖς ποιοῦμαι καὶ
+          στρατευόμενος καθάπερ σιτία φέρειν ἀναγκαῖα καὶ ταῦτα ἐθέλω· μέτρον
+          δέ ἐστι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν φερομένων ὁ καιρός.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and twenty
+          caldrons. But I have no time to gossip about such subjects.
+          Nevertheless one of those gifts of hers it would perhaps not be
+          ungraceful to mention to you, for it was one with which I was
+          myself especially delighted. For she gave me the best books on
+          philosophy and history, and many of the orators and poets, since I
+          had brought hardly any with me from home, deluding myself with the
+          hope and longing to return home again, and gave them in such
+          numbers, and all at once, that even my desire for them was
+          satisfied, though I am altogether insatiable of converse with
+          literature; and, so far as books went, she made Galatia<a id=
+          "noteref_582" name="noteref_582" href="#note_582"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">582</span></span></a> and
+          the country of the Celts resemble a Greek temple of the Muses. And
+          to these gifts I applied myself incessantly whenever I had leisure,
+          so that I can never be unmindful of the gracious giver. Yes, even
+          when I take the field one thing above all else goes with me as a
+          necessary provision for the campaign, some one narrative of a
+          campaign composed long ago by an eye-witness. For many of those
+          records of the experience of men of old, written as they are with
+          the greatest skill, furnish to those who, by reason of their youth,
+          have missed seeing such a spectacle, a clear and brilliant picture
+          of those ancient exploits, and by this means many a tiro has
+          acquired a more mature understanding and judgment than belongs to
+          very many older men; and that advantage which people think old age
+          alone can give to mankind, I mean experience (for experience it is
+          that enables an old man <span class="tei tei-q">“to talk more
+          wisely than the young”</span><a id="noteref_583" name="noteref_583"
+          href="#note_583"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">583</span></span></a>),
+          even this the study of history can give to the young if only they
+          are diligent. Moreover, in my opinion, there is in such books a
+          means of liberal education for the character, supposing that one
+          understands how, like a craftsman, setting before himself as
+          patterns the noblest men and words and deeds, to mould his own
+          character to match them, and make his words resemble theirs. And if
+          he should not wholly fall short of them, but should achieve even
+          some slight resemblance, believe me that would be for him the
+          greatest good fortune. And it is with this idea constantly before
+          me that not only do I give myself a literary education by means of
+          books, but even on my campaigns I never fail to carry them like
+          necessary provisions. The number that I take with me is limited
+          only by particular circumstances.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ μή ποτε οὐκ
+          ἐκείνων χρὴ νῦν τὸν ἔπαινον γράφειν οὐδὲ ὅσα ἡμῖν ἀγαθὰ γένοιτ᾽ ἂν
+          ἐνθένδε, [125] ὁπόσου δὲ τὸ δῶρον ἄξιον καταμαθόντας χάριν
+          ἀποτίνειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀλλοτρίαν τοῦ δοθέντος τῇ χαρισαμένῃ. λόγων γὰρ
+          ἀστείων καὶ παντοδαπῶν θησαυροὺς τὸν ἐν ταῖς βίβλοις δεξάμενον
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name=
+          "Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg333" id=
+          "Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐκ ἄδικον διὰ σμικρῶν καὶ
+          φαύλων ῥημάτων ἰδιωτικῶς καὶ ἀγροίκως ἄγαν ξυγκειμένων ᾄδειν
+          εὐφημίαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ γεωργὸν φήσεις εὐγνώμονα, ὃς καταφυτεύειν μὲν
+          τὴν φυταλιὰν ἀρχόμενος κλήματα ᾔτει παρὰ τῶν γειτόνων, εἶτα
+          ἐκτρέφων τὰς ἀμπέλους δίκελλαν καὶ αὖθις σμινύην, καὶ τέλος ἤδη
+          κάλαμον, [B] ᾧ χρὴ προσδεδέσθαι καὶ ἐπικεῖσθαι τὴν ἄμπελον, ἵνα
+          αὐτή τε ἀνέχηται καὶ οἱ βότρυες ἐξηρτημένοι μηδαμοῦ ψαύωσι τῆς
+          βώλου, τυχόντα δὲ ὧν ἐδεῖτο μόνον ἐμπίπλασθαι τοῦ Διονύσου τῆς
+          χάριτος οὔτε τῶν βοτρύων οὔτε τοῦ γλεύκους μεταδιδόντα τοῖς,<a id=
+          "noteref_584" name="noteref_584" href="#note_584"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">584</span></span></a> ὧν
+          πρὸς τὴν γεωργίαν ἔτυχε προθύμων. οὔκουν οὐδὲ νομέα ποιμνίων οὐδὲ
+          βουκολίων οὐδὲ μὴν αἰπολίων ἐπιεικῆ καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα φήσει
+          τις, ὃς τοῦ μὲν χειμώνος, ὅτε αὐτῷ στέγης καὶ πόας ἐδεῖτο τὰ
+          βοσκήματα, [C] σφόδρα ἐτύγχανε προθύμων τῶν φίλων, πολλὰ μὲν αὐτῷ
+          ξυμποριζόντων καὶ μεταδιδόντων τροφῆς ἀφθόνου καὶ καταγωγίων, ἦρος
+          δὲ οἶμαι καὶ θέρους φανέντος μάλα γενναίως ἐπιλαθόμενον ὧν εὖ
+          πάθοι, οὔτε τοῦ γάλακτος οὔτε τῶν τυρῶν οὔτε ἄλλου τοῦ μεταδιδόντα
+          τοῖς<a id="noteref_585" name="noteref_585" href=
+          "#note_585"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">585</span></span></a> ὑφ᾽
+          ὧν αὐτῷ διεσώθη ἀπολόμενα ἂν ἄλλως τὰ θρέμματα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps I
+          ought not now to be writing a panegyric on books, nor to describe
+          all the benefits that we might derive from them, but since I
+          recognise how much that gift was worth, I ought to pay back to the
+          gracious giver thanks not perhaps altogether different in kind from
+          what she gave. For it is only just that one who has accepted clever
+          discourses of all sorts laid up as treasure in books, should sound
+          a strain of eulogy if only in slight and unskilful phrases,
+          composed in an unlearned and rustic fashion. For you would not say
+          that a farmer showed proper feeling who, when starting to plant his
+          vineyard, begs for cuttings from his neighbours, and presently,
+          when he cultivates his vines, asks for a mattock and then for a
+          hoe, and finally for a stake to which the vine must be tied and
+          which it must lean against, so that it may itself be supported, and
+          the bunches of grapes as they hang may nowhere touch the soil; and
+          then, after obtaining all he asked for, drinks his fill of the
+          pleasant gift of Dionysus, but does not share either the grapes or
+          the must with those whom he found so willing to help him in his
+          husbandry. Just so one would not say that a shepherd or neatherd or
+          even a goatherd was honest and good and right-minded, who in
+          winter, when his flocks need shelter and fodder, met with the
+          utmost consideration from his friends, who helped him to procure
+          many things, and gave him food in abundance, and lodging, and
+          presently when spring and summer appeared, forgot in lordly fashion
+          all those kindnesses, and shared neither his milk nor cheeses nor
+          anything else with those who had saved his beasts for him when they
+          would otherwise have perished.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅστις οὖν λόγους
+          ὁποιουσοῦν τρέφων νέος μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡγεμόνων πολλῶν δεόμενος,
+          τροφῆς δὲ πολλῆς [D] καὶ καθαρᾶς τῆς ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν γραμμάτων, εἶτα
+          ἀθρόως πάντων στερηθείη<a id="noteref_586" name="noteref_586" href=
+          "#note_586"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">586</span></span></a> ἆρα
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name=
+          "Pg334" id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg335" id=
+          "Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑμῖν μικρᾶς δεῖσθαι βοηθείας
+          δοκεῖ ἢ μικρῶν αὐτῷ γεγονέναι ἄξιος ὁ πρὸς ταῦτα συλλαμβανόμενος;
+          καὶ τυχὸν οὐ χρὴ πειρᾶσθαι χάριν ἀποτίνειν αὐτῷ τῆς προθυμίας καὶ
+          τῶν ἔργων; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε τὸν Θαλῆν ἐκεῖνον, τῶν σοφῶν τὸ κεφάλαιον
+          μιμητέον,<a id="noteref_587" name="noteref_587" href=
+          "#note_587"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">587</span></span></a> οὗ τὰ
+          ἐπαινούμενα ἀκηκόαμεν; ἐρομένου γάρ τινος ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔμαθεν [126]
+          ὁπόσον τινὰ χρὴ καταβαλεῖν μισθόν· ὁμολογῶν, ἔφη, τι<a id=
+          "noteref_588" name="noteref_588" href="#note_588"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">588</span></span></a> παρ᾽
+          ἡμῶν μαθεῖν τὴν ἀξίαν ἡμῖν ἐκτίσεις. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅστις διδάσκαλος
+          μὲν αὐτὸς οὐ γέγονε, πρὸς τὸ μαθεῖν δὲ καὶ ὁτιοῦν συνηνύγκατο,
+          ἀδικοῖτ᾽ ἄν, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνοι τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τοῖς δοθεῖσιν
+          ὁμολογίας, ἣν δὴ καὶ ὁ σοφὸς ἀπαιτῶν φαίνεται. εἶεν. ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν
+          χαρίεν καὶ σεμνὸν τὸ δῶρον· χρυσίον δὲ καὶ ἀργύριον οὔτε ἐδεόμην
+          ἐγὼ λαβεῖν οὔτε ὑμᾶς δὴ [B] ὑπὲρ τούτων ἡδέως ἂν ἐνοχλήσαιμι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now take
+          the case of one who cultivates literature of any sort, and is
+          himself young and therefore needs numerous guides and the abundant
+          food and pure nourishment that is to be obtained from ancient
+          writings, and then suppose that he should be deprived of all these
+          all at once, is it, think you, slight assistance that he is asking?
+          And is it slight payment that he deserves who comes to his aid? But
+          perhaps he ought not even to attempt to make him any return for his
+          zeal and kind actions? Perhaps he ought to imitate the famous
+          Thales, that consummate philosopher, and that answer which we have
+          all heard and which is so much admired? For when someone asked what
+          fee he ought to pay him for knowledge he had acquired, Thales
+          replied <span class="tei tei-q">“If you let it be known that it was
+          I who taught you, you will amply repay me.”</span> Just so one who
+          has not himself been the teacher, but has helped another in any way
+          to gain knowledge, would indeed be wronged if he did not obtain
+          gratitude and that acknowledgement of the gift which even the
+          philosopher seems to have demanded. Well and good. But this gift of
+          hers was both welcome and magnificent. And as for gold and silver I
+          neither asked for them nor, were they in question, should I be
+          willing thus to wear out your patience.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λόγον δὲ ὑμῖν
+          εἰπεῖν ἐθέλω μάλα δή τι<a id="noteref_589" name="noteref_589" href=
+          "#note_589"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">589</span></span></a> ὑμῖν
+          ἀκοῆς ἄξιον, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνομεν ἀπειρηκότες πρὸς τὸ μῆκος τῆς
+          ἀδολεσχίας· τυχὸν δὲ<a id="noteref_590" name="noteref_590" href=
+          "#note_590"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">590</span></span></a> οὐδὲ
+          τῶν ῥηθέντων ἠκρόασθε ξὺν ἡδονῇ ἅτε ἀνδρὸς ἰδιώτου καὶ σφόδρα
+          ἀμαθοῦς λόγων, πλάττειν μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τεχνάζειν εἰδότος, φράζοντος
+          δὲ ὅπως ἂν ἐπίῃ τάληθές· ὁ δὲ δὴ λόγος σχεδόν τι περὶ τῶν παρόντων
+          ἐστί. φήσουσι γάρ, [C] οἶμαι, πολλοὶ παρὰ τῶν μακαρίων <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg337" id="Pg337" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> σοφιστῶν ἀναπειθόμενοι, ὅτι ἄρα μικρὰ καὶ
+          φαῦλα πράγματα ἀναλεξάμενος ὡς δή τι σεμνὸν ὑμῖν ἀπαγγέλλω. τοῦτο
+          δὲ οὐ φιλονεικοῦντες πρὸς τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους οὐδὲ ἐμὲ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς
+          ἀφαιρεῖσθαι δόξης ἐθέλοντες ἴσως ἂν εἴποιεν· ἴσασι γὰρ σαφῶς, ὅτι
+          μήτε ἀντίτεχνος εἶναι βούλομαι τοῖς ἐκείνων λόγοις τοὺς ἐμαυτοῦ
+          παρατιθείς, μήτε ἄλλως ἀπεχθάνεσθαι ἐκείνοις ἐθέλω· ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ οἶδα
+          ὅντινα τρόπον [D] τοῦ μεγάλα λέγειν ἐκ παντὸς ὀρεγόμενοι χαλεπῶς
+          ἔχουσι πρὸς τοὺς μὴ τἀκείνων ζηλοῦντας καὶ δι᾽ αἰτίας ἄγουσιν ὡς
+          καθαιροῦντας τὴν τῶν λόγων ἰσχύν. μόνα γὰρ εἶναι τῶν ἔργων ζηλωτά
+          φασι καὶ σπουδῆς ἄξια καὶ πολλῶν ἐπαίνων ὁπόσα διὰ μέγεθος ἤδη
+          τισὶν ἄπιστα ἐφάνη, ὁποῖα δή τινα τὰ περὶ τῆς Ἀσσυρίας ἐκείνης
+          γυναικός, ἣ μεταβαλοῦσα καθάπερ ῥεῖθρον εὐτελὲς τὸν διὰ τῆς
+          Βαβυλῶνος ποταμὸν ῥέοντα βασίλειά [127] τε ᾠκοδόμησεν ὑπὸ γῆς
+          πάγκαλα καὶ μεθῆκεν ὑπὲρ τῶν χωμάτων αὖθις. ὑπὲρ γὰρ δὴ ταύτης
+          πολὺς μὲν λόγος, ὡς ἐναυμάχει ναυσὶ τρισχιλίαις, καὶ πεζῇ
+          παρετάττετο μυριάδας ὁπλιτῶν τριακοσίας ἄγουσα, τό τε ἐν Βαβυλῶνι
+          τεῖχος ᾠκοδόμει πεντακοσίων σταδίων μικρὸν ἀποδέον, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν
+          πόλιν ὀρύγματα καὶ ἄλλα πολυτελῆ καὶ δαπανηρὰ κατασκευάσματα
+          ἐκείνης ἔργα γενέσθαι [B] λέγουσι. Νίτωκρις δὲ ταύτης νεωτέρα καὶ
+          Ῥοδογούνη καὶ Τώμυρις καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg
+          338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> μυρίος δή τις ἐπιρρεῖ γυναικῶν ὄχλος
+          ἀνδριζομένων οὐ λίαν εὐπρεπῶς. τινὰς δὲ ἤδη διὰ τὸ κάλλος
+          περιβλέπτους καὶ ὀνομαστὰς γενομένας οὐ σφόδρα εὐτυχῶς, ἐπειδὴ
+          ταραχῆς αἴτιαι καὶ πολέμων μακρῶν ἔθνεσι μυρίοις καὶ ἀνδράσιν,
+          ὅσους ἦν εἰκὸς ἐκ τοσαύτης χώρας ἀθροίζεσθαι, γενέσθαι δοκοῦσιν, ὡς
+          μεγάλων αἰτίας ὑμνοῦσι πράξεων. ὅστις δὲ τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν
+          ἔχει, [C] καταγέλαστος εἶναι δοκεῖ ἅτε οὐκ ἐκπλήττειν οὐδὲ
+          θαυματοποιεῖν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σφόδρα ἐπιχειρῶν. βούλεσθε οὖν
+          ἐπανερωτῶμεν αὐτούς, εἴ τις αὐτῶν γαμετὴν ἢ θυγατέρα οἱ τοιαύτην
+          εὔχεται γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν Πηνελόπην; καίτοι ἐπὶ ταύτης οὐδὲν
+          Ὅμηρος εἰπεῖν ἔσχε πλέον τῆς σωφροσύνης καὶ τῆς φιλανδρίας καὶ τῆς
+          ἐς τὸν ἑκυρὸν ἐπιμελείας καὶ τὸν παῖδα· ἔμελε δὲ ἄρα οὔτε τῶν ἀγρῶν
+          ἐκείνῃ οὔτε τῶν ποιμνίων· στρατηγίαν δὲ ἢ δημηγορίαν οὐδὲ ὄναρ
+          εἰκὸς<a id="noteref_591" name="noteref_591" href=
+          "#note_591"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">591</span></span></a>
+          ἐκείνῃ παραστῆναί ποτε· [D] ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁπότε λέγειν ἐχρῆν εἰς τὰ
+          μειράκια,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But I wish to
+          tell you a story very well worth your hearing, unless indeed you
+          are already wearied by the length of this garrulous speech. Indeed
+          it may be that you have listened without enjoyment to what has been
+          said so far, seeing that the speaker is a layman and entirely
+          ignorant of rhetoric, and knows neither how to invent nor how to
+          use the writer's craft, but speaks the truth as it occurs to him.
+          And my story is about something almost of the present time. Now
+          many will say, I suppose, persuaded by the accomplished sophists,
+          that I have collected what is trivial and worthless, and relate it
+          to you as though it were of serious import. And probably they will
+          say this, not because they are jealous of my speeches, or because
+          they wish to rob me of the reputation that they may bring. For they
+          well know that I do not desire to be their rival in the art by
+          setting my own speeches against theirs, nor in any other way do I
+          wish to quarrel with them. But since, for some reason or other,
+          they are ambitious of speaking on lofty themes at any cost, they
+          will not tolerate those who have not their ambition, and they
+          reproach them with weakening the power of rhetoric. For they say
+          that only those deeds are to be admired and are worthy of serious
+          treatment and repeated praise which, because of their magnitude,
+          have been thought by some to be incredible, those stories for
+          instance about that famous woman<a id="noteref_592" name=
+          "noteref_592" href="#note_592"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">592</span></span></a> of
+          Assyria who turned aside as though it were an insignificant brook
+          the river<a id="noteref_593" name="noteref_593" href=
+          "#note_593"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">593</span></span></a> that
+          flows through Babylon, and built a gorgeous palace underground, and
+          then turned the stream back again beyond the dykes that she had
+          made. For of her many a tale is told, how she fought a naval battle
+          with three thousand ships, and on land she led into the field of
+          battle three million hoplites, and in Babylon she built a wall very
+          nearly five hundred stades in length, and the moat that surrounds
+          the city and other very costly and expensive edifices were, they
+          tell us, her work. And Nitocris<a id="noteref_594" name=
+          "noteref_594" href="#note_594"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">594</span></span></a> who
+          came later than she, and Rhodogyne<a id="noteref_595" name=
+          "noteref_595" href="#note_595"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">595</span></span></a> and
+          Tomyris,<a id="noteref_596" name="noteref_596" href=
+          "#note_596"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">596</span></span></a> aye
+          and a crowd of women beyond number who played men's parts in no
+          very seemly fashion occur to my mind. And some of them were
+          conspicuous for their beauty and so became notorious, though it
+          brought them no happiness, but since they were the causes of
+          dissension and long wars among countless nations and as many men as
+          could reasonably be collected from a country of that size, they are
+          celebrated by the orators as having given rise to mighty deeds. And
+          a speaker who has nothing of this sort to relate seems ridiculous
+          because he makes no great effort to astonish his hearers or to
+          introduce the marvellous into his speeches. Now shall we put this
+          question to these orators, whether any one of them would wish to
+          have a wife or daughter of that sort, rather than like Penelope?
+          And yet in her case Homer had no more to tell than of her
+          discretion and her love for her husband and the good care she took
+          of her father-in-law and her son. Evidently she did not concern
+          herself with the fields or the flocks, and as for leading an army
+          or speaking in public, of course she never even dreamed of such a
+          thing. But even when it was necessary for her to speak to the young
+          suitors,)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη λιπαρὰ
+                κρήδεμνα</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Holding up
+            before her face her shining veil</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_597" name=
+            "noteref_597" href="#note_597"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">597</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πρᾴως ἐφθέγγετο.
+          καὶ οὐκ ἀπορῶν Ὅμηρος οἶμαι τηλικούτων ἔργων οὐδὲ ὀνομαστῶν ἐπ᾽
+          αὐτοῖς γυναικῶν ταύτην ὕμνησε διαφερόντως· ἐξῆν γοῦν αὐτῷ τὴν τῆς
+          Ἀμαζόνος φιλοτίμως πάνυ στρατείαν διηγησαμένῳ τὴν ποίησιν ἅπασαν
+          ἐμπλῆσαι τοιούτων διηγημάτων τέρπειν εὖ μάλα καὶ ψυχαγωγεῖν
+          δυναμένων. [128] οὐ γὰρ δὴ τείχους <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page340">[pg 340]</span><a name="Pg340" id="Pg340" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν αἵρεσιν, καὶ πολιορκίαν καὶ τρόπον τινὰ
+          ναυμαχίαν εἶναι δοκοῦσαν, τὸν πρὸς τοῖς νεωρίοις πόλεμον, ἀνδρός τε
+          ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ καὶ ποταμοῦ μάχην ἐπεισάγειν οἴκοθεν διενοεῖτο τῇ ποιήσει
+          καινόν τι λέγειν ἐπιθυμῶν· τοῦτο δὲ εἴπερ ἦν, ὥσπερ οὖν φασι,
+          σεμνότατον, ὀλιγώρως οὕτω παρέλιπε. τί ποτε οὖν ἄν τις αἴτιον λέγοι
+          τοῦ κείνην μὲν ἐπαινεῖν προθύμως, τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽<a id="noteref_598"
+          name="noteref_598" href="#note_598"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">598</span></span></a> ἐπὶ
+          σμικρὸν μνημονεύειν; ὅτι [B] διὰ μὲν τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν καὶ
+          σωφροσύνην πολλὰ ἴδίᾳ τε<a id="noteref_599" name="noteref_599"
+          href="#note_599"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">599</span></span></a> τοῖς
+          ἀνθρώποις καὶ εἰς τὸ κοινὸν ἀγαθὰ συμβαίνει, ἐκ δὲ δὴ τῆς τούτων
+          φιλοτιμίας ὄφελος μὲν οὐδὲ ἕν, συμφοραὶ δὲ ἀνήκεστοι. ἅτε δὴ ὢν
+          οἶμαι σοφὸς καὶ θεῖος ποιητὴς ταύτην ἔκρινεν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν
+          τὴν εὐφημίαν. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι προσῆκον<a id="noteref_600" name=
+          "noteref_600" href="#note_600"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">600</span></span></a>
+          εὐλαβηθῆναι τοσοῦτον ἡγεμόνα ποιουμένοις, μή τις ἄρα μικροὺς
+          ὑπολάβῃ καὶ φαύλους;</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(it was in mild
+          accents that she expressed herself. And it was not because he was
+          short of such great deeds, or of women famous for them, that he
+          sang the praises of Penelope rather than the others. For instance,
+          he could have made it his ambition to tell the story of the
+          Amazon's<a id="noteref_601" name="noteref_601" href=
+          "#note_601"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">601</span></span></a>
+          campaign and have filled all his poetry with tales of that sort,
+          which certainly have a wonderful power to delight and charm. For as
+          to the taking of the wall and the siege, and that battle near the
+          ships which in some respects seems to have resembled a sea-fight,
+          and then the fight of the hero and the river,<a id="noteref_602"
+          name="noteref_602" href="#note_602"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">602</span></span></a> he
+          did not bring them into this poem with the desire to relate
+          something new and strange of his own invention. And even though
+          this fight was, as they say, most marvellous, he neglected and
+          passed over the marvellous as we see. What reason then can anyone
+          give for his praising Penelope so enthusiastically and making not
+          the slightest allusion to those famous women? Because by reason of
+          her virtue and discretion many blessings have been gained for
+          mankind, both for individuals and for the common weal, whereas from
+          the ambition of those others there has arisen no benefit whatever,
+          but incurable calamities. And so, as he was, I think, a wise and
+          inspired poet, he decided that to praise Penelope was better and
+          more just. And since I adopt so great a guide, is it fitting that I
+          should be afraid lest some person think me trivial or
+          inferior?)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ἐγὼ δὲ ὑμῖν
+          καὶ τὸν γενναῖον ἐκεῖνον ῥήτορα Περικλέα τὸν πάνυ, τὸν Ὀλύμπιον,
+          μάρτυρα ἀγαθὸν ἤδη παρέξομαι. κολάκων γὰρ δή, φασὶ, ποτὲ τὸν ἄνδρα
+          περιεστὼς δῆμος διελάγχανον τοὺς ἐπαίνους, ὁ μὲν ὅτι τὴν Σάμον
+          ἐξεῖλεν, ἄλλος δὲ ὅτι τὴν Εὔβοιαν, τινὲς δὲ ἤδη τὸ περιπλεῦσαι τὴν
+          Πελοπόννησον, ἦσαν δὲ οἱ τῶν ψηφισμάτων μεμνημένοι, τινὲς δὲ τῆς
+          πρὸς τὸν Κίμωνα φιλοτιμίας, σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν πολίτην <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name="Pg342" id="Pg342"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg343" id="Pg343" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ στρατηγὸν εἶναι δόξαντα γενναῖον. [D] ὁ
+          δὲ τούτοις μὲν οὔτε ἀχθόμενος οὔτε γανύμενος δῆλος ἦν, ἐκεῖνο δὲ
+          ἠξίου τῶν αὑτῷ πεπολιτευμένων ἐπαινεῖν, ὅτι τοσοῦτον χρόνον<a id=
+          "noteref_603" name="noteref_603" href="#note_603"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">603</span></span></a>
+          ἐπιτροπεύσας τὸν Ἀθηναίων δῆμον οὐδενὶ θανάτου γέγονεν αἴτιος, οὐδὲ
+          ἱμάτιον μέλαν τῶν πολιτῶν τις περιβαλόμενος Περικλέα γενέσθαι
+          ταύτης αἴτιον αὐτῷ τῆς συμφορᾶς ἔφη. ἄλλου του, πρὸς φιλίου Διός,
+          δοκοῦμεν ὑμῖν μάρτυρος δεῖσθαι, ὅτι μέγιστον ἀρετῆς σημείον [129]
+          καὶ πάντων μάλιστα ἐπαίνων ἄξιον τὸ μηδένα κτεῖναι τῶν πολιτῶν μηδὲ
+          ἀφελέσθαι τὰ χρήματα μηδὲ ἀδίκῳ φυγῇ περιβαλεῖν; ὅστις δὲ πρὸς τὰς
+          τοιαύτας συμφορὰς αὑτὸν ἀντιτάξας καθάπερ ἰατρὸς γενναῖος οὐδαμῶς
+          ἀποχρῆν ὑπέλαβεν αὑτῷ τὸ μηδενὶ νοσήματος αἰτίῳ γενέσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ
+          μὴ πάντα εἰς δύναμιν ἰῷτο καὶ θεραπεύοι, οὐδὲν ἄξιον τῆς αὐτοῦ
+          τέχνης ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν, ἆρα ὑμῖν δοκεῖ τῶν ἴσων ἐπαίνων ἐν δίκῃ
+          τυγχάνειν; [B] καὶ οὐδὲν προτιμήσομεν οὔτε τὸν τρόπον οὔτε τὴν
+          δύναμιν, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἔξεστι μὲν αὐτῇ δρᾶν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλῃ, θέλει δὲ ἅπασι
+          τἀγαθά; τοῦτο ἐγὼ κεφάλαιον τοῦ παντὸς ἐπαίνου ποιοῦμαι, οὐκ ἀπορῶν
+          ἄλλων θαυμασίων εἶναι δοκούντων καὶ λαμπρῶν διηγημάτων.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But it is
+          indeed a noble witness that I shall now bring forward, that
+          splendid orator Pericles, the renowned, the Olympian. It is
+          said<a id="noteref_604" name="noteref_604" href=
+          "#note_604"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">604</span></span></a> that
+          once a crowd of flatterers surrounded him and were distributing his
+          praises among them, one telling how he had reduced Samos,<a id=
+          "noteref_605" name="noteref_605" href="#note_605"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">605</span></span></a>
+          another how he had recovered Euboea,<a id="noteref_606" name=
+          "noteref_606" href="#note_606"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">606</span></span></a> some
+          how he had sailed round the Peloponnesus, while others spoke of his
+          enactments, or of his rivalry with Cimon, who was reputed to be a
+          most excellent citizen and a distinguished general. But Pericles
+          gave no sign either of annoyance or exultation, and there was but
+          one thing in all his political career for which he claimed to
+          deserve praise, that, though he had governed the Athenian people
+          for so long, he had been responsible for no man's death, and no
+          citizen when he put on black clothes had ever said that Pericles
+          was the cause of his misfortune. Now, by Zeus the god of
+          friendship, do you think I need any further witness to testify that
+          the greatest proof of virtue and one better worth praise than all
+          the rest put together is not to have caused the death of any
+          citizen, or to have taken his money from him, or involved him in
+          unjust exile? But he who like a good physician tries to ward off
+          such calamities as these, and by no means thinks that it is enough
+          for him not to cause anyone to contract a disease, but unless he
+          cures and cares for everyone as far as he can, considers that his
+          work is unworthy of his skill, do you think that in justice such a
+          one ought to receive no higher praise than Pericles? And shall we
+          not hold in higher honour her character and that authority which
+          enables her to do what she will, since what she wills is the good
+          of all? For this I make the sum and substance of my whole encomium,
+          though I do not lack other narratives such as are commonly held to
+          be marvellous and splendid.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ γὰρ δή τις
+          τὴν περὶ τῶν ἄλλων σιωπὴν ὑποπτεύσειεν ὡς ματαίαν οὖσαν προσποίησιν
+          καὶ ἀλαζονείαν κενὴν καὶ αὐθάδη, οὔτι που καὶ τὴν ἔναγχος ἐπιδημίαν
+          γενομένην αὐτῇ τὴν εις τὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page344">[pg 344]</span><a name="Pg344" id="Pg344" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ῥώμην, [C] ὁπότε ἐστρατεύετο βασιλεὺς
+          ζεύγμασι καὶ ναυσὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον διαβὰς ἄγχου τῶν Γαλατίας ὁρίων, ψευδῆ
+          καὶ πεπλασμένην ἄλλως ὑποπτεύσει. ἐξῆν δὴ οὖν, ὡς εἰκός, διηγουμένῳ
+          ταῦτα τοῦ δήμου μεμνῆσθαι καὶ τῆς γερουσίας, ὅπως αὐτὴν ὑπεδέχετο
+          σὺν χαρμονῇ, προθύμως ὑπαντῶντες καὶ δεξιούμενοι καθάπερ νόμος
+          βασιλίδα, καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος, ὡς ἐλευθέριον καὶ
+          μεγαλοπρεπές, καὶ τῆς παρασκευῆς τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ὁπόσα τε ἔνειμε
+          τῶν φυλῶν [D] τοῖς ἐπιστάταις καὶ ἑκατοντάρχαις τοῦ πλήθους
+          ἀπαριθμήσασθαι. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῶν τοιούτων οὔτε ἔδοξέ ποτε ζηλωτὸν
+          οὐδέν, οὔτε ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλω πρὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν πλοῦτον. καίτοι
+          με<a id="noteref_607" name="noteref_607" href=
+          "#note_607"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">607</span></span></a> οὐ
+          λέληθεν ἡ τῶν χρημάτων ἐλευθέριος δαπάνη μετέχουσά τινος ἀρετῆς·
+          ἀλλ᾽ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐπιείκειαν καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ ὅσα
+          δὴ ἄλλα περὶ αὐτῆς λέγων πολλοὺς μὲν καὶ ἄλλους, [130] ἀτὰρ δὴ καὶ
+          ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν καὶ τὰ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ πραχθέντα παρεῖχον μάρτυρα. εἰ δὴ οὖν
+          καὶ ἄλλοι τὴν ἐμὴν εὐγνωμοσύνην ζηλοῦν ἐπιχειρήσειαν, πολλοὺς ἔχει
+          τε ἤδη καὶ ἕξει τοὺς ἐπαινέτας.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For if anyone
+          should suspect that my silence about the rest is vain affectation
+          and empty and insolent pretension, this at least he will not
+          suspect, that the visit which she lately made to Rome,<a id=
+          "noteref_608" name="noteref_608" href="#note_608"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">608</span></span></a> when
+          the Emperor was on his campaign and had crossed the Rhine by
+          bridges of boats near the frontiers of Galatia, is a false and vain
+          invention. I could indeed very properly have given an account of
+          this visit, and described how the people and the senate welcomed
+          her with rejoicings and went to meet her with enthusiasm, and
+          received her as is their custom to receive an Empress, and told the
+          amount of the expenditure, how generous and splendid it was, and
+          the costliness of the preparations, and reckoned up the sums she
+          distributed to the presidents of the tribes and the centurions of
+          the people. But nothing of that sort has ever seemed to me worth
+          while, nor do I wish to praise wealth before virtue. And yet I am
+          aware that the generous spending of money implies a sort of virtue.
+          Nevertheless I rate more highly goodness and temperance and wisdom
+          and all those other qualities of hers that I have described,
+          bringing before you as witnesses not only many others but myself as
+          well and all that she did for me. Now if only others also try to
+          emulate my proper feeling, there are and there will be many to sing
+          her praises.)</p>
+        </div>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span><a name=
+      "Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration IV</span></h1>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a>
+
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration
+          IV</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the fourth
+          century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> poetry was
+          practically extinct, and hymns to the gods were almost always
+          written in prose. Julian's Fourth Oration is, according to the
+          definition of the rhetorician Menander, a φυσικὸς ὕμνος, a hymn
+          that describes the physical qualities of a god. Julian was an
+          uncritical disciple of the later Neo-Platonic school, and
+          apparently reproduces without any important modification the
+          doctrines of its chief representative, the Syrian Iamblichus, with
+          whom begins the decadence of Neo-Platonism as a philosophy.
+          Oriental superstition took the place of the severe spiritualism of
+          Plotinus and his followers, and a philosophy that had been from the
+          first markedly religious, is now expounded by theurgists and the
+          devotees of strange Oriental cults. It is Mithras the Persian
+          sun-god, rather than Apollo, whom Julian identifies with his
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“intellectual god”</span> Helios, and
+          Apollo plays a minor part among his manifestations. Mithras
+          worship, which Tertullian called <span class="tei tei-q">“a Satanic
+          plagiarism of Christianity,”</span> because in certain of its rites
+          it recalled the sacraments of the Christian church, first made its
+          appearance among the Romans in the first century <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span><a id="noteref_609"
+          name="noteref_609" href="#note_609"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">609</span></span></a> Less
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span><a name=
+          "Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hospitably received
+          at first than the cults of Isis and Serapis and the Great Mother of
+          Pessinus, it gradually overpowered them and finally dominated the
+          whole Roman Empire, though it was never welcomed by the Hellenes.
+          For the Romans it supplied the ideals of purity, devotion and
+          self-control which the other cults had lacked. The worshippers of
+          Mithras were taught to contend against the powers of evil,
+          submitted themselves to a severe moral discipline, and their reward
+          after death was to become as pure as the gods to whom they ascend.
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“If Christianity,”</span> says Renan,
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“had been checked in its growth by some
+          deadly disease, the world would have become Mithraic.”</span>
+          Julian, like the Emperor Commodus in the second century, had no
+          doubt been initiated into the Mysteries of Mithras, and the severe
+          discipline of the cult was profoundly attractive to one who had
+          been estranged by early associations from the very similar teaching
+          of the Christians.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Julian followed
+          Plotinus and Iamblichus in making the supreme principle the One
+          (ἓν) or the Good (τὸ ἀγαθὸν) which presides over the intelligible
+          world (νοητὸς κόσμος), where rule Plato's Ideas, now called the
+          intelligible gods (νοητοὶ θεοί). Iamblichus had imported into the
+          Neo-Platonic system the intermediary world of intellectual gods
+          (νοεροὶ θεοί). On them Helios-Mithras, their supreme god and
+          centre, bestows the intelligence and creative and unifying forces
+          that he has received from his transcendental counterpart among the
+          intelligible gods. The third member of the triad is the world of
+          sense-perception governed by the sun, the visible counterpart of
+          Helios. What distinguishes Julian's <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page350">[pg 350]</span><a name="Pg350" id="Pg350" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> triad<a id="noteref_610" name="noteref_610"
+          href="#note_610"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">610</span></span></a> from
+          other Neo-Platonic triads is this hierarchy of three suns in the
+          three worlds: and further, the importance that he gives to the
+          intermediary world, the abode of Helios-Mithras. He pays little
+          attention to the remote intelligible world and devotes his
+          exposition to Helios, the intellectual god, and the visible sun.
+          Helios is the link that relates the three members of the triad. His
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“middleness”</span> (μεσότης) is not only
+          local: he is in every possible sense the mediator and unifier.
+          μεσότης is the Aristotelian word for the <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“mean,”</span> but there is no evidence that it was
+          used with the active sense of mediation before Julian. A passage in
+          Plutarch however seems to indicate that the <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“middleness”</span> of the sun was a Persian doctrine:
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“The principle of good most nearly
+          resembles light, and the principle of evil darkness, and between
+          both is Mithras; therefore the Persians called Mithras the
+          Mediator”</span> (μεσίτης).<a id="noteref_611" name="noteref_611"
+          href="#note_611"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">611</span></span></a>
+          Naville has pointed out the resemblance between the sun as mediator
+          and the Christian Logos, which Julian may have had in mind.
+          Julian's system results in a practically monotheistic worship of
+          Helios, and here he probably parts company with Iamblichus.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But though
+          deeply influenced by Mithraism, Julian was attempting to revive the
+          pagan gods, and if he could not, in the fourth century, restore the
+          ancient faith in the gods of Homer he nevertheless could not omit
+          from his creed the numerous deities whose temples and altars he had
+          rebuilt. Here he took advantage of the identification of Greek,
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name=
+          "Pg351" id="Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Roman, and Oriental
+          deities which had been going on for centuries. The old names,
+          endeared by the associations of literature, could be retained
+          without endangering the supremacy of Helios. Julian identifies
+          Zeus, Helios, Hades, Oceanus and the Egyptian Serapis. But the
+          omnipotent Zeus of Greek mythology is now a creative force which
+          works with Helios and has no separate existence. Tradition had made
+          Athene the child of Zeus, but Julian regards her as the
+          manifestation of the intelligent forethought of Helios. Dionysus is
+          the vehicle of his fairest thoughts, and Aphrodite a principle that
+          emanates from him. He contrives that all the more important gods of
+          Greece, Egypt and Persia shall play their parts as manifestations
+          of Helios. The lesser gods are mediating demons as well as forces.
+          His aim was to provide the Hellenic counterpart of the positive
+          revealed religion of Christianity. Hence his insistence on the
+          inspiration of Homer, Hesiod, and Plato, and his statement<a id=
+          "noteref_612" name="noteref_612" href="#note_612"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">612</span></span></a> that
+          the allegorical interpretations of the mysteries are not mere
+          hypotheses, whereas the doctrines of the astronomers deserve no
+          higher title.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Oration is
+          dedicated to his friend and comrade in arms Sallust who is probably
+          identical with the Neo-Platonic philosopher, of the school of
+          Iamblichus, who wrote about 360 the treatise <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Gods and the
+          World</span></span>. Cumont calls this <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+          official catechism of the Pagan empire,”</span> and Wilamowitz
+          regards it as the positive complement of Julian's pamphlet
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against
+          the Christians</span></span>. Julian's Eighth Oration is a
+          discourse of consolation, παραμυθητικὸς, for the departure of
+          Sallust when Constantius recalled him from Gaul in 358.</p>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg 352]</span><a name=
+        "Pg352" id="Pg352" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg353" id=
+        "Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ
+          ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian,
+          Caesar)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ
+          ΗΛΙΟΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΣΑΛΟΥΣΤΙΟΝ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Hymn To King
+          Helios. Dedicated To Sallust)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Προσήκειν
+          ὑπολαμβάνω τοῦ λόγου τοῦδε μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασιν,</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What I am now
+          about to say I consider to be of the greatest importance for all
+          things)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει τε καὶ
+                ἕρπει,</span><a id="noteref_613" name="noteref_613" href=
+                "#note_613"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style=
+                "text-align: left"><span style=
+                "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">613</span></span></a>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">That
+            breathe and move upon the earth,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ τοῦ εἶναι
+          καὶ λογικῆς ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ μετείληφεν, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ τῶν ἄλλων
+          ἁπάντων ἐμαυτῷ· καὶ γάρ εἰμι τοῦ βασιλέως ὀπαδὸς Ἡλίου. [C] τούτου
+          δὲ ἔχω μὲν οἴκοι παρ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ τὰς πίστεις ἀκριβεστέρας· ὃ δέ μοι
+          θέμις εἰπεῖν καὶ ἀνεμέσητον, ἐντέτηκέ μοι δεινὸς ἐκ παίδων τῶν
+          αὐγῶν τοῦ θεοῦ πόθος, καὶ πρὸς τὸ φῶς οὕτω δὴ τὸ αἰθέριον ἐκ
+          παιδαρίου κομιδῇ τὴν διάνοιαν ἐξιστάμην, ὥστε οὐκ εἰς αὐτὸν μόνον
+          ἀτενὲς ὁρᾶν ἐπεθύμουν, ἀλλὰ καί, εἴ ποτε νύκτωρ ἀνεφέλου καὶ
+          καθαρᾶς αἰθρίας οὔσης προέλθοιμι, [D] πάντα ἀθρόως ἀφεὶς τοῖς
+          οὐρανίοις προσεῖχον κάλλεσιν, οὐκέτι ξυνιεὶς οὐδὲν εἴ τις λέγοι τι
+          πρός με οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὅ τι πράττοιμι προσέχων. ἐδόκουν τε
+          περιεργότερον ἔχειν πρὸς αὐτὰ καὶ πολυπράγμων τις εἶναι, καί
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span><a name=
+          "Pg354" id="Pg354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg355" id=
+          "Pg355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μέ τις ἤδη [131] ἀστρόμαντιν
+          ὑπέλαβεν ἄρτι γενειήτην. καίτοι μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὔποτε τοιαύτη βίβλος
+          εἰς ἐμὰς ἀφῖκτο χεῖρας, οὐδὲ ἠπιστάμην ὅ τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ χρῆμά πω
+          τότε.<a id="noteref_614" name="noteref_614" href=
+          "#note_614"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">614</span></span></a> ἀλλὰ
+          τί ταῦτα ἐγώ φημι, μείζω ἔχων εἰπεῖν, εἰ φράσαιμι ὅπως ἐφρόνουν τὸ
+          τηνικαῦτα περὶ θεῶν; λήθη δὲ ἔστω τοῦ σκότους ἐκείνου. τοῦ<a id=
+          "noteref_615" name="noteref_615" href="#note_615"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">615</span></span></a> δὲ
+          ὅτι με τὸ οὐράνιον πάντη περιήστραπτε φῶς ἤγειρέ τε καὶ παρώξυνεν
+          ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν, ὥστε ἤδη καὶ τῆς σελήνης τὴν ἐναντίαν πρὸς τὸ πᾶν
+          αὐτὸς ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ κίνησιν ξυνεῖδον, [B] οὐδενί πω ξυντυχὼν τῶν τὰ
+          τοιαῦτα φιλοσοφούντων, ἔστω μοι τὰ ῥηθέντα σημεῖα. ζηλῶ μὲν οὖν
+          ἔγωγε τῆς εὐποτμίας καὶ εἴ τῳ τὸ σῶμα παρέσχε θεὸς ἐξ ἱεροῦ καὶ
+          προφητικοῦ συμπαγὲν σπέρματος ἀναλαβόντι σοφίας ἀνοῖξαι θησαυρούς·
+          οὐκ ἀτιμάζω δὲ ταύτην, ἧς ἠξιώθην αὐτὸς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε
+          μερίδος, ἐν τῷ κρατοῦντι καὶ βασιλεύοντι τῆς γῆς γένει τοῖς κατ᾽
+          ἐμαυτὸν χρόνοις γενόμενος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἡγοῦμαι,<a id="noteref_616"
+          name="noteref_616" href="#note_616"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">616</span></span></a> εἴπερ
+          χρὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς σοφοῖς, ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων εἶναι τοῦτον κοινὸν
+          πατέρα. λέγεται γὰρ ὀρθῶς ἄνθρωπος ἄνθροπων γεννᾶν καὶ ἥλιος,<a id=
+          "noteref_617" name="noteref_617" href="#note_617"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">617</span></span></a> ψυχὰς
+          οὐκ ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν σπείρων<a id=
+          "noteref_618" name="noteref_618" href="#note_618"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">618</span></span></a> εἰς
+          γῆν,<a id="noteref_619" name="noteref_619" href=
+          "#note_619"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">619</span></span></a> ἐφ᾽ ὅ
+          τι δὲ χρῆμα δηλοῦσιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page356">[pg
+          356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὗται τοῖς βίοις, οὗς προαιροῦνται. κάλλιστον
+          μὲν οὖν, εἴ τῳ ξυνηνέχθη καὶ πρὸ τριγονίας ἀπὸ πολλῶν πάνυ
+          προπατόρων ἐφεξῆς τῷ θεῷ δουλεῦσαι, μεμπτὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ὅστις, [D]
+          ἐπεγνωκὼς ἑαυτὸν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε θεράποντα φύσει, μόνος ἐξ ἁπάντων ἢ
+          ξὺν ὀλίγοις αὑτὸν ἐπιδίδωσι τῇ θεραπείᾳ τοῦ δεσπότου.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and have a
+          share in existence and a reasoning soul<a id="noteref_620" name=
+          "noteref_620" href="#note_620"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">620</span></span></a> and
+          intelligence, but above all others it is of importance to myself.
+          For I am a follower of King Helios. And of this fact I possess
+          within me, known to myself alone, proofs more certain that I can
+          give.<a id="noteref_621" name="noteref_621" href=
+          "#note_621"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">621</span></span></a> But
+          this at least I am permitted to say without sacrilege, that from my
+          childhood an extraordinary longing for the rays of the god
+          penetrated deep into my soul; and from my earliest years my mind
+          was so completely swayed by the light that illumines the heavens
+          that not only did I desire to gaze intently at the sun, but
+          whenever I walked abroad in the night season, when the firmament
+          was clear and cloudless, I abandoned all else without exception and
+          gave myself up to the beauties of the heavens; nor did I understand
+          what anyone might say to me, nor heed what I was doing myself. I
+          was considered to be over-curious about these matters and to pay
+          too much attention to them, and people went so far as to regard me
+          as an astrologer when my beard had only just begun to grow. And
+          yet, I call heaven to witness, never had a book on this subject
+          come into my hands; nor did I as yet even know what that science
+          was. But why do I mention this, when I have more important things
+          to tell, if I should relate how, in those days, I thought about the
+          gods? However let that darkness<a id="noteref_622" name=
+          "noteref_622" href="#note_622"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">622</span></span></a> be
+          buried in oblivion. But let what I have said bear witness to this
+          fact, that the heavenly light shone all about me, and that it
+          roused and urged me on to its contemplation, so that even then I
+          recognised of myself that the movement of the moon was in the
+          opposite direction to the universe, though as yet I had met no one
+          of those who are wise in these matters. Now for my part I envy the
+          good fortune of any man to whom the god has granted to inherit a
+          body built of the seed of holy and inspired ancestors, so that he
+          can unlock the treasures of wisdom; nor do I despise that lot with
+          which I was myself endowed by the god Helios, that I should be born
+          of a house that rules and governs the world in my time; but
+          further, I regard this god, if we may believe the wise, as the
+          common father of all mankind.<a id="noteref_623" name="noteref_623"
+          href="#note_623"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">623</span></span></a> For
+          it is said with truth that man and the sun together beget man, and
+          that the god sows this earth with souls which proceed not from
+          himself alone but from the other gods also; and for what purpose,
+          the souls reveal by the kind of lives that they select. Now far the
+          best thing is when anyone has the fortune to have inherited the
+          service of the god, even before the third generation, from a long
+          and unbroken line of ancestors; yet it is not a thing to be
+          disparaged when anyone, recognising that he is by nature intended
+          to be the servant of Helios, either alone of all men, or in company
+          with but few, devotes himself to the service of his master.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Φέρε οὖν, ὅπως
+          ἂν οἷοί τε ὦμεν, ὑμνήσωμεν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἑορτήν, ἣν ἡ βασιλεύουσα πόλις
+          ἐπετησίοις ἀγάλλει θυσίαις. ἔστι μὲν οὖν, εὖ οἶδα, χαλεπὸν καὶ τὸ
+          ξυνεῖναι περὶ αὐτοῦ μόνον, ὁπόσος τίς ἐστιν ὁ ἀφανὴς [132] ἐκ τοῦ
+          φανεροῦ λογισαμένῳ, φράσαι δὲ ἴσως ἀδύνατον, εἰ καὶ τῆς ἀξίας
+          ἔλαττον ἐθελήσειέ τις. ἐφικέσθαι μὲν γὰρ τοῦ πρὸς ἀξίαν εὖ οἶδα ὅτι
+          τῶν ἁπάντων οὐδεὶς ἂν δύναιτο, τοῦ μετρίου δὲ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν ἐν τοῖς
+          ἐπαίνοις τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι φράζειν
+          δυνάμεως. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τούτου παρασταίη βοηθὸς ὅ τε λόγιος<a id=
+          "noteref_624" name="noteref_624" href="#note_624"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">624</span></span></a> Ἑρμῆς
+          ξὺν ταῖς Μούσαις ὅ τε Μουσηγέτης Ἀπόλλων,<a id="noteref_625" name=
+          "noteref_625" href="#note_625"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">625</span></span></a> [B]
+          ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ προσήκει τῶν λόγων, καὶ δοῖεν δὲ εἰπεῖν ὁπόσα τοῖς
+          θεοῖς φίλα λέγεσθαί τε καὶ πιστεύεσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν. τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος
+          ἔσται τῶν ἐπαίνων; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι περὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ὅθεν
+          προῆλθε καὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν διελθόντες, ὁπόσαι
+          φανεραὶ ὅσαι τ᾽ ἀφανεῖς, καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόσεως, ἣν κατὰ
+          πάντας ποιεῖται τοὺς κόσμους, οὐ παντάπασιν <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg359" id="Pg359" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπᾴδοντα ποιησόμεθα τῷ θεῷ τὰ ἐγκώμια; [C]
+          ἀρκτέον δὲ ἐνθένδε.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Come then, let
+          me celebrate, as best I may, his festival which the Imperial
+          city<a id="noteref_626" name="noteref_626" href=
+          "#note_626"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">626</span></span></a>
+          adorns with annual sacrifices.<a id="noteref_627" name=
+          "noteref_627" href="#note_627"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">627</span></span></a> Now
+          it is hard, as I well know, merely to comprehend how great is the
+          Invisible, if one judge by his visible self,<a id="noteref_628"
+          name="noteref_628" href="#note_628"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">628</span></span></a> and
+          to tell it is perhaps impossible, even though one should consent to
+          fall short of what is his due. For well I know that no one in the
+          world could attain to a description that would be worthy of him,
+          and not to fail of a certain measure of success in his praises is
+          the greatest height to which human beings can attain in the power
+          of utterance. But as for me, may Hermes, the god of eloquence,
+          stand by my side to aid me, and the Muses also and Apollo, the
+          leader of the Muses, since he too has oratory for his province, and
+          may they grant that I utter only what the gods approve that men
+          should say and believe about them. What, then, shall be the manner
+          of my praise? Or is it not evident that if I describe his substance
+          and his origin, and his powers and energies, both visible and
+          invisible, and the gift of blessings which he bestows throughout
+          all the worlds,<a id="noteref_629" name="noteref_629" href=
+          "#note_629"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">629</span></span></a> I
+          shall compose an encomium not wholly displeasing to the god? With
+          these, then, let me begin.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ θεῖος οὗτος
+          καὶ πάγκαλος κόσμος ἀπ᾽ ἄκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ μέχρι γῆς ἐσχάτης ὑπὸ
+          τῆς ἀλύτου συνεχόμενος τοῦ θεοῦ προνοίας ἐξ ἀιδίου γέγονεν
+          ἀγέννητος<a id="noteref_630" name="noteref_630" href=
+          "#note_630"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">630</span></span></a> ἔς τε
+          τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον ἀίδιος, οὐχ ὑπ᾽ ἄλλου του φρουρούμενος ἢ
+          προσεχῶς μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος, οὗ τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστιν ἀκτὶς
+          ἀελίου,<a id="noteref_631" name="noteref_631" href=
+          "#note_631"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">631</span></span></a> βαθμῷ
+          δὲ ὥσπερ δευτέρῳ τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου, πρεσβυτέρως δὲ ἔτι διὰ τὸν
+          πάντων βασιλέα, περὶ ὃν πάντα ἐστίν. [D] οὗτος τοίνυν, εἴτε τὸ
+          ἐπέκεινα τοῦ νοῦ καλεῖν αὐτὸν θέμις εἴτε ἰδέαν τῶν ὄντων, ὃ δή φημι
+          τὸ νοητὸν ξύμπαν, εἴτε ἕν, ἐπειδὴ πάντων τὸ ἓν δοκεῖ πως
+          πρεσβύτατον, εἴτε ὃ Πλάτων εἴωθεν ὀνομάζειν τἀγαθόν, αὕτη δὴ οὖν ἡ
+          μονοειδὴς τῶν ὅλων αἰτία, πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἐξηγουμένη κάλλους τε καὶ
+          τελειότητος ἑνώσεώς τε καὶ δυνάμεως ἀμηχάνου, κατὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ
+          μένουσαν πρωτουργὸν οὐσίαν μέσον ἐκ μέσων τῶν νοερῶν [133] καὶ
+          δημιουργικῶν αἰτιῶν Ἥλιον θεὸν μέγιστον ἀνέφηνεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ πάντα
+          ὅμοιον ἑαυτῷ· καθάπερ καὶ ὁ δαιμόνιος οἴεται Πλάτων, <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Τοῦτον τοίνυν,”</span> λέγων, <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, φάναι με λέγειν τὸν τοῦ <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span><a name="Pg360" id="Pg360"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀγαθοῦ ἔκγονον, ὃν τἀγαθὸν ἐγέννησεν ἀνάλογον
+          ἑαυτῷ, ὅτιπερ αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τόπῳ πρός τε νοῦν καὶ τὰ νοούμενα,
+          τοῦτο τοῦτον ἐν τῷ ὁρατῷ πρός τε ὄψιν καὶ τὰ ὁρώμενα.”</span><a id=
+          "noteref_632" name="noteref_632" href="#note_632"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">632</span></span></a> ἔχει
+          μὲν δὴ τὸ φῶς αὐτοῦ ταύτην οἶμαι τὴν ἀναλογίαν πρὸς τὸ ὁρατόν,
+          ἥνπερ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἁλήθεια.<a id="noteref_633" name="noteref_633"
+          href="#note_633"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">633</span></span></a> αὐτὸς
+          δὲ ὁ ξύμπας, ἅτε δὴ τοῦ πρώτου [B] καὶ μεγίστου τῆς ἐδέας τἀγαθοῦ
+          γεγονὼς ἔκγονος, ὑποστὰς αὐτοῦ περὶ τὴν μόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἀιδίου
+          καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς παρεδέξατο δυναστείαν, ὧν τἀγαθόν
+          ἐστι τοῖς νοητοῖς αἴτιον, ταῦτα αὐτὸς τοῖς νοεροῖς νέμων. ἔστι δ᾽
+          αἴτιον οἶμαι τἀγαθὸν τοῖς νοητοῖς θεοῖς κάλλους, οὐσίας,
+          τελειότητος, ἑνώσεως, συνέχον αὐτὰ καὶ περιλάμπον ἀγαθοειδεῖ
+          δυνάμει· ταῦτα δὴ καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] Ἥλιος δίδωσιν, ἄρχειν καὶ
+          βασιλεύειν αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τἀγαθοῦ τεταγμένος, εἰ καὶ συμπροῆλθον αὐτῷ
+          καὶ συνυπέστησαν, ὅπως οἶαμι καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς ἀγαθοειδὴς
+          αἰτία προκαθηγουμένη τῶν ἀγαθῶν πᾶσιν ἅπαντα κατὰ νοῦν εὐθύνῃ.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This divine and
+          wholly beautiful universe, from the highest vault of heaven to the
+          lowest limit of the earth, is held together by the continuous
+          providence of the god, has existed from eternity ungenerated, is
+          imperishable for all time to come, and is guarded immediately by
+          nothing else than the Fifth Substance<a id="noteref_634" name=
+          "noteref_634" href="#note_634"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">634</span></span></a> whose
+          culmination is the beams of the sun; and in the second and higher
+          degree, so to speak, by the intelligible world; but in a still
+          loftier sense it is guarded by the King of the whole universe, who
+          is the centre of all things that exist. He, therefore, whether it
+          is right to call him the Supra-Intelligible, or the Idea of Being,
+          and by Being I mean the whole intelligible region, or the One,
+          since the One seems somehow to be prior to all the rest, or, to use
+          Plato's name for him, the Good; at any rate this uncompounded cause
+          of the whole reveals to all existence beauty, and perfection, and
+          oneness, and irresistible power; and in virtue of the primal
+          creative substance that abides in it, produced, as middle among the
+          middle and intellectual, creative causes, Helios the most mighty
+          god, proceeding from itself and in all things like unto itself.
+          Even so the divine Plato believed, when he writes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Therefore (said I) when I spoke of this, understand
+          that I meant the offspring of the Good which the Good begat in his
+          own likeness, and that what the Good is in relation to pure reason
+          and its objects in the intelligible world, such is the sun in the
+          visible world in relation to sight and its objects.”</span>
+          Accordingly his light has the same relation to the visible world as
+          truth has to the intelligible world. And he himself as a whole,
+          since he is the son of what is first and greatest, namely, the Idea
+          of the Good, and subsists from eternity in the region of its
+          abiding substance, has received also the dominion among the
+          intellectual gods, and himself dispenses to the intellectual gods
+          those things of which the Good is the cause for the intelligible
+          gods. Now the Good is, I suppose, the cause for the intelligible
+          gods of beauty, existence, perfection, and oneness, connecting
+          these and illuminating them with a power that works for good. These
+          accordingly Helios bestows on the intellectual gods also, since he
+          has been appointed by the Good to rule and govern them, even though
+          they came forth and came into being together with him, and this
+          was, I suppose, in order that the cause which resembles the Good
+          may guide the intellectual gods to blessings for them all, and may
+          regulate all things according to pure reason.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτος
+          ὁ φαινόμενος οὑτοσί δίσκος ἐναργῶς αἴτιός ἐστι τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς τῆς
+          σωτηρίας, καὶ ὅσων ἔφαμεν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς τὸν μέγαν <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg363" id="Pg363" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ἥλιον, τοσούτων αἴτιος<a id="noteref_635"
+          name="noteref_635" href="#note_635"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">635</span></span></a> καὶ ὁ
+          φαινόμενος ὅδε τοῖς φανεροῖς. τούτων δ᾽ ἐναργεῖς αἱ πίστεις ἐκ τῶν
+          φαινομένων [D] τὰ ἀφανῆ σκοποῦντι.<a id="noteref_636" name=
+          "noteref_636" href="#note_636"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">636</span></span></a> φέρε
+          δὴ πρῶτον αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς οὐκ εἶδός ἐστιν ἀσώματόν τι θεῖον τοῦ κατ᾽
+          ἐνέργειαν διαφανοῦς; αὐτὸ δὲ ὅ, τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ διαφανές, πᾶσι μὲν
+          ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν συνυποκείμενον τοῖς στοιχείοις καὶ ὂν αὐτῶν προσεχὲς
+          εἶδος, οὐ σωματοειδὲς οὐδὲ συμμιγνύμενον οὐδὲ τὰς οἰκείας σώματι
+          προσιέμενον ποιότητας. οὔκουν ἰδίαν αὐτοῦ θέρμην ἐρεῖς,<a id=
+          "noteref_637" name="noteref_637" href="#note_637"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">637</span></span></a> οὐ
+          τὴν ἐναντίαν αὐτῇ ψυχρότητα, οὐ τὸ σκληρόν, οὐ τὸ μαλακὸν
+          ἀποδώσεις, [134] οὐδ᾽ ἄλλην τινὰ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἁφὴν διαφορῶν, οὔκουν
+          οὐδὲ γεῦσιν οὐδὲ ὀδμήν, ὄψει δὲ μόνον ὑποπίπτει πρὸς ἐνέργειαν ὑπὸ
+          τοῦ φωτὸς ἡ τοιαύτη φύσις ἀγομένη. τὸ δὲ φῶς εἶδός ἐστι ταύτης οἷον
+          ὕλης ὑπεστρωμένης καὶ παρεκτεινομένης τοῖς σώμασιν. αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ
+          φωτὸς ὄντος ἀσωμάτου ἀκρότης ἂν εἴη τις καὶ ὥσπερ ἄνθος ἀκτῖνες. ἡ
+          μὲν οὖν τῶν Φοινίκων δόξα, σοφῶν τὰ θεῖα καὶ ἐπιστημόνων, ἄχραντον
+          εἶναι ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαροῦ [B] νοῦ τὴν ἁπανταχῇ προϊοῦσαν
+          αὐγὴν ἔφη· οὐκ ἀπᾴδει δὲ οὐδὲ ὁ λόγος, εἴπερ αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς ἀσώματον,
+          εἴ τις αὐτοῦ μηδὲ τὴν πηγὴν ὑπολάβοι σῶμα, νοῦ δὲ ἐνέργειαν
+          ἄχραντον εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἕδραν ἐλλαμπομένην, ἣ <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span><a name="Pg364" id="Pg364"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ τὸ μέσον εἴληχεν, ὅθεν
+          ἐπιλάμπουσα πάσης μὲν εὐτονίας πληροῖ τοὺς οὐρανίους κύκλους, πάντα
+          δὲ περιλάμπει θείῳ καὶ ἀχράντῳ φωτί. τὰ μέντοι ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς ἔργα
+          προϊόντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ μετρίως γε<a id="noteref_638" name=
+          "noteref_638" href="#note_638"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">638</span></span></a> ἡμῖν
+          ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἴρηται<a id="noteref_639" name="noteref_639" href=
+          "#note_639"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">639</span></span></a> καὶ
+          ῥηθήσεται μετ᾽ ὀλίγον. [C] ὄσα δὲ ὁρῶμεν αὐτῇ πρῶτον ὄψει ὄνομα
+          μόνον ἐστὶν ἔργου τητώμενον, εἰ μὴ προσλάβοι τὴν τοῦ φωτὸς
+          ἡγεμονικὴν βοήθειαν. ὁρατὸν δὲ ὅλως εἴη ἂν τί μὴ φωτὶ πρῶτον ὥσπερ
+          ὕλη τεχνίτῃ προσαχθέν, ἵν᾽ οἶμαι τὸ εἶδος δέξηται; καὶ γὰρ τὸ
+          χρυσίον ἁπλῶς οὑτωσὶ κεχυμένον ἔστι μὲν χρυσίον, οὐ μὴν ἄγαλμα οὐδὲ
+          εἰκών, πρὶν ἂν ὁ τεχνίτης αὐτῷ περιθῇ τὴν μορφήν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅσα
+          πέφυκεν ὁρᾶσθαι μὴ ξὺν [D] φωτὶ τοῖς ὁρῶσι προσαγόμενα τοῦ ὁρατὰ
+          εἶναι παντάπασιν ἐστέρηται. διδοὺς οὖν τοῖς τε ὁρῶσι τὸ ὁρᾶν τοῖς
+          τε ὁρωμένοις τὸ ὁρᾶσθαι δύο φύσεις ἐνεργείᾳ μιᾷ τελειοῖ, ὄψιν καὶ
+          ὁρατόν· αἱ δὲ τελειότητες εἴδη τέ εἰσι καὶ οὐσία.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But this
+          visible disc also, third<a id="noteref_640" name="noteref_640"
+          href="#note_640"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">640</span></span></a> in
+          rank, is clearly, for the objects of sense-perception the cause of
+          preservation, and this visible Helios<a id="noteref_641" name=
+          "noteref_641" href="#note_641"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">641</span></span></a> is
+          the cause for the visible gods<a id="noteref_642" name=
+          "noteref_642" href="#note_642"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">642</span></span></a> of
+          just as many blessings as we said mighty Helios bestows on the
+          intellectual gods. And of this there are clear proofs for one who
+          studies the unseen world in the light of things seen. For in the
+          first place, is not light itself a sort of incorporeal and divine
+          form of the transparent in a state of activity? And as for the
+          transparent itself, whatever it is, since it is the underlying
+          basis, so to speak, of all the elements, and is a form peculiarly
+          belonging to them, it is not like the corporeal or compounded, nor
+          does it admit qualities peculiar to corporeal substance.<a id=
+          "noteref_643" name="noteref_643" href="#note_643"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">643</span></span></a> You
+          will not therefore say that heat is a property of the transparent,
+          or its opposite cold, nor will you assign to it hardness or
+          softness or any other of the various attributes connected with
+          touch or taste or smell; but a nature of this sort is obvious to
+          sight alone, since it is brought into activity by light. And light
+          is a form of this substance, so to speak, which is the substratum
+          of and coextensive with the heavenly bodies. And of light, itself
+          incorporeal, the culmination and flower, so to speak, is the sun's
+          rays. Now the doctrine of the Phoenicians, who were wise and
+          learned in sacred lore, declared that the rays of light everywhere
+          diffused are the undefiled incarnation of pure mind. And in harmony
+          with this is our theory, seeing that light itself is incorporeal,
+          if one should regard its fountainhead, not as corporeal, but as the
+          undefiled activity of mind<a id="noteref_644" name="noteref_644"
+          href="#note_644"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">644</span></span></a>
+          pouring light into its own abode: and this is assigned to the
+          middle of the whole firmament, whence it sheds its rays and fills
+          the heavenly spheres with vigour of every kind and illumines all
+          things with light divine and undefiled. Now the activities
+          proceeding from it and exercised among the gods have been, in some
+          measure at least, described by me a little earlier and will shortly
+          be further spoken of. But all that we see merely with the sight at
+          first is a name only, deprived of activity, unless we add thereto
+          the guidance and aid of light. For what, speaking generally, could
+          be seen, were it not first brought into touch with light in order
+          that, I suppose, it may receive a form, as matter is brought under
+          the hand of a craftsman? And indeed molten gold in the rough is
+          simply gold, and not yet a statue or an image, until the craftsman
+          give it its proper shape. So too all the objects of sight, unless
+          they are brought under the eyes of the beholder together with
+          light, are altogether deprived of visibility. Accordingly by giving
+          the power of sight to those who see, and the power of being seen to
+          the objects of sight, it brings to perfection, by means of a single
+          activity, two faculties, namely vision and visibility.<a id=
+          "noteref_645" name="noteref_645" href="#note_645"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">645</span></span></a> And
+          in forms and substance are expressed its perfecting powers.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν
+          ἴσως λεπτότερον· ᾧ δὲ παρακολουθοῦμεν ξύμπαντες, ἀμαθεῖς καὶ
+          ἰδιῶται, φιλόσοφοι καὶ λόγιοι, τίνα ἐν τῷ παντὶ δύναμιν ἀνίσχων
+          ἔχει καὶ καταδυόμενος ὁ θεός; νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν ἐργάζεται καὶ
+          μεθίστησι φανερῶς καὶ τρέπει τὸ πᾶν. [135] καίτοι τίνι τοῦτο
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span><a name=
+          "Pg366" id="Pg366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg367" id=
+          "Pg367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων ὑπάρχει; πῶς
+          οὖν οὐκ ἐκ τούτων ἤδη καὶ περὶ τῶν θειοτέρων πιστεύομεν, ὡς ἄρα καὶ
+          τὰ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀφανῆ καὶ θεῖα νοερῶν θεῶν γένη τῆς ἀγαθοειδοῦς
+          ἀποπληροῦται παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως, ᾧ πᾶς μὲν ὑπείκει χορὸς ἀστέρων,
+          ἕπεται δὲ ἡ γένεσις ὑπὸ τῆς τούτου κυβερνωμένη προμηθείας; [B] οἱ
+          μὲν γὰρ πλάνητες<a id="noteref_646" name="noteref_646" href=
+          "#note_646"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">646</span></span></a> ὅτι
+          περὶ αὐτὸν ὥσπερ βασιλέα χορεύοντες ἔν τισιν ὡρισμένοις πρὸς αὐτὸν
+          διαστήμασιν ἁρμοδιώτατα φέρονται κύκλῳ, στηριγμούς τινας ποιούμενοι
+          καὶ πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω πορείαν, ὡς οἱ τῆς σφαιρικῆς ἐπιστήμονες
+          θεωρίας ὀνομάζουσι τὰ περὶ αὐτοὺς φαινόμενα, καὶ ὡς τὸ τῆς σελήνης
+          αὔξεται καὶ λήγει φῶς, πρὸς τὴν ἀπόστασιν ἡλίου πάσχον, πᾶσί που
+          δῆλον. πῶς οὖν οὐκ εἰκότως καὶ τὴν πρεσβυτέραν τῶν σωμάτων ἐν τοῖς
+          νοεροῖς [C] θεοῖς διακόσμησιν ὑπολαμβάνομεν ἀνάλογον ἔχειν τῇ
+          τοιαύτῃ τάξει;</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However, this
+          is perhaps somewhat subtle; but as for that guide whom we all
+          follow, ignorant and unlearned, philosophers and rhetoricians, what
+          power in the universe has this god when he rises and sets? Night
+          and day he creates, and before our eyes changes and sways the
+          universe. But to which of the other heavenly bodies does this power
+          belong? How then can we now fail to believe, in view of this, in
+          respect also to things more divine that the invisible and divine
+          tribes of intellectual gods above the heavens are filled with power
+          that works for good by him, even by him to whom the whole band of
+          the heavenly bodies yields place, and whom all generated things
+          follow, piloted by his providence? For that the planets dance about
+          him as their king, in certain intervals, fixed in relation to him,
+          and revolve in a circle with perfect accord, making certain halts,
+          and pursuing to and fro their orbit,<a id="noteref_647" name=
+          "noteref_647" href="#note_647"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">647</span></span></a> as
+          those who are learned in the study of the spheres call their
+          visible motions; and that the light of the moon waxes and wanes
+          varying in proportion to its distance from the sun, is, I think,
+          clear to all. Then is it not natural that we should suppose that
+          the more venerable ordering of bodies among the intellectual gods
+          corresponds to this arrangement?)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λάβωμεν οὖν ἐξ
+          ἁπάντων τὸ μὲν τελεσιουργὸν ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς ἀποφαίνειν ὁρᾶν τὰ
+          ὁρατικά· τελειοῖ γὰρ αὐτὰ διὰ τοῦ φωτός· τὸ δὲ δημιουργικὸν καὶ
+          γόνιμον<a id="noteref_648" name="noteref_648" href=
+          "#note_648"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">648</span></span></a> ἀπὸ
+          τῆς περὶ τὸ ξύμπαν μεταβολῆς, τὸ δὲ ἐν ἑνὶ πόντων συνεκτικὸν ἀπὸ
+          τῆς περὶ τὰς κινήσεις πρὸς ἓν καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ συμφωνίας, τὸ δὲ μέσον ἐξ
+          αὐτοῦ<a id="noteref_649" name="noteref_649" href=
+          "#note_649"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">649</span></span></a>
+          μέσου, τὸ δὲ τοῖς νοεροῖς αὐτὸν ἐνιδρύσθαι βασιλέα ἐκ τῆς ἐν τοῖς
+          πλανωμένοις μέσης τάξεως. [D] εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα περί τινα
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg 368]</span><a name=
+          "Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg369" id=
+          "Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν ὁρῶμεν θεῶν ἢ
+          τοσαῦτα ἕτερα, μή τοι τούτῳ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἡγεμονίαν
+          προσνείμωμεν· εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν αὐτῷ κοινὸν πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους
+          ἔξω τὴς ἀγαθοεργίας, ἧς καὶ αὐτῆς μεταδέδωσι τοῖς πᾶσι,
+          μαρτυράμενοι τούς τε Κυπρίων ἱερέας, οἱ κοινοὺς ἀποφαίνουσι βωμοὺς
+          Ἡλίῳ καὶ Διί, πρὸ τούτων δὲ ἔτι τὸν Ἀπόλλω<a id="noteref_650" name=
+          "noteref_650" href="#note_650"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">650</span></span></a>
+          συνεδρεύοντα τῷ θεῷ τῷδε παρακαλέσαντες μάρτυρα· φησὶ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς
+          οὗτος <span class="tei tei-q">“Εἷς Ζεύς, εἷς Ἀίδης, [136] εἷς Ἥλιός
+          ἐστι Σέραπις· κοινὴν ὑπολάβωμεν”</span>, μᾶλλον δὲ μίαν Ἡλίου καὶ
+          Διὸς ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς δυναστείαν· ὅθεν μοι δοκεῖ καὶ Πλάτων
+          οὐκ ἀπεικότως φρόνιμον θεὸν Ἅιδην ὀνομάσαι. καλοῦμεν δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν
+          τοῦτον καὶ Σάραπιν, τὸν ἀιδῆ δηλονότι καὶ νοερόν, πρὸς ὅν
+          φησιν<a id="noteref_651" name="noteref_651" href=
+          "#note_651"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">651</span></span></a> ἄνω
+          πορεύεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἄριστα βιωσάντων καὶ δικαιότατα. μὴ γὰρ δή
+          τις ὑπολάβῃ τοῦτον, [B] ὃν οἱ μῦθοι πείθουσι φρίττειν, ἀλλὰ τὸν
+          πρᾷον καὶ μείλιχον, ὃς ἀπολύει παντελῶς τῆς γενέσεως τὰς ψυχάς,
+          οὐχὶ δὲ λυθείσας αὐτὰς σώμασιν ἑτέροις προσηλοῖ<a id="noteref_652"
+          name="noteref_652" href="#note_652"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">652</span></span></a>
+          κολάζων καὶ πραττόμενος δίκας, ἀλλὰ πορεύων ἄνω καὶ ἀνατείνων τὰς
+          ψυχὰς ἐπὶ τὸν νοητὸν κόσμον. ὅτι δὲ οὐδὲ νεαρὰ παντελῶς ἐστιν ἡ
+          δόξα, προύλαβον δὲ αὐτὴν οἱ πρεσβύτατοι τῶν ποιητῶν, <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name="Pg370" id="Pg370"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg371" id="Pg371" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ὅμηρός τε καὶ Ἡσίοδος, εἴτε καὶ νοοῦντες
+          οὅτως εἴτε καὶ ἐπιπνοίᾳ θείᾳ καθάπερ οἱ μάντεις ἐνθουσιῶντες πρὸς
+          τὴν ἀλήθειαν, [C] ἐνθένδ᾽ ἂν γίγνοιτο γνώριμον. ὁ μὲν γενεαλογῶν
+          αὐτὸν Ὑπερίονος ἔφη καὶ Θείας, μόνον οὐχὶ διὰ τούτων αἰνιττόμενος
+          τοῦ πάντων ὑπερέχοντος αὐτὸν ἔκγονον<a id="noteref_653" name=
+          "noteref_653" href="#note_653"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">653</span></span></a>
+          γνήσιον φῦναι· ὁ γὰρ Ὑπερίων τίς ἂν ἕτερος εἴη παρὰ τοῦτον; ἡ Θεία
+          δὲ αὐτὴ τρόπον ἕτερον οὐ τὸ θειότατον τῶν ὄντων λέγεται; μὴ δὲ
+          συνδυασμὸν μηδὲ γάμους ὑπολαμβάνωμεν, ἄπιστα καὶ παράδοξα ποιητικῆς
+          μούσης ἀθύρματα. [D] πατέρα δὲ αὐτοῦ καὶ γεννήτορα νομίζωμεν τὸν
+          θειότατον καὶ ὑπέρτατον· τοιοῦτος δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος<a id=
+          "noteref_654" name="noteref_654" href="#note_654"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">654</span></span></a> εἴη
+          τοῦ πάντων ἐπέκεινα καὶ περὶ ὃν πάντα καὶ οὗ ἕνεκα πάντα ἐστίν;
+          Ὅμηρος δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς Ὑπερίονα καλεῖ,<a id="noteref_655"
+          name="noteref_655" href="#note_655"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">655</span></span></a> καὶ
+          δείκνυσί γε αὐτοῦ τὸ αὐτεξούσιον καὶ πάσης ἀνάγκης κρεῖττον. ὁ γάρ
+          τοι Ζεύς, ὡς ἐκεῖνός φησιν, ἁπάντων ὢν κύριος τοὺς ἄλλους
+          προσαναγκάζει· ἐν δὲ τῷ μύθῳ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λέγοντος,<a id=
+          "noteref_656" name="noteref_656" href="#note_656"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">656</span></span></a> ὅτι
+          ἄρα διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τῶν Ὀδυσσέως ἑταίρων [137] ἀπολείψει τὸν
+          Ὄλυμπον, οὐκέτι φησίν</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Let us
+          therefore comprehend, out of all his functions, first his power to
+          perfect, from the fact that he makes visible the objects of sight
+          in the universe, for through his light he perfects them; secondly,
+          his creative and generative power from the changes wrought by him
+          in the universe; thirdly, his power to link together all things
+          into one whole, from the harmony of his motions towards one and the
+          same goal; fourthly, his middle station we can comprehend from
+          himself, who is midmost; and fifthly, the fact that he is
+          established as king among the intellectual gods, from his middle
+          station among the planets. Now if we see that these powers, or
+          powers of similar importance, belong to any one of the other
+          visible deities, let us not assign to Helios leadership among the
+          gods. But if he has nothing in common with those other gods except
+          his beneficent energy, and of this too he gives them all a share,
+          then let us call to witness the priests of Cyprus who set up common
+          altars to Helios and Zeus; but even before them let us summon as
+          witness Apollo, who sits in council with our god. For this god
+          declares: <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeus, Hades, Helios Serapis,
+          three gods in one godhead!”</span><a id="noteref_657" name=
+          "noteref_657" href="#note_657"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">657</span></span></a> Let
+          us then assume that, among the intellectual gods, Helios and Zeus
+          have a joint or rather a single sovereignty. Hence I think that
+          with reason Plato called Hades a wise god.<a id="noteref_658" name=
+          "noteref_658" href="#note_658"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">658</span></span></a> And
+          we call this same god Hades Serapis also, namely the Unseen<a id=
+          "noteref_659" name="noteref_659" href="#note_659"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">659</span></span></a> and
+          Intellectual, to whom Plato says the souls of those who have lived
+          most righteously and justly mount upwards. For let no one conceive
+          of him as the god whom the legends teach us to shudder at, but as
+          the mild and placable, since he completely frees our souls from
+          generation: and the souls that he has thus freed he does not nail
+          to other bodies, punishing them and exacting penalties, but he
+          carries aloft and lifts up our souls to the intelligible world. And
+          that this doctrine is not wholly new, but that Homer and Hesiod the
+          most venerable of the poets held it before us, whether this was
+          their own view or, like seers, they were divinely inspired with a
+          sacred frenzy for the truth, is evident from the following. Hesiod,
+          in tracing his genealogy, said<a id="noteref_660" name=
+          "noteref_660" href="#note_660"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">660</span></span></a> that
+          Helios is the son of Hyperion and Thea, intimating thereby that he
+          is the true son of him who is above all things. For who else could
+          Hyperion<a id="noteref_661" name="noteref_661" href=
+          "#note_661"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">661</span></span></a> be?
+          And is not Thea herself, in another fashion, said to be most divine
+          of beings? But as for a union or marriage, let us not conceive of
+          such a thing, since that is the incredible and paradoxical trifling
+          of the poetic Muse. But let us believe that his father and sire was
+          the most divine and supreme being; and who else could have this
+          nature save him who transcends all things, the central point and
+          goal of all things that exist? And Homer calls him Hyperion after
+          his father and shows his unconditioned nature, superior to all
+          constraint. For Zeus, as Homer says, since he is lord of all
+          constrains the other gods. And when, in the course of the myth,
+          Helios says that on account of the impiety of the comrades of
+          Odysseus<a id="noteref_662" name="noteref_662" href=
+          "#note_662"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">662</span></span></a> he
+          will forsake Olympus, Zeus no longer says,)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Αὐτῇ κεν γαίῃ ἐρύσαιμ᾽ αὐτῇ τε
+                θαλάσσῃ,</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then with
+            very earth would I draw you up and the sea
+            withal,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id=
+            "noteref_663" name="noteref_663" href="#note_663"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">663</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὐδὲ ἀπειλεῖ
+          δεσμὸν οὐδὲ βίαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν δίκην φησὶν ἐπιθήσειν τοῖς ἡμαρτηκόσιν,
+          αὐτὸν δὲ ἀξιοῖ φαίνειν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς. ἆρ᾽ οὐξὶ διὰ τούτων πρὸς τῷ
+          αὐτεξουσίῳ καὶ τελεσιουργὸν εἶναί φησι τὸν <span class="tei tei-pb"
+          id="page372">[pg 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ἥλιον; ἐπὶ τί γὰρ αὐτοῦ οἱ θεοὶ δέονται, πλὴν
+          εἰ μὴ πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν [B] καὶ τὸ εἶναι ἀφανῶς ἐναστράπτων ὧν ἔφαμεν
+          ἀγαθῶν ἀποπληρωτικὸς τυγχάνοι; τὸ γὰρ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(nor does he
+          threaten him with fetters or violence, but he says that he will
+          inflict punishment on the guilty and bids Helios go on shining
+          among the gods. Does he not thereby declare that besides being
+          unconditioned, Helios has also the power to perfect? For why do the
+          gods need him unless by sending his light, himself invisible, on
+          their substance and existence, he fulfils for them the blessings of
+          which I spoke? For when Homer says that)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἠέλιόν τ᾽ ἀκάμαντα βοῶπις πότνια
+                Ἥρη</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Πέμψεν ἐπ᾽ Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοὰς ἀέκοντα
+                νέεσθαι</span><a id="noteref_664" name="noteref_664" href=
+                "#note_664"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style=
+                "text-align: left"><span style=
+                "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">664</span></span></a>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ox-eyed
+            Hera, the queen, sent unwearied Helios to go, all unwilling, to
+            the streams of Oceanus,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πρὸ τοῦ καιροῦ
+          φησι νομισθῆναι τὴν νύκτα διὰ τινα χαλεπὴν ὁμίχλην. αὕτη γὰρ ἡ θεός
+          που, καὶ ἄλλοθι τῆς ποιήσεώς φησιν,<a id="noteref_665" name=
+          "noteref_665" href="#note_665"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">665</span></span></a></p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(he means that,
+          by reason of a heavy mist, it was thought to be night before the
+          proper time. And this mist is surely the goddess herself, and in
+          another place also in the poem he says,)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+              "margin-left: 21.60em; text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ἠέρα δ᾽ Ἥρη</span>
+              </div>
+
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Πίτνα πρόσθε βαθεῖαν. [C]</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Hera spread
+            before them a thick mist.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἁλλὰ τὰ μὲν τῶν
+          ποιητῶν χαίρειν ἐάσωμεν· ἔχει γὰρ μετὰ τοῦ θείου πολὺ καὶ
+          τἀνθρώπινον· ἃ δὲ ἡμᾶς ἔοικεν αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς διδάσκειν ὑπέρ τε αὑτοῦ
+          καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐκεῖνα ἤδη διέλθωμεν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But let us
+          leave the stories of the poets alone. For along with what is
+          inspired they contain much also that is merely human. And let me
+          now relate what the god himself seems to teach us, both about
+          himself and the other gods.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ περὶ γῆν τόπος
+          ἐν τῷ γίνεσθαι τὸ εἶναι ἔχει. τίς οὖν ἐστιν ὁ τὴν ἀιδιότητα
+          δωρούμενος αὐτῷ; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὁ ταῦτα μέτροις ὡρισμένοις συνέχων;
+          ἄπειρον μὲν γὰρ [D] εἶναι φύσιν σώματος οὐχ οἷόν τ᾽ ἦν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ
+          ἀγέννητός ἐστι μηδὲ αὐθυπόστατος· ἑκ δὲ τῆς οὐσίας εἰ πάντως
+          ἐγίνετό τι συνεχῶς, ἀνελύετο δὲ εἰς αὐτὴν μηδέν, ἐπέλειπεν ἂν τῶν
+          γιγνομένων ἡ οὐσία. τὴν δὴ τοιαύτην φύσιν ὁ θεὸς ὅδε μέτρῳ
+          κινούμενος προσιὼν μὲν ὀρθοῖ καὶ ἐγείρει, πόρρω δὲ ἀπιὼν ἐλαττοῖ
+          καὶ φθείρει, μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸς ἀεὶ ζωοποιεὶ κινῶν καὶ ἐποχετεύων αὐτῇ
+          τὴν ζωὴν· ἡ δὲ ἀπόλειψις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ πρὸς θάτερα [138] μετάστασις
+          αἰτία γίνεται φθορᾶς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg
+          374]</span><a name="Pg374" id="Pg374" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg375" id="Pg375" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς φθίνουσιν. ἀεὶ μὲν οὖν ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τῶν
+          ἀγαθῶν δόσις ἴση κάτεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν· ἄλλοτε γὰρ ἄλλη δέχεται τὰ
+          τοιαῦτα χώρα πρὸς τὸ μήτε τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιλείπειν μήτε τοῦ συνήθους
+          ποτὲ τὸν θεὸν ἔλαττον ἢ πλέον εὖ ποιῆσαι τὸν παθητὸν κόσμον. ἡ γὰρ
+          ταυτότης ὥσπερ τῆς οὐσίας, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐνεργείας ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς
+          καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ, ὃς καὶ τὴν
+          κίνησιν ἁπλουστάτην ὑπὲρ ἅπαντας ποιεῖται τοὺς τῷ παντὶ [B] τὴν
+          ἐναντίαν φερομένους· ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ὑπεροχῆς
+          αὐτοῦ σημεῖον ποιεῖται ὁ κλεινὸς Ἀριστοτέλης· ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν
+          ἄλλων νοερῶν θεῶν οὐκ ἀμυδραὶ καθήκουσιν εἰς τὸν κόσμον τόνδε
+          δυνάμεις. εἶτα τί τοῦτο; μὴ γὰρ ἀποκλείομεν τοὺς ἄλλους τούτῳ τὴν
+          ἡγεμονίαν ὁμολογοῦντες δεδόσθαι; πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἐκ τῶν ἐμφανῶν
+          ἀξιοῦμεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀφανῶν πιστεύειν. ὥσπερ [C] γὰρ τὰς ἐνδιδομένας
+          ἅπασιν ἐκεῖθεν δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν γῆν οὗτος φαίνεται τελεσιουργῶν καὶ
+          συναρμόζων πρός τε ἑαυτὸν καὶ τὸ πᾶν, οὕτω δὴ νομιστέον καὶ ἐν τοῖς
+          ἀφανέσιν αὐτῶν τὰς συνουσίας ἔχειν πρὸς ἀλλήλας, ἡγεμόνα μὲν
+          ἐκείνην, συμφωνούσας δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν τὰς ἄλλας ἅμα. ἐπεὶ καί, εί
+          μέσον ἔφαμεν ἐν μέσοις ἱδρῦσθαι τὸν θεὸν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς, ποταπή
+          τις ἡ μεσότης ἐστὶν ὧν αὖ χρὴ μέσον <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page376">[pg 376]</span><a name="Pg376" id="Pg376" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg377" id="Pg377" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτὸν ὑπολαβεῖν, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰπεῖν
+          Ἥλιος δοίη.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The region of
+          the earth contains being in a state of becoming. Then who endows it
+          with imperishability? Is it not he<a id="noteref_666" name=
+          "noteref_666" href="#note_666"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">666</span></span></a> who
+          keeps it all together by means of definite limits? For that the
+          nature of being should be unlimited was not possible, since it is
+          neither uncreated nor self-subsistent. And if from being something
+          were generated absolutely without ceasing and nothing were resolved
+          back into it, the substance of things generated would fail.
+          Accordingly this god, moving in due measure, raises up and
+          stimulates this substance when he approaches it, and when he
+          departs to a distance he diminishes and destroys it; or rather he
+          himself continually revivifies it by giving it movement and
+          flooding it with life. And his departure and turning in the other
+          direction is the cause of decay for things that perish. Ever does
+          his gift of blessings descend evenly upon the earth. For now one
+          country now another receives them, to the end that becoming may not
+          cease nor the god ever benefit less or more than is his custom this
+          changeful world. For sameness, as of being so also of activity,
+          exists among the gods, and above all the others in the case of the
+          King of the All, Helios; and he also makes the simplest movement of
+          all the heavenly bodies<a id="noteref_667" name="noteref_667" href=
+          "#note_667"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">667</span></span></a> that
+          travel in a direction opposite to the whole. In fact this is the
+          very thing that the celebrated Aristotle makes a proof of his
+          superiority, compared with the others. Nevertheless from the other
+          intellectual gods also, forces clearly discernible descend to this
+          world. And now what does this mean? Are we not excluding the others
+          when we assert that the leadership has been assigned to Helios?
+          Nay, far rather do I think it right from the visible to have faith
+          about the invisible.<a id="noteref_668" name="noteref_668" href=
+          "#note_668"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">668</span></span></a> For
+          even as this god is seen to complete and to adapt to himself and to
+          the universe the powers that are bestowed on the earth from the
+          other gods for all things, after the same fashion we must believe
+          that among the invisible gods also there is intercourse with one
+          another; his mode of intercourse being that of a leader, while the
+          modes of intercourse of the others are at the same time in harmony
+          with his. For since we said that the god is established midmost
+          among the midmost intellectual gods, may King Helios himself grant
+          to us to tell what is the nature of that middleness among things of
+          which we must regard him as the middle.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Μεσότητα μὲν
+          δή φαμεν οὐ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις θεωρουμένην ἴσον ἀφεστῶσαν τῶν
+          ἄκρων, οἷον ἐπὶ χρωμάτων τὸ ξανθὸν ἢ φαιόν, ἐπὶ δὲ θερμοῦ καὶ
+          ψυχροῦ τὸ χλιαρόν, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἑνωτικὴν καὶ
+          συνάγουσαν τὰ διεστῶτα, ὁποίαν τινά φησιν Ἐμπεδοκλῆς τὴν ἁρμονίαν
+          ἐξορίζων αὐτῆς παντελῶς τὸ νεῖκος. τίνα οὖν ἐστιν, ἃ συνάγει, καὶ
+          τίνων ἐστὶ μέσος; φημὶ δὴ οὖν ὅτι τῶν τε ἐμφανῶν καὶ περικοσμίων
+          θεῶν καὶ τῶν ἀύλων καὶ νοητῶν, [139] οἳ περὶ τἀγαθόν εἰσιν, ὥσπερ
+          πολυπλασιαζομένης ἀπαθῶς καὶ ἄνευ προσθήκης τῆς νοητῆς καὶ θείας
+          οὐσίας. ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐστι μέση τις, οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων κραθεῖσα,
+          τελεία δὲ καὶ ἀμιγὴς ἀφ᾽ ὅλων τῶν θεῶν ἐμφανῶν τε καὶ ἀφανῶν καὶ
+          αἰσθητῶν καὶ νοητῶν ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου νοερὰ καὶ πάνκαλος οὐσία,
+          καὶ ὁποίαν τινὰ χρὴ τὴν μεσότητα νομίζειν, εἴρηται. εἰ δὲ δεῖ καὶ
+          τοῖς καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἵν᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ κατ᾽ εἴδη τὸ μέσον τῆς
+          οὐσίας, ὅπως ἔχει πρός τε τὰ πρῶτα καὶ τὰ τελευταῖα,<a id=
+          "noteref_669" name="noteref_669" href="#note_669"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">669</span></span></a> [B]
+          τῷ νῷ κατίδωμεν, εἰ καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg
+          378]</span><a name="Pg378" id="Pg378" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg379" id="Pg379" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὴ πάντα διελθεῖν ῥᾴδιον, ἀλλ᾽ οὖν τὰ δυνατὰ
+          φράσαι πειραθῶμεν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“middleness”</span><a id="noteref_670"
+          name="noteref_670" href="#note_670"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">670</span></span></a> we
+          define not as that mean which in opposites is seen to be equally
+          remote from the extremes, as, for instance, in colours, tawny or
+          dusky, and warm in the case of hot and cold, and the like, but that
+          which unifies and links together what is separate; for instance the
+          sort of thing that Empedocles<a id="noteref_671" name="noteref_671"
+          href="#note_671"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">671</span></span></a> means
+          by Harmony when from it he altogether eliminates Strife. And now
+          what does Helios link together, and of what is he the middle? I
+          assert then that he is midway between the visible gods who surround
+          the universe and the immaterial and intelligible gods who surround
+          the Good—for the intelligible and divine substance is as it were
+          multiplied without external influence and without addition. For
+          that the intellectual and wholly beautiful substance of King Helios
+          is middle in the sense of being unmixed with extremes, complete in
+          itself, and distinct from the whole number of the gods, visible and
+          invisible, both those perceptible by sense and those which are
+          intelligible only, I have already declared, and also in what sense
+          we must conceive of his middleness. But if I must also describe
+          these things one by one, in order that we may discern with our
+          intelligence how his intermediary nature, in its various forms, is
+          related both to the highest and the lowest, even though it is not
+          easy to recount it all, yet let me try to say what can be
+          said.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἓν παντελῶς τὸ
+          νοητὸν ἀεὶ προüπάρχον, τὰ<a id="noteref_672" name="noteref_672"
+          href="#note_672"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">672</span></span></a> δὲ
+          πάντα ὁμοῦ συνειληφὸς ἐν τῷ ἑνί. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ ὁ σύμπας κόσμος ἕν
+          ἐστι ζῷον ὅλον δι᾽ ὅλου ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ πλῆρες, τέλειον ἐκ μερῶν
+          τελείων;<a id="noteref_673" name="noteref_673" href=
+          "#note_673"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">673</span></span></a>
+          ταύτης οὖν τῆς διπλῆς ἑνοειδοῦς τελειότητος· φημὶ δὲ τῆς ἐν τῷ
+          νοητῷ πάντα ἐν ἑνὶ συνεχούσης, καὶ τῆς περὶ τὸν κόσμον [C] εἰς μίαν
+          καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν τελείαν συναγομένης ἑνώσεως· ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως
+          Ἡλίου μέση τελειότης ἑνοειδής ἐστιν, ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἱδρυμένη
+          θεοῖς. ἀλλὰ δὴ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο συνοχή τίς ἐστιν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τῶν θεῶν
+          κόσμῳ πάντα πρὸς τὸ ἓν συντάττουσα. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ περὶ τὸν
+          οὐρανὸν φαίνεται κύκλῳ πορευομένη τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος οὐσία,<a id=
+          "noteref_674" name="noteref_674" href="#note_674"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">674</span></span></a> ἣ
+          πάντα συνέχει τὰ μέρη καὶ σφίγγει πρὸς αὑτὰ συνέχουσα τὸ φύσει
+          σκεδαστὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπορρέον ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων; δύο δὴ ταύτας τὰς<a id=
+          "noteref_675" name="noteref_675" href="#note_675"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">675</span></span></a>
+          οὐσίας συνοχῆς αἰτίας, τὴν μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς, [D] τὴν δὲ ἐν τοῖς
+          αἰσθητοῖς φαινομένην ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος εἰς ταὐτὸ συνάπτει, τῆς μὲν
+          μιμούμενος τὴν συνεκτικὴν δύναμιν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς, ἅτε ἐξ αὐτῆς
+          προελθών, τῆς δὲ τελευταίας προκατάρχων, ἣ περὶ τὸν ἐμφανῆ
+          θεωρεῖται κόσμον. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ τὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page380">[pg 380]</span><a name="Pg380" id="Pg380" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg381" id="Pg381" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐθυπόστατον πρῶτον μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς
+          ὑπάρχον, τελευταῖον δ᾽ [140] ἐν τοῖς κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν φαινομένοις μέσην
+          ἔχει τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως οὐσίαν αὐθυπόστατον Ἡλίου, ἀφ᾽ ἧς κάτεισιν
+          οἰσίας πρωτουργοῦ εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ περιλάμπουσα τὰ σύμπαντα
+          αὐγή; πάλιν δὲ κατ᾽ ἄλλο σκοποῦντι εἷς μὲν ὁ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργός,
+          πολλοὶ δὲ οἱ κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν περιπολοῦντες δημιουργικοὶ θεοί. μέσην
+          ἄρα καὶ τούτων τὴν ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου καθήκουσαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον δημιουργίαν
+          θετέον. [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς πολὺ μὲν καὶ ὑπέρπληρες ἐν
+          τῷ νοητῷ, φαίνεται δὲ ζωῆς γονίμου καὶ ὁ κόσμος ὢν πλήρης. πρόδηλον
+          οὖν ὅτι καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου τῆς ζωῆς μέσον ἐστὶν
+          ἀμφοῖν, ἐπεὶ τούτῳ μαρτυρεῖ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τελειοῖ
+          τῶν εἰδῶν, τὰ δὲ ἐργάζεται, τὰ δὲ κοσμεῖ, τὰ δὲ ἀνεγείρει, καὶ ἓν
+          οὐδέν ἐστιν, ὃ δίχα τῆς ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς δυνάμεως εἰς φῶς
+          πρόεισι [C] καὶ γένεσιν. ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις εἰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς
+          ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν ἄυλον οὐσίαν νοήσαιμεν, οὐδενὸς ἔξωθεν αὐτῇ
+          προσιόντος οὐδὲ ἐνυπάρχοντος ἀλλοτρίου, πλήρη δὲ τῆς οἰκείας
+          ἀχράντου καθαρότητος, τήν τε ἐν τῷ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page382">[pg 382]</span><a name="Pg382" id="Pg382" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg383" id="Pg383" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> κόσμῳ περὶ τὸ κύκλῳ φερόμενον σῶμα πρὸς πάντα
+          ἀμιγῆ τὰ στοιχεῖα λίαν εἰλικρινῆ καὶ καθαρὰν φύσιν ἀχράντου καὶ
+          δαιμονίου σώματος, ἑυρήσομεν καὶ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως [D] Ἡλίου λαμπρὰν
+          καὶ ἀκήρατον οὐσίαν ἀμφοῖν μέσην, τῆς τε ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἀύλου
+          καθαρότητος καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς ἀχράντου καὶ ἀμιγοῦς πρὸς
+          γένεσιν καὶ φθορὰν καθαρᾶς εἰλικρινείας. μέγιστον δὲ τούτου
+          τεκμήριον, ὅτι μηδὲ τὸ φῶς, ὃ μάλιστα ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ γῆν φέρεται,
+          συμμίγνυταί τινι μηδὲ ἀναδέχεται ῥύπον καὶ μίασμα, μένει δὲ πάντως
+          ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἄχραντον καὶ ἀμόλυντον καὶ ἀπαθές.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Wholly one is
+          the intelligible world, pre-existent from all time, and it combines
+          all things together in the One. Again is not our whole world also
+          one complete living organism, wholly throughout the whole of it
+          full of soul and intelligence, <span class="tei tei-q">“perfect,
+          with all its parts perfect”</span>? Midway then between this
+          uniform two-fold perfection—I mean that one kind of unity holds
+          together in one all that exists in the intelligible world, while
+          the other kind of unity unites in the visible world all things into
+          one and the same perfect nature—between these, I say, is the
+          uniform perfection of King Helios, established among the
+          intellectual gods. There is, however, next in order, a sort of
+          binding force in the intelligible world of the gods, which orders
+          all things into one. Again is there not visible in the heavens
+          also, travelling in its orbit, the nature of the Fifth Substance,
+          which links and compresses<a id="noteref_676" name="noteref_676"
+          href="#note_676"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">676</span></span></a>
+          together all the parts, holding together things that by nature are
+          prone to scatter and to fall away from one another? These
+          existences, therefore, which are two causes of connection, one in
+          the intelligible world, while the other appears in the world of
+          sense-perception, King Helios combines into one, imitating the
+          synthetic power of the former among the intellectual gods, seeing
+          that he proceeds from it, and subsisting prior to the latter which
+          is seen in the visible world. Then must not the unconditioned also,
+          which exists primarily in the intelligible world, and finally among
+          the visible bodies in the heavens, possess midway between these two
+          the unconditioned substance of King Helios, and from that primary
+          creative substance do not the rays of his light, illumining all
+          things, descend to the visible world? Again, to take another point
+          of view, the creator of the whole is one, but many are the creative
+          gods<a id="noteref_677" name="noteref_677" href=
+          "#note_677"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">677</span></span></a> who
+          revolve in the heavens. Midmost therefore of these also we must
+          place the creative activity which descends into the world from
+          Helios. But also the power of generating life is abundant and
+          overflowing in the intelligible world; and our world also appears
+          to be full of generative life. It is therefore evident that the
+          life-generating power of King Helios also is midway between both
+          the worlds: and the phenomena of our world also bear witness to
+          this. For some forms he perfects, others he makes, or adorns, or
+          wakes to life, and there is no single thing which, apart from the
+          creative power derived from Helios, can come to light and to birth.
+          And further, besides this, if we should comprehend the pure and
+          undefiled and immaterial substance<a id="noteref_678" name=
+          "noteref_678" href="#note_678"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">678</span></span></a> among
+          the intelligible gods—to which nothing external is added, nor has
+          any alien thing a place therein, but it is filled with its own
+          unstained purity—and if we should comprehend also the pure and
+          unmixed nature of unstained and divine substance, whose elements
+          are wholly unmixed, and which, in the visible universe, surrounds
+          the substance that revolves,<a id="noteref_679" name="noteref_679"
+          href="#note_679"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">679</span></span></a> here
+          also we should discover the radiant and stainless substance of King
+          Helios, midway between the two; that is to say, midway between the
+          immaterial purity that exists among the intelligible gods, and that
+          perfect purity, unstained and free from birth and death, that
+          exists in the world which we can perceive. And the greatest proof
+          of this is that not even the light which comes down nearest to the
+          earth from the sun is mixed with anything, nor does it admit dirt
+          and defilement, but remains wholly pure and without stain and free
+          from external influences among all existing things.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἔτι δὲ
+          προσεκτέον τοῖς ἀύλοις εἴδεσι καὶ νοητοῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς,
+          ὅσα περὶ τὴν ὕλην ἐστὶν [141] ἢ περὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον. ἀναφανήσεται
+          πάλιν ἐνταῦθα μέσον τὸ νοερὸν τῶν περὶ τὸν μέγαν Ἥλιον εἰδῶν, ὑφ᾽
+          ὧν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν ὕλην εἴδη βοηθεῖται μήποτε ἂν δυνηθέντα μήτε
+          εἶναι μήτε σώζεσθαι μὴ παρ᾽ ἐκείνου πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν συνεργούμενα.
+          τί γάρ; οὐχ οὗτος ἐστι τῆς διακρίσεως τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ συγκρίσεως τῆς
+          ὕλης αἴτιος, οὐ νοεῖν ἡμῖν αὑτὸν μόνον παρέχων, ἁλλὰ καὶ ὁρᾶν
+          ὄμμασιν; ἡ γάρ τοι τῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg
+          384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg385" id="Pg385" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀκτίνων εἰς πάντα τὸν κόσμον διανομὴ καὶ ἡ
+          τοῦ φωτὸς ἕνωσις [B] τὴν δημιουργικὴν ἐνδείκνυται διάκρισιν τῆς
+          ποιήσεως.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But we must go
+          on to consider the immaterial and intelligible forms,<a id=
+          "noteref_680" name="noteref_680" href="#note_680"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">680</span></span></a> and
+          also those visible forms which are united with matter or the
+          substratum. Here again, the intellectual will be found to be
+          midmost among the forms that surround mighty Helios, by which forms
+          in their turn the material forms are aided; for they never could
+          have existed or been preserved, had they not been brought, by his
+          aid, into connection with being. For consider: is not he the cause
+          of the separation of the forms, and of the combination of matter,
+          in that he not only permits us to comprehend his very self, but
+          also to behold him with our eyes? For the distribution of his rays
+          over the whole universe, and the unifying power of his light, prove
+          him to be the master workman who gives an individual existence to
+          everything that is created.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πολλῶν δὲ ὄντων
+          ἔτι περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ τῶν φαινομένων ἀγαθῶν, ἃ δὴ ὅτι μέσος
+          ἐστὶ τῶν τε νοητῶν καὶ τῶν ἐγκοσμίων θεῶν παρίστησιν, ἐπὶ τὴν
+          τελευταίαν αὐτοῦ μετίωμεν ἐμφανῆ λῆξιν. πρώτη μὲν οὖν ἐστιν αὐτοῦ
+          τῶν περὶ τὸν τελευταῖον κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων οἷον ἐν
+          παραδείγματι τὴν ἰδέαν καὶ τὴν ὑπόστασιν ἔχουσα· μετὰ ταύτην δὲ ἡ
+          τῶν αἰσθητῶν γεννητική, [C] ἧς τὸ μὲν τιμιώτερον οὐρανοῦ καὶ
+          ἀστέρων ἔχει τὴν αἰτίαν, τὸ δὲ ὑποδεέστερον ἐπιτροπεύει τὴν
+          γένεσιν, ἐξ ἀιδίου περιέχον αὐτῆς ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἀγέννητον αἰτίαν.
+          ἅπαντα μὲν οὖν τὰ περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε διελθεῖν οὐδὲ εἴ
+          τῳ δοίη νοῆσαι αὐτὰ<a id="noteref_681" name="noteref_681" href=
+          "#note_681"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">681</span></span></a> ὁ
+          θεὸς οὗτος δυνατόν, ὅπου καὶ τὰ πάντα περιλαβεῖν τῷ νῷ ἔμοιγε
+          φαίνεται ἀδύνατον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now though
+          there are many more blessings connected with the substance of the
+          god and apparent to us, which show that he is midway between the
+          intelligible and the mundane gods<a id="noteref_682" name=
+          "noteref_682" href="#note_682"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">682</span></span></a> let
+          us proceed to his last visible province. His first province then in
+          the last of the worlds is, as though by way of a pattern, to give
+          form and personality to the sun's angels.<a id="noteref_683" name=
+          "noteref_683" href="#note_683"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">683</span></span></a> Next
+          is his province of generating the world of sense-perception, of
+          which the more honourable part contains the cause of the heavens
+          and the heavenly bodies, while the inferior part guides this our
+          world of becoming, and from eternity contains in itself the
+          uncreated cause of that world. Now to describe all the properties
+          of the substance of this god, even though the god himself should
+          grant one to comprehend them, is impossible, seeing that even to
+          grasp them all with the mind is, in my opinion, beyond our
+          power.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλὰ
+          διεληλύθαμεν, ἐπιθετέον ὥσπερ σφραγῖδα τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε μέλλοντας ἐφ᾽
+          ἕτερα μεταβαίνειν οὐκ ἐλάττονος [D] τῆς θεωρίας δεόμενα. τίς οὖν ἡ
+          σφραγὶς καὶ οἷον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὰ πάντα περιλαμβάνουσα ἡ περὶ τῆς
+          οὐσίας τοῦ θεοῦ νόησις, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ἐπὶ νοῦν θείη βουλομένοις ἐν
+          βραχεῖ συνελεῖν τήν τε αἰτίαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς προῆλθε, <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg 386]</span><a name="Pg386" id="Pg386"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg387" id="Pg387" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ αὐτὸς ὅστις ἐστί, τίνων τε ἀποπληροῖ τὸν
+          ἐμφανῆ κόσμον. ῥητέον οὖν ὡς ἐξ ἑνὸς μὲν προῆλθε τοῦ θεοῦ εἷς ἀφ᾽
+          ἑνὸς τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος, [142] τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν μέσος
+          ἐν μέσοις τεταγμένος κατὰ παντοίαν μεσότητα, τὴν ὁμόφρονα καὶ φίλην
+          καὶ τὰ διεστῶτα συνάγουσαν, εἰς ἕνωσιν ἄγων τὰ τελευταῖα τοῖς
+          πρώτοις, τελειότητος καὶ συνοχῆς καὶ γονίμου ζωῆς καὶ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς
+          οὐσίας τὰ μέσα ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ, τῷ τε αἰσθητῷ κόσμῳ παντοίων ἀγαθῶν
+          προηγούμενος,<a id="noteref_684" name="noteref_684" href=
+          "#note_684"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">684</span></span></a> οὐ
+          μόνον δι᾽ ἧς αὐτὸς αὐγῆς περιλάμπει κοσμῶν καὶ φαιδρύνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ
+          τὴν οὐσίαν τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων<a id="noteref_685" name=
+          "noteref_685" href="#note_685"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">685</span></span></a> ἑαυτῷ
+          συνυποστήσας καὶ τὴν ἀγέννητον αἰτίαν [B] τῶν γινομένων περιέχων,
+          ἔτι τε πρὸ ταύτης τῶν ἀιδίων σωμάτων τὴν ἀγήρω καὶ μόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς
+          αἰτίαν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since I
+          have already described many of them, I must set a seal, as it were,
+          on this discourse, now that I am about to pass to other subjects
+          that demand no less investigation. What then that seal is, and what
+          is the knowledge of the god's substance that embraces all these
+          questions, and as it were sums them up under one head, may he
+          himself suggest to my mind, since I desire to describe in a brief
+          summary both the cause from which he proceeded, and his own nature,
+          and those blessings with which he fills the visible world. This
+          then we must declare, that King Helios is One and proceeds from one
+          god, even from the intelligible world which is itself One; and that
+          he is midmost of the intellectual gods, stationed in their midst by
+          every kind of mediateness that is harmonious and friendly, and that
+          joins what is sundered; and that he brings together into one the
+          last and the first, having in his own person the means of
+          completeness, of connection, of generative life and of uniform
+          being: and that for the world which we can perceive he initiates
+          blessings of all sorts, not only by means of the light with which
+          he illumines it, adorning it and giving it its splendour, but also
+          because he calls into existence, along with himself, the substance
+          of the Sun's angels; and that finally in himself he comprehends the
+          ungenerated cause of things generated, and further, and prior to
+          this, the ageless and abiding cause of the life of the imperishable
+          bodies.<a id="noteref_686" name="noteref_686" href=
+          "#note_686"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">686</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἃ μὲν οὖν περὶ
+          τῆς οὐσίας ἐχρῆν εἰπεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε, καίτοι τῶν πλείστων
+          παραλειφθέντων, εἴρηται ὅμως οὐκ ὀλίγα· ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ τῶν δυνάμεων
+          αὐτοῦ πλῆθος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν κάλλος τοσοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὥστε εἶναι
+          τῶν περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ θεωρουμένων ὑπερβολήν, ἐπεὶ καὶ πέφυκε τὰ
+          θεῖα προϊόντα εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς πληθύνεσθαι διὰ τὸ περιὸν καὶ γόνιμον
+          τῆς ζωῆς, ὅρα τί δράσομεν, [C] οἳ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page388">[pg 388]</span><a name="Pg388" id="Pg388" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg389" id="Pg389" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς ἀχανὲς πέλαγος ἀποδυόμεθα, μόγις καὶ
+          ἀγαπητῶς ἐκ πολλοῦ τοῦ πρόσθεν ἀναπαυόμενοι λόγου. τολμητέον δ᾽
+          ὅμως τῷ θεῷ θαρροῦντα καὶ πειρατέον ἅψασθαι τοῦ λόγου.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now as for what
+          it was right to say about the substance of this god, though the
+          greater part has been omitted, nevertheless much has been said. But
+          since the multitude of his powers and the beauty of his activities
+          is so great that we shall now exceed the limit of what we observed
+          about his substance,—for it is natural that when divine things come
+          forth into the region of the visible they should be multiplied, in
+          virtue of the superabundance of life and life-generating power in
+          them,—consider what I have to do. For now I must strip for a plunge
+          into this fathomless sea, though I have barely, and as best I
+          might, taken breath, after the first part of this discourse.
+          Venture I must, nevertheless, and putting my trust in the god
+          endeavour to handle the theme.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Κοινῶς μὲν δὴ τὰ
+          πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα περὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ ταῖς δυνάμεσι προσήκειν
+          ὑποληπτέον. οὐ γὰρ ἄλλο μέν ἐστιν οὐσία θεοῦ, δύναμις δὲ ἄλλο, [D]
+          καὶ μὰ Δία τρίτον παρὰ ταῦτα ἐνέργεια. πάντα γὰρ ἅπερ βούλεται,
+          ταῦτα ἔστι καὶ δύναται καὶ ἐνεργεῖ· οὔτε γὰρ ὃ μὴ ἔστι βούλεται,
+          οὔτε ὃ βούλεται δρᾶν οὐ σθένει, οὔθ᾽ ὃ μὴ δύναται ἐνεργεῖν ἐθέλει.
+          ταῦτα μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον οὐχ ὧδε ἔχει· διττὴ γάρ ἐστι
+          μαχομένη φύσις εἰς ἓν κεκραμένη ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος, τῆς μὲν θείας,
+          τοῦ δὲ σκοτεινοῦ τε καὶ ζοφώδους· ἔοικέ τε εἶναι μάχη τις καὶ
+          στάσις. ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης φησὶ<a id="noteref_687" name=
+          "noteref_687" href="#note_687"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">687</span></span></a> διὰ
+          τὸ τοιοῦτο [143] μήτε τὰς ἡδονὰς ὁμολογεῖν μήτε τὰς λύπας ἀλλήλαις
+          ἐν ἡμῖν· τὸ γὰρ θατέρᾳ, φησί, τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν φύσεων ἡδὺ τῇ πρὸς ταύτην
+          ἀντικειμένῃ πέφυκεν ἀλγεινόν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς θεοῖς οὐδέν ἐστι
+          τοιοῦτον·<a id="noteref_688" name="noteref_688" href=
+          "#note_688"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">688</span></span></a> οὐσίᾳ
+          γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὑπάρχει τἀγαθὰ καὶ διηνεκῶς, οὐ ποτὲ μὲν, ποτὲ δ᾽ οὔ.
+          πρῶτον οὖν ὅσαπερ ἔφαμεν, τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ παραστῆσαι βουλόμενοι,
+          ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰρῆσθαι καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ ἐνεργειῶν νομιστέον.
+          ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ὁ λόγος ἔοικεν ἀντιστρέφειν, ὅσα καὶ περὶ
+          τῶν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνεργειῶν ἐφεξῆς σκοποῦμεν, [B] ταῦτα οὐκ
+          ἔργα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐσίαν νομιστέον. εἰσὶ γάρ τοι <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page390">[pg 390]</span><a name="Pg390" id="Pg390"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg391" id="Pg391" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> θεοὶ συγγενεῖς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συμφυεῖς, τὴν
+          ἄχραντον οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ κορυφούμενοι, πληθυνόμενοι μὲν ἐν τῷ
+          κόσμῳ, περὶ αὐτὸν δὲ ἑνοειδῶς ὄντες. ἄκουε δὴ πρῶτον ὅσα φασὶν οἱ
+          τὸν οὐρανὸν οὐχ ὥσπερ ἵπποι καὶ βόες ὁρῶντες ἤ τι τῶν ἀλόγων καὶ
+          ἀμαθῶν ζῴων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀφανῆ πολυπραγμονοῦντες φύσιν· ἔτι
+          δὲ πρὸ τούτων, εἴ σοι φίλον, [C] περὶ τῶν ὑπερκοσμίων δυνάμεων
+          αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνεργειῶν, καὶ ἐκ μυρίων τὸ πλῆθος ὀλίγα θέασαι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(We must assume
+          that what has just been said about his substance applies equally to
+          his powers.<a id="noteref_689" name="noteref_689" href=
+          "#note_689"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">689</span></span></a> For
+          it cannot be that a god's substance is one thing, and his power
+          another, and his activity, by Zeus, a third thing besides these.
+          For all that he wills he is, and can do, and puts into action. For
+          he does not will what is not, nor does he lack power to do what he
+          wills, nor does he desire to put into action what he cannot. In the
+          case of a human being, however, this is otherwise. For his is a
+          two-fold contending nature of soul and body compounded into one,
+          the former divine, the latter dark and clouded. Naturally,
+          therefore, there is a battle and a feud between them. And Aristotle
+          also says that this is why neither the pleasures nor the pains in
+          us harmonise with one another. For he says that what is pleasant to
+          one of the natures within us is painful to the nature which is its
+          opposite. But among the gods there is nothing of this sort. For
+          from their very nature what is good belongs to them, and
+          perpetually, not intermittently. In the first place, then, all that
+          I said when I tried to show forth his substance, I must be
+          considered to have said about his powers and activities also. And
+          since in such cases the argument is naturally convertible, all that
+          I observe next in order concerning his powers and activities must
+          be considered to apply not to his activities only, but to his
+          substance also. For verily there are gods related to Helios and of
+          like substance who sum up the stainless nature of this god, and
+          though in the visible world they are plural, in him they are one.
+          And now listen first to what they assert who look at the heavens,
+          not like horses and cattle, or some other unreasoning and ignorant
+          animal,<a id="noteref_690" name="noteref_690" href=
+          "#note_690"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">690</span></span></a> but
+          from it draw their conclusions about the unseen world. But even
+          before this, if you please, consider his supra-mundane powers and
+          activities, and out of a countless number, observe but a few.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πρώτη δὴ τῶν
+          δυνάμεών ἐστιν αὐτοῦ, δι᾽ ἧς ὅλην δι᾽ ὅλης τὴν νοερὰν οὐσίαν, τὰς
+          ἀκρότητας αὐτῆς εἰς ἓν καὶ ταὐτὸ συνάγων, ἀποφαίνει μίαν. ὅσπερ γὰρ
+          περὶ τὸν αἰσθητόν ἐστι κόσμον ἐναργῶς κατανοῆσαι, πυρὸς καὶ γῆς
+          εἰλημμένον ἀέρα καὶ ὕδωρ ἐν μέσῳ, τῶν ἄκρων σύνδεσμον, τοῦτο οὐκ ἄν
+          τις εἰκότως [D] ἐπὶ τῆς πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων αἰτίας κεχωρισμένης, ἣ τῆς
+          γενέσεως ἔχουσα τὴν ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἔστι γένεσις, οὕτω διατετάχθαι
+          νομίσειεν, ὥστε καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις τὰς ἄκρας αἰτίας κεχωρισμένας πάντη
+          τῶν σωμάτων ὑπό τινων μεσοτήτων εἰς ταὐτὸ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου
+          συναγομένας ἑνοῦσθαι περὶ αὐτόν; συντρέχει δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Διὸς
+          δημιουργικὴ δύναμις, δι᾽ ἣν ἔφαμεν καὶ πρότερον ἱδρῦσθαί τε αὐτοῖς
+          ἐν Κύπρῳ καὶ ἀποδεδεῖχθαι κοινῇ τὰ τεμένη· [144] καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω δὲ
+          αὐτὸν ἐμαρτυρόμεθα τῶν λόγων, ὃν εἰκὸς δήπουθεν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ
+          φύσεως ἄμεινον εἰδέναι· <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page392">[pg
+          392]</span><a name="Pg392" id="Pg392" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg393" id="Pg393" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> σύνεστι γὰρ καὶ οὗτος Ἡλίῳ καὶ ἐπικοινωνεῖ
+          διὰ τὴν<a id="noteref_691" name="noteref_691" href=
+          "#note_691"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">691</span></span></a>
+          ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων καὶ τὸ μόνιμον τῆς οὐσίας καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ὂν
+          τῆς ἐνεργείας.<a id="noteref_692" name="noteref_692" href=
+          "#note_692"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">692</span></span></a></p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(First, then, of
+          his powers is that through which he reveals the whole intellectual
+          substance throughout as one, since he brings together its extremes.
+          For even as in the world of sense-perception we can clearly discern
+          air and water set between fire and earth,<a id="noteref_693" name=
+          "noteref_693" href="#note_693"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">693</span></span></a> as
+          the link that binds together the extremes, would one not reasonably
+          suppose that, in the case of the cause which is separate from
+          elements and prior to them—and though it is the principle of
+          generation, is not itself generation—it is so ordered that, in that
+          world also, the extreme causes which are wholly separate from
+          elements are bound together into one through certain modes of
+          mediation, by King Helios, and are united about him as their
+          centre? And the creative power of Zeus also coincides with him, by
+          reason of which in Cyprus, as I said earlier, shrines are founded
+          and assigned to them in common. And Apollo himself also we called
+          to witness to our statements, since it is certainly likely that he
+          knows better than we about his own nature. For he too abides with
+          Helios and is his colleague by reason of the singleness of his
+          thoughts and the stability of his substance and the consistency of
+          his activity.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν
+          Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται χωρίζων ὁ θεὸς
+          Ἡλίου· τούτῳ δὲ αὐτὴν ὑποτάττων ἀεὶ καὶ ἀποφαίνων σύνθρονον
+          ἐξηγητὴς ἡμῖν ἐστι τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καλλίστων διανοημάτων. [B]
+          πάσας δὲ ἐν αὑτῷ περιέχων ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τὰς ἀρχὰς τῆς καλλίστης νοερᾶς
+          συγκράσεως Ἥλιος Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ Μουσηγέτης. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ ὅλην ἡμῖν τὴν
+          τῆς εὐταξίας ζωὴν συμπληροῖ, γεννᾷ μὲν ἐν κόσμῳ τὸν Ἀσκληπιόν, ἔχει
+          δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ πρὸ τοῦ κόσμου παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But Apollo too
+          in no case appears to separate the dividing creative function of
+          Dionysus<a id="noteref_694" name="noteref_694" href=
+          "#note_694"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">694</span></span></a> from
+          Helios. And since he always subordinates it to Helios and so
+          indicates that Dionysus<a id="noteref_695" name="noteref_695" href=
+          "#note_695"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">695</span></span></a> is
+          his partner on the throne, Apollo is the interpreter for us of the
+          fairest purposes that are to be found with our god. Further Helios,
+          since he comprehends in himself all the principles of the fairest
+          intellectual synthesis, is himself Apollo the leader of the Muses.
+          And since he fills the whole of our life with fair order, he begat
+          Asclepios<a id="noteref_696" name="noteref_696" href=
+          "#note_696"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">696</span></span></a> in
+          the world, though even before the beginning of the world he had him
+          by his side.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ πολλὰς μὲν
+          ἄν τις καὶ ἄλλας περὶ τὸν θεὸν τόνδε δυνάμεις θεωρῶν οὔποτ᾽ ἂν
+          ἐφίκοιτο πασῶν· ἀπόχρη δὲ τῆς μὲν χωριστῆς καὶ πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων ἐπ᾽
+          αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν αἰτιῶν, αἳ κεχωρισμέναι τῆς φανερᾶς προϋπάρχουσι
+          δημιουργίας, ἴσην Ἡλίῳ [C] καὶ Διὶ τὴν δυναστείαν καὶ μίαν
+          ὑπάρχουσαν τεθεωρηκέναι, τὴν δὲ ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων μετὰ τοῦ
+          διαιωνίου καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ μονίμου ξὺν Ἀπόλλωνι τεθεαμένοις, τὸ δὲ
+          μεριστὸν τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page394">[pg
+          394]</span><a name="Pg394" id="Pg394" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg395" id="Pg395" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δημιουργίας μετὰ τοῦ τὴν μεριστὴν
+          ἐπιτροπεύοντος οὐσίαν Διονύσου, τὸ δὲ τῆς καλλίστης συμμετρίας καὶ
+          νοερᾶς κράσεως περὶ τὴν τοῦ Μουσηγέτου δύναμιν τεθεωρηκόσι, τὸ
+          συμπληροῦν δὲ τὴν εὐταξίαν τῆς ὅλης ζωῆς ξὺν Ἀσκληπιῳ νοοῦσι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But though one
+          should survey many other powers that belong to this god, never
+          could one investigate them all. It is enough to have observed the
+          following: That there is an equal and identical dominion of Helios
+          and Zeus over the separate creation which is prior to substances,
+          in the region, that is to say, of the absolute causes which,
+          separated from visible creation, existed prior to it; secondly we
+          observed the singleness of his thoughts which is bound up with the
+          imperishableness and abiding sameness that he shares with Apollo;
+          thirdly, the dividing part of his creative function which he shares
+          with Dionysus who controls divided substance; fourthly we have
+          observed the power of the leader of the Muses, revealed in fairest
+          symmetry and blending of the intellectual; finally we comprehended
+          that Helios, with Asclepios, fulfils the fair order of the whole of
+          life.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τοσαῦτα μὲν
+          ὑπὲρ τῶν προκοσμίων αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων, ἔργα δὲ ὁμοταγῆ ταύταις ὑπὲρ
+          τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπλήρωσις. ἐπειδὴ γάρ ἐστι γνήσιος
+          ἔκγονος<a id="noteref_697" name="noteref_697" href=
+          "#note_697"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">697</span></span></a>
+          τἀγαθοῦ, παραδεξάμενος παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τελείαν τὴν ἀγαθὴν μοῖραν, αὐτὸς
+          ἅπασι τοῖς νοεροῖς διανέμει θεοῖς, ἀγαθοεργὸν καὶ τελείαν αὐτοῖς
+          διδοὺς τὴν οὐσίαν. ἓν μὲν δὴ τουτί. δεύτερον δὲ ἔργον ἐστὶ τοῦ θεοῦ
+          ἡ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους [145] ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς καὶ ἀσωμάτοις εἴδεσι
+          τελειοτάτη διανομή. τῆς γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει φαινομένης οὐσίας γονίμου
+          γεννᾶν ἐφιεμένης ἐν τῷ καλῷ καὶ ὑπεκτίθεσθαι τὸν τόκον, ἔτι ἀνάγκη
+          προηγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ κάλλει τοῦτο αὐτὸ διαιωνίως καὶ ἀεὶ
+          ποιοῦσαν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ νῦν μὲν, εἰσαῦθις δὲ οὔ, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν γεννῶσαν,
+          αὖθις δὲ ἄγονον. ὅσα γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ποτὲ καλά, ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς
+          ἀεί. ῥητέον τοίνυν αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐν τοῖς φαινομένοις αἰτίας [B] γονίμου
+          προκαθηγεῖσθαι τὸν ἐν τῷ νοερῷ καὶ διαιωνίῳ κάλλει τόκον ἀγέννητον,
+          ὃν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἔχει περὶ ἑαυτὸν ὑποστήσας, ᾧ καὶ τὸν τέλειον νοῦν
+          διανέμει, καθάπερ ὄμμασιν ἐνδιδοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page396">[pg 396]</span><a name="Pg396" id="Pg396" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg397" id="Pg397" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς τὴν ὄψιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς
+          νοητοῖς<a id="noteref_698" name="noteref_698" href=
+          "#note_698"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">698</span></span></a> διὰ
+          τοῦ νοεροῦ παραδείγματος, ὃ προτείνει πολὺ φανότερον τῆς αἰθερίας
+          αὐγῆς, πᾶσιν οἶμαι τοῖς νοεροῖς τὸ νοεῖν καὶ τὸ νοεῖσθαι παρέχει.
+          ἑτέρα πρὸς ταύταις [C] ἐνέργεια θαυμαστὴ φαίνεται περὶ τὸν βασιλέα
+          τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἡ τοῖς κρείττοσι γένεσιν ἐνδιδομένη μοῖρα βελτῖων,
+          ἀγγέλοις,<a id="noteref_699" name="noteref_699" href=
+          "#note_699"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">699</span></span></a>
+          δαίμοσιν, ἥρωσι ψυχαῖς τε μερισταῖς, ὁπόσαι μένουσιν ἐν
+          παραδείγματος καὶ ἰδέας λόγῳ, μήποτε ἑαυτὰς διδοῦσαι σώματι. τὴν
+          μὲν οὖν προκόσμιον οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ δυνάμεις τε αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔργα τὸν
+          βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ὑμνοῦντες Ἥλιον, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον ἡμῖν [D] οἷόν τε ἦν
+          ἐφικέσθαι τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν εὐφημίας σπεύδοντες, διεληλύθαμεν. ἐπεὶ δὲ
+          ὄμματα, φησίν, ἀκοῆς ἐστι πιστότερα, καίτοι τῆς νοήσεως ὄντα γε
+          ἀπιστότερα καὶ ἀσθενέστερα, φέρε καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐμφανοῦς αὐτοῦ
+          δημιουργίας αἰτησάμενοι παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τὸ μετρίως εἰπεῖν
+          πειραθῶμεν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(So much then in
+          respect to those powers of his that existed before the beginning of
+          the world; and co-ordinate with these are his works over the whole
+          visible world, in that he fills it with good gifts. For since he is
+          the genuine son of the Good and from it has received his blessed
+          lot in fulness of perfection, he himself distributes that
+          blessedness to the intellectual gods, bestowing on them a
+          beneficent and perfect nature. This then is one of his works. And a
+          second work of the god is his most perfect distribution of
+          intelligible beauty among the intellectual and immaterial forms.
+          For when the generative substance<a id="noteref_700" name=
+          "noteref_700" href="#note_700"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">700</span></span></a> which
+          is visible in our world desires to beget in the Beautiful<a id=
+          "noteref_701" name="noteref_701" href="#note_701"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">701</span></span></a> and
+          to bring forth offspring, it is further necessary that it should be
+          guided by the substance that, in the region of intelligible beauty,
+          does this very thing eternally and always and not intermittently,
+          now fruitful now barren. For all that is beautiful in our world
+          only at times, is beautiful always in the intelligible world. We
+          must therefore assert that the ungenerated offspring in beauty
+          intelligible and eternal guides the generative cause in the visible
+          world; which offspring<a id="noteref_702" name="noteref_702" href=
+          "#note_702"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">702</span></span></a> this
+          god<a id="noteref_703" name="noteref_703" href=
+          "#note_703"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">703</span></span></a>
+          called into existence and keeps at his side, and to it he assigns
+          also perfect reason. For just as through his light he gives sight
+          to our eyes, so also among the intelligible gods through his
+          intellectual counterpart—which he causes to shine far more brightly
+          than his rays in our upper air—he bestows, as I believe, on all the
+          intellectual gods the faculty of thought and of being comprehended
+          by thought. Besides these, another marvellous activity of Helios
+          the King of the All is that by which he endows with superior lot
+          the nobler races—I mean angels, daemons,<a id="noteref_704" name=
+          "noteref_704" href="#note_704"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">704</span></span></a>
+          heroes, and those divided souls<a id="noteref_705" name=
+          "noteref_705" href="#note_705"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">705</span></span></a> which
+          remain in the category of model and archetype and never give
+          themselves over to bodies. I have now described the substance of
+          our god that is prior to the world and his powers and activities,
+          celebrating Helios the King of the All in so far as it was possible
+          for me to compass his praise. But since eyes, as the saying goes,
+          are more trustworthy than hearing—although they are of course less
+          trustworthy and weaker than the intelligence—come, let me endeavour
+          to tell also of his visible creative function; but let first me
+          entreat him to grant that I speak with some measure of
+          success.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὕπέστη μὲν οὖν
+          περὶ αὐτὸν ὁ φαινόμενος ἐξ αἰῶνος κόσμος, ἕδραν δὲ ἔχει τὸ
+          περικόσμιον φῆς ἐξ αἰῶνος, οὐχὶ νῦν μέν, τότε δὲ οὔ, οὐδὲ ἄλλοτε
+          ἄλλως, ἀεὶ δὲ ὡσαύτως. ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις ταύτην τὴν <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page398">[pg 398]</span><a name="Pg398" id="Pg398"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg399" id="Pg399" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> διαιώνιον φύσιν ἄχρις ἐπινοίας ἐθελήσειε
+          χρονικῶς κατανοῆσαι, [146] τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἀθρόως
+          καταλάμποντα ῥᾷστα ἂν γνοίη, πόσων αἴτιός ἐστι δι᾽ αἰῶνος ἀγαθῶν τῷ
+          κόσμῳ. οἶδα μὲν οὗν καὶ Πλάτωνα τὸν μέγαν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον ἄνδρα
+          τοῖς χρόνοις, οὔτι μὴν τῇ φύσει καταδεέστερον· τὸν Χαλκιδέα φημί,
+          τὸν Ἰάμβλιχον· ὃς ἡμᾶς τά τε ἄλλα περὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν καὶ δὴ καὶ
+          ταῦτα διὰ τῶν λόγων ἐμύησεν, ἄχρις ὑποθέσεως τῷ γεννητῷ
+          προσχρωμένους καὶ οἱονεὶ χρονικήν τινα [B] τὴν ποίησιν
+          ὑποτιθεμένους, ἵνα τὸ μέγεθος τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ γινομένων ἔργων
+          ἐπινοηθείη. πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῆς ἐκείνων ἀπολειπομένῳ παντάπασι
+          δυνάμεως οὐδαμῶς ἐστι παρακινδυνευτέον, ἐπείπερ ἀκίνδυνον οὐδὲ αὐτὸ
+          τὸ μέχρι ψιλῆς ὑποθέσεως χρονικήν τινα περὶ τὸν κόσμον ὑποθέσθαι
+          ποίησιν ὁ κλεινὸς ἤρως ἐνόμισεν Ἰάμβλιχος. πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ὁ θεὸς
+          ἐξ αἰωνίου προῆλθεν αἰτίας, μᾶλλον δὲ προήγαγε πάντα ἐξ αἰῶνος, [C]
+          ἀπὸ τῶν ἀφανῶν τὰ φανερὰ βουλήσει θείᾳ καὶ ἀρρήτῳ τάχει καὶ
+          ἀνυπερβλήτῳ δυνάμει πάντα ἀθρόως ἐν τῷ νῦν ἀπογεννήσας χρόνῳ,
+          ἀπεκληρώσατο μὲν οἷον οἰκειοτέραν ἕδραν τὸ μέσον οὐρανοῦ, ἵνα
+          πανταχόθεν ἴσα διανέμῃ τἀγαθὰ τοῖς ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ
+          προελθοῦσι θεοῖς, ἐπιτροπεύῃ δὲ τὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ τὴν ὀγδόην
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page400">[pg 400]</span><a name=
+          "Pg400" id="Pg400" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg401" id=
+          "Pg401" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐρανοῦ κυκλοφορίαν, ἐνάτην τε
+          οἶμαι δημιουργίαν τὴν ἐν γενέσει καὶ φθορᾷ συνεχεῖ διαιωνίως
+          ἀνακυκλουμένην γένεσιν. οἵ τε γὰρ πλάνητες εὔδηλον ὅτι περὶ [D]
+          αὐτὸν χορεύοντες μέτρον ἔχουσι τῆς κινήσεως τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τόνδε
+          τοιάνδε περὶ τὰ σχήματα συμφωνίαν, ὅ τε ὅλος οὐρανὸς αὐτῷ κατὰ
+          πάντα συναρμοζόμενος ἑαυτοῦ τὰ μέρη θεῶν ἐστιν ἐξ Ἡλίου πλήρης.
+          ἔστι γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ὅδε πέντε μὲν κύκλων ἄρχων κατ᾽ οὐρανόν, τρεῖς δὲ
+          ἐκ τούτων ἐπιὼν ἐν τρισὶ τρεῖς γεννᾷ τὰς χάριτας· οἱ λειπόμενοι δὲ
+          μεγάλης ἀνάγκης εἰσὶ πλάστιγγες. [147] ἀξύνετον ἴσως λέγω τοῖς
+          Ἕλλησιν, ὥσπερ δέον μόνον τὰ συνήθη καὶ γνώριμα λέγειν· οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ
+          τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὡς ἄν τις ὑπολάβοι, παντελῶς ξένον. οἱ Διόσκουροι
+          τίνες ὑμῖν εἰσιν, ὦ σοφώτατοι καὶ ἀβασανίστως τὰ πολλὰ
+          παραδεχόμενοι; οὐχ ἑτερήμεροι<a id="noteref_706" name="noteref_706"
+          href="#note_706"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">706</span></span></a>
+          λέγονται, διότι μὴ θέμις ὁρᾶσθαι τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας; ὑμεῖς ὅπως
+          ἀκούετε εὔδηλον ὅτι τῆς χθὲς καὶ τήμερον. εἶτα τί νοεῖ τοῦτο, πρὸς
+          αὐτῶν τῶν Διοσκούρων; ἐφαρμόσωμεν αὐτὸ φύσει <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page402">[pg 402]</span><a name="Pg402" id="Pg402"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg403" id="Pg403" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τινὶ καὶ πράγματι, κενὸν<a id="noteref_707"
+          name="noteref_707" href="#note_707"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">707</span></span></a> [B]
+          ἵνα μηδὲν μηδὲ ἀνόητον λέγωμεν. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν εὕροιμεν ἀκριβῶς
+          ἐξετάζοντες· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὡς ὑπέλαβον εἰρῆσθαί τινες πρὸς τῶν θεολόγων
+          ἡμισφαίρια τοῦ παντὸς τὰ δύο λόγον ἔχει τινά· πῶς γάρ ἐστιν
+          ἑτερήμερον αὐτῶν ἕκαστον οὐδὲ ἐπινοῆσαι ῥᾴδιον, ἡμέρας ἑκάστης
+          ἀνεπαισθήτου τῆς κατὰ τὸν φωτισμὸν αὐτῶν παραυξήσεως γινομένης.
+          σκεψώμεθα δὲ νῦν ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτοὶ καινοτομεῖν ἴσως τῳ δοκοῦμεν. τῆς
+          αὐτῆς ἡμέρας ἐκεῖνοι [C] μετέχειν ὀρθῶς ἂν ῥηθεῖεν, ὁπόσοις ἴσος
+          ἐστὶν ὁ τῆς ὑπὲρ γῆν ἡλίου πορείας χρόνος ἐν ἑνὶ καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ μηνί.
+          ὁράτω τις οὖν, εἰ μὴ τὸ ἑτερήμερον τοῖς κύκλοις ἐφαρμόζει τοῖς τε
+          ἄλλοις καὶ τοῖς τροπικοῖς. ὑπολήψεται τις· οὐκ ἴσον ἐστιν. οἱ μὲν
+          γὰρ ἀεὶ φαίνονται, καὶ τοῖς τὴν ἀντίσκιον οἰκοῦσι γῆν ἀμφοτέροις
+          ἀμφότεροι, τῶν δὲ οἱ θάτερον ὁρῶντες οὐδαμῶς ὁρῶσι θάτερον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(From eternity
+          there subsisted, surrounding Helios, the visible world, and from
+          eternity the light that encompasses the world has its fixed
+          station, not shining intermittently, nor in different ways at
+          different times, but always in the same manner. And if one desired
+          to comprehend, as far as the mind may, this eternal nature from the
+          point of view of time, one would understand most easily of how many
+          blessings for the world throughout eternity he is the cause, even
+          Helios the King of the All who shines without cessation. Now I am
+          aware that the great philosopher Plato,<a id="noteref_708" name=
+          "noteref_708" href="#note_708"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">708</span></span></a> and
+          after him a man who, though he is later in time, is by no means
+          inferior to him in genius—I mean Iamblichus<a id="noteref_709"
+          name="noteref_709" href="#note_709"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">709</span></span></a> of
+          Chalcis, who through his writings initiated me not only into other
+          philosophic doctrines but these also—I am aware, I say, that they
+          employed as a hypothesis the conception of a generated world, and
+          assumed for it, so to speak, a creation in time in order that the
+          magnitude of the works that arise from Helios might be recognised.
+          But apart from the fact that I fall short altogether of their
+          ability, I must by no means be so rash; especially since the
+          glorious hero Iamblichus thought it was not without risk to assume,
+          even as a bare hypothesis, a temporal limit for the creation of the
+          world. Nay rather, the god came forth from an eternal cause, or
+          rather brought forth all things from everlasting, engendering by
+          his divine will and with untold speed and unsurpassed power, from
+          the invisible all things now visible in present time. And then he
+          assigned as his own station the mid-heavens, in order that from all
+          sides he may bestow equal blessings on the gods who came forth by
+          his agency and in company with him; and that he may guide the seven
+          spheres<a id="noteref_710" name="noteref_710" href=
+          "#note_710"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">710</span></span></a> in
+          the heavens and the eighth sphere<a id="noteref_711" name=
+          "noteref_711" href="#note_711"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">711</span></span></a> also,
+          yes and as I believe the ninth creation too, namely our world which
+          revolves for ever in a continuous cycle of birth and death. For it
+          is evident that the planets, as they dance in a circle about him,
+          preserve as the measure of their motion a harmony between this god
+          and their own movements such as I shall now describe; and that the
+          whole heaven also, which adapts itself to him in all its parts, is
+          full of gods who proceed from Helios. For this god is lord of five
+          zones in the heavens; and when he traverses three of these he
+          begets in those three the three Graces.<a id="noteref_712" name=
+          "noteref_712" href="#note_712"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">712</span></span></a> And
+          the remaining zones are the scales of mighty Necessity.<a id=
+          "noteref_713" name="noteref_713" href="#note_713"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">713</span></span></a> To
+          the Greeks what I say is perhaps incomprehensible—as though one
+          were obliged to say to them only what is known and familiar. Yet
+          not even is this altogether strange to them as one might suppose.
+          For who, then, in your opinion, are the Dioscuri,<a id=
+          "noteref_714" name="noteref_714" href="#note_714"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">714</span></span></a> O ye
+          most wise, ye who accept without question so many of your
+          traditions? Do you not call them <span class="tei tei-q">“alternate
+          of days,”</span> because they may not both be seen on the same day?
+          It is obvious that by this you mean <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“yesterday”</span> and <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“to-day.”</span> But what does this mean, in the name
+          of those same Dioscuri? Let me apply it to some natural object, so
+          that I may not say anything empty and senseless. But no such object
+          could one find, however carefully one might search for it. For the
+          theory that some have supposed to be held by the theogonists, that
+          the two hemispheres of the universe are meant, has no meaning. For
+          how one could call each one of the hemispheres <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“alternate of days”</span> is not easy to imagine,
+          since the increase of their light in each separate day is
+          imperceptible. But now let us consider a question on which some may
+          think that I am innovating. We say correctly that those persons for
+          whom the time of the sun's course above the earth is the same in
+          one and the same month share the same day. Consider therefore
+          whether the expression <span class="tei tei-q">“alternate of
+          days”</span> cannot be applied both to the tropics and the other,
+          the polar, circles. But some one will object that it does not apply
+          equally to both. For though the former are always visible, and both
+          of them are visible at once to those who inhabit that part of the
+          earth where shadows are cast in an opposite direction,<a id=
+          "noteref_715" name="noteref_715" href="#note_715"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">715</span></span></a> yet
+          in the case of the latter those who see the one do not see the
+          other.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ
+          πλείω περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν λέγων διατρίβω, τὰς τροπὰς ἐργαζόμενος, ὥσπερ
+          ἴσμεν, πατὴρ ὡρῶν ἐστιν, οὐκ ἀπολείπων δὲ οὐδαμῶς τοὺς πόλους
+          Ὠκεανὸς ἂν εἴη, διπλῆς ἡγεμὼν οὐσίας. μῶν ἀσαφές τι καὶ τοῦτο
+          λέγομεν, ἐπείπερ πρὸ ἡμῶν αὐτὸ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἔφη·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, not to
+          dwell too long on the same subject; since he causes the winter and
+          summer solstice, Helios is, as we know, the father of the seasons;
+          and since he never forsakes the poles, he is Oceanus, the lord of
+          two-fold substance. My meaning here is not obscure, is it, seeing
+          that before my time Homer said the same thing?</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὠκεανοῦ, ὅσπερ γένεσις πάντεσσι
+                τέτυκται,</span><a id="noteref_716" name="noteref_716" href=
+                "#note_716"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style=
+                "text-align: left"><span style=
+                "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">716</span></span></a>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Oceanus who
+            is the father of all things</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">θνητῶν τε θεῶν
+          θ᾽, ὡς ἂν αὐτὸς φαίη, μακάρων; <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page404">[pg 404]</span><a name="Pg404" id="Pg404" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg405" id="Pg405" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀληθῶς. [148] ἒν γὰρ τῶν πάντων οὐδέν ἐστιν,
+          ὃ μὴ τῆς Ὠκεανοῦ πέφυκεν οὐσίας ἔκγονον. ἀλλὰ τί τοῦτο πρὸς τοὺς
+          πόλους; βούλει σοι φράσω; καίτοι σιωπᾶσθαι κρεῖσσον ἦν· εἰρήσεται
+          δὲ ὅμως.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(yes, for
+          mortals and for the blessed gods too, as he himself would say; and
+          what he says is true. For there is no single thing in the whole of
+          existence that is not the offspring of the substance of Oceanus.
+          But what has that to do with the poles? Shall I tell you? It were
+          better indeed to keep silence<a id="noteref_717" name="noteref_717"
+          href="#note_717"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">717</span></span></a>; but
+          for all that I will speak.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λέγεται γοῦν, εἰ
+          καὶ μὴ πάντες ἑτοίμως ἀποδέχονται, ὁ δίσκος ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνάστρου
+          φέρεσθαι πολὺ τῆς ἀπλανοῦς ὑψηλότερος· καὶ οὕτω δὴ<a id=
+          "noteref_718" name="noteref_718" href="#note_718"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">718</span></span></a> τῶν
+          μὲν πλανωμένων οὐχ ἕξει τὸ μέσον, τριῶν δὲ τῶν κόσμων κατὰ τὰς
+          τελεστικὰς [B] ὑποθέσεις, εἰ χρὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα καλεῖν ὑποθέσεις, ἀλλὰ
+          μὴ ταῦτα μὲν δόγματα, τὰ δὲ τῶν σφαιρικῶν ὑποθέσεις. οἱ μὲν γὰρ
+          θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων μεγάλων δή τινων ἀκούσαντές φασιν, οἱ δὲ
+          ὑποτίθενται τὸ πιθανὸν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα συμφωνίας. αἰνεῖν
+          μὲν οὖν ἄξιον καὶ τούσδε, πιστεύειν δὲ ἐκείνοις ὅτῳ βέλτιον εἶναι
+          δοκεῖ, τοῦτον ἐγὼ παίζων καὶ σπουδάζων ἄγαμαί τε καὶ τεθαύμακα. καὶ
+          ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταύτῃ, φασί.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Some say then,
+          even though all men are not ready to believe it, that the sun
+          travels in the starless heavens far above the region of the fixed
+          stars. And on this theory he will not be stationed midmost among
+          the planets but midway between the three worlds: that is, according
+          to the hypothesis of the mysteries, if indeed one ought to use the
+          word <span class="tei tei-q">“hypothesis”</span> and not rather say
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“established truths,”</span> using the word
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“hypothesis”</span> for the study of the
+          heavenly bodies. For the priests of the mysteries tell us what they
+          have been taught by the gods or mighty daemons, whereas the
+          astronomers make plausible hypotheses from the harmony that they
+          observe in the visible spheres. It is proper, no doubt, to approve
+          the astronomers as well, but where any man thinks it better to
+          believe the priests of the mysteries, him I admire and revere, both
+          in jest and earnest. And so much for that, as the saying is.<a id=
+          "noteref_719" name="noteref_719" href="#note_719"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">719</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Πολὺ δὲ πρὸς
+          οἷς ἔφην πλῆθός ἐστι περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν θεῶν, οὓς κατενόησαν οἱ τὸν
+          οὐρανὸν μὴ παρέργως μηδὲ ὥσπερ τὰ βοσκήματα θεωροῦντες.<a id=
+          "noteref_720" name="noteref_720" href="#note_720"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">720</span></span></a> τοὺς
+          τρεῖς γὰρ τετραχῇ τέμνων διὰ τῆς τοῦ ζῳοφόρου <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page406">[pg 406]</span><a name="Pg406" id="Pg406"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg407" id="Pg407" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> κύκλου πρὸς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν κοινωνίας τοῦτον
+          αὖθις τὸν ζῳοφόρον εἰς δώδεκα θεῶν δυνάμεις διαιρεῖ, καὶ μέντοι
+          τούτων ἕκαστον εἰς τρεῖς, ὥστε ποιεῖν ἓξ ἐπὶ τοῖς τριάκοντα. ἔνθεν
+          οἶμαι καθήκει ἄνωθεν ἡμῖν ἐξ οὐρανῶν [D] τριπλῆ χαρίτων δόσις, ἐκ
+          τῶν κύκλων, οὗς ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τετραχῇ τέμνων τὴν τετραπλῆν ἐπιπέμπει
+          τῶν ὡρῶν ἀγλαΐαν, αἳ δὴ τὰς τροπὰς ἔχουσι τῶν καιρῶν. κύκλον τοι
+          καὶ αἱ Χάριτες ἐπὶ γῆς διὰ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων μιμοῦνται.
+          χαριτοδότης<a id="noteref_721" name="noteref_721" href=
+          "#note_721"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">721</span></span></a> δέ
+          ἐστιν ὁ Διόνυσος ἐς ταὐτὸ λεγόμενος Ἡλίῳ συμβασιλεύειν. τύ οὖν ἔτι
+          σοι τὸν Ὧρον λέγω καὶ τἇλλα θεῶν ὀνόματα, τὰ πάντα Ἡλίῳ προσήκοντα;
+          συνῆκαν γὰρ ἅνθρωποι τὸν θεὸν ἐξ ὧν ὁ θεὸς [149] ὅδε ἐργάζεται, τὸν
+          σύμπαντα οὐρανὸν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἀγαθοῖς τελειωσάμενος καὶ μεταδοὺς
+          αὐτῷ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους, ἀρξάμενοί τε ἐκεῖθεν ὅλον τε αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ
+          μέρη τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁδρᾷ<a id="noteref_722" name="noteref_722" href=
+          "#note_722"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">722</span></span></a>
+          δόσει. πᾶσαν γὰρ ἐπιτροπεύει<a id="noteref_723" name="noteref_723"
+          href="#note_723"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">723</span></span></a>
+          κίνησιν ἄχρι τῆς τελευταίας τοῦ κόσμου λ\ηξεως· φύσιν τε καὶ ψυχὴν
+          καὶ πᾶν ὅ,τι ποτέ ἐστι, πάντα πανταχοῦ τελειοῦται. τὴν δὲ τοσαύτην
+          στρατιὰν τῶν θεῶν εἰς μίαν ἡγεμονικὴν [B] ἕνωσιν συντάξας Ἀθηνᾷ
+          Προνοίᾳ παρέδωκεν, ἣν ὁ μὲν μῦθός φησιν ἐκ τῆς <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page408">[pg 408]</span><a name="Pg408" id="Pg408"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg409" id="Pg409" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦ Διὸς γενέσθαι κορυφῆς, ἡμεῖς δὲ ὅλην ἐξ
+          ὅλου τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου προβληθῆναι συνεχομένην ἐν αὐτῷ, ταύτῃ
+          διαφέροντες τοῦ μύθου, ὅτι μὴ ἐκ τοῦ ἀκροτάτου μέρους, ὅλην δὲ ἐξ
+          ὅλου· ἐπεὶ τἆλλά γε οὐδὲν διαφέρειν Ἡλίου Δία νομίζοντες
+          ὁμολογοῦμεν τῇ παλαιᾷ φήμῃ. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ Πρόνοιαν Ἀθηνᾶν
+          λέγοντες οὐ καινοτομοῦμεν, εἴπερ ὀρθῶς ἀκούομεν·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now besides
+          those whom I have mentioned, there is in the heavens a great
+          multitude of gods who have been recognised as such by those who
+          survey the heavens, not casually, nor like cattle. For as he
+          divides the three spheres by four through the zodiac,<a id=
+          "noteref_724" name="noteref_724" href="#note_724"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">724</span></span></a> which
+          is associated with every one of the three, so he divides the zodiac
+          also into twelve divine powers; and again he divides every one of
+          these twelve by three, so as to make thirty-six gods in<a id=
+          "noteref_725" name="noteref_725" href="#note_725"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">725</span></span></a> all.
+          Hence, as I believe, there descends from above, from the heavens to
+          us, a three-fold gift of the Graces: I mean from the spheres, for
+          this god, by thus dividing them by four, sends to us the fourfold
+          glory of the seasons, which express the changes of time. And indeed
+          on our earth the Graces imitate a circle<a id="noteref_726" name=
+          "noteref_726" href="#note_726"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">726</span></span></a> in
+          their statues. And it is Dionysus who is the giver of the Graces,
+          and in this very connection he is said to reign with Helios. Why
+          should I go on to speak to you of Horus<a id="noteref_727" name=
+          "noteref_727" href="#note_727"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">727</span></span></a> and
+          of the other names of gods, which all belong to Helios? For from
+          his works men have learned to know this god, who makes the whole
+          heavens perfect through the gift of intellectual blessings, and
+          gives it a share of intelligible beauty; and taking the heavens as
+          their starting-point, they have learned to know him both as a whole
+          and his parts also, from his abundant bestowal of good gifts. For
+          he exercises control over all movement, even to the lowest plane of
+          the universe. And everywhere he makes all things perfect, nature
+          and soul and everything that exists. And marshalling together this
+          great army of the gods into a single commanding unity, he handed it
+          over to Athene Pronoia<a id="noteref_728" name="noteref_728" href=
+          "#note_728"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">728</span></span></a> who,
+          as the legend says, sprang from the head of Zeus, but I say that
+          she was sent forth from Helios whole from the whole of him, being
+          contained within him; though I disagree with the legend only so far
+          as I assert that she came forth not from his highest part, but
+          whole from the whole of him. For in other respects, since I believe
+          that Zeus is in no wise different from Helios, I agree with that
+          ancient tradition. And in using this very phrase Athene Pronoia, I
+          am not innovating, if I rightly understand the words:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἵκετο δ᾽ ἐς Πυθῶνα καὶ ἐς
+                Γλαυκῶπα Προνοίην.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He came to
+            Pytho and to grey-eyed Pronoia.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_729" name=
+            "noteref_729" href="#note_729"><span class=
+            "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">729</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] οὕτως ἄρα
+          καὶ τοῖς παλαιοῖς ἐφαίνετο Ἀθηνᾶ Πρόνοια σύνθρονος Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ
+          νομιζομένῳ μηδὲν Ἡλίου διαφέρειν. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ θείᾳ μοίρᾳ τοῦτο
+          Ὅμηρος· ἦν γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, θεόληπτος· ἀπεμαντεύσατο πολλαχοῦ τῆς
+          ποιήσεως·</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This proves
+          that the ancients also thought that Athene Pronoia shared the
+          throne of Apollo, who, as we believe, differs in no way from
+          Helios. Indeed, did not Homer by divine inspiration—for he was, we
+          may suppose, possessed by a god—reveal this truth, when he says
+          often in his poems:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Τιοίμην δ᾽ ὡς τίετ᾽ Ἀθηναίη καὶ
+                Ἀπόλλων,</span><a id="noteref_730" name="noteref_730" href=
+                "#note_730"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style=
+                "text-align: left"><span style=
+                "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">730</span></span></a>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">May I be
+            honoured even as Athene and Apollo were
+            honoured</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὑπὸ Διὸς
+          δήπουθεν, ὅσπερ ἐστὶν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἡλίῳ; καθάπερ δ᾽<a id="noteref_731"
+          name="noteref_731" href="#note_731"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">731</span></span></a> ὁ
+          βασιλεὺς Ἀπόλλων ἐπικοινωνεῖ διὰ τῆς ἁπλότητος τῶν νοήσεων Ἡλίῳ,
+          οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν [D] νομιστέον ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ παραδεξαμένην τὴν
+          οὐσίαν οὖσάν τε αὐτοῦ τελείαν νόησιν συνάπτειν μὲν τοὺς περὶ τὸν
+          Ἥλιον θεοὺς αὖ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ δίχα συγχύσεως εἰς
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page410">[pg 410]</span><a name=
+          "Pg410" id="Pg410" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg411" id=
+          "Pg411" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἕνωσιν, αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν ἄχραντον
+          καὶ καθαρὰν ζωὴν ἁπ᾽ ἅκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ διὰ τῶν ἑπτὰ κύκλων ἄχρι
+          τῆς Σελήνης [150] νέμουσαν ἐποχετεύειν, ἣν ἡ θεὸς ἥδε τῶν κυκλικῶν
+          οὖσαν σωμάτων ἐσχάτην ἐπλήρωσε τῆς φρονήσεως, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἡ Σελήνη τά τε
+          ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν θεωρεῖ νοητὰ καὶ τὰ ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτὴν κοσμοῦσα τὴν ὕλην
+          τοῖς εἴδεσιν ἀναιρεῖ τὸ θηριῶδες αὐτῆς καὶ ταραχῶδες καὶ ἄτακτον.
+          ἀνθρώποις δὲ ἀγαθὰ δίδωσιν Ἀθηνᾶ σοφίαν τό<a id="noteref_732" name=
+          "noteref_732" href="#note_732"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">732</span></span></a> τε
+          νοεῖν καὶ τὰς δημιουργικὰς τέχνας. κατοικεῖ δὲ τὰς ἀκροπόλεις αὕτη
+          δήπουθεν καταστησαμένη τὴν πολιτικὴν διὰ σοφίας κοινωνίαν. [B]
+          ὀλίγα ἔτι περὶ Ἀφροδίτης, ἣν συνεφάπτεσθαι τῆς δημιουργίας τῷ θεῷ
+          Φοινίκων ὁμολογοῦσιν οἱ λόγιοι, καὶ ἐγὼ πείθομαι. ἔστι δὴ οὖν αὕτη
+          σύγκρασις τῶν οὐρανίων θεῶν, καὶ τῆς ἁρμονίας αὐτῶν ἔτι φιλία καὶ
+          ἕνωσις. Ἡλίου γὰρ ἐγγὺς οὖσα καὶ συμπεριθέουσα καὶ πλησιάζουσα
+          πληροῖ μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐκρασίας, ἐνδίδωσι δὲ τὸ γόνιμον τῇ γῇ,
+          προμηθουμένη καὶ αὐτὴ τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τῶν ζῴων, ἧς ὁ μὲν βασιλεὺς
+          Ἥλιος ἔχει τὴν πρωτουργὸν αἰτίαν, ἀφροδίτη δὲ αὐτῷ συναίτιος, [C] ἡ
+          θέλγουσα μὲν τὰς ψυχὰς ἡμῶν σὺν εὐφροσύνῃ, καταπέμπουσα δὲ εἰς γῆν
+          ἐξ αἰθέρος αὐγὰς ἡδίστας καὶ ἀκηράτους <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page412">[pg 412]</span><a name="Pg412" id="Pg412" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg413" id="Pg413" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτοῦ τοῦ χρυσίου στιλπνοτέρας. ἔτι
+          ἐπιμετρῆσαι<a id="noteref_733" name="noteref_733" href=
+          "#note_733"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">733</span></span></a>
+          βούλομαι τῆς Φοινίκων θεολογίας· εἰ δὲ μὴ μάτην, ὁ λόγος προïὼν
+          δείξει. οἱ τὴν Ἔμεσαν<a id="noteref_734" name="noteref_734" href=
+          "#note_734"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">734</span></span></a>
+          οἰκοῦντες, ἱερὸν ἐξ αἰῶνος Ἡλίου χωρίον, Μόνιμον αὐτῷ καὶ Ἄζιζον
+          συγκαθιδρύουσιν. [D] αἰνίττεσθαί φησιν Ἰάμβλιχος, παρ᾽ οὗ καὶ τᾶλλα
+          πάντα ἐκ πολλῶν μικρὰ ἐλάβομεν, ὡς ὁ Μόνιμος μὲν Ἑρμῆς εἴη, Ἄζιζος
+          δὲ Ἄρης, Ἡλίου πάρεδροι, πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ τῷ περὶ γῆν ἐποχετεύοντες
+          τόπῳ.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(—by Zeus, that
+          is to say, who is identical with Helios? And just as King Apollo,
+          through the singleness of his thoughts, is associated with Helios,
+          so also we must believe that Athene<a id="noteref_735" name=
+          "noteref_735" href="#note_735"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">735</span></span></a> has
+          received her nature from Helios, and that she is his intelligence
+          in perfect form: and so she binds together the gods who are
+          assembled about Helios and brings them without confusion into unity
+          with Helios, the King of the All: and she distributes and is the
+          channel for stainless and pure life throughout the seven spheres,
+          from the highest vault of the heavens as far as Selene the
+          Moon:<a id="noteref_736" name="noteref_736" href=
+          "#note_736"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">736</span></span></a> for
+          Selene is the last of the heavenly spheres which Athene fills with
+          wisdom: and by her aid Selene beholds the intelligible which is
+          higher than the heavens, and adorns with its forms the realm of
+          matter that lies below her, and thus she does away with its
+          savagery and confusion and disorder. Moreover to mankind Athene
+          gives the blessings of wisdom and intelligence and the creative
+          arts. And surely she dwells in the capitols of cities because,
+          through her wisdom, she has established the community of the state.
+          I have still to say a few words about Aphrodite, who, as the wise
+          men among the Phoenicians affirm, and as I believe, assists Helios
+          in his creative function. She is, in very truth, a synthesis of the
+          heavenly gods, and in their harmony she is the spirit of love and
+          unity.<a id="noteref_737" name="noteref_737" href=
+          "#note_737"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">737</span></span></a> For
+          she<a id="noteref_738" name="noteref_738" href=
+          "#note_738"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">738</span></span></a> is
+          very near to Helios, and when she pursues the same course as he and
+          approaches him, she fills the skies with fair weather and gives
+          generative power to the earth: for she herself takes thought for
+          the continuous birth of living things. And though of that
+          continuous birth King Helios is the primary creative cause, yet
+          Aphrodite is the joint cause with him, she who enchants our souls
+          with her charm and sends down to earth from the upper air rays of
+          light most sweet and stainless, aye, more lustrous than gold
+          itself. I desire to mete out to you still more of the theology of
+          the Phoenicians, and whether it be to some purpose my argument as
+          it proceeds will show. The inhabitants of Emesa,<a id="noteref_739"
+          name="noteref_739" href="#note_739"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">739</span></span></a> a
+          place from time immemorial sacred to Helios, associate with Helios
+          in their temples Monimos and Azizos.<a id="noteref_740" name=
+          "noteref_740" href="#note_740"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">740</span></span></a>
+          Iamblichus, from whom I have taken this and all besides, a little
+          from a great store, says that the secret meaning to be interpreted
+          is that Monimos is Hermes and Azizos Ares, the assessors of Helios,
+          who are the channel for many blessings to the region of our
+          earth.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ
+          τὸν οὐρανὸν ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ τοιαῦτά ἐστι, καὶ διὰ τούτων ἐπιτελούμενα
+          μέχρι τῶν τῆς γῆς προήκει τελευταίων ὅρων· ὅσα δὲ ὑπὸ τὴν Σελήνην
+          ἐργάζεται, μακρὸν ἂν εἴη τὰ πάντα ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι. πλὴν ὡς ἐν
+          κεφαλαίῳ καὶ ταῦτα ῥητέον. [151] οἶδα μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε καὶ πρότερον
+          μνημονεύσας, ὁπηνίκα ἠξίουν ἐκ τῶν φαινομένων τὰ ἀφανῆ περὶ τῆς τοῦ
+          θεοῦ σκοπεῖν οὐσίας, ὁ λόγος δὲ ἀπαιτεῖ με καὶ νῦν ἐν τάξει περὶ
+          αὐτῶν δηλῶσαι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such then are
+          the works of Helios in the heavens, and, when completed by means of
+          the gods whom I have named, they reach even unto the furthest
+          bounds of the earth. But to tell the number of all his works in the
+          region below the moon would take too long. Nevertheless I must
+          describe them also in a brief summary. Now I am aware that I
+          mentioned them earlier when I claimed<a id="noteref_741" name=
+          "noteref_741" href="#note_741"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">741</span></span></a> that
+          from things visible we could observe the invisible properties of
+          the god's substance, but the argument demands that I should expound
+          them now also, in their proper order.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καθάπερ οὖν ἐν
+          τοῖς νοεροῖς ἔχειν ἔφαμεν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν Ἥλιον, πολὺ περὶ τὴν
+          ἀμέριστον οὐσίαν ἑαυτοῦ πλῆθος ἑνοειδῶς ἔχοντα τῶν θεῶν, ἔτι δὲ ἐν
+          τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, [B] ἃ δὴ τὴν κύκλῳ διαιωνίαν <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page414">[pg 414]</span><a name="Pg414" id="Pg414"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg415" id="Pg415" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> πορεύεται μάλα εὐδαίμονα πορείαν,
+          ἀπεδείκνυμεν ἀρχηγὸν καὶ κύριον, ἐνδιδόντα μὲν τὸ γόνιμον τῇ
+          φύσει,<a id="noteref_742" name="noteref_742" href=
+          "#note_742"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">742</span></span></a>
+          πληροῦντα δὲ τὸν ὅλον οὐρανὸν ὥσπερ τῆς φαινομένης αὐγῆς οὕτω δὲ
+          καὶ μυρίων ἀγαθῶν ἀφανῶν ἄλλων, τελειούμενα δὲ ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ παρὰ
+          τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν θεῶν ἀγαθὰ χορηγούμενα, καὶ πρό γε τούτων αὐτοὺς
+          ἐκείνους ὑπὸ τῆς ἀπορρήτου καὶ θείας αὐτοῦ τελειουμένους ἐνεργείας·
+          οὕτω δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸν ἐν γενέσει τόπον θεούς τινας ἐπιβεβηκέναι
+          νομιστέον [C] ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου συνεχομένουσ, οἳ τὴν τετραπλῆν
+          τῶν στοιχείων κυβερνῶντες φύσιν, περὶ ἃς ἐστήρικται ταῦτα ψυχὰς
+          μετὰ τῶν τριῶν κρειττόνων ἐνοικοῦσι γενῶν. αὐταῖς δὲ ταῖς μερισταῖς
+          ψυχαῖς ὅσων ἀγαθῶν ἐστιν αἴτιος, κρίσιν τε αὐταῖς προτείνων καὶ
+          δίκῃ κατευθύνων καὶ ἀποκαθαίρων λαμπρότητι; τὴν ὅλην δὲ οὐχ οὗτος
+          φύσιν, ἐνδιδοὺς ἄνωθεν αὐτῇ τὸ γόνιμον, κινεῖ καὶ ἀναζωπυρεῖ; ἀλλὰ
+          καὶ ταῖς μερισταῖς φύσεσιν [D] οὐ τῆς εἰς τέλος πορείας οὗτος ἐστιν
+          ἀληθῶς αἴτιος; ἄνθρωπον γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου γεννᾶσθαί φησιν
+          Ἀριστοτέλης καὶ ἡλίου.<a id="noteref_743" name="noteref_743" href=
+          "#note_743"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">743</span></span></a>
+          ταὐτὸν δὴ οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, ὅσα τῶν μεριστῶν ἐστι
+          φύσεων ἔργα, περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου προσήκει διανοεῖσθαι. τί δέ;
+          οὐχ ἡμῖν ὄμβρους καὶ ἀνέμους καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς μεταρσίοις γινόμενα τῷ
+          διττῷ τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως οἷον ὕλῃ χρώμενος ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἐργάζεται;
+          [152] θερμαίνων γὰρ τὴν γῆν ἀτμίδα καὶ καπνὸν ἕλκει, γίνεται δὲ ἐκ
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page416">[pg 416]</span><a name=
+          "Pg416" id="Pg416" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg417" id=
+          "Pg417" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τούτων οὐ τὰ μετάρσια μόνον,
+          ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσα ἐπὶ γῆς πάθη, σμικρὰ καὶ μεγάλα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I said then
+          that Helios holds sway among the intellectual gods in that he
+          unites into one, about his own undivided substance, a great
+          multitude of the gods: and further, I demonstrated that among the
+          gods whom we can perceive, who revolve eternally in their most
+          blessed path, he is leader and lord; since he bestows on their
+          nature its generative power, and fills the whole heavens not only
+          with visible rays of light but with countless other blessings that
+          are invisible; and, further, that the blessings which are
+          abundantly supplied by the other visible gods are made perfect by
+          him, and that even prior to this the visible gods themselves are
+          made perfect by his unspeakable and divine activity. In the same
+          manner we must believe that on this our world of generation certain
+          gods have alighted who are linked together with Helios: and these
+          gods guide the four-fold nature of the elements, and inhabit,
+          together with the three higher races,<a id="noteref_744" name=
+          "noteref_744" href="#note_744"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">744</span></span></a> those
+          souls which are upborne by the elements. But for the divided
+          souls<a id="noteref_745" name="noteref_745" href=
+          "#note_745"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">745</span></span></a> also,
+          of how many blessings is he the cause! For he extends to them the
+          faculty of judging, and guides them with justice, and purifies them
+          by his brilliant light. Again, does he not set in motion the whole
+          of nature and kindle life therein, by bestowing on it generative
+          power from on high? But for the divided natures also, is not he the
+          cause that they journey to their appointed end?<a id="noteref_746"
+          name="noteref_746" href="#note_746"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">746</span></span></a> For
+          Aristotle says that man is begotten by man and the sun together.
+          Accordingly the same theory about King Helios must surely apply to
+          all the other activities of the divided souls. Again, does he not
+          produce for us rain and wind and the clouds in the skies, by
+          employing, as though it were matter, the two kinds of vapour? For
+          when he heats the earth he draws up steam and smoke, and from these
+          there arise not only the clouds but also all the physical changes
+          on our earth, both great and small.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τί οὖν
+          περὶ<a id="noteref_747" name="noteref_747" href=
+          "#note_747"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">747</span></span></a> τῶν
+          αὐτῶν ἐπέξειμι μακρότερα, ἐξὸν ἐπὶ τὸ πέρας ἤδη βαδίζειν ὑμνήσαντα
+          πρότερον ὅσα ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις Ἥλιος ἀγαθά; γινόμενοι γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ
+          τρεφόμεθα παρ᾽ ἐκείνου. [B] τὰ μὲν οὖν θειότερα καὶ ὅσα ταῖς ψυχαῖς
+          δίδωσιν ἀπολύων αὐτὰς τοῦ σώματος, εἶτα ἐπανάγων ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ θεοῦ
+          συγγενεῖς οὐσίας, καὶ τὸ λεπτὸν καὶ εὔτονον τῆς θείας αὐγῆς οἷον
+          ὄχημα τῆς εἰς τὴν γένεσιν ἀσφαλοῦς διδόμενον καθόδου ταῖς ψυχαῖς
+          ὑμνείσθω τε ἄλλοις ἀξίως καὶ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν πιστευέσθω μᾶλλον ἢ
+          δεικνύσθω· τὰ δὲ ὅσα γνώριμα πέφυκε τοῖς πᾶσιν οὐκ ὀκνητέον
+          ἐπεξελθεῖν. οὐρανόν φησι Πλάτων<a id="noteref_748" name=
+          "noteref_748" href="#note_748"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">748</span></span></a> ἡμῖν
+          γενέσθαι σοφίας διδάσκαλον. ἐνθένδε γὰρ [C] ἀριθμοῦ κατενοήσαμεν
+          φύσιν, ἧς τὸ διαφέρον οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἡλίου περιόδου
+          κατενοήσαμεν. φησί τοι καὶ αὐτὸς Πλάτων ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα πρότερον.
+          εἶτα ἐκ τοῦ φωτὸς τῆς σελήνης, ὃ δὴ δίδοται τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ παρ᾽
+          ἡλίου, μετὰ τοῦτο προήλθομεν ἐπὶ πλέον τῆς τοιαύτης συνέσεως,
+          ἁπανταχοῦ τῆς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον στοχαζόμενοι συμφωνίας. ὅπερ
+          αὐτός πού φησιν,<a id="noteref_749" name="noteref_749" href=
+          "#note_749"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">749</span></span></a> ὡς
+          ἄρα τὸ γένος ἡμῶν ἐπίπονον ὂν φύσει θεοὶ ἐλεήσαντες [D] ἔδωκαν ἡμῖν
+          τὸν Διόνυσον καὶ τὰς Μούσας συγχορευτάς. ἐφάνη δὲ ἡμῖν Ἥλιος
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page418">[pg 418]</span><a name=
+          "Pg418" id="Pg418" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg419" id=
+          "Pg419" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τούτων κοινὸς ἡγεμών, Διονύσου
+          μὲν πατὴρ ὑμνούμενος, ἡγεμῶν δὲ Μουσῶν. ὁ δὲ αὐτῷ συμβασιλεύων
+          Ἀπόλλων οὐ πανταχοῦ μὲν ἀνῆκε τῆς γῆς χρηστήρια, σοφίαν δὲ ἔδωκεν
+          ἀνθρώποις ἔνθεον, ἐκόσμησε δὲ ἱεροῖς καὶ πολιτικοῖς τὰς πόλεις
+          θεσμοῖς; οὗτος ἡμέρωσε μὲν διὰ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποικιῶν τὰ πλεῖστα
+          τῆς οἰκουμένης, παρεσκεύασε δὲ ῥᾷον ὑπακοῦσαι Ῥωμαίοις ἔχουσι καὶ
+          αὐτοῖς οὐ [153] γένος μόνον Ἑλληνικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεσμοὺς ἱεροὺς καὶ
+          τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐπιστίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος Ἑλληνικὴν
+          καταστησαμένοις τε καὶ φυλάξασι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸν περὶ τὴν
+          πόλιν κόσμον οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν ἄριστα πολιτευσαμένων πόλεων
+          καταστησαμένοις φαυλότερον, εἰ μὴ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν, ὅσαι γε ἐν
+          χρήσει γεγόνασι πολιτεῖαι, κρείσσονα· ἀνθ᾽ ὧν οἶμαι καὶ αὐτὸς ἔγνων
+          τὴν πόλιν Ἑλληνίδα γένος τε καὶ πολιτείαν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But why do I
+          deal with the same questions at such length, when I am free at last
+          to come to my goal, though not till I have first celebrated all the
+          blessings that Helios has given to mankind? For from him are we
+          born, and by him are we nourished. But his more divine gifts, and
+          all that he bestows on our souls when he frees them from the body
+          and then lifts them up on high to the region of those substances
+          that are akin to the god; and the fineness and vigour of his divine
+          rays, which are assigned as a sort of vehicle for the safe descent
+          of our souls into this world of generation; all this, I say, let
+          others celebrate in fitting strains, but let me believe it rather
+          than demonstrate its truth. However, I need not hesitate to discuss
+          so much as is known to all. Plato says that the sky is our
+          instructor in wisdom. For from its contemplation we have learned to
+          know the nature of number, whose distinguishing characteristics we
+          know only from the course of the sun. Plato himself says that day
+          and night were created first.<a id="noteref_750" name="noteref_750"
+          href="#note_750"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">750</span></span></a> And
+          next, from observing the moon's light, which was bestowed on the
+          goddess by Helios, we later progressed still further in the
+          understanding of these matters: in every case conjecturing the
+          harmony of all things with this god. For Plato himself says
+          somewhere that our race was by nature doomed to toil, and so the
+          gods pitied us and gave us Dionysus and the Muses as playfellows.
+          And we recognised that Helios is their common lord, since he is
+          celebrated as the father of Dionysus and the leader of the Muses.
+          And has not Apollo, who is his colleague in empire, set up oracles
+          in every part of the earth, and given to men inspired wisdom, and
+          regulated their cities by means of religious and political
+          ordinances? And he has civilised the greater part of the world by
+          means of Greek colonies, and so made it easier for the world to be
+          governed by the Romans. For the Romans themselves not only belong
+          to the Greek race, but also the sacred ordinances and the pious
+          belief in the gods which they have established and maintain are,
+          from beginning to end, Greek. And beside this they have established
+          a constitution not inferior to that of any one of the best governed
+          states, if indeed it be not superior to all others that have ever
+          been put into practice. For which reason I myself recognise that
+          our city is Greek, both in descent and as to its constitution.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Τί ἔτι σοι
+          λέγω, πῶς τῆς ὑγιείας καὶ σωτηρίας πάντων προυνόησε τὸν σωτῆρα τῶν
+          ὅλων ἀπογεννήσας Ἀσκληπιόν, ὅπως δὲ ἀρετὴν ἔδωκε παντοίαν Ἀφροδίτην
+          Ἀθηνᾷ συγκαταπέμψας ἡμῖν, κηδεμόνα μόνον οὐχὶ νόμον θέμενος, πρὸς
+          μηδὲν ἕτερον χρῆσθαι τῇ μίξει ἢ πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν<a id=
+          "noteref_751" name="noteref_751" href="#note_751"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">751</span></span></a> τοῦ
+          ὁμοίου; διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ κατὰ τὰς περιόδους αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ φυόμενα
+          καὶ τὰ παντοδαπῶν ζῴων φῦλα κινεῖται [C] πρὸς ἀπογέννησιν τοῦ
+          ὁμοίου. τί χρὴ τὰς ἀκτῖνας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ φῶς σεμνῦναι; <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page420">[pg 420]</span><a name="Pg420" id="Pg420"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg421" id="Pg421" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> νὺξ γοῦν ἀσέληνός τε καὶ ἄναστρος ὅπως ἐστὶ
+          φοβερά, ἆρα ἐννοεῖ τις, ἵν᾽ ἐντεῦθεν, ὁπόσον ἔχομεν ἀγαθὸν ἐξ ἡλίου
+          τὸ φῶς, τεκμήρηται; τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ συνεχὲς παρέχων καὶ ἀμεσολάβητον
+          νυκτὶ ἐν οἷς χρὴ τόποις ἀπὸ τῆς σελήνης τοῖς ἄνω, ἐκεχειρίαν ἡμῖν
+          διὰ τῆς νυκτὸς τῶν πόνων δίδωσιν. οὐδὲν ἂν γένοιτο πέρας τοῦ λόγου,
+          εἰ πάντα ἐπεξιέναι [D] τις ἐθελήσειε τὰ τοιαῦτα. ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν
+          ἀγαθὸν κατὰ τὸν βίον, ὃ μὴ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λαβόντες ἔχομεν,
+          ἤτοι παρὰ μόνου τέλειον, ἢ διὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ
+          τελειούμενον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Shall I now go
+          on to tell you how Helios took thought for the health and safety of
+          all men by begetting Asclepios<a id="noteref_752" name=
+          "noteref_752" href="#note_752"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">752</span></span></a> to be
+          the saviour of the whole world? and how he bestowed on us every
+          kind of excellence by sending down to us Aphrodite together with
+          Athene, and thus laid down for our protection what is almost a law,
+          that we should only unite to beget our kind? Surely it is for this
+          reason that, in agreement with the course of the sun, all plants
+          and all the tribes of living things are aroused to bring forth
+          their kind. What need is there for me to glorify his beams and his
+          light? For surely everyone knows how terrible is night without a
+          moon or stars, so that from this he can calculate how great a boon
+          for us is the light of the sun? And this very light he supplies at
+          night, without ceasing, and directly, from the moon in those upper
+          spaces where it is needed, while he grants us through the night a
+          truce from toil. But there would be no limit to the account if one
+          should endeavour to describe all his gifts of this sort. For there
+          is no single blessing in our lives which we do not receive as a
+          gift from this god, either perfect from him alone, or, through the
+          other gods, perfected by him.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμῖν δέ ἐστιν
+          ἐρχηγὸς καὶ τῆς πόλεως. οἰκεῖ γοῦν αὐτῆς οὐ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν μόνον
+          μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἀφροδίτης Ζεὺς ὁ πάντων πατὴρ ὑμνούμενος, ἀλλὰ
+          καὶ Ἀπόλλων ἐπὶ τῷ Παλλαντίῳ λόφῳ καὶ Ἥλιος αὐτὸς τοῦτο τὸ<a id=
+          "noteref_753" name="noteref_753" href="#note_753"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">753</span></span></a>
+          κοινὸν ὄνομα πᾶσι καὶ γνώριμον. [154] ὅπως δὲ αὐτῷ πάντη καὶ πάντα
+          προσήκομεν οἱ Ῥωμυλίδαι τε καὶ Αἰνεάδαι, πολλὰ ἔχων εἰπεῖν ἐρῶ
+          βραχέα τὰ γνωριμώτατα. γέγονε, φασίν, ἐξ Ἀφροδίτης Αἰνείας, ἥπερ
+          ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συγγενής. αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν κτίστην ἡμῶν τῆς
+          πόλεως Ἄρεως ἡ φήμη παρέδωκε παῖδα, πιστουμένη τὸ παράδοξον τῶν
+          λόγων διὰ τῶν ὕστερον ἐπακολουθησάντων σημείων. ὑπέσχε γὰρ αὐτῷ,
+          φασί, μαζὸν θήλεια λύκος. ἐγὼ δὲ ὅτι μὲν Ἄρης Ἄζιζος λεγόμενος
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page422">[pg 422]</span><a name=
+          "Pg422" id="Pg422" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg423" id=
+          "Pg423" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκούντων τὴν
+          Ἔμεσαν<a id="noteref_754" name="noteref_754" href=
+          "#note_754"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">754</span></span></a> [B]
+          Σύρων Ἡλίου προπομπεύει, καίπερ εἰδὼς καὶ προειπὼν ἀφήσειν μοι
+          δοκῶ. τοῦ χάριν δὲ ὁ λύκος Ἄρει μᾶλλον, οὐχὶ δὲ Ἡλίῳ προσήκει;
+          καίτοι λυκάβαντά φασιν ἀπὸ τοῦ λύκου τὸυ ἐνιαύσιον χρόνον· ὀνομάζει
+          δὲ αὐτὸν οὐχ Ὅμηρος μόνον οὐδὲ οἱ γνώριμοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοῦτο τὸ
+          ὄνομα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ θεός· διανύων γάρ φησιν</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Moreover he is
+          the founder of our city.<a id="noteref_755" name="noteref_755"
+          href="#note_755"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">755</span></span></a> For
+          not only does Zeus, who is glorified as the father of all things,
+          inhabit its citadel<a id="noteref_756" name="noteref_756" href=
+          "#note_756"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">756</span></span></a>
+          together with Athene and Aphrodite, but Apollo also dwells on the
+          Palatine Hill, and Helios himself under this name of his which is
+          commonly known to all and familiar to all. And I could say much to
+          prove that we, the sons of Romulus and Aeneas, are in every way and
+          in all respects connected with him, but I will mention briefly only
+          what is most familiar. According to the legend, Aeneas is the son
+          of Aphrodite, who is subordinate to Helios and is his kinswoman.
+          And the tradition has been handed down that the founder of our city
+          was the son of Ares, and the paradoxical element in the tale has
+          been believed because of the portents which later appeared to
+          support it. For a she-wolf, they say, gave him suck. Now I am aware
+          that Ares, who is called Azizos by the Syrians who inhabit Emesa,
+          precedes Helios in the sacred procession, but I mentioned it
+          before, so I think I may let that pass. But why is the wolf sacred
+          only to Ares and not to Helios? Yet men call the period of a year
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“lycabas,”</span><a id="noteref_757" name=
+          "noteref_757" href="#note_757"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">757</span></span></a> which
+          is derived from <span class="tei tei-q">“wolf.”</span> And not only
+          Homer<a id="noteref_758" name="noteref_758" href=
+          "#note_758"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">758</span></span></a> and
+          the famous men of Greece call it by this name, but also the god
+          himself, when he says:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὀρχηθμῷ λυκάβαντα δυωδεκάμηνα
+                κέλευθα.</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">With
+            dancing does he bring to a close his journey of twelve months,
+            even the lycabas.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] βούλει οὖν
+          ἔτι σοι φράσω μεῖζον τεκμήριον, ὅτι ἄρα ὁ τῆς πόλεως ἡμῶν οἰκιστὴς
+          οὐχ ὑπ᾽ Ἀρεως κατεπέμφθη μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως αὐτῷ τῆς μὲν τοῦ σώματος
+          κατασκευῆς συνεπελάβετο δαίμων ἀρήιος καὶ γενναῖος, ὁ λεγόμενος
+          ἐπιφοιτῆσαι τῇ Σιλβίᾳ λουτρὰ τῇ θεῷ φερούσῃ, τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἐξ Ἡλίου
+          κατῆλθεν ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ θεοῦ Κυρίνου· πειστέον γὰρ οἶμαι τῇ φήμῃ. [D]
+          σύνοδος ἀκριβὴς τῶν τὴν ἐμφανῆ κατανειμαμένων βασιλείαν Ἡλίου τε
+          καὶ Σελήνης ὥσπερ οὖν εἰς τὴν γῆν κατήγαγεν, οὕτω καὶ ἀνήγαγεν
+          ὃν<a id="noteref_759" name="noteref_759" href=
+          "#note_759"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">759</span></span></a> ἀπὸ
+          τῆς γῆς ἐδέξατο, τὸ θνητὸν ἀφανίσασα πυρὶ κεραυνίῳ τοῦ σώματος.
+          οὕτω προδήλως ἡ τῶν περιγείων <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page424">[pg 424]</span><a name="Pg424" id="Pg424" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg425" id="Pg425" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δημιουργὸς ὑπὸ αὐτὸν ἄκρως γενομένη τὸν ἥλιον
+          ἐδέξατο εἰς γῆν πεμπόμενον διὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς Προνοίας τὸν Κυρῖνον,
+          ἀνιπτάμενόν τε αὖθις ἀπὸ γῆς ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ἐπανήγαγεν
+          αὐτίκα Ἥλιον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now do you wish
+          me to bring forward a still greater proof that the founder of our
+          city was sent down to earth, not by Ares alone, though perhaps some
+          noble daemon with the character of Ares did take part in the
+          fashioning of his mortal body, even he who is said to have visited
+          Silvia<a id="noteref_760" name="noteref_760" href=
+          "#note_760"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">760</span></span></a> when
+          she was carrying water for the bath of the goddess,<a id=
+          "noteref_761" name="noteref_761" href="#note_761"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">761</span></span></a> but
+          the whole truth is that the soul of the god Quirinus<a id=
+          "noteref_762" name="noteref_762" href="#note_762"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">762</span></span></a> came
+          down to earth from Helios; for we must, I think, believe the sacred
+          tradition. And the close conjunction of Helios and Selene, who
+          share the empire over the visible world, even as it had caused his
+          soul to descend to earth, in like manner caused to mount upwards
+          him whom it received back from the earth, after blotting out with
+          fire from a thunderbolt<a id="noteref_763" name="noteref_763" href=
+          "#note_763"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">763</span></span></a> the
+          mortal part of his body. So clearly did she who creates earthly
+          matter, she whose place is at the furthest point below the sun,
+          receive Quirinus when he was sent down to earth by Athene, goddess
+          of Forethought; and when he took flight again from earth she led
+          him back straightway to Helios, the King of the All.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[155] Ἔτι σοι
+          βούλει περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν φράσω τεκμήριον τοῦ Νόμα τοῦ βασιλέως ἔργον;
+          ἄσβεστον ἐξ ἡλίου φυλάττουσι φλόγα παρθένοι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ἱεραὶ κατὰ
+          τὰς διαφόρους ὥρας, αἳ δὴ τὸ γενόμενον<a id="noteref_764" name=
+          "noteref_764" href="#note_764"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">764</span></span></a> περὶ
+          τὴν γῆν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πῦρ φυλάττουσιν. ἔτι τούτων μεῖζον ἔχω σοι
+          φράσαι τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε τεκμήριον, αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως
+          ἔργον. οἱ μῆνες ἅπασι μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς
+          σελήνης ἀριθμοῦνται, [B] μόνοι δὲ ἡμεῖς καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι πρὸς τὰς
+          ἡλίου κινήσεις ἑκάστου μετροῦμεν ἐνιαυτοῦ τὰς ἡμέρας. εἴ σοι μετὰ
+          τοῦτο φαίην, ὡς καὶ τὸν Μίθραν τιμῶμεν καὶ ἄγομεν Ἡλίῳ
+          τετραετηρικοὺς ἀγῶνας, ἐρῶ νεώτερα· βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως ἕν τι τῶν
+          παλαιοτέρων προθεῖναι. τοῦ γὰρ ἐνιαυσιαίου κύκλου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἄλλος
+          ἄλλοθεν ποιούμενος, οἱ μὲν τὴν ἐαρινὴν ἰσημερίαν, οἱ δὲ τὴν ἀκμὴν
+          τοῦ θέρους, οἱ πολλοὶ δὲ φθίνουσαν ἤδη τὴν ὀπώραν, [C] Ἡλίου τὰς
+          ἐμφανεστάτας ὑμνοῦσι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page426">[pg
+          426]</span><a name="Pg426" id="Pg426" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg427" id="Pg427" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δωρεάς ὁ μέν τις τὴν τῆς ἐργασίας ἐνδιδομένην
+          εὐκαιρίαν, ὅτε ἡ γῆ θάλλει καὶ γαυριᾷ, φυομένων ἄρτι των καρπῶν
+          ἁπάντων, γίνεται δὲ ἐπιτῆδεια πλεῖσθαι τὰ πελάγη καὶ τὸ τοῦ
+          χειμῶνος ἀηδὲς καὶ σκυθρωπὸν ἐπὶ τὸ φαιδρότερον μεθίσταται, οἱ δὲ
+          τὴν τοῦ θέρους ἐτίμησαν ὥραν,<a id="noteref_765" name="noteref_765"
+          href="#note_765"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">765</span></span></a> ὡς
+          ἀσφαλῶς τότε ὑπὶρ τῆς τῶν καρπῶν ἔχοντες θαρρῆσαι γενέσεως, τῶν μὲν
+          σπερμάτων ἤδη συνειλεγμένων, ἀκμαίας δὲ οὔσης [D] τῆς ὀπώρας ἤδη
+          και πεπαινομένων τῶν ἐπικειμένων καρπῶν τοῖς δένδροις. ἄλλοι δὲ
+          τούτων ἔτι κομψότεροι τέλος ἐνιαυτοῦ ὑπέλαβον τὴν τελειοτάτην τῶν
+          καρπῶν ἁπάντων ἀκμὴν καὶ φθίσιν· ταῦτά τοι καὶ φθινούσης ἤδη τῆς
+          ὀπώρας ἄγουσι τὰς κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν νουμηνίας. οἱ δὲ ἡμέτεροι
+          προπάτορες ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως τοῦ Νόμα μειζόνως ἔτι
+          τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον σεβόμενοι τὰ μὲν τῆς χρείας ἀπέλιπον, ἅτε οἶμαι
+          φύσει θεῖοι καὶ περιττοὶ τὴν διάνοιαν, αὐτὸν δὲ εἶδον τούτων τὸν
+          αἴτιον [156] καὶ ἄγειν ἔταξαν συμφώνως ἐν τῇ παρούσῃ τῶν ὡρῶν τὴν
+          νουμηνίαν, ὁπότε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος αὖθις ἐπανάγει πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀφεὶς
+          τῆς μεσημβρίας τὰ ἔσχατα καὶ ὥσπερ περὶ νύσσαν τὸν αἰγοκέρωτα
+          κάμψας ἀπὸ τοῦ νότου πρὸς τὸν βορρᾶν ἔρχεται μεταδώσων ἡμῖν τῶν
+          ἐπετείων ἀγαθῶν. ὅτι δὲ τοῦτο ἀκριβῶς ἐκεῖνοι διανοηθέντες οὕτως
+          ἐνεστήσαντο τὴν ἐπέτειον νουμηνίαν, ἐνθένδ᾽ ἄν τις κατανοήσειεν. οὐ
+          γὰρ οἶμαι καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ θεὸς τρέπεται, καθ᾽ ἣν δὲ τοῖς [B] πᾶσιν
+          ἐμφανὴς γίνεται χωρῶν ἀπὸ τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page428">[pg 428]</span><a name="Pg428" id="Pg428" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg429" id="Pg429" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> μεσημβρίας ἐς τὰς ἄρκτους ἄταξαν οὗτοι τὴν
+          ἑορτήν. οὔπω μὲν γὰρ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν κανόνων λεπτότης γνώριμος, οὓς
+          ἐξηῦρον μὲν Χαλδαῖοι καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι, Ἵππαρχος δὲ καὶ Πτολεμαῖος
+          ἐτελειώσαντο, κρίνοντες δὲ αἰσθήσει τοῖς φαινομένοις
+          ἠκολούθουν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Do you wish me
+          to mention yet another proof of this, I mean the work of King
+          Numa?<a id="noteref_766" name="noteref_766" href=
+          "#note_766"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">766</span></span></a> In
+          Rome maiden priestesses<a id="noteref_767" name="noteref_767" href=
+          "#note_767"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">767</span></span></a> guard
+          the undying flame of the sun at different hours in turn; they guard
+          the fire that is produced on earth by the agency of the god. And I
+          can tell you a still greater proof of the power of this god, which
+          is the work of that most divine king himself. The months are
+          reckoned from the moon by, one may say, all other peoples; but we
+          and the Egyptians alone reckon the days of every year according to
+          the movements of the sun. If after this I should say that we also
+          worship Mithras, and celebrate games in honour of Helios every four
+          years, I shall be speaking of customs that are somewhat
+          recent.<a id="noteref_768" name="noteref_768" href=
+          "#note_768"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">768</span></span></a> But
+          perhaps it is better to cite a proof from the remote past. The
+          beginning of the cycle of the year is placed at different times by
+          different peoples. Some place it at the spring equinox, others at
+          the height of summer, and many in the late autumn; but they each
+          and all sing the praises of the most visible gifts of Helios. One
+          nation celebrates the season best adapted for work in the fields,
+          when the earth bursts into bloom and exults, when all the crops are
+          just beginning to sprout, and the sea begins to be safe for
+          sailing; and the disagreeable, gloomy winter puts on a more
+          cheerful aspect, others again award the crown to the summer
+          season,<a id="noteref_769" name="noteref_769" href=
+          "#note_769"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">769</span></span></a> since
+          at that time they can safely feel confidence about the yield of the
+          fruits, when the grains have already been harvested and midsummer
+          is now at its height, and the fruits on the trees are ripening.
+          Others again, with still more subtlety, regard as the close of the
+          year the time when all the fruits are in their perfect prime and
+          decay has already set in. For this reason they celebrate the annual
+          festival of the New Year in late autumn. But our forefathers, from
+          the time of the most divine king Numa, paid still greater reverence
+          to the god Helios. They ignored the question of mere utility, I
+          think, because they were naturally religious and endowed with
+          unusual intelligence; but they saw that he is the cause of all that
+          is useful, and so they ordered the observance of the New Year to
+          correspond with the present season; that is to say when King Helios
+          returns to us again, and leaving the region furthest south and,
+          rounding Capricorn as though it were a goal-post, advances from the
+          south to the north to give us our share of the blessings of the
+          year. And that our forefathers, because they comprehended this
+          correctly, thus established the beginning of the year, one may
+          perceive from the following. For it was not, I think, the time when
+          the god turns, but the time when he becomes visible to all men, as
+          he travels from south to north, that they appointed for the
+          festival. For still unknown to them was the nicety of those laws
+          which the Chaldæans and Egyptians discovered, and which
+          Hipparchus<a id="noteref_770" name="noteref_770" href=
+          "#note_770"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">770</span></span></a> and
+          Ptolemy<a id="noteref_771" name="noteref_771" href=
+          "#note_771"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">771</span></span></a>
+          perfected: but they judged simply by sense-perception, and were
+          limited to what they could actually see.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὕτω δὲ ταῦτα
+          καὶ παρὰ τῶν μεταγενεστέρων, ὡς ἔφην, ἔχοντα κατενοήθη. πρὸ τῆς
+          νουμηνίας, εὐθέως μετὰ τὸν τελευταῖον τοῦ Κρόνου μῆνα, ποιοῦμεν
+          Ἡλίῳ [C] τὸν περιφανέστατον ἀγῶνα, τὴν ἑορτὴν Ἡλίῳ καταφημίσαντες
+          ἀνικήτῳ, μεθ᾽ ὃν οὐδὲν θέμις ὧν ὁ τελευταῖος μὴν ἔχει σκυθρωπῶν
+          μέν, ἀναγκαίων δ᾽ ὅμως, ἐπιτελεσθῆναι θεαμάτων, ἀλλὰ τοῖς Κρονίοις
+          οὖσι τελευταίοις εὐθὺς συνάπτει κατὰ τὸν κύκλον τὰ Ἡλίαια, ἃ δὴ
+          πολλάκις μοι δοῖεν οἱ βασιλεῖς ὑμνῆσαι καὶ ἐπιτελέσαι θεοί, καὶ πρό
+          γε τῶν ἄλλων αὐτὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιος, ὁ περὶ τὴν τἀγαθοῦ
+          γόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἁιδίου προελθὼν μέσος [D] ἐν μέσοις τοῖς νοεροῖς
+          θεοῖς, συνοχῆς τε αὐτοὺς πληρώσας καὶ κάλλους μυρίου καὶ περιουσίας
+          γονίμου καὶ τελείου νοῦ καὶ πάντων ἀθρόως τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀχρόνως, καὶ
+          ἐν τῷ νῦν ἐλλάμπων εἰς τὴν ἐμφανῆ μέσην τοῦ παντὸς <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page430">[pg 430]</span><a name="Pg430" id="Pg430"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg431" id="Pg431" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐρανοῦ φερομένην ἕδραν οἰκείαν ἐξ ἀιδίου,
+          καὶ μεταδιδοὺς τῷ φαινομένῳ παντὶ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους, τὸν δὲ
+          οὐρανὸν σύμπαντα πληρώσας τοσούτων θεῶν [157] ὁπόσων αὐτὸς ἐν ἑαυτῷ
+          νοερῶς ἔχει, περὶ αὐτὸν ἀμερίστως πληθυνομένων καὶ ἑνοειδῶς αὐτῷ
+          συνημμένων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ τὴν σελήνην τόπον διὰ τῆς
+          ἀειγενεσίας συνέχων καὶ τῶν ἐνδιδομένων ἐκ τοῦ κυκλικοῦ σώματος
+          ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελόμενος τοῦ τε<a id="noteref_772" name="noteref_772"
+          href="#note_772"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">772</span></span></a>
+          κοινοῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους ἰδίᾳ τε τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ὥσπερ οὖν
+          καὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐξ ἀιδίου ψυχὴν ὑπέστησεν, ὀπαδὸν ἀποφήνας αὑτοῦ.
+          ταῦτά τε οὖν, ὅσα [B] μικρῷ πρόσθεν ηὐξάμην, δοίη, καὶ ἔτι κοινῇ
+          μὲν τῇ πόλει τὴν ἐνδεχομένην ἀιδιότητα μετ᾽ εὐνοίας χορηγῶν
+          φυλάττοι, ἡμῖν δὲ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εὖ πρᾶξαι τά τε ἀνθρώπινα καὶ τὰ
+          θεῖα δοίη, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον βιῶναι συγχωρεῖ, ζῆν δὲ καὶ ἐμπολιτεύεσθαι τῷ
+          βίῳ δοίη ἐφ᾽ ὅσον αὐτῷ τε ἐκείνῳ φίλον ἡμῖν τε λώιον καὶ τοῖς
+          κοινοῖς συμφέρον Ῥωμαίων πράγμασιν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But the truth
+          of these facts was recognised, as I said, by a later generation.
+          Before the beginning of the year, at the end of the month which is
+          called after Kronos,<a id="noteref_773" name="noteref_773" href=
+          "#note_773"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">773</span></span></a> we
+          celebrate in honour of Helios the most splendid games, and we
+          dedicate the festival to the Invincible Sun. And after this it is
+          not lawful to perform any of the shows that belong to the last
+          month, gloomy as they are, though necessary. But, in the cycle,
+          immediately after the end of the Kronia<a id="noteref_774" name=
+          "noteref_774" href="#note_774"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">774</span></span></a>
+          follow the Heliaia. That festival may the ruling gods grant me to
+          praise and to celebrate with sacrifice! And above all the others
+          may Helios himself, the King of the All, grant me this, even he who
+          from eternity has proceeded from the generative substance of the
+          Good: even he who is midmost of the midmost intellectual gods; who
+          fills them with continuity and endless beauty and superabundance of
+          generative power and perfect reason, yea with all blessings at
+          once, and independently of time! And now he illumines his own
+          visible abode, which from eternity moves as the centre of the whole
+          heavens, and bestows a share of intelligible beauty on the whole
+          visible world, and fills the whole heavens with the same number of
+          gods as he contains in himself in intellectual form. And without
+          division they reveal themselves in manifold form surrounding him,
+          but they are attached to him to form a unity. Aye, but also,
+          through his perpetual generation and the blessings that he bestows
+          from the heavenly bodies, he holds together the region beneath the
+          moon. For he cares for the whole human race in common, but
+          especially for my own city,<a id="noteref_775" name="noteref_775"
+          href="#note_775"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">775</span></span></a> even
+          as also he brought into being my soul from eternity, and made it
+          his follower. All this, therefore, that I prayed for a moment ago,
+          may he grant, and further may he, of his grace, endow my city as a
+          whole with eternal existence, so far as is possible, and protect
+          her; and for myself personally, may he grant that, so long as I am
+          permitted to live, I may prosper in my affairs both human and
+          divine; finally may he grant me to live and serve the state with my
+          life, so long as is pleasing to himself and well for me and
+          expedient for the Roman Empire!)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτά σοι, ὦ
+          φίλε Σαλούστιε, κατὰ τὴν τριπλῆν τοῦ θεοῦ δημιουργίαν [C] ἐν τρισὶ
+          μάλιστα νυξὶν ὡς οἷόν τε ἦν ἐπελθόντα μοι τῇ μνήμῃ καὶ γράψαι πρὸς
+          σὲ ἐτόλμησα, ἐπεί σοι καὶ τὸ πρότερον εἰς τὰ Κρόνια γεγραμμένον
+          ἡμῖν οὐ παντάπασιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page432">[pg
+          432]</span><a name="Pg432" id="Pg432" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg433" id="Pg433" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπόβλητον ἐφάνη. τελειοτέροις δ᾽ εἰ βούλει
+          περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ μυστικωτέροις λόγοις ἐπιστῆσαι, ἐντυχὼν τοῖς
+          παρὰ τοῦ θείου γενομένοις Ἰαμβλίχου περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων
+          συγγράμμασι τὸ τέλος ἐκεῖσε τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης [D] εὑρήσεις σοφίας.
+          δοίη δ᾽ ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος μηδὲν ἔλαττόν με τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ γνῶναι, καὶ
+          διδάξαι κοινῇ τε ἅπαντας, ἰδίᾳ δὲ τοὺς μανθάνειν ἀξίους. ἕως δέ μοι
+          τοῦτο δίδωσιν ὁ θεός, κοινῇ θεραπεύωμεν τὸν τῷ θεῷ φίλον Ἰάμβλιχον,
+          ὅθεν καὶ νῦν ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν ἐπὶ νοῦν ἐλθόντα διεληλύθαμεν. ἐκείνου
+          δὲ εὖ οἶδα ὡς οὐδεὶς ἐρεῖ τι τελειότερον, οὐδὲ εἰ πολλὰ πάνυ
+          προσταλαιπωρήσας καινοτομήσειεν· ἐκβήσεται γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, [158] τῆς
+          ἀληθεστάτης τοῦ θεοῦ νοήσεως. ἦν μὲν οὖν ἴσως μάταιον, εἰ
+          διδασκαλίας χάριν ἐποιούμην τοὺς λόγους, αὐτὸν<a id="noteref_776"
+          name="noteref_776" href="#note_776"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">776</span></span></a> μετ᾽
+          ἐκεῖνόν τι συγγράφειν, ἐπεὶ δὲ ὕμνον ἐθέλων διελθεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ
+          χαριστήριον ἐν τούτῳ τόπον ὑπελάμβανον τοῦ<a id="noteref_777" name=
+          "noteref_777" href="#note_777"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">777</span></span></a> περὶ
+          τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ φράσαι κατὰ δύναμιν τὴν ἐμήν, οὐ μάτην οἶμαι
+          πεποιῆσθαι τοὺς λόγους τούσδε, τὸ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This discourse,
+          friend Sallust,<a id="noteref_778" name="noteref_778" href=
+          "#note_778"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">778</span></span></a> I
+          composed in three nights at most, in harmony with the three-fold
+          creative power of the god,<a id="noteref_779" name="noteref_779"
+          href="#note_779"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">779</span></span></a> as
+          far as possible just as it occurred to my memory: and I have
+          ventured to write it down and to dedicate it to you because you
+          thought my earlier work on the Kronia<a id="noteref_780" name=
+          "noteref_780" href="#note_780"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">780</span></span></a> was
+          not wholly worthless. But if you wish to meet with a more complete
+          and more mystical treatment of the same theme, then read the
+          writings of the inspired Iamblichus on this subject,<a id=
+          "noteref_781" name="noteref_781" href="#note_781"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">781</span></span></a> and
+          you will find there the most consummate wisdom which man can
+          achieve. And may mighty Helios grant that I too may attain to no
+          less perfect knowledge of himself, and that I may instruct all men,
+          speaking generally, but especially those who are worthy to learn.
+          And so long as Helios grants let us all in common revere
+          Iamblichus, the beloved of the gods. For he is the source for what
+          I have here set down, a few thoughts from many, as they occurred to
+          my mind. However I know well that no one can utter anything more
+          perfect than he, nay not though he should labour long at the task
+          and say very much that is new. For he will naturally diverge
+          thereby from the truest knowledge of the god. Therefore it would
+          probably have been a vain undertaking to compose anything after
+          Iamblichus on the same subject if I had written this discourse for
+          the sake of giving instruction. But since I wished to compose a
+          hymn to express my gratitude to the god, I thought that this was
+          the best place in which to tell, to the best of my power, of his
+          essential nature. And so I think that not in vain has this
+          discourse been composed. For the saying)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">Κὰδ δύναμιν δ᾽ ἕρδειν ἱέρ᾽
+                ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν</span><a id="noteref_782" name=
+                "noteref_782" href="#note_782"><span class="tei tei-noteref"
+                style="text-align: left"><span style=
+                "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">782</span></span></a>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To the
+            extent of your powers offer sacrifice to the immortal
+            gods,</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν
+          θυσιῶν μόνον, [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν εὐφημιῶν τῶν εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς
+          ἀποδεχόμενος. εὔχομαι οὖν τρίτον ἀντὶ τῆς προθυμίας μοι ταύτης
+          εὐμενῆ γενέσθαι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον, καὶ <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page434">[pg 434]</span><a name="Pg434" id="Pg434"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg435" id="Pg435" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δοῦναι βίον ἀγαθὸν καὶ τελειοτέραν φρόνησιν
+          καὶ θεῖον νοῦν ἀπαλλαγήν τε τὴν εἱμαρμένην ἐκ τοῦ βίου πρᾳοτάτην ἐν
+          καιρῷ τῷ προσήκοντι, ἄνοδόν τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν [C] τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ
+          μονὴν παρ᾽ αὐτῷ, μάλιστα μὲν ἀίδιον, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μεῖζον εἴη τῶν
+          ἐμοὶ βεβιωμένων, πολλὰς πάνυ καὶ πολυετεῖς περιίδους.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I apply not to
+          sacrifice only, but also to the praises that we offer to the gods.
+          For the third time, therefore, I pray that Helios, the King of the
+          All, may be gracious to me in recompense for this my zeal; and may
+          he grant me a virtuous life and more perfect wisdom and inspired
+          intelligence, and, when fate wills, the gentlest exit that may be
+          from life, at a fitting hour; and that I may ascend to him
+          thereafter and abide with him, for ever if possible, but if that be
+          more than the actions of my life deserve, for many periods of many
+          years!)</p>
+        </div>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page439">[pg 439]</span><a name=
+      "Pg439" id="Pg439" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration V</span></h1>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a>
+
+          <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em">
+          <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration V</span></h2>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cult of
+          Phrygian Cybele the Mother of the Gods, known to the Latin world as
+          the Great Mother, Magna Mater, was the first Oriental religion
+          adopted by the Romans. In the Fifth Oration, which is, like the
+          Fourth, a hymn, Julian describes the entrance of the Goddess into
+          Italy in the third century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> In Greece she had
+          been received long before, but the more civilised Hellenes had not
+          welcomed, as did the Romans, the more barbarous features of the
+          cult, the mutilated priests, the Galli, and the worship of
+          Attis.<a id="noteref_783" name="noteref_783" href=
+          "#note_783"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">783</span></span></a> They
+          preferred the less emotional cult of the Syrian Adonis. In Athens
+          the Mother of the Gods was early identified with Gaia the Earth
+          Mother, and the two became inextricably confused.<a id=
+          "noteref_784" name="noteref_784" href="#note_784"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">784</span></span></a> But
+          Julian, in this more Roman than Greek, does not shrink from the
+          Oriental conception of Cybele as the lover of Attis, attended by
+          eunuch priests, or the frenzy of renunciation described by
+          Catullus.<a id="noteref_785" name="noteref_785" href=
+          "#note_785"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">785</span></span></a> But
+          he was first of all a Neo-Platonist, and the aim of this hymn as of
+          the Fourth Oration is to adapt to his philosophy a popular cult and
+          to give its Mysteries a philosophic interpretation.</p><span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page440">[pg 440]</span><a name="Pg440" id="Pg440"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Mithraic
+          religion, seeking to conciliate the other cults of the empire, had
+          from the first associated with the sun-god the worship of the Magna
+          Mater, and Attis had been endowed with the attributes of Mithras.
+          Though Julian's hymn is in honour of Cybele he devotes more
+          attention to Attis. Originally the myth of Cybele symbolises the
+          succession of the seasons; the disappearance of Attis the sun-god
+          is the coming of winter; his mutilation is the barrenness of nature
+          when the sun has departed; his restoration to Cybele is the renewal
+          of spring. In all this he is the counterpart of Persephone among
+          the Greeks and of Adonis in Syria. Julian interprets the myth in
+          connection with the three worlds described in the Fourth Oration.
+          Cybele is a principle of the highest, the intelligible world, the
+          source of the intellectual gods. Attis is not merely a sun-god: he
+          is a principle of the second, the intellectual world, who descends
+          to the visible world in order to give it order and fruitfulness.
+          Julian expresses the Neo-Platonic dread and dislike of matter, of
+          the variable, the plural and unlimited. Cybele the intelligible
+          principle would fain have restrained Attis the embodiment of
+          intelligence from association with matter. His recall and
+          mutilation symbolise the triumph of unity over multiformity, of
+          mind over matter. His restoration to Cybele symbolises the escape
+          of our souls from the world of generation.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Julian follows
+          Plotinus<a id="noteref_786" name="noteref_786" href=
+          "#note_786"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">786</span></span></a> in
+          regarding the myths as allegories to be interpreted by the
+          philosopher and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page441">[pg
+          441]</span><a name="Pg441" id="Pg441" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+          the theosophist. They are riddles to be solved, and the paradoxical
+          element in them is designed to turn our minds to the hidden truth.
+          For laymen the myth is enough. Like all the Neo-Platonists he
+          sometimes uses phrases which imply human weakness or chronological
+          development for his divinities and then withdraws those phrases,
+          explaining that they must be taken in another sense. His attitude
+          to myths is further defined in the Sixth<a id="noteref_787" name=
+          "noteref_787" href="#note_787"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">787</span></span></a> and
+          Seventh Orations. The Fifth Oration can hardly be understood apart
+          from the Fourth, and both must present many difficulties to a
+          reader who is unfamiliar with Plotinus, Porphyry, the treatise
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the
+          Mysteries</span></span>, formerly attributed to Iamblichus,
+          Sallust, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">On the Gods and the World</span></span>, and
+          the extant treatises and fragments of Iamblichus. Julian composed
+          this treatise at Pessinus in Phrygia, when he was on his way to
+          Persia, in 362 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></p>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page442">[pg 442]</span><a name=
+        "Pg442" id="Pg442" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg443" id=
+        "Pg443" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em">
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ
+          ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian,
+          Caesar)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΜΗΤΕΡΑ
+          ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Hymn to the
+          Mother of the Gods)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρά γε χρὴ φάναι
+          καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων; καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρρήτων γράψομεν καὶ τὰ ἀνέξοιστα
+          ἐξοίσομεν<a id="noteref_788" name="noteref_788" href=
+          "#note_788"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">788</span></span></a> καὶ
+          τὰ ἀνεκλάλητα ἐκλαλήσομεν; [159] τίς μὲν ὁ Ἄττις ἤτοι Γάλλος, τίς
+          δὲ ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ, καὶ ὁ τῆς ἁγνείας ταυτησί τρόπος ὁποῖος, καὶ
+          προσέτι τοῦ χάριν οὑτοσὶ<a id="noteref_789" name="noteref_789"
+          href="#note_789"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">789</span></span></a>
+          τοιοῦτος ἡμῖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς κατεδείχθη, παραδοθεὶς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν
+          ἀρχαιοτάτων Φρυγῶν, παραδεχθεὶς δὲ πρῶτον ὑφ᾽ Ἑλλήνων, καὶ τούτων
+          οὐ τῶν τυχόντων, ἀλλ᾽ Ἀθηναίων, ἔργοις διδαχθέντων, ὅτι μὴ καλῶς
+          ἐτώθασαν ἐπὶ τῷ τελοῦντι τὰ ὄργια τῆς Μητρός; λέγονται γὰρ οὗτοι
+          περιυβρίσαι [B] καὶ ἀπελάσαι τὸν Γάλλον ὡς τὰ θεῖα καινοτομοῦντα,
+          οὐ ξυνέντες ὁποῖόν τι τῆς θεοῦ τὸ χρῆμα καὶ ὡς ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς
+          τιμωμένη Δηὼ καὶ Ῥέα καὶ Δημήτηρ. εἶτα μῆνις τὸ ἐντεῦθεν τῆς θεοῦ
+          καὶ θεραπεία τῆς μήνιδος. ἡ γὰρ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page444">[pg 444]</span><a name="Pg444" id="Pg444" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg445" id="Pg445" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς καλοῖς ἡγεμὼν γενομένη τοῖς
+          Ἕλλησιν, ἡ τοῦ Πυθίου πρόμαντις θεοῦ, τὴν τῆς Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν μῆνιν
+          ἐκέλευσεν ἱλάσκεσθαι· καὶ ἀνέστη, φασίν, ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὸ μητρῷον, οὗ
+          τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις δημοσίᾳ πάντα ἐφυλάττετο τὰ γραμματεῖα. μετὰ δὴ [C]
+          τοὺς Ἕλληνας αὐτα Ῥωμαῖοι παρεδέξαντο, συμβουλεύσαντος καὶ αὐτοῖς
+          τοῦ Πυθίου ἐπὶ τὸν πρὸς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμον ἄγειν ἐκ Φρυγίας τὴν
+          θεὸν σύμμαχον. καὶ οὐδὲν ἴσως κωλύει προσθεῖναι μικρὰν<a id=
+          "noteref_790" name="noteref_790" href="#note_790"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">790</span></span></a>
+          ἱστορίαν ἐνταῦθα. μαθόντες γὰρ τὸν χρησμὸν στέλλουσιν οἱ τῆς
+          θεοφιλοῦς οἰκήτορες Ῥώμης πρεσβείαν αἰτήσουσαν παρὰ τῶν Περγάμου
+          βασιλέων, οἳ τότε ἐκράτουν τῆς Φρυγίας, καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν
+          Φρυγῶν τῆς θεοῦ [D] τὸ ἁγιώτατον ἄγαλμα. λαβόντες δὲ ἦγον τὸν ἱερὸν
+          φόρτον ἐνθέντες εὐρείᾳ φορτίδι πλεῖν εὐπετῶς δυναμένῃ τὰ τοσαῦτα
+          πελάγη. περαιωθεῖσα δὲ Αἴγαιόν τε καὶ Ἰόνιον, εἶτα περιπλεύσασα
+          Σικελίαν τε καὶ τὸ Τυρρηνὸν πέλαγος ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Τύβριδος
+          κατήγετο· καὶ δῆμος ἐξεχεῖτο τῆς πόλεως σὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, ὑπήντων γε
+          μὴν πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἱερεῖς τε καὶ ἱέρειαι πᾶσαι καὶ πάντες ἐν κόσμῳ
+          τῷ πρέποντι κατὰ τὰ πάτρια, [160] μετέωροι πρὸς τὴν ναῦν
+          οὐριοδρομοῦσαν ἀποβλέποντες, καὶ περὶ τὴν τρόπιν <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page446">[pg 446]</span><a name="Pg446" id="Pg446"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg447" id="Pg447" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπεσκόπουν τὸ ῥόθιον σχιζομένων τῶν κυμάτων·
+          εἶτα εἰσπλέουσαν ἐδεξιοῦντο τὴν ναῦν προσκυνοῦντες ἕκαστος ὡς ἔτυχε
+          προσεστὼς πόρρωθεν. ἡ δὲ ὥσπερ ἐνδείξασθαι τῷ Ῥωμαίων ἐθέλουσα
+          δήμῳ, ὅτι μὴ ξόανον ἄγουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Φρυγίας ἄψυχον, ἔχει δὲ ἄρα
+          δύναμίν τινα μείζω καὶ θειοτέραν ὃ δὴ παρὰ τῶν Φρυγῶν λαβόντες
+          ἔφερον, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ Τύβριδος ἥψατο, [B] τὴν ναῦν ἵστησιν ὥσπερ
+          ῥιζωθεῖσαν ἐξαίφνης κατὰ τοῦ Τύβριδος. εἷλκον δὴ οὖν πρὸς ἀντίον
+          τὸν ῥοῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐχ εἵπετο. ὡς<a id="noteref_791" name="noteref_791"
+          href="#note_791"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">791</span></span></a>
+          βραχέσι δὲ ἐντετυχηκότες ὠθεῖν ἐπειρῶντο τὴν ναῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐκ εἶκεν
+          ὠθούντων. πᾶσα δὲ μηχανὴ προσήγετο τὸ ἐντεῦθεν, ἡ δὲ οὐχ ἧττον
+          ἀμετακίνητος ἦν· ὥστε ἐμπίπτει κατὰ τῆς ἱερωμένης τὴν παναγεστάτην
+          ἱερωσύνην παρθένου δεινὴ καὶ ἄδικος ὑποψία, καὶ τὴν Κλωδίαν
+          ᾐτιῶντο· [C] τοῦτο γὰρ ὄνομα ἦν τῇ σεμνῇ παρθένῳ· μὴ παντάπασιν
+          ἄχραντον μηδὲ καθαρὰν φυλάττειν ἑαυτὴν τῷ θεῷ· ὀργίζεσθαι οὖν αὐτὴν
+          καὶ μηνίειν ἐμφανῶς· ἐδόκει γὰρ ἤδη τοῖς πᾶσιν εἶναι τὸ χρῆμα
+          δαιμονιώτερον. ἡ δὲ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αἰδοῦς ὑπεπίμηπλατο πρός τε τὸ
+          ὄνομα καὶ τὴν ὑποψίαν· οὕτω πάνυ πόρρω ἐτύγχανε τῆς αἰσχρᾶς καὶ
+          παρανόμου πράξεως. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑώρα τὴν αἰτίαν ἤδη καθ᾽ ἑαυτῆς
+          ἐξισχύουσαν, περιελοῦσα τὴν ζώνην [D] καὶ περιθεῖσα τῆς νεὼς τοῖς
+          ἄκροις, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἐπιπνοίας τινὸς ἀποχωρεῖν ἐκέλευεν ἅπαντας, εἶτα
+          ἐδεῖτο τῆς θεοῦ μὴ περιιδεῖν αὐτὴν<a id="noteref_792" name=
+          "noteref_792" href="#note_792"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">792</span></span></a>
+          ἀδίκοις ἐνεχομένην βλασφημίας. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page448">[pg 448]</span><a name="Pg448" id="Pg448" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg449" id="Pg449" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> βοῶσα δὲ ὥσπερ τι κέλευσμα, φασί, ναυτικόν,
+          Δέσποινα Μῆτερ εἴπερ εἰμὶ σώφρων, ἕπου μοι, ἔφη. καὶ δὴ τὴν ναῦν
+          οὐκ ἐκίνησε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἵλκυσεν ἐπὶ πολὺ πρὸς τὸν ῥοῦν· καὶ
+          δύο ταῦτα Ῥωμαίοις ἔδειξεν ἡ θεὸς οἶμαι κατ᾽ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν.
+          [161] ὡς οὔτε μικροῦ τινος τίμιον ἀπὸ τῆς Φρυγίας ἐπήγοντο<a id=
+          "noteref_793" name="noteref_793" href="#note_793"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">793</span></span></a>
+          φόρτον, ἀλλὰ τοῦ παντὸς ἄξιον, οὔτε ὡς ἀνθρώπινον τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ
+          ὄντως θεῖον, οὔτε ἄψυχον γῆν, ἀλλὰ ἔμπνουν τι χρῆμα καὶ δαιμόνιον.
+          ἓν μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς ἡ θεός· ἕτερον δέ, ὡς τῶν πολιτῶν
+          οὐδὲ εἶς λάθοι ἂν αὐτὴν χρηστὸς ἢ φαῦλος ὤν. κατωρθώθη μέντοι καὶ ὁ
+          πόλεμος αὐτίκα Ῥωμαίοις πρὸς Καρχηδονίους, ὥστε τὸν τρίτον ὑπὲρ τῶν
+          τειχῶν αὐτῆς μόνον Καρχηδόνος γενέσθαι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Ought I to say
+          something on this subject also? And shall I write about things not
+          to be spoken of and divulge what ought not to be divulged? Shall I
+          utter the unutterable? Who is Attis<a id="noteref_794" name=
+          "noteref_794" href="#note_794"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">794</span></span></a> or
+          Gallus,<a id="noteref_795" name="noteref_795" href=
+          "#note_795"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">795</span></span></a> who
+          is the Mother of the Gods,<a id="noteref_796" name="noteref_796"
+          href="#note_796"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">796</span></span></a> and
+          what is the manner of their ritual of purification? And further why
+          was it introduced in the beginning among us Romans? It was handed
+          down by the Phrygians in very ancient times, and was first taken
+          over by the Greeks, and not by any ordinary Greeks but by Athenians
+          who had learned by experience that they did wrong to jeer at one
+          who was celebrating the Mysteries of the Mother. For it is said
+          that they wantonly insulted and drove out Gallus, on the ground
+          that he was introducing a new cult, because they did not understand
+          what sort of goddess they had to do with, and that she was that
+          very Deo whom they worship, and Rhea and Demeter too. Then followed
+          the wrath of the goddess and the propitiation of her wrath. For the
+          priestess of the Pythian god who guided the Greeks in all noble
+          conduct, bade them propitiate the wrath of the Mother of the Gods.
+          And so, we are told, the Metroum was built, where the Athenians
+          used to keep all their state records.<a id="noteref_797" name=
+          "noteref_797" href="#note_797"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">797</span></span></a> After
+          the Greeks the Romans took over the cult, when the Pythian god had
+          advised them in their turn to bring the goddess from Phrygia as an
+          ally for their war against the Carthaginians.<a id="noteref_798"
+          name="noteref_798" href="#note_798"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">798</span></span></a> And
+          perhaps there is no reason why I should not insert here a brief
+          account of what happened. When they learned the response of the
+          oracle, the inhabitants of Rome, that city beloved of the gods,
+          sent an embassy to ask from the kings of Pergamon<a id=
+          "noteref_799" name="noteref_799" href="#note_799"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">799</span></span></a> who
+          then ruled over Phrygia and from the Phrygians themselves the most
+          holy statue<a id="noteref_800" name="noteref_800" href=
+          "#note_800"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">800</span></span></a> of
+          the goddess. And when they had received it they brought back their
+          most sacred freight, putting it on a broad cargo-boat which could
+          sail smoothly over those wide seas. Thus she crossed the Aegean and
+          Ionian Seas, and sailed round Sicily and over the Etruscan Sea, and
+          so entered the mouth of the Tiber. And the people and the Senate
+          with them poured out of the city, and in front of all the others
+          there came to meet her all the priests and priestesses in suitable
+          attire according to their ancestral custom. And in excited suspense
+          they gazed at the ship as she ran before a fair wind, and about her
+          keel they could discern the foaming wake as she cleft the waves.
+          And they greeted the ship as she sailed in and adored her from
+          afar, everyone where he happened to be standing. But the goddess,
+          as though she desired to show the Roman people that they were not
+          bringing a lifeless image from Phrygia, but that what they had
+          received from the Phrygians and were now bringing home possessed
+          greater and more divine powers than an image, stayed the ship
+          directly she touched the Tiber, and she was suddenly as though
+          rooted in mid-stream. So they tried to tow her against the current,
+          but she did not follow. Then they tried to push her off, thinking
+          they had grounded on a shoal, but for all their efforts she did not
+          move. Next every possible device was brought to bear, but in spite
+          of all she remained immovable. Thereupon a terrible and unjust
+          suspicion fell on the maiden who had been consecrated to the most
+          sacred office of priestess, and they began to accuse Claudia<a id=
+          "noteref_801" name="noteref_801" href="#note_801"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">801</span></span></a>—for
+          that was the name of that noble maiden<a id="noteref_802" name=
+          "noteref_802" href="#note_802"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">802</span></span></a>—of
+          not having kept herself stainless and pure for the goddess;
+          wherefore they said that the goddess was angry and was plainly
+          declaring her wrath. For by this time the thing seemed to all to be
+          supernatural. Now at first she was filled with shame at the mere
+          name of the thing and the suspicion; so very far was she from such
+          shameless and lawless behaviour. But when she saw that the charge
+          against her was gaining strength, she took off her girdle and
+          fastened it about the prow of the ship, and, like one divinely
+          inspired, bade all stand aside: and then she besought the goddess
+          not to suffer her to be thus implicated in unjust slanders. Next,
+          as the story goes, she cried aloud as though it were some nautical
+          word of command, <span class="tei tei-q">“O Goddess Mother, if I am
+          pure follow me!”</span> And lo, she not only made the ship move,
+          but even towed her for some distance up stream. Two things, I
+          think, the goddess showed the Romans on that day: first that the
+          freight they were bringing from Phrygia had no small value, but was
+          priceless, and that this was no work of men's hands but truly
+          divine, not lifeless clay but a thing possessed of life and divine
+          powers. This, I say, was one thing that the goddess showed them.
+          And the other was that no one of the citizens could be good or bad
+          and she not know thereof. Moreover the war of the Romans against
+          the Carthaginians forthwith took a favourable turn, so that the
+          third war was waged only for the walls of Carthage itself.<a id=
+          "noteref_803" name="noteref_803" href="#note_803"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">803</span></span></a>)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Τὰ μὲν οὖν
+          τῆς ἱστορίας, εἰ καί τισιν ἀπίθανα δόξει καὶ φιλοσόφῳ προσήκειν
+          οὐδὲν οὐδὲ θεολόγῳ, λεγέσθω μὴ μεῖον, κοινῇ μὲν ὑπὸ πλείστων
+          ἱστοριογράφων ἀναγραφόμενα, σωζόμενα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ χαλκῶν εἰκόνων ἐν
+          τῇ κρατίστῃ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ Ῥώμῃ. καίτοι με οὐ λέληθεν ὅτι φήσουσιν
+          αὐτά τινες τῶν λίαν σοφῶν ὕθλους εἶναι γρᾳδίων οὐκ ἀνεκτούς. ἐμοὶ
+          δὲ δοκεῖ ταῖς πόλεσι πιστεύειν μᾶλλον τὰ τοιαῦτα ἢ τουτοισὶ τοῖς
+          κομψοῖς, ὧν τὸ ψυχάριον δριμὺ μέν, ὑγιὲς δὲ οὐδὲ ἓν βλέπει.<a id=
+          "noteref_804" name="noteref_804" href="#note_804"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">804</span></span></a></p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As for this
+          narrative, though some will think it incredible and wholly unworthy
+          of a philosopher or a theologian, nevertheless let it here be
+          related. For besides the fact that it is commonly recorded by most
+          historians, it has been preserved too on bronze statues in mighty
+          Rome, beloved of the gods.<a id="noteref_805" name="noteref_805"
+          href="#note_805"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">805</span></span></a> And
+          yet I am well aware that some over-wise persons will call it an old
+          wives' tale, not to be credited. But for my part I would rather
+          trust the traditions of cities than those too clever people, whose
+          puny souls are keen-sighted enough, but never do they see aught
+          that is sound.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν
+          εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθέ μοι παρ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄρτι <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page450">[pg 450]</span><a name="Pg450" id="Pg450" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg451" id="Pg451" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὸν τῆς ἁγιστείας καιρόν, ἀκούω μὲν ἔγωγε καὶ
+          Πορφυρίῳ τινὰ πεφιλοσοφῆσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, οὐ μὴν οἶδά γε, οὐ γὰρ
+          ἐνέτυχον, εἰ καὶ συνενεχθῆναί που συμβαίη τῷ λόγῳ. τὸν Γάλλον δὲ
+          ἐγὼ τουτονὶ καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν ἐπινοῶ τοῦ γονίμου καὶ
+          δημιουργικοῦ νοῦ τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ἐσχάτης ὕλης ἅπαντα γεννῶσαν οὐσίαν
+          εἶναι, ἔχουσάν τε ἐν ἑαυτῇ πάντας τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰς αἰτίας τῶν
+          ἐνύλων εἰδῶν· [D] οὐ γὰρ δὴ πάντων ἐν πᾶσι τὰ εἴδη, οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς
+          ἀνωτάτω καὶ πρώτοις αἰτίοις τὰ τῶν ἐσχάτων καὶ τελευταίων, μεθ᾽ ἃ
+          οὐδέν ἐστιν ἣ τὸ τῆς στερῆσεως ὄνομα μετὰ ἀμυδρᾶς ἐπινοίας. οὐσῶν
+          δὴ πολλῶν οὐσιῶν καὶ πολλῶν πάνυ δημιουργῶν τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ,
+          ὃς τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν τοὺς λόγους ἐξῃρημένους ἔχει καὶ συνεχεῖς τὰς
+          αἰτίας, ἡ τελευταία καὶ μέχρι γῆς ὑπὸ περιουσίας τοῦ γονίμου [162]
+          διὰ τῆς ἄνωθεν παρὰ τῶν ἄστρων καθήκουσα φύσις ὁ ζητούμενός ἐστιν
+          Ἀττις. ἴσως δὲ ὑπὲρ οὗ λέγω χρὴ διαλαβεῖν σαφέστερον. εἶναί τι
+          λέγομεν ὕλην, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔνυλον εἶδος. ἀλλὰ τούτων εἰ μή τις αἰτία
+          προτέτακται, λανθάνοιμεν ἂν ἑαυτοὺς εἰσάγοντες τὴν Ἐπικούρειον
+          δόξαν. ἀρχαῖν γὰρ δυοῖν εἰ μηδέν ἐστι πρεσβύτερον, αὐτόματός τις
+          αὐτὰς φορὰ καὶ τύχη συνεκλήρωσεν. ἀλλ᾽ ὁρῶμεν, <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page452">[pg 452]</span><a name="Pg452" id="Pg452"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg453" id="Pg453" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> φησὶ Περιπατητικός [B] τις ἀγχίνους ὥσπερ ὁ
+          Ξέναρχος, τούτων αἴτιον ὂν τὸ πέμπτον καὶ κυκλικὸν σῶμα. γελοῖος δὲ
+          καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὑπὲρ τούτων ζητῶν τε καὶ πολυπραγμονῶν, ὁμοίως δὲ
+          καὶ Θεόφραστος· ἠγνόησε γοῦν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φωνήν. ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰς τὴν
+          ἀσώματον οὐσίαν ἐλθὼν καὶ νοητὴν ἔστη μὴ πολυπραγμονῶν τὴν αἰτίαν,
+          ἀλλὰ φὰς οὕτω ταῦτα πεφυκέναι· χρῆν δὲ δήπουθεν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ πέμπτου
+          σώματος τὸ πεφυκέναι ταῦτῃ λαμβάνοντα μηκέτι ζητεῖν τὰς αἰτίας,
+          ἵστασθαι δὲ ἐπὶ αὐτῶν καὶ μὴ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἐκπίπτειν ὂν μὲν οὐδὲν
+          [C] φύσει καθ᾽ ἑαυτό, ἔχον δὲ ἄλλως κενὴν ὑπόνοιαν. τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἐγὼ
+          μέμνημαι τοῦ Ξενάρχου λέγοντος ἀκηκοώς. εἰ μὲν οὖν ὀρθῶς ἢ μὴ ταῦτα
+          ἐκεῖνος ἔφη, τοῖς ἄγαν ἐφείσθω Περιπατητικοῖς ὀνυχίζειν, ὅτι δὲ οὐ
+          προσηνῶς ἐμοὶ παντί που δῆλον, ὅπου γε καὶ τὰς Ἀριστοτελικὰς
+          ὑποθέσεις ἐνδεεστέρως ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνω, εἰ μή τις αὐτὰς ἐς ταὐτὸ
+          τοῖς Πλάτωνος ἄγοι, [D] μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ταῖς ἐκ θεῶν δεδομέναις
+          προφητείαις.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I am told that
+          on this same subject of which I am impelled to speak at the very
+          season of these sacred rites, Porphyry too has written a
+          philosophic treatise. But since I have never met with it I do not
+          know whether at any point it may chance to agree with my discourse.
+          But him whom I call Gallus or Attis I discern of my own knowledge
+          to be the substance of generative and creative Mind which engenders
+          all things down to the lowest plane of matter,<a id="noteref_806"
+          name="noteref_806" href="#note_806"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">806</span></span></a> and
+          comprehends in itself all the concepts and causes of the forms that
+          are embodied in matter. For truly the forms of all things are not
+          in all things, and in the highest and first causes we do not find
+          the forms of the lowest and last, after which there is nothing save
+          privation<a id="noteref_807" name="noteref_807" href=
+          "#note_807"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">807</span></span></a>
+          coupled with a dim idea. Now there are many substances and very
+          many creative gods, but the nature of the third creator,<a id=
+          "noteref_808" name="noteref_808" href="#note_808"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">808</span></span></a> who
+          contains in himself the separate concepts of the forms that are
+          embodied in matter and also the connected chain of causes, I mean
+          that nature which is last in order, and through its superabundance
+          of generative power descends even unto our earth through the upper
+          region from the stars,—this is he whom we seek, even Attis. But
+          perhaps I ought to distinguish more clearly what I mean. We assert
+          that matter exists and also form embodied in matter. But if no
+          cause be assigned prior to these two, we should be introducing,
+          unconsciously, the Epicurean doctrine. For if there be nothing of
+          higher order than these two principles, then a spontaneous motion
+          and chance brought them together. <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“But,”</span> says some acute Peripatetic like
+          Xenarchus, <span class="tei tei-q">“we see that the cause of these
+          is the fifth or cyclic substance. Aristotle is absurd when he
+          investigates and discusses these matters, and Theophrastus
+          likewise. At any rate he overlooked the implications of a
+          well-known utterance of his. For just as when he came to
+          incorporeal and intelligible substance he stopped short and did not
+          inquire into its cause, and merely asserted that this is what it is
+          by nature; surely in the case of the fifth substance also he ought
+          to have assumed that its nature is to be thus; and he ought not to
+          have gone on to search for causes, but should have stopped at
+          these, and not fallen back on the intelligible, which has no
+          independent existence by itself, and in any case represents a bare
+          supposition.”</span> This is the sort of thing that Xenarchus says,
+          as I remember to have heard. Now whether what he says is correct or
+          not, let us leave to the extreme Peripatetics to refine upon. But
+          that his view is not agreeable to me is, I think, clear to
+          everyone. For I hold that the theories of Aristotle himself are
+          incomplete unless they are brought into harmony with those of
+          Plato<a id="noteref_809" name="noteref_809" href=
+          "#note_809"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">809</span></span></a>; or
+          rather we must make these also agree with the oracles that have
+          been vouchsafed to us by the gods.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἴσως
+          ἄξιον πυθέσθαι, πῶς τὸ κυκλικὸν σῶμα δύναται τὰς ἀσωμάτους ἔχειν
+          αἰτίας τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ δίχα τούτων <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page454">[pg 454]</span><a name="Pg454" id="Pg454"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg455" id="Pg455" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑποστῆναι τὴν γένεσιν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται, πρόδηλόν
+          ἐστί που καὶ σαφές. τοῦ χάριν γάρ ἐστι τοσαῦτα τὰ γιγνόμενα; πόθεν
+          δὲ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ; πόθεν δὲ ἡ κατὰ γένος τῶν ὄντων ἐν ὡρισμένοις
+          εἴδεσι διαφορά, [163] εἰ μή τινες εἶεν προϋπάρχοντες καὶ
+          προϋφεστῶτες<a id="noteref_810" name="noteref_810" href=
+          "#note_810"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">810</span></span></a> λόγοι
+          αἰτίαι τε ἐν παραδείγματος λόγῳ προϋφεστῶσαι; πρὸς ἃς εἴπερ
+          ἀμβλυώττομεν, ἔτι καθαιρώμεθα τὰ ὄμματα τῆς ψυχῆς. κάθαρσις δὲ ὀρθὴ
+          στραφῆναι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν καὶ κατανοῆσαι, πῶς μὲν ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ ὁ ἔνυλος
+          νοῦς ὥσπερ ἐκμαγεῖόν τι τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν καὶ εἰκών ἐστιν. ἓν γὰρ
+          οὐδέν ἐστι τῶν σωμάτων ἢ τῶν [B] περὶ τὰ σώματα γινομένων τε καὶ
+          θεωρουμένων ἀσωμάτων, οὗ τὴν φαντασίαν ὁ νοῦς οὐ δύναται λαβεῖν
+          ἀσωμάτως, ὅπερ οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἐποίησεν, εἰ μή τι ξυγγενὲς εἶχεν αὐτοῖς
+          φύσει. ταῦτά τοι καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν ψυχὴν τόπον εἰδῶν ἔφη, πλὴν
+          οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει. τὴν μὲν οὖν τοιαύτην ψυχὴν καὶ τὴν
+          ἐπεστραμμένην πρὸς τὸ σῶμα δυνάμει ταῦτα ἔχειν ἀναγκαῖον· εἰ δέ τις
+          ἄσχετος εἴη καὶ ἀμιγὴς ταύτῃ, τοὺς λόγους οὐκέτι δυνάμει, [C]
+          πάντας δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page456">[pg
+          456]</span><a name="Pg456" id="Pg456" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg457" id="Pg457" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπάρχειν ἐνεργείᾳ νομιστέον. λάβωμεν δὲ αὐτὰ
+          σαφέστερον διὰ τοῦ παραδείγματος, ᾧ καὶ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Σοφιστῇ<a id=
+          "noteref_811" name="noteref_811" href="#note_811"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">811</span></span></a> πρὸς
+          ἕτερον μὲν λόγον, ἐχρήσατο δ᾽ οὖν ὅμως. τὸ παράδειγμα δὲ οὐκ εἰς
+          ἀπόδειξιν φέρω τοῦ λόγου· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ ἀποδείξει χρὴ λαβεῖν
+          αὐτόν,<a id="noteref_812" name="noteref_812" href=
+          "#note_812"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">812</span></span></a> ἀλλ᾽
+          ἐπιβολῇ μόνῃ, περὶ γὰρ τῶν πρώτων αἰτιῶν ἐστιν ἢ τῶν γε ὁμοστοίχων
+          τοῖς πρώτοις, εἴπερ ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον νομίζειν, [D] καὶ ὁ
+          Ἄττις θεός. τί δὲ καὶ ποῖόν ἐστι τὸ παράδειγμα; φησί<a id=
+          "noteref_813" name="noteref_813" href="#note_813"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">813</span></span></a> που
+          Πλάτων, τῶν περὶ τὴν μίμησιν διατριβόντων εἰ μὲν ἐθέλοι τις
+          μιμεῖσθαι, ὥστε καθυφεστάναι τὰ μιμητά, ἐργώδη τε εἶναι καὶ χαλεπὴν
+          καὶ νὴ Δία γε τοῦ ἀδυνάτου πλησίον μᾶλλον, εὔκολον δὲ καὶ ῥᾳδίαν
+          καὶ σφόδρα δυνατὴν τὴν διὰ τοῦ δοκεῖν τὰ ὄντα μιμουμένην. ὅταν οὖν
+          τὸ κάτοπτρον λαβόντες περιφέρωμεν ἐκ πάντων τῶν ὄντων ῥᾳδίως
+          ἀπομαξάμενοι, [164] δείκνυμεν ἑκάστου τοὺς τύπους. ἐκ τούτου τοῦ
+          παραδείγματος ἐπὶ τὸ εἰρημένον μεταβιβάσωμεν τὸ ὁμοίωμα, ἵν᾽ ᾖ τὸ
+          μὲν κάτοπτρον ὁ λεγόμενος ὑπὸ Ἀριστοτέλους δυνάμει τόπος εἰδῶν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But this it is
+          perhaps worth while to inquire, how the cyclic substance<a id=
+          "noteref_814" name="noteref_814" href="#note_814"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">814</span></span></a> can
+          contain the incorporeal causes of the forms that are embodied in
+          matter. For that, apart from these causes, it is not possible for
+          generation to take place is, I think, clear and manifest. For why
+          are there so many kinds of generated things? Whence arise masculine
+          and feminine? Whence the distinguishing characteristics of things
+          according to their species in well-defined types, if there are not
+          pre-existing and pre-established concepts, and causes which existed
+          beforehand to serve as a pattern?<a id="noteref_815" name=
+          "noteref_815" href="#note_815"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">815</span></span></a> And
+          if we discern these causes but dimly, let us still further purify
+          the eyes of the soul. And the right kind of purification is to turn
+          our gaze inwards and to observe how the soul and embodied Mind are
+          a sort of mould<a id="noteref_816" name="noteref_816" href=
+          "#note_816"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">816</span></span></a> and
+          likeness of the forms that are embodied in matter. For in the case
+          of the corporeal, or of things that though incorporeal come into
+          being and are to be studied in connection with the corporeal, there
+          is no single thing whose mental image the mind cannot grasp
+          independently of the corporeal. But this it could not have done if
+          it did not possess something naturally akin to the incorporeal
+          forms. Indeed it is for this reason that Aristotle himself called
+          the soul the <span class="tei tei-q">“place of the
+          forms,”</span><a id="noteref_817" name="noteref_817" href=
+          "#note_817"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">817</span></span></a> only
+          he said that the forms are there not actually but potentially. Now
+          a soul of this sort, that is allied with matter, must needs possess
+          these forms potentially only, but a soul that should be independent
+          and unmixed in this way we must believe would contain all the
+          concepts, not potentially but actually. Let us make this clearer by
+          means of the example which Plato himself employed in the Sophist,
+          with reference certainly to another theory, but still he did employ
+          it. And I bring forward the illustration, not to prove my argument;
+          for one must not try to grasp it by demonstration, but only by
+          apprehension. For it deals with the first causes, or at least those
+          that rank with the first, if indeed, as it is right to believe, we
+          must regard Attis also as a god. What then, and of what sort is
+          this illustration? Plato says that, if any man whose profession is
+          imitation desire to imitate in such a way that the original is
+          exactly reproduced, this method of imitation is troublesome and
+          difficult, and, by Zeus, borders on the impossible; but pleasant
+          and easy and quite possible is the method which only seems to
+          imitate real things. For instance, when we take up a mirror and
+          turn it round we easily get an impression of all objects, and show
+          the general outline of every single thing. From this example let us
+          go back to the analogy I spoke of, and let the mirror stand for
+          what Aristotle calls the <span class="tei tei-q">“place of the
+          forms”</span> potentially.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Αὐτὰ δὲ χρὴ τὰ
+          εἴδη πρότερον ὑφεστάναι πάντως ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ δυνάμει. τῆς τοίνυν ἐν
+          ἡμῖν ψυχῆς, ὡς καὶ Ἀριστοτέλει δοκεῖ, δυνάμει τῶν ὄντων ἐχούσης τὰ
+          εἴδη, ποῦ πρῶτον ἐνεργείᾳ θησόμεθα ταῦτα; πότερον ἐν τοῖς ἐνύλοις;
+          [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι γε ταῦτα φανερῶς τὰ τελευταῖα. λείπεται <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page458">[pg 458]</span><a name="Pg458" id="Pg458"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg459" id="Pg459" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὴ λοιπὸν ἀύλους αἰτίας ζητεῖν ἐνεργείᾳ
+          προτεταγμένας τῶν ἐνύλων, αἷς παρυποστᾶσαν καὶ συμπροελθοῦσαν ἡμῶν
+          τὴν ψυχὴν δέχεσθαι μὲν ἐκεῖθεν, ὥσπερ ἐξ ὄντων τινῶν τὰ ἔσοπτρα,
+          τοὺς τῶν εἰδῶν ἀναγκαῖον λόγους, ἐνδιδόναι δὲ διὰ τῆς φύσεως τῇ τε
+          ὕλῃ καὶ τοῖς ἐνύλοις τουτοισὶ σώμασιν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἐστὶ
+          δημιουργὸς τῶν σωμάτων ἴσμεν, ὡς ὅλη τις οὖσα τοῦ παντός, ἡ δὲ καθ᾽
+          ἕκαστον [C] ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἐν μέρει, πρόδηλόν ἐστί που καὶ σαφές,
+          ἀλλ᾽ ἡ φύσις ἐνεργείᾳ δίχα φαντασίας ἐν ἡμῖν, ἡ δὲ ὑπὲρ ταύτης ψυχὴ
+          καὶ τὴν φαντασίαν προσείληφεν. εἰ τοίνυν ἡ φύσις καὶ ὧν οὐκ ἔχει
+          τὴν φαντασίαν ἔχειν ὅμως ὁμολογεῖται τὴν αἰτίαν, ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου πρὸς
+          θεῶν οὐχὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ μᾶλλον ἔτι καὶ πρεσβύτερον τῇ ψυχῇ δώσομεν,
+          ὅπου καὶ φανταστικῶς αὐτὸ γιγνώσκομεν ἤδη [D] καὶ λόγῳ
+          καταλαμβάνομεν; εἶτα τίς οὕτως ἐστὶ φιλόνεικος, ὡς τῇ φύσει μὲν
+          ὑπάρχειν ὁμολογεῖν τοὺς ἐνύλους λόγους, εἰ καὶ μὴ πάντας καὶ κατὰ
+          τὸ αὐτὸ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει γε πάντας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ μὴ δοῦναι
+          τοῦτο αὐτό; οὐκοῦν εἰ δυνάμει μὲν ἐν τῇ φύσει καὶ οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ τὰ
+          εἴδη, δυνάμει δὲ ἔτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ καθαρώτερον καὶ δικεκριμένως
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page460">[pg 460]</span><a name=
+          "Pg460" id="Pg460" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg461" id=
+          "Pg461" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μᾶλλον, ὥστε δὴ καὶ
+          καταλαμβάνεσθαι καὶ γινώσκεσθαι, ἐνεργείᾳ δὲ οὐδαμοῦ· πόθεν
+          ἀναρτήσομεν τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τὰ πείσματα; ποῦ δὲ ἑδράσομεν [165]
+          τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀιδιότητος κόσμου λόγους; τὸ γὰρ τοι κυκλικὸν σῶμα ἐξ
+          ὑποκειμένου καὶ εἴδους ἐστίν. ἀνάγκη δὴ οὖν, εἰ καὶ μήποτε ἐνεργείᾳ
+          ταῦτα δίχα ἀλλήλων, ἀλλὰ ταῖς γε ἐπινοίαις ἐκεῖνα πρῶτα ὑπάρχοντα
+          εἶναί τε καὶ νομίζεσθαι πρεσβύτερα. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ δέδοταί τις καὶ
+          τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν αἰτία προηγουμένη παντελῶς ἄυλος ὑπὸ τὸν τρίτον
+          δημιουργόν, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐ τούτων μόνον ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ φαινομένου
+          καὶ πέμπτου σώματος πατὴρ καὶ δεσπότης· [B] ἀποδιελόντες ἐκείνου
+          τὸν Ἄττιν, τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ὕλης καταβαίνουσαν αἰτίαν, καὶ θεὸν γόνιμον
+          Ἄττιν εἶναι καὶ Γάλλον πεπιστεύκαμεν, ὃν δή φησιν ὁ μῦθος ἀνθῆσαι
+          μὲν ἐκτεθέντα παρὰ Γάλλου ποταμοῦ ταῖς δίναις, εἶτα καλὸν φανέντα
+          καὶ μέγαν ἀγαπηθῆναι παρὰ τῆς Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν. τὴν δὲ τά τε ἄλλα
+          πάντα ἐπιτρέψαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὸν ἀστερωτὸν περιθεῖναι<a id=
+          "noteref_818" name="noteref_818" href="#note_818"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">818</span></span></a>
+          πῖλον. [C] ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τὴν κορυφὴν σκέπει τοῦ Ἄττιδος ὁ φαινόμενος
+          οὐρανὸς οὑτοσί, τὸν Γάλλον ποταμὸν ἄρα μή ποτε χρὴ τὸν γαλαξίαν
+          αἰνίττεσθαι<a id="noteref_819" name="noteref_819" href=
+          "#note_819"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">819</span></span></a>
+          κύκλον; ἐνταῦθα γάρ φασι μίγνυσθαι τὸ παθητὸν σῶμα πρὸς τὴν ἀπαθῆ
+          τοῦ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page462">[pg 462]</span><a name=
+          "Pg462" id="Pg462" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg463" id=
+          "Pg463" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πέμπτου κυκλοφορίαν. ἄχρι τοι
+          τούτων ἐπέτρεψεν ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν θεῶν σκιρτᾶν τε καὶ χορεύειν τῷ καλῷ
+          τούτῳ καὶ ταῖς ἡλιακαῖς ἀκτῖσιν ἐμφερεῖ τῷ νοερῷ θεῷ, τῷ Ἄττιδι. ὁ
+          δὲ ἐπειδὴ προïὼν ἦλθεν ἄχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων, ὁ μῦθος αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ
+          ἄντρον<a id="noteref_820" name="noteref_820" href=
+          "#note_820"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">820</span></span></a>
+          κατελθεῖν ἔφη καὶ συγγενέσθαι τῇ νύμφῃ, [D] τὸ δίυγρον αἰνιττόμενος
+          τῆς ὕλης· καὶ οὐδὲ τὴν ὕλην αὐτὴν νῦν ἔφη, τὴν τελευταίαν δὲ αἰτίαν
+          ἀσώματον, ἣ τῆς ὕλης προüφέστηκε.<a id="noteref_821" name=
+          "noteref_821" href="#note_821"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">821</span></span></a>
+          λέγεταί τοι καὶ πρὸς Ἡρακλείτου<a id="noteref_822" name=
+          "noteref_822" href="#note_822"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">822</span></span></a></p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now the forms
+          themselves must certainly subsist actually before they subsist
+          potentially. If, therefore, the soul in us, as Aristotle himself
+          believed, contains potentially the forms of existing things, where
+          shall we place the forms in that previous state of actuality? Shall
+          it be in material things? No, for the forms that are in them are
+          evidently the last and lowest. Therefore it only remains to search
+          for immaterial causes which exist in actuality prior to and of a
+          higher order than the causes that are embodied in matter. And our
+          souls must subsist in dependence on these and come forth together
+          with them, and so receive from them the concepts of the forms, as
+          mirrors show the reflections of things; and then with the aid of
+          nature it bestows them on matter and on these material bodies of
+          our world. For we know that nature is the creator of bodies,
+          universal nature in some sort of the All; while that the individual
+          nature of each is the creator of particulars is plainly evident.
+          But nature exists in us in actuality without a mental image,
+          whereas the soul, which is superior to nature, possesses a mental
+          image besides. If therefore we admit that nature contains in
+          herself the cause of things of which she has however no mental
+          image, why, in heaven's name, are we not to assign to the soul
+          these same forms, only in a still higher degree, and with priority
+          over nature, seeing that it is in the soul that we recognise the
+          forms by means of mental images, and comprehend them by means of
+          the concept? Who then is so contentious as to admit on the one hand
+          that the concepts embodied in matter exist in nature—even though
+          not all and equally in actuality, yet all potentially—while on the
+          other hand he refuses to recognise that the same is true of the
+          soul? If therefore the forms exist in nature potentially, but not
+          actually, and if also they exist potentially in the soul,<a id=
+          "noteref_823" name="noteref_823" href="#note_823"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">823</span></span></a> only
+          in a still purer sense and more completely separated, so that they
+          can be comprehended and recognised; but yet exist in actuality
+          nowhere at all; to what, I ask, shall we hang the chain of
+          perpetual generation, and on what shall we base our theories of the
+          imperishability of the universe? For the cyclic substance<a id=
+          "noteref_824" name="noteref_824" href="#note_824"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">824</span></span></a>
+          itself is composed of matter and form. It must therefore follow
+          that, even though in actuality these two, matter and form, are
+          never separate from one another, yet for our intelligence the forms
+          must have prior existence and be regarded as of a higher order.
+          Accordingly, since for the forms embodied in matter a wholly
+          immaterial cause has been assigned, which leads these forms under
+          the hand of the third creator<a id="noteref_825" name="noteref_825"
+          href="#note_825"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">825</span></span></a>—who
+          for us is the lord and father not only of these forms but also of
+          the visible fifth substance—from that creator we distinguish Attis,
+          the cause which descends even unto matter, and we believe that
+          Attis or Gallus is a god of generative powers. Of him the myth
+          relates that, after being exposed at birth near the eddying stream
+          of the river Gallus, he grew up like a flower, and when he had
+          grown to be fair and tall, he was beloved by the Mother of the
+          Gods. And she entrusted all things to him, and moreover set on his
+          head the starry cap.<a id="noteref_826" name="noteref_826" href=
+          "#note_826"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">826</span></span></a> But
+          if our visible sky covers the crown of Attis, must one not
+          interpret the river Gallus as the Milky Way?<a id="noteref_827"
+          name="noteref_827" href="#note_827"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">827</span></span></a> For
+          it is there, they say, that the substance which is subject to
+          change mingles with the passionless revolving sphere of the fifth
+          substance. Only as far as this did the Mother of the Gods permit
+          this fair intellectual god Attis, who resembles the sun's rays, to
+          leap and dance. But when he passed beyond this limit and came even
+          to the lowest region, the myth said that he had descended into the
+          cave, and had wedded the nymph. And the nymph is to be interpreted
+          as the dampness of matter; though the myth does not here mean
+          matter itself, but the lowest immaterial cause which subsists prior
+          to matter. Indeed Heracleitus also says:)</p>
+
+          <div class="block tei tei-quote" style=
+          "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                <span style="font-size: 90%">ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὑγρῇσι
+                γενέσθαι·</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It is death
+            to souls to become wet.</span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+            "font-size: 90%">)</span></p>
+          </div>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τοῦτον οὖν τὸν
+          Γάλλον, τὸν νοερὸν θεόν, τὸν τῶν ἐνύλων καὶ ὑπὸ σελήνην εἰδῶν
+          συνοχέα, τῇ προτεταγμένῃ τῆς ὕλης αἰτίᾳ συνιόντα, συνιόντα δὲ οὐχ
+          ὡς ἄλλον ἄλλῃ, [166] ἀλλ᾽ οἷον αὐτὸ εἰς ἑαυτὸ<a id="noteref_828"
+          name="noteref_828" href="#note_828"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">828</span></span></a>
+          λέγομεν<a id="noteref_829" name="noteref_829" href=
+          "#note_829"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">829</span></span></a>
+          ὑποφερόμενον.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(We mean
+          therefore that this Gallus, the intellectual god, the connecting
+          link between forms embodied in matter beneath the region of the
+          moon, is united with the cause that is set over matter, but not in
+          the sense that one sex is united with another, but like an element
+          that is gathered to itself.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς οὖν ἡ Μήτηρ
+          τῶν θεῶν; ἡ τῶν κυβερνώντων τοὺς ἐμφανεῖς νοερῶν καὶ δημιουργικῶν
+          θεῶν πηγή, ἡ καὶ τεκοῦσα καὶ συνοικοῦσα τῷ μεγάλῳ Διὶ θεὸς ὑποστᾶσα
+          μεγάλη μετὰ τὸν μέγαν καὶ σὺν τῷ μεγάλῳ δημιουργῷ, ἡ πάσης μὲν
+          κυρία ζωῆς, πάσης δὲ γενέσεως αἰτία, ἡ ῥᾷστα μὲν ἐπιτελοῦσα τὰ
+          ποιούμενα, γεννῶσα δὲ δίχα πάθους καὶ δημιουργοῦσα τὰ ὄντα μετὰ τοῦ
+          πατρός· αὕτη [B] καὶ παρθένος ἀμήτωρ καὶ Διὸς σύνθωκος καὶ μήτηρ
+          θεῶν ὄντως οὖσα πάντων. τῶν γὰρ νοητῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page464">[pg 464]</span><a name="Pg464" id="Pg464" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg465" id="Pg465" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπερκοσμίων τε<a id="noteref_830" name=
+          "noteref_830" href="#note_830"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">830</span></span></a> θεῶν
+          δεξαμένη πάντων τὰς<a id="noteref_831" name="noteref_831" href=
+          "#note_831"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">831</span></span></a>
+          αἰτίας ἐν ἑαυτῇ πηγὴ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐγένετο. ταύτην δὴ τὴν θεὸν οὖσαν
+          καὶ πρόνοιαν ἔρως μὲν ὑπῆλθεν ἀπαθὴς Ἄττιδος· ἐθελούσια γὰρ αὐτῇ
+          καὶ κατὰ γνώμην ἐστὶν οὐ τὰ ἔνυλα μόνον εἴδη, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τὰ
+          τούτων αἴτια. τὴν δὴ τὰ γινόμενα καὶ φθειρόμενα σώζουσαν [C]
+          προμήθειαν ἐργᾶν ὁ μῦθος ἔφη τῆς δημιουργικῆς τούτων αἰτίας καὶ
+          γονίμου, καὶ κελεύειν μὲν αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τίκτειν μᾶλλον καὶ
+          βούλεσθαι μὲν<a id="noteref_832" name="noteref_832" href=
+          "#note_832"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">832</span></span></a> πρὸς
+          ἑαυτὴν ἐπεστράφθαι καὶ συνοικεῖν, ἐπίταγμα δὲ ποιεῖσθαι, μηδενὶ τῶν
+          ἄλλων, ἅμα μὲν τὸ ἑνοειδὲς σωτήριον διώκουσαν, ἅμα δὲ φεύγουσαν τὸ
+          πρὸς τὴν ὕλην νεῦσαν· πρὸς ἑαυτήν τε βλέπειν ἐκέλευσεν, οὖσαν πηγὴν
+          μὲν τῶν δημιουργικῶν θεῶν, οὐ καθελκομένην δὲ εἰς τὴν γένεσιν οὐδὲ
+          θελγομένην· [D] οὕτω γὰρ ἔμελλεν ὁ μέγας Ἄττις καὶ κρείττων<a id=
+          "noteref_833" name="noteref_833" href="#note_833"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">833</span></span></a> εἶναι
+          δημιουργός, ἐπείπερ ἐν πᾶσιν ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἐπιστροφὴ μᾶλλόν
+          ἐστι δραστήριος τῆς πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον νεύσεως. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ πέμπτον
+          σῶμα τούτῳ δημιουργικώτερόν ἐστι τῶν τῇδε καὶ θειότερον, τῷ μᾶλλον
+          ἐστράφθαι πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, ἐπεί τοι τὸ σῶμα, κἂν αἰθέρος ᾖ τοῦ
+          καθαρωτάτου, ψυχῆς ἀχράντου καὶ καθαρᾶς, ὁποίαν τὴν Ἡρακλέους ὁ
+          δημιουργὸς ἐξέπεμψεν, οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν κρεῖττον <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page466">[pg 466]</span><a name="Pg466" id="Pg466"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg467" id="Pg467" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> τολμήσειε. [167] τότε μέντοι ἦν τε καὶ ἐδόκει
+          μᾶλλον δραστήριος, ἢ ὅτε<a id="noteref_834" name="noteref_834"
+          href="#note_834"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">834</span></span></a> αὑτὴν
+          ἔδωκεν ἐκείνη σώματι. ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ νῦν Ἡρακλεῖ ὅλῳ πρὸς ὅλον
+          κεχωρηκότι τὸν πατέρα ῥᾴων ἡ τούτων ἐπιμέλεια καθέστηκεν ἢ πρότερον
+          ἦν, ὅτε ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις σαρκία φορῶν ἐστρέφετο. οὕτως ἐν πᾶσι
+          δραστήριος μᾶλλον ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἀπόστασις τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον
+          στροφῆς. ὁ δὴ βουλόμενος ὁ μῦθος διδάξαι παραινέσαι φησὶ τὴν Μητέρα
+          τῶν θεῶν τῷ Ἄττιδι θεραπεύειν αὑτὴν καὶ μήτε ἀποχωρεῖν μήτε ἐρᾶν
+          ἄλλης. [B] ὁ δὲ προῆλθεν ἄχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων τῆς ὕλης κατελθών. ἐπεὶ
+          δὲ ἐχρῆν παύσασθαί ποτε καὶ στῆναι τὴν ἀπειρίαν, Κορύβας μὲν ὁ
+          μέγας Ἥλιος, ὁ σύνθρονος τῇ Μητρὶ καὶ συνδημιουργῶν αὐτῇ τὰ πάντα
+          καὶ συμπρομηθούμενος καὶ οὐδὲν πράττων αὐτῆς δίχα, πείθει τὸν
+          λέοντα μηνυτὴν γενέσθαι. τίς δὲ ὁ λέων; αἴθωνα δήπουθεν ἀκούομεν
+          αὐτόν, αἰτίαν τοίνυν τὴν προüφεστῶσαν<a id="noteref_835" name=
+          "noteref_835" href="#note_835"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">835</span></span></a> τοῦ
+          θερμοῦ καὶ πυρώδους, [C] ἣ πολεμήσειν ἔμελλε τῇ νύμφῃ καὶ
+          ζηλοτυπήσειν αὐτὴν τῆς πρὸς τὸν Ἄττιν κοινωνίας· εἴρηται δὲ ἡμῖν
+          τίς ἡ νύμφη· τῇ δὲ<a id="noteref_836" name="noteref_836" href=
+          "#note_836"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">836</span></span></a>
+          δημιουργικῇ προμηθείᾳ τῶν ὄντων ὑπουργῆσαί φησιν ὁ μῦθος,<a id=
+          "noteref_837" name="noteref_837" href="#note_837"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">837</span></span></a>
+          δηλαδὴ τῇ Μητρὶ τῶν θεῶν· <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page468">[pg
+          468]</span><a name="Pg468" id="Pg468" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg469" id="Pg469" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶτα φωράσαντα καὶ μηνυτὴν γενόμενον αἴτιον
+          γενέσθαι τῷ νεανίσκῳ τῆς ἐκτομὴς. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ τίς; ἐποχὴ τῆς
+          ἀπειρίας· ἔστη γὰρ δὴ τὰ τῆς γενέσεως ἐν ὡρισμένοις τοῖς εἴδεσιν
+          ὑπὸ τῆς δημιουργικῆς ἐπισχεθέντα προμηθείας, [D] οὐκ ἄνευ τῆς τοῦ
+          Ἄττιδος λεγομένης παραφροσύνης, ἣ τὸ μέτριον ἐξισταμένη καὶ
+          ὑπερβαίνουσα καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὥσπερ ἐξασθενοῦσα καὶ οὐκέθ᾽ αὑτῆς εἶναι
+          δυναμένη·<a id="noteref_838" name="noteref_838" href=
+          "#note_838"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">838</span></span></a> ὃ δὴ
+          περὶ τὴν τελευταίαν ὑποστῆναι τῶν θεῶν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἄλογον. σκόπει
+          οὖν ἀναλλοίωτον κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀλλοίωσιν τὸ πέμπτον θεώμενος σῶμα περὶ
+          τοὺς φωτισμοὺς τῆς σελήνης, ἵνα λοιπὸν ὁ συνεχῶς γιγνόμενός τε καὶ
+          ἀπολλύμενος κόσμος γειτνιᾷ τῷ πέμπτῳ σώματι. περὶ 168 τοὺς
+          φωτισμοὺς αὐτῆς ἀλλοίωσίν τινα καὶ πάθη συμπίπτοντα θεωροῦμεν. οὐκ
+          ἄτοπον οὖν καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν τοῦτον ἡμίθεόν τινα εἶναι· βούλεται γὰρ δὴ
+          καὶ ὁ μῦθος τοῦτο· μᾶλλον δὲ θεὸν μὲν τῷ παντί· πρόεισί τε γὰρ ἐκ
+          τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ καὶ ἐπανάγεται πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν
+          μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομήν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ὅλως ῥέπειν καὶ<a id="noteref_839" name=
+          "noteref_839" href="#note_839"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">839</span></span></a>
+          νεύειν εἰς τὴν ὕλην δοκεῖ, θεῶν μὲν ἔσχατον, ἔξαρχον δὲ [B] τῶν
+          θείων γενῶν ἁπάντων οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοι τις αὐτὸν ὑπολαβών. ἡμίθεον δὲ
+          διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μῦθός φησι, τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀτρέπτους αὐτοῦ θεοὺς
+          ἐνδεικνύμενος διαφοράν. δορυφοροῦσι γὰρ αὐτὸν παρὰ τῆς Μητρὸς
+          δοθέντες οἱ Κορύβαντες, αἱ τρεῖς ἀρχικαὶ τῶν μετὰ θεοὺς κρεισσόνων
+          γενῶν ὑποστάσεις. ἄρχει δὲ καὶ τῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page470">[pg 470]</span><a name="Pg470" id="Pg470" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg471" id="Pg471" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> λεόντων, οἳ τὴν ἔνθερμον οὐσίαν καὶ πυρώδη
+          κατανειμάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν ἐξάρχου λέοντος αἴτιοι τῷ πυρὶ μὲν
+          πρώτως, διὰ δὲ τῆς ἐνθένδε θερμότητος ἐνεργείας τε κινητικῆς αἴτιοι
+          [C] καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εἰσὶ σωτηρίας· περίκειται δὲ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀντὶ
+          τιάρας, ἐκεῖθεν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ γῆν ὁρμώμενος.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Who then is the
+          Mother of the Gods? She is the source of the intellectual<a id=
+          "noteref_840" name="noteref_840" href="#note_840"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">840</span></span></a> and
+          creative gods, who in their turn guide the visible gods: she is
+          both the mother and the spouse of mighty Zeus; she came into being
+          next to and together with the great creator; she is in control of
+          every form of life, and the cause of all generation; she easily
+          brings to perfection all things that are made; without pain she
+          brings to birth, and with the father's<a id="noteref_841" name=
+          "noteref_841" href="#note_841"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">841</span></span></a> aid
+          creates all things that are; she is the motherless maiden,<a id=
+          "noteref_842" name="noteref_842" href="#note_842"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">842</span></span></a>
+          enthroned at the side of Zeus, and in very truth is the Mother of
+          all the Gods. For having received into herself the causes of all
+          the gods, both intelligible and supra-mundane, she became the
+          source of the intellectual gods. Now this goddess, who is also
+          Forethought, was inspired with a passionless love for Attis. For
+          not only the forms embodied in matter, but to a still greater
+          degree the causes of those forms, voluntarily serve her and obey
+          her will. Accordingly the myth relates the following: that she who
+          is the Providence who preserves all that is subject to generation
+          and decay, loved their creative and generative cause, and commanded
+          that cause to beget offspring rather in the intelligible region;
+          and she desired that it should turn towards herself and dwell with
+          her, but condemned it to dwell with no other thing. For only thus
+          would that creative cause strive towards the uniformity that
+          preserves it, and at the same time would avoid that which inclines
+          towards matter. And she bade that cause look towards her, who is
+          the source of the creative gods, and not be dragged down or allured
+          into generation. For in this way was mighty Attis destined to be an
+          even mightier creation, seeing that in all things the conversion to
+          what is higher produces more power to effect than the inclination
+          to what is lower. And the fifth substance itself is more creative
+          and more divine than the elements of our earth, for this reason,
+          that it is more nearly connected with the gods. Not that anyone,
+          surely, would venture to assert that any substance, even if it be
+          composed of the purest aether, is superior to soul undefiled and
+          pure, that of Heracles for instance, as it was when the creator
+          sent it to earth. For that soul of his both seemed to be and was
+          more effective than after it had bestowed itself on a body. Since
+          even Heracles, now that he has returned, one and indivisible, to
+          his father one and indivisible, more easily controls his own
+          province than formerly when he wore the garment of flesh and walked
+          among men. And this shows that in all things the conversion to the
+          higher is more effective than the propensity to the lower. This is
+          what the myth aims to teach us when it says that the Mother of the
+          Gods exhorted Attis not to leave her or to love another. But he
+          went further, and descended even to the lowest limits of matter.
+          Since, however, it was necessary that his limitless course should
+          cease and halt at last, mighty Helios the Corybant,<a id=
+          "noteref_843" name="noteref_843" href="#note_843"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">843</span></span></a> who
+          shares the Mother's throne and with her creates all things, with
+          her has providence for all things, and apart from her does nothing,
+          persuaded the Lion<a id="noteref_844" name="noteref_844" href=
+          "#note_844"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">844</span></span></a> to
+          reveal the matter. And who is the Lion? Verily we are told that he
+          is flame-coloured.<a id="noteref_845" name="noteref_845" href=
+          "#note_845"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">845</span></span></a> He
+          is, therefore, the cause that subsists prior to the hot and fiery,
+          and it was his task to contend against the nymph and to be jealous
+          of her union with Attis. (And who the nymph is, I have said.) And
+          the myth says that the Lion serves the creative Providence of the
+          world, which evidently means the Mother of the Gods. Then it says
+          that by detecting and revealing the truth, he caused the youth's
+          castration. What is the meaning of this castration? It is the
+          checking of the unlimited. For now was generation confined within
+          definite forms checked by creative Providence. And this would not
+          have happened without the so-called madness of Attis, which
+          overstepped and transgressed due measure, and thereby made him
+          become weak so that he had no control over himself. And it is not
+          surprising that this should come to pass, when we have to do with
+          the cause that ranks lowest among the gods. For consider the fifth
+          substance, which is subject to no change of any sort, in the region
+          of the light of the moon: I mean where our world of continuous
+          generation and decay borders on the fifth substance. We perceive
+          that in the region of her light it seems to undergo certain
+          alterations and to be affected by external influences. Therefore it
+          is not contradictory to suppose that our Attis also is a sort of
+          demigod—for that is actually the meaning of the myth—or rather for
+          the universe he is wholly god, for he proceeds from the third
+          creator, and after his castration is led upwards again to the
+          Mother of the Gods. But though he seems to lean and incline towards
+          matter, one would not be mistaken in supposing that, though he is
+          the lowest in order of the gods, nevertheless he is the leader of
+          all the tribes of divine beings. But the myth calls him a demigod
+          to indicate the difference between him and the unchanging gods. He
+          is attended by the Corybants who are assigned to him by the Mother;
+          they are the three leading personalities of the higher races<a id=
+          "noteref_846" name="noteref_846" href="#note_846"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">846</span></span></a> that
+          are next in order to the gods. Also Attis rules over the lions, who
+          together with the Lion, who is their leader, have chosen for
+          themselves hot and fiery substance, and so are, first and foremost,
+          the cause of fire. And through the heat derived from fire they are
+          the causes of motive force and of preservation for all other things
+          that exist. And Attis encircles the heavens like a tiara, and
+          thence sets out as though to descend to earth.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὗτος ὁ μέγας
+          ἡμῖν θεὸς Ἄττις ἐστίν· αὗται τοῦ βασιλέως Ἄττιδος αἱ θρηνούμεναι
+          τέως φυγαὶ καὶ κρύψεις καὶ ἀφανισμοὶ καὶ αἱ δύσεις αἱ κατὰ τὸ
+          ἄντρον. τεκμήρια δὲ ἔστω μοι τούτου ὁ χρόνος, ἐν ᾧ γίνεται.
+          τέμνεσθαι γάρ φασι τὸ ἱερὸν δένδρον καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ τὸ
+          ἄκρον τῆς ἰσημερινῆς ἁψῖδος ἔρχεται· εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς περισαλπισμὸς
+          παραλαμβάνεται· [D] τῇ τρίτῃ δὲ τέμνεται τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἀπόρρητον
+          θέρος τοῦ θεοῦ Γάλλου· ἐπὶ τούτοις Ἱλάρια, φασί, καὶ ἑορταί. ὅτι
+          μὲν οὖν στάσις ἐστὶ τῆς ἀπειρίας ἡ θρυλουμένη παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς
+          ἐκτομή, πρόδηλον ἐξ ὧν ἡνίκα ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ ψαύσας
+          κύκλου, ἵνα τὸ μάλιστα ὡρισμένον ἐστί·<a id="noteref_847" name=
+          "noteref_847" href="#note_847"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">847</span></span></a> τὸ
+          μὲν γὰρ ἴσον ὡρισμένον ἐστί, τὸ δὲ ἄνισον ἄπειρόν τε καὶ
+          ἀδιεξίτητον· κατὰ τὸν λόγον αὐτίκα τὸ δένδρον τέμνεται· [169] εἶθ᾽
+          ἑξῆς γίνεται τὰ λοιπά, τὰ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page472">[pg
+          472]</span><a name="Pg472" id="Pg472" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg473" id="Pg473" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν διὰ τοὺς μυστικοὺς καὶ κρυφίους θεσμούς,
+          τὰ δὲ καὶ διὰ<a id="noteref_848" name="noteref_848" href=
+          "#note_848"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">848</span></span></a>
+          ῥηθῆναι πᾶσι δυναμένους. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ τοῦ δένδρου, τοῦτο δὲ τῇ μὲν
+          ἱστορίᾳ προσήκει τῇ περὶ τὸν Γάλλον, οὐδὲν δὲ τοῖς μυστηρίοις, οἷς
+          παραλαμβάνεται, διδασκόντων ἡμᾶς οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν συμβολικῶς, ὅτι χρὴ
+          τὸ κάλλιστον ἐκ γῆς δρεψαμένους, ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας, ἀπενεγκεῖν
+          τῇ θεῷ, σύμβολον τῆς ἐνταῦθα χρηστῆς πολιτείας ἐσόμενον. τὸ γάρ τοι
+          δένδρον ἐκ [B] γῆς μὲν φύεται, σπεύδει δὲ ὥσπερ εἰς τὸν αἰθέρα καὶ
+          ἰδεῖν τέ ἐστι καλὸν καὶ σκιὰν παρασχεῖν ἐν πνίγει, ἤδη δὲ καὶ
+          καρπὸν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προβαλεῖν καὶ χαρίσασθαι· οὗτως αὐτῷ πολύ τί γε
+          τοῦ γονίμου περίεστιν. ἡμῖν οὖν ὁ θεσμὸς παρακελεύεται, τοῖς φύσει
+          μὲν οὐρανίοις, εἰς γῆν δὲ ἐνεχθεῖσιν, ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας ἀπὸ τῆς
+          ἐν τῇ γῇ πολιτείας ἀμησαμένους παρὰ τὴν προγονικὴν [C] καὶ ζωογόνον
+          σπεύδειν θεόν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This, then, is
+          our mighty god Attis. This explains his once lamented flight and
+          concealment and disappearance and descent into the cave. In proof
+          of this let me cite the time of year at which it happens. For we
+          are told that the sacred tree<a id="noteref_849" name="noteref_849"
+          href="#note_849"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">849</span></span></a> is
+          felled on the day when the sun reaches the height of the
+          equinox.<a id="noteref_850" name="noteref_850" href=
+          "#note_850"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">850</span></span></a>
+          Thereupon the trumpets are sounded.<a id="noteref_851" name=
+          "noteref_851" href="#note_851"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">851</span></span></a> And
+          on the third day the sacred and unspeakable member of the god
+          Gallus is severed.<a id="noteref_852" name="noteref_852" href=
+          "#note_852"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">852</span></span></a> Next
+          comes, they say, the Hilaria<a id="noteref_853" name="noteref_853"
+          href="#note_853"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">853</span></span></a> and
+          the festival. And that this castration, so much discussed by the
+          crowd, is really the halting of his unlimited course, is evident
+          from what happens directly mighty Helios touches the cycle of the
+          equinox, where the bounds are most clearly defined. (For the even
+          is bounded, but the uneven is without bounds, and there is no way
+          through or out of it.) At that time then, precisely, according to
+          the account we have, the sacred tree is felled. Thereupon, in their
+          proper order, all the other ceremonies take place. Some of them are
+          celebrated with the secret ritual of the Mysteries, but others by a
+          ritual that can be told to all. For instance, the cutting of the
+          tree belongs to the story of Gallus and not to the Mysteries at
+          all, but it has been taken over by them, I think because the gods
+          wished to teach us, in symbolic fashion, that we must pluck the
+          fairest fruits from the earth, namely, virtue and piety, and offer
+          them to the goddess to be the symbol of our well-ordered
+          constitution here on earth. For the tree grows from the soil, but
+          it strives upwards as though to reach the upper air, and it is fair
+          to behold and gives us shade in the heat, and casts before us and
+          bestows on us its fruits as a boon; such is its superabundance of
+          generative life. Accordingly the ritual enjoins on us, who by
+          nature belong to the heavens but have fallen to earth, to reap the
+          harvest of our constitution here on earth, namely, virtue and
+          piety, and then strive upwards to the goddess of our forefathers,
+          to her who is the principle of all life.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὐθὺς οὖν ἡ
+          σάλπιγξ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἐνδίδωσι τὸ ἀνακλητικὸν τῷ Ἄττιδι καὶ τοῖς
+          ὅσοι ποτὲ οὐρανόθεν ἔπτημεν εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐπέσομεν. μετὰ δὴ τὸ
+          σύμβολον τοῦτο, ὅτε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἄττις ἵστησι τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς
+          ἐκτομῆς, ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ κελεύουσιν ἐκτέμνειν καὶ αὐτοῖς τὴν ἐν ἡμῖν
+          αὐτοῖς ἀπειρίαν καὶ μιμεῖσθαι τοὺς ἡγεμόνας,<a id="noteref_854"
+          name="noteref_854" href="#note_854"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">854</span></span></a> ἐπὶ
+          δὲ τὸ ὡρισμένον καὶ ἑνοειδὲς καί, εἴπερ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν, [D] αὐτὸ τὸ
+          ἓν ἀνατρέχειν· οὗπερ γενομένου πάντως ἕπεσθαι χρὴ τὰ Ἱλάρια. τί γὰρ
+          εὐθυμότερον, τί δὲ ἱλαρώτερον γένοιτο ἂν ψυχῆς ἀπειρίαν μὲν καὶ
+          γένεσιν καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page474">[pg
+          474]</span><a name="Pg474" id="Pg474" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg475" id="Pg475" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> κλύδωνα διαφυγούσης, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτοὺς
+          ἀναχθείσης; ὧν ἕνα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ὄντα περιεῖδεν οὐδαμῶς ἡ τῶν θεῶν
+          Μήτηρ βαδίζοντα πρόσω πλέον ἢ χρῆν, πρὸς ἑαυτὴν δὲ ἐπέστρεψε,
+          στῆσαι τὴν ἀπειρίαν προστάξασα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore,
+          immediately after the castration, the trumpet sounds the recall for
+          Attis and for all of us who once flew down from heaven and fell to
+          earth. And after this signal, when King Attis stays his limitless
+          course by his castration, the god bids us also root out the
+          unlimited in ourselves and imitate the gods our leaders and hasten
+          back to the defined and uniform, and, if it be possible, to the One
+          itself. After this, the Hilaria must by all means follow. For what
+          could be more blessed, what more joyful than a soul which has
+          escaped from limitlessness and generation and inward storm, and has
+          been translated up to the very gods? And Attis himself was such a
+          one, and the Mother of the Gods by no means allowed him to advance
+          unregarded further than was permitted: nay, she made him turn
+          towards herself, and commanded him to set a limit to his limitless
+          course.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ μή τις
+          ὑπολάβῃ με λέγειν, ὡς ταῦτα ἐπράχθη ποτέ καὶ γέγονεν, [170] ὥσπερ
+          οὐκ εἰδότων τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν, ὅ, τι ποιήσουσιν, ἢ τὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν
+          ἁμαρτήματα διορθουμένων. ἀλλὰ οἱ παλαιοὶ τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ τὰς αἰτίας,
+          ἤτοι τῶν θεῶν ὑφηγουμένων ἢ κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς διερευνώμενοι, βέλτιον
+          δὲ ἴσως εἰπεῖν ζητοῦντες ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι τοῖς θεοῖς, ἔπειτα εὑρόντες
+          ἐσκέπασαν αὐτὰς<a id="noteref_855" name="noteref_855" href=
+          "#note_855"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">855</span></span></a>
+          μύθοις παραδόξοις, ἵνα διὰ τοῦ παραδόξου καὶ ἀπεμφαίνοντος τὸ
+          πλάσμα φωραθὲν ἐπὶ τὴν ζήτησιν ἡμᾶς τῆς [B] ἀληθείας προτρέψῃ, τοῖς
+          μὲν ἰδιώταις ἀρκούσης οἶμαι τῆς ἀλόγου καὶ διὰ τῶν συμβόλων μόνων
+          ὠφελείας, τοῖς δὲ περιττοῖς κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν οὕτως μόνως ἐσομένης
+          ὠφελίμου τῆς περὶ θεῶν ἀληθείας, εἴ τις ἐξετάζων αὐτὴν ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι
+          τοῖς θεοῖς εὕροι καὶ λάβοι, διὰ μὲν τῶν αἰνιγμάτων ὑπομνησθείς, ὅτι
+          χρή τι περὶ αὐτῶν ζητεῖν, ἐς τέλος δὲ καὶ ὥσπερ κορυφὴν τοῦ
+          πράγματος διὰ τῆς σκέψεως εὑρὼν πορευθείη, [C] οὐκ <span class=
+          "tei tei-pb" id="page476">[pg 476]</span><a name="Pg476" id="Pg476"
+          class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg477" id="Pg477" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> αἰδοῖ καὶ πίστει μᾶλλον ἀλλοτρίας δόξης ἢ τῆς
+          σφετέρᾳ κατὰ νοῦν ἐνεργείᾳ.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But let no one
+          suppose my meaning to be that this was ever done or happened in a
+          way that implies that the gods themselves are ignorant of what they
+          intend to do, or that they have to correct their own errors. But
+          our ancestors in every case tried to trace the original meanings of
+          things, whether with the guidance of the gods or
+          independently—though perhaps it would be better to say that they
+          sought for them under the leadership of the gods—then when they had
+          discovered those meanings they clothed them in paradoxical myths.
+          This was in order that, by means of the paradox and the
+          incongruity, the fiction might be detected and we might be induced
+          to search out the truth. Now I think ordinary men derive benefit
+          enough from the irrational myth which instructs them through
+          symbols alone. But those who are more highly endowed with wisdom
+          will find the truth about the gods helpful; though only on
+          condition that such a man examine and discover and comprehend it
+          under the leadership of the gods, and if by such riddles as these
+          he is reminded that he must search out their meaning, and so
+          attains to the goal and summit of his quest<a id="noteref_856"
+          name="noteref_856" href="#note_856"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">856</span></span></a>
+          through his own researches; he must not be modest and put faith in
+          the opinions of others rather than in his own mental powers.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τί οὖν εἶναί
+          φαμεν, ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ; κατανοήσαντες ἄχρι τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος οὐ τὸ
+          νοητὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα ταῦτα σώματα τῆς ἀπαθοῦς ὄντα
+          καὶ θείας μερίδος, ἄχρι τούτου θεοὺς ἐνόμισαν ἀκραιφνεῖς εἶναι· τῇ
+          γονίμῳ δὲ τῶν θεῶν οὐσίᾳ τῶν τῇδε παρυποστάντων, ἐξ ἀιδίου
+          συμπροελθούσης τῆς ὕλης τοῖς θεοῖς, [D] παρ᾽ αὐτῶν δὲ καὶ δι᾽ αὐτῶν
+          διὰ τὸ ὑπέρπληρες αὐτῶν τῆς γονίμου καὶ δημιουργικῆς αἰτίας ἡ των
+          ὄντων προμήθεια συνουσιωμένη τοῖς θεοῖς ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ σύνθωκος μὲν
+          οὖσα τῷ βασιλεῖ Διί, πηγὴ δὲ τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν, καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἄζωον
+          καὶ ἄγονον καὶ σκύβαλον καὶ τῶν ὄντων, οἷον ἂν εἴποι τις,
+          ἀποκάθαρμα καὶ τρύγα καὶ ὑποσταθμὴν διὰ τῆς τελευταίας αἰτίας<a id=
+          "noteref_857" name="noteref_857" href="#note_857"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">857</span></span></a> τῶν
+          θεῶν, εἰς ἣν αἱ πάντων οὐσίαι τῶν θεῶν ἀποτελευτῶσιν, ἐκόσμησέ τε
+          καὶ διωρθώσατο καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον μετέστησεν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What shall I
+          say now by way of summary? Because men observed that, as far as the
+          fifth substance, not only the intelligible world but also the
+          visible bodies of our world must be classed as unaffected by
+          externals and divine, they believed that, as far as the fifth
+          substance, the gods are uncompounded. And when by means of that
+          generative substance the visible gods came into being, and, from
+          everlasting, matter was produced along with those gods, from them
+          and through their agency, by reason of the superabundance in them
+          of the generative and creative principle; then the Providence of
+          the world, she who from everlasting is of the same essential nature
+          as the gods, she who is enthroned by the side of King Zeus, and
+          moreover is the source of the intellectual gods, set in order and
+          corrected and changed for the better all that seemed lifeless and
+          barren, the refuse and so to speak offscourings of things, their
+          dregs and sediment: and this she did by means of the last
+          cause<a id="noteref_858" name="noteref_858" href=
+          "#note_858"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">858</span></span></a>
+          derived from the gods, in which the substances of all the gods come
+          to an end.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[171] Ὁ γὰρ
+          Ἄττις οὗτος ἔχων τὴν κατάστικτον τοῖς ἄστροις τιάραν εὔδηλον ὅτι
+          τὰς πάντων τῶν θεῶν εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ὁρωμένας λήξεις ἀρχὰς
+          ἐποιήσατο τῆς ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείας· ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸ μὲν ἀκραιφνὲς καὶ
+          καθαρὸν ῾ἦν ἄχρι γαλαξίου· περὶ τοῦτον δὲ ἤδη τὸν τόπον μιγνυμένου
+          πρὸς τὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page478">[pg
+          478]</span><a name="Pg478" id="Pg478" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg479" id="Pg479" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπαθὲς τοῦ παθητοῦ καὶ τῆς ὕλης
+          παρυφισταμένης ἐκεῖθεν, ἡ πρὸς ταύτην κοινωνία κατάβασίς ἐστιν εἰς
+          τὸ ἄντρον, [B] οὐκ ἀκουσίως μὲν γενομένη τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ τῇ τούτων
+          Μητρί, λεγομένη δὲ ἀκουσίως γενέσθαι. φύσει γὰρ ἐν κρείττονι τοὺς
+          θεοὺς ὄντας οὐκ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τάδε καθέλκειν ἐθέλει τὰ βελτίω, ἀλλὰ
+          διὰ τῆς τῶν κρειττόνων συγκαταβάσεως καὶ ταῦτα ἀνάγειν ἐπὶ τὴν
+          ἀμείνονα καὶ θεοφιλεστέραν λῆξιν. οὕτω τοι καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν οὐ
+          κατεχθραίνουσα μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἡ Μήτηρ λέγεται, ἀλλὰ ἀγανακτεῖ μὲν
+          οὐκέτι, ἀγανακτοῦσα δὲ λέγεται διὰ τὴν συγκατάβασιν, ὅτι κρείττων
+          ὢν [C] καὶ θεὸς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν τῷ καταδεεστέρῳ· στήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν
+          τῆς ἀπειρίας τὴν πρόοδον καὶ τὸ ἀκόσμητον τοῦτο κοσμήσαντα διὰ τῆς
+          πρὸς τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον συμπαθείας, ἵνα ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τῆς
+          ὡρισμένης κινήσεως τὸ τελειότατον κυβερνᾷ μέτρον, ἐπανάγει πρὸς
+          ἑαυτὴν ἡ θεὸς ἀσμένως, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔχει παρ᾽ ἑαυτῇ. καὶ οὐδέποτε
+          γέγονεν, ὅτε μὴ ταῦτα τοῦτον εἶχε τὸν τρόπον, ὅνπερ νῦν ἔχει, ἀλλ᾽
+          ἀεὶ μὲν Ἄττις ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς τῇ Μητρὶ [D] καὶ ἡνίοχος, ἀεὶ δὲ ὀργᾷ
+          εἰς τὴν γένεσιν, ἀεὶ δὲ ἀποτέμνεται τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς ὡρισμένης
+          τῶν εἰδῶν αἰτίας. ἐπαναγόμενος δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ γῆς τῶν ἀρχαίων αὖθις
+          λέγεται δυναστεύειν σκήπτρων, ἐκπεσὼν μὲν αὐτῶν οὐδαμῶς
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page480">[pg 480]</span><a name=
+          "Pg480" id="Pg480" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg481" id=
+          "Pg481" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ ἐκπίπτων, ἐκπεσεῖν δὲ
+          αὐτῶν λεγόμενος διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ παθητὸν σύμμιξιν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For it is
+          evident that Attis of whom I speak, who wears the tiara set with
+          stars, took for the foundation of his own dominion the functions of
+          every god as we see them applied to the visible world. And in his
+          case all is undefiled and pure as far as the Milky Way. But, at
+          this very point, that which is troubled by passion begins to mingle
+          with the passionless, and from that union matter begins to subsist.
+          And so the association of Attis with matter is the descent into the
+          cave, nor did this take place against the will of the gods and the
+          Mother of the Gods, though the myth says that it was against their
+          will. For by their nature the gods dwell in a higher world, and the
+          higher powers do not desire to drag them hence down to our world:
+          rather through the condescension of the higher they desire to lead
+          the things of our earth upwards to a higher plane more favoured by
+          the gods. And in fact the myth does not say that the Mother of the
+          Gods was hostile to Attis after his castration: but it says that
+          though she is no longer angry, she was angry at the time on account
+          of his condescension, in that he who was a higher being and a god
+          had given himself to that which was inferior. But when, after
+          staying his limitless progress, he has set in order the chaos of
+          our world through his sympathy with the cycle of the equinox, where
+          mighty Helios controls the most perfect symmetry of his motion
+          within due limits, then the goddess gladly leads him upwards to
+          herself, or rather keeps him by her side. And never did this happen
+          save in the manner that it happens now; but forever is Attis the
+          servant and charioteer of the Mother; forever he yearns
+          passionately towards generation; and forever he cuts short his
+          unlimited course through the cause whose limits are fixed, even the
+          cause of the forms. In like manner the myth says that he is led
+          upwards as though from our earth, and again resumes his ancient
+          sceptre and dominion: not that he ever lost it, or ever loses it
+          now, but the myth says that he lost it on account of his union with
+          that which is subject to passion and change.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνο ἴσως
+          ἄξιον προσαπορῆσαι· διττῆς γὰρ οὔσης τῆς ἰσημερίας, [172] οὐ τὴν ἐν
+          ταῖς χηλαῖς, τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ κριῷ προτιμῶσι. τίς οὖν αἰτία τούτου,
+          φανερὸν δήπουθεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡμῖν ὁ ἥλιος ἄρχεται τότε πλησιάζειν
+          ἀπὸ τῆς ἰσημερίας, αὐξομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἡμέρας, ἔδοξεν οὗτος ὁ
+          καιρὸς ἁρμοδιώτερος. ἔξω γὰρ τῆς αἰτίας, ἥ φησι τοῖς θεοῖς εἶναι τὸ
+          φῶς σύνδρομον, ἔχειν οἰκείως πιστευτέον τοῖς ἀφεθῆναι τῆς γενέσεως
+          σπεύδουσι τὰς ἀναγωγοὺς ἀκτῖνας ἡλίου. [B] σκόπει δὲ ἐναργῶς· ἕλκει
+          μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς πάντα καὶ προκαλεῖται<a id="noteref_859" name=
+          "noteref_859" href="#note_859"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">859</span></span></a> καὶ
+          βλαστάνειν ποιεῖ τῇ ζωπυρίδι καὶ θαυμαστῇ θέρμῃ, διακρίνων οἶμαι
+          πρὸς ἄκραν λεπτότητα τὰ σώματα, καὶ τὰ φύσει φερόμενα κάτω
+          κουφίζει. τὰ δὴ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀφανῶν αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων ποιητέον
+          τεκμήρια. ὁ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς σώμασι διὰ τῆς σωματοειδοῦς θέρμης οὕτω
+          τοῦτο ἀπεργαζόμενος πῶς οὐ διὰ τῆς ἀφανοῦς καὶ ἀσωμάτου πάντη καὶ
+          θείας καὶ καθαρᾶς ἐν ταῖς ἀκτῖσιν ἱδρυμένης οὐσίας ἕλξει καὶ ἀνάξει
+          τὰς εὐτυχεῖς ψυχάς; [C] οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ πέφηνεν οἰκεῖον μὲν τοῖς
+          θεοῖς τὸ φῶς τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς ἀναχθῆναι σπεύδουσιν, αὔξεται δὲ ἐν τῷ
+          παρ᾽ ἡμῖν κόσμῳ τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὥστε εἶναι τὴν ἡμέραν μείζω τῆς
+          νυκτός, Ἡλίου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιπορεύεσθαι τὸν κριὸν ἀρξαμένου·
+          δέδεικται δὴ καὶ<a id="noteref_860" name="noteref_860" href=
+          "#note_860"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">860</span></span></a>
+          ἀναγωγὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page482">[pg
+          482]</span><a name="Pg482" id="Pg482" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg483" id="Pg483" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> φύσει τὸ τῶν ἀκτίνων τοῦ θεοῦ διά τε τῆς
+          φανερᾶς ἐνεργείας καὶ τῆς ἀφανοῦς, ὑφ᾽ ἧς παμπληθεῖς ἀνήχθησαν
+          ψυχαὶ [D] τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἀκολουθήσασαι τῇ φανοτάτῃ καὶ μάλιστα
+          ἡλιοειδεῖ. τὴν γὰρ τοιαύτην τῶν ὀμμάτων αἴσθησιν οὐκ ἀγαπητὴν μόνον
+          οὐδὲ χρήσιμον εἰς τὸν βίον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς σοφίαν ὁδηγὸν ὁ δαιμόνιος
+          ἀνύμνησε Πλάτων.<a id="noteref_861" name="noteref_861" href=
+          "#note_861"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">861</span></span></a> εἰ δὲ
+          καὶ τῆς ἀρρήτου μυσταγωγίας ἁψαίμην, ἢν ὁ Χαλδαῖος περὶ τὸν
+          ἑπτάκτινα θεὸν ἐβάκχευσεν, ἀνάγων δι᾽ αὐτοῦ τὰς ψυχάς, ἄγνωστα ἐρῶ,
+          καὶ μάλα γε ἄγνωστα τῷ συρφετῷ, [173] θεουργοῖς δὲ τοῖς μακαρίοις
+          γνώριμα· διόπερ αὐτὰ σιωπήσω τανῦν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps it
+          is worth while to raise the following question also. There are two
+          equinoxes, but men pay more honour to the equinox in the sign of
+          Capricorn than to that in the sign of Cancer.<a id="noteref_862"
+          name="noteref_862" href="#note_862"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">862</span></span></a>
+          Surely the reason for this is evident. Since the sun begins to
+          approach us immediately after the spring equinox,—for I need not
+          say that then the days begin to lengthen,—this seemed the more
+          agreeable season. For apart from the explanation which says that
+          light accompanies the gods, we must believe that the uplifting
+          rays<a id="noteref_863" name="noteref_863" href=
+          "#note_863"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">863</span></span></a> of
+          the sun are nearly akin to those who yearn to be set free from
+          generation. Consider it clearly: the sun, by his vivifying and
+          marvellous heat, draws up all things from the earth and calls them
+          forth and makes them grow; and he separates, I think, all corporeal
+          things to the utmost degree of tenuity, and makes things weigh
+          light that naturally have a tendency to sink. We ought then to make
+          these visible things proofs of his unseen powers. For if among
+          corporeal things he can bring this about through his material heat,
+          how should he not draw and lead upwards the souls of the blessed by
+          the agency of the invisible, wholly immaterial, divine and pure
+          substance which resides in his rays? We have seen then that this
+          light is nearly akin to the god, and to those who yearn to mount
+          upwards, and moreover, that this light increases in our world, so
+          that when Helios begins to enter the sign of Capricorn the day
+          becomes longer than the night. It has also been demonstrated that
+          the god's rays are by nature uplifting; and this is due to his
+          energy, both visible and invisible, by which very many souls have
+          been lifted up out of the region of the senses, because they were
+          guided by that sense which is clearest of all and most nearly like
+          the sun. For when with our eyes we perceive the sun's light, not
+          only is it welcome and useful for our lives, but also, as the
+          divine Plato said when he sang its praises, it is our guide to
+          wisdom. And if I should also touch on the secret teaching of the
+          Mysteries in which the Chaldean,<a id="noteref_864" name=
+          "noteref_864" href="#note_864"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">864</span></span></a>
+          divinely frenzied, celebrated the God of the Seven Rays, that god
+          through whom he lifts up the souls of men, I should be saying what
+          is unintelligible, yea wholly unintelligible to the common herd,
+          but familiar to the happy theurgists.<a id="noteref_865" name=
+          "noteref_865" href="#note_865"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">865</span></span></a> And
+          so I will for the present be silent on that subject.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅπερ δὲ ἔλεγον,
+          ὅτι καὶ τὸν καιρὸν οὐκ ἀλόγως ὑποληπτέον, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα μετὰ
+          εἰκότος καὶ ἀληθοῦς λόγου παρὰ τῶν παλαιῶν τῷ θεσμῷ προστεθεῖσθαι,
+          σημεῖον δὴ<a id="noteref_866" name="noteref_866" href=
+          "#note_866"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">866</span></span></a>
+          τούτου, ὅτι τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον ἡ θεὸς αὐτὴ<a id="noteref_867"
+          name="noteref_867" href="#note_867"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">867</span></span></a>
+          κατενείματο. τελεῖται γὰρ περὶ τὸν ζυγὸν Δηοῖ καὶ Κόρῃ τὰ σεμνὰ καὶ
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page484">[pg 484]</span><a name=
+          "Pg484" id="Pg484" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg485" id=
+          "Pg485" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπόρρητα μυστήρια. [B] καὶ
+          τοῦτο εἰκότως γίνεται. χρὴ γὰρ καὶ ἀπιόντι τῷ θεῷ τελεσθῆναι πάλιν,
+          ἵνα μηδὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθέου καὶ σκοτεινῆς δυσχερὲς πάθωμεν ἐπικρατούσης
+          δυνάμεως. δὶς γοῦν Ἀθηναῖοι τῇ Δηοῖ τελοῦσι τὰ μυστήρια, ἐν αὐτῷ
+          μὲν τῷ κριῷ τὰ μικρὰ, φασί, μυστήρια, τὰ μεγάλα δὲ περὶ τὰς χηλὰς
+          ὄντος ἡλίου, δι᾽ ἃς ἔναγχος ἔφην αἰτίας. μεγάλα δὲ ὠνομάσθαι καὶ
+          μικρὰ νομίζω καὶ ἄλλων ἕνεκα, μάλιστα δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τούτου
+          ἀποχωροῦντος τοῦ θεοῦ μᾶλλον ἤπερ προσιόντος· [C] διόπερ ἐν τούτοις
+          ὅσον εἰς ὑπόμνησιν μόνον. ἅτε δὴ καὶ παρόντος τοῦ σωτῆρος καὶ
+          ἀναγωγοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ προτέλεια κατεβάλλοντο τῆς τελετῆς· εἶτα μικρὸν
+          ὕστερον ἁγνεῖαι συνεχεῖς καὶ τῶν ἱερέων<a id="noteref_868" name=
+          "noteref_868" href="#note_868"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">868</span></span></a>
+          ἁγιστεῖαι. ἀπιόντος δὲ λοιπὸν τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἀντίχθονα ζώνην,
+          καὶ φυλακῆς ἕνεκα καὶ σωτηρίας αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον ἐπιτελεῖται τῶν
+          μυστηρίων. ὅρα δέ· ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα τὸ τῆς γενέσεως αἴτιον
+          ἀποτέμνεται, οὕτω δὲ καὶ παρὰ Ἀθηναίοις οἱ τῶν ἀρρήτων ἁπτόμενοι
+          παναγεῖς εἰσι, [D] καὶ ὁ τούτων ἐξάρχων ἱεροφάντης ἀπέστραπται
+          πᾶσαν τὴν γένεσιν, ὡς οὐ μετὸν αὐτῷ τῆς ἐπ᾽ ἄπειρον προόδου, τῆς
+          ὡρισμένης δὲ καὶ ἀεὶ μενούσης καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ συνεχομένης οὐσίας
+          ἀκηράτου τε καὶ καθαρᾶς. ὑπὲρ μὲν δὴ τούτων ἀπόχρη τοσαῦτα.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I was saying
+          that we ought not to suppose that the ancients appointed the season
+          of the rites irrationally, but rather as far as possible with
+          plausible and true grounds of reason; and indeed a proof of this is
+          that the goddess herself chose as her province the cycle of the
+          equinox. For the most holy and secret Mysteries of Deo and the
+          Maiden<a id="noteref_869" name="noteref_869" href=
+          "#note_869"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">869</span></span></a> are
+          celebrated when the sun is in the sign of Libra, and this is quite
+          natural. For when the gods depart we must consecrate ourselves
+          afresh, so that we may suffer no harm from the godless power of
+          darkness that now begins to get the upper hand. At any rate the
+          Athenians celebrate the Mysteries of Deo twice in the year, and the
+          Lesser Mysteries as they call them in the sign of Capricorn, and
+          the Great Mysteries when the sun is in the sign of Cancer, and this
+          for the reason that I have just mentioned. And I think that these
+          Mysteries are called Great and Lesser for several reasons, but
+          especially, as is natural, they are called great when the god
+          departs rather than when he approaches; and so the Lesser are
+          celebrated only by way of reminder.<a id="noteref_870" name=
+          "noteref_870" href="#note_870"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">870</span></span></a> I
+          mean that when the saving and uplifting god approaches, the
+          preliminary rites of the Mysteries take place. Then a little later
+          follow the rites of purification, one after another, and the
+          consecration of the priests. Then when the god departs to the
+          antipodes, the most important ceremonies of the Mysteries are
+          performed, for our protection and salvation. And observe the
+          following: As in the festival of the Mother the instrument of
+          generation is severed, so too with the Athenians, those who take
+          part in the secret rites are wholly chaste and their leader the
+          hierophant forswears generation; because he must not have aught to
+          do with the progress to the unlimited, but only with the substance
+          whose bounds are fixed, so that it abides for ever and is contained
+          in the One, stainless and pure. On this subject I have said
+          enough.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λείπεται δὴ
+          λοιπόν, ὡς εἰκός, ὑπέρ τε τῆς ἁγιστείας αὐτῆς καὶ τῆς ἁγνείας
+          διεξελθεῖν, ἵνα καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page486">[pg
+          486]</span><a name="Pg486" id="Pg486" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg487" id="Pg487" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐντεῦθεν λάβωμεν [174] εἰς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν εἴ τι
+          συμβάλλεται. γελοῖον δὲ αὐτίκα τοῖς πᾶσιν ἐκεῖνο φαίνεται· κρεῶν
+          μὲν ἅπτεσθαι δίδωσιν ὁ ἱερὸς νόμος, ἀπαγορεύει δὲ τῶν σπερμάτων.
+          οὐκ ἄψυχα μὲν ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα δὲ ἔμψυχα; οὐ καθαρὰ μὲν ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα
+          δὲ αἵματος καὶ πολλῶν ἄλλων οὐκ εὐχερῶν ὄψει τε καὶ ἀκοῇ
+          πεπληρωμένα; οὐ, τὸ μέγιστον, ἐκείνοις μὲν πρόσεστι τὸ μηδένα ἐκ
+          τῆς ἐδωδῆς ἀδικεῖσθαι, τούτοις δὲ τὸ καταθύεσθαι καὶ κατασφάττεσθαι
+          τὰ ζῷα ἀλγοῦντα γε, [B] ὡς εἰκός, καὶ τρυχόμενα; ταῦτα πολλοὶ καὶ
+          τῶν περιττῶν εἴποιεν ἄν· ἐκεῖνα δὲ ἤδη κωμῳδοῦσι καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων
+          οἱ δυσσεβέστατοι. τὰ μὲν ὄρμενά φασιν ἐσθίεσθαι τῶν λαχάνων,
+          παραιτεῖσθαι δὲ τὰς ῥίζας, ὥσπερ γογγυλίδας. καὶ σῦκα μὲν ἐσθίεσθαί
+          φασι, ῥοιὰς δὲ οὐκέτι καὶ μῆλα πρὸς τούτοις. ταῦτα ἀκηκοὼς
+          μινυριζόντων πολλῶν πολλάκις, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς εἰρηκὼς<a id=
+          "noteref_871" name="noteref_871" href="#note_871"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">871</span></span></a>
+          πρότερον ἔοικα ἐγὼ μόνος ἐκ πάντων πολλὴν εἴσεσθαι τοῖς δεσπόταις
+          θεοῖς μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασι, πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ τῇ Μητρὶ [C] τῶν θεῶν,
+          ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ χάριν, ὅτι με μὴ
+          περιεῖδεν ὥσπερ ἐν σκότῳ πλανώμενον, ἀλλά μοι πρῶτον μὲν ἐκέλευσεν
+          ἀποκόψασθαι οὔτι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ψυχικὰς ἀλόγους ὁρμὰς
+          καὶ κινήσεις τῇ νοερᾷ καὶ προüφεστώσῃ<a id="noteref_872" name=
+          "noteref_872" href="#note_872"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">872</span></span></a> τῶν
+          ψυχῶν ἡμῶν αἰτίᾳ τὰ περιττὰ καὶ μάταια. ἐπὶ νοῦν δὲ ἔδωκεν αὕτη
+          λόγους τινὰς ἴσως οὐκ ἀπᾴδοντας πάντη [D] τῆς ὑπὲρ θεῶν ἀληθοῦς ἅμα
+          καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page488">[pg 488]</span><a name=
+          "Pg488" id="Pg488" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg489" id=
+          "Pg489" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> εὐαγοῦς ἐπιστήμης. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα
+          γάρ, ὥσπερ οὐκ ἔχων ὅ τι φῶ, κύκλῳ περιτρέχειν. ἐμοὶ δὲ πάρεστι μὲν
+          καὶ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπιόντι σαφεῖς καὶ τηλαυγεῖς αἰτίας ἀποδοῦναι, τοῦ
+          χάριν ἡμῖν οὐ θέμις ἐστὶ προσφέρεσθαι ταῦτα, ὧν ὁ θεῖος εἴργει
+          θεσμός· καὶ ποιήσω δὲ<a id="noteref_873" name="noteref_873" href=
+          "#note_873"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">873</span></span></a> αὐτὸ
+          μικρὸν ὕστερον· ἄμεινον δὲ νῦν ὥσπερ τύπους τινὰς προθεῖναι καὶ
+          κανόνας, οἷς ἑπόμενοι, κἄν τι πολλάκις ὑπὸ τῆς σπουδῆς παρέλθῃ τὸν
+          λόγον, ἕξομεν ὑπὲρ τούτων κρῖναι.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It only remains
+          now to speak, as is fitting, about the sacred rite itself, and the
+          purification, so that from these also I may borrow whatever
+          contributes to my argument. For example, everyone thinks that the
+          following is ridiculous. The sacred ordinance allows men to eat
+          meat, but it forbids them to eat grains and fruits. What, say they,
+          are not the latter lifeless, whereas the former was once possessed
+          of life? Are not fruits pure, whereas meat is full of blood and of
+          much else that offends eye and ear? But most important of all is it
+          not the case that, when one eats fruit nothing is hurt, while the
+          eating of meat involves the sacrifice and slaughter of animals who
+          naturally suffer pain and torment? So would say many even of the
+          wisest. But the following ordinance is ridiculed by the most
+          impious of mankind also. They observe that whereas vegetables that
+          grows upwards can be eaten, roots are forbidden, turnips, for
+          instance; and they point out that figs are allowed, but not
+          pomegranates or apples either. I have often heard many men saying
+          this in whispers, and I too in former days have said the same, but
+          now it seems that I alone of all men am bound to be deeply grateful
+          to the ruling gods, to all of them, surely, but above all the rest
+          to the Mother of the Gods. For all things am I grateful to her, and
+          for this among the rest, that she did not disregard me when I
+          wandered as it were in darkness.<a id="noteref_874" name=
+          "noteref_874" href="#note_874"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">874</span></span></a> For
+          first she bade me cut off no part indeed of my body, but by the aid
+          of the intelligible cause<a id="noteref_875" name="noteref_875"
+          href="#note_875"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">875</span></span></a> that
+          subsists prior to our souls, all that was superfluous and vain in
+          the impulses and motions of my own soul. And that cause gave me, to
+          aid my understanding, certain beliefs which are perhaps not wholly
+          out of harmony with the true and sacred knowledge of the gods. But
+          it looks as though, not knowing what to say next, I were turning
+          round in a circle. I can, however, give clear and manifest reasons
+          in every single case why we are not allowed to eat this food which
+          is forbidden by the sacred ordinance, and presently I will do this.
+          But for the moment it is better to bring forward certain forms, so
+          to speak, and regulations which we must observe in order to be able
+          to decide about these matters, though perhaps, owing to my haste,
+          my argument may pass some evidence by.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[175] Προσήκει
+          δὲ πρῶτον ὑπομνῆσαι διὰ βραχέων, τίνα τε ἔφαμεν εἶναι τὸν Ἄττιν καὶ
+          τί τὴν ἐκτομήν, τίνος τε εἶναι σύμβολα τὰ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἄχρι τῶν
+          Ἱλαρίων γινόμενα καὶ τί βούλεσθαι τὴν ἁγνείαν. ὁ μὲν οὖν Ἄττις
+          ἐλέγετο αἰτία τις οὖσα καὶ θεός, ὁ προσεχῶς δημιουργῶν τὸν ἔνυλον
+          κόσμον, ὃς μέχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων κατιὼν ἵσταται ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλίου
+          δημιουργικῆς κινήσεως, ὅταν ἐπὶ τῆς ἄκρως [B] ὡρισμένης τοῦ παντὸς
+          ὁ θεὸς γένηται περιφερείας, ᾗ<a id="noteref_876" name="noteref_876"
+          href="#note_876"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">876</span></span></a> τῆς
+          ἰσημερίας τοὔνομά ἐστι κατὰ τὸ ἔργον. ἐκτομὴν δὲ ἐλέγομεν εἶναι τῆς
+          ἀπειρίας τὴν ἐποχήν, ἣν οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἑπὶ τὰς πρεσβυτέρας καὶ
+          ἀρχηγικωτέρας αἰτίας ἀνακλήσεώς τε καὶ ἀναδύσεως συμβαίνειν. αὐτῆς
+          δὲ τῆς ἁγνείας φαμὲν τὸν σκοπὸν ἄνοδον τῶν ψυχῶν.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(First I had
+          better remind you in a few words who I said Attis is; and what his
+          castration means; and what is symbolised by the ceremonies that
+          occur between the castration and the Hilaria; and what is meant by
+          the rite of purification. Attis then was declared to be an original
+          cause and a god, the direct creator of the material world, who
+          descends to the lowest limits and is checked by the creative motion
+          of the sun so soon as that god reaches the exactly limited circuit
+          of the universe, which is called the equinox because of its effect
+          in equalising night and day.<a id="noteref_877" name="noteref_877"
+          href="#note_877"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">877</span></span></a> And I
+          said that the castration meant the checking of limitlessness, which
+          could only be brought about through the summons and resurrection of
+          Attis to the more venerable and commanding causes. And I said that
+          the end and aim of the rite of purification is the ascent of our
+          souls.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐᾷ
+          πρῶτον σιτεῖσθαι τὰ κατὰ γῆς δυόμενα σπέρματα· ἔσχατον μὲν γὰρ τῶν
+          ὄντων ἡ γῆ. ἐνταῦθα δέ φησιν ἀπελαθέντα καὶ Πλάτων τὰ κακὰ
+          στρέφεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τῶν λογίων οἱ θεοὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page490">[pg 490]</span><a name="Pg490" id="Pg490" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg491" id="Pg491" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> σκύβαλον αὐτὸ πολλαχοῦ καλοῦσι, [C] καὶ
+          φεύγειν ἐντεῦθεν παρακελεύονται.<a id="noteref_878" name=
+          "noteref_878" href="#note_878"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">878</span></span></a>
+          πρῶτον οὖν ἡ ζωογόνος καὶ προμηθὴς θεὸς οὐδὲ ἄχρι τῆς τῶν σωμάτων
+          τροφῆς ἐπιτρέπει τοῖς κατὰ γῆς δυομένοις χρῆσθαι, παραινοῦσά γε
+          πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν βλέπειν. ἑνί τινες
+          κέχρηνται σπέρματι, τοῖς λοβοῖς, οὐ σπέρμα μᾶλλον ἢ λάχανον αὐτὸ
+          νομίζοντες [D] εἶναι τῷ πεφυκέναι πως ἀνωφερὲς καὶ ὀρθὸν καὶ οὐδὲ
+          ἐρριζῶσθαι κατὰ τῆς γῆς· ἐρρίζωται δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ δένδρου κιττοῦ τινος
+          ἢ καὶ ἀμπέλου καρπὸς ἤρτηται καὶ καλάμης.<a id="noteref_879" name=
+          "noteref_879" href="#note_879"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">879</span></span></a>
+          ἀπηγόρευται μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν σπέρματι χρῆσθαι διὰ τοῦτο φυτῶν,
+          ἐπιτέτραπται δὲ χρῆσθαι καρποῖς καὶ λαχάνοις, οὐ τοῖς χαμαιζήλοις,
+          ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐκ γῆς αἰρομένοις ἄνω μετεώροις. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τῆς
+          γογγυλίδος τὸ μὲν γεωχαρὲς ὡς χθόνιον ἐπιτάττει παραιτεῖσθαι, [176]
+          τὸ δὲ ἀναδυόμενον ἄνω καὶ εἰς ὕψος αἰρόμενον ὡς αὐτῷ τούτῳ καθαρὸν
+          τυγχάνον δίδωσι προσένεγκασθαι. τῶν γοῦν λαχάνων ὀρμένοις μὲν
+          συγχωρεῖ χρῆσθαι, ῥίζαις δὲ ἀπαγορεύει καὶ μάλιστα ταῖς
+          ἐντρεφομέναις καὶ συμπαθούσαις τῇ γῇ. καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν δένδρων μῆλα
+          μὲν ὡς ἱερὰ καὶ χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀρρήτων ἄθλων καὶ τελεστικῶν εἰκόνας
+          καταφθείρειν οὐκ ἐπέτρεψε καὶ καταναλίσκειν, ἄξιά γε ἄντα τῶν
+          ἀρχετύπων χάριν τοῦ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page492">[pg
+          492]</span><a name="Pg492" id="Pg492" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg493" id="Pg493" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> σέβεσθαί τε καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι· [B] ῥοιὰς δὲ ὡς
+          φυτὸν χθόνιον παρῃτήσατο, καὶ τοῦ φοίνικος δὲ τὸν καρπὸν ἴσως μὲν
+          ἄν τις εἴποι διὰ τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι περὶ τὴν Φρυγίαν, ἔνθα πρῶτον ὁ
+          θεσμὸς κατέστη· ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ μᾶλλον ὡς ἱερὸν ἡλίου τὸ φυτὸν ἀγήρων
+          τε ὂν οὐ συγχωρῆσαι καταναλίσκειν ἐν ταῖς ἀγιστείαις εἰς τροφὴν
+          σώματος. ἐπὶ τούτοις ἀπηγόρευται ἰχθύσιν ἅπασι χρῆσθαι. κοινὸν δέ
+          ἐστι τοῦτο [C] καὶ πρὸς Αἰγυπτίους τὸ πρόβλημα. δοκεῖ δὲ ἔμοιγε
+          δυοῖν ἕνεκεν ἄν τις ἰχθύων μάλιστα μὲν ἀεί, πάντως δὲ ἐν ταῖς
+          ἁγιστείαις ἀποσχέσθαι, ἑνὸς μέν, ὅτι τούτων, ἃ μὴ θύομεν τοῖς
+          θεοῖς, οὐδὲ σιτεῖσθαι προσήκει. δέος δὲ ἴσως οὐδέν, μή πού τις
+          ἐνταῦθα λίχνος καὶ γάστρις ἐπιλάβηταί μου, ὥς που καὶ πρότερον ἤδη
+          παθὼν αὐτὸ διαμνημονεύω, <span class="tei tei-q">“Διὰ τί δέ; οὐχὶ
+          καὶ θύομεν αὐτῶν πολλάκις τοῖς θεοῖς”</span>; εἰπόντος ἀκούσας.
+          ἀλλ᾽ εἴχομέν τι καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο εἰπεῖν. [D] καὶ θύομέν γε, ἔφην, ὦ
+          μακάριε, ἔν τισι τελεστικαῖς θυσίαις, ὡς ἵππον Ῥωμαῖοι, ὡς πολλὰ
+          καὶ ἄλλα θηρία καὶ ζῷα, κύνας ἴσως Ἕλληνες Ἑκάτῃ καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι δέ·
+          καὶ πολλὰ παρ᾽ ἄλλοις ἐστὶ τῶν τελεστικῶν, καὶ δημοσίᾳ ταῖς πόλεσιν
+          ἅπαξ τοῦ ἔτους ἢ δὶς τοιαῦτα θύματα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις,
+          ὧν μόνων κοινωνεῖν ἄξιον καὶ τραπεζοῦν θεοῖς. τοὺς δὲ ἰχθύας ἐν
+          ταῖς τιμητηρίοις οὐ θύομεν, ὅτι μήτε <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page494">[pg 494]</span><a name="Pg494" id="Pg494" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg495" id="Pg495" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> νέμομεν, [177] μήτε τῆς γενέσεως αὐτῶν
+          ἐπιμελούμεθα, μήτε ἡμῖν εἰσιν ἀγέλαι καθάπερ προβάτων καὶ βοῶν οὕτω
+          δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων. ταῦτα μὲν γὰρ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν βοηθούμενα τὰ ζῷα καὶ
+          πληθύνοντα διὰ τοῦτο δικαίως ἂν ἡμῖν εἴς τε τὰς ἄλλας χρείας
+          ἐπικουροίη καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων ἐς τιμητηρίους θυσίας. εἷς μὲν δὴ
+          λόγος οὗτος, δι᾽ ὃν οὐκ οἶμαι δεῖν ἰχθὺν ἐν ἁγνείας καιρῷ
+          προσφέρεσθαι τροφήν. ἕτερος δέ, ὃν καὶ μᾶλλον ἡγοῦμαι τοῖς
+          προειρημένοις ἁρμόζειν, ὅτι τρόπον τινὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ κατὰ τοῦ βυθοῦ
+          δεδυκότες εἶεν [B] ἂν χθονιώτεροι τῶν σπερμάτων, ὁ δὲ ἐπιθυμῶν
+          ἀναπτῆναι καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὲρ τὸν ἀέρα πρὸς αὐτὰς οὐρανοῦ πτῆναι
+          κορυφὰς δικαίως ἂν ἀποστρέφοιτο πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, μεταθέοι δὲ καὶ
+          μετατρέχοι τὰ τεινόμενα πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα καὶ σπεύδοντα πρὸς τὸ ἄναντες
+          καί, ἵνα ποιητικώτερον<a id="noteref_880" name="noteref_880" href=
+          "#note_880"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">880</span></span></a> εἴπω,
+          πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν ὁρῶντα.<a id="noteref_881" name="noteref_881"
+          href="#note_881"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">881</span></span></a>
+          ὄρνισιν οὖν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι πλὴν ὀλίγων, οὓς ἱεροὺς εἶναι πάντῃ
+          συμβέβηκε, καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων τοῖς συνήθεσιν ἔξω [C] τοῦ χοίρου.
+          τοῦτον δὲ ὡς χθόνιον πάντη μορφῇ τε καὶ τῷ βίῳ καὶ αὐτῷ τῷ τῆς
+          οὐσίας λόγῳ. περιττωματικός τε γὰρ καὶ παχὺς τὴν σάρκα· τῆς ἱερᾶς
+          ἀποκηρύττει τροφῆς. φίλον γὰρ εἶναι πεπίστευται θῦμα τοῖς χθονίοις
+          θεοῖς οὐκ ἀπεικότως. ἀθέατον γάρ ἐστιν οὐρανοῦ τουτὶ τὸ ζῷον, οὐ
+          μόνον οὐ βουλόμενον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ πεφυκὸς ἀναβλέψαι ποτέ. τοιαύτας μὲν
+          δὴ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page496">[pg 496]</span><a name=
+          "Pg496" id="Pg496" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg497" id=
+          "Pg497" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> αἰτίας ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀποχῆς ὧν
+          ἀπέχεσθαι δεῖ εἴρηκεν ὁ θεῖος θεσμός· [D] οἱ ξυνιέντες δὲ
+          κοινούμεθα τοῖς ἐπισταμένοις θεούς.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For this reason
+          then the ordinance forbids us first to eat those fruits that grow
+          downwards in the earth. For the earth is the last and lowest of
+          things. And Plato also says<a id="noteref_882" name="noteref_882"
+          href="#note_882"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">882</span></span></a> that
+          evil, exiled from the gods, now moves on earth; and in the oracles
+          the gods often call the earth refuse, and exhort us to escape
+          thence. And so, in the first place, the life-generating god who is
+          our providence does not allow us to use to nourish our bodies
+          fruits that grow under the earth; and thereby enjoins that we turn
+          our eyes towards the heavens, or rather above the heavens.<a id=
+          "noteref_883" name="noteref_883" href="#note_883"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">883</span></span></a> One
+          kind of fruit of the earth, however, some people do eat, I mean
+          fruit in pods, because they regard this as a vegetable rather than
+          a fruit, since it grows with a sort of upward tendency and is
+          upright, and not rooted below the soil; I mean that it is rooted
+          like the fruit of the ivy that hangs on a tree or of the vine that
+          hangs on a stem. For this reason then we are forbidden to eat seeds
+          and certain plants, but we are allowed to eat fruit and vegetables,
+          only not those that creep on the ground, but those that are raised
+          up from the earth and hang high in the air. It is surely for this
+          reason that the ordinance bids us also avoid that part of the
+          turnip which inclines to the earth since it belongs to the under
+          world, but allows us to eat that part which grows upwards and
+          attains to some height, since by that very fact it is pure. In fact
+          it allows us to eat any vegetables that grow upwards, but forbids
+          us roots, and especially those which are nourished in and
+          influenced by the earth. Moreover in the case of trees it does not
+          allow us to destroy and consume apples, for these are sacred and
+          golden and are the symbols of secret and mystical rewards. Rather
+          are they worthy to be reverenced and worshipped for the sake of
+          their archetypes. And pomegranates are forbidden because they
+          belong to the under-world; and the fruit of the date-palm, perhaps
+          one might say because the date-palm does not grow in Phrygia where
+          the ordinance was first established. But my own theory is rather
+          that it is because this tree is sacred to the sun, and is
+          perennial, that we are forbidden to use it to nourish our bodies
+          during the sacred rites. Besides these, the use of all kinds of
+          fish is forbidden. This is a question of interest to the Egyptians
+          as well as to ourselves. Now my opinion is that for two reasons we
+          ought to abstain from fish, at all times if possible, but above all
+          during the sacred rites. One reason is that it is not fitting that
+          we should eat what we do not use in sacrifices to the gods. And
+          perhaps I need not be afraid that hereupon some greedy person who
+          is the slave of his belly will take me up, though as I remember
+          that very thing happened to me once before; and then I heard
+          someone objecting: <span class="tei tei-q">“What do you mean? Do we
+          not often sacrifice fish to the gods?”</span> But I had an answer
+          ready for this question also. <span class="tei tei-q">“My good
+          sir,”</span> I said, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is true that we
+          make offerings of fish in certain mystical sacrifices, just as the
+          Romans sacrifice the horse and many other animals too, both wild
+          and domesticated, and as the Greeks and the Romans too sacrifice
+          dogs to Hecate. And among other nations also many other animals are
+          offered in the mystic cults; and sacrifices of that sort take place
+          publicly in their cities once or twice a year. But that is not the
+          custom in the sacrifices which we honour most highly, in which
+          alone the gods deign to join us and to share our table. In those
+          most honoured sacrifices we do not offer fish, for the reason that
+          we do not tend fish, nor look after the breeding of them, and we do
+          not keep flocks of fish as we do of sheep and cattle. For since we
+          foster these animals and they multiply accordingly, it is only
+          right that they should serve for all our uses and above all for the
+          sacrifices that we honour most.”</span> This then is one reason why
+          I think we ought not to use fish for food at the time of the rite
+          of purification. The second reason which is, I think, even more in
+          keeping with what I have just said, is that, since fish also, in a
+          manner of speaking, go down into the lowest depths, they, even more
+          than seeds, belong to the under-world. But he who longs to take
+          flight upwards and to mount aloft above this atmosphere of ours,
+          even to the highest peaks of the heavens, would do well to abstain
+          from all such food. He will rather pursue and follow after things
+          that tend upwards towards the air, and strive to the utmost height,
+          and, if I may use a poetic phrase, look upward to the skies. Birds,
+          for example, we may eat, except only those few which are commonly
+          held sacred,<a id="noteref_884" name="noteref_884" href=
+          "#note_884"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">884</span></span></a> and
+          ordinary four-footed animals, except the pig. This animal is banned
+          as food during the sacred rites because by its shape and way of
+          life, and the very nature of its substance—for its flesh is impure
+          and coarse—it belongs wholly to the earth. And therefore men came
+          to believe that it was an acceptable offering to the gods of the
+          under-world. For this animal does not look up at the sky, not only
+          because it has no such desire, but because it is so made that it
+          can never look upwards. These then are the reasons that have been
+          given by the divine ordinance for abstinence from such food as we
+          ought to renounce. And we who comprehend share our knowledge with
+          those who know the nature of the gods.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν
+          ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι λέγομεν τοσοῦτον, ὡς οὐ πᾶσιν ἅπαντα,<a id=
+          "noteref_885" name="noteref_885" href="#note_885"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">885</span></span></a> τὸ
+          δυνατὸν δὲ ὁ θεῖος νόμος τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει σκοπῶν ἐπέτρεψε χρῆσθαι
+          τουτοισὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς, οὐχ ἵνα πᾶσι πάντες ἐξ ἀνάγκης χρησώμεθα·
+          τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ ἴσως οὐκ εὔκολον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως ἐκείνῳ, ὅτῳ ἄρα πρῶτον
+          [178] μὲν ἡ τοῦ σώματος συγχωρεῖ<a id="noteref_886" name=
+          "noteref_886" href="#note_886"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">886</span></span></a>
+          δύναμις, εἶτά τις περιουσία συντρέχει καὶ τρίτον ἡ προαίρεσις, ἣν
+          ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς οὕτως ἄξιον ἐπιτείνειν, ὥστε καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν τοῦ
+          σώματος δύναμιν ὁρμᾶν καὶ προθυμεῖσθαι τοῖς θείοις ἀκολουθεῖν
+          θεσμοῖς. ἔστι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο μάλιστα μὲν ἀνυσιμώτερον αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ
+          πρὸς σωτηρίαν, εἰ μείζονα λόγον αὑτῆς, [B] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦ σώματος τῆς
+          ἀσφαλείας ποιήσαιτο, πρὸς δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα μείζονος καὶ
+          θαυμασιωτέρας φαίνεται λεληθότως τῆς ὠφελείας μεταλαγχάνον. ὅταν
+          γὰρ ἡ ψυχὴ πᾶσαν ἑαυτὴν δῷ τοῖς θεοῖς, ὅλα τὰ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὴν
+          ἐπιτρέψασα τοῖς κρείττοσιν, ἑπομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἁγιστείας καὶ πρό γε
+          ταύτης τῶν θείων θεσμῶν ἡγουμένων, ὄντος οὐδενὸς λοιπὸν τοῦ
+          ἀπείργοντος καὶ ἐμποδίζοντος· πάντα γάρ ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ
+          πάντα περὶ αὐτοὺς ὑφέστηκε καὶ πάντα τῶν θεῶν ἐστι πλήρη· αὐτίκα
+          μὲν αὐταῖς ἐλλάμπει τὸ θεῖον φῶς, θεωθεῖσαι δὲ αὗται τόνον τινὰ καὶ
+          <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page498">[pg 498]</span><a name=
+          "Pg498" id="Pg498" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg499" id=
+          "Pg499" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ῥώμην ἐπιτιθέασι [C] τῷ συμφύτῳ
+          πνεύματι, τοῦτο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν στομούμενον ὥσπερ καὶ κρατυνόμενον
+          σωτηρίας ἐστιν αἴτιον ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι. τὸ δὲ ὅτι μάλιστα μὲν πάσας
+          τὰς νόσους, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅτι τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἐκ τῆς τοῦ
+          πνεύματος εἶναι τροπῆς καὶ παραφορᾶς συμβέβηκεν, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οἶμαι
+          τῶν Ἀσκληπιαδῶν οὐ φήσει.<a id="noteref_887" name="noteref_887"
+          href="#note_887"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">887</span></span></a> οἱ
+          μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάσας φασίν, οἱ δὲ τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας καὶ
+          ἰαθῆναι χαλεπωτάτας· μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τούτοις [D] καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν λόγια,
+          φημὶ δέ, ὅτι διὰ τῆς ἁγιστείας οὐχ ἡ ψυχὴ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σώματα
+          βοηθείας πολλῆς καὶ σωτηρίας ἀξιοῦται· σώζεσθαι γάρ σφισι καὶ τὸ
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“πικρᾶς ὕλης περίβλημα βρότειον”</span> οἱ
+          θεοὶ τοῖς ὑπεράγνοις παρακελευόμενοι τῶν θεουργῶν
+          κατεπαγγέλλονται.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And to the
+          question what food is permitted I will only say this. The divine
+          law does not allow all kinds of food to all men, but takes into
+          account what is possible to human nature and allows us to eat most
+          animals, as I have said. It is not as though we must all of
+          necessity eat all kinds—for perhaps that would not be
+          convenient—but we are to use first what our physical powers allow;
+          secondly, what is at hand in abundance; thirdly, we are to exercise
+          our own wills. But at the season of the sacred ceremonies we ought
+          to exert those wills to the utmost so that we may attain to what is
+          beyond our ordinary physical powers, and thus may be eager and
+          willing to obey the divine ordinances. For it is by all means more
+          effective for the salvation of the soul itself that one should pay
+          greater heed to its safety than to the safety of the body. And
+          moreover the body too seems thereby to share insensibly in that
+          great and marvellous benefit. For when the soul abandons herself
+          wholly to the gods, and entrusts her own concerns absolutely to the
+          higher powers, and then follow the sacred rites—these too being
+          preceded by the divine ordinances—then, I say, since there is
+          nothing to hinder or prevent—for all things reside in the gods, all
+          things subsist in relation to them, all things are filled with the
+          gods—straightway the divine light illumines our souls. And thus
+          endowed with divinity they impart a certain vigour and energy to
+          the breath<a id="noteref_888" name="noteref_888" href=
+          "#note_888"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">888</span></span></a>
+          implanted in them by nature; and so that breath is hardened as it
+          were and strengthened by the soul, and hence gives health to the
+          whole body. For I think not one of the sons of Asclepios would deny
+          that all diseases, or at any rate very many and those the most
+          serious, are caused by the disturbance and derangement of the
+          breathing. Some doctors assert that all diseases, others that the
+          greater number and the most serious and hardest to cure, are due to
+          this. Moreover the oracles of the gods bear witness thereto, I mean
+          that by the rite of purification not the soul alone but the body as
+          well is greatly benefited and preserved. Indeed the gods when they
+          exhort those theurgists who are especially holy, announce to them
+          that their <span class="tei tei-q">“mortal husk of raw
+          matter”</span><a id="noteref_889" name="noteref_889" href=
+          "#note_889"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">889</span></span></a> shall
+          be preserved from perishing.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς οὖν ἡμῖν
+          ὑπολείπεται λόγος, ἄλλως τε καὶ ἐν βραχεῖ νυκτὸς μέρει ταῦτα
+          ἀπνευστὶ ξυνεῖραι<a id="noteref_890" name="noteref_890" href=
+          "#note_890"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">890</span></span></a>
+          συγχωρηθεῖσιν, οὐδὲν οὔτε προανεγνωκόσιν οὔτε σκεψαμένοις περὶ
+          αὐτῶν, [179] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ προελομένοις ὑπὲρ τούτων εἰπεῖν πρὶν ἢ τὰς
+          δέλτους ταύτας αἰτῆσαι; μάρτυς δὲ ἡ θεός μοι τοῦ λόγου. ἀλλ᾽, ὅπερ
+          ἔφην, τί τὸ λειπόμενον ἡμῖν ὑμνῆσαι τὴν θεὸν μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ
+          τοῦ Διονύσου, ὧν δὴ καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς ἐν ταύταις ἔθετο ταῖς ἁγιστείαις
+          ὁ νόμος; ὁρῶ μὲν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πρὸς τὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+          "page500">[pg 500]</span><a name="Pg500" id="Pg500" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg501" id="Pg501" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν διὰ τῆς προνοητικῆς ἐν
+          ἑκατέραις ταῖς οὐσίαις ὁμοιότητος [B] τὴν συγγένειαν ἐπισκοπῶ δὲ
+          καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν, ἣν ἐκ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς καὶ
+          μονίμου ζωῆς τοῦ μεγάλου Διὸς ὁ μέγας Διόνυσος παραδεξάμενος, ἅτε
+          καὶ προελθὼν ἐξ ἐκείνου, τοῖς φαινομένοις ἅπασιν ἐγκατένειμεν,
+          ἐπιτροπεύων καὶ βασιλεύων τῆς μεριστῆς συμπάσης δημιουργίας.
+          προσήκει δὲ σὺν τούτοις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ τὸν Ἐπαφρόδιτον Ἑρμῆν· [C]
+          καλεῖται γὰρ οὕτως ὑπὸ τῶν μυστῶν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος, ὅσοι λαμπάδας φασὶν
+          ἀνάπτειν Ἄττιδι τῷ σοφῷ. τίς οὖν οὕτω παχὺς τὴν ψυχήν, ὃς οὐ
+          συνίησιν, ὅτι δι᾽ Ἑρμοῦ μὲν καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ἀνακαλεῖται πάντα
+          πανταχοῦ τὰ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχοντα τὸ ἕνεκά του<a id="noteref_891"
+          name="noteref_891" href="#note_891"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">891</span></span></a> πάντη
+          καὶ πάντως ὃ τοῦ λόγου μάλιστα ἴδιόν ἐστιν; Ἄττις δὲ οὐχ οὗτος
+          ἐστιν ὁ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἄφρων, νῦν δὲ ἀκούων διὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν σοφός;
+          ἄφρων μὲν ὅτι τὴν ὕλην εἵλετο καὶ τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιτροπεύει, σοφὸς δὲ
+          ὅτι τὸ σκύβαλον τοῦτο εἰς κάλλος ἐκόσμησε τοσοῦτον [D] καὶ
+          μετέστησεν, ὅσον οὐδεμί ἂν μιμήσαιτο ἀνθρώπων τέχνη καὶ σένεσις.
+          ἀλλὰ τί πέρας ἔσται μοι τῶν λόγων; ἢ δῆλον ὡς ὁ τῆς μεγάλης ὕμνος
+          θεοῦ;</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now what is
+          left for me to say? Especially since it was granted me to compose
+          this hymn at a breath, in the short space of one night, without
+          having read anything on the subject beforehand, or thought it over.
+          Nay, I had not even planned to speak thereof until the moment that
+          I asked for these writing-tablets. May the goddess bear witness to
+          the truth of my words! Nevertheless, as I said before, does there
+          not still remain for me to celebrate the goddess in her union with
+          Athene and Dionysus? For the sacred law established their festivals
+          at the very time of her sacred rites. And I recognise the kinship
+          of Athene and the Mother of the Gods through the similarity of the
+          forethought that inheres in the substance of both goddesses. And I
+          discern also the divided creative function of Dionysus, which great
+          Dionysus received from the single and abiding principle of life
+          that is in mighty Zeus. For from Zeus he proceeded, and he bestows
+          that life on all things visible, controlling and governing the
+          creation of the whole divisible world. Together with these gods we
+          ought to celebrate Hermes Epaphroditus.<a id="noteref_892" name=
+          "noteref_892" href="#note_892"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">892</span></span></a> For
+          so this god is entitled by the initiated who say that he kindles
+          the torches for wise Attis. And who has a soul so dense as not to
+          understand that through Hermes and Aphrodite are invoked all
+          generated things everywhere, since they everywhere and throughout
+          have a purpose which is peculiarly appropriate to the Logos?<a id=
+          "noteref_893" name="noteref_893" href="#note_893"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">893</span></span></a> But
+          is not this Logos Attis, who not long ago was out of his senses,
+          but now through his castration is called wise? Yes, he was out of
+          his senses because he preferred matter and presides over
+          generation, but he is wise because he adorned and transformed this
+          refuse, our earth, with such beauty as no human art or cunning
+          could imitate. But how shall I conclude my discourse? Surely with
+          this hymn to the Great Goddess.)</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὦ θεῶν καὶ
+          ἀνθρώπων μῆτερ, ὦ τοῦ μεγάλου σύνθωκε καὶ σύνθρονε Διός, ὦ πηγὴ τῶν
+          νοερῶν θεῶν, ὦ τῶν νοητῶν ταῖς ἀχράντοις οὐσίαις συνδραμοῦσα καὶ
+          τὴν κοινὴν ἐκ πάντων αἰτίαν παραδεξαμένη [180] καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς
+          ἐνδιδοῦσα ζωογόνε θεὰ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page502">[pg
+          502]</span><a name="Pg502" id="Pg502" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg503" id="Pg503" class=
+          "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ μῆτις καὶ πρόνοια καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν
+          δημιουργέ, ὦ τὸν μέγαν Διόνυσον ἀγαπῶσα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ἐκτεθέντα
+          περισωσαμένη καὶ πάλιν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ γῆς ἄντρον καταδυόμενον
+          ἐπανάγουσα, ὦ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἡγουμένη θεοῖς, πάντων
+          δὲ ἀποπληροῦσα τὸν αἰσθητὸν κόσμον, πάντα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθὰ
+          χαρισαμένη, δίδου πᾶσι [B] μὲν ἀνθρώποις εὐδαιμονίαν, ἧς τὸ
+          κεφάλαιον ἡ τῶν θεῶν γνῶσίς ἐστι, κοινῇ δὲ τῷ Ῥωμαίων δήμῳ, μάλιστα
+          μὲν ἀποτρίψασθαι τῆς ἀθεότητος τὴν κηλίδα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τὴν τύχην
+          εὐμενῆ συνδιακυβερνῶσαν αὐτῷ τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς πολλὰς χιλιάδας ἐτῶν,
+          ἐμοὶ δὲ καρπὸν γενέσθαι τῆς περὶ σὲ θεραπείας ἀλήθειαν ἐν τοῖς περὶ
+          θεῶν δόγμασιν, ἐν θεουργίᾳ τελειότητα, πάντων ἔργων, οἷς
+          προσερχόμεθα περὶ τὰς πολιτικὰς [C] καὶ στρατιωτικὰς πράξεις,<a id=
+          "noteref_894" name="noteref_894" href="#note_894"><span class=
+          "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+          "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">894</span></span></a>
+          ἀρετὴν μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης καὶ τὸ τοῦ βίου πέρας ἄλυπον τε καὶ
+          εὐδόκιμον μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ παρ᾽ ὑμᾶς πορείᾳ.</p>
+
+          <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(O Mother of
+          gods and men, thou that art the assessor of Zeus and sharest his
+          throne, O source of the intellectual gods, that pursuest thy course
+          with the stainless substance of the intelligible gods; that dost
+          receive from them all the common cause of things and dost thyself
+          bestow it on the intellectual gods; O life-giving goddess that art
+          the counsel and the providence and the creator of our souls; O thou
+          that lovest great Dionysus, and didst save Attis when exposed at
+          birth, and didst lead him back when he had descended into the cave
+          of the nymph; O thou that givest all good things to the
+          intellectual gods and fillest with all things this sensible world,
+          and with all the rest givest us all things good! Do thou grant to
+          all men happiness, and that highest happiness of all, the knowledge
+          of the gods; and grant to the Roman people in general that they may
+          cleanse themselves of the stain of impiety; grant them a blessed
+          lot, and help them to guide their Empire for many thousands of
+          years! And for myself, grant me as fruit of my worship of thee that
+          I may have true knowledge in the doctrines about the gods. Make me
+          perfect in theurgy. And in all that I undertake, in the affairs of
+          the state and the army, grant me virtue and good fortune, and that
+          the close of my life may be painless and glorious, in the good hope
+          that it is to you, the gods, that I journey!)</p>
+        </div>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page507">[pg 507]</span><a name=
+      "Pg507" id="Pg507" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Index</span></h1>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">References to Homer are
+        not given on account of their number.</span></span></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Achilles, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg155"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Acropolis, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Adonis, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aeetes, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">221</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aeneas, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">421</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aeschines, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">83</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aeschylus, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">409</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Agamemnon, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg199"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">263</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Agesilaus, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ajax, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">189</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Alcibiades, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">33</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Alcinous, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg283"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Alexander, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg111"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg253"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Alexandria, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">429</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aloadae, the, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">73</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Alps, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Amazon, the, <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">339</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ammianus, Marcellinus, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">365</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Antioch, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">105</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Antiochus, king, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">167</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Antony, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">45</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aphrodite, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg421"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg501" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Apollo, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg391"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">409</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aquileia, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Arabs, the, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">53</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Arcadians, the, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">207</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Arcesilaus, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">279</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Archidamus, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">207</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Archilochus, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">215</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Archimedes, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">75</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Areopagus, the, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">163</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Argolis, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Argos, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Arion, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">297</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aristophanes, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">257</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aristotle, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg354"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg362" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">362</a>, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg389" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg405"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">453</a>, <a href="#Pg455" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">455</a>, <a href="#Pg457" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>, <a href="#Pg499"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Armenians, the, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">53</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Arsaces, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">53</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Asclepios, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg499"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Assyria, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">337</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Astyages, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">83</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Athenaeus, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">255</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Athene, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg351"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">409</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg463"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Athenians, the, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">485</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Athens, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg317"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Athos, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">211</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Atlantic, the, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">149</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Attalids, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Attis, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443-503</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Augustine, Saint, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">385</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Augustus, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">45</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Aurelian, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">425</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Azizos, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Baal, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">413</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Babylon, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg337" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Brennus, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">77</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Briseis, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cadmus, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">217</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Caesar, Julius, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">223</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Calypso, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">302</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cambyses, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cancer, tropic of, <a href="#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">481</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">485</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Capaneus, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">295</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Capitoline, the, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">421</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Capricorn, tropic of, <a href="#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">427</a>, <a href="#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">481</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">485</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Caria, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">169</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Carians, the, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">151</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Carrhae, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">45</a>
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page508">[pg 508]</span><a name=
+        "Pg508" id="Pg508" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Carthage, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg449" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Carthaginians, the, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg075"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Carus, Emperor, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">45</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Catullus, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">467</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Celts, the, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg089"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg329" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">329</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Chaldaeans, the, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cimon, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">341</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Circe, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">301</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Claudia, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">447</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Claudius, Emperor, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">137</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cleon, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">65</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cnossus, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">219</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Colophon, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">215</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Commodus, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">349</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Constans, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg249"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Constantine, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg139"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Constantine II, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg249" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>, <a href="#Pg251"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Constantinople, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Constantius, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">3-127</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg309"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">315</a>, <a href="#Pg321" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">321</a>, <a href="#Pg327" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>, <a href="#Pg343"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Constantius Chlorus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">139</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Corinth, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Corybants, <a href="#Pg319" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">319</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">467</a>, <a href="#Pg469" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">469</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Crassus, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">45</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Crete, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">169</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cumont, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg439" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">439</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cyaxares, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">113</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cybele, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg443"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443-503</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cyprus, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">391</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cyrus, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg083"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg287"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Cyrus the Younger, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">279</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Damascius, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Danube, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Darius, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Darius III, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">253</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Demeter, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Demosthenes, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg091"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Deo, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">483</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">485</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Dio Chrysostom, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">231</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Diocletian, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">19</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Dionysus, <a href="#Pg333" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">333</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg393"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">407</a>, <a href="#Pg417" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">417</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg499"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg501" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg503" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">503</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Dioscorides, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">255</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Dioscuri, the, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">401</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Drave, the, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">259</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Dulichium, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">295</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Egypt, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">313</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Egyptians, the, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">317</a>, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Pg493" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">493</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Eleusinian Mysteries, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Emesa, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Empedocles, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">379</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Epicureans, the, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">451</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Euboea, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">341</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Euphrates, the, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">337</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Eupolis, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">85</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Euripides, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg261"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Eusebia, Empress, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">273-345</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Eustathius, <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">409</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Evadne, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">295</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Fausta, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">23</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Franks, the, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">91</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Frazer, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">471</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Galatia (Gaul), <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg329" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">329</a>, <a href="#Pg345"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Galatians (Gauls), <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">89</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Galerius (Maximianus), <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">45</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Galli, the, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">467</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Gallus, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">115</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Pg471" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">471</a>, <a href="#Pg473"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">473</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Gallus, the river, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">461</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Gallus Caesar, vii, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">273</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Germans, the, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Getae, the, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">25</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Gibbon, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">53</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Graces, the, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">401</a>, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">407</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Gyges, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">41</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hades, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">369</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Harrison, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">439</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hecate, <a href="#Pg493" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">493</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hector, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg189"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Helen, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">253</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Heliaia, the, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">429</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Helicon, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">285</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Heliogabalus, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">413</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Helios, Hymn to, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">353-435</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg461"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">471</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Heneti (Veneti), <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hera, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">373</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Heracleidae, the, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Heracleitus, <a href="#Pg463" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">463</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Heracles, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg219" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg257"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg465" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">465</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">467</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hermes, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">357</a>, Epaphroditus, <a href="#Pg501" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Herodotus, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg227"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">267</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>, <a href="#Pg337"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hesiod, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hilaria, the, <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">471</a>, <a href="#Pg473" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">473</a>, <a href="#Pg489" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">489</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hipparchus, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">429</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Homerids, the, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">141</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Horace, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Horus, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">407</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hyperion, <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">371</a>
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page509">[pg 509]</span><a name=
+        "Pg509" id="Pg509" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Iamblichus, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg350" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>, <a href="#Pg351"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg397" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#Pg399"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg433" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">433</a>, <a href="#Pg441"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Iberians, the, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">149</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Illyria, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg287"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Illyrians, the, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">215</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            India, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">193</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ionia, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Iris, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">181</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Isis, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">349</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Isocrates, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg229"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Italy, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">67</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ithaca, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">295</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Juno, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">421</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Jupiter, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">77</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Kronia, the, <a href="#Pg431" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">431</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Kronos, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">429</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lacedaemonians, the, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">35</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Laodameia, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">295</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Latin, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">209</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Leda, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">219</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Leonidas, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">261</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Libanius, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">3</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Libra, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">485</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Licinius, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">97</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ligurians, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Livy, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lucifer, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">413</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lycurgus, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">37</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lycus, the, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lydia, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">211</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lydians, the, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lysander, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">113</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Macedonia, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg289"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Macedonians, the, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">253</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Macrobius, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg401" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Magnentius, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg081" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg087"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>, <a href="#Pg253"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Marcellinus, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">155</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Marcellus, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">75</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Mases, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Maxentius, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">21</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Maximianus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">25</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Maximus of Ephesus, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Medes, the, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Memnon, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">221</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Menander (rhetorician), <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg348" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Menelaus, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">263</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Menestheus, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">143</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Meriones, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">141</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Messene, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">75</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Methymna, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">297</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Metroum, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Midas, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">227</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Milan, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">273</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Minos, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">219</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Misopogon, the, <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">303</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Mithras, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg361"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg483" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Monimos, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">413</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Muses, the, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg395" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href="#Pg417"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg419" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Mygdonius, the, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Myrmecides, <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">299</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Myrsa, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">125</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Nausicaa, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">301</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Naville, <a href="#Pg350" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">350</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Nestor, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Nicias, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">65</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Nile, the, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Nisaean horses, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">135</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Nitocris, Queen, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">337</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Norici, the, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">93</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Numa, King, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">427</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Oceanus, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg403" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>, <a href="#Pg405"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Odysseus, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">31</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg203"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">303</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Olympia, games at, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">223</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Olympus, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">285</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Oricus, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Osiris, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">369</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ovid, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Palatine, the, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">421</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pandareos, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">155</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pandarus, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">141</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pannonia (Paeonia), <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg091"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">259</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Paris, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">263</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Parthia, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">35</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Parthians, the, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg057" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg061"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Parysatis, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">23</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Patroclus, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Peirene, <a href="#Pg319" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">319</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pelopids, the, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">217</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Peloponnesus, the, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">341</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Penelope, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#Pg303"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">339</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">341</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Penthesilea, <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">339</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pergamon, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pericles, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">341</a>, <a href="#Pg343" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Persephone, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page510">[pg 510]</span><a name=
+        "Pg510" id="Pg510" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Persians, the, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg069" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg091"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg350" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">350</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Phaeacians, the, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">301</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Phaethon, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">223</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pheidias, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">299</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Philip of Macedon, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">287</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Phocian war, the, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">87</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Phoenicians, the, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">411</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Phrygia, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">449</a>, <a href="#Pg493" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">493</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Phrygians, the, <a href="#Pg443" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">447</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pieria, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">285</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pindar, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg309" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">309</a>, <a href="#Pg358" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">358</a>, <a href="#Pg371"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pittacus, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">135</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Plataeans, the, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">75</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Plato, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">36</a>, <a href="#Pg135" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>, <a href="#Pg183"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg217"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg233"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">239</a>, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">243</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg349"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg354" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">354</a>, <a href="#Pg359" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg369"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg381" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">381</a>, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">383</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg393"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg397" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#Pg405" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Pg411"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg448" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">448</a>, <a href="#Pg453" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>, <a href="#Pg455"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">455</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg457" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">483</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">485</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Plautus, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">229</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Plotinus, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg397"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg441" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">441</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg459" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Plutarch, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>, <a href="#Pg348"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg350" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg485"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">485</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Po, river, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Porphyry, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#Pg441" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href="#Pg451"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">481</a>, <a href="#Pg495" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">495</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Poseidon, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">283</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Praxiteles, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">145</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Priam, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">253</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Proclus, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg431" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">431</a>, <a href="#Pg483"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Prodicus, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">151</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Propertius, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">447</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ptolemy, Claudius, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">429</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ptolemy Soter, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">369</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pylos, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">75</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pyramids, the, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">223</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pythian oracle, the, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">211</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Pytho, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">223</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Quintilian, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">273</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Quirinus (Romulus), <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">425</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Remus, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Renan, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">349</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Rhadamanthus, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">219</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Rhine, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg345" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">345</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Rhodogyne, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">337</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Rhodopis, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">337</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Romans, the, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Pg449"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg493" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">493</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg503" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">503</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Rome, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">13</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg075"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg343" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#Pg357" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg413"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">449</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Romulus, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">421</a>, <a href="#Pg425" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">425</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sallust, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg431" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">431</a>, <a href="#Pg441"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">477</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Samos, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">313</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sapor, King, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg069"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">169</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sappho, <a href="#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">293</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sarambos, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">229</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sarpedon, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg179"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Saturn, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">429</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Saxons, the, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">91</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Scamander, the, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">161</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Scheria, <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">303</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Scipio, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">449</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Scythians, the, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">91</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Selene, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Seleucus, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">105</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Semiramis, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">337</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Serapis, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Showerman, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">348</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sicily, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sicyon, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Silius Italicus, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Silvanus, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Silvia, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Simonides, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">9</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Socrates, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sogdiana, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sophocles, <a href="#Pg358" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">358</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sparta, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Spartans, the, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">261</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Sparti, the, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">217</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Stobaeus, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">229</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Stoics, the, <a href="#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">499</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Syloson, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">313</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Syracuse, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">75</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Syria, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">69</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Syrians, the, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Taenarum, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">297</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Tantalus, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">227</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Telemachus, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">141</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Temenus, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">285</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Terpander, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">297</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Tertullian, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">348</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Teucer, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">141</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Thales, <a href="#Pg335" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">335</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Thea, <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">371</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Themistius, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg453"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Theophrastus, <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">453</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Thermopylae, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">259</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Thessalians, the, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">289</a>
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page511">[pg 511]</span><a name=
+        "Pg511" id="Pg511" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Thessalonica, <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">289</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Thessaly, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">169</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Thrace, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">317</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Tiber, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">445</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Tigris, the, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#Pg199"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Tiranus, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">53</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Tiridates, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">53</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Tomyris, Queen, <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">339</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Troy, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">257</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Typho, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">151</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Usener, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">425</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Veneti, the, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">191</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Vesta, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">423</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Vetranio, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg079"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg207" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Wilamowitz, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">351</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Xenarchus, <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">453</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Xenophon, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg207" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg279"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Xerxes, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg211"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Zeller, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">407</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Zeus, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg393"
+            class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href=
+            "#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>,
+            <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+            "text-align: left">409</a>, <a href="#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref"
+            style="text-align: left">477</a>, <a href="#Pg501" class=
+            "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+    <div class="tei tei-back" style=
+    "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+      <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+
+        <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes">
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href=
+          "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The chief sources for the life of
+          Julian are his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Orations</span></span>, his <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to the
+          Athenians</span></span>, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Orations</span></span> and <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Epistles</span></span> of Libanius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href=
+          "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">fr. 89.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href=
+          "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Epistle, 33.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href=
+          "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">352 A.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href=
+          "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">236 A.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href=
+          "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The text of the present edition is
+          Hertlein's, revised.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href=
+          "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ψεῦδος V.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href=
+          "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν δύναμιν Wyttenbach, δύνασθαι τὴν
+          MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href=
+          "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href=
+          "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href=
+          "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Panegyricus</span></span>, 42 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href=
+          "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href=
+          "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν Hertlein suggests,
+          τότε προλαβοῦσιν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href=
+          "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Schaefer adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href=
+          "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Simonides <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 66.
+          Horace, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odes</span></span> 3. 2. 25.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href=
+          "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href=
+          "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href=
+          "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γεγόνασιν· οὐκοῦν ὡς MSS, οὔκουν ἀλλ᾽
+          ὡς M, οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ ὡς Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href=
+          "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκγόνων Wright, ἐγγόνων MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href=
+          "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Schaefer adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href=
+          "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐθέλοιμ᾽ ἄν Cobet, ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν Hertlein,
+          εὔχομαι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href=
+          "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δόξης Wyttenbach ἀξίας MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href=
+          "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href=
+          "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href=
+          "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῶν Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href=
+          "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρᾴως Cobet, ὁσίως MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href=
+          "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius Chlorus and
+          Maximianus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href=
+          "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diocletian.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href=
+          "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine and Fausta.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href=
+          "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maxentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href=
+          "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantinople.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href=
+          "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span>
+          46.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href=
+          "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Cobet, εὖ MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href=
+          "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 3. 89.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href=
+          "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine II. and Constans.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href=
+          "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συνέβαινε Reiske, lacuna
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href=
+          "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὔσης Wyttenbach adds, περιουσίας·
+          MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href=
+          "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄν Schaefer adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href=
+          "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονοι Petavius, ἔγγονοι MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href=
+          "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γεγόνασιν Wyttenbach adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href=
+          "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Wyttenbach adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href=
+          "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximianus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href=
+          "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href=
+          "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Wyttenbach adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href=
+          "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ποιεῖσθαι Wyttenbach, ποιεῖσθαι εἶναι
+          δὲ MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href=
+          "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀναβιβάζοντα Cobet, ἀνάγοντα MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href=
+          "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Evagoras</span></span> 21.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href=
+          "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Romulus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href=
+          "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 467 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href=
+          "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς πόλεις Cobet, ταῖς πόλεσιν MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href=
+          "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῷ μὲν ὃς Wright, τὸν μὲν MSS,
+          Hertlein, τὸ μὲν V.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href=
+          "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 114.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href=
+          "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρῶτον Cobet adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href=
+          "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἤνεγκας Cobet, διήνεγκας MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href=
+          "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἢ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href=
+          "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιουσίαν Petavius, γερουσίαν MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href=
+          "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄρξοντα Hertlein suggests, ἄρχοντα
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href=
+          "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διαφυλάττοντα [καὶ] Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href=
+          "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄρξουσιν Cobet, ἄρχουσιν MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href=
+          "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παραδυομένη Wright, cf. Rep. 424 D,
+          ὑποδυομένη MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href=
+          "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐνέτεκεν Wyttenbach, ἐντεκεῖν MSS,
+          Hertlein, πέφυκεν ἐντεκεῖν Petavius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href=
+          "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Aeschines <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against
+          Ctesiphon</span></span> 78. Horace <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Epistles</span></span> 1. 11. 27.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href=
+          "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Xenophon <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rep.
+          Lac.</span></span> 15. 7.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href=
+          "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ Wyttenbach adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href=
+          "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λαθεῖν Cobet, τὸ λαθεῖν MSS, Hertlein,
+          τοῦ λαθεῖν Schaefer.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href=
+          "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τι δρῶντα Spanheim, ἱδρῶτα MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href=
+          "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τροφῆς MSS, Cobet, διατροφῆς V,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href=
+          "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατακτησάμενος Cobet κτησάμενος MSS,
+          Hertlein, καταχρησάμενος V.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href=
+          "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δεόμενος MSS, Cobet, ἐνδεόμενος
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href=
+          "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gyges.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href=
+          "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἰσηγορίας Petavius, ἴσης παρηγορίας
+          MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href=
+          "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At Nicomedia 337 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href=
+          "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Evagoras</span></span> 1.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href=
+          "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans and Constantine.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href=
+          "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φέροντες πρὸς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href=
+          "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὅσπερ . . . . στρατηγός MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href=
+          "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡ Schaefer adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href=
+          "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πεντήκοντα μναῖς Reiske, Cobet, μνᾶς
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href=
+          "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς Petavius,
+          Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἀλυσιτελὲς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href=
+          "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Defeated at Carrhae <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 53: the Roman
+          standards were recovered by Augustus <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 20.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href=
+          "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Emperor 282-283 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href=
+          "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Galerius Maximianus, son-in-law of
+          Diocletian, was defeated in Mesopotamia, 296 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, by Narses.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href=
+          "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diocletian.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href=
+          "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The provinces of the East.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href=
+          "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Regularly in Greek for Pannonia.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href=
+          "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πραγμάτων θορύβου Wyttenbach, θορύβου
+          πραγμάτων MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href=
+          "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀναγκαίου Capps suggests, γενναίου
+          MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href=
+          "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πορείαις ταχείαις Capps suggests,
+          πορείας μὲν τάχει MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href=
+          "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Petavius, ἀθρόως ἐκ MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href=
+          "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tiranus, King of Armenia, was now, 337
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, deposed and
+          imprisoned by Sapor. His son, Arsaces, succeeded him in 341. Julian
+          is describing the interregnum. Gibbon, chap. 18, wrongly ascribes
+          these events to the reign of Tiridates, who died 314 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href=
+          "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὰς λειτουργίας Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href=
+          "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐν Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href=
+          "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καιρὸν Cobet, εὔκαιρον MSS, Hertlein.
+          ἄκαιρον V, ἀκαριᾶιον Hertlein conjectures.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href=
+          "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Wright, τε Schaefer, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href=
+          "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διατρίψας Cobet, τρίψας MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href=
+          "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνανδρίας [καὶ δειλίας] Hertlein. M
+          omits καὶ before δειλίας, hence Petavius omits δειλίας.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href=
+          "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χρησαμένου Hertlein suggests,
+          χρησάμενον V, χρησαμένην MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href=
+          "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κελεύοντος σοῦ Hertlein suggests,
+          κελεύοντος MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href=
+          "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῷ πολλὰς Cobet, τὸ MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100"
+          href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Cobet, τῷ MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101"
+          href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀγωνισαμένους Rouse suggests,
+          ἀγωνισομένους MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102"
+          href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διαδραμόντες Naber, δραμόντες MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103"
+          href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοὺς ὑπὲρ MSS, Cobet (τοὺς
+          ἀμυνομένους) ὑπὲρ Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104"
+          href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Mesopotamia, 348 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> (Bury argues for 344
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>)</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105"
+          href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106"
+          href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor's son.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107"
+          href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡγητέον Schaefer, ἡγεῖ τὸ δὲ Cobet,
+          Hertlein, ἡγεῖτο δὲ V, M, ἡγῇ τὸ δὲ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108"
+          href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Reiske, ὃ καὶ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109"
+          href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κρινοῦντα Cobet, κρίνοντα MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110"
+          href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διεξιέναι Reiske, lacuna Hertlein
+          following Petavius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111"
+          href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καίτοι Reiske, καὶ MSS, Hertlein.
+          Petavius omits καὶ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112"
+          href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρασκευῆς V, παρασκευῆς ἁπάσης
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113"
+          href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Corona</span></span> 169.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114"
+          href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115"
+          href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116"
+          href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Corona</span></span> 61.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117"
+          href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπάγειν Hertlein suggests, ἐπάξοντες
+          Wyttenbach, ἐπαύξουσι V, ἐπάξουσι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118"
+          href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σέλματα Reiske, ἕρματα MSS, Herlein.
+          Reiske suggests συντριβομένων. ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς δὲ μηχανημάτων καὶ βελῶν
+          πλῆθος.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119"
+          href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὀλλυμένων Cobet, ἀπολλυμένων MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120"
+          href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nisibis.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121"
+          href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>,
+          4. 451. ὀλλύντων τε καὶ ὀλλυμένων.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122"
+          href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εὗρον τὸν Cobet, ηὕροντο Hertlein,
+          εὗρον τὸν V, εὕραντο MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123"
+          href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124"
+          href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 8. 49.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125"
+          href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀρκεῖ Cobet, ἤρκει MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126"
+          href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Archimedes.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127"
+          href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marcellus 212 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128"
+          href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Galatians, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>
+          the Gauls, and Celts are often thus incorrectly distinguished, cf.
+          34 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c.</span></span> 36 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.</span></span> 124 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129"
+          href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">390 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> under Brennus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130"
+          href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Capitoline.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131"
+          href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πόλιν Reiske, τὴν πόλιν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132"
+          href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γεγόνασιν; Wright, γεγόνασιν.
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133"
+          href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134"
+          href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135"
+          href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πλέον ἔχειν Hertlein suggests, πλέον
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136"
+          href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137"
+          href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πάντως Hertlein suggests, ἄλλως MSS,
+          cf. 222 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> 353 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138"
+          href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139"
+          href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σὲ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140"
+          href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141"
+          href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142"
+          href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143"
+          href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Chersoneso</span></span> 42.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144"
+          href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Andromache</span></span> 1146.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145"
+          href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for necessity disguised as a
+          choice, cf. 274 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146"
+          href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σ᾽ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147"
+          href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἴσως Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148"
+          href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">στρατηγεῖον Cobet, Hertlein,
+          στρατήγιον MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149"
+          href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After τῷ Petavius adds σῷ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150"
+          href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡ Cobet, ἣ Reiske adds, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151"
+          href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐγκαταλιπεῖν ἰσχύσασα Cobet,
+          ἐναπολιπεῖν ἴσχυσε Schaefer, Hertlein, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἰσχύσαι
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152"
+          href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐν Reiske adds, ἐλέγχου σοι V.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153"
+          href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aeschines, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Ctesiphon</span></span> 74. 18.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154"
+          href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">From the description of the oratory of
+          Pericles, Eupolis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 94: πειθώ τις ἐπεκάθιζεν ἐπὶ
+          τοῖς χείλεσιν· | οὕτως ἐκήλει καὶ μόνος τῶν ῥητόρων | τὸ κέντρον
+          ἐγκατέλειπε τοῖς ἀκροωμάνοις. Cf. 426 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155"
+          href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συστῆναι Petavius, Cobet, ἐνστῆναι
+          Schaefer, Hertlein, στῆναι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156"
+          href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Corona</span></span> 230, a favourite common-place.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157"
+          href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158"
+          href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὧν εἴς τε Schaefer, ὧν τε εἰς
+          Hertlein, εἰς V, ἐς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159"
+          href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160"
+          href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν Schaefer adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161"
+          href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄκοντες Reiske, Hertlein, ἁλόντες
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162"
+          href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Wyttenbach adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163"
+          href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περὶ Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164"
+          href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[καὶ] τοσοῦτον Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165"
+          href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gauls.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166"
+          href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Corona</span></span> 153.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167"
+          href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168"
+          href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">351 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169"
+          href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Olynthiac</span></span> l. 23.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170"
+          href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπὶ κέρως Wyttenbach, Hertlein,
+          ἐπικαίρως MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171"
+          href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θράσους Wyttenbach, Cobet, θράσος MSS,
+          Hertlein. πρὸς . . . καὶ τοῦ Hertlein suggests, καὶ πρὸς . . . τοῦ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172"
+          href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Pannonia 353 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173"
+          href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gallic.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174"
+          href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἦγες V, Hertlein, εἶχες MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175"
+          href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176"
+          href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Licinius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177"
+          href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          2. 57 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178"
+          href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς ποθοῦσιν Hertlein suggests,
+          ποθοῦσιν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179"
+          href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After φαινόμενον Reiske thinks
+          ἐπέδειξε has fallen out.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180"
+          href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aquileia.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181"
+          href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνόσιος Cobet, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ θεὸς V, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ
+          θεὸς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182"
+          href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νίκης</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183"
+          href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184"
+          href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In wrestling, the third fall secured
+          the victory. Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 2. 74 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185"
+          href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">355 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186"
+          href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξ Reiske, τῶν ἐξ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187"
+          href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ Wyttenbach, ἐπώνυμόν
+          σοι ἑαυτὴν Reiske, πόλιν ἐπώνυμον MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188"
+          href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔχειν Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189"
+          href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Seleucus son of Antiochus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190"
+          href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantinople.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191"
+          href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὕτως Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192"
+          href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193"
+          href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hertlein suggests ὁ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194"
+          href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπὶ τῶν Cobet, διὰ τῶν Wyttenbach,
+          Hertlein, τῶν V, τὸν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195"
+          href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πλέον ἔχουσι Reiske, πλέον MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196"
+          href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cyaxares.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197"
+          href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὖν ὅτι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198"
+          href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against
+          Leptines</span></span> 15.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199"
+          href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gallus 351 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>: then Julian 355
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200"
+          href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201"
+          href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202"
+          href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοσούτοις τῷ πλήθει V, τοσούτοις τὸ
+          πλῆθος MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203"
+          href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γνησίους MSS, Cobet, γνησίως V,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204"
+          href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M and Petavius omit πρὸς . . .
+          ἐπιτρεπομένη.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205"
+          href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μένει Wyttenbach, μένειν MSS,
+          Hertlein, ἐπὶ πολὺ μένειν V and Spanheim omit.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206"
+          href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνείλου Hertlein suggests, Cobet, cf.
+          94 D 95 A, εἵλω V, εἵλου MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207"
+          href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πιστεύσας καὶ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208"
+          href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209"
+          href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τινὰ λύκον MSS, τινῶν λύκων Hertlein
+          suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210"
+          href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211"
+          href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Under Silvanus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212"
+          href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213"
+          href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvanus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214"
+          href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">355 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215"
+          href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The peroration is lost.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216"
+          href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">56 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>
+          and 101 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217"
+          href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">74 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218"
+          href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Agamemnon.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219"
+          href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 19. 56.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220"
+          href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Μοῖραν Hertlein suggests, Μοίρας
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221"
+          href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 577 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222"
+          href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κοινῇ μὲν Hertlein suggests, κοινῇ τε
+          MSS, cf. 43 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 51 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223"
+          href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μηδὲ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224"
+          href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 6. 289.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225"
+          href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 7. 40; horses from the plain
+          of Nisaea drew the chariot of Xerxes when he invaded Greece.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226"
+          href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 101.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227"
+          href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[, ὁ δὲ] Πέλοπι Reiske, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228"
+          href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τῶν] βασιλευσάντων Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229"
+          href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximianus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230"
+          href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius Chlorus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231"
+          href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232"
+          href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian is in error; according to Bury,
+          in Gibbon, Vol. 2, p. 588, Spain was governed by Maximianus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233"
+          href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Atlantic.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234"
+          href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Mediterranean.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235"
+          href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 20. 221.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236"
+          href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θαρροῦντας Cobet, θαρρούντως MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237"
+          href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 5. 222.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238"
+          href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 4. 69 foll.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239"
+          href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 4. 97.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240"
+          href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 23. 870.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241"
+          href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 266.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242"
+          href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 19. 385.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243"
+          href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 552.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244"
+          href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nestor: <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>
+          2. 555.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245"
+          href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The building of a wall with towers, to
+          protect the ships, is described in <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>
+          7. 436 foll.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246"
+          href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">By Praxiteles.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247"
+          href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248"
+          href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Agamemnon.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249"
+          href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 761 foll.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250"
+          href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11. 550.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251"
+          href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252"
+          href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253"
+          href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 13. 20.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254"
+          href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁπλίτης Cobet, ὁπλίτης πεζός MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255"
+          href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ξυνεπισπομένης Cobet, ξυνεπομένης V
+          Hertlein ξυνεφεπομένης MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256"
+          href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(τὴν) Ἁρετὴν Hertlein, ἀρετὴν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257"
+          href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">βαρβαρίζων MSS., Hertlein, βατταρίζων
+          Cobet, cf. Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 175 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258"
+          href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein, cf. 55
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259"
+          href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Carians were proverbially
+          worthless; cf. 320 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260"
+          href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesiod, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261"
+          href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Xenophon, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Memorabilia</span></span> 2. 1. 2.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262"
+          href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heracles.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263"
+          href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aeschylus, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seven Against
+          Thebes</span></span> 440; Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 1182.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264"
+          href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν τάξιν Hertlein suggests, τάξιν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265"
+          href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marcellinus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266"
+          href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μὲν Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267"
+          href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Πανδάρεω V, Naber, cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>
+          20, 66 Τυνδάρεω MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268"
+          href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπράχθη MSS., Hertlein, ἐταράχθη
+          Naber.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269"
+          href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 20. 66.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270"
+          href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Drave.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271"
+          href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μέσῃ τῇ πράξει V, Hertlein, μισητῆς
+          πράξεως Reiske, μέση τῆς πράξεως MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272"
+          href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Naber suggests ὢθουν ὠθοῦντο.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273"
+          href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After δόρατα Petavius, Hertlein omit
+          σφῶν.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274"
+          href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐφιππαζόμενοι Hertlein suggests,
+          ἀφιππαζόμενοι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275"
+          href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσβολαῖς—καὶ Wright
+          προσβολαῖς.—[καὶ] Hertlein προσβολαῖς.—καὶ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276"
+          href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὥσπερ—χρωμάτων Hertlein suggests ὥσπερ
+          ἐν γραφῇ ὑπ᾽ ἀργυρωμάτων τινῶν καὶ χρυσωμάτων <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“as though by gold or silver work in a
+          picture.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277"
+          href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 325 foll.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278"
+          href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 242.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279"
+          href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 269.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280"
+          href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For eight words the text is hopelessly
+          corrupt.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281"
+          href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 27.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282"
+          href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τὰς] ὑπὲρ Reiske, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283"
+          href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πολεμίξομεν Cobet, MSS., πολιμίζομεν
+          V, Hertlein, πτολεμίζομεν M.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284"
+          href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 24. 657.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285"
+          href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286"
+          href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιτειχίζων Hertlein suggests, cf. 27
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, ἐπετειχίζων MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287"
+          href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰσρεῖ Cobet, ἐκρεῖ MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288"
+          href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nisibis.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289"
+          href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor becomes the ally of Magnentius
+          as the crab was the ally of the Hydra in the conflict with
+          Heracles.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290"
+          href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">400 lbs. in all.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291"
+          href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">150 feet.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292"
+          href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προῆγε Hertlein suggests, προσῆγε
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293"
+          href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρασκευῆς ἄλλης Cobet, MSS.,
+          παρασκευῆς (ἄλλοτε) ἄλλης Reiske, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294"
+          href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elephants.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295"
+          href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀναρπασόμενοι Hertlein suggests,
+          διαρπασάμενοι V, διαρπασόμενοι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296"
+          href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐδὲ—ὕλης corrupt. Reiske suggests
+          οὐδὲ αὐτὸ παντελῶς ὂν ξηρὸν ὑπό τε ὕλης. ἕλης V, ὕλης MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297"
+          href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπεξῇσαν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεξῄεσαν
+          MSS., V omits.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298"
+          href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοιαύτῃ Reiske suggests, τοσαύτῃ MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299"
+          href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 12. 438; cf. 71
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300"
+          href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The text here is corrupt.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301"
+          href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ μὲν θηρία corrupt, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302"
+          href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πυκνοῖς Cobet, πυκνῶς MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303"
+          href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατενεχθέντα Reiske, εἰσενεχθέντα
+          MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304"
+          href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ Hertlein suggests,
+          μάταιον δ᾽ ἄρα Reiske, μάταιον γὰρ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305"
+          href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὅ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306"
+          href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nestor.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307"
+          href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 14. 56.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308"
+          href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τέχνης Reiske, τέχνη cant. Hertlein,
+          τέχνῃ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309"
+          href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 20. 379.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310"
+          href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 163.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311"
+          href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 202.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312"
+          href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄν Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313"
+          href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μεταγράφειν Cobet, παραγράφειν MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314"
+          href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰς ἑαυτὸν Cobet, cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Menexenus</span></span> 247 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>
+          σεαυτοῦ Hertlein suggests ἑαυτὸν, σεαυτὸ V, σεαυτοῦ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315"
+          href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νοῦν—φρόνησιν Hertlein suggests,
+          νῷ—φρονήσει MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316"
+          href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν—θεόν Hertlein suggests, τῷ—θεῷ
+          MSS. Hertlein suspects corruption.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317"
+          href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[ὡς] ἡδίω Hertlein, μᾶλλον V
+          adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318"
+          href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Menexenus</span></span> 247 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319"
+          href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato says εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνήρτηται
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“who depends on <em class=
+          "tei tei-emph"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">himself</span></em>.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320"
+          href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 90 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321"
+          href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Apology</span></span> 30 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322"
+          href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 354 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323"
+          href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς πολλοῖς Hertlein suggests,
+          πολλοῖς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324"
+          href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἰδιώτην τε Hertlein suggests, τε
+          ἰδιώτην MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325"
+          href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δαίμων, cf. 69 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326"
+          href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εὐπρεπὴς Cobet, εὐπρεποῦς MSS.,
+          Hertlein suggests εὐπρεπὴς ἀπρεποῦς cf. 19 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327"
+          href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄσμενος Hertlein suggests, ἀσμένως
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328"
+          href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ajax.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329"
+          href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 12. 438.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330"
+          href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παμμεγέθη Hertlein suggests, παμμιγῆ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331"
+          href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aquileia.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332"
+          href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“v”</span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333"
+          href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Because of this favourable omen the
+          city was called Aquileia, <span class="tei tei-q">“the city of the
+          Eagle.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334"
+          href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατέβαλον Reiske, ἔβαλον MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335"
+          href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ Hertlein suggests,
+          εὐβουλίᾳ Wyttenbach, ξυμβουλίᾳ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336"
+          href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hertlein suggests ἐκτελεῖν, but cf.
+          Phoenissae 516, ἐξελεῖν MSS. οὐδ᾽ ἂν—ἰσχύσειεν Hertlein suggests,
+          οὐδὲ—ἰσχύσει MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337"
+          href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338"
+          href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A hill fort in Sogdiana where the
+          Bactrian chief Oxyartes made his last stand against Alexander, 327
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339"
+          href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 77 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.</span></span>, Plutarch, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de Fort.
+          Rom.</span></span> c. 4.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340"
+          href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian refers to the triumph of
+          Constantius over Vetranio, described in <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 1.
+          31 foll. and echoes Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span>
+          516, πᾶν γὰρ ἐξαιρεῖ λόγος | ὃ καὶ σίδηρος πολεμίων δράσειεν ἄν.
+          Themistius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 2, 37 B quotes these verses
+          to illustrate the same incident.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341"
+          href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πάλαι Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντα
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342"
+          href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διήλθομεν Reiske, δηλοῦμεν MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343"
+          href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Evagoras</span></span> 65, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Panegyricus</span></span> 83.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344"
+          href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 24. 544.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345"
+          href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀρχαῖον Reiske, ἀρχαῖος Hertlein,
+          ὕθλος λίαν ἀρχαῖος Cobet, ἀρχαῖος MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346"
+          href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Τρῶες Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347"
+          href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ γὰρ Horkel, lacuna Hertlein; the
+          inappropriate verb ἀναγράφω = <span class="tei tei-q">“register,
+          record,”</span> indicates corruption.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348"
+          href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          1. 22. 28.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349"
+          href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In wrestling the third fall was final:
+          the phrase became proverbial, cf. Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span> 256 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, Aeschylus, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Eumenides</span></span> 592, Julian,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 1. 40 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350"
+          href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before τῆς Hertlein, Reiske omit
+          ὑπὲρ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351"
+          href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῶν Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352"
+          href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353"
+          href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρότερον οὐ Hertlein suggests, οὐ
+          πρότερον MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354"
+          href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νῦν Cobet adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355"
+          href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ᾔσθοντο σφῶν Cobet, ᾔσθοντο τὸ MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356"
+          href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπῳκοδομημένον Hertlein suggests,
+          ἀποικοδομούμενον MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357"
+          href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διειλημμένον Hertlein suggests,
+          διηλούμενον MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358"
+          href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Briseis, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>
+          1. 247.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359"
+          href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 260.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360"
+          href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361"
+          href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362"
+          href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ before μαχιμώτατα V, Hertlein
+          omit.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363"
+          href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνης Naber adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364"
+          href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μόνοις Hertlein suggests, μόνον
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365"
+          href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 188.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366"
+          href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio; Themistius, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 2.
+          37 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, who in a panegyric on
+          Constantius describes this oratorical triumph.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367"
+          href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Corona</span></span> 262, ἦν γὰρ ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος ...
+          πόλεμος.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368"
+          href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The victory of Archidamus over the
+          Arcadians Xenophon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Hellenica</span></span> 7. 1. 32.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369"
+          href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          1. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370"
+          href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 24. 253.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371"
+          href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄμεινον Petavius, Cobet, ἄρα Hertlein,
+          MSS., ἄρα κἀκείνων cant. and fl.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372"
+          href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373"
+          href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂ Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374"
+          href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ MSS., Cobet, ἐσθῆτα
+          ποικίλην Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375"
+          href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Latin; of which Julian had only a
+          slight knowledge. The fourth century Sophists were content with
+          Greek. Themistius never learned Latin, and Libanius needed an
+          interpreter for a Latin letter, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epistle
+          956</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376"
+          href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπαινοῦντα Reiske, εὐδαιμονοῦντα MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377"
+          href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 191 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378"
+          href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gorgias</span></span>
+          470 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379"
+          href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          699 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380"
+          href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          698 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Herodotus 6. 31.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381"
+          href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 183.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382"
+          href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παιδιὰν Cobet, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Mnemosyne</span></span> 10. παιδιὰς (earlier
+          conjecture Cobet) Hertlein, παιδείους V, παῖδας MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383"
+          href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The gold work of Colophon was
+          proverbial for its excellence. Cf. Aristophanes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cocalus
+          fr.</span></span> 8.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384"
+          href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 404.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385"
+          href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 22. 156.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386"
+          href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰ Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387"
+          href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκγόνων MSS., cf. 82 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a
+          b</span></span>, ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388"
+          href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκγόνων MSS., ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389"
+          href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονον MSS., Cobet, ἔγγονον
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390"
+          href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391"
+          href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ ἀπορουμένης Hertlein
+          suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392"
+          href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τινες καὶ Hertlein suggests, τινες
+          σφόδρα καὶ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393"
+          href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἰχθῦς Hertlein suggests, ἰχθύας MSS.,
+          cf. 59 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, ἰχθῦας V.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394"
+          href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ταλαιπωρίας Hertlein suggests,
+          λοιδορίας MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395"
+          href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μονάρχην Cobet, μονάρχην μισθωτόν
+          MSS., Hertlein suggests μόναρχον μισθωτόν, ἢ μισθωτὸν Reiske,
+          μονάρχου V.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396"
+          href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After διορύττειν Cobet omits
+          ἀναπειθόμενον.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397"
+          href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνθρώπους· Cobet, ἀνθρώπους ἐκφανέσ·
+          Hertlein, ἐκφανὲς V, M, ἐμφανὲς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398"
+          href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">First used by Archilochus,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 74, in a description of an
+          eclipse of the sun.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399"
+          href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          728 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400"
+          href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Horace, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Epistles</span></span> 1. 1. 106.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401"
+          href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One shoulder was white as ivory.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402"
+          href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Sparti, sprung from the dragon's
+          teeth sown by Cadmus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403"
+          href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Rhine; cf. Julian, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span>
+          16.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404"
+          href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          642 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405"
+          href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Memnon.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406"
+          href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          3. 126.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407"
+          href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 17, 20.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408"
+          href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Homeric phrase: <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>
+          17. 588.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409"
+          href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          832 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410"
+          href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 20. 56.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411"
+          href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 506 and <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span>
+          252, Nauck.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412"
+          href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Of Queen Nitocris, Herodotus 1.
+          187.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413"
+          href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Huckster”</span> (κάπηλος) Herodotus 3. 89.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414"
+          href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or Sarabos, a Plataean wineseller at
+          Athens; Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Gorgias</span></span> 518 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; perhaps to be
+          identified with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Vinarius Exaerambus</span></span> in Plautus,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Asinaria</span></span> 436; cf. Themistius 297
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415"
+          href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φιλοπολίτης Hertlein suggests, but cf.
+          Isocrates <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">To Nicocles</span></span> 15.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416"
+          href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἳ Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417"
+          href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418"
+          href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀδεεῖς Reiske, ἐνδεεῖς MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419"
+          href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πείσας εἴη Naber, cf. 272 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 281 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, πείτειεν Hertlein,
+          πεισθείη MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420"
+          href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A saying of Alexander, cf. Themistius
+          203 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Stobaeus, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Sermones</span></span> 214; Isocrates,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To
+          Nicocles</span></span> 21.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421"
+          href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To
+          Nicocles</span></span> 15; Dio Chrysostom, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          i. 28.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422"
+          href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 416 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423"
+          href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          808 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424"
+          href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 416 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425"
+          href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before τὰς Hertlein omits καὶ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426"
+          href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀφανιεῖ Cobet, ἀφανίσει MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427"
+          href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐ Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428"
+          href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπεισαγαγεῖν Hertlein, ἐπαγαγεῖν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429"
+          href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After τῶν Hertlein omits φίλων
+          καὶ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430"
+          href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔγγονος Hertlein, MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431"
+          href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προηγόρευται Hertlein suggests,
+          προαγορεύεται MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432"
+          href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δικαστήριον Hertlein suggests, τὸ
+          δικαστήριον MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433"
+          href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς Reiske, ἀρετῆς MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434"
+          href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν. Reiske,
+          κοινωνίαν, MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435"
+          href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μείζονα ἐν Hertlein suggests, μείζονα
+          τε ἐν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436"
+          href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων Reiske,
+          ἀδικουμένων, MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437"
+          href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 176 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438"
+          href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          937 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439"
+          href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἑλόντες Cobet, ἑλόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440"
+          href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς πρὸς Cobet, ὥσπερ MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441"
+          href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς Hertlein suggests,
+          ἀλλήλοις MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442"
+          href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ψευδομαρτυρίων Cobet, ψευδομαρτυριῶν
+          Hertlein, V, M, ψευδομαρτυρίας MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443"
+          href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑμᾶσ Hertlein suggests, ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444"
+          href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τημελεῖν καὶ Cobet, [ἐπιμελεῖν καὶ]
+          Hertlein, who suggests κήδεσθαι καὶ ἐπαμύνειν, ἐπιμένειν M,
+          ἐπισυνέχειν V, ἐπιμελεῖν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445"
+          href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine II.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446"
+          href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447"
+          href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine II was slain while
+          marching against Constans.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448"
+          href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449"
+          href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans was slain by the soldiers of
+          Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450"
+          href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νεαρᾶς Hertlein suggests, νεωτέρας
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451"
+          href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Under Alexander.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452"
+          href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Darius III.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453"
+          href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 356.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454"
+          href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455"
+          href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          l. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456"
+          href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alcinous.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457"
+          href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 8. 209.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458"
+          href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν V, τὸν τῆς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459"
+          href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀποτρεψάμενον Hertlein suggests,
+          δεξάμενον Petavius, τρεψάμενον MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460"
+          href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dioscorides in
+            Athenaeus 507 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Tacitus <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist.</span></span>
+            4. 6; cf. Milton <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Lycidas</span></span>,</p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth
+            raise<br />
+            (That last infirmity of noble mind).”</span></p>
+          </dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461"
+          href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb, cf. Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Andromache</span></span> 368.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462"
+          href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πολλοῖς fl., Hertlein prefers, πολλῆς
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463"
+          href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοὺς Hertlein suggests, τοῦ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464"
+          href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristophanes, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frogs</span></span>
+          84.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465"
+          href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pannonia.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466"
+          href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvanus, cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          1. 60.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467"
+          href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          1. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">C</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468"
+          href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thermopylae.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469"
+          href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leonidas.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470"
+          href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Ὅμηρος] ὅρκια Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471"
+          href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν Hertlein suggests,
+          ἐλεγχθεῖσιν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472"
+          href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐγνωκὼς τρόπου—κατανοήσας Hertlein
+          suggests, ἐγνωκώς—τὸν τρόπου κατανοήσας MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473"
+          href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474"
+          href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">βούλεσθαι Hertlein suggests, βούλεσθαί
+          περ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475"
+          href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvanus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476"
+          href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 22. 262.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477"
+          href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bacchae</span></span>
+          822.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478"
+          href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          1. 48 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479"
+          href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">His Oriental dress suggested Persian
+          rule, symbolised by the crescent.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480"
+          href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          l. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481"
+          href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          l. 48 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482"
+          href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb; the pine when cut down does
+          not send up shoots again.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483"
+          href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 6. 37.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484"
+          href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">His campaign in Gaul.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485"
+          href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Quintilian 3. 7. 10. on the
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gratiarum
+          actio</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486"
+          href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πέρα Cobet, ὑπὲρ MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487"
+          href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτους Cobet, οὗτοι MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488"
+          href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑποσχὼν Cobet, ὑποσχεῖν MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489"
+          href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν ᾧ Cobet, Naber ᾧ MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490"
+          href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπὶ βασιλέα Cobet, [ἐφ᾽ Ἑλλάδα]
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491"
+          href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς Cobet, καλοὺς MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492"
+          href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἵαν νέμειν Hertlein suggests, νέμειν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493"
+          href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνῃ Petavius, ἐκείνην MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494"
+          href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἶτα Cobet adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495"
+          href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτῷ Cobet, αὐτοῦ MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496"
+          href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τῇ] τέχνῃ Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497"
+          href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moralia</span></span>
+          63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498"
+          href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arete.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499"
+          href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nausicaa.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500"
+          href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 7. 20.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501"
+          href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 7. 54.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502"
+          href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ τῶν Petavius, οὐ τῶν MSS.,
+          Hertlein suggests οὕτως ἀγαθῶν ὑπαρχόντων, Reiske suggests
+          ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἀπορῶ μὲν οὖν ὅτου ἅψωμαι πρώτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν.
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“I am at a loss which of her noble
+          qualities to discuss first.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503"
+          href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπολιπόντες MSS., ἀπολείποντες V,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504"
+          href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὥστ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505"
+          href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eusebia belonged to a noble family of
+          Thessalonica, in Macedonia; she was married to Constantius in 352
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506"
+          href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Near Mount Olympus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507"
+          href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 8. 137.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508"
+          href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cyrus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509"
+          href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A town on the coast of Illyria.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510"
+          href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle; <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“who bred | Great Alexander to subdue the
+          world.”</span> Milton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Paradise Regained</span></span> 4.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511"
+          href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> of Greeks.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512"
+          href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thessalonica.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513"
+          href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄρχειν Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514"
+          href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὔτε—τε Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—δὲ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515"
+          href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν Hertlein suggests,
+          καταλιπεῖν V, M, καταλείπει MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516"
+          href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The consulship.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517"
+          href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐδὲν MSS., οὐδὲ ἕν V, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518"
+          href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν ἄψ᾽
+          ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεννον εἶδος. Sappho <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span>
+          3.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519"
+          href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς Cobet adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520"
+          href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before ὑπὲρ Horkel and Hertlein omit
+          ὃς.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521"
+          href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δήμους Naber, μούσας MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522"
+          href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Suppliants</span></span> 494.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523"
+          href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The wife of Protesilaus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524"
+          href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῶν before γυναικῶν Hertlein
+          omits.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525"
+          href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νόμους Hertlein suggests, λόγους
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526"
+          href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527"
+          href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰ [τις] Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528"
+          href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διὰ πλειόνων. Hertlein suggests, μετὰ
+          πλείονος MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529"
+          href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arion.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530"
+          href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Taenarum.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531"
+          href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally seeds or small beads.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532"
+          href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Famed for his minute carving of
+          ivory.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533"
+          href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 5. 70.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534"
+          href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡβώωσα Cobet, ἡβῶσα MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535"
+          href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δοκεῖτε Hertlein suggests, εἰκὸς
+          Reiske δοκεῖ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536"
+          href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δεινότερα Hertlein suggests,
+          δεινόταιτα MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537"
+          href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The cave of Calypso.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538"
+          href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> 342<span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. In both passages Julian
+          evidently echoes some line, not now extant, from Menander,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Duskolos</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539"
+          href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11. 223.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540"
+          href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἤδη Horkel, εἰ δή MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541"
+          href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πίθω Bruno Friederich, πειθώ τε καὶ
+          ἰδέα MSS., Hertlein, τε καὶ ἰδέα Cobet omits.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542"
+          href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον—ὁμολογεῖν
+          Cobet, φησιν, ἐκβιαζόμενος—ὁμολογεῖ MSS., Hertlein, ἐκβιαζόμενον V,
+          ὁμολογεῖν V, M.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543"
+          href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ξυγχωρεῖ Reiske.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544"
+          href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545"
+          href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε Hertlein
+          suggests, οὔτε ἤτησεν ἄλλῳ ποτέ τινι οὔτε MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546"
+          href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄγει Cobet, ἄγειν MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547"
+          href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 23. 284.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548"
+          href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>
+          24. 527; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 7. 236 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549"
+          href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The traditional founding of the
+          ancient court of the Areopagus, which tried cases of homicide, is
+          described in Aeschylus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Eumenides</span></span>. Orestes, on trial at
+          Athens for matricide, is acquitted, the votes being even, by the
+          decision of Athene, who thereupon founds the tribunal, 485
+          foll.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550"
+          href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 4. 43.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551"
+          href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Olympian Ode</span></span> 6. 4. Pindar says
+          that, as though he were building the splendid forecourt of a house,
+          he will begin his Ode with splendid words.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552"
+          href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνῳ Hertlein suggests, ἐκείνων
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553"
+          href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κἂν—ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα—λέγειν Cobet,
+          καὶ—πιστεύσετε πάντα—λέγοντι MSS., πάντως V, Hertlein, πιστεύσατε
+          V.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554"
+          href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτῆς γε—ταύτης Hertlein suggests,
+          αὐτοῦ τε—αὐτῆς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_555" name="note_555"
+          href="#noteref_555">555.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cambyses.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_556" name="note_556"
+          href="#noteref_556">556.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Syloson, Herodotus 3. 139; cf. Julian,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> 29; Themistius 67
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 109 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_557" name="note_557"
+          href="#noteref_557">557.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 12. 382 ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλ᾽
+          ἡβῶν.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_558" name="note_558"
+          href="#noteref_558">558.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτων Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_559" name="note_559"
+          href="#noteref_559">559.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 4. 171.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_560" name="note_560"
+          href="#noteref_560">560.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The port of Argolis.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_561" name="note_561"
+          href="#noteref_561">561.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περαίνειν διανοούμεθα Hertlein
+          suggests, διαπεραίνειν οἰόμεθα MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_562" name="note_562"
+          href="#noteref_562">562.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἧς Horkel adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_563" name="note_563"
+          href="#noteref_563">563.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἁπτόμεθα Cobet, ἡττώμεθα V, ἡψάμεθα
+          MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_564" name="note_564"
+          href="#noteref_564">564.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 380.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_565" name="note_565"
+          href="#noteref_565">565.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παραγίγνεται Reiske, lacuna MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_566" name="note_566"
+          href="#noteref_566">566.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[λιάν] αὐθάδει Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_567" name="note_567"
+          href="#noteref_567">567.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_568" name="note_568"
+          href="#noteref_568">568.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀμῶς γέ πη—τὸν ἡνίοχον Reiske, ἄλλως
+          ἐπὶ τὸν ἡνίοχον MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_569" name="note_569"
+          href="#noteref_569">569.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φοροῦντα Hertlein suggests, φέροντα
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_570" name="note_570"
+          href="#noteref_570">570.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φορεῖν Hertlein suggests, φέρειν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_571" name="note_571"
+          href="#noteref_571">571.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The title of Caesar.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_572" name="note_572"
+          href="#noteref_572">572.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">To illustrate the skill and, at the
+          same time, the difficult position of Constantius as sole Emperor,
+          Julian describes an impossible feat. The restive teams are the
+          provinces of the Empire, which had hitherto been controlled by two
+          or more Emperors.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_573" name="note_573"
+          href="#noteref_573">573.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 23. 341.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_574" name="note_574"
+          href="#noteref_574">574.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πλείονα Hertlein suggests, πλεῖον
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_575" name="note_575"
+          href="#noteref_575">575.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 3. 217.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_576" name="note_576"
+          href="#noteref_576">576.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὴ Hertlein suggests, αὕτη MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_577" name="note_577"
+          href="#noteref_577">577.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 122.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_578" name="note_578"
+          href="#noteref_578">578.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[σφόδρα] ἡσθῆναι Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_579" name="note_579"
+          href="#noteref_579">579.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνας Reiske, ἐκεῖνα MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_580" name="note_580"
+          href="#noteref_580">580.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παλαιῶν [ἔργων] Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_581" name="note_581"
+          href="#noteref_581">581.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before τοὺς Klimek omits πρὸς.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_582" name="note_582"
+          href="#noteref_582">582.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_583" name="note_583"
+          href="#noteref_583">583.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 532.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_584" name="note_584"
+          href="#noteref_584">584.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_585" name="note_585"
+          href="#noteref_585">585.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_586" name="note_586"
+          href="#noteref_586">586.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">στερηθείη Cobet, δεηθείη MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_587" name="note_587"
+          href="#noteref_587">587.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μιμητέον Petavius adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_588" name="note_588"
+          href="#noteref_588">588.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τι Horkel, τὸ MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_589" name="note_589"
+          href="#noteref_589">589.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τι Cobet, τινος MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_590" name="note_590"
+          href="#noteref_590">590.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ MSS., Cobet, γὰρ V, M,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_591" name="note_591"
+          href="#noteref_591">591.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰκὸς Reiske adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_592" name="note_592"
+          href="#noteref_592">592.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Semiramis, Herodotus 1. 184.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_593" name="note_593"
+          href="#noteref_593">593.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Euphrates.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_594" name="note_594"
+          href="#noteref_594">594.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 185; <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          2. 85 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_595" name="note_595"
+          href="#noteref_595">595.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rhodopis? wrongly supposed to have
+          built the third pyramid.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_596" name="note_596"
+          href="#noteref_596">596.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 205.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_597" name="note_597"
+          href="#noteref_597">597.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 1. 334.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_598" name="note_598"
+          href="#noteref_598">598.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ Hertlein suggests,
+          τούτων δὲ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_599" name="note_599"
+          href="#noteref_599">599.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πολλὰ ἰδίᾳ τε Hertlein suggests, πολλά
+          τε ἰδίᾳ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_600" name="note_600"
+          href="#noteref_600">600.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσῆκον Hertlein suggests, προσῆκεν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_601" name="note_601"
+          href="#noteref_601">601.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Penthesilea.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_602" name="note_602"
+          href="#noteref_602">602.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Achilles and the Scamander;
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 234 foll.,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 2. 60 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_603" name="note_603"
+          href="#noteref_603">603.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χρόνον Cobet adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_604" name="note_604"
+          href="#noteref_604">604.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian tells, incorrectly, the
+          anecdote in Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Pericles</span></span> 38.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_605" name="note_605"
+          href="#noteref_605">605.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">440 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_606" name="note_606"
+          href="#noteref_606">606.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">445 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_607" name="note_607"
+          href="#noteref_607">607.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">με Cobet adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_608" name="note_608"
+          href="#noteref_608">608.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">357 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_609" name="note_609"
+          href="#noteref_609">609.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Pompeius</span></span> 24. For a full
+          description of the origin and spread of Mithraism see Cumont,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Textes et
+          Monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra</span></span>,
+          1896, 1899, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Les Mystères de Mithra</span></span>, 1902,
+          and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les
+          religions orientales dans le paganisme romain</span></span>, 1909
+          (English translation by G. Showerman, 1911).</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_610" name="note_610"
+          href="#noteref_610">610.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On Julian's triad cf. Naville,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julien
+          l'Apostat et la philosophie du polythéisme</span></span>, Paris,
+          1877.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_611" name="note_611"
+          href="#noteref_611">611.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Concerning Isis and Osiris</span></span>
+          46.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_612" name="note_612"
+          href="#noteref_612">612.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">148 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_613" name="note_613"
+          href="#noteref_613">613.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Iliad 17. 447.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_614" name="note_614"
+          href="#noteref_614">614.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_615" name="note_615"
+          href="#noteref_615">615.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_616" name="note_616"
+          href="#noteref_616">616.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον
+          μὲν MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_617" name="note_617"
+          href="#noteref_617">617.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physics</span></span>
+          2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_618" name="note_618"
+          href="#noteref_618">618.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_619" name="note_619"
+          href="#noteref_619">619.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>
+          42 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_620" name="note_620"
+          href="#noteref_620">620.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As opposed to the unreasoning soul,
+          ἄλογος ψυχή, that is in animals other than man. Plato, Aristotle,
+          Plotinus, and Porphyry allowed some form of soul to plants, but
+          this was denied by Iamblichus, Julian, and Sallust.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_621" name="note_621"
+          href="#noteref_621">621.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">He refers to his initiation into the
+          cult of Mithras.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_622" name="note_622"
+          href="#noteref_622">622.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">When he was still a professed
+          Christian.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_623" name="note_623"
+          href="#noteref_623">623.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> not only prophets and
+          emperors but all men are related to Helios.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_624" name="note_624"
+          href="#noteref_624">624.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          7. 237 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_625" name="note_625"
+          href="#noteref_625">625.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 149 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_626" name="note_626"
+          href="#noteref_626">626.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_627" name="note_627"
+          href="#noteref_627">627.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At the beginning of January; cf. 156
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_628" name="note_628"
+          href="#noteref_628">628.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian distinguishes the visible sun
+          from his archetype, the offspring of the Good.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_629" name="note_629"
+          href="#noteref_629">629.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the intelligible world,
+          νοητός, comprehended only by pure reason; the intellectual, νοερός,
+          endowed with intelligence; and thirdly the world of
+          sense-perception αἰσθητός. The first of these worlds the
+          Neo-Platonists took over from Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 508 foll.; the second
+          was invented by Iamblichus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_630" name="note_630"
+          href="#noteref_630">630.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_631" name="note_631"
+          href="#noteref_631">631.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span>
+          107, and Sophocles, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Antigone</span></span> 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_632" name="note_632"
+          href="#noteref_632">632.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Republic 508 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_633" name="note_633"
+          href="#noteref_633">633.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_634" name="note_634"
+          href="#noteref_634">634.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Though Aristotle did not use this
+          phrase, it was his theory of a fifth element superior to the other
+          four, called by him <span class="tei tei-q">“aether”</span> or
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“first element,”</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Coelo</span></span> 1. 3 270 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, that suggested to
+          Iamblichus the notion of a fifth substance or element; cf.
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theologumena Arithmeticae</span></span> 35, 22
+          Ast, where he calls the fifth element <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“aether.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_635" name="note_635"
+          href="#noteref_635">635.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests
+          αἴτοις.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_636" name="note_636"
+          href="#noteref_636">636.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 138 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_637" name="note_637"
+          href="#noteref_637">637.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Anima</span></span> 418 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_638" name="note_638"
+          href="#noteref_638">638.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_639" name="note_639"
+          href="#noteref_639">639.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">133 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_640" name="note_640"
+          href="#noteref_640">640.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian conceives of the sun in three
+          ways; first as transcendental, in which form he is
+          indistinguishable from the Good in the intelligible world, secondly
+          as Helios-Mithras, ruler of the intellectual gods, thirdly as the
+          visible sun.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_641" name="note_641"
+          href="#noteref_641">641.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">133 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-134 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>
+          is a digression on the light of the sun.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_642" name="note_642"
+          href="#noteref_642">642.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the stars.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_643" name="note_643"
+          href="#noteref_643">643.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">De Anima</span></span> 419 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Aristotle there says
+          that light is the actualisation or positive determination of the
+          transparent medium. Julian echoes the whole passage.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_644" name="note_644"
+          href="#noteref_644">644.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mind, νοῦς, is here identified with
+          Helios; cf. Macrobius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span> 1. 19. 9. Sol mundi
+          mens est, <span class="tei tei-q">“the sun is the mind of the
+          universe”</span>; Iamblichus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Protrepticus</span></span> 21, 115; Ammianus
+          Marcellinus, 21. 1. 11.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_645" name="note_645"
+          href="#noteref_645">645.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian echoes Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 507, 508.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_646" name="note_646"
+          href="#noteref_646">646.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 146 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_647" name="note_647"
+          href="#noteref_647">647.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the stationary positions
+          and the direct and retrograde movements of the planets.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_648" name="note_648"
+          href="#noteref_648">648.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">157 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_649" name="note_649"
+          href="#noteref_649">649.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἑαυτοῦ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_650" name="note_650"
+          href="#noteref_650">650.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">144 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 149 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_651" name="note_651"
+          href="#noteref_651">651.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Cratylus</span></span> 403 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_652" name="note_652"
+          href="#noteref_652">652.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> 83 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_653" name="note_653"
+          href="#noteref_653">653.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονον MSS, ἔγγονον V, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_654" name="note_654"
+          href="#noteref_654">654.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος Hertlein suggests, δέ
+          τις ἂν εἴη MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_655" name="note_655"
+          href="#noteref_655">655.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 480; <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>
+          1. 8.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_656" name="note_656"
+          href="#noteref_656">656.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 12. 383.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_657" name="note_657"
+          href="#noteref_657">657.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This oracular verse is quoted as
+          Orphic by Macrobius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span> 1. 18. 18; but
+          Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, substitutes Serapis for
+          Dionysus at the end of the verse. The worship of Serapis in the
+          Graeco-Roman world began with the foundation of a Serapeum by
+          Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris,
+          the Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_658" name="note_658"
+          href="#noteref_658">658.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> 80 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; in <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Cratylus</span></span> 403 Plato discusses,
+          though not seriously, the etymology of the word <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Hades.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_659" name="note_659"
+          href="#noteref_659">659.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἁΐδης, <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Unseen.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_660" name="note_660"
+          href="#noteref_660">660.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span> 371; cf. Pindar,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Isthmian</span></span> 4. 1.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_661" name="note_661"
+          href="#noteref_661">661.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hyperion means <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“he that walks above.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_662" name="note_662"
+          href="#noteref_662">662.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">They had devoured the oxen of the sun;
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 12. 352 foll.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_663" name="note_663"
+          href="#noteref_663">663.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 24; Zeus utters this
+          threat against the gods if they should aid either the Trojans or
+          the Greeks.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_664" name="note_664"
+          href="#noteref_664">664.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 18. 239.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_665" name="note_665"
+          href="#noteref_665">665.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 6.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_666" name="note_666"
+          href="#noteref_666">666.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian now describes the substance or
+          essential nature, οὐσία, of Helios, 137 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-142 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_667" name="note_667"
+          href="#noteref_667">667.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> The sun, moon and planets;
+          the orbits of the planets are complicated by their direct and
+          retrograde movements.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_668" name="note_668"
+          href="#noteref_668">668.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 133 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_669" name="note_669"
+          href="#noteref_669">669.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ τελευταῖα Hertlein suggests,
+          τελευταῖα MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_670" name="note_670"
+          href="#noteref_670">670.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian defines the ways in which
+          Helios possesses μεσότης, or middleness; he is mediator and
+          connecting link as well as locally midway between the two worlds
+          and the centre of the intellectual gods; see Introduction, p.
+          350.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_671" name="note_671"
+          href="#noteref_671">671.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Empedocles, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 18;
+          122, 2; 17, 19 Diels.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_672" name="note_672"
+          href="#noteref_672">672.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_673" name="note_673"
+          href="#noteref_673">673.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>
+          33 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_674" name="note_674"
+          href="#noteref_674">674.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 139 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          5. 165 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 166 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 170 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_675" name="note_675"
+          href="#noteref_675">675.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_676" name="note_676"
+          href="#noteref_676">676.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 167 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. In <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>
+          58 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> it is the revolution of
+          the whole which by constriction compresses all matter together, but
+          Julian had that passage in mind. In Empedocles it is the Titan,
+          Aether, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the Fifth Substance, that
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“binds the globe.”</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 38
+          Diels.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_677" name="note_677"
+          href="#noteref_677">677.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato in <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>
+          41 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, distinguishes
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“the gods who revolve before our
+          eyes”</span> from <span class="tei tei-q">“those who reveal
+          themselves so far as they will.”</span> Julian regularly describes,
+          as here, a triad; every one of his three worlds has its own
+          unconditioned being (αὐθυπόστατον); its own creative power
+          (δημιουργία); its own power to generate life (γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς);
+          and in every case, the middle term is Helios as a connecting link
+          in his capacity of thinking or intellectual god (νοερός).</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_678" name="note_678"
+          href="#noteref_678">678.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian now describes the three kinds
+          of substance (οὐσία) and its three forms (εἴδη) in the three
+          worlds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_679" name="note_679"
+          href="#noteref_679">679.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the visible heavenly
+          bodies.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_680" name="note_680"
+          href="#noteref_680">680.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Helios connects the forms (Plato's
+          Ideas) which exist in the intelligible world, with those which in
+          our world ally themselves with matter; cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          5. 171 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_681" name="note_681"
+          href="#noteref_681">681.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὰ V, αὐτὸς MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_682" name="note_682"
+          href="#noteref_682">682.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the heavenly bodies.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_683" name="note_683"
+          href="#noteref_683">683.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These angels combine, as does a model,
+          the idea and its hypostazisation; cf. 142 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to the
+          Athenians</span></span> 275 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>. Julian nowhere defines
+          angels, but Porphyry as quoted by Augustine, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De civitate
+          Dei</span></span> 10, 9, distinguished them from daemons and placed
+          them in the aether.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_684" name="note_684"
+          href="#noteref_684">684.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προηγούμενος V, προκαθηγούμενος MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_685" name="note_685"
+          href="#noteref_685">685.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 141 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_686" name="note_686"
+          href="#noteref_686">686.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the heavenly bodies; cf.
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragment
+          of a Letter</span></span> 295 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_687" name="note_687"
+          href="#noteref_687">687.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Nichomachean Ethics</span></span> 7. 14. 1154
+          b.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_688" name="note_688"
+          href="#noteref_688">688.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοιοῦτον Hertlein suggests, τούτων
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_689" name="note_689"
+          href="#noteref_689">689.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The powers and activities of Helios
+          are now described, 142 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-152 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_690" name="note_690"
+          href="#noteref_690">690.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 148 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>
+          47 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 529 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, where Plato
+          distinguishes mere star-gazing from astronomy.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_691" name="note_691"
+          href="#noteref_691">691.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διὰ τὴν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τὴν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_692" name="note_692"
+          href="#noteref_692">692.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_693" name="note_693"
+          href="#noteref_693">693.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 32 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Plato says that to make
+          the universe solid, <span class="tei tei-q">“God set air and water
+          between fire and earth.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_694" name="note_694"
+          href="#noteref_694">694.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>. 179 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Proclus on Plato,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 203 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>, says that because
+          Dionysus was torn asunder by the Titans, his function is to divide
+          wholes into their parts and to separate the forms (εἴδη).</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_695" name="note_695"
+          href="#noteref_695">695.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian calls Dionysus the son of
+          Helios 152 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, and the son of Zeus,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 5. 179 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_696" name="note_696"
+          href="#noteref_696">696.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 153 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, where Asclepios is
+          called <span class="tei tei-q">“the saviour of the All,”</span> and
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against
+          the Christians</span></span> 200 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_697" name="note_697"
+          href="#noteref_697">697.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονος MSS, ἔγγονος V, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_698" name="note_698"
+          href="#noteref_698">698.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νοητοῖς Petavius adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_699" name="note_699"
+          href="#noteref_699">699.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 141 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to the
+          Athenians</span></span> 275 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_700" name="note_700"
+          href="#noteref_700">700.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The sun.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_701" name="note_701"
+          href="#noteref_701">701.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span> 206 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>
+          τόκος ἐν καλῷ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_702" name="note_702"
+          href="#noteref_702">702.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Intellectual Helios.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_703" name="note_703"
+          href="#noteref_703">703.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Intelligible Helios.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_704" name="note_704"
+          href="#noteref_704">704.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          713 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span> defines daemons as a
+          race superior to men but inferior to gods; they were created to
+          watch over human affairs; Julian, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to
+          Themistius</span></span> 258 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span> echoes Plato's
+          description; cf. Plotinus 3. 5. 6; pseudo-Iamblichus, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Mysteriis</span></span> 1. 20. 61; Julian 2. 90 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_705" name="note_705"
+          href="#noteref_705">705.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the individual souls; by
+          using this term, derived from the Neo-Platonists and Iamblichus,
+          Julian implies that there is an indivisible world soul; cf.
+          Plotinus 4. 8. 8 ἡ μὲν ὅλη (ψυχὴ) ... αἱ δὲ ἑν μέρει
+          γενόμεναι.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_706" name="note_706"
+          href="#noteref_706">706.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11, 303; Philo Judaeus,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Decalogo</span></span> 2. 190, τόν τε οὐρανὸν εἰς ἡμισφαίρια τῷ
+          λόγῳ διχῇ διανείμαντες, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς τὸ δ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς, Διοσκούρους
+          ἐκάλεσαν τὸ περὶ τῆς ἑτερημέρου ζωῆς αὐτῶν προστερατευσάμενοι
+          διήγημα.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_707" name="note_707"
+          href="#noteref_707">707.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κενὸν Hertlein suggests, καινὸν Mb,
+          κοινὸν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_708" name="note_708"
+          href="#noteref_708">708.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 37 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; when the Creator had
+          made the universe, he invented Time as an attribute of <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“divided substance.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_709" name="note_709"
+          href="#noteref_709">709.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For Julian's debt to Iamblichus cf.
+          150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 157 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_710" name="note_710"
+          href="#noteref_710">710.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kronos, Zeus, Ares, Helios, Aphrodite,
+          Hermes, Selene are the seven planets; cf. 149 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. Though Helios guides
+          the others he is counted with them.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_711" name="note_711"
+          href="#noteref_711">711.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the fixed stars; cf.
+          Iamblichus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theologumena arithmeticae</span></span> 56. 4
+          ἡ περιέχουσα τὰ πάντα σφαῖρα ὀγδόη, <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+          eighth sphere that encompasses all the rest.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_712" name="note_712"
+          href="#noteref_712">712.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Graces are often associated with
+          Spring; Julian seems to be describing obscurely the annual course
+          of the sun.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_713" name="note_713"
+          href="#noteref_713">713.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Necessity played an important part in
+          the cult of Mithras and was sometimes identified with the
+          constellation Virgo who holds the scales of Justice.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_714" name="note_714"
+          href="#noteref_714">714.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the adoption of the Dioscuri into
+          the Mithraic cult see Cumont. Julian does not give his own view,
+          though he rejects that of the later Greek astronomers. Macrobius,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span> 1. 21. 22 identifies
+          them with the sun.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_715" name="note_715"
+          href="#noteref_715">715.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the torrid zone. On the
+          equator in the winter months shadows fall due north at noon, in the
+          summer months due south; this is more or less true of the whole
+          torrid zone; cf. ἀμφίσκιος which has the same meaning.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_716" name="note_716"
+          href="#noteref_716">716.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 14. 246.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_717" name="note_717"
+          href="#noteref_717">717.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the affectation of mystery cf. 152
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 159 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 172 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_718" name="note_718"
+          href="#noteref_718">718.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_719" name="note_719"
+          href="#noteref_719">719.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Demosthenes</span></span> 4, quotes this
+          phrase as peculiarly Platonic; cf. Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+          676 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_720" name="note_720"
+          href="#noteref_720">720.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 143 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>
+          and note.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_721" name="note_721"
+          href="#noteref_721">721.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χαριτοδότης Spanheim, χαριδότης
+          Hertlein, MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_722" name="note_722"
+          href="#noteref_722">722.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἁδρᾷ Hertlein suggests, ἀνδρῶν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_723" name="note_723"
+          href="#noteref_723">723.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιτροπεύει Wright, ἐπιτροπεύουσι
+          Hertlein, MSS lacuna Petavius.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_724" name="note_724"
+          href="#noteref_724">724.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“life-bringer,”</span> Aristotle's phrase for the
+          zodiac.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_725" name="note_725"
+          href="#noteref_725">725.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Zeller, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Philosophie der
+          Griechen</span></span> III. 2, p. 753, notes.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_726" name="note_726"
+          href="#noteref_726">726.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There is a play on the word κύκλος,
+          which means both <span class="tei tei-q">“sphere”</span> and
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“circle.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_727" name="note_727"
+          href="#noteref_727">727.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Egyptian sun-god, whose worship
+          was introduced first into Greece and later at Rome.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_728" name="note_728"
+          href="#noteref_728">728.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athene as goddess of Forethought was
+          worshipped at Delphi, but her earlier epithet was προναία
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“whose statue is in front of the
+          temple”</span>; cf. Aeschylus, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eumenides</span></span>
+          21, Herodotus 8. 37; late writers often confuse these forms. Julian
+          applies the epithet πρόνοια to the mother of the gods 179
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, and to Prometheus 182
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; cf. 131 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_729" name="note_729"
+          href="#noteref_729">729.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This verse was quoted from an unknown
+          source by Eustathius on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 1. p. 83. <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“The Grey-eyed”</span> is a name of Athene.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_730" name="note_730"
+          href="#noteref_730">730.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 538; 13. 827.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_731" name="note_731"
+          href="#noteref_731">731.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δ᾽ Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_732" name="note_732"
+          href="#noteref_732">732.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Hertlein adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_733" name="note_733"
+          href="#noteref_733">733.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιμετρῆσαι Hertlein suggests,
+          μετριάσαι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_734" name="note_734"
+          href="#noteref_734">734.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, cf. 154 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, Ἔδεσσαν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_735" name="note_735"
+          href="#noteref_735">735.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On Athene cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          7. 230 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against the
+          Christians</span></span> 235 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_736" name="note_736"
+          href="#noteref_736">736.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 152 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. Julian derives his
+          theory of the position and functions of the moon from Iamblichus;
+          cf. Proclus on Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 258 f.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_737" name="note_737"
+          href="#noteref_737">737.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 154 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, and Proclus on Plato,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 155 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">f</span></span>, 259 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, where Aphrodite is
+          called <span class="tei tei-q">“the binding goddess”</span>
+          συνδετικήν, and <span class="tei tei-q">“harmoniser”</span>
+          συναρμοστικήν.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_738" name="note_738"
+          href="#noteref_738">738.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> as the planet Venus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_739" name="note_739"
+          href="#noteref_739">739.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span>
+          313 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> 357 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>. Emesa in Syria was
+          famous for its temple to Baal, the sun-god. The Emperor
+          Heliogabalus (218-222 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>) was born at Emesa
+          and was, as his name indicates, a priest of Baal, whose worship he
+          attempted to introduce at Rome.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_740" name="note_740"
+          href="#noteref_740">740.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class="tei tei-q">“strong
+          god,”</span> identified with the star Lucifer.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_741" name="note_741"
+          href="#noteref_741">741.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">133 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 138 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_742" name="note_742"
+          href="#noteref_742">742.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ γόνιμον τῇ φύσει Marcilius, cf. 150
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 151 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, lacuna MSS.,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_743" name="note_743"
+          href="#noteref_743">743.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Physics</span></span> 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 131
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_744" name="note_744"
+          href="#noteref_744">744.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 145 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_745" name="note_745"
+          href="#noteref_745">745.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 145 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_746" name="note_746"
+          href="#noteref_746">746.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> their ascent after death to
+          the gods.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_747" name="note_747"
+          href="#noteref_747">747.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περὶ Hertlein suggests, ἐπὶ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_748" name="note_748"
+          href="#noteref_748">748.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 529, 530; <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Epinomis</span></span> 977 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_749" name="note_749"
+          href="#noteref_749">749.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 653 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 665 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_750" name="note_750"
+          href="#noteref_750">750.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> as a unit of measurement;
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 39 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 47 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_751" name="note_751"
+          href="#noteref_751">751.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γέννησιν Mau, γένεσιν MSS,
+          Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_752" name="note_752"
+          href="#noteref_752">752.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>: <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against the
+          Christians</span></span> 200, 235 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Asclepios plays an
+          important part in Julian's religion, and may have been
+          intentionally opposed, as the son of Helios-Mithras and the
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“saviour of the world,”</span> to Jesus
+          Christ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_753" name="note_753"
+          href="#noteref_753">753.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_754" name="note_754"
+          href="#noteref_754">754.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, Ἔδεσσαν MSS,
+          Hertlein; cf. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_755" name="note_755"
+          href="#noteref_755">755.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_756" name="note_756"
+          href="#noteref_756">756.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This refers to the famous temple of
+          Jupiter on the Capitoline; cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          1. 29 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. The three shrines in
+          this temple were dedicated to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno, but Julian
+          ignores Juno because he wishes to introduce Aphrodite in connection
+          with Aeneas.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_757" name="note_757"
+          href="#noteref_757">757.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian accepts the impossible
+          etymology <span class="tei tei-q">“path of the wolf”</span>;
+          Lycabas means <span class="tei tei-q">“path of light,”</span> cf.
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">lux</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_758" name="note_758"
+          href="#noteref_758">758.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, 14. 161. The word was
+          also used on Roman coins with the meaning <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“year.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_759" name="note_759"
+          href="#noteref_759">759.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὃν Marcilius, ἣν MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_760" name="note_760"
+          href="#noteref_760">760.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvia the Vestal virgin gave birth to
+          twins, Romulus and Remus, whose father was supposed to be Mars
+          (Ares).</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_761" name="note_761"
+          href="#noteref_761">761.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vesta, the Greek Hestia, the goddess
+          of the hearth.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_762" name="note_762"
+          href="#noteref_762">762.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The name given to Romulus after his
+          apotheosis; cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> 307 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_763" name="note_763"
+          href="#noteref_763">763.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the legend of his translation see
+          Livy 1. 16; Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Romulus</span></span> 21; Ovid, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span>
+          2. 496; Horace, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Odes</span></span> 3. 3. 15 foll.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_764" name="note_764"
+          href="#noteref_764">764.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After γενόμενον Hertlein omits ὑπὸ τῆς
+          σελήνης.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_765" name="note_765"
+          href="#noteref_765">765.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὥραν Hertlein, Naber suggest, ἡμέραν
+          MSS, cf. Episile 444. 425 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_766" name="note_766"
+          href="#noteref_766">766.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">To Numa Pompilius, the legendary king
+          who reigned next after Romulus, the Romans ascribed the foundation
+          of many of their religious ceremonies.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_767" name="note_767"
+          href="#noteref_767">767.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Vestal virgins.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_768" name="note_768"
+          href="#noteref_768">768.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Heliaia, <span lang="la" class=
+          "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">solis agon</span></span>, was founded by the
+          Emperor Aurelian at Rome in 274 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>; but the <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“unconquerable sun,”</span> <span lang="la" class=
+          "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">sol invictus</span></span>, had been
+          worshipped there for fully a century before Aurelian's foundation;
+          see Usener, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Sol invictus</span></span>, in <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rheinisches
+          Museum</span></span>, 1905. Julian once again, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span>
+          336 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span> calls Helios by his
+          Persian name Mithras.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_769" name="note_769"
+          href="#noteref_769">769.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Attic year began with the summer
+          solstice.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_770" name="note_770"
+          href="#noteref_770">770.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A Greek astronomer who flourished in
+          the middle of the second century <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> His works are
+          lost.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_771" name="note_771"
+          href="#noteref_771">771.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Claudius Ptolemy an astronomer at
+          Alexandria 127-151 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_772" name="note_772"
+          href="#noteref_772">772.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ τε Hertlein suggests, τε τοῦ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_773" name="note_773"
+          href="#noteref_773">773.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> December.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_774" name="note_774"
+          href="#noteref_774">774.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The festival of Saturn, the
+          Saturnalia, was celebrated by the Latins at the close of December,
+          and corresponds to our Christmas holidays. Saturn was identified
+          with the Greek god Kronos, and Julian uses the Greek word for the
+          festival in order to avoid, according to sophistic etiquette, a
+          Latin name.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_775" name="note_775"
+          href="#noteref_775">775.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_776" name="note_776"
+          href="#noteref_776">776.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὸν Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_777" name="note_777"
+          href="#noteref_777">777.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ Hertlein suggests, τὸ M, τῷ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_778" name="note_778"
+          href="#noteref_778">778.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Introduction, p. 351.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_779" name="note_779"
+          href="#noteref_779">779.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the threefold creative force cf.
+          Proclus on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 94 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">cd</span></span>. Here Julian means that
+          there are three modes of creation exercised by Helios now in one,
+          now in another, of the three worlds; cf. 135 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_780" name="note_780"
+          href="#noteref_780">780.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This work is lost.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_781" name="note_781"
+          href="#noteref_781">781.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> his treatise <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the
+          Gods</span></span>, which is not extant.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_782" name="note_782"
+          href="#noteref_782">782.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesiod, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Works and
+          Days</span></span> 336.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_783" name="note_783"
+          href="#noteref_783">783.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the Attis cult see Frazer,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Attis,
+          Adonis and Osiris</span></span>; for the introduction of the
+          worship of Cybele into Italy, Cumont, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les religions
+          orientales dans le paganisme romain</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_784" name="note_784"
+          href="#noteref_784">784.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Harrison, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythology and
+          Monuments of Ancient Athens</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_785" name="note_785"
+          href="#noteref_785">785.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Catullus 63.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_786" name="note_786"
+          href="#noteref_786">786.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">5. 1. 7; 3. 6. 19; 1. 6. 8; cf. Plato,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 152 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; and Plutarch,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On Isis
+          and Osiris</span></span>, ὁ μῦθος ... λόγου τινὸς ἔμφασίς ἐστιν
+          ἀνακλῶντος ἐπ᾽ ἄλλα τὴν διάνοιαν.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_787" name="note_787"
+          href="#noteref_787">787.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 206 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. Myths are like toys
+          which help children through teething.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_788" name="note_788"
+          href="#noteref_788">788.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξοίσομεν Cobet adds, ἀνέξοιστα καὶ
+          MSS, Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_789" name="note_789"
+          href="#noteref_789">789.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὑτοσὶ Hertlein suggests, οὑτωσὶ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_790" name="note_790"
+          href="#noteref_790">790.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μικρὰν Hertlein, μικρὸν Naber, who
+          thinks ἱστορίαν a gloss, cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> vii. 276 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, μικρὸν ἱστορίαν MSS,
+          μικρὸν ἱστορίας Reiske.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_791" name="note_791"
+          href="#noteref_791">791.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς Petavius adds.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_792" name="note_792"
+          href="#noteref_792">792.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὴν Hertlein suggests, αὑτὴν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_793" name="note_793"
+          href="#noteref_793">793.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπήγοντο Hertlein suggests, ἐπῆγον τὸν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_794" name="note_794"
+          href="#noteref_794">794.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Phrygian god of vegetation who
+          corresponds to the Syrian Adonis. His name is said to mean
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“father,”</span> and he is at once the
+          lover and son of the Mother of the Gods. His death and resurrection
+          were celebrated in spring.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_795" name="note_795"
+          href="#noteref_795">795.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The generic name for the eunuch
+          priests of Attis.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_796" name="note_796"
+          href="#noteref_796">796.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Phrygian Cybele, the Asiatic
+          goddess of fertility; the chief seat of her worship was Pessinus in
+          Phrygia.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_797" name="note_797"
+          href="#noteref_797">797.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> after the middle of the
+          fifth century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; before that date the
+          records were kept in the Acropolis.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_798" name="note_798"
+          href="#noteref_798">798.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 204 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; cf. Livy 29. 10
+          foll.; Silius Italicus 17. 1 foll.; Ovid, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span>
+          4. 255 foll. tells the legend and describes the ritual of the
+          cult.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_799" name="note_799"
+          href="#noteref_799">799.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Attalids.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_800" name="note_800"
+          href="#noteref_800">800.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A black meteoric stone embodied the
+          goddess of Pessinus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_801" name="note_801"
+          href="#noteref_801">801.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Claudia, turritae rara ministra deae.
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“Claudia thou peerless priestess of the
+          goddess with the embattled crown.”</span>—Propertius 4. 11.
+          52.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_802" name="note_802"
+          href="#noteref_802">802.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A matron in other versions.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_803" name="note_803"
+          href="#noteref_803">803.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the Third Punic War, which began
+          149 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, Carthage was sacked
+          by the Romans under Scipio.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_804" name="note_804"
+          href="#noteref_804">804.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 519 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>
+          δριμὺ μὲν βλέπει τὸ ψυχάριον.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_805" name="note_805"
+          href="#noteref_805">805.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A relief in the Capitoline Museum
+          shows Claudia in the act of dragging the ship.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_806" name="note_806"
+          href="#noteref_806">806.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the world of
+          sense-perception.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_807" name="note_807"
+          href="#noteref_807">807.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plotinus 1. 8. 4 called matter
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“the privation of the Good,”</span>
+          στέρησις ἀγαθοῦ.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_808" name="note_808"
+          href="#noteref_808">808.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Helios; cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          4. 140 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. Attis is here
+          identified with the light of the sun.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_809" name="note_809"
+          href="#noteref_809">809.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian here sums up the tendency of
+          the philosophy of his age. The Peripatetics had been merged in the
+          Platonists and Neo-Platonists, and Themistius the Aristotelian
+          commentator often speaks of the reconciliation, in contemporary
+          philosophy, of Plato and Aristotle; cf. 235 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 236, 366 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>. Julian, following the
+          example of Iamblichus, would force them into agreement; but the
+          final appeal was to revealed religion.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_810" name="note_810"
+          href="#noteref_810">810.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προϋφεστῶτες Hertlein suggests, cf.
+          165 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, προεστῶτες MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_811" name="note_811"
+          href="#noteref_811">811.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">233 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_812" name="note_812"
+          href="#noteref_812">812.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτόν Hertlein suggests, αὐτό
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_813" name="note_813"
+          href="#noteref_813">813.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Sophist</span></span> 235 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 596 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_814" name="note_814"
+          href="#noteref_814">814.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> aether, the fifth
+          substance.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_815" name="note_815"
+          href="#noteref_815">815.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the causes of the forms
+          that are embodied in matter have a prior existence as Ideas.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_816" name="note_816"
+          href="#noteref_816">816.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 191 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 196 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>
+          50 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_817" name="note_817"
+          href="#noteref_817">817.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">De Anima</span></span> 3. 4. 429 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Aristotle quotes the
+          phrase with approval and evidently attributes it to Plato; the
+          precise expression is not to be found in Plato, though in
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Parmenides</span></span> 132 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>
+          he says that the Ideas are <span class="tei tei-q">“in our
+          souls.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_818" name="note_818"
+          href="#noteref_818">818.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιθεῖναι Hertlein suggests, cf.
+          Sallust, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">On the Gods and the World</span></span> 249,
+          τὸν ἀστερωτὸν αὐτῷ περιθεῖναι πῖλον: ἐπιθεῖναι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_819" name="note_819"
+          href="#noteref_819">819.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αἰνίττεσθαι Hertlein suggests, cf.
+          Sallust 250 τὸν γαλαξόαν αἰνίττεται κύκλον: μαντεύεσθαι MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_820" name="note_820"
+          href="#noteref_820">820.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Porphyry, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Cave of the
+          Nymph</span></span> 7; and Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 514 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_821" name="note_821"
+          href="#noteref_821">821.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προüφέστηκε Hertlein suggests,
+          προέστηκε MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_822" name="note_822"
+          href="#noteref_822">822.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 36, Diels.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_823" name="note_823"
+          href="#noteref_823">823.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the superiority of the soul to
+          nature cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">De Mysteriis</span></span> 8. 7. 270; and for
+          the theory that the soul gives form to matter, Plotinus 4. 3.
+          20.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_824" name="note_824"
+          href="#noteref_824">824.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the fifth substance.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_825" name="note_825"
+          href="#noteref_825">825.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Helios; cf. 161 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. The whole passage
+          implies the identification of Attis with nature, and of the
+          world-soul with Helios; cf. 162 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>
+          where Attis is called <span class="tei tei-q">“Nature,”</span>
+          φύσις.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_826" name="note_826"
+          href="#noteref_826">826.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 170 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 168 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Sallust, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Gods and the
+          World</span></span> 4. 16. 1.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_827" name="note_827"
+          href="#noteref_827">827.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 171 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Sallust also identifies
+          Gallus with the Milky Way, 4. 14. 25.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_828" name="note_828"
+          href="#noteref_828">828.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἑαυτὸ Shorey suggests, τοῦτο Hertlein,
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_829" name="note_829"
+          href="#noteref_829">829.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λέγομεν Petavius suggests, lacuna
+          Hertlein, MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_830" name="note_830"
+          href="#noteref_830">830.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_831" name="note_831"
+          href="#noteref_831">831.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς Hertlein suggests.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_832" name="note_832"
+          href="#noteref_832">832.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μὲν Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_833" name="note_833"
+          href="#noteref_833">833.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κρείττων Hertlein suggests, κρεῖττον
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_834" name="note_834"
+          href="#noteref_834">834.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἢ ὅτε Shorey, ὅτε Hertlein, MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_835" name="note_835"
+          href="#noteref_835">835.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προüφεστῶσαν Hertlein suggests,
+          προεστῶσαν MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_836" name="note_836"
+          href="#noteref_836">836.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῇ δὲ Hertlein suggests, τῇ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_837" name="note_837"
+          href="#noteref_837">837.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φησιν ὁ μῦθος Hertlein suggests, φησι
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_838" name="note_838"
+          href="#noteref_838">838.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A finite verb <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>
+          φαίνεται is needed to complete the construction.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_839" name="note_839"
+          href="#noteref_839">839.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Friederich, πέπεικε Hertlein,
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_840" name="note_840"
+          href="#noteref_840">840.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 170 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 179 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_841" name="note_841"
+          href="#noteref_841">841.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Zeus.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_842" name="note_842"
+          href="#noteref_842">842.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hence she is the counterpart of
+          Athene, cf. 179 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. Athene is Forethought
+          among the intellectual gods; Cybele is Forethought among the
+          intelligible gods and therefore superior to Athene; cf. 180
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_843" name="note_843"
+          href="#noteref_843">843.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Corybantes were the Phrygian
+          priests of Cybele, who at Rome were called Galli.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_844" name="note_844"
+          href="#noteref_844">844.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Asiatic deities, especially
+          Cybele, are often represented holding lions, or in cars drawn by
+          them. cf. Catullus 63. 76, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign"
+          xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">juncta juga
+          resolvens Cybele leonibus</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“Cybele unharnessed her team of lions”</span>; she
+          sends a lion in pursuit of Attis, cf. 168 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Porphyry, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Cave of the
+          Nymph</span></span> 3. 2. 287 calls the sign of the lion
+          <span class="tei tei-q">“the dwelling of Helios.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_845" name="note_845"
+          href="#noteref_845">845.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 10. 23 λέοντος
+          αἴθωνος.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_846" name="note_846"
+          href="#noteref_846">846.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          4. 145 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_847" name="note_847"
+          href="#noteref_847">847.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A finite verb is needed to complete
+          the construction. For the anacoluthon cf. 167 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_848" name="note_848"
+          href="#noteref_848">848.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ διὰ Hertlein suggests, καὶ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_849" name="note_849"
+          href="#noteref_849">849.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A pine sacred to Attis was felled on
+          March 22nd; cf. Frazer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Attis, Adonis and Osiris</span></span>, p.
+          222.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_850" name="note_850"
+          href="#noteref_850">850.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 171 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 175 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_851" name="note_851"
+          href="#noteref_851">851.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">March 23rd.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_852" name="note_852"
+          href="#noteref_852">852.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">March 24th was the date of the
+          castration of the Galli, the priests of Attis.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_853" name="note_853"
+          href="#noteref_853">853.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On March 25th the resurrection of
+          Attis and the freeing of our souls from generation (γένεσις) was
+          celebrated by the feast of the Hilaria.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_854" name="note_854"
+          href="#noteref_854">854.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡγεμόνας Shorey, cf. 170 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, ἡμῶν Hertlein,
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_855" name="note_855"
+          href="#noteref_855">855.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὰς Hertlein suggests, αὐτὰ
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_856" name="note_856"
+          href="#noteref_856">856.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">169 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-170 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>
+          is a digression on the value of myths, which the wise man is not to
+          accept without an allegorising interpretation; cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          7. 216 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_857" name="note_857"
+          href="#noteref_857">857.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τελευταίας αἰτίας Hertlein suggests,
+          τελευταίας MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_858" name="note_858"
+          href="#noteref_858">858.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 167 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>
+          Attis was identified with the light of the moon; cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          4. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; where the moon is
+          called the lowest of the spheres, who gives form to the world of
+          matter that lies below her; cf. Sallust, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Gods and the
+          World</span></span> 4. 14. 23; where Attis is called the creator of
+          our world.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_859" name="note_859"
+          href="#noteref_859">859.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προκαλεῖται Hertlein suggests,
+          προσκαλεῖται MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_860" name="note_860"
+          href="#noteref_860">860.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ καὶ Hertlein suggests, δὲ καὶ V,
+          καὶ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_861" name="note_861"
+          href="#noteref_861">861.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span> 250 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>
+          47 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 507-508.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_862" name="note_862"
+          href="#noteref_862">862.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Cave of the
+          Nymph</span></span> 22, says that Cancer and Capricorn are the two
+          gates of the sun; and that souls descend through Cancer and rise
+          aloft through Capricorn.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_863" name="note_863"
+          href="#noteref_863">863.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This seems to identify Attis with the
+          sun's rays.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_864" name="note_864"
+          href="#noteref_864">864.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chaldean astrology and the Chaldean
+          oracles are often cited with respect by the Neo-Platonists; for
+          allusions to their worship of the Seven-rayed Mithras (Helios) cf.
+          Damascius 294 and Proclus on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 1. 11.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_865" name="note_865"
+          href="#noteref_865">865.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> Iamblichus and especially
+          Maximus of Ephesus who is a typical theurgist of the fourth century
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> and was supposed to
+          work miracles.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_866" name="note_866"
+          href="#noteref_866">866.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Shorey, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_867" name="note_867"
+          href="#noteref_867">867.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὴ Wright, αὕτη MSS., Hertlein.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_868" name="note_868"
+          href="#noteref_868">868.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἱερέων Hertlein suggests, ἱερῶν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_869" name="note_869"
+          href="#noteref_869">869.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter
+          and Persephone; the Lesser were celebrated in February, the greater
+          in September.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_870" name="note_870"
+          href="#noteref_870">870.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gorgias</span></span>
+          497 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Plutarch, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Demetrius</span></span> 900 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_871" name="note_871"
+          href="#noteref_871">871.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὸς εἰρηκώς Hertlein suggests,
+          εἰρηκὼς MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_872" name="note_872"
+          href="#noteref_872">872.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προüφεστώσῃ Hertlein suggests,
+          προεστεώσῃ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_873" name="note_873"
+          href="#noteref_873">873.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_874" name="note_874"
+          href="#noteref_874">874.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          4. 131 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_875" name="note_875"
+          href="#noteref_875">875.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Attis.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_876" name="note_876"
+          href="#noteref_876">876.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ᾗ Hertlein suggests, οὗ MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_877" name="note_877"
+          href="#noteref_877">877.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 168 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-169 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 171 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_878" name="note_878"
+          href="#noteref_878">878.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρακελεύονται Wyttenbach, μολλαχοῦ
+          παρακελεύονται Hertlein, MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_879" name="note_879"
+          href="#noteref_879">879.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The construction of καὶ καλάμης is not
+          clear; Petavius suspects corruption or omission.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_880" name="note_880"
+          href="#noteref_880">880.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ποιητικώτερον Naber, τι καὶ ποιητικὸν
+          Hertlein, MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_881" name="note_881"
+          href="#noteref_881">881.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁρμῶντα Naber.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_882" name="note_882"
+          href="#noteref_882">882.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 176 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; cf. <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span>
+          2. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_883" name="note_883"
+          href="#noteref_883">883.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> to the intelligible world
+          and the One; cf. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_884" name="note_884"
+          href="#noteref_884">884.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On
+          Abstinence</span></span> 3. 5, gives a list of these sacred birds;
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> the owl sacred to Athene,
+          the eagle to Zeus, the crane to Demeter.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_885" name="note_885"
+          href="#noteref_885">885.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἅπαντα Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντας
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_886" name="note_886"
+          href="#noteref_886">886.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συγχωρεῖ Hertlein suggests, συγχωροίη
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_887" name="note_887"
+          href="#noteref_887">887.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φήσει Hertlein suggests, φήσειεν
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_888" name="note_888"
+          href="#noteref_888">888.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Aristotle, <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Generation of
+          Animals</span></span> 736 b. 37, for the breath πνεῦμα, that
+          envelops the disembodied soul and resembles aether. The Stoics
+          sometimes defined the soul as a <span class="tei tei-q">“warm
+          breath,”</span> ἔνθερμον πνεῦμα.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_889" name="note_889"
+          href="#noteref_889">889.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The phrase probably occurred in an
+          oracular verse.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_890" name="note_890"
+          href="#noteref_890">890.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Oration 6. 203 <span class=
+          "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Demosthenes,
+          <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De
+          Corona</span></span> 308, συνείρει ... ἀπνευστί.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_891" name="note_891"
+          href="#noteref_891">891.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἕνεκά του Shorey, ἕνεκα τοῦ Hertlein,
+          MSS.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_892" name="note_892"
+          href="#noteref_892">892.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The epithet means <span class=
+          "tei tei-q">“favoured by Aphrodite.”</span></dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_893" name="note_893"
+          href="#noteref_893">893.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In this rendering of λόγος (which may
+          here mean <span class="tei tei-q">“Reason”</span>) I follow Mau p.
+          113, and Asmus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+          "font-style: italic">Julians Galiläerschrift</span></span> p.
+          31.</dd>
+
+          <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_894" name="note_894"
+          href="#noteref_894">894.</a></dt>
+
+          <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πράξεις Hertlein suggests, τάξεις
+          MSS.</dd>
+        </dl>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="doublepage" />
+
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+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style=
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+          <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 1 OF 2)***
+</pre>
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+      <title>The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 1 of 2)</title>
+      <author><name reg="Julian, Emperor of Rome">Julian, Emperor of Rome</name></author>
+      <respStmt><resp>Translated by</resp> <name>Wilmer Cave Wright</name></respStmt>
+    </titleStmt>
+    <editionStmt>
+      <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition>
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+      <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher>
+      <date>April 7, 2015</date>
+      <idno type="etext-no">48664</idno>
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+      <divGen type="encodingDesc" />
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+
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">The Works of the Emperor Julian</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Volume 1</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">With an English Translation by</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Wilmer Cave Wright</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">Harvard University Press</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">Cambridge, Massachusetts</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">1913</p>
+    </div>
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <head>Contents</head>
+      <divGen type="toc" />
+    </div>
+
+  </front>
+<body>
+
+<div>
+<p rend='text-align: center'>
+ <figure url='images/cover.jpg' rend='width: 30%'>
+  <figDesc>Cover Art</figDesc>
+ </figure>
+</p>
+<p>
+[Transcriber's Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at
+Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public domain.]
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n='vii'/><anchor id='Pgvii'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Introduction</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Flavius Claudius Julianus</hi>,<note place='foot'>The chief sources for the life of Julian are his <hi rend='italic'>Orations</hi>,
+his <hi rend='italic'>Letter to the Athenians</hi>, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the
+<hi rend='italic'>Orations</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Epistles</hi> of Libanius.</note> son of Julius Constantius
+and nephew of the Emperor Constantine,
+was born at Constantinople in 331 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> His father,
+eldest brother, and cousins were slain in the massacre
+by which Constantius, Constantine II., and Constans
+secured the empire for themselves on the death of
+their father Constantine in 337. Julian and his
+elder brother Gallus spent a precarious childhood
+and youth, of which six years were passed in close
+confinement in the remote castle of Macellum in
+Cappadocia, and their position was hardly more
+secure when, in 350, Gallus was elevated to the
+Caesarship by Constantius, who, after the violent
+deaths of his two brothers, was now sole ruler of
+the empire. But Julian was allowed to pursue his
+favourite studies in Greek literature and philosophy,
+partly at Nicomedia and Athens, partly in the cities
+<pb n='viii'/><anchor id='Pgviii'/>
+of Asia Minor, and he was deeply influenced by
+Maximus of Ephesus, the occult philosopher,
+Libanius of Nicomedia, the fashionable sophist, and
+Themistius the Aristotelian commentator, the only
+genuine philosopher among the sophists of the fourth
+century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the excesses of the revolutionary Gallus
+ended in his death at the hands of Constantius,
+Julian, an awkward and retiring student, was
+summoned to the court at Milan, where he was
+protected by the Empress Eusebia from the suspicions
+of Constantius and the intrigues of hostile courtiers.
+Constantius had no heir to continue the dynasty of
+the Constantii. He therefore raised Julian to the
+Caesarship in 355, gave him his sister Helena in
+marriage, and dispatched him to Gaul to pacify the
+Gallic provinces. To the surprise of all, Julian in
+four successive campaigns against the Franks and
+the Alemanis proved himself a good soldier and
+a popular general. His <hi rend='italic'>Commentaries</hi> on these
+campaigns are praised by Eunapius<note place='foot'>fr. 89.</note> and Libanius,<note place='foot'>Epistle, 33.</note>
+but are not now extant. In 357-358 Constantius,
+who was occupied by wars against the Quadi and
+the Sarmatians, and threatened with a renewal of
+hostilities by the Persian king Sapor, ordered Julian,
+<pb n='ix'/><anchor id='Pgix'/>
+who was then at Paris, to send to his aid the best of
+the Gallic legions. Julian would have obeyed, but
+his troops, unwilling to take service in the East,
+mutinied and proclaimed him Emperor (359 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>).
+Julian issued manifestoes justifying his conduct to
+the Senates of Rome and Athens and to the Spartans
+and Corinthians, a characteristic anachronism, since
+their opinion no longer had any weight. It was not
+till 361 that he began his march eastward to
+encounter the army of Constantius. His troops,
+though seasoned and devoted, were in numbers no
+match for the legions of his cousin. But the latter,
+while marching through Cilicia to oppose his advance,
+died suddenly of a fever near Tarsus, and Julian, now
+in his thirtieth year, succeeded peacefully to the
+throne and made a triumphal entry into Constantinople
+in December, 361.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The eunuchs and courtiers who had surrounded
+Constantius were replaced by sophists and philosophers,
+and in the next six months Julian set on foot
+numerous economic and administrative reforms. He
+had long been secretly devoted to the Pagan religion,
+and he at once proclaimed the restoration of the
+Pagan gods and the temple worship. Christianity
+he tolerated, and in his brief reign of sixteen months
+the Christians were not actively persecuted. His
+<pb n='x'/><anchor id='Pgx'/>
+treatise <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>, which survives only in
+fragments, was an explanation of his apostasy. The
+epithet <q>Apostate</q> was bestowed on him by the
+Christian Fathers. Meanwhile he was preparing&mdash;first
+at Constantinople then at Antioch, where he
+wrote the <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi>, a satire on the luxury
+and frivolity of the inhabitants&mdash;for a campaign
+against Sapor, a task which he had inherited from
+Constantius. In March, 362 he left Antioch and
+crossed the Euphrates, visited Carrhae, memorable
+for the defeat of Crassus, then crossed the Tigris,
+and, after burning his fleet, retired northwards
+towards Armenia. On the march he fought an
+indecisive battle with the Persians at Maranga, and
+in a skirmish with the retreating enemy he was
+mortally wounded by a javelin (January 26th, 363).
+His body was carried to Tarsus by his successor the
+Emperor Jovian, and was probably removed later to
+Constantinople. The legend that as he died he
+exclaimed: Γαλιλαῖε νενίκηκας, <q>Thou hast conquered,
+O Galilæan!</q> appears first in the Christian historian
+Theodoret in the fifth century. Julian was the last
+male descendant of the famous dynasty founded by
+Constantius Chlorus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In spite of his military achievements, he was, first
+of all, a student. Even on his campaigns he took his
+<pb n='xi'/><anchor id='Pgxi'/>
+books with him, and several of his extant works were
+composed in camp. He had been trained, according
+to the fashion of his times, in rhetorical studies by
+professional sophists such as Libanius, and he has all
+the mannerisms of a fourth century sophist. It was
+the sophistic etiquette to avoid the direct use of
+names, and Julian never names the usurpers Magnentius,
+Silvanus, and Vetranio, whose suppression
+by Constantius he describes in his two first <hi rend='italic'>Orations</hi>,
+regularly refers to Sapor as <q>the barbarian,</q> and
+rather than name Mardonius, his tutor, calls him <q>a
+certain Scythian who had the same name as the man
+who persuaded Xerxes to invade Hellas.</q><note place='foot'>352 A.</note> He
+wrote the literary Greek of the fourth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>
+which imitates the classical style, though barbarisms
+and late constructions are never entirely avoided.
+His pages are crowded with echoes of Homer,
+Demosthenes, Plato, and Isocrates, and his style is
+interwoven with half verses, phrases, and whole
+sentences taken without acknowledgment from the
+Greek masterpieces. It is certain that, like other
+sophists, he wished his readers to recognise these
+echoes, and therefore his source is always classical, so
+that where he seems to imitate Dio Chrysostom or
+Themistius, both go back to a common source, which
+<pb n='xii'/><anchor id='Pgxii'/>
+Julian had in mind. Another sophistic element in
+his style is the use of commonplaces, literary
+allusions that had passed into the sophistic language
+and can be found in all the writers of reminiscence
+Greek in his day. He himself derides this practice<note place='foot'>236 A.</note>
+but he cannot resist dragging in the well-worn
+references to Cyrus, Darius, and Alexander, to the
+nepenthe poured out by Helen in the <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>, to the
+defiance of nature by Xerxes, or the refusal of
+Socrates to admit the happiness of the Great King.
+Julian wished to make Neo-Platonism the philosophy
+of his revived Hellenism, but he belonged to the
+younger or Syrian branch of the school, of which
+Iamblichus was the real founder, and he only once
+mentions Plotinus. Iamblichus he ranked with
+Plato and paid him a fanatical devotion. His
+philosophical writing, especially in the two prose
+<hi rend='italic'>Hymns</hi>, is obscure, partly because his theories are
+only vaguely realised, partly because he reproduces
+the obscurity of his model, Iamblichus. In satire
+and narrative he can be clear and straightforward.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='xiii'/><anchor id='Pgxiii'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Bibliography</head>
+
+<div>
+<head>Manuscripts</head>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Vossianus</hi> (V), Leyden, 13th or 14th cent. (contains
+also the <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi> of Libanius), is the only reliable MS. of
+Julian, and was once complete except for a few <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi>.
+Where pages are lost from V a group of inferior MSS.
+are used, <hi rend='italic'>Marcianus</hi> 366 (M), 251 (Mb), both 15th cent.,
+five <hi rend='italic'>Monacenses</hi> (at Munich), and several <hi rend='italic'>Parisini</hi>
+(at Paris). Cobet's contributions to the text are in
+<hi rend='italic'>Mnemosyne</hi> 8, 9, 10 (old series 1859-1861) and 10, 11
+(new series 1882-1883). A. Papadoulos Kerameus published
+in <hi rend='italic'>Rheinisches Museum</hi>, 1887, six new <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi>
+discovered on the island of Chalcis.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Editions</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi> (with Latin version) Martin,
+Paris, 1566. Martin and Cantoclarus, Paris, 1583.
+Petau (Petavius) Paris, 1630. Spanheim, Leipzig, 1696.
+<hi rend='italic'>Oration I</hi>, Schaefer, Leipzig, 1802 (with Latin version
+and Wyttenbach's <hi rend='italic'>Critical Epistle to Ruhnken</hi>). Hertlein,
+Leipzig (Teubner), 1875-1876.<note place='foot'>The text of the present edition is Hertlein's, revised.</note> <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>,
+Neumann, Leipzig, 1880. <hi rend='italic'>Letters:</hi> Heyler, Mainz, 1828.
+Westermann, Leipzig, 1854.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Literature</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>La Vie de l'Empereur Julien</hi>, Abbé de la Bleterie,
+Paris, 1735. Strauss, <hi rend='italic'>Der Romantiker auf dem Throne
+der Caesaren</hi>, Mannheim, 1847. Mücke <hi rend='italic'>Julian's Leben
+und Schriften</hi>, Gotha, 1868. Naville, <hi rend='italic'>Julien l'Apostat</hi>,
+Neufchâtel, 1877. Schwartz, <hi rend='italic'>De vita et scriptis Juliani</hi>,
+Bonn, 1888. Gildersleeve <hi rend='italic'>Julian</hi> in <hi rend='italic'>Essays and Studies</hi>,
+Baltimore, 1890. Gardner, <hi rend='italic'>Julian</hi>, New York, 1895.
+France (W. C. Wright), <hi rend='italic'>Julian's Relation to Neo-Platonism
+<pb n='xiv'/><anchor id='Pgxiv'/>
+and the New Sophistic</hi>, London, 1896. Negri,
+<hi rend='italic'>L'Imperatore Giuliano</hi>, Milan, 1902 (translated by
+Letta-Visconti-Arese, London, 1906). Bidez and Cumont,
+<hi rend='italic'>Recherches sur la tradition manuscrite des lettres de
+Julien</hi>, Brussels, 1898. Asmus, <hi rend='italic'>Julian und Dio Chrysostomus</hi>,
+Tauberbischofsheim, 1895. Brambs, <hi rend='italic'>Studien</hi>,
+Eichstätt, 1897. Allard, <hi rend='italic'>Julien l'Apostat</hi>, Paris, 1903.
+Cumont, <hi rend='italic'>Sur l'authenticité de quelques lettres de Julien</hi>,
+Gaud, 1889.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Translations</head>
+
+<p>
+Latin: <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi>, Martin in edition.
+<hi rend='italic'>Oration I</hi>, Schaefer in edition. <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi>, Heyler in
+edition. French: Tourlet, Paris, 3 vols. 1821. <hi rend='italic'>Traduction
+de quelques Ouvrages de l'Empereur Julien</hi>, Abbé de
+la Bleterie, Paris, 1748. <hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi>, Spanheim, Paris, 1683.
+German: <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>, Neumann, Leipzig,
+1880. English: <hi rend='italic'>Select Works</hi> by Duncombe, London,
+1784 (contains also some translations of Libanius).
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>Bibliographical Addendum (1980)</head>
+
+<p>
+J. Bidez: <hi rend='italic'>La tradition manuscrite et les éditions des discours
+de Julien</hi> (1929).
+J. Bidez: <hi rend='italic'>La vie de l'empereur Julien</hi> (1930).
+G. W. Bowersock: <hi rend='italic'>Julian the Apostate</hi>, Cambridge, Mass.
+(1978).
+R. Browning: <hi rend='italic'>The Emperor Julian</hi> (1975).
+G. Gigli: <hi rend='italic'>Giuliano l'Apostata</hi> (1960).
+W. E. Kaegi: <q>Research on Julian, 1945-1964,</q> <hi rend='italic'>CW</hi> 58
+(1965) 229ff.
+G. Ricciotti: <hi rend='italic'>Julian the Apostate</hi>, trans. M. J. Costelloe
+(1960).
+
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='003'/><anchor id='Pg003'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Oration I</head>
+
+<p>
+[Transcriber's Note: The original book had pages with Greek on the left page and the
+corresponding English translation on the facing right page. In this e-book, each Greek
+paragraph will be immediately followed by the English translation paragraph,
+surrounded in parentheses. The Greek text contains markings such as [3] and [B]; they
+are section and sub-section markings that in the original book were in the right
+margin. These are different from numbers within parentheses such as (10), which are
+used as footnote references in some e-book formats.]
+</p>
+
+<pb n='004'/><anchor id='Pg004'/><anchor id='Pg005'/>
+
+<p>
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ ΕΙΣ
+ΤΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΟΝ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(PANEGYRIC IN HONOUR OF THE
+EMPEROR CONSTANTIUS)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Πάλαι με προθυμούμενον, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ,
+τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πράξεις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ
+τοὺς πολέμους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι, καὶ τὰς τυραννίδας
+ὅπως ἀνῄιρηκας, τῆς μὲν λόγῳ καὶ πειθοῖ
+τοὺς δορυφόρους ἀποστήσας, τῆς δὲ τοῖς ὅπλοις
+κρατήσας, τὸ μέγεθος εἶργε τῶν πράξεων, οὐ τὸ
+βραχὺ λειφθῆναι τῷ λόγῳ τῶν ἔργων δεινὸν
+κρίνοντα, ἀλλὰ τὸ παντελῶς τῆς ὑποθέσεως
+διαμαρτεῖν δόξαι. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ περὶ τοὺς πολιτικοῦς
+ἀγῶνας καὶ τὴν ποίησιν διατρίβουσιν οὐδὲν
+θαυμαστὸν εἰ ῥᾳδίως ἔξεστιν ἐγχειρεῖν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις
+τῶν σοι πραχθέντων· [2] περίεστι γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐκ
+τῆς τοῦ λέγειν μελέτης καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις
+συνηθείας τὸ θαρσεῖν ἐν δίκῃ. ὅσοι δὸ τοῦ μὲν
+τοιούτου μέρους κατωλιγώρησαν, ὥρμησαν δ᾽ ἐφ᾽
+ἕτερον παιδείας εἶδος καὶ λόγων ξυγγραφὴν οὐ
+δήμῳ κεχαρισμένην οὐδ᾽ ἐς θέατρα παντοδαπὰ
+τολμῶσαν ἀποδύεσθαι, πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἔχοιεν
+ἂν εἰκότως εὐλαβεστέρως. ἔστι γὰρ οὐκ ἄδηλον
+τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι [B] τοῦς μὲν ποιηταῖς Μοῦσαι καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν
+ἐκεῖθεν ἐπιπνεομένους τὴν ποίησιν γράφειν ἄφθονον
+<pb n='006'/><anchor id='Pg006'/><anchor id='Pg007'/>
+παρέχει τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πλάσματος· τοῖς
+ῥήτορσι δὲ ἡ τέχνη τὴν ἴσην παρέσχεν ἄδειαν,
+τὸ μὲν πλάττειν ἀφελομένη, τὸ δὲ κολακεύειν
+οὐδαμῶς ἀπαγορεύσασα, οὐδὲ αἰσχύνην ὁμολογουμένην
+τῷ λέγοντι τὸ ψευδῶς<note place='foot'>ψεῦδος V.</note> ἐπαινεῖν τοὺς οὐκ
+ἀξίους ἐπαίνου κρίνασα. ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἐπειδὰν καινόν
+τινα μῦθον καὶ μηδέπω τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐπινοηθέντα
+φέρωσιν αὐτοὶ ξυνθέντες, [C] τῷ ξένῳ τοὺς ἀκούοντας
+ψυχαγωγήσαντες πλέον θαυμάζονται· οἱ δὲ τῆς
+τέχνης ἀπολαῦσαί φασιν ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι περὶ τῶν
+μικρῶν μειζόνως διελθεῖν, καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἀφελεῖν
+τῶν ἔργων τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ὄλως ἀντιτάττειν τῇ
+τῶν πραγμάτων φύσει τὴν δύναμιν<note place='foot'>τὴν δύναμιν Wyttenbach, δύνασθαι τὴν
+MSS, Hertlein.</note> τῶν λόγων.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I have long desired, most mighty Emperor, to
+sing the praises of your valour and achievements,
+to recount your campaigns, and to tell how you
+suppressed the tyrannies; how your persuasive
+eloquence drew away one usurper's<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> bodyguard; how
+you overcame another<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> by force of arms. But the
+vast scale of your exploits deterred me, because
+what I had to dread was not that my words
+would fall somewhat short of your achievements,
+but that I should prove wholly unequal to my
+theme. That men versed in political debate, or
+poets, should find it easy to compose a panegyric on
+your career is not at all surprising. Their practice
+in speaking, their habit of declaiming in public
+supplies them abundantly with a well-warranted
+confidence. But those who have neglected this field
+and chosen another branch of literary study which
+devotes itself to a form of composition little adapted
+to win popular favour and that has not the hardihood
+to exhibit itself in its nakedness in every theatre,
+no matter what, would naturally hesitate to make
+speeches of the epideictic sort. As for the poets,
+their Muse, and the general belief that it is she who
+inspires their verse, obviously gives them unlimited
+license to invent. To rhetoricians the art of rhetoric
+allows just as much freedom; fiction is denied them,
+but flattery is by no means forbidden, nor is it
+counted a disgrace to the orator that the object of his
+panegyric should not deserve it. Poets who compose
+and publish some legend that no one had
+thought of before increase their reputation, because
+an audience is entertained by the mere fact of
+novelty. Orators, again, assert<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Panegyricus</hi>, 42 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c.</hi></note> that the advantage
+of their art is that it can treat a slight theme in
+the grand manner, and again, by the use of mere
+words, strip the greatness from deeds, and, in
+short, marshall the power of words against that of
+facts.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν ἑώρων ταύτης ἐμαυτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ
+παρόντος ἐν χρείᾳ τῆς τέχνης, ἦγον ἂν τὴν προσήκουσαν
+ἡσυχίαν τοῖς ἀμελετήτως ἔχουσι τῶν
+τοιούτων λόγων, [D] παραχωρῶν τῶν σῶν ἐγκωμίων
+ἐκείνοις, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἅπαν
+τοὐναντίον ὁ παρὼν ἀπαιτεῖ λόγος τῶν πραγμάτων
+ἁπλῆν διήγησιν οὐδενὸς ἐπεισάκτου κόσμου
+δεομένην, ἔδοξε κἀμοὶ προσήκειν, τοῦ<note place='foot'>τοῦ Reiske adds.</note> ἀξίως
+διηγήσασθαι τῶν ἔργων ἀνεφίκτου καὶ τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν<note place='foot'>τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν
+Hertlein suggests, τότε προλαβοῦσιν MSS.</note>
+ἤδη φανέντος. ἅπαντες γὰρ σχεδὸν οἱ
+[3] περὶ παιδείαν διατρίβοντες σε<note place='foot'>σε Schaefer adds.</note> ἐν μέτρῳ καὶ
+καταλογάδην ὑμνοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν ἅπαντα περιλαβεῖν
+ἐν βραχεῖ τολμῶντες, οἱ δὲ μέρεσιν
+αὑτοὺς ἐπιδόντες τῶν πράξεων ἀρκεῖν ᾠήθησαν,
+εἰ τούτων τῆς ἀξίας μὴ διαμάρτοιεν. ἄξιον δὲ ἄγασθαι
+τὴν προθυμίαν τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἁπάντων, ὅσοι
+τῶν σῶν ἐπαίνων ἥψαντο. οἱ μὲν γάρ, ὅπως μηδὲν
+ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τῶν σοι πραχθέντων ἀμαυρωθείη,
+τὸν μέγιστον ὑποδῦναι πόνον ἐτόλμησαν, οἱ δέ,
+ὅτι τοῦ παντὸς διαμαρτήσειν ἤλπιζον, τὴν αὑτῶν
+γνώμην ἐν μέρει προύφηναν, [B] ἄμεινον τοῦ τῆς
+σιωπῆς ἀκινδύνου γέρως κρίναντες κατὰ δύναμίν
+σοι τῶν οἰκείων πόνων ἀπάρξασθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(If, however, I had seen that on this occasion I
+should need their art, I should have maintained the
+silence that befits those who have had no practice in
+such forms of composition, and should leave your
+praises to be told by those whom I just now mentioned.
+Since, on the contrary, the speech I am to
+make calls for a plain narrative of the facts and
+needs no adventitious ornament, I thought that even
+I was not unfit, seeing that my predecessors had
+already shown that it was beyond them to produce a
+record worthy of your achievements. For almost all
+who devote themselves to literature attempt to sing
+your praises in verse or prose; some of them venture
+to cover your whole career in a brief narrative, while
+others devote themselves to a part only, and think
+that if they succeed in doing justice to that part
+they have proved themselves equal to the task.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='008'/><anchor id='Pg008'/><anchor id='Pg009'/>
+
+<p>
+Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς ὢν ἐτύγχανον τῶν τοὺς
+ἐπιδεικτικοὺς ἀγαπώντων λόγους, ἐχρῆν ἐντεῦθεν
+ἄρχεσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως, τὴν ἴσην εὔνοιαν ἀπαιτήσαντα
+τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ἤδη σοι παρ᾽ ἡμῶν καὶ
+δεηθέντα τῶν λόγων ἀκροατὴν εὐμενῆ γενέσθαι,
+οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκριβῆ καὶ ἀπαραίτητον κριτὴν καταστῆναι.
+[C] ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν ἄλλοις μαθήμασι τραφέντες
+καὶ παιδευθέντες, καθάπερ ἐπιτηδεύμασι καὶ
+νόμοις, ἀλλοτρίων κατατολμᾶν ἔργων δοκοῦμεν
+οὐκ ὀρθῶς, μικρά μοι δοκεῖ χρῆναι καὶ περὶ
+τούτων δηλῶσαι, οἰκειοτέραν ἀρχὴν προθέντα
+τοῦ λόγου.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Yet one can but admire the zeal of all who have
+made you the theme of a panegyric. Some did not
+shrink from the tremendous effort to secure every
+one of your achievements from the withering touch
+of time; others, because they foresaw that they could
+not compass the whole, expressed themselves only
+in part, and chose to consecrate to you their individual
+work so far as they were able. Better this,
+they thought, than <q>the reward of silence that
+runs no risk.</q><note place='foot'>Simonides <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 66. Horace, <hi rend='italic'>Odes</hi> 3. 2. 25.</note>
+Now if I were one of those whose favourite pursuit
+is epideictic oratory, I should have to begin my
+speech by asking from you no less goodwill than I
+now feel towards yourself, and should beg you
+graciously to incline your ear to my words and not
+play the part of a severe and inexorable critic. But
+since, bred as I have been and educated in other
+studies, other pursuits, other conventions, I am
+criticised for venturing rashly into fields that
+belong to others, I feel that I ought to explain
+myself briefly on this head and begin my speech
+more after my own fashion.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Νόμος ἐστὶ παλαιὸς παρὰ τοῦ πρώτου φιλοσοφίαν
+ἀνθρώποις φήναντος οὑτωσὶ κείμενος· ἅπαντας
+[D] πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν βλέποντας
+ἐπιτηδεύειν ἐν λόγοις, ἐν ἔργοις, ἐν ξυνουσίαις, ἐν
+πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς τοῖς κατὰ τὸν βίον μικροῖς καὶ
+μείζοσι τοῦ καλοῦ πάντως ἐφίεσθαι. πάντων δὲ
+ὅτι κάλλιστον ἀρετή, τίς ἂν ἡμῖν τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων
+ἀμφισβητήσειε; ταύτης τοίνυν ἀντέχεσθαι
+διακελεύεται τοὺς μὴ μάτην τουτὶ περιοίσοντας
+τοὔνομα, προσῆκον οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς σφετερισαμένους.
+ταῦτα δὲ διαγορεύων ὁ νόμος οὐδεμίαν ἰδέαν ἐπιτάττει
+λόγων, οὐδ᾽ ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος τραγικῆς
+μηχανῆς, φησὶ, χρῆναι προαγορεύει τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσ [4]
+σπεύδειν μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν, ἀποφεύγειν
+δὲ τὴν πονηρίαν, ἀλλὰ πολλαῖς ὁδοῖς ἐπὶ τοῦτο
+δίδωσι χρῆσθαι τῷ βουληθέντι μιμεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκείνου
+φύσιν. καὶ γὰρ παραίνεσιν ἀγαθὴν καὶ λόγων
+προτρεπτικῶν χρῆσιν καὶ τὸ μετ᾽ εὐνοίας ἐπιπλήττειν
+τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν ἐπαινεῖν τε αὖ τὰ καλῶς
+πραχθέντα καὶ ψέγειν, ὅταν ᾖ καιρός, τὰ μὴ [B]
+τοιαῦτα τῶν ἔργων. ἐφίησι δὲ καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Reiske adds.</note> ταῖς ἄλλαις
+ἰδεαις, εἴ τις ἐθέλοι, πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον τῶν λόγων
+χρῆσθαι, ἐπὶ παντὶ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ λόγῳ καὶ πράξει
+μεμνῆσθαι προστάττων, ὅπῃ τούτων ὑφέξουσιν
+εὐθύνας, ὧν ἂν τύχωσιν εἰπόντες, λέγειν δὲ οὐδὲν
+ὅ τι μὴ πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἀνοίσουσι.
+τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου ταῦτα καὶ τοιαῦτα ἕτερα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(There is an ancient maxim taught by him who first
+introduced philosophy to mankind, and it is as
+follows. All who aspire to virtue and the beautiful
+must study in their words, deeds, conversation, in
+short, in all the affairs of life, great and small, to aim in
+every way at beauty. Now what sensible man would
+deny that virtue is of all things the most beautiful?
+Wherefore those are bidden to lay firm hold on her
+who do not seek to blazon abroad her name in vain,
+appropriating that which in no way belongs to them.
+Now in giving this counsel, the maxim does not prescribe
+any single type of discourse, nor does it
+proclaim to its readers, like a god from the machine
+in tragedy, <q>Ye must aspire to virtue and eschew
+evil.</q> Many are the paths that it allows a man to
+follow to this goal, if he desire to imitate the nature
+of the beautiful. For example, he may give good
+advice, or use hortatory discourse, or he may rebuke
+error without malice, or applaud what is well done,
+or condemn, on occasion, what is ill done. It permits
+men also to use other types of oratory, if they please,
+so as to attain the best end of speech, but it enjoins
+on them to take thought in every word and act
+how they shall give account of all they utter, and to
+speak no word that cannot be referred to the
+standard of virtue and philosophy. That and
+more to the same effect is the tenour of that
+precept.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/><anchor id='Pg011'/>
+
+<p>
+Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἄρα τί ποτε δράσομεν, εἰργόμενοι μὲν
+τῷ δοκεῖν ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς χάριν τὴν εὐφημίαν, [C] τοῦ
+γένους δὲ ἤδη τῶν ἐπαίνων διὰ τούς οὐκ ὀρθῶς
+μετιόντας ὑπόπτου καθεστῶτος δεινῶς, καὶ κολακείας
+ἀγεννοῦς, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ μαρτυρίας ἀληθοῦς τῶν
+ἀρίστων ἔργων εἶναι νομισθέντος; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι τῇ
+περὶ τὸν ἐπαινούμενον ἀρετῇ πεπιστευκότες ἐπιδώσομεν
+ἑαυτοὺς θαρροῦντες τοῖς ἐγκωμίοις; τίς
+ἂν οὖν ἡμῖν ἀρχὴ καὶ τάξις τοῦ λόγου γένοιτο
+καλλίστη; [D] ἢ δῆλον ὡς ἡ τῶν προγόνων ἀρετή, δι᾽
+ἣν ὑπῆρξέ σοι καὶ τὸ τοιούτῳ γενέσθαι; τροφῆς
+δὲ οἶμαι καὶ παιδείας ἑξῆς προσήκει μνησθῆναι,
+ἥπερ σοι τὸ πλεῖστον εἰς τῆν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀρετὴν
+συνεισηνέγκατο, ἐφ᾽ ἅπασι δὲ τούτοις ὥσπερ
+γνωρίσματα τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρετῶν τὰς πράξεις
+διελθεῖν, καὶ τέλος ἐπιτιθέντα τῷ λόγῳ τὰς ἕξεις
+δηλῶσαι, ὅθεν ὁρμώμενος τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ἔργων
+ἔδρασας καὶ ἐβουλεύσω. [5] τούτῳ γὰρ οἶμαι καὶ
+τῶν ἄλλων πάντων διοίσειν τὸν λόγον. οἱ μὲν
+γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων ἵστανται, ἀποχρῆν οἰόμενοι
+πρὸς τὴν τελείαν εὐφημίαν τὸ τούτων μνησθῆναι,
+ἐγὼ δὲ οἶμαι δεῖν περὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν τὸν πλεῖστον
+λόγον ποιήσασθαι, ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὁρμώμενος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον
+τῶν κατορθωμάτων ἦλθες. τὰ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστα
+τῶν ἔργων, σχεδὸν δὲ πάντα, τύχη καὶ δορυφόροι
+καὶ στρατιωτῶν φάλαγγες καὶ τάξεις ἱππέων<note place='foot'>ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν MSS.</note>
+συγκατορθοῦσι, [B] τὰ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργα μόνου τέ
+ἐστι τοῦ δράσαντος, καὶ ὁ ἐκ τούτων ἔπαινος
+ἀληθής καθεστὼς ἴδιος ἐστι τοῦ κεκτημένου. οὐκοῦν
+ἐπειδὴ ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν σαφῶς διώρισται, τῶν λόγων
+ἄρξομαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And now, what am I to do? What embarrasses
+me is the fact that, if I praise you, I shall be thought
+simply to curry favour, and in fact, the department
+of panegyric has come to incur a grave suspicion due
+to its misuse, and is now held to be base flattery
+rather than trustworthy testimony to heroic deeds.
+Is it not obvious that I must put my faith in the
+merit of him whom I undertake to praise, and with
+full confidence devote my energies to this panegyric?
+What then shall be the prelude of my speech and the
+most suitable arrangement? Assuredly I must
+begin with the virtues of your ancestors through
+which it was possible for you to come to be what
+you are. Next I think it will be proper to describe
+your upbringing and education, since these contributed
+very much to the noble qualities that you
+possess, and when I have dealt with all these, I must
+recount your achievements, the signs and tokens, as
+it were, of the nobility of your soul, and finally, as
+the crown and consummation of my discourse, I shall
+set forth those personal qualities from which was
+evolved all that was noble in your projects and their
+execution. It is in this respect that I think my
+speech will surpass those of all the others. For some
+limit themselves to your exploits, with the idea that
+a description of these suffices for a perfect panegyric,
+but for my part I think one ought to devote the
+greater part of one's speech to the virtues that were
+the stepping-stones by which you reached the height
+of your achievements. Military exploits in most
+cases, nay in almost all, are achieved with the help
+of fortune, the body-guard, heavy infantry and cavalry
+regiments. But virtuous actions belong to the doer
+alone, and the praise that they inspire, if it be
+sincere, belongs only to the possessor of such virtue.
+Now, having made this distinction clear, I will
+begin my speech.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/><anchor id='Pg013'/>
+
+<p>
+Ὁ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐπαίνων νόμος οὐδὲν ἔλαττον
+τῆς πατρίδος ἢ τῶν προγόνων ἀξιοῖ μεμνῆσθαι.
+ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ οἶδα, τίνα χρὴ πρῶτον ὑπολαβεῖν
+πατρίδα σήν· ἔθνη γὰρ μυρία περὶ ταύτης ἀμφισβητεῖ
+πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. [C] καὶ ἡ μὲν βασιλεύουσα
+τῶν ἁπάντων πόλις, μήτηρ οὖσα σὴ καὶ τροφὸς
+καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν σοι μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης
+παρασχοῦσα, ἐξαίρετον αὑτῆς φησιν εἶναι τὸ
+γέρας, οὐ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων
+δικαίοις χρωμένη· λέγω δὲ ὅτι, κἂν ἀλλαχόθεν
+<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/><anchor id='Pg015'/>
+τυγχάνωσι, τῷ μετέχειν ἅπαντας ἤδη τοῦ
+πολιτεύματος καὶ τοῖς ἐκεῖθεν ἡμῖν καταδειχθεῖσιν
+ἔθεσι καὶ νόμοις χρῆσθαι πολῖται γεγόνασιν·
+οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς<note place='foot'>γεγόνασιν· οὐκοῦν ὡς MSS, οὔκουν ἀλλ᾽ ὡς M, οὔκουν οὕτως,
+ἀλλ ὡς Hertlein suggests.</note> τεκοῦσα τὴν σὴν μητέρα [D]
+καὶ θρεψαμένη βασιλικῶς καὶ τῶν ἐσομένων
+ἐκγόνων<note place='foot'>ἐκγόνων Wright, ἐγγόνων MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἀξίως. ἡ δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ Βοσπόρῳ πόλις,
+ὅλου τοῦ γένους τοῦ Κωνσταντίων ἐπώνυμος,
+πατρὶς μὲν οὐκ εἶναι φησι, γεγονέναι δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ
+σοῦ πατρὸς ὁμολογεῖ, καὶ δεινὰ πάσχειν οἰήσεται,
+εἰ ταύτης γοῦν τις αὐτὴν τῷ λόγῳ τῆς συγγενείας
+ἀφαιροῖτο. Ἰλλυριοὶ δέ, ὅτι παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς γέγονας,
+οὐκ ἀνέξονται τοῦ καλλίστου τῶν εὐτυχημάτων
+στερόμενοι, [6] εἴ τις ἄλλην σοι πατρίδα προσνέμοι.
+ἀκούω δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ τῶν ἑῴων ἤδη τινὰς λέγειν,
+ὅτι μὴ δίκαια δρῶμεν ἀφαιρούμενοι σφᾶς τὸν
+ἐπὶ σοὶ λόγον· αὐτοὶ γάρ φασι τὴν τήθην ἐπὶ
+τὸν τοῦ μητροπάτορος τοῦ σοῦ προπέμψαι γάμον.
+καὶ σχεδὸν ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ προφάσεις ἐπινοοῦντες
+μικρὰς ἢ μείζονας αὑτοῖς σε<note place='foot'>σε Schaefer adds.</note> εἰσποιεῖν
+ἐκ παντὸς ἐγνώκασιν. ἐχέτω μὲν οὖν τὸ γέρας
+ἣν αὐτὸς ἐθέλεις, [B] καὶ ἣν ἀρετῶν μητέρα καὶ
+διδάσκαλον πολλάκις ἐπαινῶν εἴρηκας, τυγχανόντων
+δὲ ἑκάστη κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν αἱ λοιπαὶ τοῦ
+προσήκοντος. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπαινεῖν μὲν ἁπάσας
+<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>
+ἐθέλοιμ᾽<note place='foot'>ἐθέλοιμ᾽ ἄν Cobet, ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν Hertlein, εὔχομαι MSS.</note> ἂν ἀξίας οὔσας δόξης<note place='foot'>δόξης Wyttenbach ἀξίας MSS, Hertlein.</note> καὶ τιμῆς, ὀκνῶ
+δὲ μὴ διὰ τὸ μῆκος, εἰ καὶ δοκεῖ λίαν οἰκεῖα τοῦ
+παρόντος λόγου, διὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἀλλότρια φανῇ.
+τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων τοὺς ἐπαίνους διὰ τοῦτ᾽ ἀφήσειν
+μοι δοκῶ, τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν
+ἐπαίνων αὐτός, [C] ὦ βασιλεῦ, συλλαβὼν ἐν βραχεῖ
+καὶ διδάσκαλον ἀρετῆς προσειπών, τῷ δοῦναι τὸ
+κάλλιστον τῶν ἐγκωμίων, τοὺς παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων
+λόγους ἀφῄρησαι. τί γὰρ λέξομεν ἡμεῖς περὶ
+αὐτῆς τοιοῦτον ἕτερον; τί δὲ ἄλλος τις εἰπεῖν
+ἔχει; ὥστε μοι δοκῶ σεβόμενος εἰκότως τὴν πόλιν
+τούτῳ τιμᾶν αὐτὴν πλέον, τῷ παραχωρεῖν σοι
+τῶν εἰς αὐτὴν λόγων.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The rules of panegyric require that I should
+mention your native land no less than your ancestors.
+But I am at a loss what country I ought to consider
+peculiarly yours. For countless nations have long
+asserted their claim to be your country. The city<note place='foot'>Rome.</note>
+that rules over them all was your mother and nurse,
+and in an auspicious hour delivered to you the
+imperial sceptre, and therefore asserts her sole title
+to the honour, and that not merely by resorting to
+the plea that has prevailed under all the emperors.
+I mean that, even if men are born elsewhere, they
+all adopt her constitution and use the laws and
+customs that she has promulgated, and by that fact
+become Roman citizens. But her claim is different,
+namely that she gave your mother birth, rearing her
+royally and as befitted the offspring who were to be
+born to her. Then again, the city on the Bosporus
+which is named after the family of the Constantii,
+though she does not assert that she is your native
+place, but acknowledges that she became your
+adopted land by your father's act, will think she is
+cheated of her rights if any orator should try to
+deprive her of at least this claim to kinship.
+Thirdly, the Illyrians, on whose soil you were born,
+will not tolerate it if anyone assign you a different
+fatherland and rob them of the fairest gift of fortune.
+And now I hear some even of the Eastern provinces
+protest that it is unjust of me to rob them of
+the lustre they derive from you. For they say
+that they sent forth your grandmother to be the
+consort of your grandfather on the mother's side.
+Almost all the rest have hit on some pretension
+of more or less weight, and are determined, on
+one ground or another, to adopt you for their own.
+Therefore let that country<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> have the prize which
+you yourself prefer and have so often praised as
+the mother and teacher of the virtues; as for the
+rest, let each one according to her deserts obtain
+her due. I should be glad to praise them all,
+worthy as they are of glory and honour, but I am
+afraid that my compliments, however germane they
+may seem to my subject, might, on account of their
+length, be thought inappropriate to the present
+occasion. For this reason, then, I think it better to
+omit a eulogy of the others, but as for Rome, your
+imperial Majesty summed up her praises in two
+words when you called her the teacher of virtue,
+and, by bestowing on her the fairest of all
+encomiums, you have forestalled all that others
+might say. What praise of mine would come up to
+that? What indeed is left for anyone to say? So
+I feel that I, who naturally hold that city in
+reverence, shall pay her a higher honour if I leave
+her praise in your hands.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας τῆς σῆς ἴσως ἄξιον
+ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν βραχεῖ διελθεῖν. ἀπορεῖν δὲ
+ἔοικα κάνταῦθα, [D] πόθεν ἄρχεσθαι χρή. πρόγονοί
+τε γάρ εἰσί σοι καὶ πάπποι καὶ γονεῖς ἀδελφοί τε
+καῖ ἀνεψιοὶ καὶ ξυγγενεῖς βασιλεῖς ἅπαντες,
+αὐτοὶ κτησάμενοι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐννόμως ἢ παρὰ τῶν
+κρατούντων εἰσποιηθέντες. καὶ τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ
+τί δεῖ λέγειν, Κλαυδίου μνησθέντα, καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς
+τῆς ἐκείνου ἐναργῆ παρέχειν καὶ γνώριμα πᾶσι
+τεκμήρια, τῶν ἀγώνων τῶν<note place='foot'>τῶν Hertlein adds.</note> πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τὸν
+Ἴστρον οἰκοῦντας βαρβάρους ἀναμιμνήσκοντα,
+καὶ ὅπως τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁσίως ἅμα καὶ δικαίως ἑκτήσατο, [7]
+καὶ τὴν ἐν βασιλείᾳ τῆς διαίτης λιτότητα,
+καὶ τὴν ἀφέλειαν τῆς ἐσθῆτος ἐπὶ τῶν εἰκόνων
+ὁρωμένην ἔτι; τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν πάππων τῶν σῶν
+ἐστι μὲν τούτων νεώτερα, λαμπρὰ δὲ οὐ μεῖον
+<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/><anchor id='Pg019'/>
+ἐκείνων. ἔτυχον μὲν γὰρ ἄμφω τῆς ἀρχῆς δι᾽
+ἀρετὴν ἀξίω κριθέντε, γενομένω δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων
+οὕτω πρός τε ἀλλήλους εὐνοïκῶς ἔσχον καὶ
+πρὸς τὸν μεταδόντα τῆς βασιλείας εὐσεβῶς, ὥσθ᾽
+ὁ μὲν ὡμολόγει μηδὲν τούτου πώποτε κρεῖττον
+βεβουλεῦσθαι, [B] πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα σωτήρια τοῖς
+κοινοῖς ἐξευρών, οἱ δὲ τὴν μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων κοινωνίαν
+μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἀρχήν, εἴπερ οἷόν τε ἦν,
+ἑκάστῳ περιγενομένην ἠγάπων. οὕτω δὲ διακείμενοι
+τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἔργων ἔδρων τὰ κάλλιστα,
+σεβόμενοι μὲν μετὰ τὴν κρείττονα φύσιν τὸν τὴν
+ἀρχὴν αὐτοῖς παρασχόντα, τοῖς ὑπηκόοις δὲ
+πρᾴως<note place='foot'>πρᾴως Cobet, ὁσίως MSS, Hertlein.</note> καὶ φιλανθρώπως χρώμενοι, καὶ τοὺς
+[C] βαρβάρους οὐκ ἐλαύνοντες μόνον πάλαι κατοικοῦντας
+καὶ νεμομένους καθάπερ τὴν οἰκείαν
+ἀδεῶς τὰ ἡμέτερα, φρούρια δὲ ἐπιτειχίζοντες
+αὐτοῖς τοσαύτην πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἰρήνην τοῖς ὑπηκόοις
+κατέστησαν, ὅσην οὐδὲ εὔξασθαι τότε ῥᾴδιον
+ἐδόκει. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐκ ἄξιον ἐν
+παρέργῳ λέγειν. τῆς δὲ ὁμονοίας αὐτῶν τῆς
+πρὸς ἀλλήλους τὸ μέγιστον σημεῖον παραλιπεῖν
+οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον, καὶ ἄλλως προσῆκον τῷ λόγῳ.
+[D] κοινωνίαν γὰρ τὴν καλλίστην τοῖς αὑτῶν παισὶν
+ἐπινοήσαντες τῶν σῶν πατέρων τοὺς γάμους
+ἥρμοσαν. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν
+βραχεῖ διελθεῖν, ὅπως μῆ τῆς ἀρχῆς φανῇς μόνον,
+ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς κληρονόμος. τὴν μὲν οὖν βασιλείαν
+ὅπως μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς κατέσχε τελευτὴν
+αὐτοῦ τε ἐκείνου τῇ κρίσει καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων
+ἁπάντων τῇ ψήφῳ πατὴρ ὁ σός, τί χρὴ νῦν περιεργάζεσθαι;
+<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/><anchor id='Pg021'/>
+τὴν δὲ ἐς τοὺς πολέμους ῥώμην ἐκ
+τῶν ἔργων μᾶλλον ἢ διὰ τῶν λόγων ἄν τις γνωρίσειε.
+τυραννίδας γάρ, [8] ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλείας ἐννόμους
+καθαιρῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐπῆλθεν ἅπασαν. τοσαύτην
+δὲ εὔνοιαν αὑτοῦ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις παρέστησεν,
+ὥσθ᾽ οἱ μὲν στρατευόμενοι τῆς περὶ τὰς δωρεὰς
+καὶ τὰς χάριτας μεγαλοψυχίας ἔτι μεμνημένοι
+καθάπερ θεὸν διατελοῦσι σεβόμενοι· τὸ δὲ ἐν ταῖς
+πόλεσι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν πλῆθος, οὐχ οὕτω τῆς
+τῶν τυράννων ἀπαλλαγῆναι βαρύτητος εὐχόμενοι,
+ὡς παρὰ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ἀρχθῆναι, [B] τὴν κατ᾽
+ἐκείνων αὐτῷ νίκην ἐπηύχοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἁπάντων
+κύριος κατέστη, ὥσπερ ἐξ αὐχμοῦ τῆς ἀπληστίας
+τοῦ δυναστεύσαντος πολλῆς ἀπορίας χρημάτων
+οὔσης καὶ τοῦ πλούτου τῶν βασιλείων ἐν μυχοῖς
+συνεληλαμένου, τὸ κλεῖθρον ἀφελὼν ἐπέκλυσεν
+ἀθρόως τῷ πλούτῳ πάντα, πόλιν τε ἐπώνυμον
+αὑτοῦ κατέστησεν ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις ἔτεσι δέκα,
+τοσούτῳ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν μείζονα, [C] ὅσῳ τῆς
+Ῥώμης ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖ, ἧς τὸ δευτέραν τετάχθαι
+μακρῷ βέλτιον ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἢ τὸ τῶν ἄλλων
+ἁπασῶν πρώτην νομίζεσθαι. καλὸν ἴσως ἐνταῦθα
+καὶ τῶν ἀοιδίμων Ἀθηνῶν μνησθῆναι, ἂς ἐκεῖνος
+ἔργοις καὶ λόγοις τιμῶν τὸν πάντα χρόνον διετέλει.
+βασιλεὺς γὰρ ὢν καὶ κύριος πάντων, στρατηγὸς
+ἐκείνων ἠξίου καλεῖσθαι, καὶ τοιαύτης εἰκόνος
+τυγχάνων μετ᾽ ἐπιγράμματος ἐγάνυτο πλέον ἢ
+τῶν μεγίστων τιμῶν ἀξιωθείς. [D] ἀμειβόμενος δὲ
+ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τὴν πόλιν, πυρῶν μεδίμνους δίδωσι
+πολλάκις μυρίους καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔτος δωρεὰν καρποῦσθαι,
+ἐξ ὧν ὑπῆρχε τῇ πόλει μὲν ἐν ἀφθόνοις
+<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/><anchor id='Pg023'/>
+εἶναι, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἔπαινοι καὶ τιμαὶ παρὰ τῶν
+βελτίστων.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now perhaps I ought at this point to say a few
+words about your noble ancestors. Only that here
+too I am at a loss where to begin. For all your
+ancestors, grandfathers, parents, brothers, cousins
+and kinsfolk were emperors, who had either
+acquired their power by lawful means or were
+adopted by the reigning house. Why should I
+recall ancient history or hark back to Claudius
+and produce proofs of his merit, which are manifest
+and known to all? To what end recount his
+campaigns against the barbarians across the
+Danube or how righteously and justly he won the
+empire? How plainly he lived while on the throne!
+How simple was his dress, as may be seen to
+this day in his statues! What I might say about
+your grandparents<note place='foot'>Constantius Chlorus and Maximianus.</note> is comparatively recent, but
+equally remarkable. Both of them acquired the
+imperial sceptre as the reward of conspicuous merit,
+and having assumed the command, they were on
+such good terms with each other and displayed
+such filial piety to him<note place='foot'>Diocletian.</note> who had granted them
+a share in the empire, that he used to say that of
+all the safeguards designed by him for the realm,
+and they were many, this was his master-stroke.
+They, meanwhile, valued their mutual understanding
+more than undivided empire, supposing that it could
+have been bestowed on either of them separately.
+This was the temper of their souls, and nobly they
+played their part in action, while next to the
+Supreme Being they reverenced him who had
+placed authority in their hands. With their subjects
+they dealt righteously and humanely, and
+expelled the barbarians who had for years settled
+in our territory and had occupied it with impunity
+as though it were their own, and they built forts to
+hinder encroachment, which procured for those
+subjects such peaceful relations with the barbarians
+as, at that period, seemed to be beyond their dreams.
+This, however, is a subject that deserves more than
+a passing mention. Yet it would be wrong to omit
+the strongest proof of their unanimity, especially
+as it is related to my subject. Since they desired
+the most perfect harmony for their children, they
+arranged the marriage of your father and mother.<note place='foot'>Constantine and Fausta.</note>
+On this point also I think I must say a few words to
+show that virtue was bequeathed to you as well
+as a throne. But why waste time in telling how
+your father, on his father's death, became emperor
+both by the choice of the deceased monarch and by
+the vote of all the armies? His military genius was
+made evident by his achievements and needs no
+words of mine. He traversed the whole civilised
+world suppressing tyrants, but never those who ruled
+by right. His subjects he inspired with such affection
+that his veterans still remember how generous he
+was with largess and other rewards, and to this day
+worship him as though he were a god. As for
+the mass of the people, in town and country alike,
+they prayed that your father might be victorious
+over the tyrants, not so much because they would be
+delivered from that oppression as because they would
+then be governed by him. But when he had made
+his power supreme, he found that the tyrant's<note place='foot'>Maxentius.</note>
+greed had worked like a drought, with the result
+that money was very scarce, while there were great
+hoards of treasure in the recesses of the palace; so
+he unlocked its doors and on the instant flooded the
+whole country with wealth, and then, in less than
+ten years, he founded and gave his name to a city<note place='foot'>Constantinople.</note>
+that as far surpasses all others as it is itself inferior
+to Rome; and to come second to Rome seems to me
+a much greater honour than to be counted first and
+foremost of all cities beside. Here it may be proper
+to mention Athens <q>the illustrious,</q><note place='foot'>Pindar <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 46.</note> seeing that
+during his whole life he honoured her in word and
+deed. He who was emperor and lord of all did
+not disdain the title of General of the Athenians,
+and when they gave him a statue with an inscription
+to that effect he felt more pride than if he
+had been awarded the highest honours. To repay
+Athens for this compliment he bestowed on her
+annually a gift of many tens of thousands of bushels
+of wheat, so that while she enjoyed plenty, he won
+applause and reverence from the best of men.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Πολλῶν δὲ καὲ καλῶν ἔργων τῷ πατρὶ τῷ σῷ
+πραχθέντων, ὧν τε ἐπεμνήσθην καὶ ὅσα διὰ τὸ
+μῆκος παραλιπεῖν δοκῶ, πάντων ἄριστον ἔγογε
+φαίην ἄν, [9] οἶμαι δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας
+ὁμολογήσειν, τὴν σὴν γένεσιν καὶ τροφὴν καὶ
+παιδείαν· ἐξ ἧς ὑπάρχει τοῖς λοιποῖς οὐ τὸ πρὸς
+ὀλίγον ἀπολαῦσαι τῆς ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς
+οἷον τέ ἐστιν εἰς πλείονα χρόνον. δοκεῖ γοῦν
+ἄρχειν ἐκεῖνος εἰσέτι. καὶ Κύρῳ μὲν οὐχ ὑπῆρχε
+τοῦτο. τελευτήσαντος γὰρ ὁ παῖς ὤφθη μακρῷ
+φαυλότερος, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο πατήρ, ὁ δὲ
+ἐπωνομάσθη δεσπότης. [B] σὲ δὲ πρᾳότερον μὲν τοῦ
+πατρὸς καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις πολλοῖς κρείττονα σαφῶς
+τε<note place='foot'>τε Cobet, εὖ MSS, Hertlein.</note> οἶδα, καὶ δηλώσω τοῦ καιροῦ φανέντος ἐν τῷ
+λόγῳ. ἐκείνῳ δὲ προσήκειν καὶ τούτου νομίζω
+μεταδόντι σοι τῆς ἀρίστης τροφῆς, ὑπὲρ ἧς ἤδη
+λέγειν πειράσομαι, μητρὸς καὶ ἀδελφῶν τῶν σῶν
+ἐπιμνησθείς.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Your father's achievements were many and
+brilliant. Some I have just mentioned, and others I
+must omit for the sake of brevity. But the most
+notable of all, as I make bold to say and I think all
+will agree, was that he begat, reared and educated
+you. This secured to the rest of the world the
+advantages of good government, and that not for a
+limited time but for a period beyond his own lifetime,
+as far as this is possible. At any rate your
+father seems still to be on the throne. This is more
+than Cyrus himself could achieve. When he died
+his son proved far inferior, so that while men called
+Cyrus <q>father,</q> his successor was called <q>master.</q><note place='foot'>Herodotus 3. 89.</note>
+But you are even less stern than your father, and
+surpass him in many respects, as I well know and will
+demonstrate in my speech as occasion shall arise.
+Yet, in my opinion, he should have the credit of this
+as well, since it was he who gave you that admirable
+training concerning which I shall presently speak,
+but not till I have described your mother and
+brothers.<note place='foot'>Constantine II. and Constans.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τῇ μὲν γὰρ εὐγενείας τοσοῦτον περιῆν καὶ κάλλους
+σώματος καὶ τρόπων ἀρετῆς, ὄσον οὐκ ἄλλῃ
+γυναικὶ ῥᾳδίως ἄν τις ἐξεύροι. ἐπεὶ καὶ Περσῶν
+ἀκούω τὸν ὑπὲρ Παρυσάτιδος λόγον, [C] ὅτι μόνη γέγονεν
+ἀδελφὴ καὶ μήτηρ καὶ γαμετὴ καὶ παῖς βασιλέως.
+ἀλλ᾽ ἦν γε αὕτη τοῦ γήμαντος ἀδελφὴ τῇ
+φύσει, νόμος δὲ ἐδίδου γαμεῖν ἀδελφὴν τῷ Πέρσῃ.
+τὴν σὴν δὲ μητέρα κατὰ τοὺς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν νόμους
+ἀχράντους καὶ καθαρὰς τὰς οἰκειότητας ταύτας
+<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/><anchor id='Pg025'/>
+φυλάττουσαν συνέβαινε<note place='foot'>συνέβαινε Reiske, lacuna Hertlein.</note> τοῦ μὲν εἶναι παῖδα,
+γαμετὴν δὲ ἑτέρου, καὶ ἀδελφὴν ἄλλου, καὶ πολλῶν
+αὐτοκρατόρων, οἰχὶ δὲ ἑνὸς μητέρα. [D] ὧν ὁ μέν τις
+τῷ πατρὶ συγκατειργάσατο τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους
+πόλεμον, ὁ δὲ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς Γέτας ἡμῖν
+εἰρήνην τοῖς ὅπλοις κρατήσας ἀσφαλῆ παρεσκεύασεν,
+ὁ δὲ ἐτήρησεν ἄβατον τοῖς πολεμίοις
+τὴν χώραν, αὐτὸς ἐπιστρατεύων ἐκείνοις πολλάκις,
+ἕως ἐπέτρεπον οἱ μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν εἰς
+ἐκεῖνον ἀδικημάτων δίκην ὑποσχόντες. πολλῶν
+δὲ ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνοις περιφανῶν ἔργων, ἐφ᾽
+οἷς ἄν τις αὐτοὺς δικαίως ἐπαινεῖν ἔχοι, καὶ
+τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθῶν περιουσίας οὔσης,<note place='foot'>οὔσης Wyttenbach adds, περιουσίας· MSS, Hertlein.</note>
+[10] οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον τῶν ἄλλων, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ μακαρίζων
+ἄν<note place='foot'>ἄν Schaefer adds.</note> τις αὐτοὺς εἰκότως σεμνύνοι, ὡς ὅτι
+τῶν μὲν ἀπόγονοι, τῶν δὲ ἔκγονοι<note place='foot'>ἔκγονοι Petavius, ἔγγονοι MSS, Hertlein.</note> γεγόνασιν.<note place='foot'>γεγόνασιν Wyttenbach adds.</note>
+ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ μακρότερα περὶ αὐτῶν λέγων τὸν
+ὀφειλόμενον τοῖς ἐπαίνοις τοῖς σοῖς καιρὸν
+ἀναλώσω τοῦ λόγου, πειράσομαι λοιπὸν ὡς ἡμῖν
+ἄξιον, μᾶλλον δέ, εἰ δεῖ μηδὲν ὑποστειλάμενον
+εἰπεῖν, μακρῷ τῶν προγόνων ἐπιδείξω σε<note place='foot'>σε Wyttenbach adds.</note>
+σεμνότερον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Your mother's ancestry was so distinguished, her
+personal beauty and nobility of character were such
+that it would be hard to find her match among
+women. I have heard that saying of the Persians
+about Parysatis, that no other woman had been the
+sister, mother, wife, and daughter of kings. Parysatis,
+however, was own sister of her husband, since
+their law does not forbid a Persian to marry his
+sister. But your mother, while in accordance with
+our laws she kept pure and unsullied those ties
+of kinship, was actually the daughter of one
+emperor,<note place='foot'>Maximianus.</note> the wife of another, the sister of a third,
+and the mother not of one emperor but of several.
+Of these one aided your father in his war against the
+tyrants; another conquered the Getae and secured
+for us a lasting peace with them; the third<note place='foot'>Constans.</note> kept our
+frontiers safe from the enemy's incursions, and often
+led his forces against them in person, so long at least
+as he was permitted by those who were so soon
+punished for their crimes against him. Though by
+the number and brilliance of their achievements they
+have indeed earned our homage, and though all the
+blessings of fortune were theirs in abundance, yet in
+the whole tale of their felicity one could pay them no
+greater compliment than merely to name their sires
+and grandsires. But I must not make my account of
+them too long, lest I should spend time that I ought
+to devote to your own panegyric. So in what
+follows I will, as indeed I ought, endeavour&mdash;or
+rather, since affectation is out of place, let me say I
+will demonstrate&mdash;that you are far more august than
+your ancestors.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Φήμας μὲν δὴ καὶ μαντείας καὶ ὄψεις τὰς
+ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα θρυλεῖν εἰώθασιν
+ἐπὶ τῶν οὕτω λαμπρὰ καὶ περιφανῊ πραξάντων,
+Κύρου καὶ τοῦ τῆς ἡμετέρας οἰκιστοῦ
+πόλεως καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου, καὶ
+εἴ τις ἄλλος τοιοῦτος γέγονεν, ἑκὼν ἀφίημι·
+<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>
+δοκεῖ γὰρ οὐ πόρρω ταῦτα τῆς ποιητικῆς ἐξουσίας
+εἶναι. καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ὑπάρξαντά
+σοι γένεσιν ὡς λαμπρὰ καὶ βασιλικὰ
+καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Wyttenbach adds.</note> τὸ λέγειν εὔηθες. [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἐν τοῖς
+παισὶν ἀγωγῆς ὁ καιρὸς ὑπομέμνηκεν, ἔδει σοι
+τῆς βασιλικῆς τροφῆς δήπουθεν, ἣ τὸ μὲν σῶμα
+πρὸς ἰσχὺν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ εὐεξίαν καὶ κάλλος
+ἀσκήσει, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ πρὸς ἀνδρείαν καὶ δικαιοσύνην
+καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν ἐμμελῶς
+παρασκευάσει. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ ῥᾴδιον διὰ τῆς
+ἀνειμένης ὑπάρχειν διαίτης, θρυπτούσης μέν, ὡς
+εἰκός, τὰς ψυχὰς καὶ τὰ σώματα, ἀσθενεστέρας δὲ
+[D] ἐργαζομένης πρός τε τοὺς κινδύνους τὰς γνώμας
+καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πόνους τὰ σώματα. οὐκοῦν τῷ μὲν
+ἔδει γυμναστικῆς, τῷ σώματι, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ τῇ τῶν
+λόγων ἐκόσμεις μελέτῃ. ἐπὶ πλέον δὲ ὑπὲρ ἀμφοτέρων
+ἄξιον διελθεῖν· ἀρχὴ γάρ τις αὕτη τῶν μετὰ
+ταῦτα πράξεων γέγονε. τῆς μὲν οὖν ἐπιμελείας τῆς
+περὶ τὴν ἰσχὺν οὐ τὸ πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἁρμόζον
+ἤσκησας, ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ πρέπειν ὑπολαβὼν τῶν
+τὰς παλαίστρας κατειληφότων τὴν θρυλουμένην εὐεξίαν, [11]
+μέλλοντι τῶν ἀληθινῶν ἀγώνων μεθέξειν, ὕπνου
+τε ἐλαχίστου δεομένῳ καὶ τροφῆς οὐ πολλῆς,
+καὶ ταύτης οὔτε κατὰ πλῆθος οὔτε κατὰ ποιότητα
+πάντως ὡρισμένης οὔτε κατὰ τὸν καιρόν, ὃν χρὴ προσφέρεσθαι,
+τῆς ἐπιτυχούσης δέ, ἐπειδὰν αἱ πράξεις
+τὸν καιρὸν ἐνδῶσιν. ὅθεν ᾤου δεῖν καὶ τὰ γυμνάσια
+πρὸς ταύτην ποιεῖσθαι,<note place='foot'>ποιεῖσθαι Wyttenbach, ποιεῖσθαι εἶναι δὲ MSS, Hertlein.</note> πολλὰ καὶ στρατιωτικά,
+χορείαν τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις, [B] δρόμον τὸν ἐν τούτοις,
+τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην, οἷς ἅπασι διατετέλεκας ἐξ
+<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>
+ἀρχῆς ἐν καιρῷ χρώμενος· καὶ κατώρθωται παρὰ
+σοὶ τούτων ἕκαστον ὡς παρ᾽ οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων
+ὁπλιτῶν. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν τις ἐκείνων, πεζὸς ὢν
+ἀγαθός, τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην ἠγνόησεν, ὁ δέ, ἐπιστάμενος
+χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἱππικοῖς, ὀκνεῖ πεζὸς εἰς
+μάχην ἰέναι. μόνῳ δὲ ὑπάρχει σοὶ τῶν μὲν
+ἱππέων ἀρίστῳ φαίνεσθαι παραπλησίως ἐκείνοις
+σταλέντι, [C] μετασκευασαμένῳ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ὁπλίτας
+κρατεῖν ἁπάντων ῥώμῃ καὶ τάχει καὶ τῇ τῶν
+ποδῶν κουφότητι. ὅπως δὲ μὴ τὰς ἀνέσεις
+ῥᾳιθύμους εἶναι μηδ᾽ ἄνευ τῶν ὅπλων ποιεῖσθαι
+συμβαίνῃ, ἐπίσκοπα τοξεύειν ἤσκησας. καὶ τὸ
+μὲν σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἑκουσίων πόνων πρὸς τοὺς
+ἀκουσίους εὖ ἔχειν παρεσκεύασας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ
+ἡγεῖτο μὲν ἡ τῶν λόγων μελέτη καὶ τὰ προσήκοντα
+τοῖς τηλικούτοις μαθήματα. [D] ὅπως δὲ μὴ
+παντάπασιν ἀγύμναστος ᾖ μηδὲ καθάπερ ᾄσματα
+καὶ μύθους τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐπακούῃ λόγους,
+ἔργων δὲ ἀγαθῶν καὶ πράξεων ἄπειρος οὖσα τὸν
+τοσοῦτον διαμείνῃ χρόνον, καθάπερ ὁ γενναῖος
+ἠξίωσε Πλάτων οἱονεὶ πτερὰ τοῖς παισὶ χαριζόμενον
+καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἀναβιβάζοντα<note place='foot'>ἀναβιβάζοντα Cobet, ἀνάγοντα MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἄγειν εἰς
+τὰς μάχας, θεατὰς ἐσομένους ὧν οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν
+ἀγωνιστὰς ἐχρῆν καταστῆναι, πατέρα τὸν σὸν
+[12] διανοηθέντα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως τοῖς Κελτῶν ἔθνεσιν
+ἐπιστῆσαι σε φύλακα καὶ βασιλέα, μειράκιον
+ἔτι, μᾶλλον δὲ παῖδα κομιδῇ τῷ χρόνῳ, ἐπεὶ τῇ γε
+συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ τοῖς καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσιν
+<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>
+ἐνάμιλλον ἤδη. τοῦ μὲν ἀκίνδυνον γενέσθαι σοι
+τὴν πολεμικὴν ἐμπειρίαν ὁ πατὴρ προυνόησε
+καλῶς, εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξας πρὸς τοὸς ὑπηκόους ἄγειν
+τοῖς βαρβάροις· [B] μάχεσθαι δὲ ἀναπείθων καὶ στασιάζειν
+πρὸς ἀλλήλουσ, ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων συμφοραῖς
+καὶ τοῖς σώμασι στρατηγικὴν ἐδίδασκε τέχνην,
+ἀσφαλέστερον βουλευόμενος τοῦ σοφοῦ Πλάτωνος.
+τῷ μὲν γὰρ, εἰ πεζὸς ἐπέλθοι πολεμίων στρατός,
+οἱ παῖδες θεαταὶ καὶ κοινωνοὶ τῶν ἔργων, ἤν που
+δεηθῶσι, τοῖς πατράσι γένοιντ᾽ ἄν· κρατούντων δὲ
+ἱππεῦσι τῶν πολεμίων, ὥρα μηχανᾶσθαι τοῖς
+μειρακίοις σωτηρίας τρόπον δυσεπινόητον. [C] τὸ δὲ
+ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις κινδύνοις τοὺς παῖδας ἐθίζειν πολεμίων
+ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἀρκούντως
+καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν δοκεῖ βεβουλεῦσθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now as for heavenly voices and prophecies and
+visions in dreams and all such portents<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Evagoras</hi> 21.</note> as are common
+gossip when men like yourself have achieved brilliant
+and conspicuous success, Cyrus, for instance, and the
+founder<note place='foot'>Romulus.</note> of our capital, and Alexander, Philip's son,
+and the like, I purposely ignore them. Indeed
+I feel that poetic license accounts for them all.
+And it is foolish even to state that at the hour of your
+birth all the circumstances were brilliant and suited
+to a prince. And now the time has come for me to
+speak of your education as a boy. You were of
+course bound to have the princely nurture that
+should train your body to be strong, muscular,
+healthy, and handsome, and at the same time duly
+equip your soul with courage, justice, temperance,
+and wisdom. But this cannot result from that loose
+indulgence which naturally pampers body and soul,
+weakening men's wills for facing danger and their
+bodies for work. Therefore your body required
+training by suitable gymnastics, while you adorned
+your mind by literary studies. But I must speak at
+greater length about both branches of your education,
+since it laid the foundation of your later career. In
+your physical training you did not pursue those
+exercises that fit one merely for public display.
+What professional athletes love to call the pink of
+condition you thought unsuitable for a king who
+must enter for contests that are not make-believe.
+Such a one must put up with very little sleep and
+scanty food, and that of no precise quantity or
+quality or served at regular hours, but such as can
+be had when the stress of work allows. And so you
+thought you ought to train yourself in athletics with
+a view to this, and that your exercises must be
+military and of many kinds, dancing and running in
+heavy armour, and riding. All these you have
+continued from early youth to practise at the right
+time, and in every exercise you have attained to
+greater perfection than any other hoplite. Usually
+a hoplite who is a good infantryman cannot ride, or,
+if he is an expert horseman, he shirks marching on
+foot to battle. But of you alone it can be said that
+you can put on the cavalry uniform and be a match
+for the best of them, and when changed into a hoplite
+show yourself stronger, swifter, and lighter on
+your feet than all the rest. Then you practised
+shooting at a mark, that even your hours of leisure
+might not be hours of ease or be found without the
+exercise of arms. So by work that was voluntary
+you trained your body to stand the exertions that
+you would be compelled to undertake.
+Your mind, meanwhile, was trained by practice in
+public speaking and other studies suitable to your
+years. But it was not to be wholly without the
+discipline of experience, nor was it for you to listen
+merely to lectures on the virtues as though they
+were ballads or saga stories, and so wait all that time
+without actual acquaintance with brave works
+and undertakings. Plato, that noble philosopher,
+advised<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 467 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>.</note> that boys should be furnished as it were
+with wings for flight by being mounted on horseback,
+and should then be taken into battle so that
+they may be spectators of the warfare in which they
+must soon be combatants. This, I make bold to say,
+was in your father's mind when he made you
+governor and king of the Celtic tribes while you
+were still a youth, or rather a mere boy in point of
+years, though in intelligence and endurance you
+could already hold your own with men of parts.
+Your father wisely provided that your experience of
+war should be free from risks, having arranged that
+the barbarians should maintain peace with his
+subjects. But he instigated them to internal feuds
+and civil war, and so taught you strategy at the
+expense of their lives and fortunes. This was a
+safer policy than the wise Plato's. For, by his
+scheme, if the invading army were composed of
+infantry, the boys could indeed be spectators of
+their fathers' prowess, or, if need arose, could even
+take part. But supposing that the enemy won in a
+cavalry engagement, then, on the instant, one would
+have to devise some means to save the boys, which
+would be difficult indeed. But to inure the boys to
+face the enemy, while the hazard belongs to others,
+is to take counsel that both suffices for their need
+and also secures their safety.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐν μὲν δὴ τούτοις σοι πρὸς ἀνδρείαν ὑπῆρχε
+μελέτη. φρονήσεως δὲ ἡ μὲν φύσις, ἣν εἴληχας,
+αὐταρκὴς ἡγεμών· παρῆσαν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν
+οἱ κράτιστοι τὰ πολιτικὰ διδάσκοντες. καὶ
+[D] παρεῖχον ἠθῶν καὶ νόμων καὶ ξένων ἐπιτηδευμάτων
+ἐμπειρίαν αἱ πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τῶν τῇδε
+βαρβάρων ἐντεύξεις. καίτοι τὸν Ὀδυσσέα συνετὸν
+Ὅμηρος ἐκ παντὸς ἀποφῆναι προαιρούμενος
+πολύτροπον εἶναὶ φησι καὶ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων
+τὸν νοῦν καταγνῶναι καὶ ἐπελθεῖν τὰς πόλεισ,<note place='foot'>τὰς πόλεις Cobet, ταῖς πόλεσιν MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἵν᾽
+ἐξ ἁπάντων ἐπιλεξάμενος ἔχοι τὰ κράτιστα
+καὶ πρὸς παντοδαποὺς ἀνθρώπους ὁμιλεὶν
+δύναιτο. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ὃς<note place='foot'>τῷ μὲν ὃς Wright, τὸν μὲν MSS, Hertlein, τὸ μὲν V.</note> οὐκ ἐβασίλευσε
+<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/><anchor id='Pg033'/>
+ποικίλων ἠθῶν ἐμπειρίας χρεία· [13] τὸν δὲ πρὸς
+τοσαύτην ἡγεμονίαν τρεφόμενον οὐκ ἐν οἰκίσκῳ
+που χρῆν διδάσκεσθαι οὐδὲ τὴν βασιλείαν,
+καθάπερ ὁ Κῦρος, παίζοντα μιμεῚσθαι οὐδὲ
+χρηματίζειν τοῖς ἥλιξι, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνον λέγουσιν,
+ἀλλ᾽ ἔθνεσιν ὁμιλεῖν καὶ δήμοις, καὶ στρατιωτῶν
+τάγμασιν ἐπιτάττειν ἁπλῶς τὸ πρακτέον· ὅλως δὲ
+οὐδενὸς ἀπολείπεσθαι τούτων, ὧν ἐχρῆν ἄνδρα
+γενόμενον ἐπ᾽ ἀδείας πράττειν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(It was in this way then that you were first trained
+in manliness. But as regards wisdom, that nature
+with which you were endowed was your self-sufficing
+guide. But also, I think, the wisest citizens were
+at your disposal and gave you lessons in statecraft.
+Moreover, your intercourse with the barbarian leaders
+in that region gave you an acquaintance at first hand
+with the manners, laws, and usages of foreigners.
+Indeed, when Homer set out to prove the consummate
+wisdom of Odysseus, he called him <q>much-travelled,</q>
+and said that he had come to know the
+minds of many peoples and visited their cities, so
+that he might choose what was best in every one
+and be able to mix with all sorts and conditions of
+men. Yes, even Odysseus, who never ruled an
+empire, needed experience of the many and divers
+minds of men. How much more necessary that one
+who was being brought up to guide an empire like
+this should not fit himself for the task in some
+modest dwelling apart; neither should he, like young
+Cyrus in his games, play at being emperor, nor give
+audiences to his playmates, as they say<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 114.</note> Cyrus did.
+Rather he ought to mix with nations and peoples,
+and give orders to his troops definitely indicating
+what is to be done, and generally he should be found
+wanting in none of those things which, when he
+comes to manhood, he must perform without fear.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ τὰ παρὰ τούτοις ἐδιδάχθης
+καλῶς, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑτέραν ἤπειρον μετιὼν τοῖς
+Παρθυαίων καὶ Μήδων ἔθνεσιν ἀντετάχθης
+μόνος. ὑποτυφομένου δὲ ἤδη τοῦ πολέμου
+καὶ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν μέλλοντος ἀναρριπίζεσθαι,
+ταχέως καὶ τούτου κατέγνως τὸν τρόπον, καὶ
+τὴν τῶν ὅπλων ἰσχὺν ἐμιμήσω, καὶ πρὸς τὴν
+ὥραν τοῦ θέρους εἴθισας καρτερεῖν τὸ σῶμα.
+πυνθάνομαι δὲ Ἀλκιβιάδην μόνον ἐξ ἁπάντων
+Ἑλλήνων οὕτως εὐφυῶς μεταβολὰς ἐνεγκεῖν, [C] ὡς
+καὶ μιμήσασθαι πρῶτον<note place='foot'>πρῶτον Cobet adds.</note> μὲν τὴν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων
+ἐγκράτειαν, ἐπειδὴ Σπαρτιάταις αὑτὸν
+ἐδεδώκει, εἶτα Θηβαίους, καὶ Θρᾴκας ὕστερον, καὶ
+ἐπὶ τέλει τὴν τῶν Περσῶν τρυφήν. ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος
+μὲν τοῖς χωρίοις συμμεταβάλλων καὶ τὸν τρόπον
+ἀνεπίμπλατο πολλῆς δυσχερείας καὶ τὸ πάτριον
+ἐκινδύνευε παντελῶς ἀποβαλεῖν, σὺ δὲ τῆς μὲν
+<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>
+ἐγκρατοῦς διαίτης ᾤου δεῖν ἔχεσθαι πανταχοῦ,
+[D] ἐθίζων δὲ τὸ σῶμα τοῖς πόνοις πρὸς τὰς μεταβολὰς
+ῥᾷον ἤνεγκας<note place='foot'>ἤνεγκας Cobet, διήνεγκας MSS, Hertlein.</note> τὴν ἐκ Γαλατῶν εἰς Παρθυαίους
+ἄνοδον ἢ<note place='foot'>ἢ Reiske adds.</note> τῶν πλουσίων οἱ ταῖς ὥραις τὴν οἴκησιν
+συμμεταβάλλοντες, εἰ παρὰ τὸν καιρὸν βιασθεῖεν.
+καί μοι δοκεῖ θεὸς εὐμενὴς πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὅλων
+ἡγεμονίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν παρασκευάζειν
+ἐθέλων, κύκλῳ σε περιαγαγεῖν καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι τῆς
+ἀρχῆς ἁπάσης ὅρους καὶ πέρατα καὶ φύσιν χωρίων
+[14] καὶ μέγεθος χώρας καὶ δύναμιν ἐθνῶν καὶ πλῆθος
+πόλεων καὶ φύσιν δήμων καὶ τὶ κράτιστον αὐτῶν
+ἐκείνων τὴν περιουσίαν<note place='foot'>περιουσίαν Petavius, γερουσίαν MSS, Hertlein.</note> ὧν οὐδενὸς ἀπολελεῖφθαι
+χρὴ τὸν πρὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν τρεφόμενον. τὸ
+μέγιστον δὲ μικροῦ με διέφυγεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι τούτων
+ἁπάντων ἄρχειν ἐκ παίδων διδασκόμενος, ἄρχεσθαι
+κρεῖττον ἔμαθες, ἀρχῇ τῇ πασῶν ἀρίστῃ καὶ
+δικαιοτάτῃ, φύσει τε καὶ νόμῳ, σαυτὸν ὑποτιθείς·
+πατρὶ γὰρ ὑπήκουες ἅμα καὶ βασιλεῖ· ὧν εἰ καὶ
+θάτερον ὑπῆρχεν ἐκείνῳ μόνον, ἄρχειν αὐτῷ
+πάντως προσῆκον ἦν. [B] καίτοι τίνα ποτ᾽ ἄν τις
+ἐξεύροι βασιλικὴν τροφὴν καὶ παιδείαν ἀμείνω
+ταύτης πάλαι γενομένην; οὔτε γὰρ Λακεδαιμόνιοι
+τῶν Ἑλλήνων, οἵπερ δὴ δοκοῦσιν ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς
+τῆς τῶν βασιλέων μεταλαβεῖν, οὕτω τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας
+ἐπαίδευον, οὔτε τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι,
+<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/><anchor id='Pg037'/>
+βασιλευόμενοι διαφερόντως, τῆς ἀρίστης
+ἐπιμελείας τὸν ἄρξοντα<note place='foot'>ἄρξοντα Hertlein suggests, ἄρχοντα MSS.</note> σφῶν ἠξίουν· ἀλλὰ
+πᾶσιν ἦν κοινὰ τὰ παρὰ τῶν νόμων τῆς ἀρετῆς
+γυμνάσια καὶ τὶ παιδεύματα, [C] καθάπερ ἀδελφοῖς
+τοῖς πολίταις ἄρξειν τε καὶ ἀρχθήσεσθαι μέλλουσι,
+καὶ οὐδὲν διάφορον προσῆν εἰς παιδείας
+λόγον τοῖς ἡγεμόσι τῶν ἄλλων. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ
+εὔηθες ἀπαιτεῖν μὲν ἀρετῆς μέγεθος ἀνυπέρβλητον
+παρὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων, προνοεῖν δὲ μηδέν, ὅπως
+ἔσονται τῶν πολλῶν διαφέροντες; καὶ τοῖς μὲν
+βαρβάροις, ἅπασιν ἐν κοινῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης
+προκειμένης, τὸ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῶν ἠθῶν ὁμοίαν
+γίγνεσθαι παράσχοι συγγνώμην· τὸν Λυκοῦργον
+[D] δὲ τοῖς ἀφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους ἀστυφέλικτον τὴν βασιλείαν
+διαφυλάττοντα<note place='foot'>διαφυλάττοντα [καὶ] Hertlein.</note> μηδεμίαν ὑπεροχὴν ἐν ταῖς
+ἐπιμελείαις τῶν νέων εὑρόντα σφόδρα ἄν τις
+εἰκότως μέμψαιτο. οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ πάντας Λακεδαιμονίους
+ἀθλητὰς ἀρετῆς καὶ τροφίμους ᾤετο δεῖν
+εἶναι, τῆς ἴσης ἀξιοῦν ἐχρῆν τροφῆς καὶ παιδείας
+τοὺς ἰδιώτας τοῖς ἄρξουσιν.<note place='foot'>ἄρξουσιν Cobet, ἄρχουσιν MSS, Hertlein.</note> [15] ἡ γὰρ τοιαύτη κατὰ
+μικρὸν παραδυομένη<note place='foot'>παραδυομένη Wright, cf. Rep. 424 D, ὑποδυομένη MSS,
+Hertlein.</note> συνήθεια ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐνέτεκεν<note place='foot'>ἐνέτεκεν Wyttenbach, ἐντεκεῖν MSS, Hertlein, πέφυκεν
+ἐντεκεῖν Petavius.</note>
+ὑπεροψίαν τῶν κρειττόνων· ὅλως γὰρ οὐδὲ
+κρείττονας νομιστέον τοὺς οὐ δι᾽ ἀρετὴν πρωτεύειν
+<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/><anchor id='Pg039'/>
+λαχόντας. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ Σπαρτιάτας χαλεπωτέρους
+ἀρχθῆναι τοῖς βασιλεῦσι παρεῖχε πολλάκις.
+χρήσαιτο δ᾽ ἄν τις σαφεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῶν
+[B] ῥηθέντων τῇ Λυσάνδρου πρὸς Ἀγησίλαον φιλοτιμίᾳ
+καὶ ἄλλοις πλείοσιν, ἐπιὼν τὰ πεπραγμένα
+τοῖς ἀνδράσιν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Accordingly, when you had gained a thorough
+knowledge of the Celts, you crossed to the other
+continent and were given sole command against the
+Parthians and Medes. There were already signs
+that a war was smouldering and would soon burst
+into flame. You therefore quickly learned how to
+deal with it, and, as though you took as model the
+hardness of your weapons, steeled yourself to bear
+the heat of the summer season. I have heard say
+that Alcibiades alone, among all the Greeks, was
+naturally so versatile that when he cast in his lot
+with the Spartans he copied the self-restraint of the
+Lacedaemonians, then in turn Theban and Thracian
+manners, and finally adopted Persian luxury. But
+Alcibiades, when he changed his country changed
+his character<note place='foot'>Cf. Aeschines <hi rend='italic'>Against Ctesiphon</hi> 78. Horace <hi rend='italic'>Epistles</hi> 1.
+11. 27.</note> too, and became so tainted with
+perversity and so ill-conditioned that he was likely to
+lose utterly all that he was born to. You, however,
+thought it your duty to maintain your severity of
+life wherever you might be, and by hard work
+inuring your constitution to change, you easily bore
+the march inland from Galatia to Parthia, more easily
+in fact than a rich man who lives now here, now
+there, according to the season, would bear it if he
+were forced to encounter unseasonable weather. I
+think Heaven smiled on you and willed that you
+should govern the whole world, and so from the first
+trained you in virtue, and was your guide when you
+journeyed to all points, and showed you the bounds
+and limits of the whole empire, the character of each
+region, the vastness of your territory, the power of
+every race, the number of the cities, the characteristics
+of the masses, and above all the vast
+number of things that one who is bred to so great a
+kingship cannot afford to neglect. But I nearly
+forgot to mention the most important thing of all.
+From a boy you were taught to govern this great
+empire, but a better thing you learned, to be
+governed, submitting yourself to the authority that
+is the best in the world and the most just, that is to
+say nature and law. I mean that both as son and
+subject you obeyed your father. Indeed, had he
+been only your father or only your king, obedience
+was his due.
+Now what rearing and education for a king could
+one find in history better than this? Consider the
+Greeks. Not thus did the Spartans train the
+Heracleidae, though they are thought to have
+enjoyed the best form of government, that of their
+kings. As for the barbarians, not even the Carthaginians,
+though they were particularly well-governed
+by their kings, chose the best method of training
+their future rulers. The moral discipline and the
+studies prescribed by their laws were pursued by all
+alike, as though the citizens were brothers, all
+destined both to govern and be governed, and in the
+matter of education they made no difference
+between their princes and the rest of the citizens.
+Yet surely it is foolish to demand superlative
+excellence from one's rulers when one takes no
+pains to make them better than other men. Among
+the barbarians, indeed, no man is debarred from
+winning the throne, so one can excuse them for
+giving the same moral training to all. But that
+Lycurgus, who tried to make the dynasty of the
+Heracleidae proof against all shocks,<note place='foot'>cf. Xenophon <hi rend='italic'>Rep. Lac.</hi> 15. 7.</note> should not
+have arranged for them a special education better
+than that of other Spartan youths is an omission for
+which he may well be criticised. He may have
+thought that all the Lacedaemonians ought to enter
+the race for virtue, and foster it, but for all that
+it was wrong to provide the same nurture and
+education for private citizens as for those who were
+to govern. The inevitable familiarity little by little
+steals into men's souls and breeds contempt for their
+betters. Though, for that matter, they are not
+in any sense one's betters unless it was their own
+merit that earned them the right to rule. This, in
+my opinion, is the reason why the Spartan kings
+often found their subjects hard to govern. In proof
+of what I say one might quote the rivalry of
+Lysander and Agesilaus, and many other instances,
+if one should review the history of the Spartan
+kings.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἡ πολιτεία τὰ<note place='foot'>τὰ Wyttenbach adds.</note> πρὸς ἀρετὴν
+ἀρκούντως παρασκευάζουσα, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν διαφέρον
+ἐπιτηδεύειν ἐδίδου τῶν πολλῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ
+καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς ὑπάρχειν παρεῖχεν ἀνδράσι·
+Καρχηδονίων δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ κοινὰ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων
+ἐπαινεῖν ἄξιον. ἐξελαύνοντες γὰρ τῶν
+οἰκιῶν οἱ γονεῖς τοὺς παῖδας ἐπέταττον εὐπορεῖν
+διὰ τῶν πόνων τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἀναγκαίων,
+[C] τὸ δρᾶν τι τῶν δοκούντων αἰσχρῶν ἀπαγορεύοντες.
+τὸ δὲ ἦν, οὐ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐξελεῖν τῶν
+νέων, ἀλλὰ λαθεῖν<note place='foot'>λαθεῖν Cobet, τὸ λαθεῖν MSS, Hertlein, τοῦ λαθεῖν
+Schaefer.</note> πειρᾶσθαι τι δρῶντα<note place='foot'>τι δρῶντα Spanheim, ἱδρῶτα MSS, Hertlein.</note> προστάττειν.
+πέφυκε γὰρ οὐ τρυφὴ μόνον ἦθος διαφθείρειν,
+ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδεὴς δίαιτα,
+ἐφ᾽ ὧν οὔπω τὸ κρίνειν ὁ λόγος προσλαβὼν
+ἕπεται ταῖς χρείαις ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἀναπειθόμενος,
+[D] ἄλλως τε εἰ καὶ τούτου μὴ κρατοίη τοῦ
+πάθους, πρὸς χρηματισμὸν ἐκ παίδων συνεθιζόμενος
+καί τινας ἀμοιβὰς ἐμποριῶν καὶ καπηλείας
+τὰς μὲν αὐτὸς εὑρὼν τὰς δὲ παρὰ τῶν εἰδότων
+μαθών, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ λέγειν μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀκούειν
+<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/><anchor id='Pg041'/>
+ἄξιον ἐλευθέρῳ παιδί, πλείστας ἂν κηλῚδας
+ἐναπόθοιτο τῇ ψυχῇ, ὧν πασῶν καθαρὸν εἶναι
+χρὴ καὶ τὸν ἐπιεικῆ πολίτην, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὸν βασιλέα
+καὶ στρατηγὸν μόνον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The Spartan polity, however, by securing a
+satisfactory development of the moral qualities in
+their kings, even if it gave them a training in no
+way different from that of the crowd, at least
+endowed them with the attributes of well-bred
+men. But as for the Carthaginians, there was
+nothing to admire even in the discipline that they
+all shared. The parents turned their sons out of
+doors and bade them win the necessaries of life
+by their own efforts, with the injunction to do
+nothing that is considered disgraceful. The effect
+of this was not to uproot the evil inclinations of the
+young, but to require them to take pains not to be
+caught in wrong-doing. For it is not self-indulgence
+only that ruins character, but the lack of mere
+necessaries may produce the same result. This is
+true at any rate in the case of those whose reason
+has not yet assumed the power to decide, being
+swayed by physical needs and persuaded by desire.
+It is especially true when one fails to control the
+passion for money-getting, if from boyhood one is
+accustomed to it and to the trading and bartering of
+the market-places. This business, unfit for a youth
+of gentle birth to mention, or so much as hear
+spoken of, whether the youth finds it out for himself
+or learns it from those of greater experience, leaves
+many scars on the soul; and even a respectable citizen
+ought to be free from all this, not a king or general
+alone.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἐπιτιμᾶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐκείνοις
+προσήκει· [16] δείξω δὲ μόνον τῆς τροφῆς<note place='foot'>τροφῆς MSS, Cobet, διατροφῆς V, Hertlein.</note> τὸ
+διαφέρον, ᾗ χρησάμενος κάλλει καὶ ῥώμῃ καὶ
+δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ σωφροσύνῃ διήνενκας, διὰ μὲν
+τῶν πόνων τὴν εὐεξίαν περιβαλόμενος, δὰα δὲ
+τῶν νόμων τὴν σωφροσύνην κατακτησόμενος,<note place='foot'>κατακτησάμενος Cobet κτησάμενος MSS, Hertlein, καταχρησάμενος
+V.</note>
+καὶ τῷ μὲν σώματι ῥωμαλεωτέρῳ διὰ τὴν ἐγκράτειαν
+τῆς ψυχῆς, τῇ ψυχῇ δ᾽ αὖ διὰ τὴν τοῦ
+σώματος καρτερίαν δικαιοτέρᾳ χρώμενος, τὰ μὲν
+ἐκ φύσεως ἀγαθὰ συναύξων ἐκ παντός, τὰ δὲ ταῖς
+ἐπιμελείαις ἔξωθεν ἀεὶ προσλαμβάνων· [B] καὶ δεόμενος<note place='foot'>δεόμενος MSS, Cobet, ἐνδεόμενος Hertlein.</note>
+μὲν οὐδενός, ἐπαρκῶν δ᾽ ἄλλοις καὶ χαριζόμενος
+μεγάλας δωρεὰς καὶ ὅσαι τοὺς λαβόντας
+ἤρκουν ἀποφῆναι τῷ Λυδῶν δυνάστῃ παραπλησίους,
+ἐνδεέστερον μὲν ἀπολαύων αὐτὸς τῶν
+ὑπαρχόντων ἀγαθῶν ἢ Σπαρτιατῶν ὁ σωφρονέστατος,
+τοῦ τρυφᾶν δὲ παρέχων ἄλλοις χορηγίαν,
+καὶ τοῖς βουλομένοις σωφρονεῖν παρέχων σαυτὸν
+μιμεῖσθαι, ἄρχων μὲν πρᾴως καὶ φιλανθρώπως
+τῶν ἄλλων, [C] ἀρχόμενος δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς σωφρόνως
+καὶ ὡς εἷς τῶν πολλῶν τόν ἅπαντα
+διετέλεις χρόνον. παιδὶ μὲν ὄντι σοι καὶ μειρακίῳ
+ταῦτά τε ὑπῆρχε καὶ ἄλλα πλείονα, περὶ ὧν νῦν
+λέγειν μακρότερον ἂν εἴη τοῦ καιροῦ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But it is not for me to criticise the Carthaginians
+in this place. I will only point out how
+different was your education, and how you profited
+by it and have come to excel in looks, strength,
+justice, and temperance. By your active life you
+achieved perfect health; your temperance was
+the result of obedience to the laws; you enjoy a
+body of unusual strength by reason of your self-control,
+and a soul of unusual rectitude because
+of your physical powers of endurance. You left
+nothing undone to improve your natural talents, but
+ever acquired new talents by new studies. You
+needed nothing yourself but gave assistance to
+others, and lavished such generous gifts that the
+recipients seemed as rich as the monarch of the
+Lydians.<note place='foot'>Gyges.</note> Though you indulged yourself less in the
+good things that were yours than the most austere
+of the Spartans, you gave others the means of
+luxury in abundance, while those who preferred
+temperance could imitate your example. As a ruler
+you were mild and humane; as your father's subject
+you were ever as modest as any one of his people.
+All this was true of you in boyhood and youth, and
+much more about which there is now no time to
+speak at length.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>
+
+<p>
+Γενόμενος δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡλικίας, καὶ τῷ πατρὶ τὴν
+εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ δαίμονος μάλα ὀλβίαν
+παρασχόντος, οὐ μόνον τῷ πλήθει καὶ κάλλει τῶν
+ἐπενεχθέντων τὸν τάφον ἐκόσμεις, γενέσεως καὶ
+τροφῆς ἀποτίνων τὰ χαριστήρια, [D] πολὺ δὲ πλέον
+τῷ μόνος ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων ζῶντος
+μὲν ἔτι καὶ πιεζομένου τῇ νόσῳ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁρμῆσαι,
+τελευτήσαντος δὲ τὰς μεγίστας τιμὰς καταστῆσαι,
+ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐξαρκεῖ καὶ τὸ μνησθῆναι. καλοῦσι γὰρ
+ἡμᾶς ἐφ᾽ αὑτὰς αἱ πράξεις ὑπομιμνήσκουσαι τῆς
+ῥώμης, τῆς εὐψυχίας, εὐβουλίας τε ἅμα καὶ δικαιότητος,
+οἷς ἄμαχος ὤφθης καὶ ἀνυπέρβλητος, τὰ
+μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοὺς πολίτας καὶ
+[17] τοὺς πατρῴους σοι φίλους καὶ τὰ στρατεύματα
+δικαίως καὶ σωφρόνως καταστησάμενος· πλὴν εἴ
+που βιασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν ἄκων ἑτέρους
+ἐξαμαρτεῖν οὐ διεκώλυσας· τὰ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς
+πολεμίους ἀνδρείως καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῶς καὶ τῆς
+προüπαρχούσης ἀξίως τοῪ γένους δόξης καταστρησάμενος.
+τοῖς μὲν δι᾽ ὁμονοίας τὸν ἅπαντα
+χρόνον συγγέγονας, ἀστασίαστον μὲν τὴν πόλιν
+[B] διαφυλάττων καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς συνάρχοντας
+θεραπεύων ἀεί, τοῖς φίλοις δὲ τῆς ἰσηγορίας<note place='foot'>ἰσηγορίας Petavius, ἴσης παρηγορίας MSS, Hertlein.</note> μεταδιδοὺς
+καὶ τῆς παρρησίας μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν
+ἀφθόνως, κοινωνῶν μὲν ἅπασι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων,
+μεταδιδοὺς δὲ ὧν ἕκαστος ἐνδεὴς δόξειε. καὶ
+τούτων μάρτυσι μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις εἰκότως ἄν τις
+χρήσαιτο, καὶ τὰ πράγματα δὲ τοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσι
+<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/><anchor id='Pg045'/>
+τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους συνουσίας ἱκανὰ δηλῶσαι τὴν
+προαίρεσιν τοῦ βίου παντός.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(When you had come to man's estate, and after
+fate had decreed the ending of your father's life<note place='foot'>At Nicomedia 337 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note>
+and Heaven had granted that his last hours should
+be peculiarly blest, you adorned his tomb not only
+by lavishing on it splendid decorations<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Evagoras</hi> 1.</note> and so paying
+the debt of gratitude for your birth and education,
+but still more by the fact that you alone of his sons
+hastened to him when he was still alive and stricken
+by illness, and paid him the highest possible honours
+after his death. But all this I need only mention in
+passing. For now it is your exploits that cry aloud
+for notice and remind me of your energy, courage,
+good judgment, and justice. In these qualities you
+are unsurpassed, unrivalled. In your dealings with
+your brothers,<note place='foot'>Constans and Constantine.</note> your subjects, your father's friends,
+and your armies you displayed justice and moderation;
+except that, in some cases, forced as you were
+by the critical state of affairs, you could not, in spite
+of your own wishes, prevent others from going
+astray. Towards the enemy your demeanour was
+brave, generous, and worthy of the previous reputation
+of your house. While you maintained the
+friendly relations that already existed, kept the capital
+free from civil discord, and continued to cherish
+your brothers who were your partners in empire, you
+granted to your friends, among other benefits,
+the privilege of addressing you as an equal and full
+freedom of speech without stint, and perfect frankness.
+Not only did you share with them all whatever
+you possessed, but you gave to each what he seemed
+most to need. Anyone who wants testimony to all
+this might reasonably call your friends to witness,
+but if he does not know your friends, the facts
+themselves are sufficient to demonstrate the policy
+of your whole life.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[C] Ῥητέον δὲ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἤδη τῶν πράξεων ἀναβαλλομένοις
+τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἕξεων λόγον. Πέρσαι
+τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης πάλαι κρατήσαντες καὶ τῆς
+Εὐρώπης τὰ πολλὰ καταστρεψάμενοι, μικροῦ δέω
+φάναι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην περιβαλόμενοι
+κύκλῳ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν, ἐπειδὴ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ
+Μακεδόνων ἀφῄρηντο, τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατηγίας
+ἔργον γενόμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ παίγνιον,
+χαλεπῶς φέροντες<note place='foot'>φέροντες πρὸς MSS.</note> τὸ δουλεύειν, ὡς ἐκεῖνον
+ᾔσθοντο τετελευτηκότα, τῶν διαδόχων ἀποστάντες
+[D] Μακεδόσι τε εἰς τὴν ἀντίπαλον δύναμιν αὖθις
+κατέστησαν καὶ ἡμῚν τὸ λειπόμενον τῆς Μακεδόνων
+ἀρχῆς. κατακτησαμένοις ἀξιόμαχοι διὰ τέλους
+ἔδοξαν εἶναι πολέμιοι. καὶ τῶν μὲν παλαιῶν τί χρὴ
+νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκειν, Ἀντωνίου καὶ Κράσσου, στρατηγῶν
+αὐτοκρατόρων, καὶ ὡς ἐκεῖνα διὰ μακρῶν ἀπωσάμεθα
+κινδύνων τὰ αἴσχη, πολλῶν καὶ σωφρόνων
+αὐτοκρατόρων ἀναμαχεσαμένων τὰ πταίσματα;
+τί δὲ χρὴ τῶν δευτέρων ἀτυχημάτων μεμνῆσθαι
+καὶ τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τοῦ Κάρου πράξεων, [18] ὅσπερ
+μετὰ τὰς συμφορὰς ᾑρέθη στρατηγός;<note place='foot'>ὅσπερ . . . . στρατηγός MSS.</note> ἀλλ᾽ οἱ
+τὴν θαυμαστὴν καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀγαπωμένην
+εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξαντες ἐκείνοις ἄγειν, οἱ πρὸ τοῦ σοῦ
+πατρὸς τὴν βασιλείαν κατασχόντες, οὐχ ὁ μὲν
+καῖσαρ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν συμβαλὼν αἰσχρῶς ἀπήλλαξεν;
+ἐπιστραφέντος δὲ τοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης
+ἁπάσης ἄρχοντος καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ἡγεμονίας
+<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>
+[B] ἁπάσης ἐκεῖσε τρέψαντος καὶ προκαταλαβέντος
+τὰς εἰσβολὰς στρατεύμασι καὶ καταλόγοις ὁπλιτῶν
+παλαιῶν καὶ νεολέκτων καὶ παντοδαπαῖς
+παρασκευαῖς, δεδιότες μόλις τὴν εἰρήνην ἠγάπησαν.
+ἣν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως περιόντος τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ
+σοῦ συγχέαντες καὶ συνταράξαντες, τῆς μὲν παρ᾽
+ἐκείνου τιμωρίας διήμαρτον, ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τὸν
+πόλεμον παρασκευαῖς τὸν βίον μεταλλάξαντος·
+σοὶ δὲ ὑπέσχον τὴν δίκην ὕστερον τῶν τετολμημένων.
+μέλλων δὲ ἔτι δὴ τῶν πρὸς αὐτοὺς
+ἀγώνων γενομένων σοι πολλάκις ἅπτεσθαι τοσοῦτον
+ἁξιῶ σκοπεῖν τοὺς ἀκροωμένους, [C] ὅτι τοῦ
+τρίτου μορίου τῆς ἀρχῆς καθεστὼς κύριος οὐδαμῶς
+πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐρρῶσθαι δοκοῦντος, οὐχ
+ὅπλοις, οὐκ ἀνδράσι τοῖς στρατευομένοις, οὐδενὶ
+τῶν ἄλλων, ὅσα πρὸς τηλικοῦτον πόλεμον ἐχρῆν
+ἐπιρρεῖν ἄφθονα, πρὸς τούτοις δὲ οὐδὲ τῶν ἀδελφῶν
+σοι δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας τὸν πόλεμον
+ἐλαφρυνόντων· καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἀναίσχυντος
+οὐδὲ βάσκανος συκοφάντης, [D] ὃς οὐκ αἰτιώτατον
+γενέσθαι σὲ τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ὁμονοίας
+φήσει· ὄντος δὲ οἶμαι τοῦ πολέμου καθ᾽ αὑτὸν
+δυσχεροῦς, τὰ τὼν στρατοπέδων πρὸς τὴν μεταβολὴν
+διεταράττετο, τὸν μὲν παλαιὸν σφῶν
+ἡγεμόνα ποθεῖν ἐκβοῶντες, ὑμῶν δὲ ἄρχειν ἐθέλοντες·
+καὶ ἄλλα μυρία ἄτοπα καὶ δυσχερῆ πανταχόθεν
+ἀναφυόμενα χαλεπωτέρας τὰς ὑπὲρ τοῦ
+πολέμου παρεῖχεν ἐλπίδας· Ἀρμένιοι παλαιοὶ
+[19] σύμμαχοι στασιάζοντες καὶ μοῖρα σφῶν οὐ φαύλη
+Πέρσαις προσθέμενοι, τὴν ὅμορον σφίσι λῃσταῖς
+κατατρέχοντες· καὶ ὅπερ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐφαίνετο
+<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>
+μόνον σωτήριον, τὸ σὲ τῶν πραγμάτων ἔχεσθαι
+καὶ βουλεύεσθαι, τέως οὐχ ὑπῆρχε διὰ τὰς πρὸς
+τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἐν Παιονίᾳ συνθήκας, ἃς αὐτὸς
+παρὼν οὕτω διῴκησας, ὡς μηδεμίαν ἀφορμὴν
+ἑκείνοις παρασχεῖν μέμψεως. μικροῦ με ἔλαθεν ἡ<note place='foot'>ἡ Schaefer adds.</note>
+τῶν πράξεων ἀρχὴ διαφυγοῦσα καλλίων ἁπασῶν
+ἢ ταῖς καλλίσταις ἐξ ἴσης θαυμαστή. [B] τὸ γὰρ
+ὑπὲρ τοσούτων πραγμάτων βουλευόμενον μηδὲν
+ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖν, εἰ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς τὸ πλέον
+ἔχειν ἑκὼν συγχωροίης, σωφροσύνης καὶ
+μεγαλοψυχίας μέγιστον ἂν εἴη σημεῖον. νῦν
+δὲ εἰ μέν τις τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν πρὸς
+τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς νεμόμενος ἑκατὸν ταλάντων,
+κείσθω δέ, εἰ βούλει, τοσούτων ἄλλων, εἶτα
+ἔχων πεντήκοντα<note place='foot'>πεντήκοντα μναῖς Reiske, Cobet, μνᾶς MSS.</note> μναῖς ἔλαττον ἠγάπησε δή, καὶ
+μικροῦ παντελῶς ἀργυρίου τὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους ὁμόνοιαν
+ἀνταλλαξάμενος, [C] ἐπαίνων ἂν ἐδόκει καὶ
+τιμῆς ἄξιος ὡς χρημάτων κρείττων, ὡς εὔβουλος
+φύσει, ξυνελόντι δὲ εἰπεῖν, ὡς καλὸς κἀγαθός.
+ὁ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἀρχῆς οὅτω μεγαλοψύχως
+καὶ σωφρόνως δοκῶν βεβουλεῦσθαι, ὡς τὸν μὲν ἐκ
+τῆς ἐπιμελείας αὑτῷ μείζονα μὴ προσθεῖναι πόνον,
+τῶν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς προσόδων ἑκὼν ὑφίεσθαι
+ὑπὲρ ὁμονοίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους Ῥωμαίων
+ἁπάντων εἰρήνης, [D] πόσων ἐπαίνων ἄξιον κρινεῖ τις;
+οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο λέγειν ἔνεστιν ἐνταῦθα, ὡς
+καλῶς μέν, ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς<note place='foot'>ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς Petavius, Wyttenbach, Hertlein,
+ἀλυσιτελὲς MSS.</note> μὲν γὰρ
+<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>
+οὐδέν, ὅ, τι μὲ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ καλόν, ἔμοιγε φαίνεται.
+ὅλως δὲ εἴ τινι καθ᾽ αὑτὸ τὸ συμφέρον ἐξετάζειν
+δοκεῖ, κρινέτω μὴ πρὸς ἀργύριον σκοπῶν μηδὲ
+προσόδους χωρίων ἀπαριθμοόμενος, καθάπερ οἱ
+φιλάργυροι γέροντες ὑπὸ τῶν κωμῳδῶν ἐπὶ τὴν
+σκηνὴν ἑλκόμενοι, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος τῆς
+ἀρχῆς καὶ τὴν ἀξίωσιν. [20] φιλονεικῶν μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ
+τῶν ὁρίων καὶ δυσμενῶς ἔχων ἐκείνων ἂν ἦρξε
+μόνων ὧν ἔλαχεν, εἰ καὶ πλέον ἔχων ἀπῄει·
+ὑπερορῶν δὲ τῶν μικρῶν καὶ καταφρονήσας ἦρχε
+μὲν ἁπάσης μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης,
+ἐπεμελεῖτο δὲ τοῦ λαχόντος μέρους, ἀπολαύων
+μὲν τελείας τῆς τιμῆς, μετέχων δὲ ἔλαττον τῶν ἐπ᾽
+αὐτῇ πόνων.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But I must postpone the description of your
+personal qualities and go on to speak of your
+achievements. The Persians in the past conquered
+the whole of Asia, subjugated a great part of Europe,
+and had embraced in their hopes I may almost say
+the whole inhabited world, when the Macedonians
+deprived them of their supremacy, and they provided
+Alexander's generalship with a task, or rather with
+a toy. But they could not endure the yoke of
+slavery, and no sooner was Alexander dead, than
+they revolted from his successors and once more
+opposed their power to the Macedonians, and so
+successfully that, when we took over what was left
+of the Macedonian empire, we counted them to the
+end as foes with whom we must reckon. I need not
+now remind you of ancient history, of Antony and
+Crassus,<note place='foot'>Defeated at Carrhae <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> 53: the Roman standards were
+recovered by Augustus <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> 20.</note> who were generals with the fullest powers,
+or tell how after long-continued dangers we succeeded
+in wiping out the disgrace they incurred, and
+how many a prudent general retrieved their blunders.
+Nor need I recall the second chapter of our misfortunes
+and the exploits of Carus<note place='foot'>Emperor 282-283 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> that followed,
+when after those failures he was appointed general.
+Among those who sat on the throne before your
+father's time and imposed on the Persians conditions
+of peace admired and welcomed by all, did not the
+Caesar<note place='foot'>Galerius Maximianus, son-in-law of Diocletian, was defeated
+in Mesopotamia, 296 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, by Narses.</note> incur a disgraceful defeat when he attacked
+them on his own account? It was not till the
+ruler of the whole world<note place='foot'>Diocletian.</note> turned his attention to
+them, directing thither all the forces of the empire,
+occupying all the passes with his troops and
+levies of hoplites, both veterans and new recruits,
+and employing every sort of military equipments,
+that fear drove them to accept terms of peace.
+That peace they somehow contrived to disturb and
+break during your father's lifetime, but they escaped
+punishment at his hands because he died in the
+midst of preparations for a campaign. It was left
+for you later on to punish them for their audacity.
+I shall often have to speak of your campaigns against
+them, but this one thing I ask my hearers to
+observe. You became master of a third of the
+empire,<note place='foot'>The provinces of the East.</note> that part in fact which seemed by no
+means strong enough to carry on a war, since it
+had neither arms nor troops in the field, nor any
+of those military resources which ought to flow in
+abundantly in preparation for so important a war.
+Then, too, your brothers, for whatever reason, did
+nothing to make the war easier for you. And yet
+there is no sycophant so shameless and so envious
+as not to admit that the harmony existing between
+you was mainly due to you. The war in itself
+presented peculiar difficulties, in my opinion, and
+the troops were disaffected owing to the change
+of government; they raised the cry that they missed
+their old leader and they wished to control your
+actions. Nay, more; a thousand strange and perplexing
+circumstances arose on every hand to render
+your hopes regarding the war more difficult to
+realise. The Armenians, our ancient allies, revolted,
+and no small part of them went over to the Persians
+and overran and raided the country on their borders.
+In this crisis there seemed to be but one hope of
+safety, that you should take charge of affairs and
+plan the campaign, but at the moment this was
+impossible, because you were in Paeonia<note place='foot'>Regularly in Greek for Pannonia.</note> making
+treaties with your brothers. Thither you went in
+person, and so managed that you gave them no
+opening for criticism. Indeed, I almost forgot to
+mention the very first of your achievements, the
+noblest of all, or at any rate equal to the noblest.
+For there is no greater proof of your prudence and
+magnanimity than the fact that, in planning for
+interests of such importance, you thought it no disadvantage
+if you should, of your own free will,
+concede the lion's share to your brothers. Imagine,
+for instance, a man dividing among his brothers their
+father's estate of a hundred talents, or, if you prefer,
+twice as much. Then suppose him to have been
+content with fifty minae less than the others, and to
+raise no objection, because he secured their goodwill
+in exchange for that trifling sum. You would think
+he deserved all praise and respect as one who had a
+soul above money, as far-sighted, in short as a man of
+honour. But here is one whose policy with regard
+to the empire of the world seems to have been so
+high minded, so prudent, that, without increasing
+the burdens of administration, he willingly gave up
+some of the imperial revenues in order to secure
+harmony and peace among all Roman citizens. What
+praise such a one deserves! And certainly one cannot,
+in this connection, quote the saying, <q>Well
+done, but a bad bargain.</q> Nothing, in my opinion,
+can be called a good bargain if it be not honourable
+as well. In general, if anyone wish to apply the test
+of expediency alone, he ought not to make money
+his criterion or reckon up his revenues from estates,
+like those old misers whom writers of comedy bring
+on to the stage, but he should take into account the
+vastness of the empire and the point of honour involved.
+If the Emperor had disputed about the
+boundaries and taken a hostile attitude, he might
+have obtained more than he did, but he would have
+governed only his allotted share. But he scorned
+and despised such trifles, and the result was that
+he really governed the whole world in partnership
+with his brothers, but had the care of his own portion
+only, and, while he kept his dignity unimpaired, he
+had less than his share of the toil and trouble that
+go with such a position.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων καὶ αὖθις ἐξέσται
+διὰ μακροτέρων δηλῶσαι. ὅπως δὲ τῶν πραγμάτων
+ἐπεμελήθης, [B] τοσούτων κύκλῳ περιστάντων
+μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς τελευτὴν κινδύνων
+καὶ παντοδαπῶν πραγμάτων, θορύβου,<note place='foot'>πραγμάτων θορύβου Wyttenbach, θορύβου πραγμάτων MSS,
+Hertlein.</note> πολέμου
+ἀναγκαίου,<note place='foot'>ἀναγκαίου Capps suggests, γενναίου MSS, Hertlein.</note> πολλῆς καταδρομῆς συμμάχων ἀποστάσεως,
+στρατοπέδων ἀταξίας, ὅσα ἄλλα τότε
+δυσχερῆ κατελάμβανεν, ἴσως ἤδη διελθεῖν ἄξιον.
+ἐπειδὴ γάρ σοι τὰ τῶν συνθηκῶν μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης
+ὁμονοίας διῴκητο, παρῆν δὲ ὁ καιρὸς τοῖς πράγμασιν
+ἐπιτάττων βοηθεῖν κινδυνεύουσι, [C] πορείαις
+ταχείαις<note place='foot'>πορείαις ταχείαις Capps suggests, πορείας μὲν τάχει MSS,
+Hertlein.</note> χρησάμενος ὅπως μὲν ἐκ<note place='foot'>ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Petavius, ἀθρόως ἐκ MSS, Hertlein.</note> Παιόνων ἐν
+Σύροις ὤφθης, οὐδὲ τῷ λόγῳ δεῖξαι ῥᾴδιον· ἀρκεῖ
+<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>
+δὲ τοῖς ἐγνωκόσιν ἡ πεῖρα. ὅπως δὲ πρὸς τὴν
+παρουσίαν τὴν σὴν ἀθρόως ἅπαντα μεταβαλόντα
+καὶ μεταστάντα πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον οὐ μόνον τῶν
+ἐπικρεμασθέντων ἡμᾶς ἀπήλλαξε φόβων, ἀμείνους
+δὲ μακρῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν μελλόντων παρέσχεν
+ἐλπίδας, [D] τίς ἂν ἀρκέσειε τῶν ἁπάντων εἰπεῖν; τὰ
+μὲν τῶν στρατοπέδων, πλησίον γενομένου μόνον,
+ἐπέπαυτο τῆς ἀταξίας καὶ μεθειστήκει πρὸς
+κόσμον, Ἀρμενίων δὲ οἱ προσθέμενοι τοῖς πολεμίοις
+εὐθὺς μετάστησαν, σοῦ τοὺς μὲν αἰτίους τῆς
+φυγῆς τῷ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης ἄρχοντι παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς
+ἐξαγαγόντος, τοῖς φεύγουσι δὲ τὴν ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν
+κάθοδον ἀδεᾶ παρασκευάσαντος. οὕτω δὲ φιλανθρώπως
+τοῖς τε παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἀφικομένοις ἄρτι
+[21] χρησαμένου καὶ τοῖς ἐκ τῆς φυγῆς μετὰ τοῦ
+σφῶν ἄρχοντος κατεληλυθόσι πρᾴως ὁμιλοῦντος,
+οἱ μέν, ὅτι καὶ πρότερον ἀπέστησαν, αὑτοὺς ἀπωλοφύραντο,
+οἱ δὲ τὴν παροῦσαν τύχην τῆς πρόσθεν
+ἠγάπων μᾶλλον δυναστείας. καὶ οἱ μὲν φεύγοντες
+ἔμπροσθεν ἔργῳ σωφρονεῖν ἔφασαν ἐκμαθεῖν, οἱ
+δὲ τοῦ μὴ μεταστῆναι τῆς ἀμοιβῆς ἀξίας τυγχάνειν.
+τοσαύτῃ δὲ ἐχρήσω περὶ τοὺς κατελθόντας
+ὑπερβολῇ δωρεῶν καὶ τιμῆς, ὥστε μηδὲ
+[B] τοῖς ἐχθίστοις σφῶν εὖ πράττουσι καὶ τὰ εἰκότα
+τιμωμένοις ἄχθεσθαι μηδὲ βασκαίνειν. ταῦτα δὲ
+ἐν βραχεῖ καταστησάμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐξ Ἀραβίας
+λῃστὰς ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ταῖς πρεσβείαις
+τρέψας, ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ πολέμου παρασκευὰς ἦλθες,
+ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ χεῖρον ἐν βραχεῖ προειπεῖν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(On that subject, however, I shall have a chance
+later to speak in more detail. This is perhaps the
+right moment to describe how you controlled the
+situation, encompassed as you were, after your
+father's death, by so many perils and difficulties of
+all sorts&mdash;confusion, an unavoidable war, numerous
+hostile raids, allies in revolt, lack of discipline in the
+garrisons, and all the other harassing conditions of
+the hour. You concluded in perfect harmony the
+negotiations with your brothers, and when the time
+had arrived that demanded your aid for the dangerous
+crisis of affairs, you made forced marches, and immediately
+after leaving Paeonia appeared in Syria.
+But to relate how you did this would tax my powers
+of description, and indeed for those who know the
+facts their own experience is enough. But who in
+the world could describe adequately how, at the prospect
+of your arrival, everything was changed and
+improved all at once, so that we were set free from
+the fears that hung over us and could entertain
+brighter hopes than ever for the future? Even
+before you were actually on the spot the mutiny
+among the garrisons ceased and order was restored.
+The Armenians who had gone over to the enemy at
+once changed sides again, for you ejected from the
+country and sent to Rome those who were responsible
+for the governor's<note place='foot'>Tiranus, King of Armenia, was now, 337 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, deposed
+and imprisoned by Sapor. His son, Arsaces, succeeded him
+in 341. Julian is describing the interregnum. Gibbon, chap.
+18, wrongly ascribes these events to the reign of Tiridates,
+who died 314 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> exile, and you secured
+for the exiles a safe return to their own country.
+You were so merciful to those who now came to
+Rome as exiles, and so kind in your dealings with
+those who returned from exile with the governor,
+that the former did, indeed, bewail their misfortune in
+having revolted, but still were better pleased with their
+present condition than with their previous usurpation;
+while the latter, who were formerly in exile,
+declared that the experience had been a lesson in
+prudence, but that now they were receiving a worthy
+reward for their loyalty. On the returned exiles
+you lavished such magnificent presents and rewards
+that they could not even resent the good fortune of
+their bitterest enemies, nor begrudge their being
+duly honoured. All these difficulties you quickly
+settled, and then by means of embassies you turned
+the marauding Arabs against our enemies. Then
+you began preparations for the war, about which I
+may as well say a few words.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/><anchor id='Pg055'/>
+
+<p>
+Τῆς γὰρ εἰρήνης τῆς πρόσθεν τοῖς μὲν στρατευομένοις
+ἀνείσης τοὺς πόνους, τοῖς λειτουργοῦσι
+δὲ κουφοτέρας τὰς λειτουργίας<note place='foot'>ὰς λειτουργίας Reiske adds.</note> παρασχούσης,
+τοῦ πολέμου δὲ χρημάτων καὶ σιτηρεσίου καὶ
+χορηγίας λαμπρᾶς δεομένου, [C] πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἰσχύος
+καὶ ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας τῶν
+στρατευομένων, ὑπάρχοντος δὲ οὐδενὸς σχεδὸν
+τῶν τοιούτων, αὐτὸς ἐξηῦρες καὶ κατέστησας, τοῖς
+μὲν ἐν<note place='foot'>ἐν Reiske adds.</note> ἡλικίᾳ στρατεύεσθαι λαχοῦσιν ἀποδείξας
+τῶν πόνων μελέτην, παπαπλησίαν δὲ τοῖς πολεμίοις
+ἱππικὴν καταστησάμενος δύναμιν, τῷ πεζῷ
+δὲ ἐπιτάξας τῶν πόνων ἔχεσθαι· καὶ ταῦτα οὐ
+ῥήμασι μόνον οὐδὲ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος, μελετῶν δὲ
+[D] αὐτὸς καὶ συνασκούμενος καὶ δεικνύων ἔργῳ τὸ
+πρακτέον, πολέμων ἐργάτας ἄφνω κατέστησας.
+χρημάτων δὲ ἐπενόεις πόρους, οὐκ αὔξων τοὺς
+φόρους οὐδὲ τὰς συντάξεις, καθάπερ Ἀθηναῖοι
+πρόσθεν, εἰς τὸ διπλάσιον ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον καταστήσας,
+ἐμμένων δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς ἀρχαίοις πλὴν εἴ
+που πρὸς βραχὺ καὶ πρὸς καιρὸν<note place='foot'>καιρὸν Cobet, εὔκαιρον MSS, Hertlein. ἄκαιρον V, ἀκαριᾶιον
+Hertlein conjectures.</note> ἐχρῆν αἰσθέσθαι
+δαπανηροτέρων τῶν λειτουργημάτων. ἐν
+τοσαύτηι δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ Wright, τε Schaefer, Hertlein.</note> τοὺς στρατευομένους ἦγες ἀφθονίᾳ, [22] ὡς
+μὴτε ὑβρίζειν τῷ κόρῳ μήτε ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας
+πλημμελεῖν ἀναγκασθῆναι. ὅπλων δὲ καὶ ἵππων
+παρασκευὴν καὶ νεῶν τῶν ποταμίων καὶ μηχανημάτων
+καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τὸ πλῆθος σιωπῇ
+κατέχω. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τέλος εἶχε
+<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/><anchor id='Pg057'/>
+καὶ ἔδει χρῆσθαι τοῖς προρρηθεῖσιν εἰς δέον,
+ἐζεύγνυτο μὲν ὁ Τίγρης σχεδίᾳ πολλάκις, ἤρθη
+δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ φρούρια, καὶ τῶν πολεμίων οὐδεὶς
+ἐτόλμησεν ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, [B] πάντα
+δὲ παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἤγετο τἀκείνων ἀγαθά, τῶν μὲν οὐδὲ
+εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι τολμώντων, τῶν θρασυνομένων δὲ
+παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τὴν τιμωρίαν ὑποσχόντων. τὸ μὲν δὴ
+κεφάλαιον τῶν εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν εἰσβολῶν τοιοῦτον.
+καθ᾽ ἕκαστον γὰρ ἐπεξιέναι τίς ἂν ἀξίως ἐν
+βραχεῖ λόγῳ δυνηθείη, τῶν μὲν τὰς συμφορὰς τῶν
+δὲ τὰς ἀριστείας ἀπαριθμούμενος; τοσοῦτον δὲ
+ἴσως εἰπεῖν οὐ χαλεπόν, [C] ὅτι πολλάκις τὸν ποταμὸν
+ἐκεῖνον περαιωθεὶς ξὺν τῷ στρατεύματι καὶ
+πολὺν ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ διατρίψας<note place='foot'>διατρίψας Cobet, τρίψας MSS, Hertlein.</note> χρόνον, λαμπρὸς
+ἐπανῄεις τοῖς τροπαίοις, τὰς διὰ σὲ πόλεις ἐλευθέρας
+ἐπιὼν καὶ χαριζόμενος εἰρήνην καὶ πλοῦτον,
+πάντα ἀθρόως τὰ ἀγαθά, καὶ τῶν πάλαι ποθουμένων
+διδοὺς ἀπολαύειν, νίκης κατὰ τῶν βαρβάρων,
+τροπαίων ἐγειρομένων κατὰ τῆς Παρθυαίων
+ἀπιστίας καὶ ἀνανδρίας,<note place='foot'>ἀνανδρίας [καὶ δειλίας] Hertlein. M omits καὶ before
+δειλίας, hence Petavius omits δειλίας.</note> ὧν τὸ μὲν ἐπεδείξαντο
+[D] τὰς σπονδὰς λύσαντες καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην συγχέαντες,
+τὸ δὲ μὴ τολμῶντες ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας καὶ
+τῶν φιλτάτων ἀμύνεσθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The previous period of peace had relaxed the
+labours of the troops, and lightened the burdens of
+those who had to perform public services. But the
+war called for money, provisions, and supplies on a
+vast scale, and even more it demanded endurance,
+energy, and military experience on the part of the
+troops. In the almost entire absence of all these,
+you personally provided and organised everything,
+drilled those who had reached the age for military
+service, got together a force of cavalry to match the
+enemy's, and issued orders for the infantry to
+persevere in their training. Nor did you confine
+yourself to speeches and giving orders, but yourself
+trained and drilled with the troops, showed them
+their duty by actual example, and straightway made
+them experts in the art of war. Then you discovered
+ways and means, not by increasing the
+tribute or the extraordinary contributions, as the
+Athenians did in their day, when they raised these
+to double or even more. You were content, I
+understand, with the original revenues, except in
+cases where, for a short time, and to meet an
+emergency, it was necessary that the people should
+find their services to the state more expensive. The
+troops under your leadership were abundantly
+supplied, yet not so as to cause the satiety that leads
+to insolence, nor, on the other hand, were they driven
+to insubordination from lack of necessaries.
+I shall say nothing about your great array of arms,
+horses, and river-boats, engines of war and the like.
+But when all was ready and the time had come to
+make appropriate use of all that I have mentioned,
+the Tigris was bridged by rafts at many points and
+forts were built to guard the river. Meanwhile the
+enemy never once ventured to defend their country
+from plunder, and every useful thing that they
+possessed was brought in to us. This was partly
+because they were afraid to offer battle, partly
+because those who were rash enough to do so were
+punished on the spot. This is a mere summary of
+your invasions of the enemy's country. Who, indeed,
+in a short speech could do justice to every event, or
+reckon up the enemy's disasters and our successes?
+But this at least I have space to tell. You often
+crossed the Tigris with your army and spent a
+long time in the enemy's country, but you always
+returned crowned with the laurels of victory. Then
+you visited the cities you had freed, and bestowed
+on them peace and plenty, all possible blessings and
+all at once. Thus at your hands they received what
+they had so long desired, the defeat of the barbarians
+and the erection of trophies of victory over the
+treachery and cowardice of the Parthians. Treachery
+they had displayed when they violated the treaties
+and broke the peace, cowardice when they lacked
+the courage to fight for their country and all that
+they held dear.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μή τις ὑπολάβῃ με τούτων μὲν
+ἡδέως μεμνῆσθαι τῶν ἔργων, ὀκνεῖν δὲ ἐκεῖνα,
+περὶ ἃ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις πλεονεκτῆσαι παρέσχεν
+ἡ τύχη, μᾶλλον δὲ ἡ χώρα τὴν ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ
+προσλαβοῦσα ῥοπήν, ὡς αἰσχύνην ἡμῖν, οὐχὶ δὲ
+<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>
+ἔπαινον καὶ τιμὴν φέροντα, καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων
+πειράσομαι δηλῶσαι διὰ βραχέων, οὐ πρὸς τὸ
+[23] λυσιτελέστατον ἐμαυτῷ τοὺς λόγους πλάττων,
+τὴν ἀλήθειαν δὲ ἀγαπῶν ἐν πᾶσιν. ἧς εἴ τις ἑκὼν
+ἁμαρτάνοι, τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν αἰσχύνην
+οὐδαμῶς ἐκφεύγει, προστίθησι δὲ τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις
+τὸ δοκεῖν μηδ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων εὖ ἀκούειν
+κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν· ὃ παθεῖν εὐλαβησόμεθα. δείξει
+δὲ ὁ λόγος αὐτός, εἰ μηδαμοῦ τὸ ψεῦδος πρὸ τῆς
+ἀληθείας τετίμηκεν. οὐκοῦν εὖ οἶδα, ὅτι πάντες
+ἂν μέγιστον φήσειαν πλεονέκτημα τῶν βαρβάρων
+τὸν πρὸ τῶν Σιγγάρων πόλεμον. [B] ἐγὼ δὲ ἐκείνην
+τὴν μάχην ἴσα μὲν ἐνεγκεῖν τοῖς στρατοπέδοις τὰ
+δυστυχήματα, δεῖξαι δὲ τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν περιγενομένην
+τῆς ἐκείνων τύχης φαίην ἂν εἰκότως, καὶ
+ταῦτα στρατοπέδῳ χρησαμένου<note place='foot'>χρησαμένου Hertlein suggests, χρησάμενον V, χρησαμένην
+MSS.</note> θρασεῖ καὶ τολμηρῷ
+καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὥραν καὶ τὴν τοῦ πνίγους
+ῥώμην οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις συνήθει. ὅπως δὲ
+ἕκαστον ἐπράχθη, διηγήσομαι. θέρος μὲν γὰρ ἦν
+ἀκμάζον ἔτι, συνῄει δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν τὰ στρατόπεδα
+πολὺ πρὸ τῆς μεσημβρίας. [C] ἐκπληττόμενοι δὲ οἱ
+πολέμιοι τὴν εὐταξίαν καὶ τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν,
+αὐτοὶ δὲ πλήθει θαυμαστοὶ φανέντες, ἤρχετο
+μὲν οὐδεὶς τῆς μάχης, τῶν μὲν εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι πρὸς
+οὕτω παρεσκευασμένην δύναμιν ὀκνούντων, τῶν δὲ
+περιμενόντων ἐκείνους ἄρχειν, ὅπως ἀμυνόμενοι
+μᾶλλον ἐν πᾶσιν, οὐχὶ δὲ αὐτοὶ πολέμου μετὰ τὴν
+<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>
+εἰρήνην ἄρχοντες φανεῖεν. τέλος δὲ ὁ τῆς βαρβαρικῆς
+ἐκείνης δυνάμεως ἡγεμών, [D] μετέωρος ἀρθεὶς
+ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀσπίδων καὶ καταμαθὼν τὸ πλῆθος ἐν
+τάξει, οἷος ἐξ οἵου γέγονε καὶ ποίας ἀφίει φωνάς;
+προδεδόσθαι βοῶν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ πολέμου
+πείσαντας αἰτιώμενος, φεύγειν ᾤετο χρῆναι διὰ
+τάχους καὶ τοῦτο μόνον οἱ πρὸς σωτηρίαν ἀρκέσειν,
+εἰ φθήσεται τὸν ποταμὸν διαβῆναι, ὅσπερ
+ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν
+ὅρος ἀρχαῖος. ταῦτα διανοηθεὶς ἐκεῖνος πρῶτον
+ἐπὶ πόδα σημαίνει τὴν ἀναχώρησιν, καὶ κατ᾽
+[24] ὀλίγον προστιθεὶς τῷ τάχει τέλος ἤδη καρτερῶς
+ἔφευγεν, ἔχων ὀλίγους ἱππάας ἀμφ᾽
+αὑτόν, τὴν δύναμιν ἅπασαν τῷ παιδὶ καὶ τῷ
+πιστοτάτῳ τῶν φίλων ἐπιτρέψας ἄγειν. ταῦτα
+ὁρῶντες τὸ στράτευμα καὶ χαλεπαίνοντες, ὅτι
+μηδεμίαν ὑπέσχον τῶν τετολμημένων δίκην, ἐβόων
+ἄγειν ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, καὶ κελεύοντος σοῦ<note place='foot'>κελεύοντος σοῦ Hertlein suggests, κελεύοντος MSS.</note> μένειν ἀχθόμενοι
+μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων ἕθεον ὡς ἕκαστος εἶχε
+ῥώμης τε καὶ τάχους, ἄπειροι μὲν ὄντες αὐτοὶ τέως
+τῆς σῆς στρατηγίας, [B] εἰς δὲ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁρῶντες
+ἄμεινον αὑτῶν τὸ συμφέρον κρίνειν ἧττον ἐπίστευον·
+καὶ τῷ πολλὰς<note place='foot'>τῷ πολλὰς Cobet, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.</note> συγκατειργάσθαι τῷ
+πατρὶ τῷ σῷ μάχας καὶ κρατῆσαι παντχοῦ τὸ<note place='foot'>τὸ Cobet, τῷ MSS, Hertlein.</note>
+δοκεῖν ἀηττήτους εἶναι συνηγωνίζετο. τούτων δὲ
+οὐδενὸς ἔλαττον τὸ παρεστὼς Παρθυαίων δέος
+ἐπῆρεν ὡς οὐκ ἀγωνισαμένους<note place='foot'>ἀγωνισαμένους Rouse
+suggests, ἀγωνισομένους MSS, Hertlein.</note> πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας
+<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/><anchor id='Pg063'/>
+μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν χώραν αὐτήν, καὶ εἴ τι
+μεῖζον ἔξωθεν προσπίπτοι, καὶ τούτου πάντως
+κρατήσοντας. ταχέως οὖν ἑκατὸν μεταξὺ στάδια
+[C] διαδραμόντες<note place='foot'>διαδραμόντες Naber, δραμόντες MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἐφειστήκεσαν ἤδη Παρθυαίοις εἰς τὸ
+τεῖχος καταπεφευγόσιν, ὃ πρότερον ἤδη πεποίητο
+σφίσιν ὥσπερ στρατόπεδον. ἑσπέρα δὲ ἦν λοιπὸν
+καὶ ὁ πόλεμος αὐτόθεν ξυνερρήγνυτο. καὶ τὸ μὲν
+τεῖχος αἱροῦσιν εὐθέως τοὺς ὑπὲρ<note place='foot'>τοὺς ὑπὲρ MSS, Cobet (τοὺς ἀμυνομένους) ὑπὲρ Hertlein.</note> αὐτοῦ κτείναντες·
+γενόμενοι δὲ εἴσω τῶν ἐρυμάτων πολὺν μὲν ἠρίστευον
+χρόνον, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ δίψους ἀπειρηκότες ἤδη
+καὶ λάκκοις ὕδατος ἐντυχόντες ἔνδον, τὴν καλλίστην
+νίκην διέφθειραν καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις παρέσχον
+ἀναμαχέσασθαι τὸ πταῖσμα. [D] τοῦτο τέλος τῆς
+μάχης ἐκείνης γέγονε, τρεῖς μὲν ἢ τέτταρας
+ἀφελομένης τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, Παρθυαίων δὲ τὸν
+ἐπὶ τῇ βασιλείᾳ τρεφόμενον, ἁλόντα πρότερον,
+καὶ τῶν ἀμφ᾽ αὐτὸν παμπληθεῖς ξυνδιαφθειράσης·
+τούτοις δὲ ἅπασι δρωμένοις ὁ μὲν τῶν βαρβάρων
+ἡγεμὼν οὐδὲ ὄναρ παρῆν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπέσχε τὴν
+φυγὴν πρὶν ἢ κατὰ νώτου τὸν ποταμὸν ἐποιέσατο·
+[25] αὐτὸς δὲ διέμενες ἐν τοῖς ὄπλοις δι᾽ ὄλης
+ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς ἁπάσης, συμμετέχων μὲν τοῖς
+κρατοῦσι τῶν ἀγωνισμάτων, τοῖς πονοῦσι δὲ ἐπαρκῶν
+διὰ ταχέων. ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς ἀνδρείας καὶ τῆς εὐψυχίας
+εἰς τοσοῦτον τὸν ἀγῶνα μετέστησας, ὥστε
+αὐτοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν αὑτῶν τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπιλαβούσης
+ἀσμένως ἀποσώζεσθαι, ἀναχωρεῖν δὲ ἐκ τῆς
+μάχης, ἑπομένου σου, καὶ τοὺς τραυματίας; οὕτω
+τὸ δέος πᾶσιν ἀνῆκας τῆς φυγῆς. [B] ποῖον οὖν
+<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/><anchor id='Pg065'/>
+ἥλω φρούριον; τίς δὲ ἐπολιορκήθη πόλις; τίνος
+δὲ ἀποσκευῆς οἱ πολέμιοι κρατήσαντες ἔσχον ἐφ᾽
+ὅτῳ σεμνύνωνται μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But lest anyone should suppose that, while I
+delight in recalling exploits like these, I avoid
+mentioning occasions when luck gave the enemy
+the advantage&mdash;or rather it was the nature of the
+ground combined with opportunity that turned
+the scale&mdash;and that I do so because they brought
+us no honour or glory but only disgrace, I will
+try to give a brief account of those incidents
+also, not adapting my narrative with an eye to my
+own interests, but preferring the truth in every
+case. For when a man deliberately sins against the
+truth he cannot escape the reproach of flattery, and
+moreover he inflicts on the object of his panegyric
+the appearance of not deserving the praise that
+he receives on other accounts. This is a mistake
+of which I shall beware. Indeed my speech
+will make it clear that in no case has fiction been
+preferred to the truth. Now I am well aware that
+all would say that the battle we fought before
+Singara<note place='foot'>In Mesopotamia, 348 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> (Bury argues for 344 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>)</note> was a most important victory for the
+barbarians. But I should answer and with justice
+that this battle inflicted equal loss on both armies,
+but proved also that your valour could accomplish
+more than their luck; and that although
+the legions under you were violent and reckless
+men, and were not accustomed, like the enemy, to
+the climate and the stifling heat. I will relate
+exactly what took place.
+It was still the height of summer, and the legions
+mustered long before noon. Since the enemy were
+awestruck by the discipline, accoutrements and calm
+bearing of our troops, while to us they seemed
+amazing in numbers, neither side began the battle;
+for they shrank from coming to close quarters with
+forces so well equipped, while we waited for them to
+begin, so that in all respects we might seem to be
+acting rather in self-defence, and not to be responsible
+for beginning hostilities after the peace. But
+at last the leader<note place='foot'>Sapor.</note> of the barbarian army, raised high
+on their shields, perceived the magnitude of our
+forces drawn up in line. What a change came over
+him! What exclamations he uttered! He cried
+out that he had been betrayed, that it was the fault
+of those who had persuaded him to go to war, and
+decided that the only thing to be done was to flee
+with all speed, and that one course alone would
+secure his safety, namely to cross, before we could
+reach it, the river, which is the ancient boundary-line
+between that country and ours. With this
+purpose he first gave the signal for a retreat in good
+order, then gradually increasing his pace he finally
+took to headlong flight, with only a small following
+of cavalry, and left his whole army to the leadership
+of his son and the friend in whom he had most confidence.
+When our men saw this they were enraged
+that the barbarians should escape all punishment for
+their audacious conduct, and clamoured to be led in
+pursuit, chafed at your order to halt, and ran after
+the enemy in full armour with their utmost energy
+and speed. For of your generalship they had had
+no experience so far, and they could not believe
+that you were a better judge than they of what was
+expedient. Moreover, under your father they had
+fought many battles and had always been victorious,
+a fact that tended to make them think themselves
+invincible. But they were most of all elated by the
+terror that the Parthians now shewed, when they
+thought how they had fought, not only against the
+enemy, but against the very nature of the ground,
+and if any greater obstacle met them from some
+fresh quarter, they felt that they would overcome
+it as well. Accordingly they ran at full
+speed for about one hundred stades, and only
+halted when they came up with the Parthians,
+who had fled for shelter into a fort that they
+had lately built to serve as a camp. It was,
+by this time, evening, and they engaged battle
+forthwith. Our men at once took the fort and
+slew its defenders. Once inside the fortifications
+they displayed great bravery for a long time,
+but they were by this time fainting with thirst,
+and when they found cisterns of water inside, they
+spoiled a glorious victory and gave the enemy a
+chance to retrieve their defeat. This then was the
+issue of that battle, which caused us the loss of only
+three or four of our men, whilst the Parthians lost
+the heir to the throne<note place='foot'>Sapor's son.</note> who had previously been
+taken prisoner, together with all his escort. While all
+this was going on, of the leader of the barbarians
+not even the ghost was to be seen, nor did he stay
+his flight till he had put the river behind him. You,
+on the other hand, did not take off your armour for
+a whole day and all the night, now sharing the struggles
+of those who were getting the upper hand, now
+giving prompt and efficient aid to those who were hard-pressed.
+And by your bravery and fortitude you so
+changed the face of the battle that at break of day the
+enemy were glad to beat a safe retreat to their own
+territory, and even the wounded, escorted by you,
+could retire from the battle. Thus did you relieve them
+all from the risks of flight. Now what fort was taken
+by the enemy? What city did they besiege? What
+military supplies did they capture that should give
+them something to boast about after the war?)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως, φήσει τισ, τὸ μηδέποτε τῶν πολεμίων
+ἧττον ἔχοντα ἀπελθεῖν εὐτυχὲς καὶ εὔδαιμον
+ἡγητέον,<note place='foot'>ἡγητέον Schaefer, ἡγεῖ τὸ δὲ Cobet, Hertlein, ἡγεῖτο δὲ
+V, M, ἡγῇ τὸ δὲ MSS.</note> τὸ δὲ ἀντιστῆναι τῇ τύχῃ ῥωμαλεώτερον
+καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Reiske, ὃ καὶ MSS.</note> μείζονος ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει σημεῖον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But perhaps some one will say that never to come
+off worse than the enemy must indeed be considered
+good fortune and felicity, but to make a stand
+against fortune calls for greater vigour and is a
+proof of greater valour.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τίς μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸς κυβερνήτης ἐν εὐδίᾳ τὴν
+ναῦν κατευθύνων, [C] γαλήνης ἀκριβοῦς κατεχούσης
+τὸ πέλαγος; τίς δὲ ἡνίοχος ἅρματος δεξιὸς ἐν
+ὁμαλῷ καὶ λείῳ χωρίῳ εὐπειθεῖς καὶ πρᾴους καὶ
+ταχεῖς ἵππους ζευξάμενος, εἶτα ἐν τούτοις ἐπιδεικνύμενος
+τὴν τέχνην; πόσῳ δὲ ἀμείνων νεὼς
+μὲν ἰθυντὴρ ὁ καὶ τὸν μέλλοντα χειμῶνα προμαθὼν
+καὶ προαισθόμενος καὶ πειραθείς γε τοῦτον
+ἐκκλῖναι, εἶτα δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας ἐμπεσὼν
+καὶ διασώσας ἀπαθῆ τὴν ναῦν αὐτῷ φόρτῳ;
+[D] ἄρματος δ᾽ ἐπιστάτης ὁ καὶ πρὸς χωρίων ἀγωνιζόμενος
+τραχύτητα καὶ τοὺς ἵππους μετατιθεὶς
+ἅμα καὶ βιαζόμενος, ἤν τι πλημμελῶσιν; ὅλως
+δὲ οὐδεμίαν ἄξιον τέχνην μετὰ τῆς τύχης ἐξετάζειν,
+ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὴν ἐφ᾽ αὑτῆς σκοπεῖν. οὐδὲ
+στρατηγὸς ἀμείνων ὁ Κλέων Νικίου, ἐπειδὴ τὰ
+περὶ τὴν Πύλον ηὐτύχησεν, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλος οὐδεὶς τῶν
+τύχῃ μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ κρατούντων. ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὴ
+καὶ τὴν τύχην τὴν σὴν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν
+τῆς τῶν ἀντιταξαμένων, μᾶλλον δὲ τῆς ἁπάντων
+ἀνθρώπων κρατίστην φήσαιμι, [26] ἀδικεῖν ἂν εἰκότως
+<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>
+δοκοίην, τὴν μὴ παρασχοῦσαν τοῖς πολεμίοις
+αἰσθέσθαι τὸ πλεονέκτημα. χρὴ γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν
+δικαίως ὑπὲρ τῶν ῥηθέντων κρινοῦντα<note place='foot'>κρινοῦντα Cobet, κρίνοντα MSS, Hertlein.</note> τὸ μὲν
+ἐλάττωμα τῇ τοῦ πνίγους ἀνανταγωνίστῳ ῥώμῃ
+λογίζεσθαι, τὸ δὲ εἰς ἴσον καταστῆσαι τοὺς
+πολεμίους ταῖς συμφοραῖς τῆς σῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργον
+ὑπολαβεῖν, τὸ δὲ τῶν μὲν οἰκείων αἰσθέσθαι
+συμφορῶν, ἀγνοῆσαι δὲ τὰ κατορθώματα τῆς
+ἀγαθῆς τύχης ἔργον λογέζεσθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Is a man a skilful pilot because he can steer his
+ship in fair weather when the sea is absolutely
+calm? Would you call a charioteer an expert driver
+who on smooth and level ground has in harness
+horses that are gentle, quiet and swift, and under
+such conditions gives a display of his art? How
+much more skilful is the pilot who marks and perceives
+beforehand the coming storm and tries to avoid its
+path, and then, if for any reason he must face it,
+brings off his ship safe and sound, cargo and all?
+Just so, the skilful charioteer is he who can contend
+against the unevenness of the ground, and guide his
+horses and control them at the same time, if they
+grow restive. In short, it is not fair to judge of skill
+of any sort when it is aided by fortune, but one must
+examine it independently. Cleon was not a better
+general than Nicias because he was fortunate in the
+affair of Pylos, and the same may be said of all
+whose success is due to luck rather than to good
+judgment. But if I did not claim that your fortune
+was both better and better deserved than that of
+your opponents, or rather of all men, I should with
+reason be thought to do it an injustice, since it
+prevented the enemy from even perceiving their
+advantage. For, in my opinion, an impartial judge
+of my narrative ought to ascribe our reverse to the
+extreme and insupportable heat, and the fact that
+you inflicted loss on the enemy equal to ours he
+would regard as achieved by your valour, but that,
+though they were aware of their losses, they took no
+account of their success, he would regard as brought
+about by your good fortune.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ μακρότερα περὶ τούτων λέγων
+τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων καιρὸν ἀναλώσω, πειράσομαι
+λοιπὸν τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο περιστὰν ἡμᾶς τῶν
+πραγμάτων πλῆθος διεξιέναι<note place='foot'> διεξιέναι Reiske, lacuna Hertlein following Petavius.</note> καὶ τῶν κινδύνων
+τὸ μέγεθος, καὶ ὅπως ἅπασιν ἀντισχὼν τυράννων
+μὲν πλῆθος, βαρβάρων δὲ ἐτρέψω δυνάμεις. ἦν
+μὲν γὰρ ὁ χειμὼν ἐπ᾽ ἐξόδοις ἤδη, ἕκτον που
+μάλιστα μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἔτος, οὗ μικρῷ πρόσθεν
+ἐμνήσθην, [C] ἧκε δὲ ἀγγέλλων τισ, ὡς Γαλατία
+μὲν συναφεστῶσα τῷ τυράννῳ ἀδελφῷ τῷ σῷ
+ἐβοὐλευσέ τε καὶ ἐπετέλεσε τὸν φόνον, εἶτα ὡς
+Ἰταλία καὶ Σικελία κατείληπται, τὰ δὲ ἐν
+Ἰλλυριοῖς στρατόπεδα ταραχωδῶς ἔχει καὶ Βασιλέα
+σφῶν ἀπέδειξε τὸν τέως στρατηγὸν ἀντισχεῖν
+ἐθέλοντα πρὸς τὴν ἄμαχον δοκοῦσαν τῶν
+τυράννων φοράν. ἱκέτευε δὲ αὐτὸς οὗτος χρήματα
+πέμπειν καὶ δύναμιν τὴν βοηθήσουσαν, σφόδρα
+ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ δεδιὼς καὶ τρέμων, μὴ πρὸς τῶν
+τυράννων κρατηθείη. [D] καὶ τέως μὲν ἐπηγγέλλετο
+τὰ προσήκοντα δράσειν, οὐδαμῶς αὑτὸν ἀξιῶν
+<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>
+τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἐπίτροπον δὲ οἶμαι πιστὸν καὶ φύλακα
+παρέξειν ἐπαγγελλόμενος· ἔμελλε δὲ οὐκ εἰς
+μακρὰν ἄπιστος φανεῖσθαι καὶ δίκην ὑφέξειν
+καίτοι<note place='foot'>καίτοι Reiske, καὶ MSS, Hertlein. Petavius omits καὶ.</note> φιλάνθρωπον. ταῦτα πυθόμενος οὐκ ᾤου
+δεῖν ἐν ῥᾳστώνῃ πολλῇ τὸν χρόνον ἀναλίσκειν
+μάτην. ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ Συρίᾳ πόλεις
+μηχανημάτων καὶ φρουρᾶς καὶ σίτου καὶ τῆς
+ἄλλης παρασκευῆς<note place='foot'>παρασκευῆς V, παρασκευῆς ἁπάσης MSS.</note> ἐμπλήσας, καὶ ἀπὼν ἀρκέσειν
+τοῖς τῇδε προσεδόκησας, [27] αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς
+τυράννους ὁρμᾶν ἐβουλεύου.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(That I may not, however, by saying more on this
+subject, spend time that belongs to more important
+affairs, I will try to describe next the multitude of
+difficulties that beset us, the magnitude of our perils,
+and how you faced them all, and not only routed
+the numerous following of the usurpers, but the
+barbarian forces as well.
+About six years had passed since the war I have
+just described, and the winter was nearly over, when
+a messenger arrived with the news<note place='foot'>cf. Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 169.</note> that Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note>
+had gone over to the usurper, that a plot had been
+made to assassinate your brother and had been
+carried out, also that Italy and Sicily had been
+occupied, lastly that the Illyrian garrisons were in
+revolt and had proclaimed their general<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> emperor,
+though for a time he had been inclined to resist
+what seemed to be the irresistible onset of the
+usurpers.<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 61.</note> Indeed, he himself kept imploring you
+to send money and men to his aid, as though he
+were terribly afraid on his own account of being
+overpowered by them. And for a while he kept
+protesting that he would do his duty, that for
+his part he had no pretensions to the throne, but
+would faithfully guard and protect it for you. Such
+were his assertions, but it was not long before
+his treachery came to light and he received his
+punishment, tempered though it was with mercy.
+On learning these facts you thought you ought not
+to waste your time in idleness to no purpose. The
+cities of Syria you stocked with engines of war,
+garrisons, food supplies, and equipment of other
+kinds, considering that, by these measures, you
+would, though absent, sufficiently protect the inhabitants,
+while you were planning to set out in
+person against the usurpers.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Πέρσαι δὲ ἐξ ἐκείνου τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον
+παραφυλάξαντες, ὡς ἐξ ἐφόδου τὴν Συρίαν
+ληψόμενοι, πᾶσαν ἐξαναστήσαντες ἡλικίαν καὶ
+φύσιν καὶ τύχην ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ὥρμηντο, ἄνδρες,
+μειράκια, πρεσβῦται καὶ γυναικῶν πλῆθος καὶ
+θεραπόντων, οὐ μόνον τῶν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον
+ὑπουργιῶν χάριν, ἐκ περιουσίας δὲ πλεῖστον
+ἑπόμενον. διενοοῦντο γὰρ ὡς καὶ τὰς πόλεις
+[B] καθάξοντες καὶ τῆς χώρας ἤδη κρατήσαντες
+κληρούχους ἡμῖν ἐπάγειν.<note place='foot'>ἐπάγειν Hertlein suggests, ἐπάξοντες Wyttenbach, ἐπαύξουσι
+V, ἐπάξουσι MSS.</note> κενὰς δὲ ἀπέφηνεν
+αὐτοῖς τὰς προσδοκίας τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς σῆς
+τὸ μέγεθος. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς πολιορκίαν κατέστησαν,
+ἐπετειχίζετο μὲν ἡ πόλις κύκλῳ τοῖς
+χώμασιν, ἐπέρρει δὲ ὁ Μυγδόνιος πελαγίζων τὸ
+περὶ τῷ τείχει χωρίον, καθάπερ ὁ Νεῖλος, φασὶ,
+τὴν Αἴγυπτον. προσήγετο δὲ ἐπὶ νεῶν ταῖς
+ἐπάλξεσι τὰ μηχανήματα, καὶ ἐπιπλεῖν ἄλλοι
+<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>
+διενοοῦντο τοῖς τείχεσιν, [C] ἄλλοι δὲ ἔβαλλον ἀπὸ
+τῶν χωμάτων τοὺς ἀμυνομένους ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως.
+οἱ δὲ ἐκ τῶν τειχῶν ἤμυνον καρτερῶς τῇ πίλει.
+μεστὰ δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα σωμάτων καὶ ναυαγίων καὶ
+ὅπλων καὶ βελῶν, τῶν μὲν ἄρτι καταδυομένων,
+τῶν δέ, ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον ὑπὸ τῆς βίας κατενεχθέντα
+κατέδυ, κουφιζομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος.
+ἀσπίδες μὲν ἐπενήχοντο βαρβάρων παμπληθεῖς
+καὶ νεῶν σέλματα<note place='foot'>σέλματα Reiske, ἕρματα MSS, Herlein. Reiske suggests
+συντριβομένων. ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς δὲ μηχανημάτων καὶ βελῶν πλῆθος.</note> συντριβομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς τῶν
+μηχανημάτων. [D] βελῶν πλῆθος ἐπινηχόμενον μικροῦ
+δεῖν ἐπεῖχεν ἅπαν τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ τείχους
+καὶ τῶν χωμάτων. ἐτέτραπτο δὲ ἡ λίμνη πρὸς
+λύθρον, καὶ κύκλῳ τὸ τεῖχος ἐπήχουν οἰμωγαὶ
+βαρβάρων ὀλλύντων μὲν οὐδαμῶς, ὀλλυμένων<note place='foot'>ὀλλυμένων Cobet, ἀπολλυμένων MSS, Hertlein.</note>
+δὲ πολυτρόπως καὶ τιτρωσκομένων ποικίλοις
+τραύμασι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But the Persians ever since the last campaign
+had been watching for just such an opportunity,
+and had planned to conquer Syria, by a single
+invasion. So they mustered all forces, every age,
+sex, and condition, and marched against us, men
+and mere boys, old men and crowds of women
+and slaves, who followed not merely to assist in
+the war, but in vast numbers beyond what was
+needed. For it was their intention to reduce the
+cities, and once masters of the country, to bring
+in colonists in spite of us. But the magnitude of
+your preparations made it manifest that their expectations
+were but vanity. They began the siege
+and completely surrounded the city<note place='foot'>Nisibis.</note> with dykes,
+and then the river Mygdonius flowed in and
+flooded the ground about the walls, as they say
+the Nile floods Egypt. The siege-engines were
+brought up against the ramparts on boats, and their
+plan was that one force should sail to attack the
+walls while the other kept shooting on the city's
+defenders from the mounds. But the garrison made
+a stout defence of the city from the walls. The
+whole place was filled with corpses, wreckage,
+armour, and missiles, of which some were just
+sinking, while others, after sinking from the violence
+of the first shock, floated on the waters. A vast
+number of barbarian shields and also ship's benches,
+as a result of the collisions of the siege-engines on
+the ships, drifted on the surface. The mass of floating
+weapons almost covered the whole surface between
+the wall and the mounds. The lake was turned to
+gore, and all about the walls echoed the groans of
+the barbarians, slaying not, but being slain<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi>, 4. 451. ὀλλύντων τε καὶ ὀλλυμένων.</note> in
+manifold ways and by all manner of wounds.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τίς ἂν ἀξίως τῶν δρωμένων διηγοῖτο; πῦρ μὲν
+ἐνίετο ταῖς ἀσπίσιν, ἐξέπιπτον δὲ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν
+ἡμίκαυτοι πολλοί, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀποδιδράσκοντες
+τὴν φλόγα τὸν ἐκ τῶν βελῶν οὐκ ἀπέφευγον
+κίνδυνον· [28] ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἔτι νηχόμενοι τὰ νῶτα
+τρωθέντες ἐς βυθὸν κατεδύοντο, οἱ δὲ ἐξαλλόμενοι
+τῶν μηχανημάτων πρὶν ὕδατος ἅψασθαι
+βληθέντες οὐ σωτηρίαν, κουφότερον δὲ εὗρον τὸν<note place='foot'>εὗρον τὸν Cobet, ηὕροντο Hertlein, εὗρον τὸν V, εὕραντο
+MSS.</note>
+θάνατον. τοὺς δὲ οὐδὲ νεῖν εἰδότας ἀκλεέστερον
+τῶν πρόσθεν ἀπολλυμένους τίς ἂν ἀξιώσειεν
+ἁριθμοῦ καὶ μνήμης; ἐπιλείψει με, καθ᾽ ἕκαστον
+εἰ πᾶσιν ἐπεξελθεῖν βουλοίμην, ὁ χρόνος· τὸ
+<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/><anchor id='Pg073'/>
+κεφάλαιον δὲ ἀκούειν ἀπόχρη. [B] ταύτην ἥλιος
+ἐπεῖδε τὴν μάχην ἄγνωστον ἀνθρώποις τὸν ἔμπροσθεν
+χρόνον· ταῦτα τὴν παλαιὰν ἀλαζονείαν
+ἤλενξε τῶν Μήδων τῦφον ὄντα κενόν· ταῦτα τῆς
+Ξέρξου παρασκευῆς ἀπιστουμένης τέως τὸ μέγεθος,
+εἰ τοσαύτη γενομένη τέλος ἔσχεν αἰσχρὸν καὶ
+ἐπονείδιστον, ἐναργέστερον τῶν δοκούντων εἶναι
+γνωρίμων ἡμῖν κατέστησεν. ὁ μὲν ἐπειρᾶτο πλεῖν
+καὶ πεζεύειν ἀπεναντίον τῇ φύσει μαχόμενος
+καὶ, [C] ὥσπερ οὖν ᾤετο, κρατῶν ἠπείρου φύσεως
+καὶ θαλάττης ἀνδρὸς Ἕλληνος ἡττᾶτο σοφίας καὶ
+ῥώμης στρατιωτῶν οὐ τρυφᾶν μεμελετηκότων οὐδὲ
+δουλεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐλευθέρως ἄρχεσθαι καὶ πονεῖν εἰδότων.
+ὁ δὲ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς ἐκείνου καταδεέστερος,
+ἔμπληκτος δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ τῇ μανίᾳ τοὺς
+Ἀλωάδας ὑπερβαλλόμενος μόνον οὐχὶ τὸ πλησίον
+ὄρος ἐγνωκὼς ἀμφικαλύψαι τῇ πόλει, ἐπαφιεὶς δὲ
+[D] ποταμῶν ῥεύματα καὶ τὰ τείχη διαλύσας οὐδὲ
+ἀτειχίστου τῆς πόλεως περιγενόμενος ἔσχεν ἐφ᾽
+ὅτῳ σεμνύνηται, καθάπερ ὁ Ξέρξης ταῖς Ἀθήναις
+ἐμβαλὼν τὴν φλόγα. ἐπανῄει δὲ τεττάρων μηνῶν
+ἀναλώσας χρόνον μυριάσι πολλαῖς ἧττον ἀπάγων
+τὸ στάατευμα, καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπησεν ὁ πρόσθεν
+ἀφόρητος δοκῶν, τὴν σὴν ἀσχολίαν καὶ τὴν
+τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν πραγμάτων παραχὴν ὥσπερ ἔρυμα
+τῆς αὑτοῦ προβαλλόμενος σωτηρίας.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Who could find suitable words to describe all
+that was done there? They hurled fire down on
+to the shields, and many of the hoplites fell half-burned,
+while others who fled from the flames
+could not escape the danger from the missiles. But
+some while still swimming were wounded in the
+back and sank to the bottom, while others who
+jumped from the siege-engines were hit before they
+touched the water, and so found not safety indeed
+but an easier death. As for those who knew not
+how to swim, and perished more obscurely than those
+just mentioned, who would attempt to name or
+number them? Time would fail me did I desire to
+recount all this in detail. It is enough that you
+should hear the sum of the matter. On that day the
+sun beheld a battle the like of which no man had ever
+known before. These events exposed the historic
+boastings of the Medes as only empty conceit. Till
+then men had hardly believed that Xerxes could
+have had so huge an armament, seeing that for all
+its size its fate was so shameful and ignominious;
+but these events made the fact clearer to us than
+things long familiar and obvious. Xerxes tried to
+sail and to march by fighting against the laws of
+nature, and, as he thought, overcame the nature of
+the sea and of the dry land, but he proved to be no
+match for the wisdom and endurance of a Greek
+whose soldiers had not been bred in the school of
+luxury, nor learned to be slaves, but knew how to
+obey and to use their energies like free-born men.
+That man,<note place='foot'>Sapor.</note> however, though he had no such vast
+armament as Xerxes, was even more insensate, and
+outdid the Aloadae in his infatuation, as if almost
+he had conceived the idea of overwhelming the city
+with the mountain<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 8. 49.</note> that was hard by. Then he
+turned the currents of rivers against its walls and
+undermined them, but even when the city had lost
+its walls he could not succeed in taking it, so that
+he had not even that triumph to boast of, as Xerxes
+had when he set fire to Athens. So, after spending
+four months, he retreated with an army that had lost
+many thousands, and he who had always seemed to
+be irresistible was glad to keep the peace, and to
+use as a bulwark for his own safety the fact that you
+had no time to spare and that our own affairs were
+in confusion.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ταῦτα καταλιπὼν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας τρόπαια καὶ
+<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/><anchor id='Pg075'/>
+νίκας, [29] ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην ἀκμῆτας ἦγες τὸ στράτευμα,
+τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν ἐμπλῆσαι τροπαίων
+ἐγνωκώς. ἐμοὶ δὲ ἀρκεῖ<note place='foot'>ἀρκεῖ Cobet, ἤρκει MSS, Hertlein.</note> τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα, εἰ
+καὶ μηδὲν ἔτι περὶ σοῦ λέγειν εἶχον σεμνότερον,
+πρὸς τὸ πάντων ἀποφῆναι σε τῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῆς
+αὐτῆς σοι μετασχόντων τύχης συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ
+κρατοῦντα. τὸ γὰρ ἀπαθῶς ὤσασθαι μεὲ τὴν
+Περσῶν δύναμιν, οὐ πόλιν οὐδὲ φρούριον, ἀλλ᾽
+[B] οὐδὲ στρατιώτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου προέμενον,
+πολιορκίᾳ δὲ τέλος ἐπιθεῖναι λαμπρὸν καὶ οἷον
+οὔπω πρόσθεν ἠκούσαμεν, τίνι χρὴ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν
+παραβαλεῖν ἔργων; περιβόητος γέγονεν ἡ
+Καρχηδονίων ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς τόλμα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐτελεύτησεν
+εἰς συμφοράς· λαμπρὰ τὰ περὶ τὴν Πλαταιέων
+πολιορκίαν γενόμενα, ἐχρήσαντο δὲ οἱ
+δείλαιοι γνωριμώτερον τοῖς δυστυχήμασι. τί χρὴ
+Μεσσήνης καὶ Πύλου μεμνῆσθαι, οὔτε ἀγωνισαμένων
+καρτερῶς οὔτε ἁλόντων ξὺν βίᾳ; [C] Συρακούσιοι
+δὲ τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον ἀντιτάξαντες ταῖς παρασκευαῖς
+τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως καὶ τῷ καλῷ κἀγαθῷ
+στρατηγῷ τί πλέον ὤναντο; οὐχ ἑάλωσαν μὲν
+τῶν ἄλλων αἴσχιον, ἐσώζοντο δὲ καλὸν ὑπόμνημα
+τῆς τῶν ἑλόντων πρᾳότητος; Ἀλλ᾽ εἰ πάσας
+ἐξαριθμεῖσθαι τὰς πόλεις βουλοίμην, αἳ πρὸς τὰς
+ὑποδεεστέρας οὐ κατήρκεσαν παρασκευάς, πόσας
+οἴει μοι βίβλους ἀρκέσειν; τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ ἴσως
+ἄξιον μνησθῆναι πάλαι ποτὲ χρησαμένης τύχῃ
+τοιαύτῃ, [D] Γαλατῶν οἶμαι καὶ Κελτῶν ἐς ταύτὸ
+<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/><anchor id='Pg077'/>
+πνευσάντων καὶ φερομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν καθάπερ
+χειμάρρους ἐξαίφνης. κατέλαβον μὲν γὰρ τὸν
+λόφον ἐκεῖνον, οὗ τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ἀφίδρυται βρέτας;
+γέρροις δὲ καί τισι τοιούτοις οἱονεὶ τείχει φραξάμενοι,
+πολυπραγμονούντων οὐδὲν προσιέναι τῶν
+πολεμίων βίᾳ τολμώντων, ἐκράτησαν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Such were the trophies and victories that you
+left behind you in Asia, and you led your troops to
+Europe in perfect condition, determined to fill the
+whole world with the monuments of your victories.
+Even if I had nothing more wonderful to relate
+about you, what I have said is enough to demonstrate
+that in good sense and energy you surpass all
+those in the past whose fortune was the same as
+yours. Indeed to have repulsed the whole strength
+of Persia and remain unscathed, not to have lost so
+much as a soldier from the ranks, much less a town
+or fort, and finally to have brought the siege to so
+brilliant and unprecedented a conclusion,&mdash;what
+achievement I ask in the past could one compare
+with this? The Carthaginians were famous for their
+daring in the face of danger, but they ended in
+disaster. The siege of Plataea shed lustre on its
+citizens, but all that their valour could do for those
+unhappy men was to make their misfortunes more
+widely known. What need to quote Messene or
+Pylos, since there the defeated did not make a
+brave defence nor was a vigorous assault necessary
+to subdue them? As for the Syracusans, they had
+their famous man of science<note place='foot'>Archimedes.</note> to aid them against
+the armaments of Rome and our illustrious general,<note place='foot'>Marcellus 212 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note>
+but what did he avail them in the end? Did they
+not fall more ignominiously than the rest, and were
+only spared to be a glorious monument of their
+conqueror's clemency? But if I wished to reckon
+up all the states that could not withstand armaments
+inferior to their own, how many volumes do you
+think would suffice? Rome, however, I ought
+perhaps to mention, because long ago she had just
+such a fortune, I mean when the Galatians and
+Celts<note place='foot'>The Galatians, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the Gauls, and Celts are often thus
+incorrectly distinguished, cf. 34 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c.</hi> 36 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.</hi> 124 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.</hi></note> conspired together, and without warning
+poured down on the city like a winter torrent.<note place='foot'>390 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> under Brennus.</note>
+The citizens occupied the famous hill<note place='foot'>The Capitoline.</note> on which
+stands the statue of Jupiter. There they intrenched
+themselves with wicker barricades and such like
+defences, as though with a wall, while the enemy
+offered no hindrance nor ventured to approach to
+attack at close quarters, and so they won the day.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[30] Ταύτῃ παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον τῇ πολιορκίᾳ τὴν
+ἔναγχος τῷ τέλει τῆς τύχης, ἐπεὶ τοῖς γε ἔργοις
+οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν ὅσαι πάλαι γεγόνασι. τίς γὰρ ἔγνω
+κυκλουμένην μὲν ὕδασι πόλιν,<note place='foot'>πόλιν Reiske, τὴν πόλιν MSS.</note> λόφοις δὲ ἔξωθεν
+καθάπερ δικτύοις περιβληθεῖσαν, καὶ ποταμὸν
+ἐπαφιέμενον οἱονεὶ μηχάνημα, συνεχῶς ῥέοντα καὶ
+προσρηγνύμενον τοῖς τείχεσι, τάς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν
+ὑδάτων μάχας καὶ ὅσαι περὶ τῷ τείχει κατενεχθέντι
+γεγόνασιν;<note place='foot'>γεγόνασιν; Wright, γεγόνασιν. Hertlein.</note> ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν, ὅπερ ἔφην,
+ἀπόχρη καὶ ταῦτα· τὰ λειπόμενα δέ ἐστι μακρῷ
+σεμνότερα. [B] καὶ τυχὸν οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον ἅπαξ
+ἑλόμενον ἁπάντων ἐς δύναμιν μνησθῆναι τῶν σοι
+πραχθέντων, ἀκμαζουσῶν ἔτι τῶν πράξεων,
+ἁφεῖναι τὴν διήγησιν. ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἔτι τοῖς
+ἔργοις προσκαθήμενος, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην,
+περὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην διῴκησας, πρεσβείας
+πέμπων καὶ ἀναλίσκων χρήματα καὶ στρατόπεδα
+τὰ προσκαθήμενα τοῖς Σκύθαις ἐν Παιονίᾳ ἐκπέμπων,
+τοῦ μὴ κρατηθῆναι τὸν πρεσβύτην ὑπὸ
+<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>
+τοῦ τυράννου προνοῶν, πῶς ἄν τις ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ
+[C] παραστῆσαι δύναιτο καὶ πάνυ σπουδάζων;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(It is with this siege that the recent one may
+well be compared, at least in the issue of its
+fortunes; for the actual occurrences could not be
+paralleled in all history. For who ever heard of
+surrounding a city with water, and from without
+throwing hills about it like nets, then hurling at it,
+like a siege-engine, a river that flowed in a steady
+stream and broke against its walls, or of fighting like
+that which took place in the water and about the
+wall where it had fallen in? For my purpose, this
+is, as I said, evidence enough. But what remains to
+tell is far more awe-inspiring. And perhaps, since
+I have undertaken to record, as far as possible, all
+that you accomplished, it is not fair to break off my
+narrative at the point where you were at the very
+height of your activity. For even while you were
+occupied by the interests I have just described, you
+arranged your affairs in Europe, despatching embassies,
+spending money, and sending out the legions
+that were garrisoning Paeonia against the Scythians,
+all of which was with the intention of preventing
+that feeble old man<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> from being overpowered by the
+usurper.<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> But how could one, with the best will in
+the world, present all this in a short speech?)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐπει δέ, ἤδη σου πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὡρμημένου,
+οὐκ οἶδα παρ᾽ ὅτου δαιμόνων ἐξαιρεθεὶς τὸν νοῦν καὶ
+τὰς φρένας ὁ τέως πιστὸς μενεῖν φύλαξ ἐπαγγελλόμενος
+καὶ χρήμασι καὶ στρατοπέδοις καὶ τοῖς
+ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ὑπὸ σοῦ περισωζόμενος εἰρήνην
+ὡμολόγησε τῷ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἀνοσιωτάτῳ
+καὶ πολεμίῳ κοινῇ μὲν ἁπάντων, ὁπόσοις εἰρήνης
+μέλει καὶ τὴν ὁμόνοιαν ἐκ παντὸς στέργουσιν, [D] ἰδίᾳ
+δὲ σοὶ καὶ πλέον τῶν ἄλλων· οὔτε ἔδεισας τῆς
+παρασκευῆς τὸ μέγεθος οὔτε ἀπίστων ἀνδρῶν
+ξυμμαχίαν πλέον ἔχειν<note place='foot'>πλέον ἔχειν Hertlein suggests, πλέον MSS.</note> ὑπέλαβες τῆς ἔμφρονος
+γνώμης. ἐγκαλῶν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τῷ μὲν ἀπιστίαν,
+τῷ δὲ πρὸς ταύτῃ πράξεων ἀναγῶν καὶ παρανόμων
+τολμήματα, τὸν μὲν εἰς δίκην καὶ κρίσιν ἐπὶ τῶν
+στρατοπέδων προυκάλεις, τοῦ δὲ κριτὴν ὑπελάμβανες
+εἶναι τὸν πόλεμον. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ὁ
+καλὸς καὶ συνετὸς ἀπήντα πρεσβύτης, [31] εὐχερέστερον
+παιδαρίου τινὸς μετατιθέμενος τὰ δόξαντα καὶ
+ὧν εὖ πάθοι δεόμενος μετὰ τὴν χρείαν ἐπιλήσμων·
+παρῆν δὲ ἄγων ὁπλιτῶν φάλαγγας καὶ τάξεις
+ἱππέων, ὡς, εἰ μὴ πείθοι, βιασόμενος σε<note place='foot'>σε Hertlein adds.</note> ὀπίσω
+πάλιν ἀπιέναι τὴν αὐτὴν ἄπρακτον· οὐδὲν ἐκπλαγείς,
+ὅτι τὸν σύμμαχον καὶ στρατηγὸν μενεῖν
+ἐπαγγελλόμενον πολέμιον εἶδες ἐξ ἴσης ἄρχειν
+ἐθέλοντα, καίτοι τῷ πλήθει τῶν στρατευμάτων
+<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/><anchor id='Pg081'/>
+ἐλαττούμενος, ἐπεὶ μὴ πάντες εἵποντο, [B] πρὸς πλήθει
+κρατοῦντα διαγωνίζεσθαι τολμηρὸν μὲν ἴσως,
+σφαλερὸν δὲ πάντως<note place='foot'>πάντως Hertlein suggests, ἄλλως MSS, cf. 222 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> 353 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ὑπολαβὼν καὶ κρατήσαντι
+τῇ μάχῃ διὰ τὸν ἐφεδρεύοντα τοῖς καιροῖς καὶ τοῖς
+πράγμασιν ἄγριον τύραννον, ἐβουλεύσω καλῶς
+μόνον εἶναι σὸν ἐθέλων τὸ κατόρθωμα, καὶ παρῄεις
+ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα μετὰ τοῦ τέως συνάρχοντος· συνῄει
+δὲ ὁπλίτης δῆμος στίλβων τοῖς ὅπλοις, τὰ ξίφη
+γυμνὰ καὶ τὰ δόρατα προτείνοντες, [C] δειλῷ μὲν φρικῶδες
+καὶ δεινὸν θέαμα, εὐψύχῳ δὲ καὶ θαρραλέῳ καὶ
+οἷος αὐτὸς γέγονας ὄφελος γενναῖον. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ
+πρῶτον ἤρξω τῶν λόγων, σιγὴ μὲν ἐπέσχε, πρὸς τὴν
+ἀκοὴν ὡρμημένων πάντων, τὸ στράτευμα· δάκρυα δὲ
+προυχεῖτο πολλοῖς, καὶ ἐς τὸν οὐρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας
+ὤρεγον, σιγῇ καὶ ταῦτα δρῶντες, ὡς μήτις αἴσθηται.
+τὴν εὔνοιαν δὲ οἱ μὲν ἐνεδείκνυντο καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Hertlein adds.</note> διὰ τῆς
+ὄψεως, πάντες δὲ τῷ σφόδρα ὡρμῆσθαι τῶν λόγων
+ἀκούειν. [D] ἀκμαζούσης δὲ τῆς δημηγορίας συνενθουσιῶντες
+τῷ λόγῳ πάντες ἐπεκρότουν, εἶτα αὖθις
+ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμοῦντες ἡσύχαζον. τέλος δὲ ὑπὸ
+τῶν λόγων ἀναπειθόμενοι σὲ<note place='foot'>σὲ Reiske adds.</note> μόνον ἐκάλουν
+βασιλέα, μόνον ἄρχειν ἠξίουν ἁπάντων, ἡγεῖσθαι
+σφῶν ἐκέλευον ἐπὶ τὸν πολέμιον, ἀκολουθήσειν
+ὡμολόγουν, ἀπολαμβάνειν ἠξίουν τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ
+γνωρίσματα. σὺ δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν χεῖρα προσάγειν
+ᾤου δεῖν οὐδὲ ἀφελέσθαι ξὺν βίᾳ· ὁ δὲ ἄκων μὲν
+καὶ μόλις, εἴξας δὲ ὅμως ὀψέ ποτε, φασί, τῇ
+<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/><anchor id='Pg083'/>
+Θετταλικῇ πειθανάνκῃ, [32] προσῆγέ σοι περιελόμενος
+τὴν ἁλουργίδα. οἷός τις ἐνταῦθα γέγονας τοσούτων
+μὲν ἐθνῶν καὶ στρατοπέδων καὶ χρημάτων ἐν
+ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ γεγονὼς κύριος, τὸν πολέμιον δέ, εἰ καὶ
+μὴ τοῖς ἔργοις, ἀλλα τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα, τὴν
+ἀρχὴν ἀφελόμενος καὶ τοῦ σώματος κρατήσας;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(No sooner had you set out for the seat of war, than
+this very man, who had all along protested that he
+would loyally continue to guard your interests,
+though you had reinforced him with money, troops,
+and everything of the sort, was driven to folly and
+madness by I know not what evil spirit, and came
+to terms with the most execrable of mankind, the
+common enemy of all who care for peace and cherish
+harmony above all things, and more particularly
+your enemy for personal reasons. But you were
+undismayed by the magnitude of his preparations,
+nor would you admit that a conspiracy of traitors
+could overreach your own wise purpose. One<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> of
+the pair you justly accused of treason, the other<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> of
+infamous crimes besides, and deeds of lawless
+violence, and you summoned the former to trial and
+judgment before the legions, the latter you decided
+to leave to the arbitrament of war. Then he met
+you face to face, that honourable and prudent old
+man, who used to change his opinions more easily
+than any child, and, though he had begged for them,
+forgot all your favours as soon as the need had
+passed. He arrived with his phalanxes of hoplites
+and squadrons of cavalry, intending to compel, if he
+could not persuade you, to take no action and return
+the way you came. When, then, you saw this man,
+who had protested that he would continue to be
+your ally and general, playing an enemy's part and
+claiming an equal share of your empire, you were
+not at all dismayed, though his troops outnumbered
+yours. For you had not brought your whole force with
+you since you decided that to fight it out with such
+odds against you might be courageous but was in
+every way hazardous, even if you won the battle,
+because of that other savage usurper<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> who was
+lying in wait for a favourable opportunity<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Chersoneso</hi> 42.</note> when
+you should be in difficulties. You therefore made
+a wise resolve in preferring to achieve success
+single-handed, and you mounted the platform with
+him who for the moment was your colleague in
+empire. He was escorted by a whole host of
+hoplites with glittering weapons,<note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Andromache</hi> 1146.</note> presenting drawn
+swords and spears, a sight to make a coward shake
+with fear, though it inspired and supported one
+so brave and gallant as yourself. Now when first
+you began to speak, silence fell on the whole army
+and every man strained his ears to hear. Many
+shed tears and raised their hands to heaven, though
+even this they did in silence, so as to be unobserved.
+Some again showed their affection in their faces, but
+all showed it by their intense eagerness to hear your
+words. When your speech reached its climax, they
+were carried away by enthusiasm and burst into
+applause, then eager to miss no word they became
+quiet again. Finally, won by your arguments, they
+hailed you as their only Emperor, demanded that
+you alone should rule the whole empire, and bade
+you lead them against your adversary, promising to
+follow you and begging you to take back the imperial
+insignia. You, however, thought it beneath you to
+stretch out your hand for them or to take them by
+force. Then against his will and with reluctance, but
+yielding at last to what is called Thessalian persuasion,<note place='foot'>A proverb for necessity disguised as a choice, cf. 274 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note>
+he took off the purple robe and offered it to
+you. What a heroic figure yours was then, when, in a
+single day, you became master of all those races, those
+legions, all that wealth, when you stripped of his
+power and took prisoner one who, if not in fact
+yet in intention, had shown that he was your enemy!)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἆρ᾽ οὐ τούτῳ μὲν ἄμεινον καὶ δικαιότερον
+προσηνέχθης ἢ Κῦρος τῷ πάππῳ, τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν
+δὲ τὰς τιμὰς διεφύλαξας οὐδὲν οὐδενὸς ἀφελόμενος,
+προσθεὶς δὲ οἶμαι δωρεὰς πολλοῖς; [B] τίς δέ σ᾽<note place='foot'>σ᾽ Reiske adds.</note>
+εἶδεν ἢ πρὸ τοῦ κρατῆσαι σκυθρωπὸν λίαν ἢ μετὰ
+τοῦθ᾽ ὑπερηδόμενον; καίτοι πῶς<note place='foot'>ἴσως Hertlein suggests.</note> ἄξιον ἐπαινεῖν
+ἐστί σε δημηγόρον ἅμα καὶ στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα
+χρηστὸν καὶ γενναῖον ὁπλίτην προσαγορεύοντας;
+ὃς πάλαι μὲν ἀπορραγὲν τὸ στρατηγεῖον<note place='foot'>στρατηγεῖον Cobet, Hertlein, στρατήγιον MSS.</note> ἀπὸ τοῦ
+βήματος ἐς ταὐτὸν πάλιν ἐπαναγαγεῖν ἠξίωσας
+σχῆμα, μιμούμενος οἶμαι Ὀδυσσέα καὶ Νέστορα
+καὶ τοὺς ἐξελόντας Καρχηδόνα Ῥωμαίων στρατηγοὺς, [C]
+οἳ φοβερωτέρους αὑτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος
+τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν ἢ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπὶ τῆς παρατάξεως
+ἀεὶ κατέστησαν. Δημοσθένους δὲ καὶ ὅστις
+τοῦτον ἐζήλωκε τὴν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἰσχὺν αἰδούμενος,
+τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς δημηγορίας οὔποτ᾽ ἂν
+ἀξιώσαιμι τῷ<note place='foot'>After τῷ Petavius adds σῷ.</note> σῷ παραβαλεῖν τἀκείνων θέατρα.
+οὐ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὁπλίταις ἐδημηγόρουν οὐδὲ ὑπέρ
+τοσούτων κινδυνεόοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ χρημάτων ἢ
+<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/><anchor id='Pg085'/>
+τιμῆς ἢ δόξης, ἢ φίλοις συνερεῖν ἐπαγγειλάμενοι,
+ἀπῄεσαν οἶμαι πολλάκις ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος, [D] τοῦ
+δήμου θορυβήσαντος, ὠχροὶ καὶ τρέμοντες, ὥσπερ
+οἱ δειλοὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἐν ὄψει στρατηγοὶ παραταττόμενοι.
+καὶ οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοσοῦτον
+ἔργον ἑτέρῳ πραχθὲν πώποτε καὶ τοσούτων ἐθνῶν
+κτῆσιν ἐκ δικαστηρίου, ἄλλως τε καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρα
+τῆς δίκης οὔσης οὐχ, ὡς οἱ πολλοί φασιν, [33] εὐκαταφρόνητον,
+ἁλλὰ πολλαῖς μὲν στρατείαις γνώριμον,
+πρεσβύτην δὲ ἤδη καὶ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἐκ τοῦ
+χρόνου δοκοῦντα προσειληφέναι καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων
+ἐκείνων ἄρχειν λαχόντα πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον.
+τίς οὖν ἡ ῥώμη γέγονε τῶν λόγων; τίς δὲ ἡ πειθὼ
+τοῖς χείλεσιν ἐπικαθημένη, ἡ<note place='foot'>ἡ Cobet, ἣ Reiske adds, Hertlein.</note> παντοδαπῶν ἀνθρώπων
+συνειλεγμένων τὸ κέντρον ἐγκαταλιπεῖν<note place='foot'>ἐγκαταλιπεῖν ἰσχύσασα Cobet, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἴσχυσε Schaefer,
+Hertlein, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἰσχύσαι MSS.</note>
+ἰσχύσασα ταῖς ψυχαῖς, καὶ νίκην παρασχεῖν τῷ
+[B] μεγέθει μὲν ἐνάμιλλον ταῖς ἐκ τῶν ὅπλων περιγινομέαις,
+εὐαγῆ δὲ καὶ καθαράν, ὥσπερ ἱερέως
+ἐς θεοῦ ποιτῶντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως ἐς πόλεμον,
+ἔργον γενομένην; καίτοι γε μὴν ταὺτης εἰκόνα τῆς
+πράξεως μακρῷ λειπομένην καὶ Πέρσαι θρυλοῦσι,
+τοὺς Δαρείου παῖδας τοῦ πατρὸς τελευτήσαντος
+ὑπὲρ τῆς άρχῆς διαφερομένους δίκῃ τὰ καθ᾽
+αὑτοὺς καὶ οὐ τῇ τῶν ὅπλων ἐπιτρέψαι κρίσει.
+σοὶ δὲ πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς λόγοις
+οὄτε ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις ἀγὼν γέγονεν οὐδὲ εἷς· [C] ἕχαιρες
+<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/><anchor id='Pg087'/>
+δὲ οἶμαι τῷ κοινὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους εἶναί σοι τὴν
+ἐπιμέλειαν μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ μόνος ἁπάντων γενέσθαι
+κύριος· πρὸς δὲ τὸν ἀσεβὲς μὲν ἢ παράνομον οὐδὲν
+εἰργασμένον, ἄπιστον δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα ἐν<note place='foot'>ἐν Reiske adds, ἐλέγχου σοι V.</note>
+ἐλέγχοις, οἳ τὴν ἀπιστίαν ἐκείνου δείξουσι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Did you not behave more nobly and more generously
+to him than Cyrus did to his own grandfather?
+For you deprived your enemy's followers of nothing,
+but protected their privileges and, I understand,
+gave many of them presents besides. Who saw you
+despondent before your triumph or unduly elated
+after it? Orator, general, virtuous emperor, distinguished
+soldier, though men give you all these
+titles, how can any praise of ours be adequate?
+Long had the orator's platform been wholly disconnected
+from the general's functions<note place='foot'>Aeschines, <hi rend='italic'>Ctesiphon</hi> 74. 18.</note>; and it
+was reserved for you to combine them once more
+in your person, in this surely following the example
+of Odysseus and Nestor and the Roman generals
+who sacked Carthage; for these men were always
+even more formidable to wrong-doers whom they
+attacked from the platform than to the enemy in the
+field of battle. Indeed I pay all the homage due to
+the forcible eloquence of Demosthenes and his
+imitators, but when I consider the conditions of
+your harangue I can never admit that there is any
+comparison between your theatre and theirs. For
+they never had to address an audience of hoplites
+nor had they such great interests at stake, but only
+money, or honour, or reputation, or friends whom
+they had undertaken to assist, yet when the citizens
+clamoured in dissent, they often, I believe, left the
+platform pale and trembling, like generals who prove
+to be cowards when they have to face the enemy in
+battle-line. Indeed from all history it would be
+impossible to cite an achievement as great as yours
+when you acquired control of all those races by
+judicial pleading alone; and moreover you had to
+make out your case against a man not by any means
+to be despised, as many people think, but one who
+had won distinction in many campaigns, who was full
+of years, who had the reputation of experience gained
+in a long career, and had for a considerable period
+been in command of the legions there present. What
+overwhelming eloquence that must have been! How
+truly did <q>persuasion sit on your lips</q><note place='foot'>From the description of the oratory of Pericles, Eupolis
+<hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 94: πειθώ τις ἐπεκάθιζεν ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσιν· | οὕτως ἐκήλει καὶ
+μόνος τῶν ῥητόρων | τὸ κέντρον ἐγκατέλειπε τοῖς ἀκροωμάνοις.
+Cf. 426 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> and had
+the power to <q>leave a sting</q> in the souls of that
+motley crowd of men, and to win you a victory that
+in importance rivals any that were ever achieved
+by force of arms, only that yours was stainless and
+unalloyed, and was more like the act of a priest
+going to the temple of his god than of an emperor
+going to war. It is true indeed that the Persians
+have a similar instance to quote, but it falls far short
+of what you did, I mean that on their father's death
+the sons of Darius quarrelled about the succession to
+the throne and appealed to justice rather than to
+arms to arbitrate their case. But between you and
+your brothers there never arose any dispute, either
+in word or deed, nay not one, for it was in fact more
+agreeable to you to share the responsibility with
+them than to be the sole ruler of the world. But
+your quarrel was with one who, though his actions
+had not so far been impious or criminal, was shown
+to have a treasonable purpose, and you brought
+proofs to make that treason manifest.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ταύτην ἐκδέχεται στρατεία λαμπρὰ τὴν δημηγορίαν
+καὶ πόλεμος ἱερός, οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἱεροῦ χωρίου,
+ὁποῖον τὸν Φωκικὸν ἀκούομεν συστῆναι<note place='foot'>συστῆναι Petavius, Cobet, ἐνστῆναι Schaefer, Hertlein,
+στῆναι MSS.</note> κατὰ
+τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν, [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν νόμων καὶ τῆς
+πολιτείας καὶ φόνου πολιτῶν μυρίων, ὧν τοὺς
+μὲν ἀνῃρήκει, τοὺς δὲ ἐμέλλησε, τοὺς δὲ ἐπεχείρησε
+συλλαβεῖν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μή τις αὐτὸν
+πολίτην μοχθηρόν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ βάρβαρον ὑπολάβῃ
+φύσει. τὰ γὰρ εἰς τὴν σὴν οἰκίαν ἀδικήματα
+οὐδενὸς ὄντα τῶν κοινῇ τολμηθέντων αὐτῷ φαυλότερα
+καὶ ἐλάττονος ἀξιοῦν ᾤου δεῖν φροντίδος·
+οὕτω σοι τὰ κοινὰ πρὸ τῶν ἰδίων ἔδοξε καὶ δοκεῖ
+τίμια.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(After your harangue there followed a brilliant
+campaign and a war truly sacred, though it was
+not on behalf of sacred territory, like the Phocian
+war, which we are told was waged<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 230, a favourite common-place.</note> in the days of
+our ancestors, but was to avenge the laws and the
+constitution and the slaughter of countless citizens,
+some of whom the usurper<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> had put to death, while
+others he was just about to kill or was trying to
+arrest. It was really as though he was afraid that
+otherwise he might be considered, for all his vices,
+a Roman citizen instead of a genuine barbarian.
+As for his crimes against your house, though they
+were quite as flagrant as his outrages against the
+state, you thought it became you to devote less
+attention to them. So true it is, that, then as now,
+you rated the common weal higher than your private
+interests.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[34] Πότερον οὖν χρὴ τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἁπάντων
+μεμνῆσθαι ὧν εἴς τε<note place='foot'>ὧν εἴς τε Schaefer, ὧν τε εἰς Hertlein, εἰς V, ἐς MSS.</note> τὸ κοινὸν καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν
+ἔδρασε, κτείνας μὲν τὸν αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ δεσπίτην·
+ἁνδράποδον γὰρ ἦν τῶν ἐκείνου προγόνων, τῆς
+ἁπὸ Γερμανῶν λείας λείψανον δυστυχὲς περισωζόμενον·
+ἄρχειν δὲ ἡμῶν ἐπιχειρῶν, ᾧ μηδὲ
+ἐλευθέρῳ προσῆκον ἦν νομισθῆναι μὴ τοῦτο παρ᾽
+<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/><anchor id='Pg089'/>
+ὑμῶν λαβόντι· καὶ ὡς<note place='foot'>ὡς Hertlein adds.</note> τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦ στρατοπέδου
+ξυνδῶν καὶ ἀποκτιννὺς καὶ δουλεύων αἰσχρῶς τῷ
+πλήθει καὶ κολακεύων τὴν εὐταξίαν διέφθειρε·
+καὶ ὡς τοὺς καλοὺς ἐκείνους ἐτίθει νόμους, [B] τὴν
+ἡμίσειαν εἰσφέρειν, θάνατον ἀπειλῶν τοῖς ἀπειθοῦσι,
+μηνυτὰς δὲ εἶναι τὸν βουλόμενον τῶν
+οἰκετῶν· καὶ ὅπως ἠνάγκαζε τοὺς οὐδὲν δεομένους
+τὰ βασιλικὰ κτήματα πρίασθαι; ἐπιλείψει με
+τἀκείνου διηγούμενον ὁ χρόνος ἀδικήματα καὶ
+τῆς τυραννίδος τῆς καταλαβούσης τὸ μέγεθος.
+ἀλλὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐς τὸν πόλεμον, ἣν
+κατέβαλε μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους, [C] ἐχρήσατο δὲ
+ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, τὴν ἰσχὺν τίς ἂν<note place='foot'>ἂν Schaefer adds.</note> ἀξίως παραστήσειε;
+Κελτοὶ καὶ Γαλάται, ἔθνη καὶ τοῖς πάλαι φανέντα
+δυσανταγώνιστα, πολλάκις μὲν ἐπιρρεύσαντα
+καθάπερ χειμάρρους ἀνυπόστατος Ἰταλοῖς καὶ
+Ἰλλυριοῖς, ἤδη δὲ καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἁψάμενα τῷ
+κρατεῖν τοῖς ἐνόπλοις ἀγῶσιν, ἄκοντες<note place='foot'>ἄκοντες Reiske, Hertlein, ἁλόντες MSS.</note> ἡμῖν
+ὑπήκουσαν, ἔς τε<note place='foot'>τε Wyttenbach adds.</note> τοὺς καταλόγους τῶν στρατευμάτων
+ἐγγράφονται καὶ τέλη παρέχονται λαμπρὰ
+παρὰ τῶν σῶν προγόνων καὶ πατρὸς κατειλεγμένα·
+εἰρήνης δὲ μακρᾶς καὶ τῶν ἐκ ταύτης ἀγαθῶν
+ἀπολαύοντες, [D] ἐπιδούσης αὐτοῖς τῆς χώρας πρὸς
+πλοῦτον καὶ εὐανδρίαν, καὶ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς σοῖς
+στρατιώτας καταλέξαι πολλοὺς παρέσχοντο,
+τέλος δὲ τῷ τυράννῳ βίᾳ καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ πανδημεὶ
+συνεστρατεύοντο. ἠκολούθουν δὲ αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ
+ξυγγενὲς ξύμμαχοι προθυμότατοι Φράγγοι καὶ
+<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/><anchor id='Pg091'/>
+Σάξονες, τῶν ὑπὲρ τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ περὶ<note place='foot'>περὶ Hertlein suggests.</note> τὴν
+ἑσπερίαν θάλατταν ἐθνῶν τὰ μαχιμώτατα. καὶ
+[35] πόλις πᾶσα καὶ φρούριον πρόσοικον Ῥήνῳ τῶν
+ἐνοικούντων φυλάκων ἐξερημωθέντα προδέδοτο
+μὲν ἀφύλακτα πάντα τοῖς βαρβάροις, ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς
+δὲ ἐξεπέμπετο παρεσκευασμένον λαμπρῶς τὸ
+στράτευμα· πᾶσα δὲ ἐῴκει πόλις Γαλατικὴ
+στρατοπέδῳ παρασκευαζομένῳ πρὸς πόλεμον· καὶ
+πάντα ἦν ὅπλων καὶ παρασκευῆς ἱππέων καὶ
+πεζῶν καὶ τοξοτῶν καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν πλήρη. συρρέοντων
+[B] δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἁπανταχόθεν τῶν
+ἐκείνου ξυμμάχων καὶ τοῖς ἐνταῦθα πάλαι κατειλεγμένοις
+στρατιώταις ἐς ταὐτὸν ἐλθόντων, οὐδεὶς
+οὕτως ἐφάνη τολμηρός, ὃς οὐκ ἔδεισεν οὐδὲ
+ἐξεπλάγη τὸν ἐπιόντα χειμῶνα. σκηπτὸς ἐδόκει
+πᾶσιν ὁ φερόμενος ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων, σκηπτὸς
+ἀφόρητος ἔργῳ καὶ ἄρρητος λόγῳ. τοῦτον ἔδεισαν
+Ἰλλυριοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ Θρᾷκες καὶ Σκύθαι,
+τοῦτον οἱ τὴν Ἀσίαν οἰκοῦντες ἄνθρωποι ἐφ᾽
+αὑτοὺς ὡρμῆσθαι πάντως ὑπέλαβον, τούτῳ
+[C] πολεμέσειν ἤδη περὶ τῆς αὑτῶν καὶ Πέρσαι
+παρεσκευάζοντο. ὁ δὲ μικρὰ μὲν ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι
+τὰ παρόντα καὶ πόνον οὐ πολὺν τῆς σῆς συνέσεως
+καὶ ῥώμης κρατῆσαι, τοὺς Ἰνδῶν δὲ ἐσκόπει
+πλούτους καὶ Περσῶν τὴν πολυτέλειαν· τοσοῦτον<note place='foot'>[καὶ] τοσοῦτον Hertlein.</note>
+αὐτῷ περιῆν ἀνοίας καὶ θράσους ἐκ μικροῦ παντελῶς
+περὶ τοὺς κατασκόπους πλεονεκτέματος,
+οὓς ἀφυλάκτους ὅλῃ τῇ στρατιᾷ λοχήσας ἔκτεινεν.
+οὕτω τὸ πράττειν εὖ παρὰ τὴν ἀξίαν ἀρχὴ
+πολλάκις γέγονε τοῖς ἀνοήτοις μειζόνων συμφορῶν.
+<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/><anchor id='Pg093'/>
+[D] ἀρθεὶς γὰρ ὁ δείλαιος ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας ταύτης
+μετέωρος κατέλιπε μὲν τὰ προκείμενα τῆς Ἰταλίας
+ἐρυμνὰ χωρία, ἐς Νωρικοὺς δὲ καὶ Παίονας ἀφυλάκτως
+ᾔει, δεῖν αὑτῷ τάχους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὅπλων
+οὐδὲ ἀνδρείας οἰόμενος.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I need not mention all the usurper's offences
+against the community and against individuals.
+He assassinated his own master. For he had
+actually been the slave of the murdered emperor's
+ancestors, a miserable remnant saved from the
+spoils of Germany. And then he aimed at
+ruling over us, he who had not even the right
+to call himself free, had you not granted him the
+privilege. Those in command of the legions he
+imprisoned and put to death, while to the common
+soldiers he behaved with such abject servility and
+deference that he ruined their discipline. Then
+he enacted those fine laws of his, a property tax
+of fifty per cent., and threatened the disobedient
+with death, while any slave who pleased might
+inform against his master. Then he compelled
+those who did not want it to purchase the imperial
+property. But time would fail me were I to tell of
+all his crimes and of the vast proportions that his
+tyranny had assumed. As for the armament which
+he had collected to use against the barbarians but
+actually employed against us, who could give you an
+adequate report of its strength? There were Celts
+and Galatians<note place='foot'>Gauls.</note> who had seemed invincible even to
+our ancestors, and who had so often like a winter
+torrent that sweeps all before it,<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 153.</note> poured down on the
+Italians and Illyrians, and, following up their repeated
+victories on the field of battle, had even invaded
+Asia, and then became our subjects because they had
+no choice. They had been enrolled in the ranks of
+our armies and furnished levies that won a brilliant
+reputation, being enlisted by your ancestors, and,
+later, by your father. Then, since they enjoyed the
+blessings of long-continued peace, and their country
+increased in wealth and population, they furnished
+your brothers with considerable levies, and finally,
+by compulsion, not choice, they all in a body took
+part in the usurper's campaign. The most enthusiastic
+of his followers were, in virtue of their ties of
+kinship, the Franks and Saxons, the most warlike of
+the tribes who live beyond the Rhine and on the
+shores of the western sea. And since every city and
+every fortified place on the banks of the Rhine was
+shorn of its garrison, that whole region was left with
+no defence against the barbarians, and all that splendidly
+organised army was despatched against us.
+Every town in Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> was like a camp preparing
+for war. Nothing was to be seen but weapons
+of war and forces of cavalry, infantry, archers,
+and javelin men. When these allies of the
+usurper began to pour into Italy from all quarters
+and there joined the troops who had been enrolled
+long before, there was no one so bold as not to feel
+terror and dismay at the tempest that threatened.<note place='foot'>351 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note>
+It seemed to all as though a thunderbolt had fallen
+from the Alps, a bolt that no action could avert, no
+words describe. It struck terror into the Illyrians,
+the Paeonians, the Thracians, the Scythians; the
+dwellers in Asia believed it was directed entirely
+against themselves, and even the Persians began to
+get ready to oppose it in their country's defence.
+But the usurper thought his task was easy, and that
+he would have little difficulty in baffling your
+wisdom and energy, and already fixed his covetous
+gaze on the wealth of India and the magnificence of
+Persia. To such an excess of folly and rashness had
+he come, and after a success wholly insignificant, I
+mean the affair of the scouts whom, while they were
+unprotected by the main army, he ambushed and
+cut in pieces. So true it is that when fools meet
+with undeserved success<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>Olynthiac</hi> l. 23.</note> they often find it is but the
+prelude to greater misfortunes. And so, elated by
+this stroke of luck, he left the fortified posts that
+protected the Italian frontier, and marched towards
+the Norici and the Paeonians, taking no precautions,
+because he thought that speed would serve
+him better than force of arms or courage.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὃ δὴ καταμαθὼν ἐπανῆγες ἀπὸ τῶν δυσχωριῶν
+τὸ στράτευμα, εἵπετο δὲ ἐκεῖνος, διώκειν, οὐχὶ
+δὲ καταστρατηγεῖσθαι νομίσας, ἕως εἰς τὴν
+εὐρυχωρίαν ἄμφω κατέστητε. τῶν πεδίων δὲ
+τῶν πρὸ τῆς Μύρσης ὀφθέντων, [36] ἐτάττοντο
+μὲν ἐπὶ κέρως<note place='foot'>ἐπὶ κέρως Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἐπικαίρως MSS.</note> ἱππεῖς ἑκατέρου πεζοί τε
+ἐν μέσῳ· ἔχων δὲ αὐτός, ὦ βασιλεῦ, τὸν
+ποταμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ, τῷ λαιῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ὑπερβαλλόμενος
+ἐτρέψω μὲν εὐθέως καὶ διέλυσας
+τὴν φάλαγγα οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν συγκειμένην ὀρθῶς,
+ἅτε ἀνδρὸς ἀπείρου πολέμων καὶ στρατηγίας
+αὐτὴν κοσμήσαντος. ὁ δὲ τέως διώκειν ὑπολαμβάνων,
+οὐδὲ ἐς χεῖρας ἀφικόμενος, [B] ἔφευγε
+καρτερῶς ἐκπλαγεὶς τὸν κτύπον τῶν ὅπλων, οὐδὲ
+τὸν ἐνυάλιον παιᾶνα τῶν στρατοπέδων ἐπαλαλαζόντων
+ἀδεῶς ἀκούων. διαλυθείσης δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται
+τῆς τάξεως συνιστάμενοι κατὰ λόχους
+πάλιν τὸν ἀγῶνα συνέβαλον, αἰσχυνόμενοι μὲν
+ὀφθῆναι φεύγοντες καὶ τὸ τέως ἄπιστον ἅπασιν
+ἀνθρώποις ἐφ᾽ αὑτῶν δεῖξαι συμβαῖνον, στρατιώτην
+Κελτόν, στρατιώτην ἐκ Γαλατίας τὰ νῶτα
+τοῖς πολεμίοις δείξαντα. [C] οἱ βάρβαροι δὲ τὴν
+ἐπάνοδον ἀπεγνωκότες, εἰ πταίσειαν, ἢ κρατεῖν
+ἢ θνήσκειν δράσαντές τι δεινὸν τοὺς πολεμίους
+ἠξίουν. τοῖς μὲν οὖν ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοσοῦτον περιῆν
+<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/><anchor id='Pg095'/>
+θράσους<note place='foot'>θράσους Wyttenbach, Cobet, θράσος MSS, Hertlein.
+πρὸς . . . καὶ τοῦ Hertlein suggests, καὶ πρὸς . . . τοῦ MSS.</note> πρὸς τὰ δεινὰ καὶ τοῦ χωρεῖν ὁμόσε
+πολλὴ προθυμία.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The moment that you learned this, you led your
+army out of the narrow and dangerous passes, and he
+followed in pursuit, as he thought, unaware that he
+was being outgeneralled, until you both reached
+open country. When the plains before Myrsa<note place='foot'>In Pannonia 353 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note>
+were in sight, the cavalry of both armies were
+drawn up on the wings, while the infantry formed
+the centre. Then your Majesty kept the river on
+your right, and, outflanking the enemy with your
+left, you at once turned and broke his phalanx,
+which indeed had from the first the wrong formation,
+since it had been drawn up by one who knew
+nothing of war or strategy. Then he who so far
+had thought he was the pursuer did not even
+join battle, but took to headlong flight, dismayed
+by the clash of weapons; he could not even
+listen without trembling when the legions shouted
+their battle-song. His ranks had been thrown
+into disorder, but the soldiers formed into
+companies and renewed the battle. For they
+disdained to be seen in flight, and to give an example
+in their own persons of what had hitherto been
+inconceivable to all men, I mean a Celtic or Galatian<note place='foot'>Gallic.</note>
+soldier turning his back to the enemy. The barbarians
+too, who, if defeated, could not hope to make
+good their retreat, were resolved either to conquer,
+or not to perish till they had severely punished
+their opponents. Just see the extraordinary daring
+of the usurper's troops in the face of dangers and
+their great eagerness to come to close quarters!)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Οἱ δὲ τῶν ὅλων κρατήσαντες, αἰδούμενοι μὲν
+ἀλλήλους καὶ τὸν βασιλέα, παροξυνόμενοι δὲ
+ὐπὸ τῶν πάλαι κατορθωμάτων καὶ τῶν ἐν
+χερσὶ λαμπρῶν καὶ τέως ἀπίστων ἔργων, τέλος
+[D] ἄξιον τοῖς προϋπηργμένοις ἐπιθεῖναι φιλοτιμούμενοι
+πάντα ὑπέμενον ἡδέως πόνον καὶ
+κίνδυνον. ὥσπερ οὖν ἄρτι τῆς παρατάξεως
+ἀρχομένης, συνιόντες πάλιν ἔργα τόλμης ἀπεδείκνυντο
+καὶ θυμοῦ γενναῖα, οἱ μὲν ὠθούμενοι
+περὶ τοῖς ξίφεσιν, ἄλλοι δὲ λαμβανόμενοι τῶν
+ἀσπίδων, καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ὁπόσους ἵπποι τρωθέντες
+ἀπεσείοντο πρὸς τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο.
+ταῦτα ἔδρων οἱ ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοῖς πεζοῖς ἐπιβρέσαντες·
+καὶ ἦν ὁ πόλεμος ἐξ ἴσης, ἕως οἱ
+θωρακοφόροι καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τῶν ἱππέων πλῆθος, [37]
+οἱ μὲν ἐκ τόξων βάλλοντες, ἄλλοι δὲ ἐπελαύνοντες
+τοὺς ἵππους, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινον, ἐδίωκον δὲ
+ἅπαντας καρτερῶς, τινὰς μὲν πρὸς τὸ πεδίον
+ὡρμηκότας φεύγειν, ὧν ἡ νὺξ ὀλίγους ἀπέσωσε
+μόλις, τὸ λοιπὸν δὲ ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν κατηνέχθη,
+καθάπερ βοῶν ἢ βοσκημάτων ἀγέλη συνελαυνόμενοι.
+τοσαῦτα ἐκεῖνο τὸ στράτευμα τῆς τοῦ
+τυράννου δειλίας, οὐδὲν ἐκεῖνον ὀνῆσαν ἐκ τῆς
+[B] ἀνδρείας τῆς αὑτοῦ, μάτην ἀπέλαυσε.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Our men, on the other hand, had so far carried all
+before them and were anxious to retain the good
+opinion of their comrades and of the Emperor, and
+were moreover stimulated by their successes in
+the past and by the almost incredible brilliance of
+their exploits in this very engagement, and,
+ambitious as they were to end the day as
+gloriously as they had begun it, cheerfully encountered
+toil and danger. So they charged again as
+though the battle had only just begun, and gave
+a wonderful display of daring and heroism. For
+some hurled themselves full on the enemy's swords,
+or seized the enemy's shields, others, when their
+horses were wounded and the riders thrown, at once
+transformed themselves into hoplites. The usurper's
+army meanwhile did the same and pressed our
+infantry hard. Neither side gained the advantage,
+till the cuirassiers by their archery, aided by the
+remaining force of cavalry, who spurred on their
+horses to the charge, had begun to inflict great
+loss on the enemy, and by main force to drive the
+whole army before them. Some directed their
+flight to the plain, and of these a few were saved
+just in time by the approach of night. The rest
+were flung into the river, crowded together like a
+herd of oxen or brute beasts. Thus did the
+usurper's army reap the fruits of his cowardice,
+while their valour availed him nothing.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τρόπαιον δὲ ἀνέστησας ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ τοῦ πατρῴου
+λαμπρότερον. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς τέως ἀμάχους
+<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/><anchor id='Pg097'/>
+δοκοῦντας ἄγων ἐκράτει γέροντος δυστυχοῦς· σὺ
+δὲ ἡβῶσαν καὶ ἀκμάζουσαν οὐ τοῖς κακοῖς μόνον οἷς
+ἔδρα, τῇ νεότητι δὲ πλέον, τὴν τυραννίδα παρεστήσω,
+τοῖς ὑπὸ σοῦ παρασκευασθεῖσι στρατοπέδοις
+παραταξάμενος. τίς γὰρ εἰπεῖν ἔχει τῶν πρόσθεν
+αὐτοκρατόρων ἱππικὴν δύναμιν καὶ σκευὴν τῶν
+[C] ὅπλων τοιαύτην ἐπινοήσαντα καὶ μιμησάμενον;
+ᾗ πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἐγγυμνασάμενος διδάσκαλος
+ἐγένου τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅπλων χρήσεως ἀμάχου. ὑπὲρ
+ἧς εἰπεῖν τολμήσαντες πολλοὶ τῆς ἀξίας διήμαρτον,
+ὥσθ᾽ ὅσοι τῶν λόγων ἀκούσαντες ὕστερον ἰδεῖν
+ηὐτύχησαν τὰς ἀκοὰς σαφῶς ἀπιστοτέρας ἔγνωσαν
+εἶναι τῶν ὀμμάτων. ἄπειρον γὰρ ἦγες<note place='foot'>ἦγες V, Hertlein, εἶχες MSS.</note> ἱππέων
+πλῆθος, καθάπερ ἀνδριάντας ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων
+ὀχουμένους, οἷς συνήρμοστο τὰ μέλη κατὰ μίμησιν
+τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως· [D] ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἄκρων
+καρπῶν ἐς τοὺς ἀγκῶνας, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς
+ὤμους, καὶ ὁ θώραξ ἐκ<note place='foot'>ἐκ Reiske adds.</note> τμημάτων κατὰ τὸ στέρνον
+καὶ τὰ νῶτα συναρμοζόμενος, τὸ κράνος αὐτῷ
+προσώπῳ σιδηροῦν ἐπικείμενον ἀνδριάντος λαμπροῦ
+καὶ στίλβοντος παρέχει τὴν ὄψιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ
+κνῆμαι καὶ μηροὶ μηδὲ ἄκροι πόδες τῆς σκευῆς
+ταύτης ἔρημοι λείπονται. συναρμοζομένων δὲ
+αὐτῶν τοῖς θώραξι διά τινων ἐκ κρίκου λεπτοῦ
+πεποιημένων οἱονεὶ ὑφασμάτων οὐδὲν ἂν ὀφθείη
+τοῦ σώματος γυμνὸν μέρος, ἅτε καὶ τῶν χειρῶν
+[38] τοῖς ὑφάσμασι τούτοις σκεπομένων πρὸς τὸ καὶ
+καμπτομένοις ἐπακολουθεῖν τοῖς δακτύλοις. ταῦτα
+<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/><anchor id='Pg099'/>
+ὁ λόγος παραστῆσαι μὲν σαφῶς ἐπιθυμεῖ, ἀπολειπόμενος
+δὲ θεατὰς τῶν ὅπλων τοὺς μαθεῖν τι
+πλέον ἐθέλοντας, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκροατὰς τῆς ὑπὲρ
+αὐτῶν διηγήσεως ἀξιοῖ γενέσθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The trophy that you set up for that victory was
+far more brilliant than your father's. He led an
+army that had always proved itself invincible, and
+with it conquered a miserable old man.<note place='foot'>Licinius.</note> But the
+tyranny that you suppressed was flourishing and had
+reached its height, partly through the crimes that
+had been committed, but still more because so many
+of the youth were on that side, and you took the
+field against it with legions that had been trained by
+yourself. What emperor can one cite in the past
+who first planned and then reproduced so admirable
+a type of cavalry, and such accoutrements? First
+you trained yourself to wear them, and then you
+taught others how to use such weapons so that none
+could withstand them. This is a subject on which
+many have ventured to speak, but they have failed
+to do it justice, so much so that those who heard
+their description, and later had the good fortune to
+see for themselves, decided that their eyes must
+accept what their ears had refused to credit. Your
+cavalry was almost unlimited in numbers and they
+all sat their horses like statues, while their limbs
+were fitted with armour that followed closely the
+outline of the human form. It covers the arms from
+wrist to elbow and thence to the shoulder, while a
+coat of mail protects the shoulders, back and breast.
+The head and face are covered by a metal mask
+which makes its wearer look like a glittering statue,
+for not even the thighs and legs and the very ends
+of the feet lack this armour. It is attached to the
+cuirass by fine chain-armour like a web, so that no
+part of the body is visible and uncovered, for this
+woven covering protects the hands as well, and is so
+flexible that the wearers can bend even their fingers.<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 2. 57 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note>
+All this I desire to represent in words as vividly as
+I can, but it is beyond my powers, and I can only
+ask those who wish to know more about this armour
+to see it with their own eyes, and not merely to
+listen to my description.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸν πρῶτον πόλεμον διεληλύθαμεν,
+ληγούσης ἤδη τῆς ὀπώρας, [B] ἆρ᾽ ἐνταῦθα τὴν
+διήγησιν πάλιν ἀφήσομεν; ἢ πάντως τὸ τέλος
+ἁποδοῦναι τῶν ἔργων τοῖς ποθοῦσιν<note place='foot'>τοῖς ποθοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, ποθοῦσιν MSS.</note> ἄξιον;
+ἐπέλαβε μὲν ὁ χειμὼν καὶ παρέσχε διαφυγεῖν τῆν
+τιμωρίαν τὸν τύραννον. κηρύγματα δὲ ἦν λαμπρὰ
+καὶ βασιλικῆς ἄξια μεγαλοψυχίας· ἄδεια δὲ
+πᾶσιν ἐδίδοτο τοῖς ταξαμένοις μετὰ τοῦ τυράννου,
+πλὴν εἴ τις ἀνοσίων ἐκείνῳ φόνων ἐκοινώνει·
+ἀπελάμβανον τὰς οἰκίας ἅπαντες καὶ τὰ χρήματα
+καὶ πατρίδας οἱ μηδὲ ὄψεσθαί τι τῶν φιλτάτων
+αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζοντες. [C] ὑπεδέχου τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐκ τῆς
+Ἰταλίας ἐπανερχόμενον, πολλοὺς ἐκεῖθεν πολίτας
+κατάγον φεύγοντας οἶμαι τὴν τῶν τυράννων
+ὠμότητα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ καιρὸς ἐκάλει στρατεύεσθαι,
+πάλιν ἐφειστήκεις δεινὸς τῷ τυράννῳ. ὁ δὲ προυβάλλετο
+τὰς Ἰταλῶν δυσχωρίας, καὶ τοῖς ὄρεσι
+τοῖς ἐκεῖ καθάπερ θηρίον ἐναποκρύψας τὰς
+δυνάμεις αὐτὸς οὐδὲ ὑπαίθριος ἐτόλμα στρατεύειν.
+[D] ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἁὑτὸν εἰς τὴν πλησίον πόλιν
+τρυφῶσαν καὶ πολυτελῆ, ἐν πανηγύρεσι καὶ
+τρυφαῖς ἔτριβε τὸν χρόνον, ἀρκέσειν μὲν αὑτῷ
+πρὸς σοτηρίαν τῶν ὀρῶν τὴν δυσχωρίαν μόνον
+οἰόμενος. ἀκόλαστος δὲ ὢν φύσει κερδαίνειν ᾤετο
+τὸ χαρίζεσθαι ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις ἐν τοσούτοις κακοῖς,
+<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/><anchor id='Pg101'/>
+δῆλός τε ἦν λίαν πεπιστευκὼς ἀσφαλῶς αὐτῷ τὰ
+παρόντα ἔχειν, ἀποτειχιζομένης ἐν κύκλῳ τῆς
+Ἰταλίας τοῖς ὄρεσι, [39] πλὴν ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἡ
+θάλασσα τεναγώδης οὖσα καὶ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίων
+ἕλεσιν ἐμφερὴς ἄβατον καὶ νηίτῃ στρατῷ πολεμίων
+ἀνδρῶν καθίστησιν. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικεν οὐδὲ ἓν ᾑ φύσις
+πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην τοῖς ἀκολάστοις
+καὶ δειλοῖς ἔρυμα μηχανήσασθαι, πάντα
+ὑποχωρεῖν φρονήσει μετὰ ἀνδρείας ἐπιούσῃ
+παρασκευάζουσα· πάλαι τε ἡμῖν ἐξηῦρε τὰς
+τέχνας, [B] δι᾽ ὧν εἰς εὐπορίαν τῶν τέως δοξάντων
+ἀπόρων κατέστημεν, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον
+ἔργων τὸ πολλοῖς ἀδύνατον εἶναι φαινόμενον<note place='foot'>After φαινόμενον Reiske thinks ἐπέδειξε has fallen out.</note>
+ἐπιτελούμενον πρὸς ἀνδρὸς σώφρονος. ὃ δὴ καὶ
+τότε τοῖς ἔργοις, ὦ βασιλεῦ, δείξας εἰκότως ἂν
+ἀποδέχοιο τοὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ λόγους.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now that I have told the story of this first
+campaign, which was fought at the end of the
+autumn, shall I here break off my narrative? Or is
+it altogether unfair to withhold the end and issue of
+your achievements from those who are eager to hear?
+Winter overtook us and gave the usurper a chance to
+escape punishment. Then followed a splendid
+proclamation worthy of your imperial generosity.
+An amnesty was granted to those who had taken
+sides with the usurper, except when they had
+shared the guilt of those infamous murders. Thus
+they who had never hoped even to see again anything
+that they held dear, recovered their houses,
+money, and native land. Then you welcomed the
+fleet which arrived from Italy bringing thence many
+citizens who, no doubt, had fled from the usurper's
+savage cruelty. Then when the occasion demanded
+that you should take the field, you again menaced
+the usurper. He however took cover in the fastnesses
+of Italy and hid his army away there in the
+mountains, wild-beast fashion, and never even dared
+to carry on the war beneath the open heavens. But
+he betook himself to the neighbouring town<note place='foot'>Aquileia.</note> which is
+devoted to pleasure and high living, and spent his
+time in public shows and sensual pleasures, believing
+that the impassable mountains alone would suffice
+for his safety. Moreover, intemperate as he was by
+nature, he thought it clear gain to be able to
+indulge his appetites at so dangerous a crisis, and
+he evidently placed too much confidence in the
+safety of his position, because the town is cut
+off from that part of Italy by a natural rampart
+of mountains, except the half that is bounded by
+a shoaling sea, which resembles the marshes of
+Egypt and makes that part of the country inaccessible
+even to an invading fleet. It seems however
+as though nature herself will not devise any safeguard
+for the sensual and cowardly against the
+temperate and brave, for when prudence and
+courage advance hand in hand she makes everything
+give way before them. Long since she revealed to
+us those arts through which we have attained
+an abundance of what was once thought to be
+unattainable, and in the field of individual effort we
+see that what seemed impossible for many working
+together to achieve can be accomplished by a
+prudent man. And since by your own actions you
+demonstrated this fact it is only fair, O my Emperor,
+that you should accept my words to that effect.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐστράτευες μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸς ὑπαίθριος, καὶ ταῦτα
+πλησίον παρούσης πόλεως οὐ φαύλης, τοῖς στρατευομένοις
+δὲ οὐκ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος τὸ πονεῖν καὶ
+κινδυνεύειν, ἐξ ὧν δὲ αὐτὸς ἔδρας παρεγγυῶν·
+ἄτραπον μὲν ἐξηῦρες ἄγνωστον τοῖς πᾶσι, πέμψας
+[C] δὲ ἀξιόμαχον τῆς δυνάμεως ἁπάσης ὁπλιτῶν
+μοῖραν, εἶτα ἐπειδὴ σαφῶς ἔγνως αὐτοὺς τοῖς
+πολεμίοις ἐφεστῶτας, αὐτὸς ἀναλαβὼν ἦγες τὸ
+στράτευμα, καὶ κύκλῳ περιέχων πάντων ἐκράτησας.
+ταῦτα ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ τῆς ἕω, ἤγγελτο δὲ πρὸ
+μεσημβρίας τῷ τυράννῳ ἁμίλλαις ἱππικαῖς καὶ
+<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/><anchor id='Pg103'/>
+πανηγύρει προσκαθημένῳ καὶ τῶν παρόντων οὐδὲν
+ἐλπίζοντι. [D] τίς μὲν οὖν γέγονεν ἐκ τίνος, καὶ
+ποταπὴν γνώμην εἶχεν ὑπὲρ τῶν παρόντων, καὶ
+ὅπως ἐκλιπὼν ἔφυγε τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν
+πᾶσαν, τοὺς φόνους καὶ τὰς πρόσθεν ἀδικίας
+ἐκκαθαιρόμενος, οὐ τοῦ παρόντος ἂν εἴη λόγου
+διηγεῖσθαι. ἔμελλε δὲ βραχείας ἀνοκωχῆς τυχὼν
+οὐδέν τι μεῖον τῶν ἔμπροσθεν δράσειν. οὕτως
+οὐδὲν πρὸς πονηρίαν ψυχῆς ἄνθρωπος ἀνόσιος<note place='foot'>ἀνόσιος Cobet, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ θεὸς V, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ θεὸς MSS.</note>
+ἐξηῦρε καθάρσιον διὰ τοῦ σώματος. ἀφικόμενος
+γὰρ εῖς Γαλατίαν ὁ χρηστὸς οὑτοσὶ καὶ νόμιμος
+[40] ἄρχων τοσοῦτον αὐτοῦ γέγονε χαλεπώτερος,
+ὡς, εἴ τις πρότερον αὐτὸν διαφυγὼν ἐλελήθει
+τιμωρίας τρόπος ὠμότατος, τοῦτον ἐξευρὼν
+θέαμα κεχαρισμένον αὑτῷ τὰς τῶν ἀθλίων
+πολιτῶν παρεῖχε συμφοράς· ἅρματος ζῶντας
+ἐκδήσας καὶ μεθεὶς φέρεσθαι τοῖς ἡνιόχοις ἕλκειν
+ἂν ἐκέλευεν, αὐτὸς ἐφεστηκὼς καὶ θεώμενος
+τὰ δρώμενα· καί τισι τοιούτοις ἑτέροις αὑτὸν
+ψυχαγωγῶν τὸν πάντα διετέλει χρόνον, ἕως
+[B] αὐτὸν καθάπερ Ὀλυμπιονίκης περὶ τῷ τρίτῳ
+παλαίσματι καταβαλὼν δίκην ἐπιθεῖναι τῶν
+τετολμημένων ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασας ὤσαντα διὰ
+τῶν στέρνων τὸ αὐτὸ ξίφος, ὃ πολλῶν πολιτῶν
+ἐμίανε φόνῳ. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς νίκης<note place='foot'>νίκης</note> ἀμείνω
+καὶ δικαιοτέραν οὔποτε γενέσθαι φημὶ οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ᾗ
+μᾶλλον τὸ κοινὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ηὐφράνθη γένος,
+τοσαύτης ὠμότητος καὶ πικρίας ἀφεθὲν ὄντως
+ἐλεύθερον, εὐνομίᾳ δὲ ἤδη γανύμενον, ἧς τέως
+<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/><anchor id='Pg105'/>
+[C] ἀπολαύομεν καὶ ἀπολαύσαιμέν γε ἐπὶ πλέον, ὦ
+πάντα ἀγαθὴ πρόνοια.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For you conducted the campaign under the open
+skies, and that though there was a city of some importance
+near at hand, and moreover you encouraged
+your men to work hard and to take risks, not
+merely by giving orders, but by your own personal
+example. You discovered a path hitherto unknown
+to all, and you sent forward a strong detachment of
+hoplites chosen from your whole army; then when
+you had ascertained that they had come up with
+the enemy, you led forward your army in person,
+surrounded them, and defeated his whole force.
+This happened before dawn, and before noon the
+news was brought to the usurper. He was attending
+a horse-race at a festival, and was expecting
+nothing of what took place. How his attitude
+changed, what was his decision about the crisis,
+how he abandoned the town and in fact all Italy,
+and fled, thus beginning to expiate his murders and
+all his earlier crimes, it is not for this speech to
+relate. Yet though the respite he gained was so
+brief, he proceeded to act no less wickedly than in
+the past. So true is it that by the sufferings of
+the body alone it is impossible for the wicked to
+cleanse their souls of evil. For when he reached
+Galatia,<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> this ruler who was so righteous and law-abiding,
+so far surpassed his own former cruelty that
+he now bethought himself of all the ruthless and
+brutal modes of punishment that he had then overlooked,
+and derived the most exquisite pleasure
+from the spectacle of the sufferings of the wretched
+citizens. He would bind them alive to chariots and,
+letting the teams gallop, would order the drivers to
+drag them along while he stood by and gazed at their
+sufferings. In fact he spent his whole time in amusements
+of this sort, until, like an Olympic victor, you
+threw him in the third encounter<note place='foot'>In wrestling, the third fall secured the victory. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi>
+2. 74 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> and forced him to
+pay a fitting penalty for his infamous career, namely
+to thrust into his own breast that very sword which
+he had stained with the slaughter of so many
+citizens.<note place='foot'>355 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> Never, in my opinion, was there a punishment
+more suitable or more just than this, nor one
+that gave greater satisfaction to the whole human
+race, which was now really liberated from such
+cruelty and harshness, and at once began to exult
+in the good government that we enjoy to this day.
+Long may we continue to enjoy it, O all-merciful
+Providence!)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐμοὶ δὲ ποθοῦντι μὲν ἐπεξελθεῖν ἅπασι τοῖς
+σοι πραχθεῖσιν, ἀπολειπομένῳ δὲ συγγνώμην
+εἰκότως, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, παρέξεις, εἰ μήτε
+τῶν ἀποστόλων τῶν ἐπὶ Καρχηδόνα μνημονεύοιμι
+ἀπό τε Αἰγύπτου παρασκευασθέντων καὶ
+ἐξ<note place='foot'>ἐξ Reiske, τῶν ἐξ MSS.</note> Ἰταλίας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν πλευσάντων, μήτε
+ὡς τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν ἐκράτησας ναυσὶν
+ἐκπέμψας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ στράτευμα, μήτε τῶν
+[D] ἔναγχός σοι πολλάκις πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους
+πραχθέντων, μήτ᾽ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον τῶν πάλαι
+γεγονὸς λέληθε τοὺς πολλούς. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν
+Ἀντιόχου πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ<note place='foot'>πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ Wyttenbach, ἐπώνυμόν σοι ἑαυτὴν Reiske,
+πόλιν ἐπώνυμον MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἐπώνυμον ἐπονομάζουσαν
+ἀκούω πολλάκις. ἔστι μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸν
+κτίσαντα, πλουτεῖ δὲ ἤδη καὶ πρὸς ἅπασαν
+εὐπορίαν ἐπιδέδωκε διὰ σὲ λιμένας εὐόρμους τοῖς
+καταίρουσι παρασχόντα· τέως δὲ οὐδὲ παραπλεῖν
+ἀσφαλὲς οὐδὲ ἀκίνδυνον ἐδόκει· [41] οὕτως ἦν πάντα
+σκοπέλων τινῶν καὶ πετρῶν ὑφάλων ἀνάπλεα τῆς
+θαλάσσης τῆσδε πρὸς ταῖς ᾐόσι. στοὰς δὲ καὶ
+κρήνας καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα παρὰ τῶν ὑπάρχων διὰ
+σὲ γέγονεν οὐδὲ ὀνομάζειν ἄξιον. ὁπόσα δὲ τῇ
+πατρῴᾳ πόλει προστέθεικας, τεῖχος μὲν αὐτῇ
+κύκλῳ περιβαλὼν ἀρξάμενον τότε, τὰ δοκοῦντα
+δὲ οὐκ ἀσφαλῶς ἔχειν<note place='foot'>ἔχειν Hertlein suggests.</note> τῶν οἰκοδομημάτων εἰς
+ἀθάνατον ἀσφάλειαν κατατιθεῖς, τίς ἂν ἀπαριθμήσαιτο;
+[B] ἐπιλείψει με τούτων ἕκαστον ὁ χρόνος
+διηγούμενον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I would fain recite every single one of your
+achievements, but you will with reason pardon me,
+most mighty Emperor, if I fall short of that ambition
+and omit to mention the naval armament against
+Carthage which was equipped in Egypt and set sail
+from Italy to attack her, and also your conquest of
+the Pyrenees, against which you sent an army by sea,
+and your successes against the barbarians, which of
+late have been so frequent, and all such successes in
+the past as have not become a matter of common
+knowledge. For example, I often hear that even
+Antioch now calls herself by your name. Her existence
+she does indeed owe to her founder,<note place='foot'>Seleucus son of Antiochus.</note> but her present
+wealth and increase in every sort of abundance she
+owes to you, since you provided her with harbours
+that offer good anchorage for those who put in
+there. For till then it was considered a dangerous
+risk even to sail past Antioch; so full were all the
+waters of that coast, up to the very shores, of rocks
+and sunken reefs. I need not stop to mention
+the porticoes, fountains, and other things of the
+kind that you caused to be bestowed on Antioch
+by her governors. As to your benefactions to the
+city of your ancestors,<note place='foot'>Constantinople.</note> you built round it a wall
+that was then only begun, and all buildings that
+seemed to be unsound you restored and made safe
+for all time. But how could one reckon up all these
+things? Time will fail me if I try to tell everything
+separately.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/><anchor id='Pg107'/>
+
+<p>
+Σκοπεῖν δὲ ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων ἄξιον ἤδη τῶν ῥηθέντων,
+εἰ μετὰ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς βελτίστης ἕξεως
+ἅπαντα γέγονε· τούτῳ γὰρ ἤδη καὶ τῶν λόγων
+ἀρχόμενος μάλιστα προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν ἠξίουν.
+οὐκοῦν τῷ πατρὶ μὲν εὐσεβῶς καὶ φιλανθρώπως
+ὅπως προσηνέχθης, ὁμονοῶν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς
+διετέλεσας τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἀρχόμενος μὲν
+προθύμως, [C] συνάρχων δὲ ἐκείνοις σωφρόνως, πάλαι
+τε εἴρηται καὶ νῦν ἀξιούσθω μνήμης. τοῦτο δὲ
+ὅστις μικρᾶς ἀρετῆς ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν Ἀλέξανδρον
+τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Κῦρον τὸν Καμβύσου σκοπῶν
+ἐπαινείτω. ὁ μὲν γὰρ μειράκιον ἔτι κομιδῇ νέον
+δῆλος ἦν τοῦ πατρὸς οὐκ ἀνεξόμενος ἄρχοντος, ὁ
+δὲ ἀφείλετο τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸν πάππον. καὶ ταῦτα
+οὐδείς ἐστιν οὕτως<note place='foot'>οὕτως Reiske adds.</note> ἠλίθιος, ὅστις οὐκ οἴεταί σε,<note place='foot'>σε Reiske adds.</note>
+μηδὲν ἐκείνων μεγαλοψυχίᾳ καὶ τῇ πρὸς τὰ καλὰ
+φιλοτιμίᾳ λειπόμενον, οὕτως ἐγκρατῶς καὶ σωφρόνως
+[D] τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς προσενηνέχθαι.
+παρασχούσης γὰρ τῆς τύχης τὸν καιρὸν, ἐν ᾧ τῆς
+ἁπάντων ἡγεμονίας ἐχρῆν μεταποιηθῆναι, πρῶτος
+ὡρμήθης, πολλῶν ἀπαγορευόντων καὶ πρὸς τἀναντία
+ξυμπείθειν ἐπιχειρούντων· ῥᾷστα δὲ καὶ πρὸς
+ἀσφάλειαν τὸν ὲν χερσὶ πόλεμον διοικησάμενος
+ἐλευθεροῦν ἔγνως τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ κατειλημμένα,
+[42] δικαιοτάτην μὲν καὶ οἵαν οὔπω πρόσθεν ἔλαβε
+πρόφασιν πόλεμος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ἔχθρας
+<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/><anchor id='Pg109'/>
+τιθέμενος. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐμφύλιον ἄξιον προσαγορεύειν
+τὸν πόλεμον, οὗ βάρβαρος ἦν ἡγεμὼν
+ἑαυτὸν ἀναγορεύσας βασιλέα καὶ χειροτονήσας
+στρατηγόν. τῶν ἀδικημάτων δὲ τῶν ἐκείνου καὶ
+ὧν ἔδρασεν εἰς οἰκίαν τὴν σὴν οὐχ ἡδύ μοι
+πολλάκις μεμνῆσθαι. ἀνδρειοτέραν δὲ τ῀εσδε τῆς
+πράξεως τίς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι; ἐφ᾽ ἧς δῆλος μὲν
+[B] ἦν ἀποτυχόντι τῶν ἔργων ὁ<note place='foot'>Hertlein suggests ὁ.</note> κίνδυνος· ὑπέμενες
+δὲ οὐδὲν κέρδους χάριν οὐδὲ κλέος ἀείμνηστον
+ἀντωνούμενος, ὑπὲρ οὗ καὶ ἀποθνήσκειν ἄνδρες
+ἀγαθοὶ πολλάκις τολμῶσιν, οἷον πρὸς ἀργύριον
+τὴν δόξαν τὰς ψυχὰς ἀποδιδόμενοι, οὐδὲ μὴν
+δι᾽ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀρχῆς μείζονος καὶ λαμπροτέρας,
+ὅτι μηδὲ νέῳ σοι τούτων ἐπιθυμῆσαι συνέβη,
+ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ καλὸν στέργων τῆς πράξεως
+πάντα ὑπομένειν ᾤου δεῖν πρὶν ἰδεῖν Ῥωμαίων
+βάρβαρον βασιλεύοντα καὶ νόμων κύριον καὶ
+[C] πολιτείας καθεστῶτα καὶ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν
+εὐχὰς ποιούμενον τὸν τοσούτοις ἀσεβήμασιν
+ἔνοχον καὶ φόνοις. τῆς παρασκευῆς δὲ αὐτῆς
+ἡ λαμπρότης καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος
+τίνα οὐχ ἱκανὸν ἐκπλῆξαι; καίτον Ξέρξην μὲν
+ἀκούω τὸν τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξαναστήσαντα
+χρόνον ἐτῶν οὐκ ἐλάσσονα δέκα πρὸς
+τὸν πόλεμον ἐκεῖνον παρασκευάζεσθαι, εἶτα ἐπαγαγεῖν
+πρὸς ταῖς χιλίαις τριήρεσι διακοσίας ἐκ
+τούτων αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν χωρίων, [D] ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς ἐν
+οὐδὲ ὅλοις μησὶ δέκα ναυπηγησάμενος ἤγειρας τὸν
+στόλον, πλήθει νεῶν ἐκεῖνον ὑπερβαλλόμενος· τῇ
+τύχῃ δὲ οὐδὲ ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν οὐδὲ τοῖς ἔργοις.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The time has now come when it is proper to consider
+whether your career, so far as I have described
+it, is at every point in harmony with virtue and the
+promptings of a noble disposition. For to this, as I
+said at the beginning of my speech, I think it right
+to pay special attention. Let me therefore mention
+once more what I said some time ago, that to your
+father you were dutiful and affectionate, and that
+you constantly maintained friendly relations with
+your brothers, for your father you were ever willing
+to obey, and as the colleague of your brothers in the
+empire you always displayed moderation. And if
+anyone thinks this a trifling proof of merit, let him
+consider the case of Alexander the son of Philip, and
+Cyrus the son of Cambyses, and then let him applaud
+your conduct. For Alexander, while still a mere
+boy, showed clearly that he would no longer brook
+his father's control, while Cyrus dethroned his grandfather.
+Yet no one is so foolish as to suppose that,
+since you displayed such modesty and self-control
+towards your father and brothers, you were not fully
+equal to Alexander and Cyrus in greatness of soul
+and ambition for glory. For when fortune offered
+you the opportunity to claim as your right the
+empire of the world, you were the first to make the
+essay, though there were many who advised otherwise
+and tried to persuade you to the contrary
+course. Accordingly, when you had carried through
+the war that you had in hand, and that with the
+utmost ease and so as to ensure safety for the future,
+you resolved to liberate that part of the empire
+which had been occupied by the enemy, and the
+reason that you assigned for going to war was most
+just and such as had never before arisen, namely
+your detestation of those infamous men. Civil war
+one could not call it, for its leader was a barbarian
+who had proclaimed himself emperor and elected
+himself general. I dislike to speak too often of his
+evil deeds and the crimes that he committed against
+your house. But could anything be more heroic
+than your line of action? For should you fail in
+your undertaking the risk involved was obvious.
+But you faced it, and you were not bidding for gain,
+nay nor for undying renown, for whose sake brave
+men so often dare even to die, selling their lives for
+glory as though it were gold, nor was it from desire
+of wider or more brilliant empire, for not even
+in your youth were you ambitious of that, but it was
+because you were in love with the abstract beauty of
+such an achievement, and thought it your duty
+to endure anything rather than see a barbarian
+ruling over Roman citizens, making himself master
+of the laws and constitution and offering public
+prayers for the common weal, guilty as he was of so
+many impious crimes and murders. Who could fail
+to be dazzled by the splendour of your armament
+and the vast scale of your expenditure? And yet I
+am told that Xerxes, when he mustered all Asia
+against the Greeks, spent no less than ten years in
+preparing for that war. Then he set out with
+twelve hundred triremes, from the very spot, as I
+understand, where you gathered your fleet together,
+having built it in rather less than ten
+months, and yet you had more ships than Xerxes.
+But neither his fortune nor his achievements can
+properly be compared with yours.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/><anchor id='Pg111'/>
+
+<p>
+Τὴν δὲ εἰς τὰ λοιπὰ δαπανήματα μεγαλοπρέπειαν
+μὴ πολὺ λίαν ἔργον ᾖ φράζειν, οὐδὲ ὁπόσα
+ταῖς πόλεσι πάλαι στερομέναις ἀπεδίδους ἀπαριθμούμενος
+ἐνοχλήσω τὰ νῦν. [43] πλουτοῦσι μὲν γὰρ
+ἅπασαι διὰ σὲ ἐπὶ τῶν<note place='foot'>ἐπὶ τῶν Cobet, διὰ τῶν Wyttenbach, Hertlein, τῶν V, τὸν
+MSS.</note> ἔμπροσθεν ἐνδεεῖς οὖσαι
+καὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ἐπιδίδωσι δὲ τῶν ἰδίων
+ἕκαστος οἴκων διὰ τὰς κοινὰς τῶν πόλεων
+εὐετηρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν εἰς τοὺς ἰδιώτας ἄξιον
+δωρεῶν μεμνῆσθαι, ἐλευθέριόν σε καὶ μεγαλόδωρον
+βασιλέα προσαγορεύοντα, ὃς πολλοῖς μὲν στερομένοις
+πάλαι τῶν αὑτῶν κτημάτων, τοῦ
+πατρῴου κλήρου συμφορᾷ περιπεπτωκότος ἐν δίκῃ
+καὶ παρὰ δίκην, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐγένου κύριος,
+[B] τοῖς μὲν καθάπερ δικαστὴς ἀγαθὸς τὰ τῶν
+ἔμπροσθεν ἁμαρτήματα διορθωσάμενος κυρίους
+εἶναι τῆς αὑτῶν οὐσίας παρέσχες, τοῖς δὲ ἐπιεικὴς
+κριτὴς γενόμενος ταῦτα μὲν ὧν ἀφῄρηντο πάλιν
+ἐχαρίσω, ἀρκεῖν οἰόμενος τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου
+πρὸς τιμωρίαν τοῖς παθοῦσιν· ὅσα δὲ αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν
+χαριζόμενος πλουσιωτέρους ἀπέθηνας πολλοὺς
+τῶν πάλαι δοξάντων ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν χρημάτων
+εὐπορίᾳ σεμνύνεσθαι, [C] τί χρὴ νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκοντα
+περὶ μικρὰ διατρίβειν δοκεῖν; ἄλλως τε καὶ πᾶσιν
+ὄντος καταφανοῦς, ὅτι μηδεὶς πώποτε πλὴν
+Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου τοσαῦτα βασιλεῦς
+τοῖς αὑτοῦ φίλοις διανέμων ὤφθη. ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν
+ὁ τῶν φίλων πλοῦτος τῆς τῶν πολεμίων ῥώμης
+ὕποπτος ἐφάνη μᾶλλον καὶ φοβερώτερος, ἄλλοι
+<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/><anchor id='Pg113'/>
+δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀρχομένων εὐγένειαν ὑπιδόμενοι
+πάντα τρόπον τοὺς εὖ γεγονότας προπηλακίζοντες
+[D] ἢ καὶ ἀναιροῦντες ἄρδην τὰς οἰκίας κοινῇ μὲν ταῖς
+πόλεσι συμφορῶν, ἰδίᾳ δὲ αὑτοῖς ἀνοσίων ἔργων
+αἰτιώτατοι κατέστησαν. οὐκ ἀπέσχοντο δὲ ἤδη
+τινὲς τοῖς τοῦ σώματος ἀγαθοῖς, ὑγιείᾳ φημὶ καὶ
+κάλλει καὶ εὐεξίᾳ, βασκαίνοντες· ψυχῆς τε ἀρετὴν
+ἔν τινι τῶν πολιτῶν γενομένην οὐδὲ ἀκούειν ὑπέμενον,
+ἀλλ᾽ ἦν ἀδίκημα τοῦτο, καθάπερ ἀνδροφονία
+καὶ κλοπὴ καὶ προδοσία, τὸ δοκεῖν ἀρετῆς μεταποιηθῆναι.
+[44] καὶ ταῦτα τυχὸν ἀληθῶς οὐ βασιλέων
+φήσει τις, πονηρῶν δὲ καὶ ἀνελευθέρων τυράννων
+ἔργα καὶ πράξεις. ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη τὸ πάθος
+οὐ τῶν ἀνοήτων μόνον, ἀλλά τινων ἐπιεικῶν
+καὶ πρᾴων ἀνδρῶν ἁψάμενον, τὸ τοῖς φίλοις
+ἄχθεσθαι πλέον ἔχουσι<note place='foot'>πλέον ἔχουσι Reiske, πλέον MSS, Hertlein.</note> καὶ πολλάκις ἐλαττοῦν
+ἐθέλειν καὶ τῶν προσηκόντων αὐτοὺς ἀφαιρεῖσθαι,
+τίς ἐπὶ σοῦ λέγειν ἐτόλμησε; τοῦτο καὶ Κῦρόν
+φασι τὸν Πέρσην γάμβρον ὄντα βασιλέως παρὰ
+τοῦ κηδεστοῦ παθεῖν ἀχθομένου τῇ παρὰ τοῦ
+πλήθους εἰς τὸν ἄνδρα τιμῇ, καὶ ἀγησίλαος δὲ
+[B] δῆλος ἦν ἀχθόμενος τιμωμένῳ παρὰ τοῖς Ἴωσι
+Λυσάνδρῳ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I fear that it is beyond my powers to describe
+the magnificence of your outlay for other purposes,
+nor will I risk being tedious by staying now to
+count up the sums you bestowed on cities that
+had long been destitute. For whereas, in the
+time of your predecessors, they lacked the necessaries
+of life, they have all become rich through
+you, and the general prosperity of each city
+increases the welfare of every private household
+in it. But it is proper that I should mention your
+gifts to private persons, and give you the title of a
+generous and open-handed Emperor; for since there
+were many who long ago had lost their property,
+because, in some cases justly, in others unjustly,
+their ancestral estates had suffered loss, you had no
+sooner come into power, than like a just judge you
+set right in the latter cases the errors committed by
+men in the past, and restored them to the control
+of their property, while in the former cases you
+were a kindly arbiter, and granted that they should
+recover what they had lost, thinking that to have
+suffered so long was punishment enough. Then you
+lavished large sums from your privy purse, and
+increased the reputation for wealth of many who
+even in the past had prided themselves on their
+large incomes. But why should I remind you of all
+this and seem to waste time over trifles? Especially
+as it must be obvious to all that no king except
+Alexander the son of Philip was ever known to
+bestow such splendid presents on his friends. Indeed
+some kings have thought that the wealth of their
+friends gave more grounds for suspicion and alarm
+than did the resources of their enemies, while
+others were jealous of the aristocrats among their
+subjects, and therefore persecuted the well-born
+in every possible way, or even exterminated their
+houses, and thus were responsible for the public
+disasters of their cities and, in private life, for the
+most infamous crimes. There were some who
+went so far as to envy mere physical advantages,
+such as health or good looks, or good condition.
+And as for a virtuous character among their subjects,
+they could not bear even to hear of it, but counted
+it a crime like murder or theft or treason to appear
+to lay claim to virtue. But perhaps someone will
+say, and with truth, that these were the actions and
+practices not of genuine kings but of base and contemptible
+tyrants. Nay, but that other malady
+which has been known to attack not only those who
+were irrational, but some even who were just and
+mild, I mean the tendency to quarrel with friends
+who were too prosperous and to wish to humble
+them and deprive them of their rightful possessions,
+who I ask has ever dared so much as to mention
+such conduct in your case? Yet such, they say,
+was the treatment that Cyrus the Persian, the king's
+son-in-law, received from his kinsman,<note place='foot'>Cyaxares.</note> who could
+not brook the honour in which Cyrus was held by
+the common people, and Agesilaus also is well known
+to have resented the honours paid to Lysander by
+the Ionians.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τούτους οὖν<note place='foot'>οὖν ὅτι MSS.</note> πάντας ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἀρετῇ,
+τοῖς πλουτοῦσι μὲν τὸ πλουτεῖν ἀσφαλέστερον
+ἢ πατὴρ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισί κατέστησας, εὐγενείας
+<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/><anchor id='Pg115'/>
+δὲ τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων προνοεῖς καθάπερ
+ἁπάσης πόλεως οἰκιστὴς καὶ νομοθέτης· καὶ τοὶς
+ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθοῖς πολλὰ μὲν προστιθείς,
+πολλὰ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξ ἀρχῆς χαριζόμενος, δῆλος
+[C] εἶ τῷ μεγέθει μὲν τὰς παρὰ τῶν βασιλέων
+δωρεὰς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, τῇ βεβαιότητι δὲ τῶν
+ἅπαξ δοθέντων τὰς παρὰ τῶν δήμων χάριτας
+ἁποκρυπτόμενος. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ μάλα
+εἰκότως συμβαίνει. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐφ᾽ οἷς συνίσασιν
+αὑτοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσιν ἀγαθοῖς, τοῖς κεκτημένοις
+βασκαίνουσιν, ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἐστὶ
+λαμπρὰ καὶ οἷα οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων, τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς
+προαιρέσεως τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης μακρῷ σεμνότερα,
+οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτου δεόμενος τῷ κεκτημένῳ φθονήσειεν. [D]
+ὃ δὴ καὶ σαυτῷ μάλιστα πάντων ὑπάρχειν ἐγνωκὼς
+χαίρεις μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθοῖς,
+εὐφραίνει δὲ σε τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων κατορθώματα·
+καὶ τιμὰς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰς μὲν ἐχαρίσω, τὰς δὲ
+ἤδη μέλλεις, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐνίων βουλεύῃ· καὶ οὐκ
+ἀπόχρη σοι πόλεως μιᾶς οὐδὲ ἔθνους ἑνὸς οὐδὲ
+πολλῶν ὁμοῦ τοῖς φίλοις ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπ᾽
+αὐταῖς τιμὰς διανέμειν· ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ βασιλείας
+[45] ἕλοιο κοινωνόν, ὑπὲρ ἧς τοσοῦτον ὑπομείνας
+πόνον τὸ τῶν τυράννων γένος ἀνῄρηκας, οὐδὲν
+ἄξιον τῶν σαυτοῦ κατορθωμάτων ἔργον ὑπέλαβες.
+καὶ ὅτι μὴ χρείᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ χαίρειν πάντα
+<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/><anchor id='Pg117'/>
+δωρούμενος ἐπὶ ταύτην ὥρμησας τὴν γνώμην,
+ἅπασιν οἶμαι γνώριμον γέγονε. τῶν μὲν γὰρ
+πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ἀγώνων κοινωνὸν οὐχ εἵλου,
+τῆς τιμῆς δὲ τὸν οὐ μετασχόντα τῶν πόνων
+ἠξίωσας μεταλαβεῖν μόνον, ὅτε μηδὲν ἔτι φοβερὸν
+ἐδόκει. [B] καὶ τῆς μὲν οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀφελὼν δῆλος
+εἶ, τῶν πόνων δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν κοινωνεῖν
+ἀξιοῖς. πλὴν εἴ που δέοι πρὸς ὀλίγον ἑπόμενον
+σοι στρατεύεσθαι. πότερον οὖν καὶ περὶ τούτων
+μαρτύρων τινῶν καὶ τεκμηρίων τῷ λόγῳ προσδεῖ;
+ἢ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι μὴ ψευδεῖς ἐπεισάγει
+λόγους; ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐδὲν ἔτι πλέον
+ἄξιον ἐνδιατρίβειν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(All these, then, you have surpassed in merit,
+for you have made their wealth more secure for
+the rich than a father would for his own children,
+and you take thought that your subjects shall be
+well-born, as though you were the founder and law-giver
+of every single city. Those to whom fortune
+has been generous you still further enrich, and in
+many cases men owe all their wealth to your
+generosity, so that in amount your gifts clearly
+surpass those of other princes, while, in security
+of ownership of what has once been given, you
+cast into the shade any favours bestowed by democracies.<note place='foot'>An echo of Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>Against Leptines</hi> 15.</note>
+And this is, I think, very natural. For
+when men are conscious that they lack certain
+advantages, they envy those who do possess them,
+but when a man is more brilliantly endowed by
+fortune than any of his fellows, and by his own
+initiative has won even higher dignities than fate
+had assigned him, he lacks nothing, and there is
+none whom he need envy. And since you realise
+that in your case this is especially true, you rejoice
+at the good fortune of others and take pleasure in
+the successes of your subjects. You have already
+bestowed on them certain honours, and other
+honours you are on the point of bestowing, and you
+are making plans for the benefit of yet other
+persons. Nor are you content to award to your
+friends the government of a single city or nation, or
+even of many such, with the honours attaching
+thereto. But unless you chose a colleague<note place='foot'>Gallus 351 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>: then Julian 355 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> to share
+that empire on whose behalf you had spared no pains
+to exterminate the brood of usurpers, you thought
+that no act of yours could be worthy of your former
+achievements. That you reached this decision not
+so much because it was necessary as because you
+take pleasure in giving all that you have to give,
+is, I suppose, well known to all. For you chose no
+colleague to aid you in your contests with the
+usurpers, but you thought it right that one who had
+not shared in the toil should share in the honour
+and glory, and that only when all danger seemed to
+be over. And it is well known that from that
+honour you subtract not even a trifling part, though
+you do not demand that he should share the danger
+even in some small degree, except indeed when it was
+necessary for a short time that he should accompany
+you on your campaign. Does my account of this
+call for any further witnesses or proofs? Surely it
+is obvious that he who tells the tale would not be
+the one to introduce a fictitious account. But on
+this part of my subject I must not spend any more
+time.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Σωφροσύνης δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς σῆς καὶ φρονήσεως
+καὶ ὅσην εὔνοιαν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις ἐνειργάσω, [C]
+βραχέα διελθεῖν ἴσως οὐκ ἄτοπον. τίς γάρ σ᾽<note place='foot'>σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</note>
+ἀγνοεῖ τῶν ἁπάντων τοσαύτην ἐκ παίδων τῆς
+ἀρετῆς ταύτης ἐπιμέλειαν ἐσχηκότα, ὅσην οὐδεὶς
+ἄλλος τῶν ἔμπροσθεν; καὶ τῆς μὲν ἐν παισὶ
+σωφροσύνης μάρτυς ὁ πατὴρ γέγονεν ἀξιόχρεως,
+σοὶ τὰ περὶ τὴς ἀρχὴν καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς
+ἀδελφοὺς διοικεῖν ἐπιτρέψας μόνῳ, ὄντι γε οὐδὲ
+πρεσβυτάτῳ τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων· τῆς δὲ ἐν
+ἀνδράσιν ἅπαντες αἰσθανόμεθα, [D] καθάπερ πολίτου
+τοῖς νόμοις ὑπακούοντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως
+τῶν νόμων ἄρχοντος, ἀεί σου προσφερομένου τῷ
+πλήθει καὶ τοῖς ἐν τέλει. τίς γάρ σ᾽<note place='foot'>σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</note> ἔγνω μεῖζον
+ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας φρονήσαντα; τίς δὲ ἐπαρθέντα
+<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/><anchor id='Pg119'/>
+τοῖς κατορθώμασι τοσούτοις<note place='foot'>τοσούτοις τῷ πλήθει V, τοσούτοις τὸ πλῆθος MSS.</note> καὶ τηλικούτοις ἐν
+βραχεῖ χρόνῳ γενομένοις; ἀλλὰ τὸν Φιλίππου
+φασὶν Ἀλέξανδρον, ἐπειδὴ τὴν Περσῶν καθεῖλε
+δύναμιν, οὐ μόνον τὴν ἄλλην δίαιταν πρὸς ὄγκον
+μείζονα καὶ λίαν ἐπαχθῆ τοῖς πᾶσιν ὑπεροψίαν
+μεταβαλεῖν, [46] ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ τοῦ φύσαντος ὑπερορᾶν
+καὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἁπάσης φύσεως. ἠξίου γὰρ
+υἱὸς Ἄμμωνος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ Φιλίππου νομίζεσθαι, καὶ
+τῶν συστρατευσαμένων ὄσοι μὴ κολακεύειν μηδὲ
+δουλεύειν ἠπίσταντο τῶν ἑαλωκότων πικρότερον
+ἐκολάζοντο. ἀλλὰ σοῦ γε τῆς εἰς τὸν πατέρα
+τιμῆς ἆρα ἄξιον ἐνταῦθα μεμνῆσθαι; ὃν οὐκ ἰδίᾳ
+μόνον σεβόμενος, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς συλλόγοις
+διετέλεις ἀνακηρύττων καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν ἥρωα.
+τῶν φίλων δέ, [B] ἀξιοῖς γὰρ αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἄχρις
+ὀνόματος μόνον τῆς τιμῆς, πολὺ δὲ πλέον διὰ τῶν
+πραγμάτων βεβαιοῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν τοὔνομα· ἔστιν
+οὖν ἄρα τις ὁ μεμφόμενος ἀτιμίαν ἢ ζημίαν ἢ
+βλάβην ἤ τινα μικρὰν ὑπεροψίαν ἢ μείζονα; ἀλλ᾽
+οὐκ ἂν οὐδαμῶς εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν. τούτων
+γὰρ οἱ μὲν γηραιοὶ σφόδρα, ταῖς ἀρχαῖς εἰς
+τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου παραμείναντες,
+τὰς ἐπιμελείας τῶν κοινῶν συναπέθεντο τοῖς
+σώμασι, [C] παισὶν ἢ φίλοις ἤ τισι πρὸς γένους τοὺς
+κλήρους παραπέμποντες· ἄλλοι δὲ πρὸς τοὺς
+πόνους καὶ τὰς στρατείας ἀπαγορεύοντες, ἀφέσεως
+ἐντίμου τυχόντες, ζῶσιν ὄλβιοι· τινὲς δὲ καὶ
+μετήλλαξαν, εὐδαίμονες παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους εἶναι
+<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/><anchor id='Pg121'/>
+κρινόμενοι. ὅλως δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲ εἷς, ὃς ἐπειδὴ
+ταύτης ἠξιώθη τῆς τιμῆς, εἰ καὶ μοχθηρὸς ὕστερον
+ἐφάνη, τιμωρίας ἔτυχε μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος· ἤρκεσε
+δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπηλλάχθαι μόνον καὶ μηδὲν ἐνοχλεῖν
+ἔτι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(A few words about your temperance, your wisdom,
+and the affection that you inspired in your subjects,
+will not, I think, be out of place. For who is there
+among them all who does not know that from boyhood
+you cultivated the virtue of temperance as no
+one had ever done before you? That in your youth
+you possessed that virtue your father is a trustworthy
+witness, for he entrusted to you alone the
+management of affairs of state and all that related to
+your brothers, although you were not even the eldest
+of his sons. And that you still display it, now that
+you are a man, we are all well aware, since you ever
+behave towards the people and the magistrates like
+a citizen who obeys the laws, not like a king who is
+above the laws. For who ever saw you made
+arrogant by prosperity? Who ever saw you uplifted
+by those successes, so numerous and so
+splendid, and so quickly achieved? They say that
+Alexander, Philip's son, when he had broken the
+power of Persia, not only adopted a more ostentatious
+mode of life and an insolence of manner
+obnoxious to all, but went so far as to despise the
+father that begat him, and indeed the whole human
+race. For he claimed to be regarded as the son of
+Ammon instead of the son of Philip, and when some
+of those who had taken part in his campaigns could
+not learn to flatter him or to be servile, he punished
+them more harshly than the prisoners of war. But
+the honour that you paid to your father need I speak
+of in this place? Not only did you revere him in
+private life, but constantly, where men were gathered
+together in public, you sang his praises as though he
+were a beneficent hero-god. And as for your friends,
+you grant them that honour not merely in name, but
+by your actions you make their title sure. Can any
+one of them, I ask, lay to your charge the loss of
+any right, or any penalty or injury suffered, or any
+overbearing act either serious or trifling? Nay there
+is not one who could bring any such accusation.
+For your friends who were far advanced in years
+remained in office till the appointed end of their
+lives, and only laid down with life itself their control
+of public business, and then they handed on their
+possessions to their children or friends or some
+member of their family. Others again, when their
+strength failed for work or military service, received
+an honourable discharge, and are now spending
+their last days in prosperity; yet others have
+departed this life, and the people call them blessed.
+In short there is no man who having once been held
+worthy of the honour of your friendship, ever suffered
+any punishment great or small, even though later he
+proved to be vicious. For them all that he had to do
+was to depart and give no further trouble.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[D] Ἐν δὲ τούτοις ἅπασιν ὢν καὶ γεγονὼς τοιοῦτος
+ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἡδονῆς ἁπάσης, ᾗ πρόσεστιν ὄνειδος καὶ
+μικρόν, καθαρὰν τὴν ψυχὴν διεφύλαξας. μόνον δὲ
+οἶμαι σὲ τῶν πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων, σχεδὸν δὲ
+πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων καὶ πάντων ἀνθρώπων οὐκ
+ἀνδράσι μόνον παράδειγμα πρὸς σωφροσύνην παρασχεῖν
+κάλλιστον, καὶ γυναιξὶ δὲ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας
+κοινωνίας. [47] ὅσα γὰρ ἐκείναις ἀπαγορεύουσιν οἱ
+νόμοι τοῦ γνησίους<note place='foot'>γνησίους MSS, Cobet, γνησίως V, Hertlein.</note> φύεσθαι τοὺς παῖδας ἐπιμελόμενοι,
+ταῦτα ὁ λόγος ἀπαγορεύει ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις
+παρὰ σοί. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἔχων ἔτι πλείονα
+λίγειν ἀφίημι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(While this has been your character from first to last
+in all these relations, you always kept your soul pure
+of every indulgence to which the least reproach is
+attached. In fact I should say that you alone, of all
+the emperors that ever were, nay of all mankind
+almost, with very few exceptions, are the fairest
+example of modesty, not to men only but to women
+also in their association with men. For all that is
+forbidden to women by the laws that safeguard the
+legitimacy of offspring, your reason ever denies to
+your passions. But though I could say still more on
+this subject, I refrain.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τῆς φρονήσεως δὲ ἄξιον μὲν ἔπαινον διελθεῖν
+οὐδαμῶς εὐχερές, μικρὰ δὲ ὅμως καὶ ὑπὲρ ταύτης
+ῥητέον. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἔργα τῶν λόγων οἶμαι
+πιστότερα. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν εἰκὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν
+[B] καὶ δύναμιν μὴ παρὰ τῆς ἴσης διοικουμένην καὶ
+κρατουμένην φρονήσεως πρὸς τοσοῦτον μέγεθος
+ἀφικέσθαι καὶ κάλλος πράξεων· ἀγαπητὸν δὶ, εἰ καὶ
+τῇ τύχῃ μόνον δίχα φρονήσεως ἐπιτρεπομένη<note place='foot'>M and Petavius omit πρὸς . . . ἐπιτρεπομένη.</note> ἐπὶ
+πολὺ μένει.<note place='foot'>μένει Wyttenbach, μένειν MSS, Hertlein, ἐπὶ πολὺ μένειν
+V and Spanheim omit.</note> ἀνθῆσαι μὲν γὰρ τῇ τύχῃ προσσχόντα
+πρὸς βραχὺ ῥάδιον, διαφυλάξαι δὲ τὰ δοθέντα
+ἀγαθὰ δίχα φρονήσεως οὐ λίαν εὔκολον, μᾶλλον
+<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/><anchor id='Pg123'/>
+δὲ ἀδύνατον ἴσως. ὄλως δὲ εἰ χρὴ καὶ περὶ
+τούτων ἐναργὲς φράζειν τεκμήριον, πολλῶν καὶ
+γνωρίμων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν. [C] τὴν γὰρ εὐβουλίαν
+ὑπολαμβάνομεν τῶν περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἀγαθῶν καὶ
+συμφερόντων ἐξευρίσκειν τὰ κράτιστα. σκοπεῖν
+οὖν ἄξιον ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, εἰ μὴ τοῦθ᾽ ἕν ἐστι
+τῶν σοι πραχθέντων. οὐκοῦν ὅπου μὲν ἦν
+ὁμονοίας χρεία, ἔχαιρες ἐλαττούμενος, ὅπου δὲ
+τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐχρῆν βοηθεῖν, τὸν πόλεμον ἀνείλου<note place='foot'>ἀνείλου Hertlein suggests, Cobet, cf. 94 D 95 A, εἵλω V,
+εἵλου MSS.</note>
+προθυμότατα. καὶ Περσῶν μὲν τὴν δύναμιν
+καταστρατηγήσας οὐδένα τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἀποβαλὼν
+διέφθειρας, τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους δὲ πόλεμον
+διελὼν τοῦ μὲν ἐκράτησας ταῖς δημηγορίαις, [D] καὶ
+τὴν μετ᾽ ἐκείνου δύναμιν ἀκέραιον καὶ κακῶν
+ἀπαθῆ προσλαβὼν κατεπολέμησας μᾶλλον διὰ
+τῆς συνέσεως ἢ διὰ τῆς ῥώμης τὸν τοσούτων τοῖς
+κοινοῖς αἴτιον συμφορῶν. βούλομαι δὲ σαφέστερον
+περὶ τούτων εἰπὼν ἅπασι δεῖξαι, τίνι
+μάλιστα πιστεύσας<note place='foot'>πιστεύσας καὶ MSS.</note> τοσούτοις σαυτὸν ἐπιδοὺς
+πράγμασιν οὐδενὸς ὅλως διήμαρτες. [48] εὔνοιαν οἴει
+δεῖν παρὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων ὑπάρχειν τῷ βασιλεύοντι
+ἐρυμάτων ἀσφαλέστατον. ταύτην δὲ ἐπιτάττοντα
+μὲν καὶ κελεύοντα καθάπερ εἰσφορὰς καὶ φόρους
+κτήσασθαι παντελῶς ἄλογον. λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν,
+καθάπερ αὐτὸς ὥρμηκας, τὸ πάντας εὖ ποιεῖν καὶ
+μιμεῖσθαι τὴν θείαν ἐν ἀνθρώποις φύσιν· πρᾴως
+<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/><anchor id='Pg125'/>
+μὲν ἔχειν πρὸς ὀργήν, [B] τῶν τιμωριῶν δὲ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι
+τὰς χαλεπότητας, πταίσασι δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς
+ἐχθροῖς ἐπιεικῶς καὶ εὐγνωμόνως προσφέρεσθαι.
+ταῦτα πράττων, ταῦτα θαυμάζων, ταῦτα τοῖς
+ἄλλοις προστάττων μιμεῖσθαι τὴν Ῥώμην μέν,
+ἔτι τοῦ τυράννου κρατοῦντος τῆς Ἰταλίας, διὰ τῆς
+γερουσίας εἰς Παιονίαν μετέστησας, προθύμους δὲ
+εἶχες τὰς πόλεις πρὸς τὰς λειτουργίας.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Your wisdom it is by no means easy to praise as it
+deserves, but I must say a few words about it. Your
+actions, however, are more convincing, I think, than
+my words. For it is not likely that this great and
+mighty empire would have attained such dimensions
+or achieved such splendid results, had it not been
+directed and governed by an intelligence to match.
+Indeed, when it is entrusted to luck alone, unaided
+by wisdom, we may be thankful if it last for any
+length of time. It is easy by depending on luck to
+flourish for a brief space, but without the aid of
+wisdom it is very hard, or rather I might say
+impossible, to preserve the blessings that have been
+bestowed. And, in short, if we need cite a convincing
+proof of this, we do not lack many notable instances.
+For by wise counsel we mean the ability to discover
+most successfully the measures that will be good and
+expedient when put into practice. It is therefore
+proper to consider in every case whether this wise
+counsel may not be counted as one of the things you
+have achieved. Certainly when there was need of
+harmony you gladly gave way, and when it was your
+duty to aid the community as a whole you declared
+for war with the utmost readiness. And when you
+had defeated the forces of Persia without losing a
+single hoplite, you made two separate campaigns
+against the usurpers, and after overcoming one of
+them<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> by your public harangue, you added to your
+army his forces, which were fresh and had suffered
+no losses, and finally, by intelligence rather than by
+brute force, you completely subdued the other
+usurper who had inflicted so many sufferings on the
+community. I now desire to speak more clearly on
+this subject and to demonstrate to all what it was
+that you chiefly relied on and that secured you from
+failure in every one of those great enterprises to
+which you devoted yourself. It is your conviction
+that the affection of his subjects is the surest defence
+of an emperor. Now it is the height of absurdity
+to try to win that affection by giving orders,
+and levying it as though it were a tax or tribute.
+The only alternative is the policy that you
+have yourself pursued, I mean of doing good to
+all men and imitating the divine nature on earth.
+To show mercy even in anger, to take away their
+harshness from acts of vengeance, to display kindness
+and toleration to your fallen enemies, this was
+your practice, this you always commended and
+enjoined on others to imitate, and thus, even while
+the usurper still controlled Italy, you transferred
+Rome to Paeonia by means of the Senate and
+inspired the cities with zeal for undertaking public
+services.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τῶν στρατευμάτων δὲ τὴν εὔνοιαν τίς ἂν ἀξίως
+διηγήσαιτο; τάξις μὲν ἱππέων πρὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ Μύρσῃ
+παρατάξεως μεθειστήκει, [C] ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐκράτησας,
+πεζῶν κατάλογοι καὶ τέλη λαμπρά. ἀλλὰ
+τὸ μικρὸν μετὰ τὴν τοῦ τυράννου δυστυχῆ τελευτὴν
+ἐν Γαλατίᾳ γενόμενον κοινὴν ἁπάντων ἔδειξε
+στρατοπέδων τὴν εὔνοιαν, τὸν θρασυνόμενον
+καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας καὶ τὴν γυναικείαν ἁλουργίδα
+περιβαλόμενον ὥσπερ τινὰ λύκον<note place='foot'>τινὰ λύκον MSS, τινῶν λύκων Hertlein suggests.</note> ἐξαίφνης διασπασαμένων.
+ὅστις δὲ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ γέγονας τῇ
+πράξει, καὶ ὅπως πρᾴως ἅπασι καὶ φιλανθρώπως
+τοῖς ἐκείνου γνωρίμοις προσηνέχθης, ὅσοι μηδὲν
+ἠλέγχοντο ἐκείνῳ συμπράξαντες, πολλῶν ἐφεστηκότων
+τῇ κατηγορίᾳ συκοφαντῶν, [D] καὶ τὴν
+πρὸς ἐκεῖνον φιλίαν ὑποπτεύειν μόνον κελευόντων,
+ἐγὼ μὲν ἁπάσης ἀρετῆς τίθεμαι τοῦτο<note place='foot'>τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.</note> κεφάλαιον.
+καὶ γὰρ ἐπιεικῶς καὶ δικαίως φημὶ καὶ πολὺ πλέον
+ἐμφρόνως πεπράχθαι. ὅστις δὲ ἄλλως ἡγεῖται
+καὶ τῆς περὶ τοῦ πράγματος ἀληθοῦς ὑπολήψεως
+καὶ τῆς σῆς γνώμης διήμαρτε. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ οὐκ
+ἐλεγχθέντας δίκαιον ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, [49] σώζεσθαι,
+<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/><anchor id='Pg127'/>
+ὑπόπτους δὲ τὰς φιλίας καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φευκτὰς
+οὐδαμῶς ᾤου δεῖν κατασκευάζειν, ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν
+ὑπηκόων εὐνοίας ἐς τοῦτο μεγέθους ἀρθεὶς καὶ
+πράξεων. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν παῖδα τοῦ τετολμηκότος
+νήπιον κομιδῇ τῆς πατρῴας οὐδὲν εἴασας μετασχεῖν
+ζημίας. οὕτω σοι πρὸς ἐπιείκειαν ἡ πρᾶξις
+ῥέπουσα τελείας ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει γνώρισμα. * * *
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(As for the affection of your armies, what description
+could do it justice? Even before the battle at
+Myrsa, a division of cavalry came over to your side,<note place='foot'>Under Silvanus.</note>
+and when you had conquered Italy bodies of infantry
+and distinguished legions did the same. But
+what happened in Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> shortly after the
+usurper's miserable end demonstrated the universal
+loyalty of the garrisons to you; for when, emboldened
+by his isolated position, another<note place='foot'>Silvanus.</note> dared
+to assume the effeminate purple, they suddenly
+set on him as though he were a wolf and tore
+him limb from limb.<note place='foot'>355 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> Your behaviour after
+that deed, your merciful and humane treatment
+of all those of his friends who were not convicted
+of having shared his crimes, and that in
+spite of all the sycophants who came forward with
+accusations and warned you to show only suspicion
+against friends of his, this I count as the culmination
+of all virtue. What is more, I maintain that your
+conduct was not only humane and just, but prudent
+in a still higher degree. He who thinks otherwise
+falls short of a true understanding of both the
+circumstances and your policy. For that those who
+had not been proved guilty should be protected was
+of course just, and you thought you ought by no
+means to make friendship a reason for suspicion and
+so cause it to be shunned, seeing that it was due to
+the loyal affection of your own subjects that you
+had attained to such power and accomplished so
+much. But the son of that rash usurper, who was
+a mere child, you did not allow to share his father's
+punishment. To such a degree does every act of
+yours incline towards clemency and is stamped with
+the mint-mark of perfect virtue * * * * *.)<note place='foot'>The peroration is lost.</note>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Oration II</head>
+
+<div>
+<head>Introduction To Oration II</head>
+
+<p>
+The Second Oration is a panegyric of the
+Emperor Constantius, written while Julian, after
+his elevation to the rank of Caesar, was campaigning
+in Gaul.<note place='foot'>56 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> and 101 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> It closely resembles and
+often echoes the First, and was probably never
+delivered. In his detailed and forced analogies of
+the achievements of Constantius with those of the
+Homeric heroes, always to the advantage of the
+former, Julian follows a sophistic practice that he
+himself condemns,<note place='foot'>74 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> and though he more than once
+contrasts himself with the <q>ingenious rhetoricians</q>
+he is careful to observe all their rules, even in his
+historical descriptions of the Emperor's campaigns.
+The long Platonic digression on Virtue and the
+ideal ruler is a regular feature of a panegyric of this
+type, though Julian neglects to make the direct
+application to Constantius. In the First Oration
+he quoted Homer only once, but while the Second
+contains the usual comparisons with the Persian
+monarchs and Alexander, its main object is to prove,
+by direct references to the Iliad, that Constantius
+surpassed Nestor in strategy, Odysseus in eloquence,
+and in courage Hector, Sarpedon and Achilles.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/><anchor id='Pg133'/>
+
+<div>
+
+<p>
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Julian, Caesar)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ
+Η ΠΕΡΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The Heroic Deeds of the
+Emperor Constantius,
+Or, On Kingship)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τὸν Ἀχιλλέα φησὶν ἡ ποίησις, ὁπότε ἐμήνισε
+καὶ διηνέχθη πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, μεθεῖναι μὲν ταῖν
+χεροῖν τὴν αἰχμὴν καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα, ψαλτήριον δὲ
+ἁρμοσάμενον καὶ κιθάραν ᾄδειν καὶ ὑμνεῖν τῶν
+ἡμιθέων τὰς πράξεις, καὶ ταύτην διαγωγὴν τῆς
+ἡσυχίας ποιεῖσθαι, εὖ μάλα ἐμφρόνως τοῦτο διανοηθέντα.
+[D] τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι καὶ παροξύνειν
+τὸν βασιλέα λίαν αὔθαδες καὶ ἄγριον·
+τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκείνης ἀπολύεται τῆς μέμψεως ὁ
+τῆς Θέτιδος, ὅτι τῷι καιρῷ τῶν ἔργων εἰς ᾠδὰς
+καταχρῆται καὶ κρούματα, ἐξὸν τότε μὲν ἔχεσθαι
+τῶν ὅπλων καὶ μὴ μεθιέναι, αὖθις δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡσυχίας
+ὑμνεῖν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ᾄδειν τὰ κατορθώματα.
+[50] οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονά φησιν ὁ πατὴρ
+ἐκείνων τῶν λόγων μετρίως καὶ πολιτικῶς προσενεχθῆναι
+τῷ στρατηγῷ, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπειλῇ τε χρῆσθαι
+καὶ ἔργοις ὑβρίζειν, τοῦ γέρως ἀφαιρούμενον.
+συνάγων δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀλλήλοις ἐπὶ τῆς
+ἐκκλησίας μεταμελομένους, τὸν μὲν τῆς Θέτιδος
+ἐκβοῶντα
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Achilles, as the poet tells us, when his wrath was
+kindled and he quarrelled with the king,<note place='foot'>Agamemnon.</note> let fall
+from his hands his spear and shield; then he strung
+his harp and lyre and sang and chanted the deeds of
+the demi-gods, making this the pastime of his idle
+hours, and in this at least he chose wisely. For to
+fall out with the king and affront him was excessively
+rash and violent. But perhaps the son of Thetis is
+not free from this criticism either, that he spent in
+song and music the hours that called for deeds,
+though at such a time he might have retained his
+arms and not laid them aside, but later, at his
+leisure, he could have sung the praises of the king
+and chanted his victories. Though indeed the
+author of that tale tells us that Agamemnon also
+did not behave to his general either temperately or
+with tact, but first used threats and proceeded to
+insolent acts, when he robbed Achilles of his prize of
+valour. Then Homer brings them, penitent now,
+face to face in the assembly, and makes the son of
+Thetis exclaim)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<lg>
+<l>Ἀτρείδη, ἦ ἄρ τι τόδ᾽ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἄρειον</l>
+<l>Ἔπλετο, σοὶ καὶ ἐμοί,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Son of Atreus, verily it had been better on this
+wise for both thee and me!</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 19. 56.</note>)
+</p>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/><anchor id='Pg135'/>
+
+<p>
+[B] εἶτα ἐπαρώμενον τῇ προφάσει τῇ ἀπεχθείας καὶ
+ἀπαριθμούμενον τὰς ἐκ τῆς μήνιδος ξυμφοράς, τὸν
+βασιλέα δὲ αἰτιώμενον Δία καὶ Μοῖραν<note place='foot'>Μοῖραν Hertlein suggests, Μοίρας MSS.</note> καὶ
+Ἐρινύν, δοκεῖ μοι διδάσκειν, ὥσπερ ἐν δράματι
+τοῖς προκειμένοις ἀνδράσιν οἷον εἰκόσι χρώμενος,
+ὅτι χρὴ τοὺς μὲν βασιλέας μηδὲν ὕβρει πράττειν
+μηδὲ τῇ δυνάμει πρὸς ἅπαν χρῆσθαι μηδὲ ἐφιέναι
+τῷ θυμῷ, καθάπερ ἵππῳ θρασεῖ χήτει χαλινοῦ
+καὶ ἡνιόχου φερομένῳ, παραινεῖν δὲ αὖ τοῖς
+[C] στρατηγοῖς ὑπεροψίαν βασιλικὴν μὴ δυσχεραίνειν,
+φέρειν δὲ ἐγκρατῶς καὶ πρᾴως τὰς ἐπιτιμήσεις,
+ἵνα μὴ μεταμελείας αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος μεστὸς ᾖ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Later on he makes him curse the cause of their
+quarrel, and recount the disasters due to his own
+wrath, and we see the king blaming Zeus and Fate
+and Erinys. And here, I think, he is pointing a moral,
+using those heroes whom he sets before us, like
+types in a tragedy, and the moral is that kings ought
+never to behave insolently, nor use their power without
+reserve, nor be carried away by their anger like
+a spirited horse that runs away for lack of the bit
+and the driver; and then again he is warning
+generals not to resent the insolence of kings but to
+endure their censure with self-control and serenely,
+so that their whole life may not be filled with
+remorse.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 577 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ταῦτα κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν ἐννοῶν, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, καὶ
+σὲ μὲν ὁρῶν ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων τὴν Ὁμηρικὴν παιδείαν
+ἐπιδεικνύμενον καὶ ἐθέλοντα πάντως κοινῇ μὲν<note place='foot'>κοινῇ μὲν Hertlein suggests, κοινῇ τε MSS, cf. 43 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 51 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note>
+ἅπαντας ἀγαθόν τι δρᾶν, ἡμῖν δὲ ἰδίᾳ τιμὰς καὶ
+γέρα ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις παρασκευάζοντα, τοσούτῳ δὲ
+οἶμαι κρείττονα τοῦ τῶν Ἐλλήνων βασιλέως εἶναι
+ἐθέλοντα, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἠτίμαζε τοὺς ἀρίστους, σὺ
+δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν φαύλων πολλοῖς τὴν συγγνώμην
+νέμεις, τὸν Πιττακὸν ἐπαινῶν τοῦ λόγου, ὃς τὴν
+συγγνώμην τῆς τιμωρίας προυτίθει, [D] αἰσχυνοίμην
+ἄν, εἰ μὴ τοῦ Πηλέως φαινοίμην εὐγνωμονέστερος
+μηδὲ<note place='foot'>μηδὲ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.</note> ἐπαινοίην εἰς δύναμιν τὰ προσόντα σοί, οὔτι
+φημὶ χρυσὸν καὶ ἁλουργῆ χλαῖναν, οὐδὲ μὰ Δία
+πέπλους παμποικίλους, γυναικῶν ἔργα Σιδωνίων,
+οὐδὲ ἵππων Νισαίων κάλλη καὶ χρυσοκολλήτων
+ἁρμάτων ἀστράπτουσαν αἴγλην, [51] οὐδὲ τὴν Ἰνδῶν
+<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/><anchor id='Pg137'/>
+λίθον εὐανθῆ καὶ χαρίεσσαν. καίτοι γε εἴ τις
+ἐθέλοι τούτοις τὸν νοῦν προσέχων ἕκαστον ἀξιοῦν
+λόγου, μικροῦ πᾶσαν οἶμαι τὴν Ὁμήρου ποίησιν
+ἀποχετεύσας ἔτι δεήσεται λόγων, καὶ οὐκ ἀποχρήσει
+σοὶ μόνῳ τὰ ξύμπασι ποιηθέντα τοῖς
+ἡμιθέιος ἐγκώμια. ἀρξώμεθα δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σκήπτρου
+πρῶτον, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτῆς·
+[B] τί γὰρ δή φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλων τῆς
+τῶν Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας τὴν ἀρχαιότητα καὶ τὸ
+μέγεθος τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐνδείξασθαι;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(When I reflect on this, my beloved Emperor,
+and behold you displaying in all that you do
+the result of your study of Homer, and see you
+so eager to benefit every citizen in the community
+in every way, and devising for me individually such
+honours and privileges one after another, then I
+think that you desire to be nobler than the king
+of the Greeks, to such a degree, that, whereas
+he insulted his bravest men, you, I believe, grant
+forgiveness to many even of the undeserving, since
+you approve the maxim of Pittacus which set mercy
+before vengeance. And so I should be ashamed not
+to appear more reasonable than the son of Peleus, or
+to fail to praise, as far as in me lies, what appertains
+to you, I do not mean gold, or a robe of purple, nay
+by Zeus, nor raiment embroidered all over, the work
+of Sidonian women,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 6. 289.</note> nor beautiful Nisaean horses,<note place='foot'>Herodotus 7. 40; horses from the plain of Nisaea drew
+the chariot of Xerxes when he invaded Greece.</note>
+nor the gleam and glitter of gold-mounted chariots,
+nor the precious stone of India, so beautiful and
+lovely to look upon. And yet if one should choose
+to devote his attention to these and think fit to
+describe every one of them, he would have to draw
+on almost the whole stream of Homer's poetry and
+still he would be short of words, and the panegyrics
+that have been composed for all the demi-gods
+would be inadequate for your sole praise. First,
+then, let me begin, if you please, with your sceptre
+and your sovereignty itself. For what does the poet
+say when he wishes to praise the antiquity of the
+house of the Pelopids and to exhibit the greatness
+of their sovereignty?)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend='margin-left: 18'>ἀνὰ δὲ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων</l>
+<l>Ἔστη σκῆπτρον ἔχων, τὸ μὲν Ἥφαιστος κάμε τεύξων,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+<q>(Then uprose their lord Agamemnon and in his
+hand was the sceptre that Hephaistos made and
+fashioned.)</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 101.</note>
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ ἔδωκε Διί, ὁ δὲ τῷ τῆς Μαίας καὶ ἑαυτοῦ
+παιδί, Ἑρμείας δὲ ἄναξ δῶκε Πέλοπι,<note place='foot'>[, ὁ δὲ] Πέλοπι Reiske, Hertlein.</note> Πέλοψ δὲ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and gave to Zeus; then Zeus gave it to his own and
+Maia's son, and Hermes the prince gave it to Pelops,
+and Pelops)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend='margin-left: 20'>δῶκ᾽ Ἀτρέι ποιμένι λαῶν·</l>
+<l>Ἀτρεὺς δὲ θνήσκων ἔλιπε πολύαρνι Θυέστῃ·</l>
+<l>Αὐτὰρ ὅγ᾽ αὖτε Θυέστ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνονι δῶκε φορῆναι, [C]</l>
+<l>Πολλῇσιν νήσοισι καὶ Ἄργεï παντὶ ἀνάσσειν·</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Gave it to Atreus, shepherd of the host, and
+Atreus at his death left it to Thyestes, rich in flocks;
+and he in turn gave it into the hands of Agamemnon,
+so that he should rule over many islands and all
+Argos.</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Αὕτη σοι τῆς Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας ἡ γενεαλογία,
+εἰς τρεῖς οὐδὲ ὅλας μείνασα γενεάς· τά γε μὴν
+τῆς ἡμετέρας ξυγγενείας ἤρξατο μὲν ἀπὸ Κλαυδίου,
+μικρὰ δὲ ἐν μέσῳ διαλιπούσης τῆς ἡγεμονίας τὼ
+πάππω τὼ σὼ διαδέχεσθον. καὶ ὁ μὲν τῆς μητρὸς
+πατὴρ τὴν Ῥώμην διῴκει καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, [D] καὶ
+τὴν Λιβύην τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ, καὶ Σαρδὼ καὶ Σικελίαν,
+οὔτι φαυλοτέραν τῆς Ἀργείας καὶ Μυκηναίας
+<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/><anchor id='Pg139'/>
+δυναστείαν, ὅ γε μὴν τοῦ πατρὸς γεννήτωρ
+Γαλατίας ἔθνη τὰ μαχιμώτατα καὶ τοῦς Ἑσπερίους
+Ἴβηρας καὶ τὰς ἐντὸς Ὠκεανοῦ νήσους, αἳ
+τοσούτῳ μείζους τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ τῇ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς
+ὁρωμένων εἰσίν, ὅσῳ καὶ τῆς εἴσω θαλάττης ἡ τῶν
+Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν ὑπερχεομένη. ταύτας δὲ
+ὅλας τὰς χώρας καθαρὰς ἀπέφηναν πολεμίων,
+κοινῇ μὲν ἐπιστρατεύοντες, [52] εἴ ποτε τούτου
+δεήσειεν, ἐπιφοιτῶντες δὲ ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν
+ἕκαστος τῶν ὁμόρων βαρβάρων ὕβριν τε καὶ
+ἀδικίαν ἐξέκοπτον. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν δὴ τούτοις ἐκοσμοῦντο.
+ὁ πατὴρ δὲ τὴν μὲν προσήκουσαν αὐτῷ
+μοῖραν μάλα εὐσεβῶς καὶ ὁσίως ἐκτήσατο, περιμείνας
+τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ γεγεννηκότος,
+τὰ λοιπὰ δὲ ἀπὸ βασιλείας εἰς τυραννίδας
+ὑπενεχθέντα δουλείας ἔπαυσε χαλεπῆς, [B] καὶ ἦρξε
+συμπάντων τρεῖς ὑμᾶς τοὺς αὑτοῦ παῖδας προσελόμενος
+ξυνάρχοντας. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἄξιον μέγεθος
+δυνάμεως παραβαλεῖν καὶ τὸν ἐν τῇ δυναστείᾳ
+χρόνον καὶ πλῆθος βασιλευσάντων;<note place='foot'>[τῶν] βασιλευσάντων Hertlein.</note> ἢ τοῦτο μέν
+ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ἀρχαῖον, μετιτέον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πλοῦτον
+καὶ θαυμαστέον σου τὴν χλαμύδα ξὺν τῇ πόρπῃ,
+ἃ δὴ καὶ Ὁμήρῳ διατριβὴν παρέσχεν ἡδεῖαν;
+λόγου τε ἀξιωτέον πολλοῦ τὰς Τρωὸς ἵππουσ, αἳ
+τρισχίλιαι οὖσαι
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Here then you have the genealogy of the house of
+Pelops, which endured for barely three generations.
+But the story of our family began with Claudius; then
+its supremacy ceased for a short time, till your two
+grandfathers succeeded the throne. And your
+mother's father<note place='foot'>Maximianus.</note> governed Rome and Italy and Libya
+besides, and Sardinia and Sicily, an empire not
+inferior certainly to Argos and Mycenae. Your
+father's father<note place='foot'>Constantius Chlorus.</note> ruled the most warlike of all the tribes
+of Galatia,<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> the Western Iberians<note place='foot'>Julian is in error; according to Bury, in Gibbon, Vol. 2,
+p. 588, Spain was governed by Maximianus.</note> and the islands
+that lie in the Ocean,<note place='foot'>The Atlantic.</note> which are as much larger
+than those that are to be seen in our seas as the sea
+that rolls beyond the pillars of Heracles is larger
+than the inner sea.<note place='foot'>The Mediterranean.</note> These countries your grandfathers
+entirely cleared of our foes, now joining forces
+for a campaign, when occasion demanded, now making
+separate expeditions on their own account, and so
+they annihilated the insolent and lawless barbarians
+on their frontiers. These, then, are the distinctions
+that they won. Your father inherited his proper
+share of the Empire with all piety and due observance,
+waiting till his father reached his appointed end.
+Then he freed from intolerable slavery the remainder,
+which had sunk from empire to tyranny, and so
+governed the whole, appointing you and your brothers,
+his three sons, as his colleagues. Now can I fairly
+compare your house with the Pelopids in the extent
+of their power, the length of their dynasty, or the
+number of those who sat on the throne? Or is
+that really foolish, and must I instead go on to
+describe your wealth, and admire your cloak and
+the brooch that fastens it, the sort of thing on which
+even Homer loved to linger? Or must I describe
+at length the mares of Tros that numbered three
+thousand, and)</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο, [C]</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>pastured in the marsh-meadow</q>)<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 20. 221.</note>
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ τὰ φώρια τὰ ἐντεῦθεν; ἢ τοὺς Θρᾳκίους
+ἵππους εὐλαβησόμεθα λευκοτέρους μὲν τῆς χιόνος,
+θεῖν δὲ ὠκυτέρους τῶν χειμερίων πνευμάτων, καὶ
+τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἅρματα; καὶ ἔχομέν σε ἐν τούτοις
+<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/><anchor id='Pg141'/>
+ἐπαινεῖν, οἰκίαν τε οἶμαι τὴν Ἀλκίνου καὶ τὰ τοῦ
+Μενέλεω δώματα καταπληξάμενα καὶ τὸν τοῦ
+πολύφρονος Ὀδυσσέως παῖδα καὶ τοιαῦτα ληρεῖν
+ἀναπείσαντα τοῖς σοῖς παραβαλεῖν ἀξιώσομεν, [D] μὴ
+ποτε ἄρα ἔλασσον ἔχειν ἐν τούτοις δοκῇς, καὶ οὐκ
+ἀπωσόμεθα τὴν φλυαρίαν; ἀλλ᾽ ὅρα μή τις ἡμᾶς
+μικρολογίας καὶ ἀμαθίας τῶν ἀληθῶς καλῶν
+γραψάμενος ἕλῃ. οὐκοῦν ἀφέντας χρὴ τοῖς
+Ὁμηρίδαις τὰ τοιαῦτα πολυπραγμονεῖν ἐπὶ τὰ
+τούτων ἐγγυτέρω πρὸς ἀρετήν, καὶ ὧν μείζονα
+ποιεῖ προμήθειαν, σώματος ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς
+ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας, θαρροῦντας<note place='foot'>θαρροῦντας Cobet, θαρρούντως MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἰέναι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and the theft that followed?<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 5. 222.</note> Or shall I pay my
+respects to your Thracian horses, whiter than snow
+and faster than the storm winds, and your Thracian
+chariots? For in your case also we can extol all
+these, and as for the palace of Alcinous and those
+halls that dazzled even the son of prudent Odysseus
+and moved him to such foolish expressions of
+wonder,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 4. 69 foll.</note> shall I think it worth while to compare
+them with yours, for fear that men should one
+day think that you were worse off than he in
+these respects, or shall I not rather reject such
+trifling? Nay, I must be on my guard lest someone
+accuse and convict me of using frivolous
+speech and ignoring what is really admirable. So I
+had better leave it to the Homerids to spend their
+energies on such themes, and proceed boldly to what
+is more closely allied to virtue, and things to which
+you yourself pay more attention, I mean bodily
+strength and experience in the use of arms.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τίνι δήποτε οὖν τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς Ὁμηρικῆς ὑμνουμένων
+σειρῆνος εἴξομεν; [53] ἔστι μὲν γὰρ τοξότης παρ᾽
+αὐτῷ Πάνδαρος, ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ χρημάτων ἥττων,
+ἀλλα καὶ ἀσθενὴς τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ὁπλίτης φαῦλος,
+Τεῦκρος τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ Μηριόνης, ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς
+πελειάδος τῷ τόξῳ χρώμενος, ὁ δὲ ἠρίστευε μὲν ἐν
+τῇ μάχῃ ἐδεῖτο δὲ ὥσπερ ἐρύματος καὶ τειχίου.
+ταῦτά τοι καὶ προβάλλεται τὴν ἀσπίδα, οὔτι τὴν
+οἰκείαν, τἀδελφοῦ δέ, καὶ στοχάζεται καθ᾽
+ἡσυχίαν τῶν πολεμίων, γελοῖος ἀναφανεὶς στρατιώτης,
+[B] ὅς γε ἐδεῖτο μείζονος φύλακος καὶ οὐκ ἐν
+τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐποιεῖτο τῆς σωτηρίας τὰς ἐλπίδας.
+σὲ δῆτα ἐθεασάμην, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, ἄρκτους καὶ
+παρδάλεις καὶ λέοντας συχνοὺς καταβάλλοντα
+<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/><anchor id='Pg143'/>
+τοῖς ἀφιεμένοις βέλεσι, χρώμενον δὲ πρὸς θήραν
+καὶ παιδιὰν τόξῳ, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς παρατάξεως ἀσπίς
+ἐστί σοι καὶ θώραξ καὶ κράνος· καὶ οὐκ ἂν καταδείσαιμι
+τὸν ἀχιλλέα τοῖς Ἡφαιστείοις λαμπρυνόμενον
+καὶ ἀποπειρώμενον αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν
+ὅπλον,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And now which one of those heroes to whom
+Homer devotes his enchanting strains shall I admit
+to be superior to you? There is the archer Pandaros
+in Homer, but he is treacherous and yields to bribes<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 4. 97.</note>;
+moreover his arm was weak and he was an inferior
+hoplite: then there are besides, Teucer and Meriones.
+The latter employs his bow against a pigeon<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 23. 870.</note> while
+Teucer, though he distinguished himself in battle,
+always needed a sort of bulwark or wall. Accordingly
+he keeps a shield in front of him,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 266.</note> and
+that not his own but his brother's, and aims at the
+enemy at his ease, cutting an absurd figure as
+a soldier, seeing that he needed a protector taller
+than himself and that it was not in his weapons that
+he placed his hopes of safety. But I have seen you
+many a time, my beloved Emperor, bringing down
+bears and panthers and lions with the weapons
+hurled by your hand, and using your bow both for
+hunting and for pastime, and on the field of battle
+you have your own shield and cuirass and helmet.
+And I should not be afraid to match you with
+Achilles when he was exulting in the armour that
+Hephaistos made, and testing himself and that
+armour to see)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>[C] Εἴ οἱ ἐφαρμόσσειε καὶ ἐντρέχοι ἀγλαὰ γυῖα·</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Whether it fitted him and whether his glorious
+limbs ran free therein;</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 19. 385.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+ἀνακηρύττει γὰρ εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν σὴν ἐμπειρίαν
+τὰ κατορθώματα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(for your successes proclaim to all men your proficiency.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τήν γε μὴν ἱππικὴν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις
+κουφότητα ἆρά σοι παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον τῶν
+πρόσθεν τοὺς ἀραμένους ὄνομα καὶ δόξαν
+μείζονα; ἢ τὸ μὲν οὐδὲ ηὕρητό πω; ἅρμασι
+γὰρ ἐχρῶντο καὶ οὔπω πώλοις ἄζυξι· τάχει δὲ
+ὅστις διήνεγκε, τούτῳ πρὸς σὲ γέγονεν ἀμφήριστος
+κρίσις· [D] τάξιν δὲ κοσμῆσαι καὶ φάλαγγα
+διατάξαι καλῶς δοκεῖ Μενεσθεὺς κράτιστος, καὶ
+τούτῳ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁ Πύλιος οὐχ ὑφίεται τῆς
+ἐμπειρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν οἱ πολέμιοι πολλάκις
+τὰς τάξεις συνετάραξαν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους
+ἴσχυον ἀντέχειν παραταττόμενοι· σοὶ δὲ μυρίαις
+μάχαις ξυμμίξαντι καὶ πολεμίοις πολλοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις,
+οὐκ ἐλάττοσι δὲ τούτων τοῖς οἴκοθεν ἀφεστῶσι
+καὶ συνεπιθεμένοις τῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν σφετερίσασθαι
+προελομένῳ ἀρραγὴς ἔμεινεν ἡ φάλανξ καὶ
+ἀδιάλυτος, [54] οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἐνδοῦσα. καὶ ὅτι
+μὴ λῆρος ταῦτα μηδὲ προσποίησις λόγων τῆς
+<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/><anchor id='Pg145'/>
+ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων ἀληθείας κρείττων, ἐθέλω τοῖς
+παροῦσι διεξελθεῖν. γελοῖον γὰρ οἶμαι πρὸς σὲ
+περὶ τῶν σῶν ἔργων διηγεῖσθαι· καὶ ταὐτὸν ἂν
+πάθοιμι φαύλῳ καὶ ἀκόμψῳ θεατῇ τῶν Φειδίου
+δημιουργημάτων πρὸς αὐτὸν Φειδίαν ἐπιχειροῦντι
+διεξιέναι περὶ τῆς ἐν ἀκροπόλει παρθένου καὶ τοῦ
+παρὰ τοῖς Πισαίοις Διός. εἰ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ἄλλους
+ἐκφέροιμι τὰ σεμνότατα τῶν ἔργων, [B] ἴσως ἂν
+ἀποφύγοιμι τὴν ἁμαρτάδα, καὶ οὐκ ἔσομαι ταῖς
+διαβολαῖς ἔνοχος· ὥστε ἤδη θαρροῦντα χρὴ
+λέγειν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(As for your horsemanship and your agility in
+running, would it be fair to compare with you any
+of those heroes of old who won a name and great
+reputation? Is it not a fact that horsemanship had
+not yet been invented? For as yet they used only
+chariots and not riding-horses. And as for their
+fastest runner, it is an open question how he
+compares with you. But in drawing up troops and
+forming a phalanx skilfully Menestheus<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 552.</note> seems to
+have excelled, and on account of his greater age the
+Pylian<note place='foot'>Nestor: <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 555.</note> is his equal in proficiency. But the enemy
+often threw their line into disorder, and not even at
+the wall<note place='foot'>The building of a wall with towers, to protect the ships,
+is described in <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 7. 436 foll.</note> could they hold their ground when they
+encountered the foe. You, however, engaged in
+countless battles, not only with hostile barbarians in
+great numbers, but with just as many of your own
+subjects, who had revolted and were fighting on the
+side of one who was ambitious of grasping the
+imperial power; yet your phalanx remained unbroken
+and never wavered or yielded an inch. That this is
+not an idle boast and that I do not make a
+pretension in words that goes beyond the actual
+facts, I will demonstrate to my hearers. For I think
+it would be absurd to relate to you your own
+achievements. I should be like a stupid and tasteless
+person who, on seeing the works of Pheidias
+should attempt to discuss with Pheidias himself the
+Maiden Goddess on the Acropolis, or the statue of
+Zeus at Pisa. But if I publish to the rest of the
+world your most distinguished achievements, I shall
+perhaps avoid that blunder and not lay myself open
+to criticism. So I will hesitate no more but proceed
+with my discourse.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Καί μοι μή τις δυσχεράνῃ πειρωμένῳ πράξεων
+ἅπτεσθαι μειζόνων, εἰ καὶ τὸ τοῦ λόγου συνεκθέοι
+μῆκος, καὶ ταῦτα θέλοντος ἐπέχειν καὶ
+βιαζομένου, ὅπως μὴ τῷ μεγέθει τῶν ἔργων ἡ
+τῶν λόγων ἀσθένεια περιχεομένη διαλυμήνηται·
+καθάπερ δὴ τὸν χρυσόν φασι τοῦ Θεσπιᾶσιν
+[C] Ἔρωτος τοῖς πτεροῖς ἐπιβληθέντα τὴν ἀκρίβειαν
+ἀφελεῖν τῆς τέχνης. δεῖται γὰρ ἀληθῶς τῆς
+Ὁμηρικῆς σάλπιγγος τὰ κατορθώματα, καὶ πολὺ
+πλέον ἢ τὰ τοῦ Μακεδόνος ἔργα. δῆλον δὲ ἔσται
+χρωμένοις ἡμῖν τῷ τρόπῳ τῶν λόγων, ὅνπερ ἐξ
+ἀρχῆς προυθέμεθα. ἐφαίνετο δὲ τῶν βασιλέως
+ἔργων πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων πολλὴ ξυγγένεια, καὶ
+αὐτὸν ἔφαμεν ἁπάντων προφέρειν ἐν ᾧ μάλιστα
+τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστος διήνεγκε, καὶ ὅπως ἐστὶ τοῦ
+μὲν δὴ βασιλέως αὐτοῦ βασιλικώτερος, [D] εἴ που
+μεμνήμεθα τῶν ἐν προοιμίῳ ῥηθέντων, ἐπεδείκνυμεν,
+ἔσται δὲ καὶ μάλα αὖθις καταφανές. νῦν
+δὲ, εἰ βούλεσθε, τὰ περί τὰς μάχας καὶ τοὺς
+<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/><anchor id='Pg147'/>
+πολέμους ἀθρήσωμεν. τίνας οὖν Ὅμηρος διαφερόντως
+ὕμνησεν Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων;
+αὐτὰ ὑμῖν ἀναγνώσομαι τῶν ἐπῶν τὰ καιριώτατα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I hope no one will object if, when I attempt to
+deal with exploits that are so important, my speech
+should become proportionately long, and that though
+I desire to limit and restrain it lest my feeble words
+overwhelm and mar the greatness of your deeds;
+like the gold which when it was laid over the wings
+of the Eros at Thespiae<note place='foot'>By Praxiteles.</note> took something, so they
+say, from the delicacy of its workmanship. For your
+triumphs really call for the trumpet of Homer
+himself, far more than did the achievements of the
+Macedonian.<note place='foot'>Alexander.</note> This will be evident as I go on to
+use the same method of argument which I adopted
+when I began. It then became evident that there
+is a strong affinity between the Emperor's exploits
+and those of the heroes, and I claimed that while
+one hero excelled the others in one accomplishment
+only, the Emperor excels them all in all those
+accomplishments. That he is more kingly than the
+king himself<note place='foot'>Agamemnon.</note> I proved, if you remember, in what I
+said in my introduction, and again and again it will
+be evident. But now let us, if you please, consider
+his battles and campaigns. What Greeks and
+barbarians did Homer praise above their fellows? I
+will read you those of his verses that are most to the
+point.)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>[55] Τίς τ᾽ ἂρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην, σύ μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα,</l>
+<l>Ἀνδρῶν ἠδ᾽ ἵππων, οἳ ἃμ᾽ Ἀτρείδαισιν ἕποντο.</l>
+<l>Ἀνδρῶν μὲν μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην Τελαμώνιος Αἴας,</l>
+<l>Ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν· ὁ γὰρ πολὺ φέρτατος ἦεν.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Tell me, Muse, who was foremost of those
+warriors and horses that followed the sons of Atreus.
+Of warriors far the best was Ajax, son of Telamon,
+so long as the wrath of Achilles endured. For he
+was far the foremost.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 761 foll.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ αὖθις ὑπὲρ τοῦ Τελαμωνίου φησίν·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And again he says of the
+son of Telamon:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Αἴας, ὃς περὶ μὲν εἶδος, περὶ δ᾽ ἔργ᾽ ἐτέτυκτο,</l>
+<l>[B] Τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽ ἀμύμονα Πηλείωνα.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Ajax who in beauty and in the deeds he wrought
+was of a mould above all the other Danaans, except
+only the blameless son of Peleus.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 11. 550.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Ἑλλήνων μὲν δὴ τούτους ἀρίστους ἀφῖχθαί φησι,
+τῶν δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς Τρῶας Ἕκτορα καὶ Σαρπηδόνα.
+βούλεσθε οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ λαμπρότατα ἐπιλεξάμενοι
+περιαθρῶμεν τὸ μέγεθος; καὶ γάρ πως ἐς ταὐτόν
+τισι τῶν βασιλέως<note place='foot'>[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</note> ξυμφέρεται ἥ τε ἐπὶ τῷ
+ποταμῷ τοῦ Πηλέως μάχη καὶ ὁ περὶ τὸ τεῖχος
+τῶν Ἀχαιῶν πόλεμος· [C] Αἴας τε ὑπεραγωνιζόμενος
+τῶν νεῶν καὶ ἐπιβεβηκὼς τῶν ἰκρίων ἴσως ἂν
+τυγχάνοι τινὸς ἀξίας εἰκόνος. ἐθέλω δὲ ὑμῖν
+διγγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ μάχην, ἣν ἠγωνίσατο
+βασιλεὺς ἔναγχος. ἴστε δὲ ὅθεν ὁ πόλεμος
+ἐξερράγη, καὶ ὅτι ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ οὐ τοῦ πλείονος
+ἐπιθυμίᾳ διεπολεμήθη. κωλύει δὲ οὐδὲν ὑπομνησθῆναι
+δι᾽ ὀλίγων.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(These two, he says, were the bravest of the Greeks
+who came to the war, and of the Trojan army Hector
+and Sarpedon. Do you wish, then, that I should
+choose out their most brilliant feats and consider
+what they amounted to? And, in fact, the fighting
+of Achilles at the river resembles in some respects
+certain of the Emperor's achievements, and so does
+the battle of the Achaeans about the wall. Or Ajax
+again, when, in his struggle to defend the ships, he
+goes up on to their decks, might be allowed some
+just resemblance to him. But now I wish to describe
+to you the battle by the river which the Emperor
+fought not long ago. You know the causes of the
+outbreak of the war, and that he carried it through,
+not from desire of gain, but with justice on his side.
+There is no reason why I should not briefly remind
+you of the facts.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ θρασὺς τῆς οὐ προσηκούσης
+[D] ὀρεχθεὶς ἡγεμονίας κτείνει τὸν ἀδελφὸν βασιλέως
+<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/><anchor id='Pg149'/>
+καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς κοινωνόν, καὶ ᾔρετο λαμπραῖς ταῖς
+ἐλπίσιν, ὡς τὸν Ποσειδῶνα μιμησόμενος καὶ
+ἀποφανῶν οὐ μῦθον τὸν Ὁμήρου λόγον, παντὸς δὲ
+ἀληθῆ μᾶλλον, ὃς ἔφη περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(A rash and traitorous man<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> tried to grasp at
+power to which he had no right, and assassinated the
+Emperor's brother and partner in empire. Then
+he began to be uplifted and dazzled by his hopes,
+as though he was about to imitate Poseidon and to
+prove that Homer's story was not mere fiction but
+absolutely true, where he says about the god)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Τρὶς μὲν ὀρέξατ᾽ ἰών, τὸ δὲ τέτρατον ἵκετο τέκμωρ,</l>
+<l>Αἰγάς,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Three strides did he make, and with the fourth
+came to his goal, even to Aegae,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 13. 20.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ ὡς ἐντεῦθεν τὴν πανοπλίαν ἀναλαβῶν καὶ
+ὑποζεύξας τοὺς ἵππους διὰ τοῦ πελάγους ἐφέρετο.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and how he took thence all his armour and harnessed
+his horses and drove through the waves:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>[56] Γηθοσύνῃ δὲ θάλασσα διίστατο· τοὶ δ᾽ ἐπέτοντο</l>
+<l>Ῥίμφα μάλ᾽, οὐδ᾽ ὑπένερθε διαίνετο χάλκεος ἄξων,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>And with gladness the sea parted before him,
+and the horses fared very swiftly, and the bronze
+axle was not wetted beneath,</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+ἅτε οὐδενὸς ἐμποδὼν ὄντος, πάντων δὲ ἐξισταμένων
+καὶ ὑποχωρούντων ἐν χαρμονῇ. οὔκουν
+οὐδὲν αὑτῷ πολέμιον οὐδὲ ἀντίπαλον ᾤετο
+καταλιπέσθαι, οὐδὲ αὑτὸν κατείργειν οὐδὲ ἓν τὸ
+μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ Τίγρητος στῆναι ταῖς ἐκβολαῖς.
+εἵπετο δὲ αὐτῷ πολὺς μὲν ὁπλίτης,<note place='foot'>ὁπλίτης Cobet, ὁπλίτης πεζός MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἱππεῖς δὲ οὐχ
+ἥττους, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οἳπερ ἄλκιμοι, Κελτοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες
+Γερμανῶν τε οἱ πρόσοικοι Ῥήνῳ καὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ
+τῇ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ἣν εἴτε Ὠκεανὸν χρὴ καλεῖν
+εἴτε Ἀτλαντικὴν θάλατταν εἴτε ἄλλῃ τινὶ χρῆσθαι
+προσωνυμίᾳ προσῆκον, οὐκ ἰσχυρίζομαι· πλὴν
+ὅτι δὴ αὐτῇ προσοικεῖ δύσμαχα καὶ ῥώμῃ
+διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν γένη βαρβάρων,
+οὐκ ἀκοῇ μόνον, ἥπερ δὴ τυγχάνει πίστις οὐκ
+ἀσφαλής, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτῇ πείρᾳ τοῦτο ἐκμαθὼν οἶδα.
+[C] τούτων δὴ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐξαναστήσας οὐκ ἔλαττον
+<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/><anchor id='Pg151'/>
+πλῆθος τῆς οἴκοθεν αὐτῷ ξυνεπισπομένης<note place='foot'>ξυνεπισπομένης Cobet, ξυνεπομένης V Hertlein ξυνεφεπομένης
+MSS.</note>
+στρατιᾶς, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ μὲν ὡς οἰκεῖον εἵπετο
+πολὺ καὶ αὐτῷ ξύμφυλον, τὸ δὲ ἡμέτερον· οὕτω
+γὰρ καλεῖν ἄξιον· ὁπόσον Ῥωμαίων βίᾳ καὶ οὐ
+γνώμῃ ξυνηκολούθησεν, ἐοικὸς ἐπικούροις καὶ
+μισθοφόροις, ἐν Καρὸς εἵπετο τάξει καὶ σχήματι,
+δύσνουν μέν, ὡς εἰκός, βαρβάρῳ καὶ ξένῳ, μέθῃ
+[D] καὶ κραιπάλῃ τὴν δυναστείαν περιφρονήσαντι καὶ
+ἀνελομένῳ, ἄρχοντι δέ, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον τὸν ἐκ
+τοιούτων προοιμίων καὶ προνομίων ἀρξάμενον.
+ἡγεῖτο δὲ αὐτὸς οὔτι κατὰ τὸν Τυφῶνα, ὃν ἡ
+ποιητικὴ τερατεία φησὶ τῷ Διὶ χαλεπαίνουσαν
+τὴν Γῆν ὠδῖναι, οὐδὲ ὡς γιγάντων ὁ κράτιστος,
+ἀλλ᾽ οἵαν ὁ σοφὸς ἐν μύθοις Πρόδικος τὴν Κακίαν
+δημιουργεῖ πρὸς τὴν Ἀρετὴν<note place='foot'>(τὴν) Ἁρετὴν Hertlein, ἀρετὴν MSS.</note> διαμιλλωμένην καὶ
+ἐθέλουσαν τὸν τοῦ Διὸς ἀναπείθειν παῖδα, ὅτι
+ἄρα αὐτῷ μάλιστα πάντων τιμητέα εἴη. προάγων
+[57] δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν μάχην προυφέρετο τὰ τοῦ Καπανέως,
+βαρβαρίζων<note place='foot'>βαρβαρίζων MSS., Hertlein, βατταρίζων Cobet, cf. Plato,
+<hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 175 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> καὶ ἀνοηταίνων, οὔτι μὴν κατ᾽
+ἐκεῖνον τῇ ῥώμῃ τῆς ψυχῆς πίσυνος οὐδὲ ἀλκῇ
+τοῦ σώματος, τῷ πλήθει δὲ τῶν ξυνεπομένων
+βαρβάρων, οἷς δὴ καὶ λείαν ἅπαντα προθήσειν
+ἠπείλει, ταξίαρχον ταξιάρχῳ καὶ λοχαγὸν λοχαγῷ
+καὶ στρατιώτην στρατιώτῃ τῶν ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐταῖς
+ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ κτήμασιν, οὐδὲ τὸ σῶμα ἁφιεὶς
+ἐλεύθερον. αὔξει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν ἡ
+<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/><anchor id='Pg153'/>
+βασιλέως<note place='foot'>[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein, cf. 55 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> δεινότης, [B] καὶ ἐκ τῶν δυσχωριῶν εἰς τὰ
+πεδία κατάγει γανύμενον καὶ οὐ ξυνιέντα, δρασμὸν
+δὲ ἀτεχνῶς καὶ οὐ στρατηγίαν τὸ πρᾶγμα
+κρίνοντα. ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἁλίσκεται, καθάπερ
+ὄρνιθες καὶ ἰχθύες δικτύοις. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς τὴν
+εὐρυχωρίαν καὶ τὰ πεδία τῶν Παιόνων ἦλθε καὶ
+ἐδόκει λῷον ἐνταῦθα διαγωνίζεσται, τότε δὴ βασιλεὺς
+τούς τε ἱππέας ἐπὶ κέρως τάττει χωρὶς
+ἑκατέρου.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(for nothing stood in his way, but all things stood
+aside and made a path for him in their joy. Even
+so the usurper thought that he had left behind him
+nothing hostile or opposed to him, and that there
+was nothing at all to hinder him from taking up a
+position at the mouth of the Tigris. And there
+followed him a large force of heavy infantry and as
+many cavalry, yes, and good fighters they were,
+Celts, Iberians and Germans from the banks of the
+Rhine and from the coasts of the western sea.
+Whether I ought to call that sea the Ocean or the
+Atlantic, or whether it is proper to use some other
+name for it, I am not sure. I only know that its
+coasts are peopled by tribes of barbarians who are not
+easy to subdue and are far more energetic than any
+other race, and I know it not merely from hearsay,
+on which it is never safe to rely, but I have learned
+it from personal experience. From these tribes,
+then, he mustered an army as large as that which
+marched with him from home, or rather many
+followed him because they were his own people,
+allied to him by the ties of race, but our subjects&mdash;for
+so we must call them&mdash;I mean all his Roman
+troops followed from compulsion and not from
+choice, like mercenary allies, and their position and
+<hi rend='italic'>rôle</hi> was like that of the proverbial Carian,<note place='foot'>The Carians were proverbially worthless; cf. 320 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> since
+they were naturally ill-disposed to a barbarian and a
+stranger who had conceived the idea of ruling and
+embarked on the enterprise at the time of a drunken
+debauch, and was the sort of leader that one might
+expect from such a preface and prelude as that. He
+led them in person, not indeed like Typho, who, as
+the poet tells us,<note place='foot'>Hesiod, <hi rend='italic'>Theogony</hi>.</note> in his wonder tale, was brought
+forth by the earth in her anger against Zeus, nor was
+he like the strongest of the Giants, but he was like
+that Vice incarnate which the wise Prodicus created in
+his fable,<note place='foot'>Xenophon, <hi rend='italic'>Memorabilia</hi> 2. 1. 2.</note> making her compete with Virtue and attempt
+to win over the son of Zeus,<note place='foot'>Heracles.</note> contending that he
+would do well to prize her above all else. And as he led
+them to battle he outdid the behaviour of Capaneus,<note place='foot'>Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Seven Against Thebes</hi> 440; Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi>
+1182.</note>
+like the barbarian that he was, in his insensate folly,
+though he did not, like Capaneus, trust to the energy
+of his soul or his physical strength, but to the numbers
+of his barbarian followers; and he boasted that he
+would lay everything at their feet to plunder, that
+every general and captain and common soldier of his
+should despoil an enemy of corresponding rank of
+his baggage and belongings, and that he would
+enslave the owners as well. He was confirmed in
+this attitude by the Emperor's clever strategy, and
+led his army out from the narrow passes to the
+plains in high spirits and little knowing the truth,
+since he decided that the Emperor's march was
+merely flight and not a manoeuvre. Thus he was
+taken unawares, like a bird or fish in the net. For
+when he reached the open country and the plains of
+Paeonia, and it seemed advantageous to fight it out
+there, then and not before the Emperor drew up his
+cavalry separately on both wings.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τούτων δὲ οἱ μέν εἰσιν αἰχμοφόροι, θώραξιν
+ἐλατοῖς καὶ κράνεσιν ἐκ σιδήρου πεποιημένοις
+σκεπόμενοι· [C] κνημῖδές τε τοῖς σφυροῖς εὖ μάλα
+περιηρμοσμέναι καὶ περιγονατίδες καὶ περὶ τοὶς
+μηροῖς ἕτερα τοιαῦτα ἐκ σιδήρου καλύμματα·
+αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ ἀνδριάντες ἐπὶ τῶν
+ἵππων φερόμενοι, οὐδὲν ἀσπίδος δεόμενοι. τούτοις
+εἵπετο τῶν ἄλλων ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀσπίδας
+φέροντες, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων τοξεύοντες. πεζῶν
+[D] δὲ ὁ μὲν ὁπλίτης ἦν ἐν τῷ μώσῳ συνάπτων
+ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερα τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν· ἐξόπισθεν δὲ οἱ σφενδονῆται
+καὶ τοξόται καὶ ὁπόσον ἐκ χειρὸς βάλλει
+γυμνὸν ἀσπίδος καὶ θώρακος. οὕτω κοσμηθείσης
+τῆς φάλαγγος, μικρὰ τοῦ λαιοῦ κέρως προελθόντος
+ἅπαν τὸ πολέμιον συνετετάρακτο καὶ οὐκ ἐφύλαττε
+τὴν τάξιν.<note place='foot'>τὴν τάξιν Hertlein suggests, τάξιν MSS.</note> ἐγκειμένων δὲ τῶν ἱππέων καὶ οὐκ
+ἀνιέντων φεύγει μὲν αἰσχρῶς ὁ τὴν βασιλείαν
+αἴσχιον ἁρπάσας, λείπει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἵππαρχον
+καὶ χιλιάρχους καὶ ταξιάρχους πάνυ πολλοὺς καὶ
+<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/><anchor id='Pg155'/>
+ἐρρωμένως ἀγωνιζομένους, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τὴν ποιητὴν
+τοῦ τερατώδους καὶ ἐξαγίστου δράματος, [58] ὃς πρῶτος
+ἐπὶ νοὺν ἐβάλετο μεταποιῆσαι τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ
+ἀφελέσθαι τοῦ γέρως ἡμᾶς.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Of these troops some carry lances and are
+protected by cuirasses and helmets of wrought
+iron mail. They wear greaves that fit the legs
+closely, and knee-caps, and on their thighs the
+same sort of iron covering. They ride their
+horses exactly like statues, and need no shield.
+In the rear of these was posted a large body of the
+rest of the cavalry, who carried shields, while others
+fought on horseback with bows and arrows. Of the
+infantry the hoplites occupied the centre and
+supported the cavalry on either wing. In their rear
+were the slingers and archers and all troops that
+shoot their missiles from the hand and have neither
+shield nor cuirass. This, then, was the disposition of
+our phalanx. The left wing slightly outflanked the
+enemy, whose whole force was thereby thrown into
+confusion, and their line broke. When our cavalry
+made a charge and maintained it stubbornly, he who
+had so shamefully usurped the imperial power
+disgraced himself by flight, and left there his cavalry
+commander and his numerous chiliarchs and taxiarchs,
+who continued to fight bravely, and in
+command of all these the real author<note place='foot'>Marcellinus.</note> of that
+monstrous and unholy drama, who had been the first
+to suggest to him that he should pretend to the
+imperial power and rob us of our royal privilege.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Καὶ τέως μὲν<note place='foot'>μὲν Reiske adds.</note> ἔχαιρε τῆς πρώτης πείρας
+οὐκ ἀποσφαλεὶς οὐδὲ ἁμαρτήσας, τέτε δὲ ἐφεστώσας
+ξὺν δίκῃ ποινὰς ἀπαιτεῖται τῶν ἔργων
+καὶ ἄπιστον τιμωρίαν εἰσπράττεται. πάντων
+γὰρ ὁπόσοι τοῦ πολέμου τῷ τυράννῳ συνεφήψαντο
+ἐμφανὴς μὲν ὁ θάνατος, δήλη δ᾽ ἡ φυγὴ
+καὶ ἄλλων μεταμέλεια· ἰκέτευον γὰρ πολλόι, [B] καὶ
+ἔτυχον ἅπαντες συγγνώμης, βασιλέως τὸν τῆς
+Φέτιδος ὑπερβαλλομένου μεγαλοφροσύνῃ. ὁ
+μὲν γάρ, ἐπειδὴ Πάτροκλος ἔπεσεν, οὐδὲ πιπράκειν
+ἁλόντας ἔτι τοὺς πολεμίους ἠξίου, ἀλλ᾽
+ἱκετεύοντας περὶ τοῖς γόνασιν ἔκτεινεν· ὁ δὲ
+ἐκήρυττεν ἄδειαν τοῖς ἐξαρνουμένοις τὴν ξυνωμοσίαν,
+οὐ θανάτου μόνον ἢ φυγῆς ἤ τινος ἄλλης
+τιμωρίας ἀφαιρῶν τὸν φόβον, ὥσπερ δὲ ἔκ τινος
+ταλαιπωρίας καὶ ἄλης δυστυχοῦς τῆς ξὺν [C] τῷ
+τυράννῳ βιοτῆς κατάγειν σφᾶς ἐπ᾽ ἀκεραίοις τοῖς
+πρόσθεν ἠξίου. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ αὖθις τεύξεται
+λόγου.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For a time indeed he enjoyed success, and at his
+first attempt met with no repulse or failure, but on
+that day he provoked the punishment that justice
+had in store for his misdeeds, and had to pay a
+penalty that is hardly credible. For all the others
+who abetted the usurper in that war met death
+openly or their flight was evident to all, as was
+the repentance of others. For many came as
+suppliants, and all obtained forgiveness, since the
+Emperor surpassed the son of Thetis in generosity.
+For Achilles, after Patroclus fell, refused any longer
+even to sell those whom he took captive, but slew
+them as they clasped his knees and begged for
+mercy. But the Emperor proclaimed an amnesty
+for those who should renounce the conspiracy, and
+so not only freed them from the fear of death or
+exile or some other punishment, but, as though their
+association with the usurper had been due to some
+misadventure or unhappy error, he deigned to
+reinstate them and completely cancel the past. I
+shall have occasion to refer to this again.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη ῥητέον, ὡς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς κειμένοις
+ἦν οὔτε ἐν τοῖς φεύγουσιν ὁ παιδοτρίβης
+τοῦ τυράννου. τὸ γὰρ μηδὲ ἐλπίσαι συγγνώμην
+εὔλογον οὕτω μὲν ἄδικα διανοηθέντα, ἀσεβῆ δὲ
+ἐργασάμενον, φόνων τε ἀδίκων ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν,
+πολλῶν μὲν ἰδιωτῶν, [D] πάντων δὲ σχεδὸν
+<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/><anchor id='Pg157'/>
+ὁπόσοι τοῦ βασιλείου γένους μετεῖχον ἁψάμενον,
+οὔτι ξὺν δείματι οὐδὲ ἄν τις ἐμφύλιον φόνον
+διανοηθείν δρῶν, παλαμναίους τινὰς καὶ μιάστορας
+δεδιὼς καὶ ὑφορώμενος ἐκ τοῦ μιάσματος,
+ἀλλα ὥσπερ τισὶ καθαρσίοις καινοῖς καὶ ἀτόποις
+τοὺς πρόσθεν ἀπονιπτόμενος ἄνδρα ἐπ᾽ ἀνδρὶ καὶ
+γυναῖκας ἐπὶ τοῖς φιλτάτοις ἀποκτιννὺς εἰκότως
+ἀπέγνω τὴν ἱκετηρίαν. ταῦτα εἰκὸς μὲν αὐτὸν
+διανοηθῆναι, [59] εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχειν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ
+ἴσμεν ὅ, τί ποτε παθὼν ἢ δράσας ᾤχετο ἄιστος,
+ἄφαντος. ἀλλ᾽ εἴτε αὐτὸν δαίμων τιμωρὸς ξυναρπάσας,
+καθάπερ Ὅμηρός φησι τὰς τοῦ Πανδάρεω<note place='foot'>Πανδάρεω V, Naber, cf. <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 20, 66 Τυνδάρεω MSS.,
+Hertlein.</note>
+θυγατέρας, ἐπὶ γῆς ἄγει πέρατα ποινὰς ἀπαιτήσων
+τῶν διανοημάτων, εἴτε αὐτὸν ὁ ποταμὸς ὑποδεξάμενος
+ἑστιᾶν κελεύει τοὺς ἰχθῦς, οὔτι πω δῆλον.
+ἄχρι μὲν γὰρ τῆς μάχης αὐτῆς καὶ ὁπηνίκα οἱ
+λόχοι συνετάττοντο πρὸς φάλαγγα θρασὺς [B] ἦν ἐν
+μέσοις ἀναστρεφόμενος; ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐπράχθη<note place='foot'>ἐπράχθη MSS., Hertlein, ἐταράχθη Naber.</note> τὰ τῆς
+μάχης, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον, ἀφανὴς ᾤχετο οὐκ οἶδα
+ὑπὸ τοῦ θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων κρυφθείς, πλὴν ὅτι γε
+οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἀμείνοσι ταῖς τύχαις εὔδηλον. οὐ γὰρ
+δὴ αὖθις ἔμελλε φανεὶς ἐπ᾽ ἐξουσίας ὑβρίζων
+ἀδεῶς εὐδαιμονήσειν, ὡς ᾤετο, ἀλλα ἐς τὸ παντελὲς
+ἀφανισθεὶς τιμωρίαν ὑφέξειν αὐτῷ μὲν
+<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/><anchor id='Pg159'/>
+δυστυχῆ, πολλοῖς δὲ ὠφέλιμον καὶ πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But what I must now state is that the man who had
+trained and tutored the usurper was neither among
+the fallen nor the fugitives. It was indeed natural
+that he should not even hope for pardon, since his
+schemes had been so wicked, his actions so infamous,
+and he had been responsible for the slaughter of so
+many innocent men and women, of whom many were
+private citizens, and of almost all who were connected
+with the imperial family. And he had done this not
+with shrinking nor with the sentiments of one who
+sheds the blood of his own people, and because of
+that stain of guilt fears and is on the watch for the
+avenger and those who will exact a bloody reckoning,
+but, with a kind of purification that was new and
+unheard of, he would wash his hands of the blood of
+his first victims, and then go on to murder man after
+man, and then, after those whom they held dear, he
+slew the women as well. So he naturally abandoned
+the idea of appealing for mercy. But likely as it is
+that he should think thus, yet it may well be otherwise
+For the fact is that we do not know what he
+did or suffered before he vanished out of sight, out
+of our ken. Whether some avenging deity snatched
+him away, as Homer says of the daughters of
+Pandareos,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 20. 66.</note> and even now is carrying him to the
+very verge of the world to punish him for his evil
+designs, or whether the river<note place='foot'>The Drave.</note> has received him and
+bids him feed the fishes, has not yet been revealed.
+For till the battle actually began, and while the
+troops were forming the phalanx, he was full of
+confidence and went to and fro in the centre of their
+line. But when the battle was ended as was fitting,
+he vanished completely, taken from our sight by I
+know not what god or supernatural agency, only it is
+quite certain that the fate in store for him was far
+from enviable. At any rate he was not destined to
+appear again, and, after insulting us with impunity,
+live prosperous and secure as he thought he should;
+but he was doomed to be completely blotted out
+and to suffer a punishment that for him indeed was
+fatal but to many was beneficial and gave them a
+chance of recovery.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ τὸν μηχανοποιὸν τῆς ὅλης
+ὑποθέσεως πλείονος ἀξιωθέντα λόγου, [C] μέσῃ τῇ
+πράξει<note place='foot'>μέσῃ τῇ πράξει V, Hertlein, μισητῆς πράξεως Reiske,
+μέση τῆς πράξεως MSS.</note> παρελόμενα τὸ ξυνεχὲς τῆς διηγήσεως,
+ἐνταῦθά που πάλιν ἀφετέα. ἐπανιτέον δὲ
+ὅθενπερ ἐξὴλθον καὶ ἀποδοτέον τὸ τέλος τῆς
+μάχης. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ξὺν τῇ τῶν στρατηγῶν δειλίᾳ
+καὶ τὰ τῶν στρατιωτῶν πίπτει φρονήματα, ἀλλ᾽
+ἐπειδὴ τὰ τῆς τάξεως αὐτοῖς διεφθάρη, οὐ
+κακίᾳ σφῶν, ἀπειρίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ τοῦ τάττοντος,
+κατὰ λόχους συνιστάμενοι διηγωνίζοντο·
+καὶ ἦν τὸ ἔργον ἁπάσης ἐλπίδος μεῖζον, [D] τῶν μὲν
+οὐχ ὑφιεμένων ἐς τὸ παντελὲς τοῖς κρατοῦσι,
+τῶν δὲ ἐπεξελθεῖν τελέως τῇ νίκῃ φιλοτιμουμένων,
+ξυμμιγής τε ᾔρετο τάραχος καὶ βοὴ καὶ κτύπος
+τῶν ὅπλων, ξιφῶν τε ἀγνυμένων ἀμφὶ τοῖς κράνεσι
+καὶ τῶν ἀσπίδων περὶ τοῖς δόρασιν. ἀνὴρ δὲ
+ἀνδρὶ ξυνίστατο, καὶ ἀπορριπτοῦντες τὰς ἀσπίδας
+αὐτοῖς τοῖς ξίφεσιν ὠθοῦντο<note place='foot'>Naber suggests ὢθουν ὠθοῦντο.</note> μικρὰ τοῦ παθεῖν
+φροντίζοντες, ἅπαντα δὲ εἰς τὸ δρᾶσαί τι δεινὸν
+τοὺς πολεμίους τὸν θυμὸν τρέποντες, τοῦ μὴ
+καθαρὰν αὐτοῖς μηδὲ ἄδακρυν παρασχεῖν τὴν
+νίκην καὶ τὸ ἀποθνήσκειν ἀνταλλαττόμενοι. [60] καὶ
+ταῦτα ἔδρων οὐ πεζοὶ μόνον πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας,
+ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσοις τῶν ἱππέων ὑπὸ τῶν θραυμάτων
+ἀχρεῖα παντελῶς ἐγεγόνει τὰ δόρατα.<note place='foot'>After δόρατα Petavius, Hertlein omit σφῶν.</note> ξυστοὶ
+δέ εἰσιν εὐμήκεις, οὓς συγκαταγνύντες καὶ
+ἀποπηδῶντες εἰς τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο.
+<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/><anchor id='Pg161'/>
+καὶ χρόνον μὲν τινα χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις ἀντεῖχον·
+ἐπεὶ δὲ οἵ τε ἱππεῖς ἔβαλλον ἐκ τόξων πόρρωθεν
+ἐφιππαζόμενοι<note place='foot'>ἐφιππαζόμενοι Hertlein suggests, ἀφιππαζόμενοι MSS.</note> καὶ οἱ θωρακοφόροι πυκναῖς ἐπ᾽
+αὐτοὺς ἐχρῶντο ταῖς ἐπελάσεσιν ἅτε [B] ἐν πεδίῳ
+καθαρῷ καὶ λείῳ νύξ τε ἐπέλαβεν, ἐνταῦθα οἱ
+μὲν ἀπέφευγον ἄσμενοι, οἱ δὲ ἐδίωκον καρτερῶς
+ἄχρι τοῦ χάρακος, καὶ αὐτὸν αἱροῦσιν αὐταῖς
+ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ ἀνδραπόδοις καὶ κτήνεσιν. ἀρξαμένης
+δὲ, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἄρτι τῆς τροπῆς τῶν πολεμίων
+καὶ τῶν διωκόντων οὐκ ἀνιέντων, ἐπὶ τὸ
+λαιὸν ὠθοῦνται, ἵναπερ ὁ ποταμὸς ἦν τοῖς
+κρατοῦσιν ἐν δεξιᾳ. ἐνταῦθα δὲ ὁ πολὺς ἐγένετο
+φόνος, [C] καὶ ἐπλήσθη νεκρῶν ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ ἵππων
+ἀναμίξ. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ὁ Δρᾶος ἐῴκει Σκαμάνδρῳ,
+οὐδὲ ἦν εὐμενὴς τοῖς φεύγουσιν, ὡς τοὺς μὲν
+νεκροὺς αὐτοῖς ὅπλοις ἐξωθεῖν καὶ ἀπορριπτεῖν
+τῶν ῥευμάτων, τοὺς ζῶντας δὲ ξυγκαλύπτειν καὶ
+ἀποκρύπτειν ἀσφαλῶς ταῖς δίναις. τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ
+ποταμὸς ὁ Τρὼς τυχὸν μὲν ὑπὸ εὐνοίας ἔδρα, τυχὸν
+δὲ οὕτως ἔχων μεγέθους, ὡς ῥᾴδιον παρέχειν βαδίζειν
+τε ἐθέλοντι καὶ νηχομένῳ τὸν πόρον· ἐπεὶ
+[D] καὶ γεφυροῦται μιᾶς ἐμβληθείσης εἰς αὐτὸν
+πτελέας, ἅπας τε ἀναμορμύρων ἀφρῷ καὶ αἵματι
+πλάζ᾽ ὤμους Ἀχιλῆος, εἰ χρὴ καὶ τοῦτο πιστεῦσαι,
+βιαιότερον δὲ οὐδὲν εἰργάζετο· καὶ ἐπιλαβόντος
+ὀλίγου καύματος ἀπαγορεύει τὸν πόλεμον
+καὶ ἐξόμνυται τὴν ἐπικουρίαν. Ὁμήρου δὲ ἔοικεν
+εἶναι καὶ τοῦτο παίγνιον, καινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον
+μονομαχίας τρόπον ἐπινοήσαντος. ἐπεὶ καὶ τἆλλα
+<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/><anchor id='Pg163'/>
+δῆλός ἐστιν Ἀχιλλεῖ χαριζόμενος, καὶ ὥσπερ
+[61] θεατὰς ἄγων τὸ στράτευμα μόνον ἄμαχον καὶ
+ἀνυπόστατον ἐπάγει τοῖς πολεμίοις, κτείνοντα
+μὲν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, τρεπόμενον δὲ ἁπαξαπλῶς
+πάντας φωνῇ καὶ σχήματι καὶ τῶν
+ὀμμάτων ταῖς προσβολαῖς, ἀρχομένης τε οἶμαι
+τῆς παρατάξεως καὶ<note place='foot'>προσβολαῖς&mdash;καὶ Wright προσβολαῖς.&mdash;[καὶ] Hertlein
+προσβολαῖς.&mdash;καὶ MSS.</note> ἐπὶ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου ταῖς
+ᾐόσιν, ἕως εἰς τὸ τεῖχος ἄσμενοι ξυνελέγησαν οἱ
+διαφυγόντες. ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος πολλοῖς ἔπεσι διηγούμενος
+καὶ θεῶν ἀναπλάττων μάχας καὶ ἐπικοσμῶν
+μύθοις τὴν ποίησιν δεκάζει τοὺς κριτὰς
+καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει δικαίαν φέρειν καὶ ἀψευδῆ
+ψῆφον. [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐθέλει μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοὺ κάλλους
+ἐξαπατᾶσθαι τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐπιφερομένων
+πλασμάτων, † ὥσπερ ἐν ἐρχῇ περὶ
+ἀρωμάτων τινῶν καὶ χρωμάτων,†<note place='foot'>ὥσπερ&mdash;χρωμάτων Hertlein suggests ὥσπερ ἐν γραφῇ ὑπ᾽
+ἀργυρωμάτων τινῶν καὶ χρυσωμάτων <q>as though by gold or
+silver work in a picture.</q></note> ἀρεοπαγίτης
+ἔστω κριτής, καὶ οὐκ εὐλαβησόμεθα τὴν κρίσιν.
+εἶναι μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν στρατιώτην ὁμολογοῦμεν
+τὸν Πηλέως, ἐκ τῆς ποιήσεως ἀναπειθόμενοι.
+κτείνει μὲν ἄνδρας εἴκοσι,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now though it would be well worth while to devote
+more of my speech to this man who was the author
+of that whole enterprise, yet it breaks the thread
+of my narrative, which had reached the thick of the
+action. So I must leave that subject for the present,
+and going back to the point where I digressed,
+describe how the battle ended. For though their
+generals showed such cowardice, the courage of the
+soldiers was by no means abated. When their line
+was broken, which was due not to their cowardice
+but to the ignorance and inexperience of their leader,
+they formed into companies and kept up the fight.
+And what happened then was beyond all expectation;
+for the enemy refused altogether to yield to
+those who were defeating them, while our men did
+their utmost to achieve a signal victory, and so there
+arose the wildest confusion, loud shouts mingled
+with the din of weapons, as swords were shattered
+against helmets and shields against spears. It was
+a hand to hand fight, in which they discarded their
+shields and attacked with swords only, while, indifferent
+to their own fate, and devoting the utmost
+ardour to inflicting severe loss on the foe, they were
+ready to meet even death if only they could make
+our victory seem doubtful and dearly bought. It was
+not only the infantry who behaved thus to their pursuers,
+but even the cavalry, whose spears were broken
+and were now entirely useless. Their shafts are long
+and polished, and when they had broken them they
+dismounted and transformed themselves into hoplites.
+So for some time they held their own against the
+greatest odds. But since our cavalry kept shooting
+their arrows from a distance as they rode after them,
+while the cuirassiers made frequent charges, as was
+easy on that unobstructed and level plain, and moreover
+night overtook them, the enemy were glad at
+last to take to flight, while our men kept up a
+vigorous pursuit as far as the camp and took it by
+assault, together with the baggage and slaves and
+baggage animals. Directly the rout of the enemy
+had begun, as I have described, and while we kept
+up a hot pursuit, they were driven towards the left,
+where the river was on the right of the victors.
+And there the greatest slaughter took place, and the
+river was choked with the bodies of men and horses,
+indiscriminately. For the Drave was not like the
+Scamander, nor so kind to the fugitives; it did not
+put ashore and cast forth from its waters the dead
+in their armour, nor cover up and hide securely in
+its eddies those who escaped alive. For that is what
+the Trojan river did<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 325 foll.</note>, perhaps out of kindness,
+perhaps it was only that it was so small that it
+offered an easy crossing to one who tried to swim or
+walk. In fact, when a single poplar was thrown into
+it, it formed a bridge,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 242.</note> and the whole river roared
+with foam and blood and beat upon the shoulders of
+Achilles,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 269.</note> if indeed we may believe even this, but it
+never did anything more violent. When a slight
+fire scorched it, it gave up fighting at once and swore
+not to play the part of ally. However this, too, was
+probably a jest on Homer's part, when he invented
+that strange and unnatural sort of duel. For in the
+rest of the poem also he evidently favours Achilles,
+and he sets the army there as mere spectators while
+he brings Achilles on to the field as the only invincible
+and resistless warrior, and makes him slay
+all whom he encounters and put every one of the
+foe to flight, simply by his voice and bearing and the
+glance of his eyes, both when the battle begins and
+on the banks of the Scamander, till the fugitives were
+glad to gather within the wall of the city. Many
+verses he devotes to relating this, and then he invents
+the battles of the gods, and by embellishing
+his poem with such tales he corrupts his critics and
+prevents us from giving a fair and honest vote. But
+if there be any one who refuses to be beguiled by
+the beauty of the words and the fictions that are
+imported into the poem ...<note place='foot'>For eight words the text is hopelessly corrupt.</note>, then, though he is
+as strict as a member of the Areopagus, I shall not
+dread his decision. For we are convinced by the
+poem that the son of Peleus is a brave soldier. He
+slays twenty men; then)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ζωοὺς δ᾽ ἐκ ποταμοῖο δυώδεκα λέξατο κούρους,</l>
+<l>Τοὺς ἐξῆγε θύραζε τεθηπότας ἠύτε νεβρούς,</l>
+<l>Ποινὴν Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο θανόντος.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>He chose twelve youths alive out of the river
+and led them forth amazed like fawns to atone for
+the death of Patroclus, son of Menoitius.</q>)<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 27.</note>
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+τοσαύτην μέντοι ἤνεγκεν εἰς τὰ πράγματα τῶν
+Ἀχαιῶν ἡ νίκη τὴν ῥοπήν, [C] ὥστε οὐδὲ μείζονα
+φόβον τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐνέβαλεν οὐδὲ ἀπογνῶναι ἐς
+τὸ παντελὲς ὑπὲρ σφῶν ἐποίει. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων
+<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/><anchor id='Pg165'/>
+ἆρ᾽ ἑτέρου τινὸς μάρτυρος δεησόμεθα τὸν Ὅμηρον
+παραλιπόντες; [D] καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη τῶν ἐπῶν μνησθῆναι,
+ἃ πεποίηκεν ἐκεῖνος, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὰς
+ναῦς ἦλθεν ὁ Πρίαμος φέρων ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδὸς τὰ
+λύτρα; ἐρομένου γὰρ μετὰ τὰς διαλύσεις, ὑπὲρ<note place='foot'>[τὰς] ὑπὲρ Reiske, Hertlein.</note>
+ὧν ἀφῖκτο, τοῦ τῆς Θέτιδος υἱέος
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But his victory, though it had some influence on
+the fortunes of the Achaeans, was not enough to inspire
+any great fear in the enemy, nor did it make
+them wholly despair of their cause. On this point
+shall we set Homer aside and demand some other
+witness? Or is it not enough to recall the verses
+in which he describes how Priam came to the ships
+bringing his son's ransom? For after he had made
+the truce for which he had come, and the son of
+Thetis asked:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ποσσῆμαρ μέμονας κτερεïζέμεν Ἕκτορα δῖον,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>For how many days dost thou desire to make a
+funeral for noble Hector?</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+τά τε ἄλλα διέξεισι καὶ περὶ τοῦ πολέμου φησί·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(He told him not only that, but concerning the war
+he said:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Τῇ δὲ δυωδεκάτῃ πολεμίξομεν,<note place='foot'>πολεμίξομεν Cobet, MSS., πολιμίζομεν V, Hertlein,
+πτολεμίζομεν M.</note> εἴπερ ἀνάγκη.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>And on the twelfth day we will fight again, if
+fight we must.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 24. 657.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+[62] οὕτως οὐδὲ ἐπαγγέλλειν ὀκνεῖ μετὰ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν
+τὸν πόλεμον. ὁ δὲ ἀγεννὴς καὶ δειλὸς τύραννος
+ὄρη τε ὑψηλὰ προυτείνετο τῆς αὑτοῦ φυγῆς καὶ
+ἐξοικοδομήσας ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς φρούρια οὐδὲ τῇ τῶν
+τόπων ὀχυρότητι πιστεύει, ἀλλὰ ἱκετεύει συγγνώμης
+τυγχάνειν. καὶ ἔτυχεν ἄν,<note place='foot'>ἂν Reiske adds.</note> εἴπερ ἦν ἄξιος
+καὶ μὴ ἐφωράθη πολλάκις ἄπιστος καὶ θρασύς,
+ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις προστιθεὶς ἀδικήματα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(You see he does not hesitate to announce that war
+will be resumed after the armistice. But the unmanly
+and cowardly usurper sheltered his flight
+behind lofty mountains and built forts on them;
+nor did he trust even to the strength of the position,
+but begged for forgiveness. And he would have
+obtained it had he deserved it, and not proved himself
+on many occasions both treacherous and insolent,
+by heaping one crime on another.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τὰ μὲν δὴ κατὰ τὴν μάχην, εἰ μὴ δόξῃ τις τῶν
+διηγουμένων προσέχειν ἐθέλοι μηδὲ [B] ἔπεσιν εὖ
+πεποιημένοις, ἐς αὐτὰ δὲ ὁρᾶν τὰ ἔργα, κρινέτω.
+ἑξῆς δ᾽, εἰ βούλεσθε τὴν Αἴαντος ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν
+καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἀντιθεῖναι
+μάχην τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης ἔργοις· ᾗ δὴ
+Μυγδόνιος ποταμῶν κάλλιστος τὴν αὑτοῦ προστίθησι
+<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/><anchor id='Pg167'/>
+φήμην, οὔσῃ δὲ καὶ Ἀντιόχου βασιλέως
+ἐπωνύμῳ· γέγονε δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ ἕτερον ὄνομα βάρβαρον,
+σύνηθες τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑπὸ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς
+τῇδε βαρβάρους ἐπιμιξίας· ταύτην δὴ τὴν πὸλιν
+στρατὸς ἀμήχανος πλήθει Παρθυαίων [C] ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς
+περιέσχεν, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὸν τύραννον βαδίζειν
+προύκειτο· καὶ ὅπερ Ἡρακλεῖ φασιν ἐπὶ τὸ
+Λερναῖον ἰόντι θηρίον συνενεχθῆναι, τὸν θαλάττιον
+καρκίνον, τοῦτο ἦν ὁ Παρθυαίων βασιλεὺς ἐκ τῆς
+ἠπείρου Τίγρητα διαβὰς καὶ περιτειχίζων<note place='foot'>περιτειχίζων Hertlein suggests, cf. 27 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, ἐπετειχίζων MSS.</note> τὴν
+πόλιν χώμασιν· εἶτα εἰς ταῦτα δεχόμενος τὸν
+Μυγδόνιον λίμνην ἀπέφηνε τὸ περὶ τῷ ἄστει
+χωρίον καὶ ὥσπερ νῆσον ἐν αὐτῇ συνεῖχε τὴν
+πόλιν, [D] μικρὸν ὑπερεχουσῶν καὶ ὑπερφαινομένων
+τῶν ἐπάλξεων. ἐπολιόρκει δὲ ναῦς τε ἐπάγων καὶ
+ἐπὶ νεῶν μηχανάς· καὶ ἦν οὐχ ἡμέρας ἔργον,
+μηνῶν δὲ οἶμαι σχεδόν τι τεττάρων. οἱ δὲ ἐν
+τῷ τείχει συνεχῶς ἀπεκρούοντο τοὺς βαρβάρους
+καταπιμπράντες τὰς μηχανὰς τοῖς πυρφόροις·
+ναῦς δὲ ἀνεῖλκον πολλὰς μὲν ἐκ τοῦ τείχους, ἄλλαι
+δὲ κατεάγνυντο ὑπὸ ῥώμης τῶν ἀφιεμένων ὀργάνων
+καὶ βάρους τῶν βελῶν. [63] ἐφέροντο γὰρ εἰς αὐτὰς
+λίθοι ταλάντων ὁλκῆς Ἀττικῶν ἑπτά. καὶ
+ἐπειδὴ συχναῖς ἡμέραις ταῦτ᾽ ἐδρᾶτο, ῥήγνυται
+μέρος τοῦ χώματος καὶ ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων εἰσρεῖ<note place='foot'>εἰσρεῖ Cobet, ἐκρεῖ MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+πλήμμυρα, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ τείχους μέρος οὐκ
+ἔλασσον πήχεων ἑκατὸν συγκατηνέχθη.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And now with regard to the battle, if there be
+anyone who declines to heed either the opinion expressed
+in my narrative or those admirably written
+verses, but prefers to consider the actual facts, let
+him judge from those. Accordingly we will next, if
+you please, compare the fighting of Ajax in defence
+of the ships and of the Achaeans at the wall with the
+Emperor's achievements at that famous city. I mean
+the city to which the Mygdonius, fairest of rivers,
+gives its name, though it has also been named after
+King Antiochus. Then, too, it has another, a barbarian
+name<note place='foot'>Nisibis.</note> which is familiar to many of you from
+your intercourse with the barbarians of those parts.
+This city was besieged by an overwhelming number
+of Parthians with their Indian allies, at the very time
+when the Emperor was prepared to march against
+the usurper. And like the sea crab which they say
+engaged Heracles in battle when he sallied forth to
+attack the Lernaean monster,<note place='foot'>Sapor becomes the ally of Magnentius as the crab was the
+ally of the Hydra in the conflict with Heracles.</note> the King of the Parthians,
+crossing the Tigris from the mainland, encircled
+the city with dykes. Then he let the Mygdonius
+flow into these, and transformed all the space
+about the city into a lake, and completely hemmed
+it in as though it were an island, so that only the
+ramparts stood out and showed a little above the
+water. Then he besieged it by bringing up ships
+with siege-engines on board. This was not the work
+of a day, but I believe of almost four months. But
+the defenders within the wall continually repulsed
+the barbarians by burning the siege-engines with
+their fire-darts. And from the wall they hauled up
+many of the ships, while others were shattered by
+the force of the engines when discharged and the
+weight of the missiles. For some of the stones that
+were hurled on to them weighed as much as
+seven Attic talents.<note place='foot'>400 lbs. in all.</note> When this had been going
+on for many days in succession, part of the dyke
+gave way and the water flowed in in full tide,
+carrying with it a portion of the wall as much
+as a hundred cubits long.<note place='foot'>150 feet.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐνταῦθα κοσμεῖ τὴν στρατιὰν τὸν Περσικὸν
+<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/><anchor id='Pg169'/>
+τρόπον. διασώζουσι γὰρ καὶ ἀπομιμοῦνται τὰ
+Περσικὰ οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, Παρθυαῖοι
+νομίζεσθαι, [B] Πέρσαι δὲ εἶναι προσποιούμενοι.
+ταῦτά τοι καὶ στολῇ Μηδικῇ χαίρουσι. καὶ ἐς
+μάχας ἔρχονται ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις ὅπλοις τε ἀγαλλόμενοι
+τοιούτοις καὶ ἐσθήμασιν ἐπιχρύσοις καὶ
+ἁλουργέσι. σοφίζονται δὲ ἐντεῦθεν τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν
+ἀφεστάναι Μακεδόνων, ἀναλαβεῖν δὲ τὴν ἐξ
+ἀρχαίου βασιλείαν προσήκουσαν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὁ
+βασιλεὺς Ξέρξην μιμούμενος ἐπί τινος χειροποιήτου
+καθῆστο γηλόφου, προῆγε<note place='foot'>προῆγε Hertlein suggests, προσῆγε MSS.</note> δὲ ἡ στρατιὰ ξὺν
+τοῖς θηρίοις. ταῦτα δὲ ἐξ Ἰνδῶν εἵπετο, καὶ ἔφερεν
+ἐκ σιδήρου πύργους τοξοτῶν πλήρεις. ἡγοῦντο δὲ
+αὐτῶν ἱππεῖς οἱ θωρακοφόροι καὶ οἱ τοξόται, [C] ἕτερον
+ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀμήχανον. τὸ πεζὸν γάρ σφιν
+ἀχρεῖον ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ καθέστηκεν οὔτε ἐντίμου
+μετέχον τάξεως οὔτε ὄν σφιν ἐν χρείᾳ, πεδιάδος
+οὔσης καὶ ψιλῆς τῆν χώρας ὁπόσην νέμονται
+ἔιοκε γὰρ δὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα πρὸς τὰς τοῦ πολέμου
+χρείας τιμῆς καὶ ἀτιμίας ἀξιοῦσθαι. ὡς οὖν
+ἀχρεῖον τῇ φύσει οὐδὲ ἐκ τῶν νόμων πολυωρίας
+ἀξιοῦται. συνέβη δὲ οὕτω καὶ περὶ τὴν Κρήτην
+καὶ Καρίαν καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις [D] δὲ μυρίοις ἔθνεσι τὰ
+περὶ τὸν πόλεμον κατασκευασθῆναι. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ
+Θετταλῶν οὖσα πεδιὰς ἱππεῦσιν ἐναγωνίζεσθαι
+καὶ ἐμμελετᾶν ἐπιτήδειος ἐφάνη. τὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς
+ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ἅτε ἐς ἀντιπάλους παντοδαποὺς
+καταστάντα, εὐβουλίᾳ καὶ τύχῃ περιγενόμενα,
+<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/><anchor id='Pg171'/>
+εἰκότως ἐς ἅπαν εἶδος ὅπλων τε καὶ παρασκευῆς
+ἄλλης<note place='foot'>παρασκευῆς ἄλλης Cobet, MSS., παρασκευῆς (ἄλλοτε) ἄλλης
+Reiske, Hertlein.</note> ἡρμόσθη.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Thereupon he arrayed the besieging army in the
+Persian fashion. For they keep up and imitate
+Persian customs, I suppose, because they do not
+wish to be considered Parthians, and so pretend
+to be Persians. That is surely the reason why
+they prefer the Persian manner of dress. And
+when they march to battle they look like them,
+and take pride in wearing the same armour, and
+raiment adorned with gold and purple. By this
+means they try to evade the truth and to make it
+appear that they have not revolted from Macedon,
+but are merely resuming the empire that was theirs
+of old. Their king, therefore, imitating Xerxes, sat
+on a sort of hill that had been artificially made, and
+his army advanced accompanied by their beasts.<note place='foot'>Elephants.</note>
+These came from India and carried iron towers full of
+archers. First came the cavalry who wore cuirasses,
+and the archers, and then the rest of the cavalry in
+huge numbers. For infantry they find useless for their
+sort of fighting and it is not highly regarded by
+them. Nor, in fact, is it necessary to them, since the
+whole of the country that they inhabit is flat and
+bare. For a military force is naturally valued or
+slighted in proportion to its actual usefulness in war.
+Accordingly, since infantry is, from the nature of the
+country, of little use to them, it is granted no great
+consideration in their laws. This happened in the
+case of Crete and Caria as well, and countless nations
+have a military equipment like theirs. For instance
+the plains of Thessaly have proved suitable for
+cavalry engagements and drill. Our state, on the
+other hand, since it has had to encounter adversaries
+of all sorts, and has won its pre-eminence by good
+judgment combined with good luck, has naturally
+adapted itself to every kind of armour, and to a
+varying equipment.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἴσως οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν λόγον,
+ὡς ἂν εἴποιεν οἱ ταῖς τῶν ἐπαίνων τέχναις
+καθάπερ νόμοις ἐπιτεταγμένοι· ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν τί
+σοι προσήκει καὶ τούτων, ἐν καιρῷ σκέψομαι, [64] τά
+γε μὴν ὀνείδη τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐ χαλεπῶς
+ἀπολύομαι. φημὶ γὰρ ὡς οὔτε ἐγὼ τῶν τεχνῶν
+μεταποιοῦμαι οὔτε ὅστις μή τισιν ὡμολόγησεν
+ἐμμενεῖν ἀδικεῖ μὴ φυλάττων ταῦτα· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ
+ἄλλων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν εὐπρεπῶν παραιτήσεων.
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ ἄξιον μακρότερον εἰς οὐδὲν δέον
+ἀπαρτᾶν τὸν λόγον καὶ ἀποπλανᾶσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως.
+ἐπαναβῶμεν οὖν αὖθις εἰς ἴχνος καὶ ὅθεν
+ἐξέβην.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But perhaps those who watch over the rules for
+writing panegyric as though they were laws, may
+say that all this is irrelevant to my speech. Now
+whether what I have been saying partly concerns
+you I shall consider at the proper time. But at any
+rate I can easily clear myself from the accusation of
+such persons. For I declare that I make no claim
+to be an expert in their art, and one who has not
+agreed to abide by certain rules has the right to
+neglect them. And it may be that I shall prove
+to have other convincing excuses besides. But it is
+not worth while to interrupt my speech and digress
+from my theme any longer when there is no need.
+Let me, then, retrace my steps to the point at
+which I digressed.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οἱ Παρθυαῖοι κοσμηθέντες ὅπλοις
+αὐτοί τε καὶ ἵπποι ξὺν τοῖς Ἰνδικοῖς θηρίοις προσῆγον
+τῷ τείχει, λαμπροὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν ὡς αὐτίκα
+μάλα ἀναρπασόμενοι,<note place='foot'>ἀναρπασόμενοι Hertlein suggests, διαρπασάμενοι V, διαρπασόμενοι
+MSS.</note> καὶ ἐδέδοτό σφιν τοῦ
+πρόσω χωρεῖν τὸ σημεῖον, ὠθοῦντο ξύμπαντες,
+αὐτός τις ἐθέλων πρῶτος ἐσαλέσθαι τὸ τεῖχος καὶ
+οἴχεσθαι φέρων τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ κλέος· εἶναί τε οὐδὲν
+ἐτόπαζον δέος· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑπομενεῖν σφῶν τὴν
+ὁρμὴν τοὺς ἔνδον. [C] Παρθυαίοις μὲν τοσοῦτον
+περιῆν ἐλπίδος. οἱ δὲ πυκνήν τε εἶχον τὴν
+φάλαγγα κατὰ τὸ διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, καὶ
+ὑπὲρ τοῦ συνεστῶτος ὁπόσον ἦν ἀχρεῖον πλῆθος
+<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/><anchor id='Pg173'/>
+ἐν τῇ πόλει κατέστησαν ἀναμίξαντες τῶν στρατιωτῶν
+οὐκ ἐλάττω μοῖραν. ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι
+προσήλαυνον καὶ οὐδὲν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τείχους
+ἀφίετο βέλος, βεβαιοτέραν εἶχον τὴν ἐλπίδα τοῦ
+κατ᾽ ἄκρας αἱρήσειν τὴν πόλιν, καὶ τοὺς ἵππους
+ἔπαιον μάστιξι καὶ ᾕμασσον τὰς πλευρὰς τοῦς κέντροις,
+[D] ἕως ἐποιήσαντο σφῶν κατὰ νώτου τὰ
+χώματα· ἐπεποίητο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐκεῖνα πρότερον
+πρὸς τὸ ἐπέχειν τοῦ Μυγδονίου τὰς ἐκροάς, ἰλύς
+τε ἦν περὶ τὸ χωρίον εὖ μάλα βαθεᾶα † οὐδὲ
+αὐτοῦ παντελῶς ὄντος ὑπὸ τῆς ὕλης<note place='foot'>οὐδὲ&mdash;ὕλης corrupt. Reiske suggests οὐδὲ αὐτὸ παντελῶς ὂν
+ξηρὸν ὑπό τε ὕλης. ἕλης V, ὕλης MSS.</note>† καὶ
+διὰ τὸ πίειραν εἶναι τὴν γῆν καὶ στέγειν
+δύνασθαι φύσει τὰς λιβάδας. ἦν δὲ ἐνταῦθα
+καὶ παλαιὸν ἔρυμα τῇ πόλει τάφρος εὐρεῖα, καὶ ἐν
+αὐτῇ βαθύτερον συνειστήκει τέλμα. [65] ἁπτομένων
+δὲ ἤδη τῶν πολεμίων καὶ ταύτης καὶ διαβαίνειν
+πειρωμένων, ἐπεξῇσαν<note place='foot'>ἐπεξῇσαν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεξῄεσαν MSS., V omits.</note> πολλοὶ μὲν ἔνδοθεν,
+πολλοὶ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἔβαλλον τοῖς λίθοις·
+καὶ αὐτῶν μὲν πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, φυγῇ δὲ
+ἔτρεπον τοὺς ἵππους ξύμπαντες, τῷ μόνον ἐθέλειν
+καὶ δηλοῦν τὴν γνώμην διὰ τοῦ σχήματος. ἐπιστρεφόντων
+γὰρ ἔπιπτον εὐθέως καὶ κατέφερον
+τοὺς ἱππέας· βαρεῖς δὲ ὄντες τοῖς ὅπλοις μᾶλλον
+ἐνείχοντο τῷ τέλματι. [B] καὶ αὐτῶν ἐνταῦθα γίνεται
+φόνος, ὅσος οὔπω πρόσθεν ἐν πολιορκίᾳ τοιαύτῃ<note place='foot'>τοιαύτῃ Reiske suggests, τοσαύτῃ MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+γέγονεν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now when the Parthians advanced to attack the
+wall in their splendid accoutrements, men and
+horses, supported by the Indian elephants, it was with
+the utmost confidence that they would at once take
+it by assault. And at the signal to charge they all
+pressed forward, since every man of them was eager
+to be the first to scale the wall<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 12. 438; cf. 71 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> and win the glory
+of that exploit. They did not imagine that there
+was anything to fear, nor did they believe that
+the besieged would resist their assault. Such was
+the exaggerated confidence of the Parthians. The
+besieged, however, kept their phalanx unbroken at
+the gap in the wall, and on the portion of the wall
+that was still intact they posted all the non-combatants
+in the city, and distributed among them
+an equal number of soldiers. But when the enemy
+rode up and not a single missile was hurled at them
+from the wall, their confidence that they would completely
+reduce the city was strengthened, and they
+whipped and spurred on their horses so that their
+flanks were covered with blood, until they had left
+the dykes behind them. These dykes they had
+made earlier to dam the mouth of the Mygdonius,
+and the mud thereabouts was very deep. In fact
+there was hardly any ground at all because of
+the wood,<note place='foot'>The text here is corrupt.</note> and because the soil was so rich, and
+of the sort that conceals springs under its surface.
+Moreover there was in that place a wide moat that
+had been made long ago to protect the town, and
+had become filled up with a bog of considerable
+depth. Now when the enemy had already reached
+this moat and were trying to cross it, a large force of
+the besieged made a sally, while many others hurled
+stones from the walls. Then many of the besiegers
+were slain, and all with one accord turned their
+horses in flight, though only from their gestures
+could it be seen that flight was what they desired
+and intended. For, as they were in the act of
+wheeling them about, their horses fell and bore
+down the riders with them. Weighed down as they
+were by their armour, they floundered still deeper in
+the bog, and the carnage that ensued has never yet
+been paralleled in any siege of the same kind.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῶν ἱππέων ὧδε ἐπεπράγει, τῶν
+ἐλεφάντων πειρῶνται, καταπλήξεσθαι μᾶλλον
+<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/><anchor id='Pg175'/>
+οἰόμενοι τῷ ξένῳ τῆς μάχης· οὐ γὰρ δὴ τοσοῦτον
+αὐτοῖς τὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων διέφθαρτο, ὡς μὴ καθορᾶν
+βαρύτερον μὲν ὂν ἵππου τὸ θηρίον, φέρον δὲ ἄχθος
+οὐχ ἵππων δυοῖν ἢ πλειόνων, ἁμαξῶν δὲ οἶμαι
+συχνῶν, [C] τοξότας καὶ ἀκοντιστὰς καὶ σιδηροῦν
+πύργον. ταῦτα δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα πρὸς τὸ χωρίον
+χειροποίητον γεγονὸς τέλμα κωλύματα, καὶ ἦν
+αὐτοῖς ἔργῳ φανερά· ὅθεν οὐκ εἰκὸς εἰς μάχην
+ἰέναι, ἀλλὰ ἐς κατάπληξιν τῶν ἔνδον παρασκευάζεσθαι.
+προσῆγον δὲ ἐν τάξει μέτρον διεστῶτες
+ἀλλήλων ἴσον, καὶ ἐῴκει τείχει τῶν Παρθυαίων ἡ
+φάλανξ· τὰ μὲν θηρία<note place='foot'>τὰ μὲν θηρία corrupt, Hertlein.</note> τοὺς πύργους φέροντα,
+τῶν ὁπλιτῶν δὲ ἀναπληρούντων τὰ ἐν μέσῳ.
+ταχθέντες δὲ οὕτως οὐ μέγα ὄφελος ἦσαν τῷ
+βαρβάρῳ· [D] παρεῖχον γὰρ ἡδονὴν καὶ τέρψιν τοῖς
+ἐκ τοῦ τείχους θεωμένοις. ὡς δὲ ἐγένοντο διακορεῖς
+οἱονεὶ λαμπρᾶς καὶ πολυτελοῦς πομπῆς πεμπομένης,
+λίθους ἐκ μηχανῶν ἀφιέντες καὶ τόξοις
+βάλλοντες ἐς τὴν τειχομαχίαν προυκαλοῦντο
+τοὺς βαρβάρους. φύσει δὲ ὄντες εἰς ὀργὴν ὀξύρροποι
+καὶ δεινὸν ποιούμενοι τὸ γέλωτα ὀφλῆσαι
+καὶ ἀπαγαγεῖν ὀπίσω τὴν παρασκευὴν ἄπρακτον,
+ἐγκελευομένου σφίσι τοῦ βασιλέως, προσῆγον τῷ
+τείχει καὶ ἐβάλλοντο πυκνοῖς<note place='foot'>πυκνοῖς Cobet, πυκνῶς MSS., Hertlein.</note> τοῖς λίθοις καὶ
+τοῖς τοξεύμασι· [66] καὶ ἐτρώθη τῶν θηρίων τινὰ καὶ
+ἀπέθανεν κατενεχθέντα<note place='foot'>κατενεχθέντα Reiske, εἰσενεχθέντα MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὑπὸ τῆς ἰλυος. δείσαντες
+δὶ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπῆγον ὀπίσω πάλιν εἰς
+τὸ στρατόπεδον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Since this fate had overtaken the cavalry, they tried
+the elephants, thinking that they would be more
+likely to overawe us by that novel sort of fighting.
+For surely they had not been stricken so blind as not
+to see that an elephant is heavier than a horse, since
+it carries the load, not of two horses or several, but
+what would, I suppose, require many waggons, I mean
+archers and javelin men and the iron tower besides.
+All this was a serious hindrance, considering that the
+ground was artificially made and had been converted
+into a bog. And this the event made plain. Hence
+it is probable that they were not advancing to give
+battle, but rather were arrayed to overawe the
+besieged. They came on in battle line at equal
+distances from one another, in fact the phalanx of
+the Parthians resembled a wall, with the elephants
+carrying the towers, and hoplites filling up the spaces
+between. But drawn up as these were they were of
+no great use to the barbarian. It was, however,
+a spectacle which gave the defenders on the wall
+great pleasure and entertainment, and when they had
+gazed their fill at what resembled a splendid and
+costly pageant in procession, they hurled stones from
+their engines, and, shooting their arrows, challenged
+the barbarians to fight for the wall. Now the
+Parthians are naturally quick-tempered, and they
+could not endure to incur ridicule and lead back
+this imposing force without striking a blow; so by
+the king's express command they charged at the
+wall and received a continuous fire of stones and
+arrows, while some of the elephants were wounded,
+and perished by sinking into the mud. Thereupon, in
+fear for the others also, they led them back to the
+camp.)
+</p>
+
+<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/><anchor id='Pg177'/>
+
+<p>
+Ὡς δὲ καὶ ταύτης ὁ Παρθυαῖος ἥμαρτε τῆς
+πείρας, τοὺς τοξότας διελὼν εἰς μοίρας διαδέχεσθαί
+τε ἀλλήλους κελεύει καὶ συνεχῶς βάλλειν
+πρὸς τὸ διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, ὡς μὴ δυνηθεῖεν
+ἀποικοδομῆσαι καὶ ἔχειν ἀσφαλῶς τὴν πόλιν·
+οὕτω γὰρ αἱρήσειν λαθὼν ἢ βιασάμενος τῷ
+πλήθει τους ἔνδον ἤλπιζε. [B] ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ<note place='foot'>ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ Hertlein suggests, μάταιον δ᾽ ἄρα Reiske,
+μάταιον γὰρ MSS.</note>
+ἀπέφηνεν ἡ βασιλέως παρασκευὴ τοῦ βαρβάρου
+τὸ διανόημα. κατὰ νώτου γὰρ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἕτερον
+τεῖχος εἰργάζετο· ὁ δὲ ᾤετο τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ἴχνεσιν
+ἐς τὰ θεμέλια χρωμένους μέλλειν ἔτι. ἡμέρᾳ δὲ
+ὅληι καὶ νυκτὶ συνεχῶς ἐργασαμένων ἔστε ἐπὶ
+τέτταρας πήχεις ὕψους ἠγείρετο, καὶ ἕωθεν ὤφθη
+λαμπρὸν καὶ νεουργές, ἐκείνων οὐδὲ ἀκαρῆ χρόνον
+ἐνδιδόντων, διαδεχομένων δὲ ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀκοντιζόντων
+ἐς τοὺς ἐφεστῶτας τῷ κειμένῳ τείχει,
+τοῦτο ἐξέπληξε δεινῶς τὸν βάρβαρον. [C] οὐ μὴν
+ἀπῆγεν εὐθὺς τὴν στρατιάν, ἀλλ᾽ αὖθις τοῖς
+αὐτοῖς χρῆται παλαίσμασι. δράσας δὲ οἶμαι καὶ
+παθὼν παραπλήσια ἀπῆγε τὴν στρατιὰν ὀπίσω,
+πολλοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας δήμους ἀπολέσας,
+πολλὰ δὲ ἀναλώσας περὶ τοῖς χώμασι καὶ τῇ
+πολιορκίᾳ σώματα, [D] σατράπας δὲ ἀνελὼν συχνούς,
+ἄλλον ἄλλο ἐπαιτιώμενος, τὸν μὲν ὅτι μὴ καρτερῶς
+ἐπεποίητο τὰ χώματα, εἶξε δὲ καὶ ἐπεκλύσθη
+παρὰ τῶν ποταμίων ῥευμάτων, τὸν δὲ ὡς φαύλως
+<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/><anchor id='Pg179'/>
+ἀγωνισάμενον ὑπὸ τοῖς τείχεσι, καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλας
+ἐπάγων αἰτίας ἔκτεινεν. ἔστι γὰρ εὖ μάλα τοῖς
+κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν βαρβάροις σύνηθες ἐς τοὺς
+ὑπηκόους τὰς αἰτίας τῆς δυσπραγίας ἀποσκευάζεσθαι,
+ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε δράσας ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο. καὶ
+ἄγει πρὸς ἡμᾶς εἰρήνην ἐκ τούτου, καὶ οὔτε ὅρκων
+οὔτε συνθηκῶν ἐδέησεν, [67] ἀγαπᾷ δὲ οἴκοι μένων, εἰ
+μὴ στρατεύοιτο βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ δίκην
+ἀπαιτοίη τοῦ θράσους καὶ τῆς ἀπονοίας.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Having failed in this second attempt as well,
+the Parthian king divided his archers into companies
+and ordered them to relieve one another and to
+keep shooting at the breach in the wall, so that the
+beseiged could not rebuild it and thus ensure the
+safety of the town. For he hoped by this means
+either to take it by surprise, or by mere numbers
+to overwhelm the garrison. But the preparations
+that had been made by the Emperor made it clear
+that the barbarian's plan was futile. For in the rear
+of the hoplites a second wall was being built, and
+while he thought they were using the old line
+of the wall for the foundations and that the work
+was not yet in hand, they had laboured continuously
+for a whole day and night till the wall had risen
+to a height of four cubits. And at daybreak it
+became visible, a new and conspicuous piece of
+work. Moreover the besieged did not for a moment
+yield their ground, but kept relieving one another
+and shooting their javelins at those who were
+attacking the fallen wall, and all this terribly
+dismayed the barbarian. Nevertheless he did not
+at once lead off his army but employed the same
+efforts over again. But when he had done as before,
+and as before suffered repulse, he did lead his army
+back, having lost many whole tribes through famine,
+and squandered many lives over the dykes and
+in the siege. He had also put to death many satraps
+one after another, on various charges, blaming one
+of them because the dykes had not been made
+strong enough, but gave way and were flooded by
+the waters of the river, another because when
+fighting under the walls he had not distinguished
+himself; and others he executed for one offence or
+another. This is in fact the regular custom among
+the barbarians in Asia, to shift the blame of their
+ill-success on to their subjects. Thus then the king
+acted on that occasion, and afterwards took himself
+off. And from that time he has kept the peace with
+us and has never asked for any covenant or treaty, but
+he stays at home and is thankful if only the
+Emperor does not march against him and exact
+vengeance for his audacity and folly.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἆρά γε ἄξιον ταύτην παραβαλεῖν τὴν μάχην
+ταῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ τοῦ τείχους;
+ἀθρεῖτε δὲ ὧδε τὴν ὁμοιότητα καὶ τὸ διάφορον λογίζεσθε.
+Ἑλλήνων μὲν Αἴαντε καὶ οἱ Λαπίθαι καὶ
+Μενεσθεὺς τοῦ τείχους εἶξαν καὶ περιεῖδον τὰς πύλας
+συντριβομένας ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος καὶ τῶν ἐπάλξεων
+ἐπιβεβηκότα τὸν Σαρπηδάνα. [B] οἱ δὲ οὐδὲ διαρραγέντος
+αὐτομάτως τοῦ τείχους ἐνέδοσαν, ἀλλὰ
+ἐνίκων μαχόμενοι καὶ ἀπεκρούοντο Παρθυαίους
+ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς ἐπιστρατεύσαντας. εἶτα ὁ μὲν ἐπιβὰς
+τῶν νεῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἰκρίων ὥσπερ ἐρύματος πεζὸς
+διαγωνίζεται, οἱ δὲ πρότερον ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν
+ἀναυμάχουν, τέλος δὲ οἱ μὲν τῶν ἐπάλξεων εἶξαν
+καὶ τῶν νεῶν, οἱ δὲ ἐνίκων ναυσὶ τε ἐπιόντας καὶ
+πεζῇ τοὺς πολεμίους. ἀλλὰ γὰρ εὖ ποιῶν ὁ λόγος
+ἐπὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα καὶ τὸν Σαρπηδόνα, οὐκ οἶδα
+ὅπως, [C] ὑπηνέχθη καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτό γέ φασι τῶν ἔργων
+<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/><anchor id='Pg181'/>
+τὸ κεφάλαιον, τὴν καθαίρεσιν τοῦ τείχους, ὃ<note place='foot'>ὅ Reiske adds.</note> μιᾷ
+πρότερον ἡμέρᾳ τοὺς Ἀχαιούς φησι, τοῦ Πυλίου
+δημαγωγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως ξυμπείθοντος, ἄρρηκτον
+νηῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν εἶλαρ κατασκευάσασθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And now am I justified in comparing this
+battle with those that were fought in defence
+of the Greek ships and the wall? Observe the
+following points of similarity, and note also the
+difference. Of the Greeks the two Ajaxes, the
+Lapithae and Menestheus fell back from the wall
+and looked on helplessly while the gates were battered
+down by Hector, and Sarpedon scaled the
+battlements. But our garrison did not give way
+even when the wall fell in of itself, but they fought
+and won, and repulsed the Parthians, aided though
+these were by their Indian allies. Then again Hector
+went up on to the ships and fought from their decks
+on foot, and as though from behind a rampart,
+whereas our garrison first had to fight a naval battle
+from the walls, and finally, while Hector and
+Sarpedon had to retreat from the battlements and the
+ships, the garrison routed not only the forces that
+brought ships to the attack but the land force as
+well. Now it is appropriate that by some happy
+chance my speech should have alluded to Hector
+and Sarpedon, and to what I may call the very
+crown of their achievements, I mean the destruction
+of that wall which Homer tells us the
+Achaeans built only the day before, on the advice of
+the princely orator<note place='foot'>Nestor.</note> of Pylos <q>to be an impregnable
+bulwark for the ships and the army.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 14. 56.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Σχεδὸν γάρ μοι τοῦτο φαίνεται τὸ γενναιότατον
+τῶν ἔργων Ἕκτορος, καὶ οὐχὶ Γλαύκου τέχνης<note place='foot'>τέχνης Reiske, τέχνη cant. Hertlein, τέχνῃ MSS.</note>
+συνεῖναι οὐδὲ σοφωτέρας ἐπινοίας δεῖται, Ὁμήρου
+σαφῶς διδάσκοντος, ὡς Ἀχιλλέως μὲν φανέντος
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For that I think was almost the proudest of
+Hector's achievements, and he did not need the
+craft of Glaucus to help him, or any wiser plan, for
+Homer says plainly that the moment Achilles appeared)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+<lg>
+<l>ἐδύσετο οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>He shrank back into the crowd of men.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 20. 379.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+[D] Ἀγαμέμνονος δὲ τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἐπικειμένου καὶ ἐς τὸ
+τεῖχος καταδιώξαντος Ἕκτορα ὕπαγε Ζεύς, ἵνα
+ἀποσώζοιτο καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν. προσπαίζων δὲ αὐτὸν
+ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ καταγελῶν τῆς δειλίας ὑπὸ τῇ
+φηγῷ καὶ πρὸς ταῖς πύλαις ἤδη καθημένῳ τὴν
+Ἶριν ἥκειν ἔφη παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς φράζουσαν
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Again, when Agamemnon attacked the Trojans and
+pursued them to the wall, Zeus stole away<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 11. 163.</note> Hector
+so that he might escape at his leisure. And the
+poet is mocking him and ridiculing his cowardice
+when he says that as he was sitting under the oak-tree,
+being already near the gate, Iris came to him
+with this message from Zeus:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν ὁρᾷς Ἀγαμέμνονα ποιμένα λαῶν</l>
+<l>Θύνοντ᾽ ἐν προμάχοισιν, ἐναίροντα στίχας ἀνδρῶν, [68]</l>
+<l>Τόφρ᾽ ὑπόεικε μάχης.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>So long as thou seest Agamemnon, shepherd of
+the host, raging among the foremost fighters and
+cutting down the ranks of men, so long do thou
+keep back from the fight.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 11. 202.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+πῶς γὰρ εἰκὸς οὕτως ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλὰ παραινεῖν
+τὸν Δία, ἄλλως τε οὐδὲ μαχομένῳ, ξὺν πολλῇ δὲ
+ἑστῶτι ῥᾳστώνῃ; καὶ ὁπηνίκα δὲ ὁ τοῦ Τυδέως,
+τῆς ἀθηνᾶς πολλὴν ἐκ τοῦ κράνους ἀναπτούσης
+φλόγα, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινε, φεύγειν δὲ ἠνάνκαζε
+τοὺς ὑπομένοντας, [B] πόρῥω τε ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πολέμου,
+καὶ πολλὰ ὑπομένων ὀνείδη ἀπέγνω μὲν
+κρατοῦσι τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς ἀντιστῆναι, εὐπρεπῆ δὲ
+ποιεῖται τὴν εἰς τὸ ἄστυ πορείαν, ὡς τῇ μητρὶ
+<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/><anchor id='Pg183'/>
+παραινέσων ἐξιλεοῦσθαι τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν μετὰ τῶν
+Τρωάδων. καίτοι εἰ μὲν αὐτὸς ἱκέτευε πρὸ τοῦ
+νεὼ ξὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, πολὺν ἂν<note place='foot'>ἄν Hertlein adds.</note> εἶχε λόγον· προσήκει
+γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα
+καθάπερ ἱερέα καὶ προφήτην θεραπεύειν ἀεὶ ξὺν
+κόσμῳ τὸν θεὸν καὶ μηδὲν ὀλιγωρεῖν [C] μηδὲ ἑτέρῳ
+μᾶλλον προσήκειν ἡγεῖσθαι μηδὲ ἐπιτρέπειν, ἀνάξιον
+αὑτοῦ νομίζοντα τὸ διακόνημα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For is it likely that Zeus would give such base and
+cowardly advice, especially to one who was not even
+fighting, but was standing there very much at his
+ease? And while the son of Tydeus, on whose head
+Athene kindled a mighty flame, was slaying many
+and forcing to flight all who stayed to encounter him,
+Hector stood far away from the battle. Though
+he had to endure many taunts, he despaired of
+making a stand against the Achaeans, but made a
+specious excuse for going to the city to advise his
+mother to propitiate Athene in company with the
+Trojan women. And yet if in person he had besought
+the goddess before the temple, with the
+elders, he would have had good reason for that, for
+it is only proper, in my opinion, that a general or
+king should always serve the god with the appointed
+ritual, like a priest or prophet, and not neglect this
+duty nor think it more fitting for another, and depute
+it as though he thought such a service beneath
+his own dignity.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Οἶμαι γὰρ τὴν Πλάτωνος μικρὰ παρατρέψας
+λέξιν οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεσθαι, ὡς ὅτῳ ἀνδρί, μᾶλλον
+δὲ βασιλεῖ, ἐς τὸν θεὸν ἀνήρτηται πάντα τὰ πρὸς
+εὐδαιμονίαν φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις
+αἰωρεῖται, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς πραξάντων πλανᾶσθαι
+[D] ἀναγκάζεται αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ ἐκείνου πράγματα,
+τούτῳ ἄριστα παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν. εἰ δὲ
+ἐπιτρέποι μηδεὶς μεταγράφειν<note place='foot'>μεταγράφειν Cobet, παραγράφειν MSS., Hertlein.</note> μηδὲ ἐκτρέπειν
+μηδὲ μεταλαμβάνειν τοὔνομα, ἀλλὰ ὥσπερ ἱερὸν
+ἀρχαῖον κελεύοι μένειν ἐᾶν ἀκίνητον, οὐδὲ οὕτως
+ἄλλο τι διανοεῖσθαι τὸν σοφὸν ἐροῦμεν. τὸ γὰρ
+εἰς ἑαυτὸν<note place='foot'>εἰς ἑαυτὸν Cobet, cf. <hi rend='italic'>Menexenus</hi> 247 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi> σεαυτοῦ Hertlein
+suggests ἑαυτὸν, σεαυτὸ V, σεαυτοῦ MSS.</note> οὐ δήπου τὸ σῶμά φησιν οὐδὲ τὰ
+χρήματα οὐδὲ εὐγένειαν καὶ δόξαν πατέρων· ταῦτα
+γὰρ αὐτοῦ μέν τινος οἰκεῖα κτήματα, οὐ μήν ἐστι
+ταῦτα αὐτός· ἀλλὰ νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν,<note place='foot'>νοῦν&mdash;φρόνησιν Hertlein suggests, νῷ&mdash;φρονήσει MSS.</note> φησί, καὶ
+τὸ ὅλον τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν θεόν·<note place='foot'>τὸν&mdash;θεόν Hertlein suggests, τῷ&mdash;θεῷ MSS. Hertlein
+suspects corruption.</note> ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς [69] ἑτέρωθι
+<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/><anchor id='Pg185'/>
+κυριώτατον ἐν ἡμῖν ψυχῆς εἶδος ἔφη, καὶ ὡς ἄρα
+αὐτὸν δαίμονα θεὸς ἑκάστῳ δέδωκε, τοῦτο ὃ δή
+φαμεν οἰκεῖν μὲν ἡμῶν ἐπ᾽ ἄκρῳ τῷ σώματι, πρὸς
+δὲ τὴν ἐν οὐρανῷ ξυγγένειαν ἀπὸ γῆς ἡμᾶς αἴρειν.
+ἐς τοῦτο γὰρ ἔοικεν ἐπιτάττειν ἀνηρτῆσθαι χρῆναι
+ἑκάστῳ ἀνδρί, καὶ οὐκ εἰς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους, οἳ
+τὰ μὲν ἄλλα βλάπτειν καὶ κωλύειν ἐθέλοντες
+πολλάκις ἐδυνήθησαν· ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ μὴ βουλόμενοι
+τῶν ἡμετέρων τινὰ παρείλοντο. [B] τοῦτο δὲ
+ἀκώλυτον μόνον καὶ ἀπαθές ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ
+θεμιτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ χείρονος τὸ κρεῖττον βλάπτεσθαι.
+ἔστι δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐκεῖθεν ὁ λόγος. ἀλλ᾽
+ἔοικα γὰρ καταφορτίζειν ὑμᾶς τοῖς τοῦ Πλάτωνος
+λόγοις μικρὰ ἐπιπάττων τῶν ῥημάτων ὥσπερ
+ἁλῶν ἢ χρυσοῦ ψήγματος. τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν<note place='foot'>[ὡς] ἡδίω Hertlein, μᾶλλον V adds.</note>
+ἡδίω τὴν τροφήν, ὁ δὲ εὐπρεπῆ μᾶλλον παρέχει
+τὴν θέαν. ἀμφότερα δὲ ἐν τοῖς Πλάτωνος λόγοις·
+[C] καὶ γὰρ αἰσθέσθαι διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς ἡδίους τῶν ἁλῶν
+καὶ θρέψαι ψυχὴν ξὺν ἡδονῇ καὶ καθῆραι θαυμαστοί·
+ὥστε οὐκ ἀποκνητέον οὐδὲ εὐλαβητέον
+τὸν ψόγον, εἴ τις ἄρα καταμέμφοιτο τὴν ἀπληστίαν,
+καὶ ὅτι παντὸς ἐπιδραττόμεθα ὥσπερ ἐν
+τοῖς συμποσίοις οἱ λίχνοι τῶν ἐδωδίμων ἁπάντων,
+οὐχ ὑπομένοντες τὸ μὴ τῶν προκειμένων
+ἅψασθαι. τοῦτο γὰρ δὴ τρόπον τινὰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἔοικε
+συμβαίνειν, ἐπαίνους ἅμα καὶ δόγματα ᾄδειν καὶ
+πρὶν ἢ μετρίως ἐφικέσθαι [D] τοῦ προτέρου λόγου
+μέσον ὑποτεμομένοις φιλοσόφων ἐξηγεῖσθαι ῥήσεις.
+<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/><anchor id='Pg187'/>
+πρὸς δὴ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα καταμεμφομένους
+εἴρηται μὲν ἤδη καὶ πρότερον καὶ αὖθις δὲ ἴσως
+λελέξεται.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For here I think I may without offence adapt
+slightly Plato's language where he says that the
+man, and especially the king, best equipped for this
+life is he who depends on God for all that relates to
+happiness, and does not hang in suspense on other
+men, whose actions, whether good or bad, are liable
+to force him and his affairs out of the straight path.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Menexenus</hi> 247 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>.</note>
+And though no one should allow me to paraphrase
+or change that passage or alter that word,<note place='foot'>Plato says εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνήρτηται <q>who depends on <emph>himself</emph>.</q></note> and
+though I should be told that I must leave it undisturbed
+like something holy and consecrated by
+time, even in that case I shall maintain that this is
+what that wise man meant. For when he says
+<q>depends on himself,</q> assuredly he does not refer
+to a man's body or his property, or long descent, or
+distinguished ancestors. For these are indeed his
+belongings, but they are not the man himself; his
+real self is his mind, his intelligence, and, in a
+word, the god that is in us. As to which, Plato
+elsewhere calls it <q>the supreme form of the soul
+that is within us,</q> and says that <q>God has given
+it to each one of us as a guiding genius, even
+that which we say dwells in the summit of our
+body and raises us from earth towards our celestial
+affinity.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 90 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> It is on this that he plainly says every
+man ought to depend, and not on other men, who
+have so often succeeded when they wish to harm
+and hinder us in other respects. Indeed it has
+happened before now that even without such a
+desire men have deprived us of certain of our possessions.
+But this alone cannot be hindered or harmed,
+since <q>Heaven does not permit the bad to injure
+what is better than itself.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Apology</hi> 30 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> This saying also is from
+Plato. But it may be that I am wearying you with
+these doctrines of his with which I sprinkle my own
+utterances in small quantities, as with salt or gold dust.
+For salt makes our food more agreeable, and gold
+enhances an effect to the eye. But Plato's doctrines
+produce both effects. For as we listen to them they
+give more pleasure than salt to the sense, and they
+have a wonderful power of sweetly nourishing and
+cleansing the soul. So that I must not hesitate or
+be cautious of criticism if someone reproaches me
+with being insatiable and grasping at everything,
+like persons at a banquet who, in their greed to
+taste every dish, cannot keep their hands from what
+is set before them.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 354 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> For something of this sort
+seems to happen in my case when, in the same
+breath, I utter panegyric and philosophic theories,
+and, before I have done justice to my original theme,
+break off in the middle to expound the sayings of
+philosophers. I have had occasion before now to
+reply to those who make such criticisms as these,
+and perhaps I shall have to do so again.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Νῦν δὲ τὸ συνεχὲς ἀποδόντες τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ
+ἐπὶ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανάγωμεν ὥσπερ οἱ προεκθέοντες
+ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις. ἐλέγετο δ᾽ οὖν ἐν τοῖς
+πρόσθεν ὡς αὐτὸν μέν τινά φησι Πλάτων τὸν
+νοῦν καὶ τὴν ψυχήν, [70] αὐτοῦ δὲ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν
+κτῆσιν. ταῦτα δὲ ἐν τοῖς θαυμασίοις διώρισται
+νόμοις. ὥσπερ οὖν, εἴ τις ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναλαβὼν
+λέγοι· <q>Ὅτῳ ἀνδρὶ ἐς νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν ἀνήρτηται
+πάντα τὰ ἐς εὐδαιμονίαν φέροντα καὶ μὴ
+ἐν τοῖς ἐκτός, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς πραξάντων ἢ
+καὶ πασχόντων πλανᾶσθαι ἀναγκάζεται, τούτῳ
+ἄριστα παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν,</q> οὐ παρατρέπει
+τὴν λέξιν οὐδὲ παραποιεῖ, ἐξηγεῖται δὲ
+ὀρθῶς καὶ ἑρμηνεύει· [B] οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὅστις ἀντὶ
+τῆς αὐτοῦ λέξεως τὸν θεὸν παραλαμβάνει οὐκ
+ἀδικεῖ. εἰ γὰρ τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν δαίμονα, ὄντα μὲν
+ἀπαθῆ τῇ φύσει καὶ θεῷ ξυγγενῆ, πολλὰ δὲ
+ἀνατλάντα καὶ ὑπομείναντα διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ
+σῶμα κοινωνίαν καὶ τοῦ πάσχειν τε καὶ φθείρεσθαι
+φαντασίαν τοῖς πολλοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς πολλοῖς Hertlein suggests, πολλοῖς MSS.</note> παρασχόντα,
+τοῦ παντὸς ἐκεῖνος προïσταται βίου τῷ γε
+εὐδαιμονήσειν μέλλοντι, τί χρὴ προσδοκᾶν αὐτὸν
+ὑπὲρ τοῦ καθαροῦ καὶ ἀμιγοῦς γηίνῳ σώματι διανοηθῆναι
+νοῦ, [C] ὅν δὴ καὶ θεὸν εἶναί φαμεν καὶ
+αὐτῷ τὰς ἡνίας ἐπιτρέπειν τοῦ βίου χρῆναι
+παραινοῦμεν πάντα ἰδιώτην τε<note place='foot'>ἰδιώτην τε Hertlein suggests, τε ἰδιώτην MSS.</note> καὶ βασιλέα,
+<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/><anchor id='Pg189'/>
+τόν γε ὡς ἀληθῶς ἄξιον τῆς ἐπικλήσεως καὺ οὐ
+νόθον οὐδὲ ψευδώνυμον, συνιέντα μὲν αὐτοῦ
+καὶ αἰσθανόμενον διὰ συγγένειαν, ὑφιέμενον δὲ
+αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ ὑποχωροῦντα τῆς ἐπιμελείας
+ὡς ἔμφρονα; ἀνόητον γὰρ καὶ μάλα αὔθαδες τὸ
+μὴ καθάπαξ ἐς δύναμιν πείθεσθαι [D] τῷ θεῷ ἀρετῆς
+ἐπιμελομένους· τούτῳ γὰρ μάλιστα χαίρειν
+ὑποληπτέον τὸν θεόν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῆς ἐννόμου
+θεραπείας ἀποστατέον οὐδὲ τὴν τοιαύτην τιμὴν
+ὑπεροπτέον τοῦ κρείττονος, θετέον δὲ ἐν ἀρετῆς
+μοίρᾳ τὴν εὐσέβειαν τὴν κρατίστην. ἔστι γὰρ
+ὁσιότης τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔκγονος· αὕτη δὲ ὅτι
+τοῦ θειοτέρου ψυχῆς εἴδους ἐστίν, οὐδένα λέληθε
+τῶν ὅσοι τὰ τοιαῦτα μεταχειρίζονται.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I will now, however, resume the thread of my discourse
+and go back to my starting-point, like those
+who, when a race is being started, run ahead out
+of the line. Well, I was saying, a moment ago, that
+Plato declares that a man's real self is his mind and
+soul, whereas his body and his estate are but his
+possessions. This is the distinction made in that
+marvellous work, the Laws. And so if one were
+to go back to the beginning and say <q>That man
+is best equipped for life who makes everything
+that relates to happiness depend on his mind and
+intelligence and not on those outside himself who,
+by doing or faring well or ill force him out of the
+straight path,</q> he is not changing or perverting the
+sense of the words, but expounds and interprets
+them correctly. And if for Plato's word <q>genius</q><note place='foot'>δαίμων, cf. 69 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>
+he substitutes the word <q>God</q> he has a perfect
+right to do so. For if Plato gives the control of our
+whole life to the presiding <q>genius</q> within us which
+is by nature unaffected by sensation and akin to God,
+but must endure and suffer much because of its
+association with the body, and therefore gives the
+impression to the crowd that it also is subject to
+sensation and death; and if he says that this is true
+of every man who wishes to be happy, what must we
+suppose is his opinion about pure intelligence unmixed
+with earthly substance, which is indeed
+synonymous with God? To this I say every man,
+whether he be a private citizen or a king, ought to
+entrust the reins of his life, and by a king I mean
+one who is really worthy of the name, and not counterfeit
+or falsely so called, but one who is aware of
+God and discerns his nature because of his affinity
+with him, and being truly wise bows to the divine
+authority and yields the supremacy to God. For it
+is senseless and arrogant indeed for those who cultivate
+virtue not to submit to God once and for all,
+as far as possible. For we must believe that this
+above all else is what God approves. Again, no man
+must neglect the traditional form of worship or
+lightly regard this method of paying honour to the
+higher power, but rather consider that to be virtuous
+is to be scrupulously devout. For Piety is the child
+of Justice, and that justice is a characteristic of the
+more divine type of soul is obvious to all who discuss
+such matters.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἐπαινοῦμεν τὸν Ἕκτορα σπένδειν
+μὲν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα διὰ τὸν ἐπὶ τῶν χειρῶν λύθρον·
+[71] ἠξιοῦμεν δὲ μηδὲ ἐς ἄστυ ἰίναι μηδὲ ἀπολείπειν
+τὴν μάχην μέλλοντά γε οὐ στρατηγοῦ καὶ
+βασιλέως ἐπιτελεῖν ἔργον, διακόνου δὲ καὶ
+ὑπηρέτου, Ἰδαίου τινὸς ἢ Ταλθυβίου τάξιν
+ἀναληψόμενον. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γάρ, ὅπερ ἔφαμεν
+ἐξ ἀρχῆς, πρόφασις εὐπρεπὴς<note place='foot'>εὐπρεπὴς Cobet, εὐπρεποῦς MSS., Hertlein suggests
+εὐπρεπὴς ἀπρεποῦς cf. 19 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> εἶναι φυγῆς
+τοῦτο. καὶ γὰρ ὁπότε τῷ Τελαμωνίῳ ξυνίστατο
+πεισθεὶς τῷ φήμῃ τοῦ μάντεως, ἀσπασίως
+διελύθη καὶ ἔδωκε δῶρα, τὸν θάνατον ἐκφυγὼν
+ἄσμενος·<note place='foot'>ἄσμενος Hertlein suggests, ἀσμένως MSS.</note> [B] καθόλου δὲ εἰπεῖν, φεύγουσιν ἕπεται
+<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/><anchor id='Pg191'/>
+θρασέως, αἴτιος δέ ἐστιν οὐδαμοῦ νίκης καὶ
+τροπῆς, πλὴν ὅτε
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For this reason, then, while I applaud Hector for
+refusing to make a libation because of the blood-stains
+on his hands, he had, as I said, no right to go
+back to the city or forsake the battle, seeing that
+the task he was about to perform was not that of a
+general or of a king, but of a messenger and
+underling, and that he was ready to take on himself
+the office of an Idaeus or Talthybius. However, as
+I said at first, this seems to have been simply a
+specious excuse for flight. And indeed when he
+obeyed the bidding of the seer and fought a duel
+with the son of Telamon,<note place='foot'>Ajax.</note> he was very ready to
+make terms and to give presents, and rejoiced to
+have escaped death. In short, as a rule, he is brave
+when in pursuit of the retreating foe, but in no case
+has he the credit of a victory or of turning the tide
+of battle, except when)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>πρῶτος ἐσήλατο τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>He was the first to leap within the wall of the
+Achaeans</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 12. 438.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+ξὺν τῷ Σαρπηδόνι. πότερον οὖν ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες
+τηλικοῦτον ἔργον βασιλέως εὐλαβησόμεθα τὸν
+ἀγῶνα, μή ποτε ἄρα μικρὰ μεγάλοις καὶ φαῦλα
+σπουδῆς ἀξίοις μείζονος παρατιθέναι δόζωμεν, [C] ἢ
+τολμήσομεν καὶ πρὸς τηλικοῦτον ἔργον ἁμιλλᾶσθαι;
+οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνο μὲν ἦν τὸ τεῖχος ὑπὲρ τῆς
+ᾐόνος, ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλῳ τῷ πρὸ μεσημβρίας χρόνῳ
+συντελεσθέν, ὁποίους ἡμῖν τοὺς χάρακας ἔννομον
+κατασκευάζεσθαι· τὸ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων τεῖχος
+παλαιόν τε ἦν φρούριον, καὶ αὐτῷ χρῆται μετὰ
+τὴν φυγὴν ὁ τύραννος, ὥσπερ ἔρυμά τι νεουργὲς
+ἀποφήνας καὶ ἀξιόλογον φρουρὰν ἀπολιπὼν
+ἐρρωμένων ἀνδρῶν. [D] οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὡς πορρωτάτω
+πορεύεται, ἔμενε δὲ ἐν τῇ πλησίον πόλει. ἔστι δὲ
+Ἰταλῶν ἐμπόριον πρὸς θαλάττῃ μάλα εὔδαιμον
+καὶ πλούτῳ βρύον, φέρουσι γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν φορτία
+Μυσοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ τῶν Ἰταλῶν ὁπόσοι τὴν
+μεσόγαιαν κατοικοῦσιν, Ἑνετοὶ δὲ οἶμαι τὸ πρόσθεν
+ὠνομάζοντο. νῦν δὲ ἤδη Ῥωμαίων τὰς πόλεις
+ἐχόντων τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὄνομα σώζουσι βραχείᾳ
+προσθήκῃ γράμματος ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς ἐπωνυμίας·
+ἔστι δὲ αὐτοῦ σύμβολον χαρακτὴρ εἷς, [72] ὀνομάζουσι
+δὲ αὐτὸν οὔ, καὶ χρῶνται ἀντὶ τοῦ βῆτα πολλάκις
+προσπνεύσεως οἶμαι τινὸς ἕνεκα καὶ ἰδιότητος τῆς
+<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/><anchor id='Pg193'/>
+γλώττης. τὸ μὲν δὴ ξύμπαν ἔθνος ὦδε ἐπονομάζεται·
+τῇ πόλει δὲ ἀετός, ὥς φασιν, οἰκιζομένῃ
+δεξιὸς ἐκ Διὸς ἱπτάμενος τὴν αὑτοῦ φήμην
+χαρίζεται. οἰκεῖται δὲ ὑπὸ τοῖς ποσὶ τῶν Ἄλπεων·
+ὄρη δέ ἐστι ταῦτα παμμεγέθη<note place='foot'>παμμεγέθη Hertlein suggests, παμμιγῆ MSS.</note> καὶ ἀπορρῶγες ἐν
+αὐτοῖς πέτραι, μόλις ἁμάξῃ μιᾷ καὶ ὀρικῷ ζεύγει
+τὴν ὑπέρβασιν βιαζομένοις ξυγχωροῦντα, [B] ἀρχόμενα
+μὲν ἀπὸ θαλάττης, ἣν δὴ τὸν Ἰόνιον εἶναί
+φαμεν, ἀποτειχίζοντα δὲ τὴν νῦν Ἰταλίαν ἀπό τε
+Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Γαλατῶν καὶ ἐς τὸ Τυρρηνὸν
+πέλαγος ἀναπαυόμενα. Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ ἐπειδὴ τῆς
+χώρας ἁπάσης ἐκράτουν· ἔστι δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ τό τε
+τῶν Ἑνετῶν ἔθνος καὶ Λίγυές τινες καὶ τῶν ἄλλων
+Γαλατῶν οὐ φαύλη μοῖρα· τὰ μὲν ἀρχαῖα σφῶν
+ὀνόματα σώζειν οὐ διεκώλυσαν, τῷ κοινῷ δὲ τῶν
+Ἰταλῶν ξυγχωρεῖν κατηνάγκασαν. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσα
+μέν εἴσω τῶν Ἄλπεων κατοικεῖται, [C] ἔστε ἐπὶ
+τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τὸν Τυρρηνὸν καθήκοντα, ταύτῃ
+κοσμεῖται τῇ προσωνυμίᾳ· τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν
+Ἄλπεων τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν Γαλάται νέμονται, καὶ
+Ῥαιτοὶ δὲ τὰ ὑπὸ τῆν ἄρκτον, ἵνα Ῥήνου τέ εἰσιν
+αἱ πηγαὶ καὶ αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πλησίον παρὰ τοῖς
+γείτοσι βαρβάροις· τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἕω ταῦτα δὴ
+τὰς Ἄλπεις ὀχυροῦν ἔφαμεν, ἵναπερ ὁ τύραννος
+τὴν φρουρὰν κατεσκευάσατο. οὕτω δὴ τῆς
+Ἰταλίας ἁπανταχόθεν ὄρεσὶ [D] τε συνεχομένης
+λίαν δυσβάτοις καὶ θαλάσσῃ τεναγώδει, ἅτε
+ἐσρεόντων ποταμῶν μυρίων, οἳ ποιοῦσιν ἕλος
+προσεοικὸς τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις ἕλεσι, τὸ ξύμπαν
+<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/><anchor id='Pg195'/>
+τῆς ἐκείνῃ θαλάττης πέρας βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ σοφίας
+ἔλαβε καὶ ἐβιάσατο τὴν ἄνοδον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(together with Sarpedon. Shall I therefore shrink
+from competition as though I could not cite on
+behalf of the Emperor any such exploit, and must
+therefore avoid seeming to compare the trivial with
+the important and things of little account with what
+deserves more serious consideration, or shall I
+venture to enter the lists even against an achievement
+so famous? Now that wall was to protect the
+beach, and was a palisade such as we are wont to
+construct, and was completed in less than a morning.
+But the wall that was on the Alps was an ancient
+fort, and the usurper used it after his flight,
+converting it into a defence as strong as though
+it had been newly built, and he left there an
+ample garrison of seasoned troops. But he did not
+himself march all the way there, but remained in
+the neighbouring city.<note place='foot'>Aquileia.</note> This is a trading centre of
+the Italians on the coast, very prosperous and
+teeming with wealth, since the Mysians and Paeonians
+and all the Italian inhabitants of the interior
+procure their merchandise thence. These last used,
+I think, to be called Heneti in the past, but now
+that the Romans are in possession of these cities
+they preserve the original name, but make the
+trifling addition of one letter at the beginning of
+the word. Its sign is a single character<note place='foot'><q>v</q>.</note> and
+they call it <q>oo,</q> and they often use it instead
+of <q>b,</q> to serve, I suppose, as a sort of breathing,
+and to represent some peculiarity of their pronunciation.
+The nation as a whole is called by this name,
+but at the time of the founding of the city an eagle
+from Zeus flew past on the right, and so bestowed on
+the place the omen derived from the bird.<note place='foot'>Because of this favourable omen the city was called
+Aquileia, <q>the city of the Eagle.</q></note> It is
+situated at the foot of the Alps, which are very high
+mountains with precipices in them, and they hardly
+allow room for those who are trying to force their
+way over the passes to use even a single waggon and
+a pair of mules. They begin at the sea which we
+call Ionian, and form a barrier between what is now
+Italy and the Illyrians and Galatians, and extend as
+far as the Etruscan sea. For when the Romans
+conquered the whole of this country, which includes
+the tribe of the Heneti and some of the Ligurians and
+a considerable number of Galatians besides, they did
+not hinder them from retaining their ancient names,
+but compelled them to acknowledge the dominion of
+the Italian republic. And, in our day, all the territory
+that lies within the Alps and is bounded by the
+Ionian and the Etruscan seas has the honour of
+being called Italy. On the other side of the Alps, on
+the west, dwell the Galatians, and the Rhaetians to
+the north where the Rhine and the Danube have
+their sources hard by in the neighbouring country of
+the barbarians. And on the east, as I said, the Alps
+fortify the district where the usurper stationed his
+garrison. In this way, then, Italy is contained on
+all sides, partly by mountains that are very hard to
+cross, partly by a shallow sea into which countless
+streams empty and form a morass like the marshlands
+of Egypt. But the Emperor by his skill
+gained control of the whole of that boundary of the
+sea, and forced his way inland.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Καὶ ἵνα μὴ διατρίβειν δοκῶ αὖθίς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν
+δυσχωριῶν διαλεγόμενος, καὶ ὡς οὔτε στρατόπεδον
+ἦν οὐδὲ χάρακα πλησίον καταβαλέσθαι, οὔτε ἐπάγειν
+μηχανὰς καὶ ἑλεπόλεις, ἀνύδρου δεινῶς ὄντος
+καὶ οὐδὲ μικρὰς λιβάδας ἔχοντος [73] τοῦ πέριξ χωρίου,
+ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν εἶμι τὴν αἵρεσιν. καὶ εἰ βούλεσθε τὸ
+κεφάλαιον ἀθρόως ἑλεῖν τοῦ λόγου, ὑπομνήσθητε
+τῆς τοῦ Μακεδόνος ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς πορείας, οἳ
+τὴν πέτραν ἐκείνην κατῴκουν, ἐφ᾽ ἣν οὐδὲ τῶν
+ὀρνίθων ἦν τοῖς κουφοτάτοις ἀναπτῆναι, ὅπως
+ἑάλω, καὶ οὐδὲν πλέον ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμήσετε·
+πλὴν τοσοῦτον μόνον, ὅτι Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν ἀπέβαλε
+πολλοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐξελὼν τὴν πέτραν,
+ὁ δὲ ἡμέτερος ἄρχων καὶ στρατηγὸς οὐδὲ χιλίαρχον
+ἀποβαλὼν ἢ λοχαγόν τινα, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ
+ὁπλίτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου, καθαρὰν καὶ ἄδακρυν
+περιεποιήσατο τὴν νίκην. Ἕκτωρ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ
+Σαρπηδὼν πολλοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τειχίσματος κατέβαλον,<note place='foot'>κατέβαλον Reiske, ἔβαλον MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+ἐντυχόντες δὲ ἀριστεύοντι Πατρόκλῳ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ
+τῶν νεῶν κτείνεται, ὁ δὲ ἔφευγεν αἰσχρῶς οὐδὲ
+ἀνελόμενος τὸ σῶμα τοῦ φίλου. οὕτως οὐδενὶ
+ξὺν νῷ, ῥώμῃ δὲ μᾶλλον σωμάτων θρασυνόμενοι
+τὴν ἐς τὸ τεῖχος πάροδον ἐτόλμων. βασιλεὺς δὲ
+οὗ μὲν ἀλκῆς ἔργον ἐστι καὶ θυμοῦ χρῆται τοῖς
+ὅπλοις καὶ κρατεῖ ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ,<note place='foot'>ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ Hertlein suggests, εὐβουλίᾳ Wyttenbach,
+ξυμβουλίᾳ MSS.</note> [C] οὗ δὲ μόνον
+<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/><anchor id='Pg197'/>
+ἐδέησε γνώμης, ταύτῃ κυβερνᾷ καὶ κατεργάζεται
+πράγματα τοσαῦτα, ὁπόσα οὐδ᾽ ἄν ὁ σίδηρος
+ἐξελεῖν ἰσχύσειεν.<note place='foot'>Hertlein suggests ἐκτελεῖν, but cf. Phoenissae 516, ἐξελεῖν
+MSS. οὐδ᾽ ἂν&mdash;ἰσχύσειεν Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ&mdash;ἰσχύσει MSS.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I will now relate how the city was actually
+taken, lest you should think I am wasting time by
+describing once more the difficulties of the ground,
+and how it was impossible to plant a camp or even
+a palisade near the city or to bring up siege-engines
+or devices for storming it, because the country all
+about was terribly short of water, and there were not
+even small pools. And if you wish to grasp the main
+point of my narrative in a few words, remember the
+Macedonian's<note place='foot'>Alexander.</note> expedition against those Indians who
+lived on the famous rock<note place='foot'>A hill fort in Sogdiana where the Bactrian chief Oxyartes
+made his last stand against Alexander, 327 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> up to which not even the
+lightest birds could wing their flight, and how he
+took it by storm, and you will be content to hear no
+more from me. However I will add this merely,
+that Alexander in storming the rock lost many of his
+Macedonians, whereas our ruler and general lost
+not a single chiliarch or a captain, nay not even a
+legionary from the muster-roll, but achieved an unsullied
+and <q>tearless</q><note place='foot'>cf. 77 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.</hi>, Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>de Fort. Rom.</hi> c. 4.</note> victory. Now Hector and
+Sarpedon, no doubt, hurled down many men from the
+wall, but when they encountered Patroclus in all his
+glory Sarpedon was slain near the ships, while Hector,
+to his shame, fled without even recovering the body
+of his friend. Thus without intelligence and emboldened
+by mere physical strength they ventured
+to attack the wall. But the Emperor, when strength
+and daring are required, employs force of arms and
+good counsel together, and so wins the day, but
+where good judgment alone is necessary it is by this
+that he steers his course, and thus achieves triumphs
+such as not even iron could ever avail to erase.<note place='foot'>Julian refers to the triumph of Constantius over Vetranio,
+described in <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 1. 31 foll. and echoes Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi>
+516, πᾶν γὰρ ἐξαιρεῖ λόγος | ὃ καὶ σίδηρος πολεμίων δράσειεν ἄν.
+Themistius, <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 2, 37 B quotes these verses to illustrate the
+same incident.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ὁ λόγος φερόμενος
+ἥκει πάλαι ποθῶν τὴν ξύνεσιν ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τὴν
+εὐβουλίαν, ἀποδοτέον. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ὀλίγα
+πάλαι<note place='foot'>πάλαι Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντα MSS.</note> διεληλύθαμεν· ὁπόσα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐφαίνετο
+[D] πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ἐκείνων ἔχειν ξυγγένειαν,
+μεγάλα μικροῖς εἰκάζοντες, δι᾽ ὁμοιότητα διήλθομεν.<note place='foot'>διήλθομεν Reiske, δηλοῦμεν MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+δῆλον δὲ ἀποβλέψαντι πρὸς τὸ τῆς παρασκευῆς
+μέγεθος καὶ τῆς δυνάμενως τὴν περιουσίαν.
+τότε γὰρ ἥ τε Ἑλλὰς ἐκεκίνητο ξύμπασα καὶ
+Θρᾳκῶν μοῖρα καὶ Παιόνων τό τε τοῦ Πριάμου
+ξύμπαν ὑπήκοον,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But since my speech has of its own accord reached
+this point in its course and has long been eager to
+praise the Emperor's wisdom and wise counsel, I
+allow it to do so. And in fact I spoke briefly on this
+subject some time ago, and all the cases where there
+seemed to me to be any affinity between the heroes
+of Homer and the Emperor, I described because
+of that resemblance, comparing great things with
+small. And indeed if one considers the size of their
+armaments, the superiority of his forces also becomes
+evident. For in those days all Greece was set in
+motion,<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Evagoras</hi> 65, <hi rend='italic'>Panegyricus</hi> 83.</note> and part of Thrace and Paeonia, and all the
+subject allies of Priam,)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ὅσσον Λέσβος ἔσω Μάκαρος ἕδος ἐντὸς ἐέργει</l>
+<l>Καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>All that Lesbos, the seat of Makar, contains
+within, and Phrygia on the north and the boundless
+Hellespont.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 24. 544.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+[74] τὰ δὲ νῦν ἔθνη συνιόντα βασιλεῖ καὶ συμπολεμοῦντα
+τὸν πόλεμον καὶ τοὺς ἀντιταξαμένους
+καταριθμεῖν μὴ λῆρος ᾖ καὶ φλυαρία περιττὴ καὶ
+λίαν ἀρχαῖον.<note place='foot'>ἀρχαῖον Reiske, ἀρχαῖος Hertlein, ὕθλος λίαν ἀρχαῖος Cobet,
+ἀρχαῖος MSS.</note> ὅσῳ δὲ μείζους αἱ συνιοῦσαι
+δυνάμεις, τοσούτῳ τὰ ἔργα προφέρειν εἰκός· ὥστε
+ἀνάγκη καὶ ταῦτα ἐκείνων ὑπεραίρειν. πλήθει
+γε μὴν ποῦ ποτε ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν; οἱ μὲν γὰρ περὶ
+<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/><anchor id='Pg199'/>
+μιᾶς ἐμάχοντο πόλεως ξυνεχῶς, καὶ οὔτε Τρῶες<note place='foot'>Τρῶες Hertlein adds.</note>
+ἀπελάσαι τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐπικρατοῦντες ἠδύναντο,
+οὔτε ἐκεῖνοι νικῶντες ἐξελεῖν καὶ ἀνατρέψαι τῶν
+Πριαμιδῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν ἴσχυον,
+δεκαέτης δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀναλώθη χρόνος. [B] βασιλεῖ δὲ
+πολλοὶ μέν εἰσιν ἀγῶνες· καὶ γὰρ<note place='foot'>καὶ γὰρ Horkel, lacuna Hertlein; the inappropriate verb
+ἀναγράφω = <q>register, record,</q> indicates corruption.</note> ἀνεγράφη
+Γερμανοῖς τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ῥήνου πολεμῶν, τά τε
+ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγρητι ζεύγματα καὶ τῆς Παρθυαίων
+δυνάμεως καὶ τοῦ φρονήματος ἔλεγχος οὐ φαῦλος,
+ὅτε οὐχ ὑπέμενον ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ,
+ἀλλὰ περιεῖδον ἅπασαν τμηθεῖσαν τὴν εἴσω
+Τίγρητος καὶ Λύκου, [C] τῶν γε μὴν πρὸς τὸν τύραννον
+πραχθέντων ὅ τε ἐπὶ Σικελίαν ἔκπλους καὶ ἐς
+Καρχηδόνα, Ἠριδανοῦ τε αἱ προκαταλήψεις τῶν
+ἐκβολῶν ἁπάσας αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ δυνάμεις
+ἀφελόμεναι, καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον καὶ τρίτον πάλαισμα
+περὶ ταῖς Κοττίαις Ἄλπεσιν, ὃ δὴ βασιλεῖ
+μὲν παρέσχεν ἀσφαλῆ καὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος ἀδεᾶ
+τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς νίκης ἡδονήν, τὸν δὲ ἡττηθέντα δίκην
+ἐπιθεῖναι δικαίαν αὑτῷ καὶ τῶν ἐξειργασμένων
+[D] πάνυ ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασε.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But to try to count up the nations who lately
+marched with the Emperor and fought on his side
+in the war, would be idle talk, superfluous verbiage,
+and absurd simplicity. And it is natural that, in
+proportion as the armies are larger, their achievements
+are more important. So it follows of necessity
+that, in this respect as well, the Emperor's army surpassed
+Homer's heroes. In mere numbers, at any
+rate, at what point, I ask, could one justly compare
+them? For the Greeks fought all along for a single
+city and the Trojans when they prevailed were not
+able to drive away the Greeks, nor were the Greeks
+strong enough, when they won a victory, to destroy
+and overthrow the power and the royal sway of the
+house of Priam, and yet the time they spent over it
+was ten years long. But the Emperor's wars and
+undertakings have been numerous. He has been
+described as waging war against the Germans across
+the Rhine, and then there was his bridge of boats
+over the Tigris, and his exposure of the power and
+arrogance of the Parthians<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 22. 28.</note> was no trivial thing, on
+that occasion when they did not venture to defend
+their country while he was laying it waste, but had
+to look on while the whole of it was devastated between
+the Tigris and the Lycus. Then, when the
+war against the usurper was concluded, there followed
+the expeditions to Sicily and Carthage, and that
+stratagem of occupying beforehand the mouth of
+the Po, which deprived the usurper of all his forces
+in Italy, and finally that third and last fall<note place='foot'>In wrestling the third fall was final: the phrase became
+proverbial, cf. Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Phaedrus</hi> 256 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Eumenides</hi>
+592, Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 1. 40 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> at the
+Cottian Alps, which secured for the Emperor the
+pleasure of a victory that was sure, and carried with
+it no fears for the future, while it compelled the defeated
+man to inflict on himself a just penalty wholly
+worthy of his misdeeds.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τοσαῦτα ὑπὲρ τῶν βασιλέως ἔργων ἐν βραχεῖ
+διεληλύθαμεν, οὔτε κολακείᾳ προστιθέντες καὶ
+αὔξειν ἐπιχειροῦντες τυχὸν οὐδενὸς διαφέροντα
+τῶν ἄλλων, οὔτε πόρρωθεν ἕλκοντες καὶ βιαζόμενοι
+τῶν ἔργων τὰς ὁμοιότητας, καθάπερ οἱ τοὺς
+<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/><anchor id='Pg201'/>
+μύθους ἐξηγούμενοι τῶν ποιητῶν καὶ ἀναλύοντες
+ἐς λόγους πιθανοὺς καὶ ἐνδεχομένους τὰ πλάσματα
+ἐκ μικρᾶς πάνυ τῆς ὑπονοίας ὁρμώμενοι [75] καὶ
+ἀμυδρὰς λίαν παραλαβόντες τὰς ἀρχὰς πειρῶνται
+ξυμπείθειν, ὡς δὴ ταῦτα γε αὐτὰ ἐκείνων ἐθελόντων
+λέγειν. ἐνταῦθα δὲ εἴ τις ἐξέλοι τῶν Ὁμήρου
+μόνον τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ὀνόματα, ἐνθείη δὲ τὸ
+βασιλέως καὶ ἐναρμόσειεν, οὐ μᾶλλον εἰς ἐκείνους
+ἢ τοῦτον πεποιῆσθαι δόξει τὰ<note place='foot'>Before τῆς Hertlein, Reiske omit ὑπὲρ.</note> τῆς Ἰλιάδος ἔπη.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I have given this brief account of the Emperor's
+achievements, not adding anything in flattery and
+trying to exaggerate things that are perhaps of no
+special importance, nor dragging in what is far-fetched
+and unduly pressing points of resemblance
+with those achievements, like those who interpret
+the myths of the poets and analyse them into
+plausible versions which allow them to introduce
+fictions of their own, though they start out from very
+slight analogies, and having recourse to a very
+shadowy basis, try to convince us that this is the
+very thing that the poets intended to say. But
+in this case if anyone should take out of Homer's
+poems merely the names of the heroes, and insert
+and fit in the Emperor's, the epic of the Iliad would
+be seen to have been composed quite as much in his
+honour as in theirs.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ τὰ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔργων μόνον ἀκούοντες
+τὰ τῶν κατορθωμάτων τῶν<note place='foot'>τῶν Hertlein adds.</note> ἐς τὸν πόλεμον
+ἔλαττον [B] ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνητε βασιλέα περὶ τὰ
+σεμνότερα καὶ ὧν ἄξιον μείζονα ποιεῖσθαι λόγον,
+δημηγοριῶν φημι καὶ ξυμβουλιῶν, καὶ ὁπόσα
+γνώμη μετὰ νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως κατευθύνει,
+ἀθρεῖτε ἐν Ὀδυσσεῖ καὶ Νέστορι τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις
+κατὰ τὴν ποίησιν, καὶ ἤν τι μεῖον ἐν
+βασιλεῖ καταμανθάνητε, τοῖς ἐπαινέταις τοῦτο
+λογίζεσθε, πλέον δὲ ἔχοντα δικαίως ἂν<note place='foot'>ἂν Hertlein adds.</note> αὐτὸν
+μᾶλλον ἀποδεχοίμεθα. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν, ὁπηνίκα
+χαλεπαίνειν καὶ στασιάζειν ἤρχοντο περὶ τῆς
+αἰχμαλώτου κόρης, λέγειν ἐπιχειρῶν οὕτω δή τι
+πείθει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τὸν τῆς Θέτιδος, [C] ὥστε
+ὁ μὲν ἀκόσμος διέλυσε τὸν ξύλλογον, ὁ δὲ οὐδὲ
+περιμείνας ἀφοσιώσασθαι τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἔτι
+δὲ αὐτὰ δρῶν καὶ ἀφορῶν ἐς τὴν θεωρίδα, στέλλει
+τοὺς κήρυκας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀχιλλέως σκηνὴν, ὥσπερ
+οἶμαι δεδιὼς μὴ τῆς ὀργῆς ἐπιλαθόμενος καὶ
+<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/><anchor id='Pg203'/>
+ἀπαλλαγεὶς τοῦ πάθους μεταγνοίη καὶ ἀποφύγοι
+τὴν ἁμαρτάδα· ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς Ἰθάκης ῥήτωρ
+πολύτροπος πείθειν ἐπιχειρῶν πρὸς διαλλαγὰς
+Ἀχιλλέα καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ διδούς, [D] μυρία δὲ
+ἐπαγγελλόμενος, οὕτω τὸν νεανίσκον παρώξυνεν,
+ὥστε πρότερον οὐ<note place='foot'>πρότερον οὐ Hertlein suggests, οὐ πρότερον MSS.</note> βουλευσάμενον τὸν ἀπόπλουν
+νῦν<note place='foot'>νῦν Cobet adds.</note> παρασκευάζεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ
+θαυμαστὰ τῆς συνέσεως δείγματα αἵ τε ἐπὶ τὸν
+πόλεμον παρακλήσεις καὶ ἡ τειχοποιία τοῦ Νέστορος,
+πρεσβυτικὸν λίαν καὶ ἄτολμον ἐπινόημα.
+οὔκουν οὐδὲ ὄφελος ἦν πολὺ τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς τοῦ
+μηχανήματος· [76] ἀλλὰ ἡττῶντον τῶν Τρώων τὸ τεῖχος
+ἐπιτελέσαντες, καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. τότε μὲν γὰρ
+αὐτοὶ τῶν νεῶν ᾤοντο προβεβλῆσθαι καθάπερ
+ἔρυμα γενναῖον· ἐπεὶ δὲ ᾔσθοντο σφῶν<note place='foot'>ᾔσθοντο σφῶν Cobet, ᾔσθοντο τὸ MSS., Hertlein.</note> προκείμενον
+καὶ ἀποικοδομούμενον<note place='foot'>ἀπῳκοδομημένον Hertlein suggests, ἀποικοδομούμενον MSS.</note> τεῖχος τάφρῳ βαθείᾳ
+καὶ πασσάλοις ὀξέσι διηλούμενον,<note place='foot'>διειλημμένον Hertlein suggests, διηλούμενον MSS.</note> κατερρᾳθύμουν
+καὶ ὑφίεντο τῆς ἀλκῆς τῷ τειχίσματι πεποιθότες.
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐκείνοις μέμφοιτο καὶ ἐπιδεικνύοι
+διαμαρτάνοντας, οὗτός ἐστι βασιλέως
+ἀξιόχρεως ἐπαινέτης· ὅστις δὲ οἶμαι τῶν ἔργων
+ἀξίως μνησθείη, [B] οὐ μάτην οὐδὲ αὐτομάτως οὐδὲ
+ἀλόγῳ φορᾷ γενομένων, προβουλευθέντων δὲ ὀρθῶς
+καὶ διοικηθέντων, οὗτος ἀρκούντως ἐπαινεῖ τὴν
+βασιλέως ἀγχίνοιαν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But that you may not think, if you hear only
+about his achievements and successes in war, that
+the Emperor is less well endowed for pursuits that
+are loftier and rightly considered of more importance,
+I mean public speaking and deliberations and
+all those affairs in which judgment combined with
+intelligence and prudence take the helm, consider
+the case of Odysseus and Nestor, who are so highly
+praised in the poem; and if you find that the Emperor
+is inferior to them in any respect, put that
+down to his panegyrists, but we should rather in
+fairness concede that he is far superior. Nestor, for
+instance, when they began to disagree and quarrel
+about the captive damsel,<note place='foot'>Briseis, <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 1. 247.</note> tried to address them,
+and he did persuade the king and the son of Thetis,
+but only to this extent that Achilles broke up the
+assembly in disorder, while Agamemnon did not even
+wait to complete his expiation to the god, but while
+he was still performing the rite and the sacred ship
+was in view, he sent heralds to the tent of Achilles,
+just as though, it seems to me, he were afraid that
+he would forget his anger, and, once free from that
+passion, would repent and avoid his error. Again,
+the far-travelled orator from Ithaca, when he tried
+to persuade Achilles to make peace, and offered him
+many gifts and promised him countless others, so
+provoked the young warrior that, though he had not
+before planned to sail home, he now began to make
+preparations.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 260.</note> Then there are those wonderful
+proofs of their intelligence, their exhortations to
+battle and Nestor's building of the wall, a cowardly
+notion and worthy indeed of an old man. Nor in
+truth did the Achaeans benefit much from that
+device. For it was after they had finished the wall
+that they were worsted by the Trojans, and naturally
+enough. For before that, they thought that they
+were themselves protecting the ships, like a noble
+bulwark. But when they realised that a wall lay
+in front of them, built with a deep moat and set at
+intervals with sharp stakes, they grew careless and
+slackened their valour, because they trusted to the
+fortification. Yet it is not anyone who blames them
+and shows that they were in the wrong who is therefore
+a fit and proper person to praise the Emperor.
+But he who, in a worthy manner, recounts the
+Emperor's deeds, which were done not idly or
+automatically, or from an irrational impulse, but
+were skilfully planned beforehand and carried
+through, he alone praises adequately the Emperor's
+keen intelligence.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τὸ δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῃ συνόδῳ τὰς δημηγορίας
+ἐκλέγειν τὰς<note place='foot'>τὰς Reiske adds.</note> ἐς τὰ στρατόπεδα καὶ δήμους καὶ
+<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/><anchor id='Pg205'/>
+βουλευτήρια μακροτέρας δεῖται τῆς ξυγγραφῆς.
+ἑνὸς δὲ ἴσως ἐπακούειν οὐ χαλεπόν. καί μοι
+πάλιν ἐννοήσατε τὸν Λαέρτου, ὁπότε ὡρμημένους
+ἐκπλεῖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπέχει τῆς ὁρμῆς [C] καὶ ἐς
+τὸν πόλεμον μετατίθησι τὴν προθυμίαν, καὶ<note place='foot'>[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</note>
+βασιλέως τὸν ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς ξύλλογον, ἵνα δὴ
+πρεσβύτης ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ μειρακίων παιδικὰ φρονεῖν
+ἀναπειθόμενος ὁμολογιῶν ἐπελανθάνετο καὶ
+πίστεων, καὶ τῷ μὲν σωτῆρι καὶ εὐεργέτῃ
+δυσμενὴς ἦν, σπονδὰς δὲ ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς ὃν ἦν
+ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος βασιλεῖ πόλεμος, στρατόν
+τε ἤγειρε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς [D] ὁρίοις ἀπήντα τῆς
+χώρας, κωλῦσαι τοῦ πρόσω χωρεῖν ἐπιθυμῶν.
+ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν ἦλθον ἀμφοτέρω τὼ στρατεύματε
+καὶ ἐχρῆν ἐπὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ποιεῖσθαι
+τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, βῆμά τε ὑψηλὸν ᾔρετο καὶ
+αὐτὸ περιέσχεν ὁπλιτῶν δῆμος καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν
+καὶ τοξοτῶν ἱππεῖς τε ἐνσκευασάμενοι
+τοὺς ἵππους καὶ τὰ σημεῖα τῶν τάξεων· ἀνῄει
+τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸ βασιλεὺς μετὰ τοῦ τέως ξυνάρχοντος
+οὔτε αἰχμὴν φέρων οὔτε ἀσπίδα [77] καὶ
+κράνος, ἀλλὰ ἐσθῆτα τὴν συνήθη. καὶ οὐδὲ
+αὐτῷ τις τῶν δορυφόρων εἵπετο, μόνος δὲ ἐπὶ
+τοῦ βήματος εἱστήκει πεποιθὼς τῷ λόγῳ σεμνῶς
+ἡρμοσμένῳ. ἐργάτης γάρ ἐστι καὶ τούτων ἀγαθός,
+οὐκ ἀποσμιλεύων οὐδὲ ἀπονυχίζων τὰ ῥήματα
+οὐδὲ ἀποτορνεύων τὰς περιόδους καθάπερ
+<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/><anchor id='Pg207'/>
+οἱ κομψοὶ ῥήτορες, σεμνὸς δὲ ἅμα καὶ
+καθαρὸς καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι ξὺν καιρῷ χρώμενος,
+ὥστε ἐνδύεσθαι ταῖς ψυχαῖς [B] οὐ τῶν παιδείας
+καὶ ξυνέσεως μεταποιουμένων μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη
+καὶ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ξυνιέναι πολλοὺς καὶ ἐπαïειν
+τῶν ῥημάτων. οὐκοῦν ᾕρει μυριάδας
+ὁπλιτῶν συχνὰς καὶ χιλιάδας ἱππέων εἴκοσι
+καὶ ἔθνη μαχιμώτατα<note place='foot'>τὰ before μαχιμώτατα V, Hertlein omit.</note> καὶ χώραν πάμφορον, οὐ
+βίᾳ ἕλκων οὐδὲ αἰχμαλώτους ἄγων, ἑκόντας δὲ
+αὐτῷ πειθομένους καὶ τὸ ἐπιταττόμενον ποιεῖν
+ἐθέλοντας. ταύτην ἐγὼ τὴν νίκην κρίνω τῆς
+Λακωνικῆς ἐκείνης<note place='foot'>ἐκείνης Naber adds.</note> μακρῷ σεμνοτέραν· ἡ μέν γε
+ἦν ἄδακρυς μόνοις<note place='foot'>μόνοις Hertlein suggests, μόνον MSS.</note> τοῖς κρατοῦσιν, [C] ἡ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς
+κρατηθεῖσιν ἤνεγκε δάκρυα, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος
+κατῆλθεν ὁ τῆς βασιλείας ὑποκριτὴς δικασάμενος
+καὶ ὥσπερ ὄφλημα βασιλεῖ πατρῷον
+ἀποδοὺς τὴν ἁλουργίδα· τἆλλα δὲ αὐτῷ δίδωσι
+βασιλεὺς ἄφθονα μᾶλλον ἢ Κῦρόν φασι παρασχεῖν
+τῷ πάππῳ, ζῆν τε ἐποίησε καὶ διαιτᾶσθαι
+καθάπερ Ὅμηρος ἀξιοῖ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς ἀφηλικεστέρους,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But to report to you those speeches which he
+made at every public gathering to the armies and
+the common people and the councils, demands too
+long a narrative, though it is perhaps not too much
+to ask you to hear about one of these. Pray then
+think once more of the son of Laertes when the
+Greeks were rushing to set sail and he checked the
+rush and diverted their zeal back to the war,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 188.</note> and
+then of the Emperor's assembly in Illyria, when that
+old man,<note place='foot'> Vetranio; Themistius, <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 2. 37 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, who in a panegyric
+on Constantius describes this oratorical triumph.</note> persuaded by mere youths to think
+childish thoughts, forgot his treaties and obligations
+and proved to be the enemy of his preserver and
+benefactor, and came to terms with one against
+whom the Emperor was waging a war that allowed
+no truce nor herald of a truce,<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 262, ἦν γὰρ ἄσπονδος καὶ
+ἀκήρυκτος ... πόλεμος.</note> and who was not only
+getting an army together, but came to meet the
+Emperor on the border of the country, because he
+was anxious to hinder him from advancing further.
+And when those two armies met, and it was
+necessary to hold an assembly in the presence of the
+hoplites, a high platform was set up and it was
+surrounded by a crowd of hoplites, javelin-men and
+archers and cavalry equipped with their horses and
+the standards of the divisions. Then the Emperor,
+accompanied by him who for the moment was
+his colleague, mounted the platform, carrying no
+sword or shield or helmet, but wearing his usual
+dress. And not even one of his bodyguard followed
+him, but there he stood alone on the platform,
+trusting to that speech which was so impressively
+appropriate. For of speeches too he is a good craftsman,
+though he does not plane down and polish his
+phrases nor elaborate his periods like the ingenious
+rhetoricians, but is at once dignified and simple, and
+uses the right words on every occasion, so that they
+sink into the souls not only of those who claim to be
+cultured and intelligent, but many unlearned persons
+too understand and give hearing to his words. And so
+he won over many tens of thousands of hoplites and
+twenty thousand cavalry and most warlike nations,
+and at the same time a country that is extremely
+fertile, not seizing it by force, or carrying off
+captives, but by winning over men who obeyed him
+of their own free will and were eager to carry out
+his orders. This victory I judge to be far more
+splendid than that for which Sparta is famous.<note place='foot'>The victory of Archidamus over the Arcadians Xenophon,
+<hi rend='italic'>Hellenica</hi> 7. 1. 32.</note> For
+that was <q>tearless</q> for the victors only, but
+the Emperor's did not cause even the defeated
+to shed tears, but he who was masquerading as
+Emperor came down from the platform when he had
+pleaded his cause, and handed over to the Emperor
+the imperial purple<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 32 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> as though it were an ancestral
+debt. And all else the Emperor gave him in
+abundance, more than they say Cyrus gave to his
+grandfather, and arranged that he should live and be
+maintained in the manner that Homer recommends
+for men who are past their prime:&mdash;)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Τοιούτῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν, ἐπεὶ λούσαιτο φάγοι τε,</l>
+<l>Εὐδέμεναι μαλακῶς· [D] ἣ γὰρ δίκη ἐστὶ γερόντων.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>For it is fitting that such a one, when he has
+bathed and fed, should sleep soft, for that is the
+manner of the aged.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 24. 253.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐμὸν ἡδέως ἂν τοὺς ῥηθέντας λόγους
+διεξῆλθον, καὶ οὐκ ἄν με ὄκνος καταλάβοι οὕτω
+καλῶν ἁπτόμενον λόγων· αἰδὼς δὲ οἶμαι κατείργει
+καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει μετατιθέναι καὶ ἐξερμηνεύειν
+ἐς ὑμᾶς τοὺς λόγους. ἀδικοίην γὰρ ἂν διαφθείρων
+<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/><anchor id='Pg209'/>
+καὶ ἐλεγχόμενος αἰσχυνοίμην, εἴ τις ἄρα τὸ
+βασιλέως ἀναγνοὺς ξύγγραμμα ἢ τότε ἀκούσας
+ἀπομνημονεύοι καὶ ἀπαιτοίη οὐ τὰ νοήματα μόνον,
+[78] ὅσαις δὲ ἀρεταῖς ἐκεῖνα κοσμεῖται κατὰ τὴν
+πάτριον φωνὴν ξυγκείμενα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἦν
+Ὁμήρῳ τὸ δέος πολλαῖς μὲν ὕστερον γενεαῖς
+τοὺς λόγους διηγουμένῳ, λιπόντων δὲ ἐκείνων
+οὐδὲν ὑπόμνημα τῶν ἐς τοὺς ξυλλόγους ῥηθέντων,
+καὶ σαφῶς οἶμαι πιστεύοντι, ὅτι ἄμεινον<note place='foot'>ἄμεινον Petavius, Cobet, ἄρα Hertlein, MSS., ἄρα κἀκείνων
+cant. and fl.</note> τἀκείνων
+αὐτὸς ἐξαγγελεῖ καὶ διηγήσεται. τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ
+τὸ χεῖρον μιμεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον καὶ οὐκ ἄξιον
+ἐλευθέρας ψυχῆς καὶ γενναίας. [B] τὰ μὲν δὴ θαυμαστὰ
+τῶν ἔργων καὶ ὁπόσων ὁ πολὺς ὅμιλος θεατῆς
+τε ἐγένετο καὶ διασώζει τὴν μνήμην ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ,
+ἅτε ἐς τὸ<note place='foot'>τὸ Reiske adds.</note> τέλος ἀφορῶν καὶ τῶν εὖ ἢ κακῶς
+ἀποβάντων κριτὴς καθεστὼς καὶ ἐπαινέτης οὐ
+μάλα ἀστεῖος, ἀκηκόατε πολλάκις τῶν μακαρίων
+σοφιστῶν καὶ τοῦ ποιητικοῦ γένους πρὸς αὐτῶν
+τῶν μουσῶν ἐπιπνεομένου, ὥστε ὑμᾶς τούτων
+ἕνεκα καὶ διωχλήκαμεν, μακροτέρους τοὺς ὑπὲρ
+αὐτῶν ποιούμενοι λόγους· [C] καὶ γάρ ἐστε λίαν
+αὐτῶν ἤδη διακορεῖς καὶ ὑμῶν ἐστι τὰ ὦτα πλήρη,
+καὶ οὐ μή ποτε ἐπιλίπωσιν οἱ τούτων ποιηταί,
+πολέμους ὑμνοῦντες καὶ νίκας ἀνακηρύττοντες
+λαμπρᾷ τῇ φωνῇ κατὰ τοὺς Ὀλυμπίασι κήρυκας·
+παρέσχεσθε γὰρ ὑμεῖς τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων ἀφθονίαν,
+ἀσμένως ἐπακούοντες. καὶ οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν.
+εἰσὶ γὰρ αἱ τούτων ὑπολήψεις ἀγαθῶν
+<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/><anchor id='Pg211'/>
+πέρι καὶ φαύλων ταῖς ὑμετέραις ξυγγενεῖς, [D] καὶ
+ἀπαγγέλλουσι πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὰ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν διανοήματα,
+ἃ<note place='foot'>ἂ Reiske adds.</note> ὥσπερ ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ<note place='foot'>ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ MSS., Cobet, ἐσθῆτα ποικίλην Hertlein.</note> τοῖς
+ὀνόμασι σκιαγραφήσαντες καὶ διαπλάσαντες
+ἡδίστοις ῥυθμοῖς καὶ σχήμασιν ὡς δή τι καινὸν
+εὑρόντες εἰς ὑμᾶς φέρουσιν· ὑμεῖς δὲ ἄσμενοι
+παραδέχεσθε, καὶ ἐκείνους τε οἴεσθε ὀρθῶς
+ἐπαινεῖν, τούτοις τε ἀποδίδοσθαι τὸ προσῆκόν
+φατε. τὸ δὲ ἐστι μὲν ἴσως ἀληθές, τυχὸν δὲ
+καὶ ἄλλως ἔχει, ἀγνοούμενον πρὸς ὑμῶν ὅπῃ
+ποτὲ ἂν ὀρθῶς γίγνοιτο.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now for my part I should have been glad to repeat
+to you the words that the Emperor used, and no fear
+would overtake me when handling words so noble.
+But modesty restrains me and does not permit me
+to change or interpret his words to you. For it
+would be wrong of me to tamper with them, and I
+should blush to have my ignorance exposed, if someone
+who had read the Emperor's composition or
+heard it at the time should remember it by heart,
+and demand from me not only the ideas in it but all
+the excellences with which they are adorned, though
+they are composed in the language of our ancestors.<note place='foot'>Latin; of which Julian had only a slight knowledge.
+The fourth century Sophists were content with Greek.
+Themistius never learned Latin, and Libanius needed an
+interpreter for a Latin letter, <hi rend='italic'>Epistle 956</hi>.</note>
+Now this at any rate Homer had not to fear when,
+many generations later, he reported his speeches, since
+his speakers left no record of what they said in their
+assemblies, and I think he was clearly confident that
+he was able to relate and report what they said in a
+better style. But to make an inferior copy is absurd
+and unworthy of a generous and noble soul. Now as to
+the marvellous portion of his achievements and those
+of which the great multitude was spectator and hence
+preserves their memory and commends them, since
+it looks to the result and is there to judge whether
+they turn out well or ill, and eulogises them in
+language that is certainly not elegant,&mdash;as to all
+this I say you have often heard from the ingenious
+sophists, and from the race of poets inspired by the
+Muses themselves, so that, as far as these are concerned,
+I must have wearied you by speaking about
+them at too great length. For you are already
+surfeited with them, your ears are filled with them,
+and there will always be a supply of composers of
+such discourses to sing of battles and proclaim victories
+with a loud clear voice, after the manner of the
+heralds at the Olympic games. For you yourselves,
+since you delight to listen to them, have produced an
+abundance of these men. And no wonder. For their
+conceptions of what is good and bad are akin to your
+own, and they do but report to you your own
+opinions and depict them in fine phrases, like a dress
+of many colours, and cast them into the mould of
+agreeable rhythms and forms, and bring them forth
+for you as though they had invented something new.
+And you welcome them eagerly, and think that this
+is the correct way to eulogise, and you say that these
+deeds have received their due. And this is perhaps
+true but it may well be otherwise, since you do not
+really know what the correct way should be.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[79] Ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ἐνενόησα Σωκράτη·
+ἴστε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀκοῇ τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ
+κλέος τῆς σοφίας παρὰ τῆς Πυθίας ἐκβοηθέν·
+οὐ ταῦτα ἐπαινοῦντα<note place='foot'>ἐπαινοῦντα Reiske, εὐδαιμονοῦντα MSS., Hertlein.</note> οὐδὲ εὐδαίμονας καὶ μακαρίους
+ὁμολογοῦντα τοὺς πολλὴν κεκτημένους
+χώραν, πλεῖστα δ᾽ ἔθνη καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλοὺς
+μὲν Ἑλλήνων, πλείους δὲ ἔτι καὶ μείζους
+βαρβάρων καὶ τὸν Ἄθω διορύττειν δυναμένους
+καὶ σχεδίᾳ τὰς ἠπείρους, ἐπειδὰν ἐθέλωσι
+διαβαίνειν, συνάπτοντας καὶ ἔθνη καταστρεφομένους
+[B] καὶ αἱροῦντας νήσους καὶ σαγηνεύοντας
+καὶ λιβανωτοῦ χίλια τάλαντα καταθύοτας.
+οὔτε οὖν Ξέρξην ἐκεῖνος ἐπῄνει ποτὲ οὔτε
+ἄλλον τινὰ Περσῶν ἢ Λυδῶν ἢ Μακεδόνων
+βασιλέα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Ἑλλήνων στρατηγόν, πλὴν
+σφόδρα ὀλίγων, ὁπόσους ἠπίστατο χαίροντας
+ἀρετῇ καὶ ἀσπαζομένους ἀνδρείαν μετὰ σωφροσύνης
+καὶ φρόνησιν μετὰ δικαιοσύνης στέργοντας.
+<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/><anchor id='Pg213'/>
+ὅσους δὲ ἀγχίνους ἢ δεινοὺς ἢ στρατηγικοὺς ἢ
+κομψοὺς καὶ τῷ πλήθει πιθανοὺς ἑώρα, σμίκρ᾽
+ἄττα μόρια κατανειμαμένους ἀρετῆς, [C] οὐδὲ τούτους
+ἐς ἅπαν ἐπῄνει. ἕπεται δὲ αὐτοῦ τῇ κρίσει σοφῶν
+ἀνδρῶν δῆμος ἀρετὴν θεραπεύοντες, τὰ κλεινὰ δὲ
+οἶμαι ταῦτα καὶ θαυμαστὰ οἱ μὲν ὀλίγου τινός, οἱ
+δὲ οὐδενὸς ἄξια λέγοντες.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For I have observed that Socrates the Athenian&mdash;you
+know the man by hearsay and that his reputation
+for wisdom was proclaimed aloud by the Pythian
+oracle<note place='foot'>cf. 191 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>&mdash;I say I have observed that he did not praise
+that sort of thing, nor would he admit<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Gorgias</hi> 470 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> that they
+are happy and fortunate who are masters of a great
+territory and many nations, with many Greeks too
+among them, and still more numerous and powerful
+barbarians, such men as are able to cut a canal through
+Athos and join continents<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 699 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> by a bridge of boats
+whenever they please, and who subdue nations and
+reduce islands by sweeping the inhabitants into a
+net,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 698 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; Herodotus 6. 31.</note> and make offerings of a thousand talents' worth
+of frankincense.<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 183.</note> Therefore he never praised Xerxes
+or any other king of Persia or Lydia or Macedonia,
+and not even a Greek general, save only a very
+few, whomsoever he knew to delight in virtue and
+to cherish courage with temperance and to love
+wisdom with justice. But those whom he saw to be
+cunning, or merely clever, or generals and nothing
+more, or ingenious, or able, though each one could
+lay claim to only one small fraction of virtue, to
+impose on the masses, these too he would not praise
+without reserve. And his judgment is followed by
+a host of wise men who reverence virtue, but as for
+all those wonders and marvels that I have described,
+some say of them that they are worth little, others
+that they are worth nothing.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ὑμῖν ταύτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, δέος οὐ
+φαῦλόν με ἔχει περὶ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν λόγων καὶ
+ἐμαυτοῦ, μή ποτε ἄρα τοὺς μὲν παιδιὰν<note place='foot'>παιδιὰν Cobet, <hi rend='italic'>Mnemosyne</hi> 10. παιδιὰς (earlier conjecture
+Cobet) Hertlein, παιδείους V, παῖδας MSS.</note> ἀποφήνητε,
+σοφιστὴν δὲ ἐμὲ γελοῖον καὶ ἀμαθῆ,
+μεταποιούμενον τέχνης, [D] ἧς σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἔχειν
+ὁμολογῶ, ὥς γ᾽ ἐμοὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὁμολογητέον ἐστὶ
+τοὺς ἀληθεῖς ἐπαίνους διεξιόντι καὶ ὧν ἀκούειν
+ἄξιον ὑμῖν οἴεσθε, εἰ καὶ ἀγροικότεροι καὶ ἐλάττους
+μακρῷ τῶν ῥηθέντων τοῖς πολλοῖς φαίνοιντο.
+εἰ δέ, ὅπερ ἔμπροσθεν ἔφην, ἀποδέχεσθε τοὺς
+ἐκείνων ποιητάς, ἐμοὶ μὲν ἀνεῖται τὸ δέος εὖ μάλα.
+οὐ γὰρ πάντα ὑμῖν ἄτοπος φανοῦμαι, ἀλλὰ
+πολλῶν μὲν οἶμαι φαυλότερος, κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν δὲ
+ἐξεταζόμενος οὐ παντάπασιν [80] ἀπόβλητος οὐδὲ
+ἀτόποις ἐπιχειρῶν. ὑμῖν δὲ ἴσως οὐ ῥᾴδιον σοφοῖς
+καὶ θείοις ἀπιστεῖν ἀνδράσιν, οἳ δὴ λέγουσι πολλὰ
+μὲν ἕκαστος ἰδίᾳ, τὸ κεφάλαιον δέ ἐστι τῶν λόγων
+ἀρετῆς ἔπαινος. ταύτην δὲ τῇ ψυχῇ φασιν
+ἐμφύεσθαι καὶ αὐτὴν ἀποφαίνειν εὐδαίμονα καὶ
+βασιλικὴν καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία πολιτικὴν καὶ στρατηγικὴν
+<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/><anchor id='Pg215'/>
+καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ πλουσίαν γε ἀληθῶς
+οὐ τὸ Κολοφώνιον ἔχουσαν χρυσίον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now if you also are of their opinion, I feel no inconsiderable
+alarm for what I said earlier, and for
+myself, lest possibly you should declare that my words
+are mere childishness, and that I am an absurd and
+ignorant sophist and make pretensions to an art in
+which I confess that I have no skill, as indeed I must
+confess to you when I recite eulogies that are really
+deserved, and such as you think it worth while to
+listen to, even though they should seem to most of
+you somewhat uncouth and far inferior to what
+has been already uttered. But if, as I said before,
+you accept the authors of those other eulogies, then
+my fear is altogether allayed. For then I shall not
+seem wholly out of place, but though, as I admit,
+inferior to many others, yet judged by my own
+standard, not wholly unprofitable nor attempting
+what is out of place. And indeed it is probably
+not easy for you to disbelieve wise and inspired
+men who have much to say, each in his own manner,
+though the sum and substance of all their speeches
+is the praise of virtue. And virtue they say is implanted
+in the soul and makes it happy and kingly,
+yes, by Zeus, and statesmanlike and gifted with true
+generalship, and generous and truly wealthy, not because
+it possesses the Colophonian<note place='foot'>The gold work of Colophon was proverbial for its excellence.
+Cf. Aristophanes, <hi rend='italic'>Cocalus fr.</hi> 8.</note> treasures of gold,)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>[B] Οὐδ᾽ ὅσα λάϊνος οὐδὸς ἀφήτορος ἐντὸς ἐέργε</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Nor all that the stone threshold of the Far-Darter contained within,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 404.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+τὸ πρὶν ἐπ᾽ εἰρήνης, ὅτε ἦν ὀρθὰ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων
+πράγματα, οὐδὲ ἐσθῆτα πολυτελῆ καὶ ψήφους Ἰνδικὰς
+καὶ γῆς πλέθρων μυριάδας πάνυ πολλάς,
+ἀλλ᾽ ὃ πάντων ἅμα τούτων καὶ κρεῖττον καὶ
+θεοφιλέστερον, ὃ καὶ ἐν ναυαγίαις ἔνεστι διασώσασθαι
+καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ καὶ ἐν δήμῳ καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ καὶ
+ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας, [C] ἐν λῃσταῖς μέσοις καὶ ἀπὸ τυράννων
+βιαίων.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>in the old days, in times of peace,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 22. 156.</note> when the
+fortunes of Greece had not yet fallen; nay nor costly
+clothing and precious stones from India and many
+tens of thousands of acres of land, but that which is
+superior to all these things together and more pleasing
+to the gods; which can keep us safe even in
+shipwreck, in the market-place, in the crowd, in the
+house, in the desert, in the midst of robbers, and
+from the violence of tyrants.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὅλως γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐκείνου κρεῖττον, ὃ
+βιασάμενον καθέξει καὶ ἀφαιρήσεται τὸν ἔχοντα
+ἅπαξ. ἔστι γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς ψυχῇ τὸ κτῆμα τοῦτο
+τοιοῦτον, ὁποῖον οἶμαι τὸ φῶς ἡλίῳ. καὶ γὰρ δὴ
+τοῦδε νεὼς μὲν καὶ ἀναθήματα πολλοὶ πολλάκις
+ὑφελόμενοι καὶ διαφθείραντες ᾤχοντο, δόντες μὲν
+ἄλλοι τὴν δίκην, ἄλλοι δὲ ὠλιγωρηθέντες ὡς οὐκ
+ἄξιοι κολάσεως εἰς ἐπανόρθωσιν φερούσης· τὸ
+φῶς δὲ οὐδεὶς αὐτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται, οὐδὲ ἐν ταῖς
+συνόδοις [D] ἡ σελήνη τὸν κύκλον ὑποτρέχουσα,
+οὐδὲ εἰς αὑτὴν δεχομένη τὴν ἀκτῖνα καὶ ἡμῖν
+πολλάκις, τοῦτο δὴ τὸ λεγόμενον, ἐκ μεσημβρίας
+νύκτα δεικνῦσα. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται
+φωτὸς τὴν σελήνην ἐξ ἐναντίας ἱσταμένην
+περιλάμπρων καὶ μεταδιδοὺς αὐτῇ τῆς αὑτοῦ
+φύσεως οὐδὲ τὸν μέγαν καὶ θαυμαστὸν τουτονὶ
+κόσμον ἐμπλήσας αὐγῆς καὶ ἡμέρας. οὔκουν
+<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/><anchor id='Pg217'/>
+οὐδὲ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς ἀρετῆς μεταδιδοὺς ἄλλῳ τῷ
+μεταδοθέντι μεῖον ἔχων ἐφάνη ποτέ· [81] οὕτω θεῖόν
+ἐστι κτῆμα καὶ πάγκαλον, καὶ οὐ ψευδὴς ὁ λόγος
+τοῦ Ἀθηναίου ξένου, ὅστις ποτὲ ἄρα ἦν ἐκεῖνος
+ὁ θεῖος ἀνήρ· πᾶς γὰρ ὅ τε ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς
+χρυσὸς ἀρετῆς οὐκ ἀντάξιος. θαρροῦντες οὖν
+ἤδη πλούσιον καλῶμεν τὸν ταύτην ἔχοντα, οἶμαι
+δὲ ἐγὼ καὶ εὐγενῆ καὶ βασιλέα μόνον τῶν
+ἁπάντων, εἴ τῳ ξυνδοκεῖ. κρείττων μὲν εὐγένεια
+φαυλότητος γένους, [B] κρείττων δὲ ἀρετὴ διαθέσεως
+οὐ πάντη σπουδαίας. καὶ μή τις οἰέσθω τὸν
+λόγον δύσεριν καὶ βίαιον εἰς τὴν συνήθειαν
+ἀφορῶν τῶν ὀνομάτων· φασὶ γὰρ οἱ πολλοὶ τοὺς
+ἐκ πάλαι πλουσίων εὐγενεῖς. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ
+ἄτοπον μάγειρον μὲν ἢ σκυτέα καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία
+κεραμέα τινὰ χρήματα ἐκ τῆς τέχνης ἢ καὶ
+ἄλλοθέν ποθεν ἀθροίσαντα μὴ δοκεῖν εὐγενῆ μηδὲ
+ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν ἐπονομάζεσθαι τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα,
+εἰ δὲ ὁ τούτου παῖς διαδεξάμενος τὸν κλῆρον εἰς
+τοὺς ἐκγόνους διαπορθμεύσειε, [C] τούτους δὲ ἤδη μέγα
+φρονεῖν καὶ τοῖς Πελοπίδαις ἢ τοῖς Ἡρακλείδαις
+ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὅστις
+προγόνων ἀγαθῶν ἔφυ, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν
+τοῦ βίου ῥοπὴν κατηνέχθη, δικαίως ἂν μεταποιοῖτο
+τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ξυγγενείας, εἰ<note place='foot'>εἰ Hertlein adds.</note> μηδὲ ἐς
+τοὺς Πελοπίδας ἐξῆν ἐγγράφεσθαι τοὺς μὴ
+φέροντας ἐπὶ τὸν ὤμον τοῦ γένους τὰ γνωρίσματα.
+λόγχη δὲ λέγεται περὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν
+τοῖς Σπαρτοῖς ἐντυπωθῆναι παρὰ τῆς τεκούσης
+<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/><anchor id='Pg219'/>
+καὶ θρεψαμένης αὐτοὺς βώλου, [D] καὶ τὸ
+ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ πολὺ διασωθῆναι τοῦτο τῷ γένει
+σύμβολον. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ψυχῶν οὐδὲν οἰόμεθα
+δεῖν ἐγκεχαράχθαι τοιοῦτον, ὃ τοὺς πατέρας
+ἡμῖν ἀκριβῶς κατερεῖ καὶ ἀπελέγξει τὸν τόκον
+γνήσιον; ὑπάρχειν δὲ φασι καὶ Κελτοῖς ποταμὸν
+ἀδέκαστον κριτὴν τῶν ἐκγόνων·<note place='foot'>ἐκγόνων MSS., cf. 82 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a b</hi>, ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</note> καὶ οὐ πείθουσιν
+αὐτὸν οὔτε αἱ μητέρες ὀδυρόμεναι συγκαλύπτειν
+αὐταῖς [82] καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν τὴν ἁμαρτάδα οὔτε
+οἱ πατέρες ὑπὲρ τῶν γαμετῶν καὶ τῶν ἐκγόνων<note place='foot'>ἐκγόνων MSS., ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</note>
+ἐπὶ τῇ κρίσει δειμαίνοντες, ἀτρεκὴς δὲ ἐστι καὶ
+ἀψευδὴς κριτής. ἡμᾶς δὲ δεκάζει μέν πλοῦτος,
+δεκάζει δὲ ἰσχὺς καὶ ὥρα σώματος καὶ δυναστεία
+προγόνων ἔξωθεν ἐπισκιάζουσα, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει
+διορᾶν οὐδὲ ἀποβλέπειν ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν, ᾗπερ δὴ τῶν
+ἄλλων ζῴων διαφέροντες εἰκότως ἂν κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τὴν
+ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ποιοίμεθα κρίσιν. καί μοι δοκοῦσιν
+εὐστοχίᾳ φύσεως [B] οἱ πάλαι θαυμαστῇ χρώμενοι,
+καὶ οὐκ ἐπίκτητον ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἔχοντες τὸ
+φρονεῖν, οὔτι πλαστῶς, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοφυῶς φιλοσοφοῦντες,
+τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα
+τοῦ Διὸς ἀνειπεῖν ἔκγονον<note place='foot'>ἔκγονον MSS., Cobet, ἔγγονον Hertlein.</note> καὶ τὼ τῆς Λήδας ιἱέε,
+Μίνω τε οἶμαι τὸν νομοθέτην καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυν τὸν
+Κνώσιον τῆς αὐτῆς ἀξιῶσαι φήμης· καὶ ἄλλους δὲ
+ἄλλων ἐκγόνους ἀνεκήρυττον πολλοὺς διαφέροντας
+τῶν φύσει πατέρων. ἔβλεπον γὰρ ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν
+αὐτὴν καὶ τὰς πράξεις, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐς πλοῦτον βαθὺν
+<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/><anchor id='Pg221'/>
+καὶ χρόνῳ πολιόν, οὐδὲ δυναστείαν ἐκ πάππων
+τινῶν καὶ ἐπιπάππων ἐς αὐτοὺς ἥκουσαν· [C] καίτοι
+γε ὑπῆρχέ τισιν οὐ παντάπασιν ἀδόξων γενέσθαι
+πατέρων· ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἧς ἐτίμων τε
+καὶ ἐθεράπευον ἀρετῆς αὐτῶν ἐνομίζοντο τῶν θεῶν
+παῖδες. δῆλον δὲ ἐνθένδε· ἄλλων γὰρ οὐδὲ εἰδότες
+τοὺς φύσει γονέας ἐς τὸ δαιμόνιον ἀνῆπτον τὴν
+φήμην, τῇ περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀρετῇ χαριζόμενοι. καὶ οὐ
+πειστέον τοῖς λέγουσιν, ὡς ἄρα ἐκεῖνοι ὑπ᾽ ἀμαθίας
+ἐξαπατώμενοι ταῦτα τῶν θεῶν κατεψεύδοντο.
+εἰ γὰρ δὴ [D] καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰκὸς ἦν ἐξαπατηθῆναι
+θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων, σχήματα περιτιθέντας
+ἀνθρώπινα καὶ μορφὰς τοιαύτας, ἀφανῆ μὲν
+αἰσθήσει καὶ ἀνέφικτον κεκτημένων αὐτῶν φύσιν,
+νῷ δὲ ἀκριβεῖ διὰ ξυγγένειαν μόλις προσπίπτουσαν·
+οὔτι γε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμφανῶν θεῶν τοῦτο
+παθεῖν εὔλογον ἐκείνους, Ἡλίου μὲν ἐπιφημίζοντας
+Αἰήτην υἱέα, Ἑωσφόρου δὲ ἕτερον, καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλων.
+ὅπερ δὲ ἔφην, [83] χρὴ περὶ αὐτῶν πειθομένους
+ἡμᾶς ταύτην ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας
+ἐξέτασιν· καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἂν ὦσιν ἀγαθοὶ πατέρες καὶ
+αὐτὸς ἐκείνοις ἐμφερής, τοῦτον ὀνομάζειν θαρρούντως
+εὐγενῆ· ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν τῶν πατέρων ὑπῆρξεν
+ἀρετῆς ἐνδεᾶ, αὐτὸς δὲ μετεποιήθη τούτου τοῦ κτήματος,
+τούτου δὲ νομιστέον πατέρα τὸν Δία καὶ
+φυτουργόν, καὶ οὐδὲν μεῖον αὐτῷ δοτέον ἐκείνων,
+οἳ γεγονότες πατέρων ἀγαθῶν τοὺς σφῶν τοκέας
+ἐζήλωσαν· [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν γέγονε μοχθηρός,
+<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/><anchor id='Pg223'/>
+τοῦτον τοῖς νόθοις ἐγγράφειν ἄξιον· τοὺς δὲ ἐκ
+μοχθηρῶν φῦντας καὶ προσομοίους τοῖς αὑτῶν τοκεῦσιν
+οὔποτε εὐγενεῖς φατέον, οὐδὲ εἰ πλουτοῖεν
+ταλάντοις μυρίοις, οὐδὲ εἰ ἀπαριθμοῖντο προγόνους
+δυνάστας ἢ ναὶ μὰ Δία τυράννους εἴκοσιν, οὐδὲ εἰ
+νίκας Ὀλυμπιακὰς ἢ Πυθικὰς ἢ τῶν πολεμικῶν
+ἀγώνων, [C] αἳ δὴ τῷ παντὶ ἐκείνων εἰσὶ λαμπρότεραι,
+ἀνελομένους ἔχοιεν δείκνυσθαι πλείους ἢ Καῖσαρ
+ὁ πρῶτος, ὀρύγματά τε<note place='foot'>τε Hertlein adds.</note> τὰ Ἀσσύρια καὶ τὰ Βαβυλωνίων
+τείχη πυραμίδας τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰς
+Αἰγυπτίων, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πλούτου καὶ χρημάτων
+καὶ τρυφῆς γέγονε σημεῖα καὶ διανοίας ὑπὸ
+φιλοτιμίας ἀναφλεγομένης καὶ ἀπορουμένης<note place='foot'>καὶ ἀπορουμένης Hertlein suggests.</note> ἐς
+ὅ,τι τῷ πλούτῳ χρήσεται, εἶτα ἐς τοῦτο τὰς τῶν
+χρημάτων εὐπορίας καταβαλλομένης. εὖ γὰρ
+δὴ ἴστε, ὡς οὔτε πλοῦτος ἀρχαῖος ἢ νεωστί ποθεν
+ἐπιρρέων Βασιλέα ποιεῖ οὔτε [D] ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον
+οὔτε τιάρα καὶ σκῆπτρον καὶ διάδημα καὶ θρόνος
+ἀρχαῖος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλῖται πολλοῖ καὶ ἱππεῖς
+μυρίοι, οὐδὲ εἰ πάντες ἄνθρωποι βασιλέα σφῶν
+τοῦτον ὁμολογοῖεν συνελθόντες, ὅτι μηδὲ ἀρετὴν
+οὗτοι χαρίζονται, ἀλλὰ δυναστείαν μὲν οὐ μάλα
+εὐτυχῆ τῷ λαβόντι, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τοῖς παρασχομένοις.
+δεξάμενος γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος αἴρεται μετέωρος
+ἐπίπαν, οὐδὲν διαφέρων τοῦ περὶ τὸν Φαέθοντα
+μύθου καὶ πάθους. καὶ οὐδὲν ἑτέρων δεῖ παραδειγμάτων
+πρὸς πίστιν τῷ λόγῳ, [84] τοῦ βίου παντὸς
+ἀναπεπλησμένου τοιούτων παθημάτων καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς
+λόγων. ὑμῖν δὲ εἰ θαυμαστὸν δοκεῖ τὸ μὴ
+<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/><anchor id='Pg225'/>
+δικαίως μεταποιεῖσθαι τῆς καλῆς ταύτης καὶ θεοφιλοῦς
+ἐπωνυμίας τοὺς πολλῆς μὲν γῆς καὶ ἐθνῶν
+ἀπείρων ἄρχοντας, γνώμῃ δὲ αὐτεξουσίῳ δίχα νοῦ
+καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ ξυνεπομένων ἀρετῶν
+τὰ προστυχόντα κρίνοντας· ἴστε οὐδὲ ἐλευθέρους
+ὄντας, [B] οὐ μόνον εἰ τὰ παρόντα οὐδενός σφισιν
+ἐμποδὼν ὄντος ἔχοιεν καὶ ἐμφοροῖντο τῆς ἐξουσίας,
+ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ τῶν ἐπιστρατευόντων κρατοῖεν καὶ
+ἐπιόντες ἀνυπόστατοί τινες καὶ<note place='foot'>τινες καὶ Hertlein suggests, τινες σφόδρα καὶ MSS.</note> ἄμαχοι φαίνοιντο.
+εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις ὑμῶν τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε,
+μάλα ἐμφανῶν μαρτύρων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν, Ἑλλήνων
+ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων, οἳ μάχας πολλὰς καὶ
+ἰσχυρὰς λίαν μαχεσάμενοι καὶ νενικηκότες ἔθνη
+μὲν ἐκτῶντο καὶ [C] αὑτοῖς φόρους ἀπάγειν κατηνάνκαζον,
+ἐδούλευον δὲ αἴσχιον ἐκείνων ἡδονῇ καὶ
+τρυφῇ καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ καὶ ὕβρει καὶ ἀδικίᾳ.
+τούτους δὲ οὐδὲ ἰσχυροὺς ἂν φαίη νοῦν ἔχων
+ἀνήρ, εἰ καὶ ἐπιφαίνοιτο καὶ ἐπιλάμποι μέγεθος
+τοῖς ἔργοις. μόνος γάρ ἐστι τοιοῦτος ὁ μετὰ
+ἀρετῆς ἀνδρεῖος καὶ μεγαλόφρων· ὅστις δὲ ἥττων
+μὲν ἡδονῶν, ἀκράτωρ δὲ ὀργῆς καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν
+παντοιῶν, καὶ ὑπὸ σμικρῶν ἀπαγορεύειν ἀναγκαζόμενος,
+οὗτος δὲ [D] οὐδὲ ἰσχυρὸς οὐδὲ ἀνδρεῖος
+ἀνθρωπίνην ἰσχύν· ἐπιτρεπτέον δὲ ἴσως αὐτῷ κατὰ
+τοὺς ταύρους ἢ τοὺς λέοντας ἢ τὰς παρδάλεις τῇ
+ῥώμῃ γάνυσθαι, εἰ μὴ καὶ ταύτην ἀποβαλὼν
+καθάπερ οἱ κηφῆνες ἀλλοτρίοις ἐφέστηκε πόνοις,
+αὐτὸς ὢν μαλθακὸς αἰχμητὴς καὶ δειλὸς καὶ
+ἀκόλαστος. τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν οὐ μόνον ἀληθοῦς
+ἐνδεὴς πλούτου καθέστηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ πολυτιμήτου
+καὶ σεμνοῦ καὶ ἀγαπητοῦ, ἐξ οὗ παντοδαπαὶ
+<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/><anchor id='Pg227'/>
+κρεμάμεναι ψυχαὶ πράγματα ἔχουσι μυρία καὶ
+πόνους, [85] τοῦ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν κέρδους ἕνεκα πλεῖν τε ὑπομένουσαι
+καὶ καπηλεύειν καὶ λῃστεύειν καὶ ἀναρπάζειν
+τὰς τυραννίδας. ζῶσι γὰρ ἀεὶ μὲν κτώμενοι,
+ἀεὶ δὲ ἐνδεεῖς, οὔτι τῶν ἀναγαίων φημὶ σιτίων
+καὶ ποτῶν καὶ ἐσθημάτων· ὥρισται γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος
+πλοῦτος εὖ μάλα παρὰ τῆς φύσεως, καὺ οὐκ
+ἔστιν αὐτοῦυ στέρεσθαι οὔτε τοὺς ὄρνιθας οὔτε τοὺς
+ἰχθῦς<note place='foot'>ἰχθῦς Hertlein suggests, ἰχθύας MSS., cf. 59 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, ἰχθῦας V.</note> οὔτε τὰ θηρία, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀνθρώπων τοὺς
+σώφρονας· [B] ὅσους δὲ ἐνοχλεῖ χρημάτων ἀπιθυμία
+καὶ ἔρως δυστυχής, τούτους δὲ ἀνάγκη πεινῆν διὰ
+βίου καὶ ἀθλιώτερον ἀπαλλάττειν μακρῷ τῶν τῆς
+ἐφημέρου τροφῆς ἐνδεομένων. τούτοις μὲν γὰρ
+ἀποπλήσασι τὴν γαστέρα πολλὴ γέγονεν εἰρήνη
+καὶ ἀνοκωχὴ τῆς ἀλγηδόνος, ἐκείνοις δὲ οὔτε
+ἡμέρα πέφηνεν ἀκερδὴς ἡδεῖα, οὔτε εὐφρόνη τὸν
+λυσιμελῆ καὶ λυσιμέριμνον ὕπνον ἐπάγουσα
+παῦλαν ἐνεποίησε τῆς ἐμμανοῦς λύττης, [C] στροβεῖ
+δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ στρέφει τὴν ψυχὴν ἐκλογιζομένων
+καὶ ἀπαριθμουμένων τὰ χρήματα· καὶ οὐκ
+ἐξαιρεῖται τοὺς ἄνδρας τῆς ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τῆς ἐπ᾽
+αὐτῇ ταλαιπωρίας<note place='foot'>ταλαιπωρίας Hertlein suggests, λοιδορίας MSS.</note> οὐδὲ ὁ Ταντάλου καὶ Μίδου
+πλοῦτος περιγενόμενος οὐδὲ ἡ μεγίστη καὶ
+χαλεπωτάτη δαιμόνων τυραννὶς προσγενομένη. ἢ
+γὰρ οὐκ ἀκηκόατε Δαρεῖον τὸν Περσῶν μονάρχην,<note place='foot'>μονάρχην Cobet, μονάρχην μισθωτόν MSS., Hertlein suggests
+μόναρχον μισθωτόν, ἢ μισθωτὸν Reiske, μονάρχου V.</note>
+οὐ παντάπασι μοχθηρὸν ἄνθρωπον, δυσέρωτα δὲ
+αἰσχρῶς εἰς χρήματα καὶ νεκρῶν θήκας ὑπὸ τῆς
+ἐπιθυμίας διορύττειν<note place='foot'>After διορύττειν Cobet omits ἀναπειθόμενον.</note> καὶ πολυτελεῖς [D] ἐπιτάττειν
+<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/><anchor id='Pg229'/>
+φόρουσ; ὅθεν αὐτῷ τὸ κλεινὸν ὄνομα γέγονε κατὰ
+πάντας ἀνθρώπους·<note place='foot'>ἀνθρώπους· Cobet, ἀνθρώπους ἐκφανέσ· Hertlein, ἐκφανὲς
+V, M, ἐμφανὲς MSS.</note> ἐκάλουν γὰρ αὐτὸν Περσῶν
+οἱ γνώριμοι ὅτιπερ Ἀθηναῖοι τὸν Σάραμβον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For there is nothing at all superior to it, nothing
+that can constrain and control it, or take it from him
+who has once possessed it. Indeed it seems to me
+that this possession bears the same relation to the
+soul as its light to the sun. For often men have
+stolen the votive offerings of the Sun and destroyed
+his temples and gone their way, and some have
+been punished, and others let alone as not worthy of
+the punishment that leads to amendment. But his
+light no one ever takes from the sun, not even the
+moon when in their conjunctions she oversteps his
+disc, or when she takes his rays to herself, and
+often, as the saying is, turns midday into night.<note place='foot'>First used by Archilochus, <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 74, in a description of an
+eclipse of the sun.</note>
+Nor is he deprived of his light when he illumines
+the moon in her station opposite to himself and
+shares with her his own nature, nor when he fills
+with light and day this great and wonderful universe.
+Just so no good man who imparts his goodness to
+another was ever thought to have less virtue by as
+much as he had bestowed. So divine and excellent
+is that possession, and most true is the saying of the
+Athenian stranger, whoever that inspired man may
+have been: <q>All the gold beneath the earth and
+above ground is too little to give in exchange for virtue.</q><note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 728 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>
+Let us therefore now boldly call its possessor
+wealthy, yes and I should say well-born also, and
+the only king among them all,<note place='foot'>Horace, <hi rend='italic'>Epistles</hi> 1. 1. 106.</note> if anyone agree to
+this. For as noble birth is better than a lowly
+pedigree, so virtue is better than a character not in
+all respects admirable. And let no one say that this
+statement is contentious and too strong, judging by
+the ordinary use of words. For the multitude are
+wont to say that the sons of those who have long
+been rich are well-born. And yet is it not extraordinary
+that a cook or cobbler, yes, by Zeus, or
+some potter who has got money together by his
+craft, or by some other means, is not considered
+well-born nor is given that title by the many,
+whereas if this man's son inherit his estate and hand
+it on to his sons, they begin to give themselves airs
+and compete on the score of noble birth with the
+Pelopids and the Heraclids? Nay, even a man who
+is born of noble ancestors, but himself sinks down in
+the opposite scale of life, could not justly claim
+kinship with those ancestors, seeing that no one
+could be enrolled among the Pelopids who had not
+on his shoulder the birth-mark<note place='foot'>One shoulder was white as ivory.</note> of that family.
+And in Boeotia it was said that there was the
+impression of a spear on the Sown-men<note place='foot'>The Sparti, sprung from the dragon's teeth sown by
+Cadmus.</note> from the
+clod of earth that bore and reared them, and that
+hence the race long preserved that distinguishing
+mark. And can we suppose that on men's souls no
+mark of that sort is engraved, which shall tell us
+accurately who their fathers were and vindicate
+their birth as legitimate? They say that the Celts
+also have a river<note place='foot'>The Rhine; cf. Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Epistle</hi> 16.</note> which is an incorruptible
+judge of offspring, and neither can the mothers
+persuade that river by their laments to hide and
+conceal their fault for them, nor the fathers who are
+afraid for their wives and sons in this trial, but it is
+an arbiter that never swerves or gives a false verdict.
+But we are corrupted by riches, by physical strength
+in its prime, by powerful ancestors, an influence from
+without that overshadows and does not permit us to
+see clearly or discern the soul; for we are unlike all
+other living things in this, that by the soul and by
+nothing else, we should with reason make our decision
+about noble birth. And it seems to me that the
+ancients, employing a wondrous sagacity of nature,
+since their wisdom was not like ours a thing acquired,
+but they were philosophers by nature, not manufactured,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 642 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note>
+perceived the truth of this, and so they
+called Heracles the son of Zeus, and Leda's two
+sons also, and Minos the law-giver, and Rhadamanthus
+of Cnossus they deemed worthy of the same
+distinction. And many others they proclaimed to
+be the children of other gods, because they so
+surpassed their mortal parents. For they looked at
+the soul alone and their actual deeds, and not at
+wealth piled high and hoary with age, nor at the
+power that had come down to them from some
+grandfather or great-grandfather. And yet some of
+them were the sons of fathers not wholly inglorious.
+But because of the superabundance in them of that
+virtue which men honoured and cherished, they
+were held to be the sons of the gods themselves.
+This is clear from the following fact. In the case of
+certain others, though they did not know those who
+were by nature their sires, they ascribed that title
+to a divinity, to recompense the virtue of those men.
+And we ought not to say that they were deceived,
+and that in ignorance they told lies about the gods.
+For even if in the case of other gods or deities it
+was natural that they should be so deceived, when
+they clothed them in human forms and human
+shapes, though those deities possess a nature not
+to be perceived or attained by the senses, but
+barely recognisable by means of pure intelligence,
+by reason of their kinship with it; nevertheless in
+the case of the visible gods it is not probable
+that they were deceived, for instance, when they
+entitled Aeetes <q>son of Helios</q> and another<note place='foot'>Memnon.</note> <q>son of
+the Dawn,</q> and so on with others. But, as I said,
+we must in these cases believe them, and make our
+enquiry about noble birth accordingly. And when a
+man has virtuous parents and himself resembles
+them, we may with confidence call him nobly born.
+But when, though his parents lack virtue, he himself
+can claim to possess it, we must suppose that the
+father who begat him is Zeus, and we must not pay
+less respect to him than to those who are the sons
+of virtuous fathers and emulate their parents. But
+when a bad man comes of good parents, we ought to
+enrol him among the bastards, while as for those who
+come of a bad stock and resemble their parents,
+never must we call them well-born, not even though
+their wealth amounts to ten thousand talents, not
+though they reckon among their ancestors twenty
+rulers, or, by Zeus, twenty tyrants, not though they
+can prove that the victories they won at Olympia or
+Pytho or in the encounters of war&mdash;which are in
+every way more brilliant than victories in the games&mdash;were
+more than the first Caesar's, or can point to
+excavations in Assyria<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 3. 126.</note> or to the walls of Babylon and
+the Egyptian pyramids besides, and to all else that is
+a proof of wealth and great possessions and luxury
+and a soul that is inflamed by ambition and, being at
+a loss how to use money, lavishes on things of that sort
+all those abundant supplies of wealth. For you are
+well aware that it is not wealth, either ancestral or
+newly acquired and pouring in from some source or
+other, that makes a king, nor his purple cloak nor
+his tiara and sceptre and diadem and ancestral
+throne, nay nor numerous hoplites and ten thousand
+cavalry; not though all men should gather together
+and acknowledge him for their king, because virtue
+they cannot bestow on him, but only power, ill-omened
+indeed for him that receives it, but still
+more for those that bestow it. For once he has
+received such power, a man of that sort is altogether
+raised aloft in the clouds, and in nowise
+differs from the legend of Phaethon and his fate.
+And there is no need of other instances to make
+us believe this saying, for the whole of life is
+full of such disasters and tales about them. And
+if it seems surprising to you that the title of king,
+so honourable, so favoured by the gods, cannot
+justly be claimed by men who, though they rule
+over a vast territory and nations without number,
+nevertheless settle questions that arise by an
+autocratic decision, without intelligence or wisdom
+or the virtues that go with wisdom, believe me they
+are not even free men; I do not mean if they merely
+possess what they have with none to hinder them
+and have their fill of power, but even though they
+conquer all who make war against them, and, when
+they lead an invading army, appear invincible and
+irresistible. And if any of you doubt this statement,
+I have no lack of notable witnesses, Greek and
+barbarian, who fought and won many mighty battles,
+and became the masters of whole nations and compelled
+them to pay tribute, and yet were themselves
+slaves in a still more shameful degree of pleasure,
+money and wantonness, insolence and injustice. And
+no man of sense would call them even powerful, not
+though greatness should shine upon and illumine
+all that they achieved. For he alone is strong whose
+virtue aids him to be brave and magnanimous. But
+he who is the slave of pleasure and cannot control his
+temper and appetites of all sorts, but is compelled to
+succumb to trivial things, is neither brave himself
+nor strong with a man's strength, though we may
+perhaps allow him to exult like a bull or lion or
+leopard<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 17, 20.</note> in his brute force, if indeed he do not lose
+even this and, like a drone, merely superintend the
+labours of others, himself a <q>feeble warrior,</q><note place='foot'>Homeric phrase: <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 17. 588.</note> and
+cowardly and dissolute. And if that be his character,
+he is lacking not only in true riches, but in that wealth
+also which men so highly honour and reverence and
+desire, on which hang the souls of men of all sorts,
+so that they undergo countless toils and labours for
+the sake of daily gain, and endure to sail the sea and
+to trade and rob and grasp at tyrannies. For they live
+ever acquiring but ever in want, though I do not say
+of necessary food and drink and clothes; for the limit
+of this sort of property has been clearly defined by
+nature and none can be deprived of it, neither birds
+nor fish nor wild beasts, much less prudent men.
+But those who are tortured by the desire and fatal
+passion for money must suffer a lifelong hunger,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 832 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> and
+depart from life more miserably than those who lack
+daily food. For these, once they have filled their
+bellies, enjoy perfect peace and respite from their
+torment, but for those others no day is sweet that
+does not bring them gain, nor does night with her
+gift of sleep that relaxes the limbs and frees men
+from care<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 20. 56.</note> bring for them any remission of their raging
+madness, but distracts and agitates their souls as
+they reckon and count up their money. And not even
+the wealth of Tantalus and Midas, should they possess
+it, frees those men from their desire and their
+hard toil therewith, nay nor <q>Tyranny the greatest
+and sternest of the gods,</q><note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi> 506 and <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 252, Nauck.</note> should they become
+possessed of this also. For have you not heard that
+Darius, the ruler of Persia, a man not wholly base,
+but insatiably and shamefully covetous of money, dug
+up in his greed even the tombs of the dead<note place='foot'>Of Queen Nitocris, Herodotus 1. 187.</note> and
+exacted the most costly tribute? And hence he
+acquired the title<note place='foot'><q>Huckster</q> (κάπηλος) Herodotus 3. 89.</note> that is famous among all mankind.
+For the notables of Persia called him by the
+name that the Athenians gave to Sarambos.<note place='foot'>Or Sarabos, a Plataean wineseller at Athens; Plato,
+<hi rend='italic'>Gorgias</hi> 518 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>; perhaps to be identified with the <hi rend='italic'>Vinarius
+Exaerambus</hi> in Plautus, <hi rend='italic'>Asinaria</hi> 436; cf. Themistius 297 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γὰρ ὁ λόγος, ὥσπερ ὁδοῦ τινος κατάντους
+ἐπιλαβόμενος, ἀφειδῶς ἐμφορεῖσθαι τῆς
+καταρρήσεως καὶ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος κολάζειν τῶν
+ἀνδρῶν τοὺς τρόπους, ὥστε οὐκ ἐπιτρεπτέον αὐτῷ
+περαιτέρω φοιτᾶν. [86] ἀπαιτητέον δὲ εἰς δύναμιν τὸν
+ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ βασιλικὸν καὶ μεγαλόφρονα.
+ἔστι δὲ πρῶτον μὲν εὐσεβὴς καὶ οὐκ ὀλίγωρος
+θεραπείας θεῶν, εἶτα ἐς τοὺς τοκέας ζῶντάς τε
+οἶμαι καὶ τελευτήσαντας ὅσιος καὶ ἐπιμελής,
+ἀδελφοῖς τε εὔνους, καὶ ὁμογνίους θεοὺς αἰδούμενος,
+ἱκέταις καὶ ξένοις πρᾷος καὶ μείλιχος, τοῖς
+μὲν ἀγαθοῖς τῶν πολιτῶν ἀρέσκειν ἐθέλων, τῶν
+πολλῶν δὲ ἐπιμελόμενος ἐν δίκῃ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ·
+ἀγαπᾷ δὲ πλοῦτον, [B] οὔτι τὸν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ
+βριθόμενον, φίλων δὲ ἀληθοῦς εὐνοίας καὶ ἀκολακεύτου
+θεραπείας μεστόν· ἀνδρεῖος μὲν φύσει
+καὶ μεγαλοπρεπής, πολέμῳ δὲ ἥκιστα χαίρων
+καὶ στάσιν ἐμφύλιον ἀπεχθαίρων, τούς γε
+μὴν ἔκ τινος τύχης ἐπιφυομένους ἢ διὰ τὴν
+σφῶν αὐτῶν μοχθηρίαν ἀνδρείως ὑφιστάμενος
+καὶ ἀμυνόμενος ἐγκρατῶς, τέλος τε ἐπάγων τοῖς
+ἔργοις καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἀφιστάμενος, πρὶν ἂν
+ἐξέλῃ [C] τῶν πολεμίων τὴν δύναμιν καὶ ὑποχείριον
+αὑτῷ ποιήσηται. κρατήσας δὲ μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων
+<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/><anchor id='Pg231'/>
+ἔπαυσε τὸ ξίφος φόνων, μίασμα κρίνων τὸν
+οὐκ ἀμυνόμενον ἔτι κτείνειν καὶ ἀναιρεῖν. φιλόπονος
+δὲ ὢν φύσει καὶ μεγαλόψυχος κοινωνεῖ
+μὲν ἅπασι τῶν πόνων, καὶ ἔχειν ἐν αὐτοῖς τὸ
+πλέον ἀξιοῖ, μεταδίδωσι δὲ ἐκείνοις τῶν κινδύνων
+τὰ ἔπαθλα, χαίρων καὶ γεγηθὼς οὔτι τῷ
+πλέον ἔχειν τῶν ἄλλων χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον καὶ
+ἐπαύλεις κόσμῳ πολυτελεῖ κατεσκευασμένας, [D]
+ἀλλὰ τῷ πολλοὺς μὲν εὖ ποιεῖν δύνασθαι, χαρίζεσθαι
+δὲ ἅπασιν ὅτου ἂν τύχωσιν ἐνδεεῖς ὄντες·
+τούτων αὑτὸν ὅ γε ἀληθινὸς ἀξιοῖ βασιλεύς.
+φιλόπολις<note place='foot'>φιλοπολίτης Hertlein suggests, but cf. Isocrates <hi rend='italic'>To Nicocles</hi> 15.</note> δὲ ὢν καὶ φιλοστρατιώτης τῶν μὲν
+καθάπερ νομεὺς ποιμνίων ἐπιμελεῖται, προνοῶν
+ὅπως ἂν αὐτῷ θάλλῃ καὶ εὐθηνῆται τὰ θρέμματα
+δαψιλοῦς καὶ ἀταράχου τῆς νομῆς ἐμπιμπλάμενα,
+τοὺς δὲ ἐφορᾷ καὶ συνέχει, πρὸς ἀνδρείαν καὶ
+ῥώμην καὶ πρᾳότητα γυμνάζων καθάπερ σκύλακας
+εὐφυεῖς [87] καὶ γενναίους τῆς ποίμνης φύλακας,
+ἔργων τε αὑτῷ κοινωνοὺς καὶ ἐπικούρους τῷ
+πλήθει νομίζων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ ἁρπακτῆρας τινας
+οὐδὲ λυμεῶνας τῶν ποιμνίων καθάπερ οἱ λύκοι
+καὶ κυνῶν οἱ φαυλότατοι, οἳ<note place='foot'>οἳ Hertlein adds.</note> τῆς αὑτῶν φύσεως
+καὶ τροφῆς ἐπιλαθόμενοι ἀντὶ σωτήρων καὶ
+προαγωνιστῶν ἀνεφάνησαν αὐτοὶ δηλήμονες·
+οὐδὲ μὴν ὑπνηλοὺς ἀνέξεται εἶναι καὶ ἀργοὺς
+καὶ ἀπολέμους, ὅπως ἂν μὴ φυλάκων ἑτέρων
+οἱ φρουροὶ δέωνται, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀπειθεῖς τοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς Hertlein suggests.</note>
+ἄρχουσιν, εἰδὼς ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστα πάντων, ἔστι
+δὲ ὅπου καὶ μόνον ἀπόχρη σωτήριον ἐπιτήδευμα
+<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/><anchor id='Pg233'/>
+πρὸς πόλεμον· πόνων δὲ ἁπάντων ἀδεεῖς<note place='foot'>ἀδεεῖς Reiske, ἐνδεεῖς MSS., Hertlein.</note> καὶ
+ἀτεράμονας, οὔτι ῥᾳθύμους ἐργάσεται, ἐπιστάμενος
+ὅτι μὴ μέγα ὄφελος φύλακος τὸν πόνον
+φεύγοντος καὶ οὐ δυναμένου καρτερεῖν οὐδὲ ἀντέχειν
+πρὸς κάματον. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ παραινῶν μόνον
+οὐδὲ ἐπαινῶν τοῦς ἀγαθοὺς προθύμως καὶ χαριζόμενος
+ἢ κολάζων ἐγκρατῶς [C] καὶ ἀπαραιτήτως ξυμπείθει
+καὶ βιάζεται, ἀλλὰ πολὺ πρότερον αὑτὸν
+τοιοῦτον ἐπιδεικνύων, ἀπεχόμενος μὲν ἡδονῆς
+ἁπάσης, χρημάτων δὲ οὐδὲν οὔτε σμικρὸν οὔτε
+μεῖζον ἐπιθυμῶν καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος τῶν ὑπηκόων,
+ὕπνῳ τε εἴκων ὀλίγα καὶ τὴν ἀργίαν ἀποστρεφόμενος,
+ἀληθῶς γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὐδενὸς εἰς οὐδὲν ἄξιος
+καθεύδων ἀνὴρ ἢ καὶ ἐγρηγορὼς τοῖς καθεύδουσιν
+ἐμφερής. πειθομένους δὲ αὐτοὺς ἕξει καλῶς αὑτῷ
+τε οἲμαι καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν, [D] εἰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις
+πειθόμενος νόμοις καὶ τοῖς ὀρθοῖς ξυνεπόμενος
+διατάγμασι δῆλος εἴη, καὶ ὅλως τὴν ἡγεμονίαν
+ἀποδοὺς τῷ φύσει βασιλικῷ καὶ ἡγεμονικῷ τῆς
+ψυχῆς μορίῳ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τῷ θυμοειδεῖ καὶ ἀκολάστῳ.
+καὶ καρτερεῖν δὲ καὶ ὑπομένειν τόν τε
+ἐπὶ στρατιᾶς καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κάματον ὁπόσα
+τε κατὰ τὴν εἰρήνην ἐξηυρέθη γυμνάσια μελέτης
+ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ὀθνείους ἀγῶνας, πῶς ἄν
+τις μάλιστα πείσας εἴη,<note place='foot'>πείσας εἴη Naber, cf. 272 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 281 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, πείτειεν Hertlein,
+πεισθείη MSS.</note> ἢ δῆλον ὡς αὐτὸς ὁρώμενος
+καρτερὸς καὶ ἀδαμάντινος; [88] ἔστι γὰρ ἀληθῶς
+ἥδιστον θέαμα στρατιώτῃ πονουμένῳ σώφρων
+αὐτοκράτωρ, συνεφαπτόμενος ἔργων καὶ προθυμούμενος
+<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/><anchor id='Pg235'/>
+καὶ παρακαλῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς δοκοῦσι
+φοβεροῖς φαιδρὸς καὶ ἀδεὴς καὶ ὅπου λίαν θαρροῦσι
+σεμνὸς καὶ ἐμβριθής. πέφυκε γὰρ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι
+πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων εὐλαβείας
+πέρι καὶ θράσους. προνοητέον δὲ αὐτῷ
+τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ μεῖον ὅπως ἄφθονον τὴν τροφὴν
+ἔχωσι καὶ οὐδενὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδέωνται.
+[B] πολλάκις γὰρ οἱ πιστότατοι τῶν ποιμνίων φρουροὶ
+καὶ φύλακες ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας ἀναγκαζόμενοι
+ἄγριοι τέ εἰσι τοῖς νομεῦσι καὶ αὐτοὺς πόρρωθεν
+ἰδόντες περιυλακτοῦσι καὶ οὐδὲ τῶν προβάτων
+ἀπέσχοντο.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But it seems that my argument, as though it had
+reached some steep descent, is glutting itself with
+unsparing abuse, and is chastising the manners of
+these men beyond what is fitting, so that I must not
+allow it to travel further. But now I must demand
+from it an account, as far as is possible, of the man
+who is good and kingly and great-souled. In the
+first place, then, he is devout and does not neglect
+the worship of the gods, and secondly he is pious
+and ministers to his parents, both when they are
+alive and after their death, and he is friendly to his
+brothers, and reverences the gods who protect the
+family, while to suppliants and strangers he is mild
+and gentle; and he is anxious to gratify good
+citizens, and governs the masses with justice and for
+their benefit. And wealth he loves, but not that
+which is heavy with gold and silver, but that which
+is full of the true good-will of his friends,<note place='foot'>A saying of Alexander, cf. Themistius 203 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Stobaeus,
+<hi rend='italic'>Sermones</hi> 214; Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>To Nicocles</hi> 21.</note> and
+service without flattery. Though by nature he is
+brave and gallant, he takes no pleasure in war, and
+detests civil discord, though when men do attack him,
+whether from some chance, or by reason of their own
+wickedness, he resists them bravely and defends himself
+with energy, and carries through his enterprises
+to the end, not desisting till he has destroyed the
+power of the foe and made it subject to himself.
+But after he has conquered by force of arms, he
+makes his sword cease from slaughter, because he
+thinks that for one who is no longer defending
+himself to go on killing and laying waste is to incur
+pollution. And being by nature fond of work, and
+great of soul, he shares in the labours of all; and claims
+the lion's share of those labours, then divides with
+the others the rewards for the risks which he has
+run, and is glad and rejoices, not because he has
+more gold and silver treasure than other men, and
+palaces adorned with costly furniture, but because he
+is able to do good to many, and to bestow on all men
+whatever they may chance to lack. This is what he
+who is truly a king claims for himself. And since
+he loves both the city and the soldiers,<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>To Nicocles</hi> 15; Dio Chrysostom, <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> i.
+28.</note> he cares
+for the citizens as a shepherd for his flock, planning
+how their young may flourish and thrive, eating
+their full of abundant and undisturbed pasture; and
+his soldiers he oversees and keeps together, training
+them in courage, strength and mercy, like well-bred
+dogs, noble guardians of the flock,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 416 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> regarding them
+both as the partners of his exploits and the
+protectors of the masses, and not as spoilers and
+pillagers of the flock, like wolves and mongrel dogs
+which, forgetting their own nature and nurture, turn
+out to be marauders instead of preservers and
+defenders. Yet on the other hand, he will not
+suffer them to be sluggish, slothful and unwarlike,
+lest the guardians should themselves need others
+to watch them, nor disobedient to their officers,
+because he knows that obedience above all else,
+and sometimes alone, is the saving discipline in
+war. And he will train them to be hardy and
+not afraid of any labour, and never indolent, for
+he knows that there is not much use in a guardian
+who shirks his task and cannot hold out or endure
+fatigue. And not only by exhorting, or by his
+readiness to praise the deserving or by rewarding
+and punishing severely and inexorably, does he win
+them over to this and coerce them; but far rather
+does he show that he is himself what he would have
+them be, since he refrains from all pleasure, and as
+for money desires it not at all, much or little, nor
+robs his subjects of it; and since he abhors indolence
+he allows little time for sleep, For in truth no
+one who is asleep is good for anything,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 808 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> nor if, when
+awake he resembles those who are asleep. And he
+will, I think, succeed in keeping them wonderfully
+obedient to himself and to their officers, since he
+himself will be seen to obey the wisest laws and to
+live in accordance with right precepts, and in short
+to be under the guidance of that part of the
+soul which is naturally kingly and worthy to take
+the lead, and not of the emotional or undisciplined
+part. For how could one better persuade men
+to endure and undergo fatigue, not only in a campaign
+and under arms, but also in all those exercises
+that have been invented in times of peace to give
+men practice for conflicts abroad, than by being
+clearly seen to be oneself strong as adamant? For in
+truth the most agreeable sight for a soldier, when
+he is fighting hard, is a prudent commander who
+takes an active part in the work in hand, himself
+zealous while exhorting his men, who is cheerful and
+calm in what seems to be a dangerous situation, but
+on occasion stern and severe whenever they are over
+confident. For in the matter of caution or boldness
+the subordinate naturally imitates his leader. And he
+must plan as well, no less than for what I have
+mentioned, that they may have abundant provisions
+and run short of none of the necessaries of life. For
+often the most loyal guardians and protectors of the
+flock are driven by want to become fierce towards
+the shepherds, and when they see them from afar
+they bark at them and do not even spare the sheep.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 416 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τοιοῦτος μὲν ἐπὶ στρατοπέδων ὁ γενναῖος, πόλει
+δὲ σωτὴρ καὶ κηδεμών, οὔτι τοὺς ἔξωθεν μόνον
+ἀπείργων κινδύνους οὐδὲ ἀντιταττόμενος ἢ καὶ
+ἐπιστρατεύων βαρβάροις γείτοσι· στάσιν δὲ
+ἐξαιρῶν καὶ ἔθη [C] μοχθηρὰ καὶ τρυφὴν καὶ ἀκολασίαν
+τῶν μεγίστων κακῶν παρέξει ῥᾳστώνην.
+ὕβριν δὲ ἐξείργων καὶ παρανομίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν
+καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀμέτρου κτήσεως τὰς<note place='foot'>Before τὰς Hertlein omits καὶ.</note> ἐκ τούτων
+ἀναφυομένας στάσεις καὶ ἔριδας εἰς οὐδὲν χρηστὸν
+τελευτώσας οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνέξεται φῶναι, γενομένας
+δὲ ὡς ἔνι τάχιστα ἀφανιεῖ<note place='foot'>ἀφανιεῖ Cobet, ἀφανίσει MSS., Hertlein.</note> καὶ ἐξελάσει
+τῆς αὑτοῦ πόλεως. λήσεται δὲ αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς
+ὑπερβὰς τὸν νόμον καὶ βιασάμενος, οὐ<note place='foot'>οὐ Hertlein adds.</note> μᾶλλον ἢ
+τῶν πολεμίων τις τὸν χάρακα. [D] φύλαξ δὲ ὢν
+ἀγαθὸς τῶν νόμων, ἀμείνων ἔσται δημιουργός, εἴ
+ποτε καιρὸς καὶ τύχη καλοίη· καὶ οὐδεμία μηχανὴ
+πείθει τὸν τοιοῦτον ψευδῆ καὶ κίβδηλον καὶ νόθον
+<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/><anchor id='Pg237'/>
+τοῖς κειμένοις ἐπεισάγειν νόμον, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς
+αὑτοῦ παισὶ δούλειον καὶ ἀγεννὲς ἐπεισαγαγεῖν<note place='foot'>ἐπεισαγαγεῖν Hertlein, ἐπαγαγεῖν MSS.</note>
+σπέρμα. δίκης δὲ αὐτῷ μέλει καὶ θέμιδος, καὶ
+οὔτε γονεῖς οὔτε ξυγγενεῖς καὶ φίλοι πείθουσι
+καταχαρίσασθαί [89] σφιν καὶ προδοῦναι τὸ ἔνδικον.
+ὑπολαμβάνει γὰρ ἁπάντων εἶναι τὴν πατρίδα
+κοινὴν ἑστίαν καὶ μητέρα, πρεσβυτέραν μὲν καὶ
+σεμνοτέραν τῶν<note place='foot'>After τῶν Hertlein omits φίλων καὶ.</note> πατέρων, φιλτέραν δὲ ἀδελφῶν
+καὶ ξένων καὶ φίλων· ἧς ἀποσυλῆσαι τὸν νόμον
+καὶ βιάσασθαι μεῖζον ἀσέβημα κρίνει τῆς περὶ τὰ
+χρήματα τῶν θεῶν παρανομίας. ἔστι γὰρ ὁ νόμος
+ἔκγονος<note place='foot'>ἔγγονος Hertlein, MSS.</note> τῆς δίκης, ἱερὸν ἀνάθημα καὶ θεῖον ἀληθῶς
+τοῦ μεγίστου θεοῦ, ὃν οὐδαμῶς ὅ γε ἔμφρων ἀνὴρ
+περὶ σμικροῦ ποιήσεται οὐδὲ ἀτιμάσει· [B] ἀλλὰ ἐν
+δίκῃ πάντα δρῶν τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς τιμήσει προθύμως,
+τοὺς μοχθηροὺς δὲ ἐς δύναμιν ἰᾶσθαι
+καθάπερ ἰατρὸς ἀγαθὸς προθυμήσεται.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Such then is the good king at the head of his
+legions, but to his city he is a saviour and protector,
+not only when he is warding off dangers from without
+or repelling barbarian neighbours or invading them;
+but also by putting down civil discord, vicious
+morals, luxury and profligacy, he will procure relief
+from the greatest evils. And by excluding insolence,
+lawlessness, injustice and greed for boundless
+wealth, he will not permit the feuds that arise from
+these causes and the dissensions that end in disaster
+to show even the first sign of growth, and if they
+do arise he will abolish them as quickly as possible
+and expel them from his city. And no one who
+transgresses and violates the law will escape his
+notice, no more than would an enemy in the act of
+scaling his defences. But though he is a good
+guardian of the laws, he will be still better at
+framing them, if ever occasion and chance call on
+him to do so. And no device can persuade one of
+his character to add to the statutes a false and
+spurious and bastard law, any more than he would
+introduce among his own sons a servile and vulgar
+strain. For he cares for justice and the right, and
+neither parents nor kinsfolk nor friends can persuade
+him to do them a favour and betray the cause of
+justice. For he looks upon his fatherland as the
+common hearth and mother of all, older and more
+reverend than his parents, and more precious than
+brothers or friends or comrades; and to defraud or
+do violence to her laws he regards as a greater
+impiety than sacrilegious robbery of the money that
+belongs to the gods. For law is the child of justice,
+the sacred and truly divine adjunct of the most
+mighty god, and never will the man who is wise
+make light of it or set it at naught. But since all
+that he does will have justice in view, he will be
+eager to honour the good, and the vicious he will,
+like a good physician, make every effort to cure.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Διττῶν δὲ ὄντων τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, καὶ τῶν
+μὲν ὑποφαινόντων ἐλπίδας ἀμείνους καὶ οὐ πάντη
+τὴν θεραπείαν ἀπεστραμμένων, τῶν δὲ ἀνίατα
+πλημμελούντων· τούτοις δὲ οἱ νόμοι θάνατον
+λύσιν τῶν κακῶν ἐπενόησαν, οὐκ εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων
+μᾶλλον, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἄλλων ὠφέλειαν· [C] διττὰς
+δ᾽ ἀνάγκη τὰς κρίσεις γίγνεσθαι. οὐκοῦν τῶν
+μὲν ἰασίμων αὑτῷ προσήκειν ὑπολήψεται τήν
+τε ἐπίγνωσιν καὶ τὴν θεραπείαν, ἀφέξεται δὲ
+τῶν ἄλλων μάλα ἐρρωμένως, καὶ οὐκ ἄν ποτε
+ἑκὼν ἅψαιτο κρίσεως, ἐφ᾽ ᾗ θάνατος ἡ ζημία
+παρὰ τῶν νόμων τοῖς ὠφληκόσι τὴν δίκην
+<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/><anchor id='Pg239'/>
+προηγόρευται.<note place='foot'>προηγόρευται Hertlein suggests, προαγορεύεται MSS.</note> νομοθετῶν δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν τοιούτων
+ὕβριν μὲν καὶ χαλεπότητα καὶ πικρίαν τῶν τιμωριῶν
+ἀφαιρήσει, ἀποκληρώσει δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδρῶν
+σωφρόνων καὶ [D] διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου βάσανον οὐ φαύλην
+τῆς αὑτῶν ἀρετῆς παρασχομένων δικαστήριον,<note place='foot'>δικαστήριον Hertlein suggests, τὸ δικαστήριον MSS.</note>
+οἳ μηδὲν αὐθαδῶς μηδὲ ὁρμῇ τινι παντελῶς ἀλόγῳ
+χρώμενοι, ἐν ἡμέρας μορίῳ σμικρῷ βουλευσάμενοι,
+τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ βουλῇ δόντες, ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς πολίτου
+τὴν μέλαιναν οἴσουσι ψῆφον. αὐτῷ δὲ οὔτε ἐν
+τῇ χειρὶ ξίφος εἰς πολίτου, κἂν ἀδικῇ τὰ ἔσχατα,
+φόνον οὔτε ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ κέντρον ὑπεῖναι χρή,
+ὅπου καὶ τὴν τῶν μελιττῶν ὁρῶμεν βασιλεύουσαν
+καθαρὰν [90] ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως πλήκτρου γενομένην.
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ εἰς μελίττας βλεπτέον, εἰς αὐτὸν δὲ
+οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν τὸν βασιλέα οὗπερ εἶναι χρὴ
+τὸν ἀληθῶς ἄρχοντα προφήτην καὶ ὑπηρέτην.
+οὐκοῦν ὅσα μὲν ἀγαθὰ γέγονε παντελῶς τῆς
+ἐναντίας ἄμικτα φύσεως καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ κοινῇ
+τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου, τούτων
+δὲ αὐτὸς ἦν τε καὶ ἔστι δημιουργός· τὰ κακὰ
+δὲ οὔτ᾽ ἐγέννησεν οὔτ᾽ ἐπέταξεν εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὰ
+μὲν ἐφυγάδευσεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, [B] περὶ δὲ τὴν γῆν
+στρεφόμενα καὶ τὴν ἐκεῖθεν ἀποικίαν σταλεῖσαν
+τῶν ψυχῶν διαλαβόμενα κρίνειν ἐπέταξε καὶ
+διακαθαίρειν τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ καὶ ἐγγόνοις. τούτων
+δὲ οἱ μέν εἰσι σωτῆρες καὶ ἐπίκουροι τῆς
+ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀπαραίτητοι κριταί,
+τῶν ἀδικημάτων ὀξεῖαν καὶ δεινὴν ἐπάγοντες δίκην
+ζῶσί τε ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἀπολυθεῖσι τῶν σωμάτων,
+<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/><anchor id='Pg241'/>
+οἱ δὲ ὥσπερ δήμιοι [C] τιμωροί τινες καὶ ἀποπληρωταὶ
+τῶν δικασθέντων, ἕτερον τῶν φαύλων καὶ
+ἀνοήτων δαιμόνων τὸ φῦλον· ἃ δὴ μιμητέον τῷ
+γενναίῳ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ, καὶ μεταδοτέον πολλοῖς
+μὲν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς<note place='foot'>τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς Reiske, ἀρετῆς MSS., Hertlein.</note> διὰ φιλίας ἐς ταύτην τὴν
+κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν.<note place='foot'>κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν. Reiske, κοινωνίαν, MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἀρχὰς δὲ ἐπιτρεπτέον
+οἰκείας ἑκάστου τῇ φύσει καὶ προαιρέσει,
+τῷ μὲν ἀνδρώδει καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ μεγαλοθύμῳ
+μετὰ ξυνέσεως στρατιωτικάς, ἵν᾽ εἰς δέον ἔχῃ
+τῷ θυμῷ χρῆσθαι καὶ τῇ ῥώμῃ, τῷ δικαίῳ δὲ καὶ
+πρᾴῳ καὶ [D] φιλανθρώπῳ καὶ πρὸς οἶκτον εὐχερῶς
+ἐπικλωμένῳ τῶν πολιτικῶν τὰς ἀμφὶ τὰ συναλλάγματα,
+βοηθείας τοῖς ἀσθενεστέροις καὶ ἁπλουστέροις
+μηχανώμενον καὶ πένησι πρὸς τοὺς
+ἰσχυροὺς καὶ ἀπατεῶνας καὶ πανούργους καὶ
+ἐπαιρομένους τοῖς χρήμασιν ἐς τὸ βιάζεσθαι
+καὶ ὑπερορᾶν τῆς δίκης, τῷ δὲ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν κεκραμένῳ
+μείζονα ἐν<note place='foot'>μείζονα ἐν Hertlein suggests, μείζονα τε ἐν MSS.</note> τῇ πόλει τιμὴν καὶ δύναμιν
+περιθετέον, καὶ αὐτῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων
+κρίσεις, [91] οἷς ἕπεται τιμωρία καὶ κόλασις
+ἔνδικος ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ τῶν ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων<note place='foot'>ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων Reiske, ἀδικουμένων, MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+ὀρθῶς ἂν καὶ ἐμφρόνως λογίζοιτο. κρίνας γὰρ ὁ
+τοιοῦτος ἀδεκάστως ἅμα τοῖς συνέδροις παραδώσει
+τῷ δημίῳ τὰ γνωσθέντα ἐπιτελεῖν, οὔτε διὰ θυμοῦ
+μέγεθος οὔτε διὰ μαλακίαν ψυχῆς ἁμαρτάνων
+τοῦ φύσει διακαίου. κινδυνεύει δὲ ὁ κράτιστος ἐν
+πόλει τοιοῦτός τις εἶναι, [B] τὰ μὲν ἐν ἀμφοτέροις
+ἔχων ἀγαθά, τὰς δὲ οἷον κῆρας ἐκ τοῦ πλεονάζοντος
+<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/><anchor id='Pg243'/>
+ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένων ἐκφεύγων.
+ἐφορῶν δὲ αὐτὸς ἅπαντα καὶ κατευθύνων καὶ
+ἄρχων ἀρχόντων τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν μεγίστων ἔργων
+καὶ διοικήσεων τεταγμένους καὶ αὐτῷ τῆς ὑπὲρ
+ἁπάντων βουλῆς κοινωνοῦντας ἀγαθούς τε εἶναι
+καὶ ὅ,τι μάλιστα αὑτοῦ παραπλησίους εὔξεται
+γενέσθαι. αἱρήσεται δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς οὐδὲ ὡς
+ἔτυχεν, οὐδ᾽ ἐθελήσει φαυλότερος εἶναι κριτὴς τῶν
+λιθογνωμόνων [C] καὶ τῶν βασανιζόντων τὸ χρυσίον
+ἢ τὴν πορφύραν. τούτοις γὰρ οὐ μία ὁδὸς ἐπὶ τὴν
+ἐξέτασιν ἀπόχρη, ἀλλὰ συνιέντες οἶμαι τῶν
+πανουργεῖν ἐθελόντων ποικίλην καὶ πολύτροπον
+τὴν μοχθηρίαν καὶ τὰ ἐπιτεχνήματα εἰς δύναμιν
+ἅπασιν ἀντετάξαντο, καὶ ἀντέστησαν ἐλέγχους
+τοὺς ἐκ τῆς τέχνης. ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς περὶ τῆς
+κακίας ὑπολαμβάνων, ὡς ἐστὶ ποικίλη καὶ ἀπατηλὴ
+καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι χαλεπώτατον τῶν ἐκείνης
+ἔργων, [D] ὅτι δὴ ψεύδεται πολλάκις ἀρετὴν ὑποδυομένη
+καὶ ἐξαπατᾷ τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ὀξύτερον
+ὁρᾶν ἢ καὶ ἀποκάμνοντας τῷ μήκει τοῦ χρόνου
+πρὸς τὴν ἐξέτασιν, τὸ παθεῖν τι τοιοῦτον ὀρθῶς
+φυλάξεται. ἑλόμενος δὲ ἅπαξ καὶ περὶ αὑτὸν
+τοὺς ἀρίστους ἔχων τούτοις ἐπιτρέψει τὴν τῶν
+ἐλασσόνων ἀρχόντων αἵρεσιν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But there are two kinds of error, for in one type
+of sinner may dimly be discerned a hope of improvement,
+nor do they wholly reject a cure, while the
+vices of others are incurable. And for the latter the
+laws have contrived the penalty of death as a release
+from evil, and this not only for the benefit of the
+criminal, but quite as much in the interest of others.
+Accordingly there must needs be two kinds of trials.
+For when men are not incurable the king will
+hold it to be his duty to investigate and to
+cure. But with the others he will firmly refuse
+to interfere, and will never willingly have anything
+to do with a trial when death is the penalty
+that has been ordained by the laws for the
+guilty. However, in making laws for such offences,
+he will do away with violence and harshness and
+cruelty of punishment, and will elect by lot, to
+judge them, a court of staid and sober men who
+throughout their lives have admitted the most rigid
+scrutiny of their own virtue, men who will not
+rashly, or led by some wholly irrational impulse,
+after deliberating for only a small part of the day,
+or it may be without even debating, cast the black
+voting-tablet in the case of a fellow-citizen. But in
+his own hand no sword should lie ready to slay a
+citizen, even though he has committed the blackest
+crimes, nor should a sting lurk in his soul, considering
+that, as we see, nature has made even the
+queen-bee free from a sting. However it is not to
+bees that we must look for our analogy, but in my
+opinion to the king of the gods himself, whose
+prophet and vice-regent the genuine ruler ought to
+be. For wherever good exists wholly untainted by its
+opposite, and for the benefit of mankind in common
+and the whole universe, of this good God was and is
+the only creator. But evil he neither created nor
+ordered to be,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 176 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> but he banished it from heaven, and
+as it moves upon earth and has chosen for its abode
+our souls, that colony which was sent down from
+heaven, he has enjoined on his sons and descendants
+to judge and cleanse men from it. Now of these
+some are the friends and protectors of the human
+race, but others are inexorable judges who inflict on
+men harsh and terrible punishment for their misdeeds,
+both while they are alive and after they are
+set free from their bodies, and others again are as it
+were executioners and avengers who carry out the
+sentence, a different race of inferior and unintelligent
+demons. Now the king who is good and a favourite
+of the gods must imitate this example, and share
+his own excellence with many of his subjects, whom,
+because of his regard for them, he admits into this
+partnership; and he must entrust them with offices
+suited to the character and principles of each;
+military command for him who is brave and daring
+and high-spirited, but discreet as well, so that when
+he has need he may use his spirit and energy; and
+for him who is just and kind and humane and easily
+prone to pity, that office in the service of the state
+that relates to contracts, devising this means of protection
+for the weaker and more simple citizens and
+for the poor against the powerful, fraudulent and
+wicked and those who are so buoyed up by their
+riches that they try to violate and despise justice;
+but to the man who combines both these temperaments
+he must assign still greater honour and power
+in the state, and if he entrust to him the trials of
+offences for which are enacted just pains and penalties
+with a view to recompensing the injured, that
+would be a fair and wise measure. For a man of
+this sort, together with his colleagues, will give an
+impartial decision, and then hand over to the public
+official the carrying out of the verdict, nor will he
+through excess of anger or tender-heartedness fall
+short of what is essentially just. Now the ruler in
+our state will be somewhat like this, possessing only
+what is good in both those qualities, and in every
+quality that I mentioned earlier avoiding a fatal
+excess.<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 937 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> And though he will in person oversee and
+direct and govern the whole, he will see to it that
+those of his officials who are in charge of the most
+important works and management and who share his
+councils for the general good, are virtuous men and as
+far as possible like himself. And he will choose them,
+not carelessly or at random, nor will he consent to be
+a less rigorous judge than a lapidary or one who tests
+gold plate or purple dye. For such men are not
+satisfied with one method of testing, but since they
+know, I suppose, that the wickedness and devices of
+those who are trying to cheat them are various and
+manifold, they try to meet all these as far as possible,
+and they oppose to them the tests derived from their
+art. So too our ruler apprehends that evil changes
+its face and is apt to deceive, and that the cruellest
+thing that it does is that it often takes men in by
+putting on the garb of virtue, and hoodwinks those
+who are not keen sighted enough, or who in course of
+time grow weary of the length of the investigation,
+and therefore he will rightly be on his guard against
+any such deception. But when once he has chosen
+them, and has about him the worthiest men, he will
+entrust to them the choice of the minor officials.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Νόμων μὲν δὴ πέρι καὶ ἀρχόντων τοιάδε
+γινώσκει. τοῦ πλήθους δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐν τοῖς ἄστεσιν
+οὔτε ἀργὸν οὔτε αὔθαδες ἀνέξεται εἶναι οὔτε μὴν
+ἐνδεὲς τῶν ἀναγκαίων· [92] τὸ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς τῶν
+γεωργῶν φῦλον ἀροῦντες καὶ φυτεύοντες τροφὴν
+<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/><anchor id='Pg245'/>
+ἀποίσουσι τοῖς φύλαξι καὶ ἐπικούροις σφῶν,
+μισθὸν καὶ ἐσθῆτα τὴν ἀναγκαίαν. οἰκοδομήματα
+δὲ Ἀσσύρια καὶ πολυτελεῖς καὶ δαπανηρὰς
+λειτουργίας χαίρειν ἐάσαντες ἐν εἰρήνῃ πολλῇ τῶν
+τε ἔξωθεν πολεμίων καὶ τῶν οἴκοθεν καταβιώσονται,
+ἀγαπῶντες μὲν τὸν αἴτιον τῶν παρόντων
+σφίσι καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν δαίμονα, [B] ὑμνοῦντες δὲ ἐπ᾽
+αὐτῷ τὸν θεὸν καὶ ἐπευχόμενοι, οὔτι πλαστῶς οὐδὲ
+ἀπὸ γλώττης, ἔνδοθεν δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς ψυχῆς
+αἰτοῦσιν αὐτῷ τὰ ἀγαθά. φθάνουσι δὲ οἱ θεοὶ τὰς
+εὐχάς, καὶ αὐτῷ πρότερον τὰ θεῖα δόντες οὐτὲ τῶν
+ἀνθρωπίνων ἐστέρησαν. εἰ δὲ τὸ χρεὼν βιάζοιτο
+κακῷ τῷ περιπεσεῖν, τούτων δὴ τῶν θρυλουμένων
+ἀνηκέστων, χορευτήν τε αὑτῶν ἐποιήσαντο καὶ
+συνέστιον, [C] καὶ αὐτῷ κλέος καθ᾽ ἅπαντας ἤγειραν
+ἀνθρώπους. ταῦτα ἐγὼ τῶν σοφῶν ἀκούω πολλάκις,
+καί με ὁ λόγος ἰσχυρῶς πείθει. οὐκοῦν
+καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς αὐτὸν διεξῆλθον, μακρότερα μὲν τυχὸν
+ἴσως τοῦ καιροῦ φθεγγόμενος, ἐλάττονα δὲ οἶμαι τῆς
+ὑποθέσεως· καὶ ὅτῳ γέγονε τῶν τοιούτων λόγων
+ἐπακούειν ἐν φροντίδι, οὗτος ὅτι μὴ ψεύδομαι
+σαφῶς ἐπίσταται. ἑτέρα δέ ἐστιν αἰτία τοῦ
+μήκους τῆς μὲν εἰρημένης ἧττον ἀναγκαία, [D] προσεχεστέρα
+δὲ οἶμαι τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ· τυχὸν δὲ
+οὐδὲ ταύτης ἀγηκόους ὑμᾶς εἶναι χρή.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Such is his policy with regard to the laws and
+magistrates. As for the common people, those who
+live in the towns he will not allow to be idle or impudent,
+but neither will he permit them to be without
+the necessaries of life. And the farming class
+who live in the country, ploughing and sowing to
+furnish food for their protectors and guardians, will
+receive in return payment in money, and the clothes
+that they need. But as for Assyrian palaces and
+costly and extravagant public services, they will
+have nothing to do with them, and will end their
+lives in the utmost peace as regards enemies at home
+and abroad, and will adore the cause of their good
+fortune as though he were a kindly deity, and praise
+God for him when they pray, not hypocritically or
+with the lips only, but invoking blessings on him
+from the bottom of their hearts. But the gods do
+not wait for their prayers, and unasked they give
+him celestial rewards, but they do not let him lack
+human blessings either; and if fate should compel
+him to fall into any misfortune, I mean one of those
+incurable calamities that people are always talking
+about, then the gods make him their follower and
+associate, and exalt his fame among all mankind.
+All this I have often heard from the wise, and in
+their account of it I have the firmest faith. And so
+I have repeated it to you, perhaps making a longer
+speech than the occasion called for, but too short in
+my opinion for the theme. And he to whom it has
+been given to hear such arguments and reflect on
+them, knows well that I speak the truth. But there
+is another reason for the length of my speech, less
+forcible, but I think more akin to the present
+argument. And perhaps you ought not to miss
+hearing this also.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὑπομνησθῶμεν μικρὰ τῶν
+ἔμπροσθεν, ὁπότε τῆς ὑπὲρ τούτων διηγήσεως
+ἀπεπαυόμεθα. ἔφαμέν που χρῆναι τοὺς σπουδαίους
+τῶν ἀληθινῶν ἐπαίνων ἀκροατὰς οὐκ εἰς
+ταῦτα ὁρᾶν, ὧν ἡ τύχη καὶ τοῖς μοχθηροῖς πολλάκις
+<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/><anchor id='Pg247'/>
+μεταδίδωσιν, εἰς δὲ τὰς ἕξεις καὶ τὴν ἀρετήν,
+ἧς μόνοις μέτεστι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσι καὶ φύσει
+σπουδαίοις. [93] εἶτα ἐντεῦθεν ἑλόντες<note place='foot'>ἑλόντες Cobet, ἑλόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν MSS., Hertlein.</note> τοὺς ἑξῆς
+ἐπεραίνομεν λόγους, ὡς πρὸς<note place='foot'>ὡς πρὸς Cobet, ὥσπερ MSS., Hertlein.</note> κανόνα τινὰ καὶ
+στάθμην ἀπευθύνοντες, ᾗ τοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν
+καὶ βασιλέων ἐπαίνους ἐναρμόττειν ἐχρῆν. καὶ
+ὅτῳ μὲν ἀληθὴς καὶ ἀπαράλλακτος ἁρμονία πρὸς
+τοῦτο γέγονε τὸ ἀρχέτυπον, ὄλβιος μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ
+ὄντως εὐδαίμων, εὐτυχεῖς δὲ οἱ μεταλαβάντες τῆς
+τοιαύτης ἀρχῆς· ὅστις δὲ ἐγγὺς ἀφίκετο, τῶν
+[B] πλέον ἀπολειφθέντων ἀμείνων καὶ εὐτυχέστερος·
+οἱ δὲ ἀπολειφθέντες παντελῶς ἢ καὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν
+τραπόμενοι δυστυχεῖς καὶ ἀνόντοι καὶ μοχθηροί,
+αὑτοῖς τε καὶ ἄλλοις τῶν μεγίστων αἴτιοι συμφορῶν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(In the first place, then, let me remind you briefly
+of what I said before, when I broke off my discourse
+for the sake of this digression. What I said was
+that, when serious-minded people listen to sincere
+panegyrics, they ought not to look to those things
+of which fortune often grants a share even to the
+wicked, but to the character of the man and his
+virtues, which belong only to those who are good
+and by nature estimable; and, taking up my tale at
+that point, I pursued the arguments that followed,
+guiding myself as it were by the rule and measure
+to which one ought to adjust the eulogies of good
+men and good kings. And when one of them
+harmonises exactly and without variation with this
+model, he is himself happy and truly fortunate, and
+happy are those who have a share in such a
+government as his. And he who comes near to
+being like him is better and more fortunate than
+those who fall further short of him. But those who
+fail altogether to resemble him, or who follow an
+opposite course, are ill-fated, senseless and wicked,
+and cause the greatest disasters to themselves and
+others.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ ὑμῖν ταῦτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, ὥρα
+ἐπεξιέναι τοῖς ἔργοις, ἂ τεθαυμάκαμεν. καὶ ὅπως
+μή τις ὑπολάβῃ τὸν λόγον καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἰόντα,
+καθάπερ ἵππον ἀνταγωνιστοῦ στερόμενον ἐν τοῖς
+δρόμοις, κρατεῖν καὶ ἀποφέρειν τὰ νικητήρια,
+πειράσομαι, πῇ ποτε διαφέρετον ἀλλήλων ὅ τε
+ἡμέτερος [C] καὶ ὁ τῶν σοφῶν ῥητόρων ἔπαινος, δεῖξαι.
+οὐκοῦν οἱ μὲν τὸ προγόνων γενέσθαι δυναστῶν καὶ
+βασιλέων θαυμάζουσι μάλα, ὀλβίων καὶ εὐδαιμόνων
+μακαρίους ὑπολαμβάνοντες τοὺς ἐκγόνους·
+τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τούτοις οὔτε ἐνενόησαν οὔτε ἐσκέψαντο,
+τίνα τρόπον διατελοῦσιν τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς Hertlein suggests, ἀλλήλοις MSS.</note> χρώμενοι.
+<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/><anchor id='Pg249'/>
+καίτοι γε τοῦτο ἦν τῆς εὐτυχίας ἐκείνης τὸ
+κεφάλαιον καὶ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν ἐκτὸς ἀγαθῶν·
+εἰ μή τις καὶ πρὸς τοὔνομα δυσχεραίνει, [D] τὴν κτῆσιν
+ὑπὸ τῆς ἔμφρονος χρήσεως ἀγαθὴν καὶ φαύλην
+ὑπὸ τῆς ἐναντίας γίγνεσθαι συμβαίνειν· ὥστε
+οὐ μέγα, καθάπερ οἴονται, τὸ βασιλέως πλουσίου
+καὶ πολυχρύσου γενέσθαι, μέγα δὲ ἀληθῶς τὸ τὴν
+ἀρετὴν τὴν πατρῴαν ὑπερβαλλόμενον ἄμεμπτον
+αὑτὸν τοῖς γειναμένοις παρασχεῖν εἰς ἅπαν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And now if you are in any way of my opinion,
+it is time to proceed to those achievements that
+we have so admired. And lest any should think
+that my argument is running alone, like a horse
+in a race that has lost its competitor and for that
+reason wins and carries off the prizes, I will try
+to show in what way my encomium differs from that
+of clever rhetoricians. For they greatly admire the
+fact that a man is born of ancestors who had power
+or were kings, since they hold that the sons of the
+prosperous and fortunate are themselves blest. But
+the question that next arises they neither think of
+nor investigate, I mean how they employed their
+advantages throughout their lives. And yet, after
+all, this is the chief cause of that happiness, and of
+almost all external goods. Unless indeed someone
+objects to this statement that it is only by wise use
+of it that property becomes a good, and that it is
+harmful when the opposite use is made. So that it
+is not a great thing, as they think, to be descended
+from a king who was wealthy and <q>rich in gold,</q>
+but it is truly great, while surpassing the virtue
+of one's ancestors, to behave to one's parents in a
+manner beyond reproach in all respects.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Βούλεσθε οὖν εἰ τοῦτο ὑπάρχει βασελεῖ καταμαθεῖν;
+παρέξομαι δὲ ὑμῖν ἐγὼ μαρτυρίαν πιστὴν,
+[94] καί με οὐχ αἱρήσετε ψευδομαρτυρίων,<note place='foot'>ψευδομαρτυρίων Cobet, ψευδομαρτυριῶν Hertlein, V, M, ψευδομαρτυρίας
+MSS.</note> εὖ οἶδα·
+ὑπομνήσω γὰρ ὑμᾶς<note place='foot'>ὑμᾶσ Hertlein suggests, ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς MSS.</note> ὧν ἴστε· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἤδη
+τοῦ λεγομένου ξυνίετε, εἴ τε οὔπω δῆλον, αὐτίκα
+μάλα ξυνήσετε ἐννοήσαντες πρῶτον μὲν ὡς αὐτὸν
+ὁ πατὴρ ἠγάπα διαφερόντως, οὔτι πρᾷος ὢν λίαν
+τοῖς ἐκγόνοις οὐδὲ τῇ φύσει πλέον ἢ τῷ τρόπῳ
+διδούς, ἡττώμενος δὲ οἶμαι τῆς θεραπείας καὶ
+οὐκ ἔχων, [B] ὄτι μέμφοιτο, δῆλος ἦν εὔνους ὤν.
+καὶ αὐτοῦ σημεῖον τῆς γνώμης, πρῶτον μὲν
+ὅτι Κωνσταντίῳ ταύτην ἐξεῖλε τὴν μοῖραν, ἣν
+αὑτῷ πρότερον προσήκειν ἔχειν ὑπέλαβεν, εἶθ᾽
+ὅτι τελευτῶν τὸν βίον, τὸν πρεσβύτατον καὶ τὸν
+νεώτατον ἀφεὶς σχολὴν ἄγοντας, τοῦτον δὴ ἄσχολον
+ἐκάλει καὶ ἐπέτρεπε τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν
+ξύμπαντα. γενόμενος δὲ ἐγκρατὴς ἁπάντων οὕτω
+<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/><anchor id='Pg251'/>
+τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς δικαίως ἅμα καὶ σωφρόνως προσηνέχθη,
+ὥστε οἱ μὲν οὔτε κληθέντες οὔτε ἀφικόμενοι
+πρὸς [C] ἀλλήλους ἐστασίαζον καὶ διεμάχοντο,
+τούτῳ δὲ ἐχαλέπαινον οὐδὲν οὐδὲ ἐμέμφοντο.
+ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτῶν ἡ στάσις τέλος εἶχεν οὐκ εὐτυχές,
+ἐξὸν μεταποιεῖσθαι πλειόνων, ἑκὼν ἀφῆκε, τῆς
+αὐτῆς ἀρετῆς ὑπολαμβάνων πολλά τε ἔθνη καὶ
+ὀλίγα δεῖσθαι, περικεῖσθαι δέ, οἶμαι, φροντίδας
+μείζονας ὅτῳ πλειόνων ἀνάνκη τημελεῖν καὶ<note place='foot'>τημελεῖν καὶ Cobet, [ἐπιμελεῖν καὶ] Hertlein, who suggests
+κήδεσθαι καὶ ἐπαμύνειν, ἐπιμένειν M, ἐπισυνέχειν V, ἐπιμελεῖν
+MSS.</note>
+κήδεσθαι. οὐ γὰρ δὴ τρυφῆς ὑπολαμβάνει τὴν
+βασιλείαν εἶναι παρασκευὴν οὐδέ, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν
+χρημάτων εἰς πότους [D] καὶ ἡδονὰς οἱ καταχρώμενοι
+μειζόνων εὐπορίαν προσόδων ἐπινοοῦσιν, οὕτω
+χρῆναι τὸν βασιλέα παρασκευάζεσθαι, οὐδὲ ἀναιρεῖσθαι
+πόλεμον, ὅ,τι μὴ τῶν ἀρχομένων τῆς
+ὠφελείας ἕνεκα. οὐκοῦν ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἔχειν τὸ
+πλέον ξυγχωρῶν, αὐτὸς δὲ μετὰ ἀρετῆς ἔλαττον
+ἔχων τῷ κρατίστῳ πλεονεκτεῖν ὑπέλαβε. καὶ
+ὅτι μὴ δέει [95] μᾶλλον τῆς ἐκείνου παρασκευῆς τὴν
+ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπα, τεκμήριον ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς ἔστω ὁ
+μετὰ ταῦτα ξυμπεσὼν πόλεμος. ἐχρήσατο γοῦν
+πρὸς τὰς ἐκείνου δυνάμεις ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ὅπλοις
+ὕστερον. πάλιν δὲ ἐνταῦθα ἐκεῖνοι μέν που τὸ
+νικᾶν τεθαυμάκασιν· ἐγὼ δὲ πολὺ πλέον τὸ ξὺν
+δίκῃ μὲν ἀνελέσθαι τὸν πόλεμον, διενεγκεῖν δὲ
+<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/><anchor id='Pg253'/>
+ἀνδρείως καὶ μάλα ἐμπείρως, ἐπιθείσης δὲ τὸ
+τέλος τῆς τύχης δεξιὸν χρήσασθαι τῇ νίκῃ σωφρόνως
+καὶ βασιλικῶς, καὶ ὅλως ἄξιον τοῦ κρατεῖν
+φανῆναι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Do you wish to learn whether this is true of the
+Emperor? I will offer you trustworthy evidence,
+and I know well that you will not convict me of
+false witness. For I shall but remind you of what
+you know already. And perhaps you understand
+even now what I mean, but if it is not yet evident
+you very soon will, when you call to mind that the
+Emperor's father loved him more than the others,
+though he was by no means over-indulgent to his
+children, for it was character that he favoured rather
+than the ties of blood; but he was, I suppose, won
+over by the Emperor's dutiful service to him, and
+as he had nothing to reproach him with, he made his
+affection for him evident. And a proof of his feeling
+is, first, that he chose for Constantius that portion of
+the empire which he had formerly thought best suited
+to himself, and, secondly, that when he was at the
+point of death he passed over his eldest<note place='foot'>Constantine II.</note> and
+youngest<note place='foot'>Constans.</note> sons, though they were at leisure, and
+summoned Constantius, who was not at leisure, and
+entrusted him with the whole government. And
+when he had become master of the whole, he behaved
+to his brothers at once so justly and with such
+moderation, that, while they who had neither been
+summoned nor had come of themselves quarrelled
+and fought with one another, they showed no resentment
+against Constantius, nor ever reproached him.
+And when their feud reached its fatal issue<note place='foot'>Constantine II was slain while marching against
+Constans.</note>, though
+he might have laid claim to a greater share of
+empire, he renounced it of his own free will, because
+he thought that many nations or few called for the
+exercise of the same virtues, and also, perhaps, that
+the more a man has to look after and care for the
+greater are the anxieties beset him. For he does
+not think that the imperial power is a means of
+procuring luxury, nor that, as certain men who have
+wealth and misapply it for drink and other pleasures
+set their hearts on lavish and ever-increasing revenues,
+this ought to be an emperor's policy, nor that he ought
+ever to embark on a war except only for the benefit of
+his subjects. And so he allowed his brother<note place='foot'>Constans.</note> to have
+the lion's share, and thought that if he himself possessed
+the smaller share with honour, he had the advantage
+in what was most worth having. And that
+it was not rather from fear of his brother's resources
+that he preferred peace, you may consider clearly
+proved by the war that broke out later. For he had
+recourse to arms later on against his brother's forces,
+but it was to avenge him<note place='foot'>Constans was slain by the soldiers of Magnentius.</note>. And here again there
+are perhaps some who have admired him merely for
+having won the victory. But I admire far more the
+fact that it was with justice that he undertook the
+war, and that he carried it through with great
+courage and skill, and, when fortune gave him a
+favourable issue, used his victory with moderation
+and in imperial fashion, and showed himself entirely
+worthy to overcome.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Βούλεσθε οὖν καὶ τούτων ὑμῖν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς
+δικαστηρίοις ὀνομαστὶ καλῶμεν τοὺς μάρτυρας;
+καὶ ὅτι μὲν οὐδείς πω πόλεμος συνέστη πρότερον
+οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τὴν Τροίαν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς
+Πέρσας Μακεδόσιν, οἵπερ δὴ δοκοῦσιν ἐν δίκῃ
+γενέσθαι, τοσαύτην ἔχων ὑπόθεσιν, καὶ παιδί που
+δῆλον, τοῖς μέν γε λίαν ἀρχαίων ἀδικημάτων
+τιμωρίας σφόδρα νεαρᾶς<note place='foot'>νεαρᾶς Hertlein suggests, νεωτέρας MSS.</note> οὔτ᾽ εἰς παῖδας οὔτε εἰς
+ἐγγόνους γενομένης, ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀφελόμενον καὶ
+ἀποστερήσαντα [C] τὴν ἀρχὴν τοὺς τῶν ἀδικησάντων
+ἀπογόνους· Ἀγαμέμνων δὲ ὥρμητο
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now do you wish that, as though I were in a law-court,
+I should summon before you by name witnesses
+of this also? But it is plain even to a child that no
+war ever yet arose that had so good an excuse, not
+even of the Greeks against Troy or of the Macedonians<note place='foot'>Under Alexander.</note>
+against the Persians, though these wars, at
+any rate, are thought to have been justified, since
+the latter was to exact vengeance in more recent
+times for very ancient offences, and that not on sons or
+grandsons, but on him<note place='foot'>Darius III.</note> who had robbed and deprived
+of their sovereignty the descendants of those
+very offenders. And Agamemnon set forth)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>τίσασθαι Ἑλένης ὁρμήματά τε στοναχάς τε,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>To avenge the strivings and groans of Helen,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 356.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Τρῶας ἐστράτευε γυναῖκα μίαν ἐκδικεῖν
+ἐθέλων. τῷ δὲ ἔτι μὲν ἦν νεαρὰ τὰ ἀδικήματα,
+ἦρχε δὲ οὐ κατὰ Δαρεῖον οὐδὲ Πρίαμον
+ἀνὴρ εὐγενὴς καὶ τυχὸν δι᾽ ἀρετὴν ἢ κατὰ γένος
+προσηκούσης αὐτῷ τῆς βασιλείας ἀξιωθείς, ἀλλὰ
+ἀναιδὴς καὶ τραχὺς βάρβαρος τῶν ἑαλωκότων οὐ
+πρὸ πολλοῦ. [D] καὶ ὅσα μὲν ἔπραξε καὶ ὅπως
+ἦρχεν, οὔτε ἡδύ μοι λέγειν οὔτε ἐν καιρῷ· ἐν δίκῃ
+δὲ ὅτι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπολέμησεν, ἀκηκόατε. τῆς δὲ
+ἐμπειρίας καὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας ἱκανὰ μὲν τὰ πρόσθεν
+ῥηθέντα σημεῖα, πιστότερα δέ, οἶμαι, τὰ ἔργα τῶν
+<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/><anchor id='Pg255'/>
+λόγων. τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ γενόμενα καὶ ὅπως
+ξίφους μὲν οὐδὲν ἐδέησεν ἔτι, οὐδ᾽ εἴ τις ἀδικημάτων
+μειζόνων εἶχεν ὑποψίαν, [96] οὐδὲ εἴ τῳ πρὸς τὸν
+τύραννον οἰκειοτέρα γέγονε φιλία, οὐδὲ μὴν εἴ τις
+ἐκείνῳ χαριζόμενος φέρειν τε ἠξίου κηρύκιον καὶ
+ἐλοιδορεῖτο βασιλεῖ, τῆς προπετείας ἀπέτισε
+δίκην, ὅ,τι μὴ τἆλλα μοχθηρὸς ἦν, ἐννοήσατε δὴ
+πρὸς φιλίου Διός. ποταπὸν δὲ χρῆμα λοιδορία;
+ὡς θυμοδακὲς ἀληθῶς καὶ ἀμύττον ψυχὴν μᾶλλον
+ἢ σίδηρος χρῶτα; οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα
+παρώξυνεν εἰς δύναμιν ἀμύνασθαι λόγῳ τε καὶ
+ἔργῳ· διηνέχθη γοῦν ὑπὲρ τούτου πρὸς τὸν
+ξενοδόκον αὐτὸς ὢν ἀλήτης καὶ ξένος, καὶ ταῦτα
+εἰδώς, ὅτι
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(for it was because he desired to avenge one woman
+that he went to war with the Trojans. But the
+wrongs done to Constantius were still fresh, and he<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note>
+who was in power was not, like Darius or Priam, a man
+of royal birth who, it may be, laid claim to an empire
+that belonged to him by reason of his birth or his
+family, but a shameless and savage barbarian who not
+long before had been among the captives of war.<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> l. 34 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>
+But all that he did and how he governed is neither
+agreeable for me to tell nor would it be well-timed.
+And that the Emperor was justified in making war on
+him you have heard, and of his skill and courage
+what I said earlier is proof enough, but deeds are, I
+think, more convincing than words. But what happened
+after the victory, and how he no longer made
+use of the sword, not even against those who were
+under suspicion of serious crimes, or who had been
+familiar friends of the usurper, nay not even against
+anyone who, to curry favour with the latter, had
+stooped to win a tale-bearer's fee by slandering the
+Emperor, consider, in the name of Zeus the god of
+friendship, that not even these paid the penalty of
+their audacity, except when they were guilty of other
+crimes. And yet what a terrible thing is slander!
+How truly does it devour the heart and wound the
+soul as iron cannot wound the body! This it was
+that goaded Odysseus to defend himself by word and
+deed. At any rate it was for this reason that he
+quarrelled with his host<note place='foot'>Alcinous.</note> when he was himself a
+wanderer and a guest, and though he knew that)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ἄφρων ... καὶ οὐτιδανὸς πέλει ἀνήρ,</l>
+<l>Ὅστις ξεινοδόκῳ ἔριδα προφέρῃσι βαρεῖαν,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Foolish and of nothing worth is that man who
+provokes a violent quarrel with his host.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 8. 209.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Ἀχιλλέα
+τὸν Θέτιδος<note place='foot'>τὸν V, τὸν τῆς MSS.</note> καὶ ἄλλους δὲ τινας οὐ φαύλος
+οὐδὲ ἀγεννεῖς ἀνθρώπους. [C] μόνῳ δὲ ὑπῆρχεν,
+οἶμαι, Σωκράτει καὶ σπανίοις τισὶν ἐκείνου
+ζηλωταῖς, εὐδαίμοσιν ἀληθῶς καὶ μακαρίοις
+γενομένοις, τὸν ἔσχατον ἀποδύσασθαι χιτῶνα
+τῆς φιλοτιμίας. φιλότιμον γὰρ δεινῶς τὸ πάθος,
+καὶ ἔοικεν ἐμφύεσθαι διὰ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ταῖς
+γενναίαις ψυχαῖς· ἄχθονται γὰρ ὡς ἐναντιωτάτῳ
+σφίσι λοιδορίᾳ, [D] καὶ τοὺς ἀπορρίπτοντας ἐς αὐτοὺς
+<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/><anchor id='Pg257'/>
+τοιαῦτα ῥήματα μισοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς ἐπάγοντας
+τὸν σίδηρον καὶ ἐπιβουλεύοντας φόνον, διαφόρους
+τε αὑτοῖς ὑπολαμβάνουσι φύσει καὶ οὐ νόμῳ, εἴ γε
+οἱ μὲν ἐπαίνου καὶ τιμῆς ἐρῶσιν, οἱ δὲ οὐ τούτων
+μόνον ἀφαιροῦνται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς μηχανῶνται
+βλασφημίας ψευδεῖς. τούτου καὶ Ἡρακλέα
+φασὶ καὶ ἄλλους δέ τινας ἀκράτορας τοῦ πάθους
+γενέσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ οὔτε περὶ ἐκείνων τῷ λόγῳ
+πείθομαι, καὶ βασιλέα τεθέαμαι σφόδρα ἐγκρατῶς
+τὴν λοιδορίαν ἀποτρεψάμενον,<note place='foot'>ἀποτρεψάμενον Hertlein suggests, δεξάμενον Petavius,
+τρεψάμενον MSS.</note> [97] οὔτι φαυλότερον
+ἔργον, ὡς ἐγὼ κρίνω, τοῦ Τροίαν ἑλεῖν καὶ
+φάλαγγα γενναίαν τρέψασθαι. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις
+καὶ οὐ μέγα οἴεται οὐδὲ ἄξιον έπαίνων τοσούτων,
+ἐς αὑτὸν ἀφορῶν, ὅταν ἔν τινι τοιαύτῃ ξυμφορᾷ
+γένηται, κρινέτω, καὶ αὐτῷ οὐ σφόδρα ληρεῖν
+δόξομεν, ὡς ἐγὼ πείθομαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And so it was with Alexander, Philip's son, and
+Achilles, son of Thetis, and others who were not
+worthless or ignoble men. But only to Socrates, I
+think, and a few others who emulated him, men
+who were truly fortunate and happy, was it given
+to put off the last garment that man discards&mdash;the
+love of glory.<note place='foot'><p>Dioscorides in Athenaeus 507 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; Tacitus <hi rend='italic'>Hist.</hi> 4. 6; cf.
+Milton <hi rend='italic'>Lycidas</hi>,
+</p>
+<p>
+<q>Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise<lb/>
+(That last infirmity of noble mind).</q></p></note> For resentment of calumny is due
+to the passion for glory, and for this reason it is
+implanted most deeply in the noblest souls. For
+they resent it as their deadliest foe, and
+those who hurl at them slanderous language they
+hate more than men who attack them with the
+sword or plot their destruction; and they regard
+them as differing from themselves, not merely in
+their acquired habits, but in their essential nature,
+seeing that they love praise and honour, and the
+slanderer not only robs them of these, but also
+manufactures false accusations against them. They
+say that even Heracles and certain other heroes
+were swayed by these emotions. But for my part
+I do not believe this account of them, and as for the
+Emperor I have seen him repelling calumny with
+great self-restraint, which in my judgment is no
+slighter achievement than <q>to take Troy</q><note place='foot'>A proverb, cf. Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Andromache</hi> 368.</note> or rout
+a powerful phalanx. And if anyone does not believe
+me, and thinks it no great achievement nor worth
+all these praises, let him observe himself when
+a misfortune of this sort happens to him, and then
+let him decide; and I am convinced that he will not
+think that I am talking with exceeding folly.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν καὶ γενόμενος βασιλεὺς μετὰ
+τὸν πόλεμον εἰκότως οὐ μόνον ἐστὶ ποθεινὸς τοῖς
+φίλοις καὶ ἀγαπητός, [B] πολλοῖς<note place='foot'>πολλοῖς fl., Hertlein prefers, πολλῆς MSS.</note> μὲν τιμῆς καὶ
+δυνάμεως καὶ παρρησίας μεταδιδούς, χρήματα δὲ
+αὐτοῖς ἄφθονα χαριζόμενος καὶ χρῆσθαι ὅπως τις
+βούλεται τῷ πλούτῳ ξυγχωρῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς
+πολεμίοις τοιοῦτος ἐδόκει. τεκμήριον δὲ ὑμῖν
+ἐμφανὲς καὶ τοῦδε γιγνέσθω· ἄνδρες, τῆς γερουσίας
+ὅτιπερ ὄφελος, ἀξιώσει καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ
+ξυνέσει διαφέροντες τῶν ἄλλων, ὥσπερ ἐς λιμένα
+καταφεύγοντες τὴν τούτου δεξιάν, ἑστίας τε
+<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/><anchor id='Pg259'/>
+λιπόντες [C] καὶ οἴκους καὶ παῖδας Παιονίαν μὲν ἀντὶ
+τῆς Ῥώμης, τὴν μετὰ τούτου δὲ ἀντὶ τῶν φιλτάτων
+συνουσίαν ἠσπάσαντο, ἴλη τε τῶν ἐπιλέκτων
+ἱππέων ξὺν τοῖς σημείοις καὶ τὸν στρατηγὸν
+ἄγουσα τούτῳ τοῦ κινδύνου ξυμμετέχειν μᾶλλον
+ἢ ἐκείνῳ τῆς εὐτυχίας ἠξίου. καὶ ταῦτα ἅπαντα
+ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἣν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δράου ταὶς
+ᾐόσιν ὁ πρόσθεν λόγος παρέστησεν· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ
+ἤδη βεβαίως ἐθάρρουν, τέως δ ἐδόκει τὰ τῶν
+τυράννων ἐπικρατεῖν, [D] πλεονεκτήματός τινος περὶ
+τοὺς κατασκόπους τοὺς<note place='foot'>τοὺς Hertlein suggests, τοῦ MSS.</note> βασιλέως γενομένου, ὁ δὴ
+ἐκεῖνόν τε ἐποίησεν ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς ἄφρονα καὶ
+ἐξετάραττε τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ἐφικνεῖσθαι οὐδὲ
+διορᾶν τὴν στρατηγίαν. ὁ δὲ ἦν ἀκατάπληκτος καὶ
+γεννάδας καθάπερ ἀγαθὸς νεὼς κυβερνήτης,
+ἐξαπίνης νεφῶν ῥαγείσης λαίλαπος, εἶτα ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ
+τοῦ θεοῦ σείοντος τὸν βυθὸν καὶ τὰς ᾐόνας.
+ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τοὺς μὲν ἀπείρους δεινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον
+κατέλαβε δέος, [98] ὁ δὲ ἤδη χαίρει καὶ γάνυται,
+γαλήνην ἀκριβῆ καὶ νηνεμίαν ἐλπίζων. λέγεται
+γὰρ δὴ καὶ ὁ Ποσειδῶν συνταράττων τὴν γῆν
+παύειν τὰ κύματα. καὶ ἡ τύχη δὲ τοὺς ἀνοήτους
+ἐξαπατᾷ καὶ σφάλλει περὶ τοῖς μείζοσι, μικρὰ
+πλεονεκτεῖν ἐπιτρέπουσα, τοῖς ἔμφροσι δὲ τὸ
+βεβαίως θαρσεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων, ὅταν ἐν τοῖς
+ἐλάττοσιν αὐτοὺς διαταράττῃ, παρέχει. τοῦτο
+Λακεδαιμόνιοι παθόντες ἐν Πύλαις οὐκ ἀπηγόρευον
+οὐδὲ ἔδεισαν [B] τὸν Μῆδον ἐπιφερόμενον,
+<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/><anchor id='Pg261'/>
+τριακοσίους Σπαρτιατῶν καὶ τὸν βασιλέα περὶ
+τὰς εἰσβολὰς τῆς Ἑλλάδος προέμενοι· τοῦτο
+Ῥωμαῖοι πολλάκις παθόντες μείζονα κατώρθουν
+ὕστερον· ὁ δὴ καὶ βασιλεὺς ἐννοῶν καὶ λογιζόμενος
+οὐδαμῶς ἐσφάλη τῆς γνώμης.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now since this was and is the Emperor's behaviour
+after the war, he is naturally loved and <q>longed for
+by his friends,</q><note place='foot'>Aristophanes, <hi rend='italic'>Frogs</hi> 84.</note> since he has admitted many of them
+to honour and power and freedom of speech, and has
+bestowed on them as well vast sums of money, and
+permits them to use their wealth as they please; but
+even to his enemies he is the same. The following
+may serve as a clear proof of this. Those members
+of the Senate who were of any account and surpassed
+the rest in reputation and wealth and wisdom, fled
+to the shelter of his right hand as though to a
+harbour, and, leaving behind their hearths and
+homes and children, preferred Paeonia<note place='foot'>Pannonia.</note> to Rome,
+and to be with him rather than with their dearest.
+Again, a division of the choicest of the cavalry
+together with their standards, and bringing their
+general<note place='foot'>Silvanus, cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 60.</note> with them, chose to share danger with him
+rather than success with the usurper. And all this
+took place before the battle on the banks of the
+Drave, which the earlier part of my speech described
+to you. For after that they began to feel perfect
+confidence, though before that it looked as though
+the usurper's cause was getting the upper hand,
+when he gained some slight advantage in the affair
+of the Emperor's scouts,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 35 <hi rend='smallcaps'>C</hi>.</note> which indeed made the
+usurper beside himself with joy and greatly agitated
+those who were incapable of grasping or estimating
+generalship. But the Emperor was unperturbed
+and heroic, like a good pilot when a tempest has
+suddenly burst from the clouds, and next moment,
+the god shakes the depths and the shores. Then
+a terrible and dreadful panic seizes on those who
+are inexperienced, but the pilot begins to rejoice,
+and is glad, because he can now hope for a perfect
+and windless calm. For it is said that Poseidon,
+when he makes the earth quake, calms the waves.
+And just so fortune deceives the foolish and deludes
+them about more important things by allowing them
+some small advantage, but in the wise she inspires
+unshaken confidence about more serious affairs even
+when she disconcerts them in the case of those that
+are less serious. This was what happened to the
+Lacedaemonians at Pylae,<note place='foot'>Thermopylae.</note> but they did not despair
+nor fear the onset of the Mede because they had lost
+three hundred Spartans and their king<note place='foot'>Leonidas.</note> at the
+entrance into Greece. This often happened to the
+Romans, but they achieved more important successes
+later on. Wherefore, since the Emperor knew this and
+counted on it, he in no way wavered in his purpose.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ἅπαξ ἑκὼν ὁ λόγος ἐς τοῦτο
+ἀφῖκται καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τοῦ πλήθους καὶ τῶν ἐν
+τέλει καὶ τῶν φυλάκων, οἵπερ δὴ ξυμφυλάττουσιν
+αὐτῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπείργουσι τοὺς πολεμίους,
+διηγεῖται βούλεσθε [C] ὑμῖν ἐναργὲς εἴπω τεκμήριον
+χθές που ἢ καὶ πρῴην γενόμενον; ἀνὴρ τῶν ἐπιταχθέντων
+τοῖς ἐν Γαλατίᾳ στρατοπέδοις· ἴστε
+ἴσως καὶ τοὔνομα καὶ τὸν τρόπον· ὅμηρον φιλίας
+καὶ πίστεως ἀπέλιπεν οὐδὲν δεομένῳ βασιλεῖ τὸν
+παῖδα· εἶτα ἦν ἀπιστότερος τῶν λεόντων, οἷς οὐκ
+ἔστι, φησί, πρὸς ἄνδρας<note place='foot'>[Ὅμηρος] ὅρκια Hertlein.</note> ὅρκια πιστά, ἁρπάζων
+τε ἐκ τῶν πόλεων [D] τὰ χρήματα καὶ διανέμων τοῖς
+ἐπιοῦσι βαρβάροις καὶ ὥσπερ λύτρα καταβαλλόμενος,
+ἐξὸν τῷ σιδήρῳ παρασκευάζειν καὶ οὐ τοῖς
+χρήμασι ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν· ὁ δὲ ἐκείνους
+ὑπήγετο διὰ τῶν χρημάτων εἰς εὔνοιαν· καὶ τέλος
+ἐκ τῆς γυναικωνίτιδος ἀνελόμενος ἁλουργὲς
+ἱμάτιον γελοῖος ἀληθῶς τύραννος καὶ τραγικὸς
+ὄντως ἀνεφάνη. ἐνταῦθα οἱ στρατιῶται χαλεπῶς
+μὲν εἶχον πρὸς τὴν ἀπιστίαν, θῆλυν δὲ οὐχ
+ὑπομένοντες ὁρᾶν ἐνδεδυκότα [99] στολὴν τὸν δείλαιον
+<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/><anchor id='Pg263'/>
+ἐπιθέμενοι σπαράττουσιν, οὐδὲ τὸν τῆς σελήνης
+κύκλον ἄρξαι σφῶν ἀνασχόμενοι. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ
+παρὰ τῆς τῶν φυλάκων εὐνοίας ὑπῆρξε βασιλεί
+τὸ γέρας, ἀρχῆς ἀμεμφοῦς καὶ δικαίας ἀμοιβὴ
+θαυμαστή. ὅστις δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ γέγονε ποθεῖτε
+ἀκούειν· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ὑμᾶς λέληθεν, ὅτι μήτε
+ἐς τὸν ἐκείνου παῖδα χαλεπὸς μήτε ἐς τοὺς φίλους
+ὕποπτος καὶ δεινὸς εἵλετο γενέσθαι, [B] ἀλλα ὡς
+ἔνι μάλιστα πρᾴως εἶχε καὶ εὐμενὴς πᾶσιν ἦν
+καίτοι πολλῶν συκοφαντεῖν ἐθελόντων καὶ διηρμένων
+ἐπὶ τοὺς οὐκ αἰτίους τὰ κέντρα. πολλῶν
+δὲ τυχὸν ἀληθῶς ἐνόχων ὄντων ταῖς περὶ αὐτῶν
+ὑποψίαις, ὁμοίως ἅπασιν ἦν πρᾷος τοῖς οὐκ
+ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν<note place='foot'>ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν Hertlein suggests, ἐλεγχθεῖσιν MSS.</note> οὐδὲ ἀποφανθεῖσι κοινωνοῖς τῶν
+ἀτόπων καὶ ἐξαγίστων βουλευμάτων. τὴν δὲ ἐς
+τὸν τοῦ παρανομήσαντος παῖδα καὶ πατήσαντος
+πίστιν καὶ ὅρκια [C] φειδὼ ἆρα βασιλικὸν
+ἀληθῶς καὶ θεῖον φήσομεν, ἢ μᾶλλον ἀποδεξόμεθα
+τὸν ἀγαμέμνονα χαλεπαίνοντα καὶ
+πικραινόμενον τῶν Τρώων οὐ τοῖς ξυνεξελθοῦσι
+μόνον τῷ Πάριδι καὶ καθυβρίσασι τοῦ Μενέλεω
+τὴν ἑστίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κυουμένοις ἔτι καὶ ὧν
+τυχὸν οὐδὲ αἱ μητέρες τότ᾽ ἐγεγόνεσαν, ὁπότε
+ἐκεῖνος τὰ περὶ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν ἐνενόει; εἰ δὴ τὸ
+μὲν ὠμόν τις οἴεται [D] καὶ τραχὺ καὶ ἀπάνθρωπον
+ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ πρέπειν, τὸ πρᾷον δὲ οἶμαι καὶ
+χρηστὸν καὶ φιλάνθρωπον ἁρμόττειν ἥκιστα
+μὲν χαίροντι τιμωρίαις, ἀχθομένωι δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς
+τῶν ὑπηκόων ξυμφοραῖς, ὅπως ἂν γίγνωνται, εἴτε
+<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/><anchor id='Pg265'/>
+κακίᾳ σφῶν καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ, εἴτε ἔξωθεν παρὰ τῆς
+τύχης ἐπάγοιντο, δῆλός ἐστι τούτῳ διδοὺς τὰ
+νικητήρια. ἐννοεῖτε γάρ, ὡς περὶ τὸν παῖδα
+γέγονε τοῦ φύσαντος ἀμείνων καὶ δικαιότερος,
+περὶ δὲ τοὺς ἐκείνου φίλους [100] πιστότερος τοῦ τὴν
+φιλίαν ὁμολογήσαντος. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντας
+προεῖτο, ὁ δὲ ἀπέσωσεν ἅπαντας. καὶ εἰ μὲν
+ἐκεῖνος ταῦτα περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐγνωκὼς<note place='foot'>ἐγνωκὼς τρόπου&mdash;κατανοήσας Hertlein suggests, ἐγνωκώς&mdash;τὸν
+τρόπου κατανοήσας MSS.</note> τρόπου
+ἅτε ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ κατανοήσας σφόδρα ἐπίστευεν,
+ἀσφαλῶς μέν οἱ τὰ τοῦ παιδός, βεβαίως
+δὲ ὁρμεῖν τὰ τῶν φίλων, συνίει μὲν ὀρθῶς,
+πολλάκις δὲ ἧν πανοῦργος καὶ μοχθηρὸς καὶ
+δυστυχής, πολέμιος ἐθέλων εἶναι τῷ τοιοίτῳ καὶ
+ὃν σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν καὶ διαφερόντως [B] πρᾷον
+ἠπίστατο μισῶν καὶ ἐπιβουλεύων καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος
+ὧν οὐδαμῶς ἐχρῆν. εἰ δέ, ἀνελπίστου μέν
+οἱ τοῦ παιδὸς τῆς σωτηρίας τυγχανούσης,
+χαλεπῆς δὲ καὶ ἀδυνάτου τῆς<note place='foot'>τῆς Hertlein adds.</note> τῶν φίλων καὶ
+τῶν συγγενῶν, τὴν ἀπιστίαν ὅμως προείλετο,
+ὁ μὲν ἦν καὶ διὰ ταῦτα μοχθηρὸς καὶ ἀνόητος
+καὶ ἀγριώτερος τῶν θηρίων, ὁ δὲ ἥμερος καὶ
+πρᾷος καὶ μεγαλόφρων, τοῦ μὲν νηπίου κατελεήσας
+τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ τὸν τρόπον, [C] τοῖς δὲ
+οὐκ ἐξελεγχθεῖσι πρᾷως ἔχων, τοῦ δὲ ὑπεριδὼν καὶ
+καταφρονήσας τῶν πονηρευμάτων. ὁ γὰρ ἃ μηδὲ
+τῶν ἐχθρῶν τις διὰ μέγεθος ὧν αὑτῷ σύνοιδεν
+ἀδικημάτων ἐλπίζει ξυγχωρῶν εἰκότως ἀρετῆς ἐστι
+<pb n='266'/><anchor id='Pg266'/><anchor id='Pg267'/>
+νικηφόρος, τὴν δίκην μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον καὶ πρᾳότερον
+μετατιθεῖς, σωφροσύνῃ δὲ ὑπερβαλλόμενος
+τοὺς τὸ μέτριον ἐπιτιθέντας ταῖς τιμωρίαις, ἀνδρείᾳ
+δὲ διαφέρων τῷ μηδένα [D] πολέμιον ἀξιόχρεων ὑπολαμβάνειν,
+φρόνησιν δὲ ἐπιδεικνύμενος τῷ συγκαταλύειν
+τὰς ἔχθρας καὶ οὐ παραπέμπειν εἰς
+τοὺς παῖδας οἐδὲ εἰς ἐγγόνους προφάσει τῆς
+ἀκριβοῦς δίκης καὶ τοῦ βούλεσθαι<note place='foot'>βούλεσθαι Hertlein suggests, βούλεσθαί περ MSS.</note> ἐπιεικῶς μάλα
+πίτυος δίκην τῶν πονηρῶν ἀφανίζειν τὰ σπέρματα.
+ἐκείνων γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὸ ἔργον τόδε, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ
+τὴν εἰκόνα παλαιὸς ἀπέφηνε λόγος. ὁ δὲ ἀγαθὸς
+βασιλεὺς μιμούμενος ἀτεχνῶς τὸν θεὸν [101] οἶδε μὲν
+καὶ ἐκ τῶν πετρῶν ἑσμοὺς μελιττῶν ἐξιπταμένους,
+καὶ ἐκ τοῦ δριμυτάτου ξύλου τὸν γλυκὺν καρπὸν
+φυόμενον, σῦκά φημι τὰ χαρίεντα, καὶ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν
+τὴν σίδην καὶ ἄλλα ἐξ ἄλλων φυόμενα ἀνόμοια
+τοῖς γεννῶσι καὶ ἀποτίκτουσιν. οὔκουν οἴεται
+ταῦτα χρῆναι πρὸ τῆς ἀκμῆς διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ
+περιμένειν τὸν χρόνον καὶ ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτοῖς ἀπωσαμένοις
+τῶν πατέρων τὴν ἄνοιαν [B] καὶ τὴν μωρίαν
+ἀγαθοῖς γενέσθαι καὶ σώφροσι, ζηλωτὰς δὲ γενομένους
+τῶν πατρῴων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὑφέξειν ἐν
+καιρῷ τὴν δίκην, οὐκ ἀλλοτρίοις ἔργοις καὶ ξυμφοραῖς
+παραναλωθέντας.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But seeing that my argument has, of its own
+accord, once reached this point and is describing the
+affection that the Emperor inspires in the common
+people, the magistrates, and the garrisons who aid
+him to protect the empire and repulse its enemies,
+are you willing that I should relate to you a signal
+proof of this, which happened, one may say, yesterday
+or the day before? A certain man<note place='foot'>Silvanus.</note> who had
+been given the command of the garrisons in Galatia&mdash;you
+probably know his name and character&mdash;left
+his son behind him as a hostage for his friendship
+and loyalty to the Emperor, though not at the
+Emperor's request. Then he proved to be more
+treacherous than <q>lions who have no faithful
+covenants with man,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 22. 262.</note> as the poet says, and
+plundered the cities of their wealth and distributed
+it among the invading barbarians, paying it down as
+a sort of ransom, though he was well able to take
+measures to win security by the sword rather than
+by money. But he tried to win them over to
+friendliness by means of money. And finally he
+took from the women's apartments a purple dress,
+and showed himself truly a tyrant and tragical
+indeed. Then the soldiers, resenting his treachery,
+would not tolerate the sight of him thus dressed up
+in women's garb,<note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Bacchae</hi> 822.</note> and they set on the miserable
+wretch and tore him limb from limb,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 48 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> nor would they
+endure either that the crescent moon<note place='foot'>His Oriental dress suggested Persian rule, symbolised by
+the crescent.</note> should rule
+over them. Now it was the affection of his garrison
+that gave the Emperor this guerdon, a wonderful
+recompense for his just and blameless rule. But you
+are eager to hear how he behaved after this. This
+too, however, you cannot fail to know, that he chose
+neither to be harsh towards that man's son<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> l. 49 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> nor
+suspicious and formidable to his friends, but in the
+highest possible degree he was merciful and kindly
+to them all, though many desired to bring false
+accusations<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> l. 48 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> and had raised their stings to strike the
+innocent. But though many were perhaps really
+involved in the crimes of which they were suspected,
+he was merciful to all alike, provided they had not
+been convicted or proved to be partners in the
+usurper's monstrous and abominable schemes. And
+shall we not declare that the forbearance shown by
+him towards the son of one who had broken the laws
+and trampled on loyalty and sworn covenants was
+truly royal and godlike; or shall we rather approve
+Agamemnon, who vented his rage and cruelty not
+only on those Trojans who had accompanied Paris
+and had outraged the hearth of Menelaus, but even
+on those who were yet unborn, and whose mothers
+even were perhaps not yet born when Paris plotted
+the rape? Anyone therefore who thinks that
+cruelty and harshness and inhumanity ill become a
+king, and that mercy and goodness and human
+kindness befit one who takes no pleasure in acts of
+vengeance, but grieves at the misfortunes of his subjects,
+however they may arise, whether from their
+own wickedness and ignorance or aimed at them
+from without by fate, will, it is evident, award
+to the Emperor the palm of victory. For bear in
+mind that he was kinder and more just to the
+boy than his own father, and to the usurper's
+friends he was more loyal than he who acknowledged
+the tie of friendship. For the usurper forsook
+them all, but the Emperor saved them all. And
+if the usurper, knowing all this about the Emperor's
+character, since he had for a long time been able to
+observe it, was entirely confident that his son was
+safely at anchor and his friends securely also, then
+he did indeed understand him aright, but he was
+many times over criminal and base and accursed for
+desiring to be at enmity with such a man, and for
+hating one whom he knew to be so excellent and
+so surpassingly mild, and for plotting against him
+and trying to rob him of what it was a shame to
+take from him. But if, on the other hand, his son's
+safety was something that he had never hoped for,
+and the safety of his friends and kinsfolk he had
+thought difficult or impossible, and he nevertheless
+chose to be disloyal, this is yet another proof that he
+was wicked and infatuated and fiercer than a wild
+beast, and that the Emperor was gentle and mild and
+magnanimous, since he took pity on the youth of the
+helpless child, and was merciful to those who were not
+proved guilty, and ignored and despised the crimes
+of the usurper. For he who grants what not one of
+his enemies expects, because the guilt that is on their
+conscience is so great, beyond a doubt carries off the
+prize for virtue: for while he tempers justice with
+what is nobler and more merciful, in self-restraint he
+surpasses those who are merely moderate in their
+vengeance; and in courage he excels because he thinks
+no enemy worthy of notice; and his wisdom he displays
+by suppressing enmities and by not handing them
+down to his sons and descendants on the pretext of
+strict justice, or of wishing, and very reasonably too,
+to blot out the seed of the wicked like the seed of
+a pine-tree.<note place='foot'>A proverb; the pine when cut down does not send up
+shoots again.</note> For this is the way of those trees, and
+in consequence an ancient tale<note place='foot'>Herodotus 6. 37.</note> gave rise to this
+simile. But the good Emperor, closely imitating
+God, knows that even from rocks swarms of bees fly
+forth, and that sweet fruits grow even from the
+bitterest wood, pleasant figs, for instance, and from
+thorns the pomegranate, and there are other instances
+where things are produced entirely unlike the
+parents that begat them and brought them forth.
+Therefore he thinks that we ought not to destroy
+these before they have reached maturity, but to wait
+for time to pass, and to trust them to cast off the folly
+and madness of their fathers and become good and
+temperate, but that, if they should turn out to emulate
+their fathers' practices, they will in good time
+suffer punishment, but they will not have been uselessly
+sacrificed because of the deeds and misfortunes
+of others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἆρ᾽ οὖν ὑμῖν ἱκανῶς δοκοῦμεν ἐκτετελεκέναι
+τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον; ἢ ποθεῖτε ἀκούειν ὑμεῖς καὶ
+τὴν καρτερίαν καὶ τὴν σεμνότητα, καὶ ὡς οὐ μόνον
+ἐστὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἀήττητος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ οὔτε αἰσχρᾶς
+ἐπιθυμίας ἑάλω πώποτε, οὔτε οἰκίας καλῆς οὔτ᾽
+<pb n='268'/><anchor id='Pg268'/><anchor id='Pg269'/>
+ἐπαύλεως πολυτελοῦς οὔτε ὅρμων σμαραγδίνων
+ἐπιθυμήσας ἀφείλετο βίᾳ ἢ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς κεκτημένους,
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ γυναικὸς ἐλευθέρας οὐδὲ θεραπαίνης,
+οὐδὲ ὅλως τὴν ἄδικον ἀφροδίτην ἠγάπησε,
+καὶ ὡς οὐδὲ ὧν ὧραι φύουσιν ἀγαθῶν τὴν ἄμετρον
+ἀπαιτεῖ πλησμονήν, οὐδὲ αὐτῷ θέρους ὥρᾳ τοῦ
+κρυστάλλου μέλει, [D] οὐδὲ μεταβάλλει πρὸς τὰς
+ὥρας τὴν οἴκησιν, τοῖς πονουμένοις δὲ ἀεὶ πάρεστι
+τῆς ἀρχῆς μέρεσιν ἀντέχων καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρύος καὶ
+πρὸς τὰ θάλπη τὰ γενναῖα; τούτων δὲ εἴ με
+κελεύοιτε φέρειν ὑμῖν ἐμφανῆ τὰ τεκμήρια, γνώριμα
+μὲν ἐρῶ καὶ οὐκ ἀπορήσω, μακρὸς δὲ ὁ λόγος καὶ
+διωλύγιος, ἐμοί τε οὐ σχολὴ τὰς μούσας ἐπὶ
+τοσοῦτον θεραπεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥρα λοιπὸν πρὸς ἔργον
+τρέπεσθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now do you think I have made my sincere panegyric
+sufficiently thorough and complete? Or are
+you anxious to hear also about the Emperor's powers
+of endurance and his august bearing, and that not
+only is he unconquerable by the enemy, but has
+never yet succumbed to any disgraceful appetite, and
+never coveted a fine house or a costly palace or a
+necklace of emeralds, and then robbed their owners
+of them either by violence or persuasion; and that he
+has never coveted any free-born woman or handmaid
+or pursued any dishonourable passion; and that he
+does not even desire an immoderate surfeit of the
+good things that the seasons produce, or care for ice
+in summer, or change his residence with the time of
+year; but is ever at hand to aid those portions of the
+empire that are in trouble, enduring both frost and
+extreme heat? But if you should bid me bring
+before you plain proofs of this, I shall merely say
+what is familiar to all, and I shall not lack evidence,
+but the account would be long, a monstrous speech,
+nor indeed have I leisure to cultivate the Muses
+to such an extent, for it is now time for me to turn
+to my work.<note place='foot'>His campaign in Gaul.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='273'/><anchor id='Pg273'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Oration III</head>
+
+<div>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Introduction To Oration III</head>
+
+<p>
+The Third Oration is an expression of gratitude
+(χαριστήριος λόγος)<note place='foot'>cf. Quintilian 3. 7. 10. on the <hi rend='italic'>Gratiarum actio</hi>.</note> to the Empress Eusebia, the
+first wife of Constantius. After Julian's intractable
+step-brother Gallus Caesar had been murdered by the
+Emperor, he was summoned to the court at Milan,
+and there, awkward and ill at ease, cut off from his
+favourite studies and from the society of philosophers,
+surrounded by intriguing and unfriendly
+courtiers, and regarded with suspicion by the
+Emperor, Julian was protected, encouraged and
+advised by Eusebia. His praise and gratitude are,
+for once, sincere. The oration must have been
+composed either in Gaul or shortly before Julian set
+out thither after the dangerous dignity of the
+Caesarship had been thrust upon him. His sincerity
+has affected his style, which is simpler and more
+direct than that of the other two Panegyrics.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='274'/><anchor id='Pg274'/><anchor id='Pg275'/>
+
+<div>
+
+<p>
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΙΑΣ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Julian, Caesar)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΔΟΣ ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Panegyric in Honour of the
+Empress Eusebia)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[102] Τί ποτε ἄρα χρὴ διανοεῖσθαι περὶ τῶν ὀφειλόντων
+μεγάλα καὶ πέρα<note place='foot'>πέρα Cobet, ὑπὲρ MSS., Hertlein.</note> μεγάλων, οὔτι φημὶ
+χρυσίον οὐδὲ ἀργύριον, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς ὅ,τι ἂν τύχῃ
+τις παρὰ τοῦ πέλας εὖ παθών· εἶτα τοιαῦτα μὲν
+ἀποτίνειν οὔτε ἐπιχειρούντων οὔτε διανοουμένων,
+ῥᾳθύμως δὲ καὶ ὀλιγώρως ἐχόντων πρὸς τὸ τὰ
+δυνατὰ ποιεῖν καὶ διαλύεσθαι τὸ ὄφλημα; [B] ἢ
+δῆλον ὅτι φαύλους καὶ μοχθηροὺς νομιστέον;
+οὐδενὸς γὰρ οἶμαι τῶν ἄλλων ἀδικημάτων ἔλαττον
+μισοῦμεν ἀχαριστίαν καὶ ὀνειδίζομεν τοῦς ἀνθρώποις,
+ὅταν εὖ παθόντες περὶ τοὺς εὐεργέτας ὦσιν
+ἀχάριστοι· ἔστι δὲ οὐχ οὗτος ἀχάριστος μόνον,
+ὅστις εὖ παθὼν δρᾷ κακῶς ἢ λέγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ
+ὅστις σιωπᾷ καὶ ἀποκρύπτει, λήθῃ παραδιδοὺς
+καὶ ἀφανίζων τὰς χάριτας. καὶ τῆς μὲν θηριώδους
+ἐκείνης [C] καὶ ἀπανθρώπου μοχθηρίας σφόδρα ὀλίγα
+καὶ εὐαρίθμητα κομιδῇ τὰ παραδείγματα· πολλοὶ
+δὲ ἀποκρύπτουσι τὸ δοκεῖν εὖ παθεῖν, οὐκ οἶδα
+ὅ,τι βουλόμενοι· φασὶ δὲ ὅμως θωπείας τινὸς καὶ
+ἀγεννοῦς κολακείας τὴν δόξαν ἐκκλίνειν. ἐγὼ δὲ
+<pb n='276'/><anchor id='Pg276'/><anchor id='Pg277'/>
+[103] τούτους<note place='foot'>τούτους Cobet, οὗτοι MSS., Hertlein.</note> μὲν ὅτι μηδὲν ὑγιὲς λέγουσι σαφῶς
+εἰδὼς ὅμως ἀφίημι, καὶ κείσθω διαφεύγειν αὐτούς,
+καθάπερ οἴονται, κολακείας οὐκ ἀληθῆ δόξαν,
+πολλοῖς ἅμα πάθεσιν ἐνόχους φανέντας καὶ
+νοσήμασιν αἰσχίστοις πάνυ καὶ ἀνελευθέροις. ἢ
+γὰρ οὐ συνιέντες ἀναίσθητοι λίαν εἰσίν, ὧν οὐδαμῶς
+ἁναίσθητον εἶναι χρῆν, ἢ συνιέντες ἐπιλήσμονες
+ὧν ἐχρῆν εἰς ἅπαντα μεμνῆσθαι τὸν
+χρόνον· μεμνημένοι δὲ καὶ ἀποκνοῦντες δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν
+αἰτίας δειλοὶ καὶ βάσκανοι φύσει καὶ
+ἁπλῶς ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις δυσμενεῖς, [B] οἵ γε οὐδὲ
+τοῖς εὐεργέταις πρᾷοι καὶ προσηνεῖς ἐθέλοντες
+εἶναι, εἶτα, ἂν μὲν δέῃ λοιδορῆσαί που καὶ δακεῖν,
+ὥσπερ τὰ θηρία ὀργίλον καὶ ὀξὺ βλέπουσιν·
+ὥσπερ δὲ ἀνάλωμα πολυτελὲς φεύγοντες τὸν
+ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως, αἰτιῶνται τὰς
+ὑπὲρ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων εὐφημίας, ἐξὸν ἐκεῖνο
+ἐξετάζειν μόνον, εἰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τιμῶσι καὶ
+περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦνται [C] τοῦ δοκεῖν ἐν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις
+χαρίζεσθαι. οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ἔνεστιν εἰπεῖν,
+ὡς ἀνωφελὲς χρῆμα ἡ εὐφημία οὔτε τοῖς ὑπὲρ ὧν
+γέγονεν οὔτε αὖ τοῖς ἄλλοις, ὁπόσι τὴν ἴσην
+ἐκείνοις κατὰ τὸν βίον τάξιν εἰληχότες τῆς ἐν ταῖς
+πράξεσιν ἀρετῆς ἀπελείφθησαν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ
+ἄκουσμά τέ ἐστιν ἡδὺ καὶ προθυμοτέρους παρέχει
+περὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ διαφέροντα τῶν ἔργων· τοὺς
+δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ζηλοῦν ἐκεῖνα πειθοῖ καὶ βίᾳ παρώρμησεν
+ὁρῶντας ὅτι μηδὲ τῶν προλαβόντων
+<pb n='278'/><anchor id='Pg278'/><anchor id='Pg279'/>
+τινὲς ἀπεστερήθησαν ὃ μόνον δοῦναί τε καὶ λαβεῖν
+ἐστι δημοσίᾳ καλόν. [D] χρήματα μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ
+ἐμφανὲς διδόναι καὶ περιβλέπειν, ὅπως ὅτι
+πλεῖστοι τὸ δοθὲν εἴσονται, πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀπειροκάλου·
+ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὑποσχὼν<note place='foot'>ὑποσχὼν Cobet, ὑποσχεῖν MSS., Hertlein.</note> τὼ χεῖρε ὑποδέξαιτ᾽
+ἄν τις ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πάντων, μὴ παντάπασιν
+ἀποσεισάμενος αἰδῶ καὶ ἐπιείκειαν τοῦ τρόπου.
+Ἀρκεσίλαος δὲ [104] καὶ διδοὺς τὸν λαβόντα ἐπειρᾶτο
+λαθεῖν· συνίει δὲ ἐκεῖνος ἐκ τῆς πράξεως τὸν
+δράσαντα. ἐπαίνων δὲ ζηλωτὸν μὲν ἀκροατὰς
+ὡς πλείστους εὑρεῖν, ἀγαπητὸν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ
+ὀλίγους. καὶ ἐπῄνει δὲ Σωκράτης πολλοὺς καὶ
+Πλάτων καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης· Ξενοφῶν δὲ καὶ
+Ἀγησίλαον τὸν βασιλέα καὶ Κῦρον τὸν Πέρσην,
+οὔτι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἐκεῖνον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ᾧ<note place='foot'>τὸν ᾧ Cobet, Naber ᾧ MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+συνεστράτευτο ἐπὶ βασιλέα<note place='foot'>ἐπὶ βασιλέα Cobet, [ἐφ᾽ Ἑλλάδα] Hertlein.</note> καὶ τοὺς ἐπαίνους
+ξυγγράφων οὐκ ἀπεκρύπτετο. [B] ἐμοὶ δὲ θαυμαστὸν
+εἶναι δοκεῖ, εἰ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὲν τοὺς καλούς τε
+κἀγαθοὺς<note place='foot'>καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς Cobet, καλοὺς MSS., Hertlein.</note> προθύμως ἐπαινεσόμεθα, γυναῖκα δὲ
+ἀγαθὴν τῆς εὐφημίας οὐκ ἀξιώσομεν, ἀρετῆς οὐδὲν
+μεῖον αὐταῖς ἤπερ τοῖς ἀνδράσι προσήκειν ὑπολαμβάνοντες.
+ἢ γὰρ εἶναι σώφρονα καὶ συνετὴν
+καὶ οἴαν νέμειν<note place='foot'>οἵαν νέμειν Hertlein suggests, νέμειν MSS.</note> ἑκάστῳ τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἀξίαν καὶ
+θαρραλέαν ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ
+ἐλευθέριον καὶ πάντα ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ὑπάρχειν
+ἐκείνῃ<note place='foot'>ἐκείνῃ Petavius, ἐκείνην MSS., Hertlein.</note> οἰόμενοι χρῆναι τὰ τοιαῦτα, εἶτα<note place='foot'>εἶτα Cobet adds.</note> τῶν
+<pb n='280'/><anchor id='Pg280'/><anchor id='Pg281'/>
+ἐπὶ τοῖς ἔργοις [C] ἐγκωμίων ἀφαιρησόμεθα τὸν ἐκ
+τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν ψόγον δεδοικότεσ; Ὅμηρος
+δὲ οὐκ ᾐσχύνετο τὴν Πηνελόπην ἐπαινέσας οὐδὲ
+τὴν Ἀλκίνου γαμετήν, οὐδὲ εἴ τις ἄλλη διαφερόντως
+ἀγαθὴ γέγονεν ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἀρετῆς
+μετεποιήθη. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐκείνη τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ
+τούτωι διήμαρτεν εὐφημίας. πρὸς δὲ αὖ τούτοις
+παθεῖν μὲν εὖ καὶ τυχεῖν τινος ἀγαθοῦ, σμικροῦ
+τε ὁμοίως καὶ μείζονος, [D] οὐδὲν ἔλαττον παρὰ
+γυναικὸς ἢ παρὰ ἀνδρὸς δεξόμεθα, τὴν δὲ ἐπ᾽
+αὐτῷ χάριν ἀποτίνειν ὀκνήσομεν; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε
+καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ δεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον εἶναι φῶσι καὶ
+οὐκ ἄξιον ἀνδρὸς ἐπιεικοῦς καὶ γενναίου, εἶναι δὲ
+καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα τὸν σοφὸν ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλόν,
+ὅτι τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἱκέτευε θυγατέρα παίζουσαν
+ἐπὶ τοῦ λειμῶνος ξὺν ταῖς ὁμήλιξι παρθένοις
+παρὰ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ταῖς ᾐόσι. μή ποτε οὖν
+οὐδὲ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς τοῦ Διὸς ἀπόσχωνται
+παιδός, [105] ἣν Ὅμηρός φησιν ἀπεικασθεῖσαν παρθένῳ
+καλῇ καὶ γενναίᾳ Ὀδυσσεῖ μὲν ἡγήσασθαι
+τῆς ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια φερούσης ὁδοῦ, σύμβουλον
+δὲ αὐτῷ<note place='foot'>αὐτῷ Cobet, αὐτοῦ MSS., Hertlein.</note> καὶ διδάσκαλον γενομένην, ὧν ἐχρῆν
+εἴσω παρελθόντα δρᾶν καὶ λέγειν, καθάπερ τινὰ
+ῥήτορα ξὺν τέχνῃ<note place='foot'>[τῇ] τέχνῃ Hertlein.</note> τέλειον ᾆσαι βασιλίδος ἐγκώμιον,
+ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους ἀρξαμένην. ἔχει δὲ
+αὐτῷ τὰ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἔπη τὸν τρόπον τόνδε·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(What, pray, ought we to think of those who owe
+things of price and beyond price&mdash;I do not mean
+gold or silver, but simply any benefit one may
+happen to receive from one's neighbour&mdash;suppose
+that they neither try nor intend to repay that
+kindness, but are indolent and do not trouble
+themselves to do what they can and try to discharge
+the debt? Is it not evident that we must think
+them mean and base? Far more I think than
+any other crime do we hate ingratitude, and we
+blame those persons who have received benefits
+and are ungrateful to their benefactors. And the
+ungrateful man is not only he who repays a kindness
+with evil deeds or words, but also he who is silent
+and conceals a kindness and tries to consign it to
+oblivion and abolish gratitude. Now of such brutal
+and inhuman baseness as the repayment with evil
+the instances are few and easily reckoned; but there
+are many who try to conceal the appearance of
+having received benefits, though with what purpose
+I know not. They assert, however, that it is
+because they are trying to avoid a reputation for a
+sort of servility and for base flattery. But though I
+know well enough that what they say is all insincere,
+nevertheless I let that pass, and suppose we
+assume that they, as they think, do escape an
+undeserved reputation for flattery, still they at the
+same time appear to be guilty of many weaknesses
+and defects of character that are in the highest
+degree base and illiberal. For either they are too
+dense to perceive what no one should fail to perceive,
+or they are not dense but forgetful of what they
+ought to remember for all time. Or again, they do
+remember, and yet shirk their duty for some reason or
+other, being cowards and grudging by nature, and their
+hand is against every man without exception, seeing
+that not even to their benefactors do they consent
+to be gentle and amiable; and then if there be
+any opening to slander and bite, they look angry
+and fierce like wild beasts. Genuine praise they
+somehow or other avoid giving, as though it were a
+costly extravagance, and they censure the applause
+given to noble actions, when the only thing that
+they need enquire into is whether the eulogists
+respect truth and rate her higher than the reputation
+of showing their gratitude by eulogy. For
+this at any rate they cannot assert, that praise is
+a useless thing, either to those who receive it or to
+others besides, who, though they have been assigned
+the same rank in life as the objects of their praise,
+have fallen short of their merit in what they have
+accomplished. To the former it is not only agreeable
+to hear, but makes them zealous to aim at a still
+higher level of conduct, while the latter it stimulates
+both by persuasion and compulsion to imitate that
+noble conduct, because they see that none of those
+who have anticipated them have been deprived of
+that which alone it is honourable to give and receive
+publicly. For to give money openly, and to look
+anxiously round that as many as possible may know
+of the gift, is characteristic of a vulgar person. Nay
+no one would even stretch out his hands to receive
+it in the sight of all men, unless he had first cast off all
+propriety of manner and sense of shame. Arcesilaus
+indeed, when offering a gift, used to try to hide his
+identity even from the recipient.<note place='foot'>Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Moralia</hi> 63 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> But in his case
+the manner of the deed always made known the
+doer. For a eulogy, however, one is ambitious to
+obtain as many hearers as possible, and even a small
+audience is, I think, not to be despised. Socrates, for
+instance, spoke in praise of many, as did Plato also and
+Aristotle. Xenophon, too, eulogised King Agesilaus
+and Cyrus the Persian, not only the elder Cyrus, but
+him whom he accompanied on his campaign against
+the Great King, nor did he hide away his eulogies,
+but put them into his history. Now I should think
+it strange indeed if we shall be eager to applaud men
+of high character, and not think fit to give our
+tribute of praise to a noble woman, believing as we
+do that excellence is the attribute of women no less
+than of men. Or shall we who think that such a one
+ought to be modest and wise and competent to assign
+to every man his due, and brave in danger, high-minded
+and generous, and that in a word all such
+qualities as these should be hers,&mdash;shall we, I say,
+then rob her of the encomium due to her good deeds,
+from any fear of the charge of appearing to flatter?
+But Homer was not ashamed to praise Penelope and
+the consort of Alcinous<note place='foot'>Arete.</note> and other women of exceptional
+goodness, or even those whose claim to virtue
+was slight. Nay nor did Penelope fail to obtain her
+share of praise for this very thing. But besides these
+reasons for praise, shall we consent to accept kind
+treatment from a woman no less than from a man,
+and to obtain some boon whether small or great, and
+then hesitate to pay the thanks due therefor? But
+perhaps people will say that the very act of making
+a request to a woman is despicable and unworthy
+of an honourable and high-spirited man, and that
+even the wise Odysseus was spiritless and cowardly
+because he was a suppliant to the king's daughter<note place='foot'>Nausicaa.</note>
+as she played with her maiden companions by the
+banks of the river. Perhaps they will not spare even
+Athene the daughter of Zeus, of whom Homer says<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 7. 20.</note>
+that she put on the likeness of a fair and noble
+maiden and guided him along the road that led
+to the palace, and was his adviser and instructed
+him what he must do and say when he had entered
+within; and that, like some orator perfect in the
+art of rhetoric, she sang an encomium of the
+queen, and for a prelude told the tale of her
+lineage from of old. Homer's verses about this are
+as follows:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Δέσποιναν μὲν πρῶτα κιχήσεαι ἐν μεγάροισιν,</l>
+<l>Ἀρήτη δ᾽ ὄνομ᾽ ἐστὶν ἐπώνυμον, [B] ἐκ δὲ τοκήων</l>
+<l>Τῶν αὐτῶν, οἵπερ τέκον Ἀλκίνοον βασιλῆα.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>The queen thou shalt find first in the halls.
+Arete is the name she is called by, and of the same
+parents is she as those who begat king Alcinous.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 7. 54.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='282'/><anchor id='Pg282'/><anchor id='Pg283'/>
+
+<p>
+ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος οἶμαι
+τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γένους καὶ ὅσα ἔδρασάν τε καὶ
+ἔπαθον εἰπών, καὶ ὅπως αὐτὴν ὁ θεῖος, τοῦ πατρὸς
+ἀπολομένου νέου καὶ νυμφίου, ἔγημέ τε καὶ
+ἐτίμησεν,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Then he goes back and begins with Poseidon and
+tells of the origin of that family and all that they
+did and suffered, and how when her father perished,
+still young and newly-wed, her uncle married her,
+and honoured her)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ὡς οὔτις ἐπὶ χθονὶ τίεται ἄλλη,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>As no other woman in the world is honoured,</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ ὅσων τυγχάνει                                       C
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and he tells of all the honour she receives)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ἔκ τε φίλων παίδων ἔκ τ᾽ αὐτοῦ Ἀλκινόοιο,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>From her dear children and from Alcinous
+himself,</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+ἔπι δὲ οἷμαι τῆς γερουσίας καὶ τοῦ δήμου, οἱ
+καθάπερ θεὸν ὁρῶσι πορευομένην διὰ τοῦ ἄστεος,
+τέλος ἐπέθηκε ταῖς εὐφημίαις ζηλωτὸν ἀνδρὶ καὶ
+γυναικί,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and from the council of elders also, I think, and from
+the people who look upon her as a goddess as she
+goes through the city; and on all his praises he sets
+this crown, one that man and woman alike may well
+envy, when he says)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Οὐ μὲν γάρ τι νόου γε καὶ αὐτὴ δεύεται ἐσθλοῦ</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>For indeed she too has no lack of excellent
+understanding,</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+λέγων, καὶ ὡς κρίνειν εὖ ἠπίστατο, οἷσίν τ᾽ εὗ
+φρονέῃσι, [D] καὶ διαλύειν τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐγκλήματα
+τοῖς πολίταις ἀναφυόμενα ξὺν δίκῃ. ταύτην
+δὴ οὖν ἱκετεύσας εἰ τύχοις εὔνου, πρὸς αὐτὸν
+ἔφη,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and that she knows well how to judge between
+men, and, for those citizens to whom she is kindly
+disposed, how to reconcile with justice the
+grievances that arise among them. Now if, when
+you entreat her, the goddess says to him, you find
+her well disposed,)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ἐλπωρή τοι ἔπειτα φίλους τ᾽ ἰδέειν καὶ ἱκέσθαι</l>
+<l>Οἶκον ἐς ὑψόροφον·</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Then is there hope that you will see your friends
+and come to your high-roofed house.</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+ὁ δ᾽ ἐπείσθη τῇ ξυμβουλῇ. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι δεησόμεθα
+μειζόνων εἰκόνων καὶ ἀποδείξεων ἐναργεστέρων,
+ὥστε ἀποφυγεῖν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν
+ὑποψίαν; [106] οὐχὶ δὲ ἤδη μιμούμενοι τὸν σοφὸν
+ἐκεῖνον καὶ θεῖον ποιητὴν ἐπαινέσομεν Εὐσεβίαν
+τὴν ἀρίστην, ἐπιθυμοῦντες μὲν ἔπαινον αὐτῆς
+ἄξιον διεξελθεῖν, ἀγαπῶντες δέ, εἰ καὶ μετρίως
+τυγχάνοιμεν οὕτω καλῶν καὶ πολλῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων;
+<pb n='284'/><anchor id='Pg284'/><anchor id='Pg285'/>
+καὶ τῶν<note place='foot'>καὶ τῶν Petavius, οὐ τῶν MSS., Hertlein suggests οὕτως
+ἀγαθῶν ὑπαρχόντων, Reiske suggests ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἀπορῶ μὲν
+οὖν ὅτου ἅψωμαι πρώτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν. <q>I am at a loss which
+of her noble qualities to discuss first.</q></note> ἀγαθῶν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνῃ,
+σωφροσύνης καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἢ πρᾳότητος καὶ
+ἐπιεικείας ἢ τῆς περὶ τὸν ἄνδρα φιλίας ἢ τῆς περὶ
+τὰ χρήματα μεγαλοψυχίας [B] ἢ τῆς περὶ τοὺς
+οἰκείους καὶ ξυγγενεῖς τιμῆς. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι
+καθάπερ ἴχνεσιν ἑπόμενον τοῖς ἤδη ῥηθεῖσιν οὕτω
+ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ τάξιν, ἀποδιδόντα τὴν
+αὐτὴν ἐκείνῃ, πατρίδος τε, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ πατέρων
+μνημονεύοντα, καὶ ὅπως ἐγήματο καὶ ᾧτινι, καὶ
+τἆλλα πάντα τὸν αὐτὸν ἐκείνοις τρόπον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And he was persuaded by her counsel. Shall I then
+need yet greater instances and clearer proofs, so
+that I may escape the suspicion of seeming to flatter?
+Shall I not forthwith imitate that wise and inspired
+poet and go on to praise the noble Eusebia, eager as
+I am to compose an encomium worthy of her, though
+I shall be thankful if, even in a moderate degree, I
+succeed in describing accomplishments so many and
+so admirable? And I shall be thankful if I succeed
+in describing also those noble qualities of hers,
+her temperance, justice, mildness and goodness,
+or her affection for her husband, or her generosity
+about money, or the honour that she pays to her own
+people and her kinsfolk. It is proper for me, I
+think, to follow in the track as it were of what I
+have already said, and, as I pursue my panegyric, so
+arrange it as to give the same order as Athene,
+making mention, as is natural, of her native land, her
+ancestors, how she married and whom, and all
+the rest in the same fashion as Homer.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς πατρίδος πολλὰ σεμνὰ λέγειν
+ἔχων, τὰ μὲν διὰ παλαιότητα παρήσειν μοι δοκῶ·
+φαίνεται γὰρ εἶναι τῶν μύθων οὐ πόρρω· [C] ὁποῖον
+δή τι καὶ τὸ περὶ τῶν Μουσῶν λεγόμενον, ὡς εἶεν
+δήπουθεν ἐκ τῆς Πιερίας, οὐχὶ δὲ ἐξ Ἑλικῶνος εἰς
+τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἀφίκοιντο παρὰ τὸν πατέρα κληθεῖσαι.
+τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ εἰ δή τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον, μύθῳ
+μᾶλλον ἢ λόγῳ προσῆκον, ἀπολειπτέον· ὀλίγα δὲ
+εἰπεῖν τῶν οὐ πᾶσι γνωρίμων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον οὐδὲ
+ἀπὸ τοῦ παρόντος λόγου. Μακεδόνων γὰρ οἰκίσαι
+φασὶ τὴν χώραν τοὺς Ἡρακλέους ἐγγόνους, Τημένου
+παῖδας, [D] οἵ τὴν Ἀργείαν λῆξιν νεμόμενοι καὶ στασιάζοντες
+τέλος ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ἀποικίαν τῆς πρὸς
+ἀλλήλους ἔριδος καὶ φιλοτιμίας· εἶτα ἑλόντες τὴν
+Μακεδονίαν καὶ γένος ὄλβιον ἀπολιπόντες<note place='foot'>ἀπολιπόντες MSS., ἀπολείποντες V, Hertlein.</note> βασιλεῖς
+<pb n='286'/><anchor id='Pg286'/><anchor id='Pg287'/>
+ἐκ βασιλέων διετέλουν καθάπερ κλῆρον τὴν
+τιμὴν διαδεχόμενοι. πάντας μὲν οὖν αὐτοὺς
+ἐπαινεῖν οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε οἶμαι ῥάδιον. πολλῶν
+δὲ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν γενομένων καὶ καταλιπόντων
+Ἑλληνικοῦ τρόπου μνημεῖα πάγκαλα, Φίλιππος
+καὶ ὁ τούτου παῖς ἀρετῇ διηνεγκάτην πάντων, [107] ὅσοι
+πάλαι Μακεδονίας καὶ Θρᾴκης ἦρξαν, οἶμαι δὲ
+ἔγωγε καὶ ὅσοι Λυδῶν ἢ Μήδων καὶ Περσῶν καὶ
+Ἀσσυρίων, πλὴν μόνου τοῦ Καμβύσου παιδός, ὃς
+ἐκ τῶν Μήδων ἐς Πέρσας τὴν βασιλείαν μετέστησεν.
+ὁ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτος ἐπειράθη τὴν Μακεδόνων
+αὐξῆσαι δύναμιν, καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπες τὰ
+πλεῖστα καταστρεψάμενος ὅρον ἐποιήσατο πρὸς
+ἕω μὲν καὶ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν τὴν θάλατταν, ἀπ᾽
+ἄρκτων δὲ οἶμαι [B] τὸν Ἴστρον καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν τὸ
+Ὠρικὸν ἔθνος. ὁ τούτου δὲ αὖ παῖς ὑπὸ τῷ
+Σταγειρίτηι σοφῷ τρεφόμενος τοσοῦτον μεγαλοψυχίᾳ
+τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων διήνεγκε καὶ προσέτι τὸν
+αὑτοῦ πατέρα τῇ στρατηγίᾳ καὶ τῇ θαρραλεότητι
+καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις ἀρεταῖς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, ὥστ᾽<note place='foot'>ὥστ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</note>
+οὐκ ἄξιον αὑτῷ ζῆν ὑπερλάμβανεν, εἰ μὴ ξυμπάντων
+μὲν ἀνθρώπων, πάντων δὲ ἐθνῶν κρατήσειεν.
+οὐκοῦν [C] τὴν μὲν Ἀσίαν ἐπῆλθε σύμπασαν καταστρεφόμενος,
+καὶ ἀνίσχοντα πρῶτος ἀνθρώπων
+τὸν ἥλιον προσεκύνει, ὡρμημένον δὲ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν
+Εὐρώπην, ὅπως τὰ λειπόμενα περιβαλόμενος γῆς
+τε ἁπάσης καὶ θαλάττης κύριος γένοιτο, τὸ χρεὼν
+ἐν Βαβυλῶνι κατέλαβε. Μακεδόνες δὲ ἁπάντων
+ἦρχον, ὧν ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ κτησάμενοι πόλεων καὶ
+ἐθνῶν ἔτυχον. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι χρὴ διὰ μειζόνων
+<pb n='288'/><anchor id='Pg288'/><anchor id='Pg289'/>
+τεκμηρίων δηλοῦν, [D] ὡς ἔνδοξος μὲν ἡ Μακεδονία
+καὶ μεγάλη τὸ πρόσθεν γένοιτο; ταύτης δὲ αὐτῆς
+τὸ κράτιστον ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη, ἣν ἀνέστησαν,
+πεσόντων, οἶμαι, Θετταλῶν, τῆς κατ᾽ ἐκείνων
+ἐπώνυμον νίκης. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων οὐδὲν ἔτι
+δέομαι μακρότερα λέγειν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now though I have much that is highly honourable
+to say about her native land,<note place='foot'>Eusebia belonged to a noble family of Thessalonica, in
+Macedonia; she was married to Constantius in 352 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> I think it well to
+omit part, because of its antiquity. For it seems to
+be not far removed from myth. For instance, the
+sort of story that is told about the Muses, that
+they actually came from Pieria<note place='foot'>Near Mount Olympus.</note> and that it was not
+from Helicon that they came to Olympus, when
+summoned to their father's side. This then, and
+all else of the same sort, since it is better suited
+to a fable than to my narrative, must be omitted.
+But perhaps it is not out of the way nor alien
+from my present theme to tell some of the facts
+that are not familiar to all. They say<note place='foot'>Herodotus 8. 137.</note> that
+Macedonia was colonised by the descendants of
+Heracles, the sons of Temenus, who had been
+awarded Argos as their portion, then quarrelled, and
+to make an end of their strife and jealousy led out a
+colony. Then they seized Macedonia, and leaving a
+prosperous family behind them, they succeeded
+to the throne, king after king, as though the
+privilege were an inheritance. Now to praise
+all these would be neither truthful, nor in my
+opinion easy. But though many of them were brave
+men and left behind them very glorious monuments
+of the Hellenic character, Philip and his son
+surpassed in valour all who of old ruled over
+Macedonia and Thrace, yes and I should say all
+who governed the Lydians as well, or the Medes and
+Persians and Assyrians, except only the son of
+Cambyses,<note place='foot'>Cyrus.</note> who transferred the sovereignty from the
+Medes to the Persians. For Philip was the first to
+try to increase the power of the Macedonians, and
+when he had subdued the greater part of Europe, he
+made the sea his frontier limit on the east and south,
+and on the north I think the Danube, and on the
+west the people of Oricus,<note place='foot'>A town on the coast of Illyria.</note> And after him, his son,
+who was bred up at the feet of the wise Stagyrite,<note place='foot'>Aristotle; <q>who bred | Great Alexander to subdue the
+world.</q> Milton, <hi rend='italic'>Paradise Regained</hi> 4.</note>
+so far excelled all the rest in greatness of soul, and
+besides, surpassed his own father in generalship and
+courage and the other virtues, that he thought that
+life for him was not worth living unless he could
+subdue all men and all nations. And so he traversed
+the whole of Asia, conquering as he went,
+and he was the first of men<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> of Greeks.</note> to adore the rising
+sun; but as he was setting out for Europe in order
+to gain control of the remainder and so become
+master of the whole earth and sea, he paid the debt
+of nature in Babylon. Then Macedonians became
+the rulers of all the cities and nations that they had
+acquired under his leadership. And now is it still
+necessary to show by stronger proofs that Macedonia
+was famous and great of old? And the most important
+place in Macedonia is that city which they
+restored, after, I think, the fall of the Thessalians,
+and which is called after their victory over them.<note place='foot'>Thessalonica.</note>
+But concerning all this I need not speak at greater
+length.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εὐγενείας γε μὴν τί ἂν ἔχοιμεν ἔτι πράγματα
+ἐπιζητοῦντες φανερώτερον καὶ ἐναργὲς μᾶλλον
+τεκμήριον; θυγάτηρ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνδρὸς ἀξίου νομισθέντος
+τὴν ἐπώνυμον τοῦ ἔτους ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν,<note place='foot'>ἄρχειν Hertlein adds.</note>
+πάλαι [108] μὲν ἰσχυρὰν καὶ βασιλείαν ἀτεχνῶς ὀνομαζομένην,
+μεταβαλοῦσαν δὲ διὰ τοὺς οὐκ ὀρθῶς
+χρωμένους τῇ δυνάμει τὸ ὄνομα· νῦν δὲ ἤδη τῆς
+δυνάμεως ἐπιλειπούσης, ἐπειδὴ πρὸς μοναρχίαν
+τὰ τῆς πολιτείας μεθέστηκε, τιμὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν τῶν
+ἄλλων ἁπάντων στερομένη πρὸς πᾶσαν ἰσχὺν
+ἀντίρροπος εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῖς μὲν ἰδιώταις οἷον
+ἆθλον ἀποκειμένη καὶ γέρας ἀρετῆς ἦ πίστεως
+ἤ τινος εὐνοίας καὶ ὑπηρεσίας περὶ τοὺς τῶν
+ὅλων ἄρχοντας ἢ πράξεως λαμπρᾶς, [B] τοῖς βασιλεῦσι
+δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔχουσιν ἀγαθοῖς οἷον ἄγαλμα
+καὶ κόσμος ἐπιτιθεμένη· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἄλλων
+ὀνομάτων τε καὶ ἔργων, ὁπόσα τῆς παλαιᾶς
+ἐκείνης πολιτείας διασώζει τινὰ φαύλην καὶ
+ἀμυδρὰν εἰκόνα, ἢ παντάπασιν ὑπεριδόντες διὰ
+τὴν ἰσχὺν κατέγνωσαν, ἢ προσιέμενοὶ γε διὰ
+βίου καρποῦνται τὰς ἐπωνυμίας· μόνης δέ, οἶμαι,
+ταύτης οὔτε τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπερεῖδον, χαίρουσί
+τε<note place='foot'>οὔτε&mdash;τε Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ&mdash;δὲ MSS.</note> καὶ πρὸς ἐνιαυτὸν τυγχάνοντες· [C] καὶ οὔτε
+<pb n='290'/><anchor id='Pg290'/><anchor id='Pg291'/>
+ἐδιώτης οὐδεὶς οὔτε βασιλεύς ἐστιν ἢ γέγονεν, ὃς
+οὐ ζηλωτὸν ἐνόμισεν ὕπατος ἐπονομασθῆναι. εἰ
+δέ, ὅτι πρῶτος ὔτυχεν ἐκεῖνος καὶ γέγονεν ἀρχηγὸς
+τῷ γένει τῆς εὐδοξίας, ἔλαττὸν τις ἔχειν αὐτὸν
+τῶν ἄλλων ὑπολαμβάνει, λίαν ἐξαπατώμενος
+οὐ μανθάνει· τῷ παντὶ γὰρ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐστι
+καὶ σεμνότερον ἀρχὴν παρασχεῖν τοῖς ἐγγόνοις
+περιφανείας τοσαύτης [D] ἢ λαβεῖν παρὰ τῶν προγόνων.
+ἐπεὶ καὶ πόλεως μεγίστης οἰκιστὴν
+γενέσθαι κρεῖττον ἢ πολίτην, καὶ λαβεῖν ὁτιοῦν
+ἀγαθὸν τοῦ δοῦναι τῷ παντὶ καταδεέστερον.
+λαμβάνειν δὲ ἐοίκασι παρὰ τῶν πατέρων οἱ
+παῖδες καὶ οἱ πολῖται παρὰ τῶν πόλεων οἷον
+ἁφορμάς τινας πρὸς εὐδοξίαν. ὅστις δὲ ἀποδίδωσι
+πάλιν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προγόνοις τε καὶ πατρίδι
+μείζονα τιμῆς ὑπόθεσιν, λαμπροτέραν μὲν ἐκείνην
+καὶ σεμνοτέραν, τοὺς πατέρας δὲ ἐνδοξοτέρους
+ἀποφαίνων, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν<note place='foot'>δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν Hertlein suggests, καταλιπεῖν V, M, καταλείπει
+MSS.</note> πρὸς
+εὐγενείας λόγον ἅμιλλαν· [109] οὐδὲ ἔστιν ὅστις
+ἐκείνου φήσει κρείττων γεγονέναι· ἐξ ἀγαθῶν
+μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν φῦναι χρή. ὁ δὲ ἐξ ἐνδόξων
+ἐνδοξότερος γενόμενος, ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀρετῇ τῆς τύχης
+πνεούσης, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δίδωσιν ἀπορεῖν, εἰ τῆς
+εὐγενείας εἰκότως μεταποιεῖται.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And of her noble birth why should I take any
+further trouble to seek for clearer or more manifest
+proof than this? I mean that she is the daughter of
+a man who was considered worthy to hold the office
+that gives its name to the year,<note place='foot'>The consulship.</note> an office that in the
+past was powerful and actually called royal, but lost
+that title because of those who abused their power.
+But now that in these days its power has waned,
+since the government has changed to a monarchy,
+the bare honour, though robbed of all the rest, is
+held to counterbalance all power, and for private
+citizens is set up as a sort of prize and a reward of
+virtue, or loyalty, or of some favour done to the
+ruler of the empire, or for some brilliant exploit,
+while for the emperors, it is added to the advantages
+they already possess as the crowning glory and adornment.
+For all the other titles and functions that still
+retain some feeble and shadowy resemblance to the
+ancient constitution they either altogether despised
+and rejected, because of their absolute power, or
+they attached them to themselves and enjoy the
+titles for life. But this office alone, I think, they
+from the first did not despise, and it still gratifies
+them when they obtain it for the year. Indeed
+there is no private citizen or emperor, nor has ever
+been, who did not think it an enviable distinction to
+be entitled consul. And if there be anyone who
+thinks that, because he I spoke of was the first of his
+line to win that title and to lay the foundations of
+distinction for his family, he is therefore inferior to
+the others, he fails to understand that he is deceived
+exceedingly. For it is, in my opinion, altogether
+nobler and more honourable to lay the foundations
+of such great distinction for one's descendants than
+to receive it from one's ancestors. For indeed it is
+a nobler thing to be the founder of a mighty city than
+a mere citizen and to receive any good thing is altogether
+less dignified than to give. Indeed it is evident
+that sons receive from their fathers, and citizens from
+their cities, a start, as it were, on the path of glory.
+But he who by his own effort pays back to his
+ancestors and his native land that honour on a
+higher scale, and makes his country show more
+brilliant and more distinguished, and his ancestors
+more illustrious, clearly yields the prize to no man
+on the score of native nobility. Nor is there any man
+who can claim to be superior to him I speak of.
+For the good must needs be born of good parents.
+But when the son of illustrious parents himself
+becomes more illustrious, and fortune blows the
+same way as his merit, he causes no one to feel
+doubt, if he lays claim, as is reasonable, to be of
+native nobility.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εὐσεβία δέ, περὶ ἧς ὁ λόγος, παῖς μὲν ὑπάτου
+γέγονε, γαμετὴ δέ ἐστι βασιλέως ἐνδρείου,
+σώφρονος, συνετοῦ, δικαίου, χρηστοῦ καὶ πρᾴου
+καὶ μεγαλοψύχου, [B] ὃς ἐπειδὴ πατρῴαν οὖσαν αὐτῷ
+<pb n='292'/><anchor id='Pg292'/><anchor id='Pg293'/>
+τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνεκτήσατο, ἀφελόμενος τοῦ βίᾳ
+λαβόντος, γάμου τε ἐδεῖτο πρὸς παίδων γένεσιν,
+οἳ κληρονομήσουσι τῆς τιμῆς καὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας,
+ταύτην ἀξίαν ἔκρινε τῆς κοινωνίας γεγονὼς ἤδη
+σχεδόν τι τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης κύριος. καίτοι
+πῶς ἄν τις μείζονα μαρτυρίαν ἐπιζητήσειε τῆσδε;
+οὐ μόνον περὶ τῆς εὐγενείας αὐτῆς, [C] ὑπὲρ δὲ
+ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, ὅσα χρῆν οἶμαι τὴν βασιλεῖ
+τοσούτῳ συνιοῦσαν, καθάπερ φερνὴν οἴκοθεν
+ἐπιφερομένην, κομίζειν ἀγαθά, παιδείαν ὀρθήν,
+σύνεσιν ἐμμελῆ, ἀκμὴν καὶ ὥραν σώματος καὶ
+κάλλος τοσοῦτον, ὥστε ἀποκρύπτεσθαι τᾶς
+ἄλλας παρθένους, καθάπερ οἶμαι περὶ τῇ σελήνῃ
+πληθούσῃ οἱ διαφανεῖς ἀστέρες καταυγαζόμενοι
+κρύπτουσι τὴν μορφὴν. ἓν μὲν γὰρ τούτων
+οὐδὲν<note place='foot'>οὐδὲν MSS., οὐδὲ ἕν V, Hertlein.</note> ἐξαρκεῖν δοκεῖ πρὸς κοινωνίαν βασιλέως,
+πάντα δὲ ἅμα, [D] ὥσπερ θεοῦ τινος ἀγαθῷ βασιλεῖ
+καλὴν καὶ σώφρονα πλάττοντος τὴν νύμφην,
+εἰς ταὐτὸ συνεληλυθότα πόρρωθεν καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ
+τῶν ὀμμάτων ἐφελκυσάμενα μάλα ὄλβιον ἦγε τὸν
+νυμφίον. κάλλος μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ γένους
+βοηθείας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν οἶμαι στερόμενον
+οὐδὲ ἰδιώτην ἀκόλαστον ἰσχύει πείθειν τὴν
+γαμήλιον ἀνάψαι λαμπάδα, ἄμφω δὲ ἅμα συνελθόντα
+γάμον μὲν ἧρμοσε πολλάκις, ἀπολειπόμενα
+δὲ [110] τῆς ἐκ τῶν τρόπων ἁρμονίας καὶ χάριτος οὐ
+λίαν ἐφάνη ζηλωτά.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now Eusebia, the subject of my speech, was the
+daughter of a consul, and is the consort of an Emperor
+who is brave, temperate, wise, just, virtuous,
+mild and high-souled, who, when he acquired the
+throne that had belonged to his ancestors, and had
+won it back from him who had usurped it by violence,
+and desired to wed that he might beget sons to inherit
+his honour and power, deemed this lady worthy
+of his alliance, when he had already become master
+of almost the whole world. And indeed why should
+one search for stronger evidence than this? Evidence,
+I mean, not only of her native nobility, but of all
+those combined gifts which she who is united to so
+great an Emperor ought to bring with her from her
+home as a dowry, wit and wisdom, a body in the
+flower of youth, and beauty so conspicuous as to
+throw into the shade all other maidens beside, even
+as, I believe, the radiant stars about the moon at
+the full are outshone and hide their shape.<note place='foot'>Ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν ἄψ᾽ ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεννον
+εἶδος. Sappho <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 3.</note> For no
+single one of these endowments is thought to suffice
+for an alliance with an Emperor, but all together, as
+though some god were fashioning for a virtuous Emperor
+a fair and modest bride, were united in her
+single person and, attracting not his eyes alone,
+brought from afar that bridegroom blest of heaven.
+For beauty alone, if it lacks the support of birth and
+the other advantages I have mentioned, is not enough
+to induce even a licentious man, a mere citizen, to
+kindle the marriage torch, though both combined
+have brought about many a match, but when they
+occur without sweetness and charm of character they
+are seen to be far from desirable.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ταῦτα ἐπιστάμενον σαφῶς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν
+σώφρονα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως πολλάκις βουλευσάμενον
+ἑλέσθαι τὸν γάμον, τὰ μὲν οἶμαι πυνθανόμενον,
+<pb n='294'/><anchor id='Pg294'/><anchor id='Pg295'/>
+ὅσα χρῆν δι᾽ ἀκοῆς περὶ αὐτῆς μαθεῖν,
+τεκμαιρόμενον δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς τὴν εὐταξίαν·
+ὑπὲρ ἧς τὰ μὲν ἄλλα τί δεῖ λέγοντας διατρίβειν,
+καθάπερ οὐκ ἔχοντας ἴδιον ἐγκώμιον τῆς,<note place='foot'>τῆς Cobet adds.</note> ὑπὲρ
+ἧς ὁ λόγος, [B] διελθεῖν; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως οὔτε
+εἰπεῖν οὔτε ἐπακοῦσαι πολὺ καὶ ἐργῶδες, ὅτι
+δὴ γένος μὲν αὐτῇ σφόδρα Ἑλληνικόν, Ἑλλήνων
+τῶν πάνυ, καὶ πόλις ἡ μητρόπολις τῆς Μακεδονίας,
+σωφροσύνη δὲ ὑπέρ τε Εὐάδνην τὴν
+Καπανέως καὶ τὴν Θετταλὴν ἐκείνην Λαοδάμειαν.
+αἱ μὲν γὰρ καλοὺς καὶ νέους καὶ ἔτι νυμφίους
+τοὺς ἄνδρας ἀφαιρεθεῖσαι διαμόνων βίᾳ βασκάνων
+ἢ μοιρῶν νήμασι τοῦ ζῆν ὑπερεῖδον διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα,
+ἡ δέ, [C] ἐπειδὴ τὸ χρεὼν τὸν κουρίδιον αὐτῆς ἄνδρα
+κατέλαβε, τοῖς παισὶ προσκαθημένη τοσοῦτον ἐπὶ
+σωφροσύνῃ κλέος αὑτῇ εἰργάσατο, ὥστε τῇ μὲν
+Πηνελόπῃ περιόντος ἔτι καὶ πλανωμένου τοῦ γήμαντος,
+προσῄει τὰ μειράκια μνηστευσόμενα ἔκ τε
+Ἰθάκης καὶ Σάμου καὶ Δουλιχίου, τῇ δὲ ἀνὴρ μὲν
+οὐδεὶς καλὸς καὶ μέγας ἢ ἰσχυρὸς καὶ πλούσιος
+ὑπὲρ<note place='foot'>Before ὑπὲρ Horkel and Hertlein omit ὃς.</note> τούτων εἰς λόγους ἐλθεῖν ὑπέμεινέ ποτε· τὴν
+θυγατέρα δὲ βασιλεὺς ἑαυτῷ συνοικεῖν ἀξίαν
+ἔκρινε, [D] καὶ ἔδρασε τὸν γάμον λαμπρῶς μετὰ τὰ
+τρόπαια, ἔθνη καὶ πόλεις καὶ δήμους<note place='foot'>δήμους Naber, μούσας MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἑστιῶν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I have good reason to say that the Emperor in
+his prudence understood this clearly, and that it
+was only after long deliberation that he chose this
+marriage, partly making enquiries about all that was
+needful to learn about her by hearsay, but judging
+also from her mother of the daughter's noble
+disposition. Of that mother why should I take time
+to say more, as though I had not to recite a special
+encomium on her who is the theme of my speech?
+But so much perhaps I may say briefly and you may
+hear without weariness, that her family is entirely
+Greek, yes Greek of the purest stock, and her native
+city was the metropolis of Macedonia, and she was
+more self-controlled than Evadne<note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Suppliants</hi> 494.</note> the wife of Capaneus,
+and the famous Laodameia<note place='foot'>The wife of Protesilaus.</note> of Thessaly. For
+these two, when they had lost their husbands, who
+were young, handsome and still newly-wed, whether by
+the constraint of some envious powers, or because the
+threads of the fates were so woven, threw away their
+lives for love. But the mother of the Empress, when
+his fate had come upon her wedded lord, devoted
+herself to her children, and won a great reputation for
+prudence, so great indeed, that whereas Penelope,
+while her husband was still on his travels and wanderings,
+was beset by those young suitors who came
+to woo her from Ithaca and Samos and Dulichium,
+that lady no man however fair and tall or powerful
+and wealthy ever ventured to approach with any
+such proposals. And her daughter the Emperor
+deemed worthy to live by his side, and after setting
+up the trophies of his victories, he celebrated the
+marriage with great splendour, feasting nations and
+cities and peoples.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εἰ δέ τις ἄρα ἐκείνων ἐπακούειν ποθεῖ, ὅπως μὲν
+ἐκ Μακεδονίας ἐκαλεῖτο μετὰ τῆς μητρὸς ἡ νύμφη,
+<pb n='296'/><anchor id='Pg296'/><anchor id='Pg297'/>
+τίς δὲ ἧν ὁ τῆς πομπῆς τρόπος, ἁρμάτων καὶ
+ἵππων καὶ ὀχημάτων παντοδαπῶν χρυσῷ καὶ
+ἀργύρῳ καὶ ὀρειχάλκῳ μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης τέχνης
+εἰργασμένων, ἴστω παιδικῶν σφόδρα ἀκουσμάτων
+ἐπιθυμῶν· [111] καθάπερ γὰρ οἶμαι κιθαρῳδοῦ τινος
+δεξιοῦ τὴν τέχνην· ἔστω δέ, εἰ βούλει, Τέρπανδρος
+οὗτος ἢ ὁ Μηθυμναῖος ἐκεῖνος, ὃν δὴ λόγος ἔχει
+δαιμονίᾳ πομπῇ χρησάμενον φιλομουσοτέρου τοῦ
+δελφῖνος τυχεῖν ἢ τῶν ξυμπλεόντων, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν
+Λακωνικὴν ἄκραν κομισθῆναι· ἔθελγε γὰρ οἶμαι
+τοὺς δυστυχεῖς ναύτας ὅσα ἐκεῖνος ἀπὸ τῆς τέχνης
+εἰργάσατο, αὐτῆς δὲ ἐκείνης ὑπερεώρων καὶ
+οὐδεμίαν ὤραν ἐποιοῦντο τῆς μουσικῆς· [B] εἰ δὴ οὖν
+τις τοῖν ἀνδροῖν ἐκείνοιν τὸν κράτιστον ἐπιλεξάμενος
+καὶ ἀποδοὺς τὸν περὶ τὸ σῶμα κόσμον τῇ
+τέχνῃ πρέποντα εἶτα ἐς θέατρον παραγάγοι
+παντοδαπῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων
+φύσει τε καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτηδεύμασι
+διαφερόντων, οὐκ ἂν οἴεσθε τοὺς μὲν παῖδας καὶ
+τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν<note place='foot'>τῶν before γυναικῶν Hertlein omits.</note> ὁπόσοι τοιοῦτοι εἰς
+τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἀποβλέποντας ἐκπεπλῆχθαι
+δεινῶς πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν, τῶν ἀνδρῶν δὲ
+τοὺς ἀμαθεστέρους καὶ γυναικῶν πλὴν σφόδρα
+ὀλίγων ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος ἡδονῇ [C] καὶ λύπῃ κρίνειν
+τὰ κρούματα, μουσικὸν δὲ ἄνδρα, τοὺς νόμους<note place='foot'>νόμους Hertlein suggests, λόγους MSS.</note>
+ἐξεπιστάμενον τῆς τέχνης, οὔτε μιγνύμενα τὰ μέλη
+τῆς ἡδονῆς χάριν φαύλως ἀνέχεσθαι, δυσχεραίνειν
+τε<note place='foot'>τε Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</note> καὶ εἰ<note place='foot'>εἰ [τις] Hertlein.</note> τοὺς τρόπους τῆς μουσικῆς διαφθείροι
+<pb n='298'/><anchor id='Pg298'/><anchor id='Pg299'/>
+καὶ εἰ ταῖς ἁρμονίαις μὴ δεόντως χρῷτο μηδὲ
+ἑπομένως τοῖς νόμοις τῆς ἀληθινῆς καὶ θείας
+μουσικῆς; ὁρῶν δὲ ἐμμένοντα τοῖς νομισθεῖσι καὶ
+οὐ κίβδηλον ἡδονήν, καθαρὰν δὲ [D] καὶ ἀκήρατον
+τοῖς θεαταῖς ἐνεργασάμενον ἄπεισι τοῦτον ἐπαινῶν
+καὶ ἐκπληττόμενος, ὄτι δὴ σὺν τέχνῃ μηδὲν ἀδικῶν
+τὰς Μούσας τῷ θεάτρῳ ξυγγέγονε. τὸν δὲ τὴν
+ἁλουργίδα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἐπαινοῦντα ληρεῖν
+οἴεται καὶ ἀνοηταίνειν· καὶ εἰ διὰ πλείονων<note place='foot'>διὰ πλειόνων. Hertlein suggests, μετὰ πλείονος MSS.</note> τὰ
+τοιαῦτα διηγεῖται, λέξει τε ἡδίστῃ κοσμῶν καὶ
+ἐπιλεαίνων τὸ φαῦλον καὶ ἀγεννὲς τῶν διηγημάτων,
+γελοιότερον νομίζει [112] τῶν ἀποτορνείειν τὰς
+κέγχρους ἐπιχειρούντων, καθάπερ οἶμαι φασὶ τὸν
+Μυρμηκίδην ἀντιταττόμενον τῇ Φειδίου τέχνῃ.
+οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς ἑκόντες αὑτοὺς ταύταις ὑποθήσομεν
+ταῖς αἰτίαις, ἱματίων πολυτελῶν καὶ
+δώρων παντοίων ὅρμων τε καὶ στεφάνων κατάλογον
+τῶν ἐκ βασιλέως μακρόν τινα τοῦτον
+ᾄδοντες, οὐδὲ ὡς ἀπήντων οἱ δῆμοι δεξιούμενοι καὶ
+χαίροντες, οὐδὲ ὅσα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκείνην λαμπρὰ
+καὶ ζηλωτὰ γέγονε καὶ ἐνομίσθη. [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ
+τῶν βασιλείων εἴσω παρῆλθε καὶ τῆς ἐπωνυμίας
+ταύτης ἠξιώθη, τί πρῶτον ἔργον ἐκείνης γέγονε,
+καὶ αὖθις δεύτερον, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τρίτον, καὶ πολλὰ
+δὴ μάλα τὸ ἐντεῦθεν; οὐ γάρ, εἰ σφόδρα λέγειν
+ἐθέλοιμι καὶ μακρὰς ὑπὲρ τούτων βίβλους ξυντιθέναι,
+ἀρκέσειν ὑπολαμβάνω τῷ πλήθει τῶν
+ἔργων, ὅσα ἐκείνῃ φρόνησιν καὶ πρᾳότητα καὶ
+<pb n='300'/><anchor id='Pg300'/><anchor id='Pg301'/>
+σωφροσύνην καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπιείκειάν τε καὶ
+ἐλευθεριότητα [C] καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς ἐξεμαρτύρησε
+λαμπρότερον, ἢ νῦν ὁ παρὼν περὶ αὐτῆς λόγος
+δηλοῦν ἐπιχειρεῖ καὶ ἐκδιδάσκειν τοὺς πάλαι διὰ
+τῶν ἔργων ἐγνωκότας. οὐ μὴν ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνο
+δυσχερές, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδύνατον ἐφάνη, παντελῶς
+ἄξιον ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων ἀποσιωπῆσαι, πειράσθαι δὲ
+εἰς δύναμιν φράζειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς μὲν
+φρονήσεως ποιεῖσθαι σημεῖον καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ἀρετῆς
+πάσης, ὅτι τὸν γήμαντα διέθηκεν οὕτω περὶ αὑτὴν,
+ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον γυναῖκα καλὴν καὶ γενναίαν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But should any haply desire to hear of such things
+as how the bride was bidden to come from Macedonia
+with her mother, and what was the manner of the
+cavalcade, of the chariots and horses and carriages
+of all sorts, decorated with gold and silver and
+copper of the finest workmanship, let me tell him
+that it is extremely childish of him to wish to hear
+such things. It is like the case of some player on
+the cithara who is an accomplished artist&mdash;let us
+say if you please Terpander or he of Methymna<note place='foot'>Arion.</note>
+of whom the story goes that he enjoyed a divine
+escort and found that the dolphin cared more
+for music than did his fellow-voyagers, and was
+thus conveyed safely to the Laconian promontory.<note place='foot'>Taenarum.</note>
+For though he did indeed charm those miserable
+sailors by his skilful performance, yet they despised
+his art and paid no heed to his music. Now, as I
+was going to say, if some one were to choose the
+best of those two musicians, and were to clothe
+him in the raiment suited to his art, and were then to
+bring him into a theatre full of men, women and
+children of all sorts, varying in temperament and age
+and habits besides, do you not suppose that the
+children and those of the men and women who had
+childish tastes would gaze at his dress and his lyre, and
+be marvellously smitten with his appearance, while
+the more ignorant of the men, and the whole crowd of
+women, except a very few, would judge his playing
+simply by the criterion of pleasure or the reverse;
+whereas a musical man who understood the rules of
+the art would not endure that the melodies should
+be wrongly mixed for the sake of giving pleasure,
+but would resent it if the player did not preserve
+the modes of the music and did not use the
+harmonies properly, and conformably to the laws of
+genuine and inspired music? But if he saw that he
+was faithful to the principles of his art and produced
+in the audience a pleasure that was not spurious but
+pure and uncontaminated, he would go home
+praising the musician, and filled with admiration
+because his performance in the theatre was artistic
+and did the Muses no wrong. But such a man
+thinks that anyone who praises the purple raiment
+and the lyre is foolish and out of his mind, while,
+if he goes on to give full details about such
+outward things, adorning them with an agreeable
+style and smoothing away all that is worthless
+and vulgar in the tale, then the critic thinks him
+more ridiculous than those who try to carve cherry-stones,<note place='foot'>Literally seeds or small beads.</note>
+as I believe is related of Myrmecides<note place='foot'>Famed for his minute carving of ivory.</note> who
+thus sought to rival the art of Pheidias. And so
+neither will I, if I can help it, lay myself open to
+this charge by reciting the long list of costly robes
+and gifts of all kinds and necklaces and garlands
+that were sent by the Emperor, nor how the folk in
+each place came to meet her with welcome and
+rejoicing, nor all the glorious and auspicious incidents
+that occurred on that journey, and were reported.
+But when she entered the palace and was honoured
+with her imperial title, what was the first thing she
+did and then the second and the third and the many
+actions that followed? For however much I might
+wish to tell of them and to compose lengthy volumes
+about them, I think that, for the majority, those of
+her deeds will be sufficient that more conspicuously
+witnessed to her wisdom and clemency and modesty
+and benevolence and goodness and generosity and
+her other virtues, than does now the present account
+of her, which tries to enlighten and instruct those
+who have long known it all from personal experience.
+For it would not be at all proper, merely because
+the task has proved to be difficult or rather
+impossible, to keep silence about the whole, but one
+should rather try, as far as one can, to tell about
+those deeds, and to bring forward as a proof of her
+wisdom and of all her other virtues the fact that she
+made her husband regard her as it is fitting that he
+should regard a beautiful and noble wife.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὥστε ἔγωγε τῆς Πηνελόπης πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα
+νομίσας ἐπαίνων ἄξια [D] τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα
+θαυμάζω, ὅτι δὴ τὸν ἄνδρα λίαν ἔπειθε στέργειν
+καὶ ἀγαπᾶν αὑτὴν ὑπερορῶντα μέν, ὡς φασί,
+δαιμονίων γάμων, ἀτιμάζοντα δὲ οὐ μεῖον τὴν τῶν
+Φαιάκων ξυγγένειαν. Καίτοι γε εἶχον αὐτοῦ
+πᾶσαι ἐρωτικῶς, Καλυψὼ καὶ Κίρκη καὶ Ναυσικάα·
+καὶ ἦν αὐταῖς τὰ βασίλεια πάγκαλα,
+κήπων τινῶν [113] καὶ παραδείσων ἐν αὐτοῖς πεφυτευμένων
+μάλα ἀμφιλαφέσι καὶ κατασκίοις τοῖς
+δένδρεσι, λειμῶνές τε ἄνθεσι ποικίλοις καὶ μαλακῇ
+τῆ πόᾳ βρύοντες·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Therefore, though I think that many of the other
+qualities of Penelope are worthy of praise, this I
+admire beyond all, that she so entirely persuaded
+her husband to love and cherish her, that he
+despised, we are told, unions with goddesses, and
+equally rejected an alliance with the Phaeacians.
+And yet they were all in love with him, Calypso,
+Circe, Nausicaa. And they had very beautiful
+palaces and gardens and parks withal, planted with
+wide-spreading and shady trees, and meadows gay
+with flowers, in which soft grass grew deep: <q>And
+four fountains in a row flowed with shining water.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 5. 70.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Κρῆναι δ᾽ ἑξείης πίσυρες ῥέον ὕδατι λευκῷ·
+καὶ ἐτεθήλει περὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἡμερὶς ἡβώωσα<note place='foot'>ἡβώωσα Cobet, ἡβῶσα MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+σταφυλῆς οἶμαι τῆς γενναίας, βριθομένη τοῖς
+βότρυσι· καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Φαίαξιν ἕτερα τοιαῦτα,
+πλὴν ὅσῳ πολυτελέστερα, [B] ἅτε οἶμαι ποιητὰ ξὺν
+τέχνῃ, τῆς τῶν αὐτοφυῶν ἄλαττον μετεῖχε χάριτος
+καὶ ἧττον εἶναι ἐδόκει ἐκείνων ἐράσμια. τῆς
+<pb n='302'/><anchor id='Pg302'/><anchor id='Pg303'/>
+τρυφῆς δὲ αὖ καὶ τοῦ πλούτου καὶ προσέτι τῆς
+περὶ τὰς νήσους ἐκείνας εἰρήνης καὶ ἡσυχίας τίνα
+οὐκ ἂν ἡττηθῆναι δοκεῖτε<note place='foot'>δοκεῖτε Hertlein suggests, εἰκὸς Reiske δοκεῖ MSS.</note> τοσούτους ἀνατλάντα
+πόνους καὶ κινδύνους καὶ ἔτι ὑφορώμενον δεινότερα<note place='foot'>δεινότερα Hertlein suggests, δεινόταιτα MSS.</note>
+πείσεσθαι, τὰ μὲν ἐν θαλάττῃ τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας
+αὐτῆς, [C] πρὸς ἑκατὸν νεανίσκους ἡβῶντας εὖ μάλα
+μόνον ἀγωνίζεσθαι μέλλοντα, ὅπερ οὐδὲ ἐν Τροίᾳ
+ἐκείνῳ ποτὲ συνηνέχθη; εἴ τις οὖν ἔροιτο τὸν
+Ὀδυσσέα παίζων ὧδέ πως· τί ποτε, ὦ σοφώτατε
+ῥῆτορ ἦ στρατηγὲ ἦ ὅ τι χρή σε ὀνομάζειν, τοσούτους
+ἑκὼν ὑπέμεινας πόνους, ἐξὸν εἶναι ὄλβιον καὶ
+εὐδαίμονα, τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἀθάνατον εἴ τι χρὴ
+ταῖς ἐπαγγελίαις Καλυψοῦς πιστεύειν, σὺ δὲ
+ἑλόμενος τὰ χείρω πρὸ τῶν βελτιόνων τοσούτους
+σαυτῷ προστέθεικας πόνους, οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ Σχερίᾳ
+καταμεῖναι ἐθελήσας, [D] ἐξὸν ἐκεῖ που παυσάμενον
+τῆς πλάνης καὶ τῶν κινδύνων ἀπηλλάχθαι· σὺ
+δὲ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας ἔγνως στρατεύεσθαι καὶ
+ἄθλους δή τινας καὶ ἀποδημίαν ἑτέραν ἐκτελεῖν
+οὔτι τῆς πρόσθεν, ὥς γε τὸ εἰκὸς ἀπονωτέραν
+οὐδὲ κουφοτέραν. τί δὴ οὖν οἴεσθε πρὸς ταῦτα
+ἐκεῖνον εἰπεῖν ἔχειν; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὅτι τῇ Πηνελόπῃ
+συνεῖναι ἐθέλων τοὺς ἄθλους αὐτῇ καὶ τὰς
+στρατείας χαρίεντα διηγήματα φέρειν ὑπέλαβε;
+ταῦτά τοι καὶ τὴν μητέρα πεποίηκεν αὐτῷ
+παραινοῦσαν μεμνῆσθαι πάντων, [114] ὧν τε εἶδε
+θεαμάτων καὶ ὧν ἤκουσεν ἀκουσμάτων,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And a lusty wild vine bloomed about her dwelling,<note place='foot'>The cave of Calypso.</note>
+with bunches of excellent grapes, laden with clusters.
+And at the Phaeacian court there were the same
+things, except that they were more costly, seeing
+that, as I suppose, they were made by art, and
+hence had less charm and seemed less lovely than
+those that were of natural growth. Now to all
+that luxury and wealth, and moreover to the peace
+and quiet that surrounded those islands, who do
+you think would not have succumbed, especially one
+who had endured so great toils and dangers and
+expected that he would have to suffer still more
+terrible hardships, partly by sea and partly in his
+own house, since he had to fight all alone against a
+hundred youths in their prime, a thing which had
+never happened to him even in the land of Troy?
+Now if someone in jest were to question Odysseus
+somewhat in this fashion: <q>Why, O most wise
+orator or general, or whatever one must call you, did
+you endure so many toils, when you might have been
+prosperous and happy and perhaps even immortal, if
+one may at all believe the promises of Calypso? But
+you chose the worse instead of the better, and
+imposed on yourself all those hardships<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> 342<hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>. In both passages Julian evidently
+echoes some line, not now extant, from Menander, <hi rend='italic'>Duskolos</hi>.</note> and refused
+to remain even in Scheria, though you might surely
+have rested there from your wandering and been
+delivered from your perils; but behold you resolved
+to carry on the war in your own house and to
+perform feats of valour and to accomplish a second
+journey, not less toilsome, as seemed likely, nor
+easier than the first!</q> What answer then do you
+think he would give to this? Would he not answer
+that he longed always to be with Penelope, and
+that those contests and campaigns he purposed to
+take back to her as a pleasant tale to tell? For this
+reason, then, he makes his mother exhort him to
+remember everything, all the sights he saw and all
+the things he heard, and then she says:)</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ἵνα καὶ μετόπισθε τεῇ εἴπῃσθα γυναικί,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>So that in
+the days to come thou mayst tell it to thy wife.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 11. 223.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<pb n='304'/><anchor id='Pg304'/><anchor id='Pg305'/>
+
+<p>
+φησίν. ὁ δὲ οὐδενὸς ἐπιλαθόμενος, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον
+ἀφίκετο καὶ τῶν μειρακίων ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια
+κωμαζόντων ἐκράτει ξὺν δίκῃ, πάντα ἀθρόως αὐτῇ
+διηγεῖτο, ὅσα τε ἔδρασε καὶ ὅσα ἀνέτλη, καὶ εἰ δὴ
+τι ἄλλο ὑπὸ τῶν χρησμῶν ἀναπειθόμενος ἐκτελεῖν
+διενοεῖτο· ἀπόρρητον δὲ ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς αὐτὴν
+οὐδὲ ἕν, [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἠξίου κοινωνὸν γίγνεσθαι τῶν
+βουλευμάτων καὶ ὅ,τι πρακτέον εἴη συννοεῖν
+καὶ συνεξευρίσκειν. ἆρα τοῦτο ὑμῖν τῆς Πηνελόπης
+ὀλίγον ἐγκώμιον δοκεῖ, ἢ ἤδη<note place='foot'>ἤδη Horkel, εἰ δή MSS.</note> τις ἄλλη
+τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν ὑπερβαλλομένη γαμετή τε
+οὖσα βασιλέως ἀνδρείου καὶ μεγαλοψύχου καὶ
+σώφρονος τοσαύτην εὔνοιαν ἐνεποίησεν αὑτῆς
+τῷ γήμαντι, [C] συγκερασαμένη τῇ παρὰ τῶν ἐρώτων
+ἐπιπνεομένῃ φιλίᾳ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀρετῆς καθάπερ
+ῥεῦμα θεῖον ἐπιφερομένην ταῖς ἀγαθαῖς καὶ
+γενναίαις ψυχαῖς; δύο γὰρ δὴ τώδε τινὲ πίθω<note place='foot'>πίθω Bruno Friederich, πειθώ τε καὶ ἰδέα MSS., Hertlein,
+τε καὶ ἰδέα Cobet omits.</note>
+φιλίας ἔστον, ὧν ἥδε κατ᾽ ἴσον ἀρυσαμένη βουλευμάτων
+τε αὐτῷ γέγονε κοινωνὸς καὶ πρᾷον ὄντα
+φύσει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα
+πρὸς ἃ πέφυκε παρακαλεῖ μᾶλλον πρεπόντως καὶ
+πρὸς συγγνώμην τὴν δίκην τρέπει. ὥστε οὐκ ἂν
+τις εἰπεῖν ἔχοι, ὅτωι γέγονεν ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ἐν δίκῃ
+τυχὸν ἢ καὶ παρὰ δίκην αἰτία τιμωρίας καὶ κολάσεως
+μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος. [D] Ἀθήνησι μὲν οὖν φασιν,
+ὅτε τοῖς πατρίοις ἔθεσιν ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἔζων τοῖς
+οἰκείοις πειθόμενοι νόμοις μεγάλην καὶ πολυάνθρωπον
+οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, εἴ ποτε τῶν δικαζόντων
+<pb n='306'/><anchor id='Pg306'/><anchor id='Pg307'/>
+αἱ ψῆφοι κατ᾽ ἴσον γένοιντο τοῖς φεύγουσι πρὸς
+τοὺς διώκοντας, τὴν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐπιτιθεμένην τῷ
+τὴν δίκην ὀφλήσειν μέλλοντι ἀπολύειν ἄμφω τῆς
+αἰτίας, [115] τὸν μὲν ἐπάγοντα τὴν κατηγορίαν τοῦ
+δοκεῖν εἶναι συκοφάντην, τὸν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τοῦ
+δοκεῖν ἔνοχον εἶναι τῷ πονηρεύματι. τοῦτον δὴ
+φιλάνθρωπον ὄντα καὶ χαρίεντα τὸν νόμον ἐπὶ τῶν
+δικῶν, ἃς βασιλεὺς κρίνει, σωζόμενον πρᾳότερον
+αὕτη καθίστησιν. οὗ γὰρ ἂν ὁ φεύγων παρ᾽
+ὀλίγον ἔλθῃ τὴν ἴσην ἐν ταῖς ψήφοις λαχεῖν,
+πείθει, τὴν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δέησιν προσθεῖσα καὶ
+ἱκετηρίαν, ἀφεῖναι πάντως τῆς αἰτίας. ὁ δὲ ἑκὼν
+ἑκόντι τῷ θυμῷ χαρίζεται τὰ τοιαῦτα, [B] καὶ οὐ, καθάπερ
+Ὅμηρός φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον παρὰ τῆς
+γαμετῆς ὁμολογεῖν<note place='foot'>φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον&mdash;ὁμολογεῖν Cobet, φησιν,
+ἐκβιαζόμενος&mdash;ὁμολογεῖ MSS., Hertlein, ἐκβιαζόμενον V, ὁμολογεῖν
+V, M.</note> ὅ,τι ξυγχωροίη,<note place='foot'>ξυγχωρεῖ Reiske.</note> δίδωσιν
+ἑκὼν ἀέκοντί γε θυμῷ. καὶ τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον
+χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις τὰ τοιαῦτα ξυγχωρεῖν κατὰ
+ἀνδρῶν ὑβριστῶν καὶ ἀλαζόνων. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ<note place='foot'>ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Hertlein suggests.</note> γὰρ
+εἰ σφόδρα ἐπιτήδειοί τινές εἰσι πάσχειν κακῶς
+καὶ κολάζεσθαι, τούτους ἐκ παντὸς ἀπολέσθαι
+χρεών· ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ξυννοοῦσα κακὸν μὲν
+οὐδὲν ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε<note place='foot'>ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε Hertlein suggests, οὔτε
+ἤτησεν ἄλλῳ ποτέ τινι οὔτε MSS.</note> [C] κόλασιν οὔτε
+τιμωρίαν ἐπαγαγεῖν οὐχ ὅπως βασιλείᾳ τινὸς ἢ
+πόλει, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ οἰκίᾳ μιᾷ τῶν πολιτῶν. προσθείην
+δ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγε θαρρῶν εὖ μάλα ὅτι μηδὲν
+<pb n='308'/><anchor id='Pg308'/><anchor id='Pg309'/>
+ψεῦδός φημι, ὡς οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἢ γυναικὸς
+μιᾶς ἔστιν αὐτὴν αἰτιᾶσθαι ξυμφορᾶς τῳ τῆς
+τυχούσης, ἀγαθὰ δὲ ὅσα καὶ οὕστινας δρᾷ καὶ
+ἔδρασεν, ἡδέως ἂν ὑμῖν τὰ πλεῖστα ἐξαριθμησαίμην
+καθ᾽ ἕκαστα ἀπαγγέλλων, ὡς ὅδε μὲν τὸν
+πατρῷον δι᾽ ἐκείνην νέμεται κλῆρον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ
+ἀπηλλάγη τιμωρίας, [D] ὀφλήσας τοῖς νὀμοις, ἄλλος
+συκοφαντίαν διέφυγε, παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐλθὼν κινδύνου,
+τιμῆς δὲ ἔτυχον καὶ ἀρχῆς μυρίοι. καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ
+ἔστιν ὅστις ἐμὲ ψεύδεσθαι τῶν ἁπάντων φήσει, εἰ
+καὶ ὀνομαστὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὴ καταλέγοιμι. ἀλλ᾽
+ὀκνῶ, μή τισιν ἐξονειδίζειν δόξω τὰς συμφορὰς
+καὶ οὐκ ἔπαινον τῶν ταύτης ἀγαθῶν, κατάλογον
+δὲ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων συγγράφειν ἀτυχημάτων.
+τοσούτων δὲ ἔργων μηδὲν παρασχέσθαι μηδὲ εἰς
+τὸ ἐμφανὲς ἄγειν [116] τεκμήριον κενόν πως εἶναι δοκεῖ
+καὶ ἐς ἀπιστίαν ἄγει<note place='foot'>ἄγει Cobet, ἄγειν MSS., Hertlein.</note> τὸν ἔπαινον. οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνα
+παραιτησάμενος, ὁπόσα γ᾽ ἐμοί τε εἰπεῖν ἀνεπίφθονον
+ταύτῃ τε ἀκούειν καλὰ λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν ἤδη.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And indeed he forgot nothing, and no sooner had he
+come home and vanquished, as was just, the youths
+who caroused in the palace, than he related all to
+her without pause, all that he had achieved and endured,
+and all else that, obeying the oracles, he purposed
+still to accomplish.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 23. 284.</note> And from her he kept
+nothing secret, but chose that she should be the
+partner of his counsels and should help him to plan
+and contrive what he must do. And do you think
+this a trifling tribute to Penelope, or is there not now
+found to be yet another woman whose virtue surpasses
+hers, and who, as the consort of a brave, magnanimous
+and prudent Emperor, has won as great
+affection from her husband, since she has mingled
+with the tenderness that is inspired by love that
+other which good and noble souls derive from their
+own virtue, whence it flows like a sacred fount? For
+there are two jars,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 24. 527; <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 236 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> so to speak, of these two kinds
+of human affection, and Eusebia drew in equal measure
+from both, and so has come to be the partner
+of her husband's counsels, and though the Emperor
+is by nature merciful, good and wise, she encourages
+him to follow yet more becomingly his natural bent,
+and ever turns justice to mercy. So that no one could
+ever cite a case in which this Empress, whether with
+justice, as might happen, or unjustly, has ever been
+the cause of punishment or chastisement either great
+or small. Now we are told that at Athens, in the
+days when they employed their ancestral customs
+and lived in obedience to their own laws, as the
+inhabitants of a great and humane city, whenever the
+votes of the jurymen were cast evenly for defendant
+and plaintiff, the vote of Athene<note place='foot'>The traditional founding of the ancient court of the
+Areopagus, which tried cases of homicide, is described in
+Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Eumenides</hi>. Orestes, on trial at Athens for
+matricide, is acquitted, the votes being even, by the decision
+of Athene, who thereupon founds the tribunal, 485 foll.</note> was awarded to him
+who would have incurred the penalty, and thus both
+were acquitted of guilt, he who had brought the accusation,
+of the reputation of sycophant, and the
+defendant, naturally, of the guilt of the crime. Now
+this humane and gracious custom is kept up in the suits
+which the Emperor judges, but Eusebia's mercy goes
+further. For whenever the defendant comes near to
+obtaining an equal number of votes, she persuades
+the Emperor, adding her request and entreaty on his
+behalf, to acquit the man entirely of the charge.
+And of free will with willing heart he grants the
+boon, and does not give it as Homer says Zeus, constrained
+by his wife, agreed as to what he should concede
+to her <q>of free will but with soul unwilling.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 4. 43.</note>
+And perhaps it is not strange that he should concede
+this pardon reluctantly and under protest in the case
+of the violent and depraved. But not even when
+men richly deserve to suffer and be punished ought
+they to be utterly ruined. Now since the Empress
+recognises this, she has never bidden him inflict any
+injury of any kind, or any punishment or chastisement
+even on a single household of the citizens,
+much less on a whole kingdom or city. And I might
+add, with the utmost confidence that I am speaking
+the absolute truth, that in the case of no man or
+woman is it possible to charge her with any misfortune
+that has happened, but all the benefits that she
+confers and has conferred, and on whom, I would
+gladly recount in as many cases as possible, and
+report them one by one, how for instance this man,
+thanks to her, enjoys his ancestral estate, and that
+man has been saved from punishment, though he was
+guilty in the eyes of the law, how a third escaped a
+malicious prosecution, though he came within an ace
+of the danger, how countless persons have received
+honour and office at her hands. And on this subject
+there is no one of them all who will assert that I
+speak falsely, even though I should not give a list of
+those persons by name. But this I hesitate to do,
+lest I should seem to some to be reproaching them
+with their sufferings, and to be composing not so much
+an encomium of her good deeds as a catalogue of the
+misfortunes of others. And yet, not to cite any of
+these acts of hers, and to bring no proof of them
+before the public seems perhaps to imply that they
+are lacking, and brings discredit on my encomium.
+Accordingly, to deprecate that charge, I shall relate
+so much as it is not invidious for me to speak
+or for her to hear.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ γήμαντος εὔνοιαν τηλαυγέστατον
+πρόσωπον, κατὰ τὸν σοφὸν Πίνδαρον,
+ἀρχομένη τῶν ἔργων ἔθετο, γένος τε ἅπαν καὶ
+ξυγγενεῖς εὐθὺς ἐνέπλησε τιμῆς, τοὺς μὲν ἤδη
+γνωρίμους καὶ πρεσβυτέρους ἐπὶ μειζόνων τάττουσα
+πράξεων καὶ ἀποφήνασα μακαρίους καὶ
+ζηλωτοὺς βασιλεῖ τ᾽ ἐποίησε φίλους καὶ τῆς
+εὐτυχίας τῆς παρούσης ἔδωκε τὴν ἀρχήν. [B] καὶ
+<pb n='310'/><anchor id='Pg310'/><anchor id='Pg311'/>
+γὰρ εἴ τῳ δοκοῦσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἀληθές, δι᾽ αὑτοὺς
+τίμιοι, ταύτῃ γε οἶμαι προσθήσει τὸν ἔπαινον· δῆλον
+γὰρ ὅτι μὴ τῇ τοῦ γένους κοινωνίᾳ μόνον,
+πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἀρετῇ φαίνεται νέμουσα· οὗ μεῖζον
+οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως τις ἐγκώμιον ἐρεῖ. περὶ μὲν τούσδε
+γέγονε τοιάδε. ὅσοι δὲ ἀγνῶτες ἔτι διὰ νεότητα
+τοῦ γνωρισθῆναι καὶ ὁπωσοῦν ἐδέοντο, [C] τούτοις
+ἐλάττονας διένειμε τιμάς. ἀπέλιπε δὲ οὐδὲν εὐεργετοῦσα
+ξύμπαντας. καὶ οὐ τοὺς ξυγγενεῖς μόνον
+τοσαῦτα ἔδρασεν ἀγαθά, ξενίαν δὲ ὅτῳ πρὸς τοὺς
+ἐκείνης πατέρας ὑπάρξασαν ἔγνω, οὐκ ἀνόνητον
+ἀφῆκε τοῖς κτησαμένοις, τιμᾷ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τούτους
+καθάπερ ξυγγενεῖς, καὶ ὅσους τοῦ πατρὸς ἐνόμισε
+φίλους, [D] ἅπασιν ἔνειμε τῆς φιλίας ἔπαθλα θαυμαστά.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(When she had, in the beginning, secured her
+husband's good-will for her actions like a <q>frontage
+shining from afar,</q> to use the words of the great poet
+Pindar,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Olympian Ode</hi> 6. 4. Pindar says that, as though he were
+building the splendid forecourt of a house, he will begin his
+Ode with splendid words.</note> she forthwith showered honours on all her
+family and kinsfolk, appointing to more important
+functions those who had already been tested and
+were of mature age, and making them seem fortunate
+and enviable, and she won for them the Emperor's
+friendship and laid the foundation of their present
+prosperity. And if anyone thinks, what is in fact
+true, that on their own account they are worthy of
+honour, he will applaud her all the more. For it is
+evident that it was their merit, far more than
+the ties of kinship, that she rewarded; and one
+could hardly pay her a higher compliment than that.
+Such then was her treatment of these. And to all
+who, since they were still obscure on account of
+their youth, needed recognition of any sort, she
+awarded lesser honours. In fact she left nothing
+undone to help one and all. And not only on her
+kinsfolk has she conferred such benefits, but whenever
+she learned that ties of friendship used to exist
+with her ancestors, she has not allowed it to be
+unprofitable to those who owned such ties, but she
+honours them, I understand, no less than her own
+kinsfolk, and to all whom she regards as her father's
+friends she dispensed wonderful rewards for their
+friendship.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐγὲ δέ, ἐπειδή μοι τεκμηρίων καθάπερ ἐν
+δικαστηρίῳ τὸν λόγον ὁρῶ δεόμενον, αὐτὸς ὑμῖν
+ἐμαυτὸν τούτων ἐκείνῳ<note place='foot'>ἐκείνῳ Hertlein suggests, ἐκείνων MSS.</note> μάρτυρα καὶ ἐπαινέτην
+παρέξομαι· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μου μή ποτε ὑπιδόμενοι
+τὴν μαρτυρίαν πρὶν ἐπακοῦσαι τῶν λόγων διαταράττησθε,
+ὄμνυμι ὑμῖν, ὡς οὐδὲν ψεῦδος οὐδὲ
+πλάσμα ἐρῶ· ὑμεῖς δὲ κἂν ἀνωμότῳ ἐπιστεύσατε
+πάντα οὐ κολακείας ἕνεκα λέγειν<note place='foot'>κἂν&mdash;ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα&mdash;λέγειν Cobet, καὶ&mdash;πιστεύσετε
+πάντα&mdash;λέγοντι MSS., πάντως V, Hertlein, πιστεύσατε V.</note>. [117] ἔχω γὰρ ἤδη
+τοῦ θεοῦ διδόντος καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἅπαντα τὰ
+ἀγαθά, αὐτῆς γε οἶμαι καὶ ταύτης<note place='foot'>αὐτῆς γε&mdash;ταύτης Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ τε&mdash;αὐτῆς MSS.</note> ξυμπροθυμουμένης,
+ὑπὲρ ὧν ἄν τις κολακεύων ἅπαντα ἀφείη
+<pb n='312'/><anchor id='Pg312'/><anchor id='Pg313'/>
+ῥήματα, ὥστε, εἰ μὲν πρὸ τούτων ἔλεγον, ἴσως
+ἐχρῆν ὀρρωδεῖν τὴν ἄδικον ὑποψίαν· νῦν δὲ ἐν
+ταύτῃ γεγονὼς τῇ τύχῃ καὶ ἀπομνημονεύων τῶν
+ἐκείνης εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργων παρέξομαι ὑμῖν εὐγνωμοσύνης
+μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ σημεῖον, μαρτύριον δὲ
+ἀληθὲς τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων. [B] πυνθάνομαι γὰρ
+δὴ καὶ Δαρεῖον, ἕως ἔτι δορυφόρος ἦν τοῦ
+Περσῶν μονάρχου, τῷ Σαμίῳ ξένῳ περὶ τὴν
+Αἴγυπτον συμβαλεῖν φεύγοντι τὴν αὑτοῦ, καὶ
+λαβόντα φοινικίδα τινὰ δῶρον, οὗ σφόδρα
+ἐπεθύμει, τὴν Σαμίων ὕστερον ἀντιδοῦναι τυραννίδα,
+ὁπηνίκα, οἶμαι, τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης κύριος
+κατέστη. εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς πολλὰ μὲν παρ᾽
+αὐτῆς, ὅτε ἔτι ζῆν ἐξῆν ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ, τὰ μέγιστα δὲ
+δι᾽ αὐτὴν παρὰ τοῦ γενναίου [C] καὶ μεγαλόφρονος
+βασιλέως λαβὼν ὁμολογοίην τοῦ μὲν ἀντιδοῦναι
+τὴν ἴσην λείπεσθαι· ἔχει γάρ, οἶμαι, ξύμπαντα
+παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ καὶ ἡμῖν χαρισαμένου λαβοῦσα·
+τῷ βούλεσθαι δὲ τὴν μνήμην ἀθάνατον αὐτῇ τῶν
+ἔργων γενέσθαι καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς ταῦτα ἀπαγγέλλειν
+τυχὸν οὐκ ἀγνωμονέστερος φανοῦμαι τοῦ Πέρσου,
+εἴπερ εἰς τὴν γνώμην ὁρῶντα χρὴ κρίνειν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ
+ὅτῳ παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη πολλαπλάσιον ἀποτῖσαι
+τὸ εὐεργέτημα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But since I see that my account is in need
+of proofs, just as in a law-court, I will offer myself to
+bear witness on its behalf to these actions and
+to applaud them. But lest you should mistrust my
+evidence and cause a disturbance before you have
+heard what I have to say, I swear that I will tell
+you no falsehood or fiction; although you would
+have believed, even without an oath, that I am
+saying all this without intent to flatter. For I
+already possess, by the grace of God and the
+Emperor, and because the Empress too was zealous
+in my behalf, all those blessings to gain which
+a flatterer would leave nothing unsaid, so that, if I
+were speaking before obtaining these, perhaps I
+should have to dread that unjust suspicion. But as
+it is, since this is the state of my fortunes, I
+will recall her conduct to me, and at the same time
+give you a proof of my own right-mindedness
+and truthful evidence of her good deeds. I have
+heard that Darius, while he was still in the bodyguard
+of the Persian monarch,<note place='foot'>Cambyses.</note> met, in Egypt, a Samian
+stranger<note place='foot'>Syloson, Herodotus 3. 139; cf. Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Epistle</hi> 29;
+Themistius 67 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 109 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> who was an exile from his own country,
+and accepted from him the gift of a scarlet cloak to
+which Darius had taken a great fancy, and that later
+on, in the days when, I understand, he had become
+the master of all Asia, he gave him in return the
+tyranny of Samos. And now suppose that I acknowledge
+that, though I received many kindnesses
+at Eusebia's hands, at a time when I was still
+permitted to live in peaceful obscurity, and many
+also, by her intercession, from our noble and
+magnanimous Emperor, I must needs fall short
+of making an equal return; for as I know, she
+possesses everything already, as the gift of him who
+was so generous to myself; yet since I desire that
+the memory of her good deeds should be immortal,
+and since I am relating them to you, perhaps I shall
+not be thought less mindful of my debt than the
+Persian, seeing that in forming a judgment it is to the
+intention that one must look, and not to an instance
+in which fortune granted a man the power to repay
+his obligation many times over.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[D] Τί ποτε οὖν ἐγὼ τοσοῦτον εὖ παθεῖν φημι καὶ
+ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου τὸν ἄπαντα χρόνον ὑπόχρεων ἀμαυτὸν
+<pb n='314'/><anchor id='Pg314'/><anchor id='Pg315'/>
+εἶναι χάριτος ὁμολογῶ τῇδε, σφόδρα ὥρμησθε
+ἀκούειν. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι· ἐμοὶ γὰρ
+βασιλεὺς οὑτοσὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ παιδὸς νηπίου
+γεγονὼς ἤπιος πᾶσαν ὑπερεβάλλετο φιλοτιμίαν,
+κινδύνων τε ἐξαρπάσας τηλικούτων, οὓς οὐδ᾽
+ἂν ἡβῶν ἀνὴρ εὖ μάλα διαφύγοι, [118] μὴ θείας
+τινὸς καὶ ἀμηχάνου σωτηρίας τυχών, εἶτα τὴν
+οἰκίαν καταληφθεῖσαν καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας παρά
+τοῦ τῶν δυναστῶν ἀφείλετο ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ ἀπέφηνεν
+αὖθις πλούσιον. καὶ ἄλλα ἂν ἔχοιμι
+περὶ αὐτοῦ πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργα
+πολλῆς ἄξια χάριτος, ὑπὲρ ὧν τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον
+εὔνουν ἐμαυτὸν ἐκείνῳ καὶ πιστὸν παρέχων
+οὐκ οἶδα ἐκ τίνος [B] αἰτίας τραχυτέρως ἔχοντος
+ᾐσθόμην ἔναγχος. ἡ δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον
+ἤκουσεν ἀδικήματος μὲν οὐδενὸς ὄνομα, ματαίας
+δὲ ἄλλως ὑποψίας, ἠξίου διελέγχειν καὶ μὴ
+πρότερον προσέσθαι μηδὲ ἐνδέξασθαι ψευδῆ καὶ
+ἄδικον διαβολήν, καὶ οὐκ ἀνῆκε ταῦτα δεομένη
+πρὶν ἐμὲ ἤγαγεν ἐς ὄψιν τὴν βασιλέως καὶ τυχεῖν
+ἐποίησε λόγου· καὶ ἀπολυομένῳ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν
+ἄδικον συνήσθη, καὶ οἴκαδε ἐπιθυμοῦντι πάλιν
+ἀπιέναι πομπὴν ἀσφαλῆ παρέσχεν, [C] ἐπιτρέψαι
+πρῶτον τὸν βασιλέα ξυμπείσασα. δαίμονος δέ,
+ὅσπερ οὖν ἐῴκει μοι τὰ πρόσθεν μηχανήσασθαι,
+ἤ τινος ξυντυχίας ἀλλοκότου τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην
+ὑποτεμομένης, ἐποψόμενον πέμπει τὴν Ἑλλάδα,
+ταύτην αἰτήσασα παρὰ βασιλέως ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ καὶ
+ἀποδημοῦντος ἤδη τὴν χάριν, ἐπειδ\η με λόγοις
+ἐπέπυστο χαίρειν καὶ παιδείᾳ τὸ χωρίον ἐπιτήδειον
+εἶναι ξυννοοῦσα. ἐγὼ δὲ τότε μὲν αὐτῇ
+<pb n='316'/><anchor id='Pg316'/><anchor id='Pg317'/>
+καὶ πρώτῳ γε, [D] ὡς εἰκός, βασιλεῖ πολλὰ καὶ
+ἀγαθὰ διδόναι τὸν θεὸν ηὐχόμην, ὅτι μοι τὴν
+ἀληθινὴν ποθοῦντι καὶ ἀγαπῶντι πατρίδα παρέσχον
+ἰδεῖν· ἐσμὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οἱ περὶ τὴν
+Θρᾴκην καὶ τὴν Ἰωνίαν οἰκοῦντες ἔγγονοι, καὶ
+ὄστις ἡμῶν μὴ λίαν ἀγνώμων, ποθεῖ προσειπεῖν
+τοὺς πατέρας καὶ τὴν χώραν αὐτὴν ἀσπάσασθαι.
+ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ πάλαι μὲν ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, ποθεινόν,
+[119] καὶ ὑπάρξαι μοι τοῦτο ἐβουλόμην μᾶλλον ἢ
+πολὺ χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον. ἀνδρῶν γὰρ
+ἀγαθῶν φημι ξυντυχίαν πρὸς χρυσίου πλῆθος
+ὁσονδηοῦν ἐξεταζομένην καθέλκειν τὸν ζυγὸν
+καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπειν τῷ σώφρονι κριτῇ οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽
+ὀλίγον ῥοπῆς ἐπιστῆσαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Why, then, I say that I have been so kindly treated,
+and in return for what I acknowledge that I am her
+debtor for all time, that is what you are eager to hear.
+Nor shall I conceal the facts. The Emperor was kind
+to me almost from my infancy, and he surpassed all
+generosity, for he snatched me from dangers so great
+that not even <q>a man in the strength of his youth</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 12. 382 ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλ᾽ ἡβῶν.</note>
+could easily have escaped them, unless he obtained
+some means of safety sent by heaven and not attainable
+by human means, and after my house had been
+seized by one of those in power, as though there were
+none to defend it, he recovered it for me, as was just,
+and made it wealthy once more. And I could tell you
+of still other kindnesses on his part towards myself,
+that deserve all gratitude, in return for which I
+ever showed myself loyal and faithful to him; but
+nevertheless of late I perceived that, I know not
+why, he was somewhat harsh towards me. Now the
+Empress no sooner heard a bare mention, not of any
+actual wrong-doing but of mere idle suspicion, than
+she deigned to investigate it, and before doing so
+would not admit or listen to any falsehood or unjust
+slander, but persisted in her request until she
+brought me into the Emperor's presence and procured
+me speech with him. And she rejoiced when
+I was acquitted of every unjust charge, and when I
+wished to return home, she first persuaded the
+Emperor to give his permission, and then furnished
+me with a safe escort. Then when some deity, the
+one I think who devised my former troubles, or
+perhaps some unfriendly chance, cut short this
+journey, she sent me to visit Greece, having asked
+this favour on my behalf from the Emperor, when I
+had already left the country. This was because she
+had learned that I delighted in literature, and she
+knew that that place is the home of culture. Then
+indeed I prayed first, as is meet, for the Emperor,
+and next for Eusebia, that God would grant them
+many blessings, because when I longed and desired
+to behold my true fatherland, they made it possible.
+For we who dwell in Thrace and Ionia are the sons
+of Hellas, and all of us who are not devoid of feeling
+long to greet our ancestors and to embrace the very
+soil of Hellas. So this had long been, as was natural,
+my dearest wish, and I desired it more than to possess
+treasures of gold and silver. For I consider that intercourse
+with distinguished men, when weighed in the
+balance with any amount whatever of gold, drags
+down the beam, and does not permit a prudent judge
+even to hesitate over a slight turn of the scale.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Παιδείας δὲ ἕνεκα καὶ φιλοσοφίας πέπονθεν
+οἶμαι νῦν τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος παραπλήσιόν τι
+τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις μυθολογήμασι καὶ λόγοις.
+λέγουσι γὰρ δὴ [B] καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι τὸν Νεῖλον παρ᾽
+αὐτοῖς εἶναι τά τ᾽ ἄλλα σωτῆρα καὶ εὐεργέτην
+τῆς χώρας καὶ ἀπείργειν αὐτοῖς τὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ
+πυρὸς φθοράν, ὁπόταν ᾕλιος διὰ μακρῶν τινων
+περιόδων ἄστροις γενναίοις συνελθῶν ἢ συγγενόμενος
+ἐμπλήσῃ τὸν ἀέρα πυρὸς καὶ ἐπιφλέγῃ
+τὰ σύμπαντα. οὐ γὰρ ἰσχύει, φασίν, ἀφανίσαι
+οὐδὲ ἐξαναλῶσαι τοῦ Νείλου τὰς πηγάς. οὔκουν
+οὐδὲ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων παντελῶς [C] οἴχεται φιλοσοφία,
+οὐδὲ ἐπέλιπε τὰς Ἀθήνας οὐδὲ τὴν Σπάρτην οὐδὲ
+τὴν Κόρινθον· ἥκιστα δὲ ἐστι τούτων<note place='foot'>τούτων Reiske adds.</note> τῶν πηγῶν
+ἕκητι τὸ Ἄργος πολυδίψιον· πολλαὶ μὲν γὰρ ἐν
+αὐτῷ τῷ ἄστει, πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος
+περὶ τὸν παλαιον ἐκεῖνον Μάσητα· τὴν Πειρήνην
+<pb n='318'/><anchor id='Pg318'/><anchor id='Pg319'/>
+δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ Σικυὼν ἔχει καὶ οὐχ ἡ Κόρινθος. τῶν
+Ἀθηνῶν δὲ πολλὰ μὲν καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ ἐπιχώρια
+τὰ νάματα, πολλὰ δὲ ἔξωθεν ἐπιρρεῖ καὶ ἐπιφέρεται
+τίμια τῶν ἔνδον οὐ μεῖον· οἱ δὲ ἀγαπῶσι
+καὶ στέργουσι, [D] πλουτεῖν ἐθέλοντες οὗ μόνου
+σχεδὸν ὁ πλοῦτος ζηλωτόν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now, as regards learning and philosophy, the
+condition of Greece in our day reminds one somewhat
+of the tales and traditions of the Egyptians.
+For the Egyptians say that the Nile in their country
+is not only the saviour and benefactor of the land,
+but also wards off destruction by fire, when the sun,
+throughout long periods, in conjunction or combination
+with fiery constellations, fills the atmosphere
+with heat and scorches everything. For it has not
+power enough, so they say, to evaporate or exhaust
+the fountains of the Nile. And so too neither from
+the Greeks has philosophy altogether departed, nor
+has she forsaken Athens or Sparta or Corinth. And,
+as regards these fountains, Argos can by no means be
+called <q>thirsty,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 4. 171.</note> for there are many in the city
+itself and many also south of the city, round about
+Mases,<note place='foot'>The port of Argolis.</note> famous of old. Yet Sicyon, not Corinth,
+possesses Peirene itself. And Athens has many
+such streams, pure and springing from the soil, and
+many flow into the city from abroad, but no less
+precious than those that are native. And her people
+love and cherish them and desire to be rich in that
+which alone makes wealth enviable.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἡμεῖς δὲ τί ποτε ἄρα πεπόνθαμεν; καὶ τίνα
+νῦν περαίνειν διανοούμεθα<note place='foot'>περαίνειν διανοούμεθα Hertlein suggests, διαπεραίνειν οἰόμεθα
+MSS.</note> λόγον, εἰ μὴ τῆς φίλης
+Ἑλλάδος ἔπαινον, ἧς<note place='foot'>ἧς Horkel adds.</note> οὐκ ἔστι μνησθέντα μὴ
+πάντα θαυμάζειν; ἀλλ᾽ οὐ φήσει τις τυχὸν ὑπομνησθεὶς
+τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ταῦτα ἐθέλειν ἡμᾶς ἐξ
+ἀρχῆς διελθεῖν, καθάπερ δὲ τοὺς Κορυβαντιῶντας
+ὑπὸ τῶν αὐλῶν ἐπεγειρομένους χορεύειν καὶ
+πηδᾶν οὐδενὶ ξὺν λόγῳ, [120] καὶ ἡμᾶς ὑπὸ τῆς μνήμης
+τῶν παιδικῶν ἀνακινηθέντας ᾆσαι τῆς χώρας καὶ
+τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγκώμιον. πρὸς δὴ τοῦτον ἀπολογεῖσθαι
+χρεὼν ὧδέ πως λέγοντα· ὦ δαιμόνιε, καὶ
+τέχνης ἀληθῶς γενναίας ἡγεμών, σοφὸν μὲν
+χρῆμα ἐπινοεῖς, οὐκ ἐφιεὶς οὐδὲ ἐπιτρέπων τῶν
+ἐπαινουμένων οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μεθίεσθαι, ἅτε
+αὐτὸς οἶμαι ξὺν τέχνῃ τοῦτο δρῶν. ἡμῖν δὲ τὸν
+ἔρωτα τοῦτον, [B] ὃν σὺ φὴς αἴτιον εἶναι τῆς ἐν τοῖς
+λόγοις ἀταξίας, ἐπειδὴ προσγέγονεν, οἶμαι, παρακελεύεσθαι
+μὴ σφόδρα ἐκνεῖν μηδὲ εὐλαβεῖσθαι
+τὰς αἰτίας. οὐ γὰρ ἀλλοτρίων ἁπτόμεθα<note place='foot'>ἁπτόμεθα Cobet, ἡττώμεθα V, ἡψάμεθα MSS., Hertlein.</note> λόγων
+δεῖξαι ἐθέλοντες, ὅσων ἡμῖν ἀγαθῶν αἰτία γέγονε
+τιμῶσα τὸ φιλοσοφίας ὄνομα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ οἶδα
+ὅντινά μοι τρόπον ἐπικείμενον ἀγαπήσαντι μὲν
+<pb n='320'/><anchor id='Pg320'/><anchor id='Pg321'/>
+εὖ μάλα τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἐρασθέντι δεινῶς τοῦ
+πράγματος, ἀπολειφθέντι δὲ οὐκ οἶδε ὅντινα
+τρόπον ὄνομα [C] ἐτύγχανε μόνον καὶ λόγος ἔργου
+στερόμενος. ἡ δὲ ἐτίμα καὶ τοὔνομα· αἰτίαν
+γὰρ δὴ ἄλλην οὔτε αὐτὸς εὑρίσκω οὔτε ἄλλου
+του πυθέσθαι δύναμαι, δι᾽ ἣν οὕτω μοι πρόθυμος
+γέγονε βοηθὸς καὶ ἀλεξίκακος καὶ σώτειρα,
+τὴν τοῦ γενναίου βασιλέως εὔνοιαν ἀκέραιον
+ἡμῖν καὶ ἀσινῆ μένειν ξὺν πολλῷ πόνῳ
+πραγματευσαμένη, ἧς μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν οὔποτε ἐγώ τι
+τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων νομίσας ἑάλων, οὐ τὸν ἐπὶ γῆς
+καὶ ὑπὸ γῆς χρυσὸν ἀντάξιον [D] οὐδ᾽ ἀργύρου πλῆθος,
+ὁπόσος νῦν ἐστιν ὑπ᾽ αὐγὰς ἡλίου, καὶ εἴ ποτε
+ἄλλος προσγένοιτο, τῶν μεγίστων ὀρῶν αὐταῖς,
+οἶμαι, πέτραις καὶ δένδρεσι μεταβαλλόντων εἰς
+τήνδε τὴν φύσιν, οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν τὴν μεγίστην οὐδὲ
+ἄλλο τῶν πάντων οὐδέν· ἐκ μὲν γὰρ δὴ ἐκείνης
+ταῦτά μοι γέγονε πολλὰ καὶ ὅσα οὐδεὶς ἂν
+ἤλπισεν, οὐ σφόδρα πολλῶν δεομένῳ γε οὐδὲ
+ἐμαυτὸν ἐλπίσι τοιαύταις τρέφοντι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But as for me, what has come over me? And
+what speech do I intend to achieve if not a panegyric
+of my beloved Hellas, of which one cannot make
+mention without admiring everything? But perhaps
+someone, remembering what I said earlier, will say
+that this is not what I intended to discuss when I
+began, and that, just as Corybants when excited
+by the flute dance and leap without method, so I,
+spurred on by the mention of my beloved city,
+am chanting the praises of that country and her
+people. To him I must make excuse somewhat as
+follows: Good sir, you who are the guide to an art
+that is genuinely noble, that is a wise notion of
+yours, for you do not permit or grant one to let
+go even for a moment the theme of a panegyric,
+seeing that you yourself maintain your theme
+with skill. Yet in my case, since there has come
+over me this impulse of affection which you say is
+to blame for the lack of order in my arguments, you
+really urge me, I think, not to be too much afraid of it
+or to take precautions against criticism. For I am
+not embarking on irrelevant themes if I wish to show
+how great were the blessings that Eusebia procured
+for me because she honoured the name of philosophy.
+And yet the name of philosopher which has been, I
+know not why, applied to myself, is really in my
+case nothing but a name and lacks reality, for
+though I love the reality and am terribly enamoured
+of the thing itself, yet for some reason I have fallen
+short of it. But Eusebia honoured even the name.
+For no other reason can I discover, nor learn from anyone
+else, why she became so zealous an ally of mine,
+and an averter of evil and my preserver, and took
+such trouble and pains in order that I might retain
+unaltered and unaffected our noble Emperor's good-will;
+and I have never been convicted of thinking
+that there is any greater blessing in this world than
+that good-will, since all the gold above the earth or
+beneath the earth is not worth so much, nor all the
+mass of silver that is now beneath the sun's rays or
+may be added thereto,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 380.</note> not though the loftiest
+mountains, let us suppose, stones and trees and all
+were to change to that substance, nor the greatest
+sovereignty there is, nor anything else in the whole
+world. And I do indeed owe it to her that these
+blessings are mine, so many and greater than anyone
+could have hoped for, for in truth I did not ask for
+much, nor did I nourish myself with any such hopes.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εὔνοιαν δὲ ἀληθινὴν οὐκ ἔστι πρὸς χρυσίον ἀμείψασθαι,
+οὐδὲ ἄν τις αὐτὴν ἐντεῦθεν πρίαιτο, [121] θείᾳ δέ
+τινι καὶ κρείττονι μοίρᾳ ἀνθρώπων ἀγαθῶν συμπροθυμουμένων
+παραγέγνεται.<note place='foot'>παραγίγνεται Reiske, lacuna MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ παρὰ
+βασιλέως παιδὶ μὲν ὑπῆρχε κατὰ θεόν, ὀλίγου δὲ
+οἴχεσθαι δεῆσαν ἀπεσώθη πάλιν τῆς βασιλίδος
+ἀμυνούσης καὶ ἀπειργούσης τὰς ψευδεῖς καὶ ἀλλοκότους
+ὑποψίας. ἃς ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς ἐκείνη
+διέλυσεν, ἐναργεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῷ βίῳ τὠμῷ χρωμένη,
+<pb n='322'/><anchor id='Pg322'/><anchor id='Pg323'/>
+καλοῦντός τε αὖθις [B] τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος
+ὑπήκουον, ἆρα ἐνταῦθα κατέλιπεν, ὡς οὐκέτι
+πολλῆς βοηθείας, ἅτε οὐδενὸς ὄντος ἐν μέσῳ
+δυσχεροῦς οὐδὲ ὑπόπτου, δεόμενον; καὶ πῶς ἂν
+ὅσια δρῴην οὕτως ἐναργῆ καὶ σεμνὰ σιωπῶν καὶ
+ἀποκρύπτων; κυρουμένης τε γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ τοῦ
+βασιλέως ταυτησὶ τῆς γνώμης διαφερόντως ηὐφραίνετο
+καὶ συνεπήχει μουσικόν, θαρρεῖν κελεύουσα
+καὶ μήτε τὸ μέγεθος δείσαντα τῶν διδομένων
+ἀρνεῖσθαι τὸ λαβεῖν, [C] μήτε ἀγροίκῳ καὶ αὐθάδει<note place='foot'>[λιάν] αὐθάδει Hertlein.</note>
+χρησάμενον παρῥησίᾳ φαύλως ἀτιμάσαι τοῦ
+τοσαῦτα ἐργασαμένου ἀγαθὰ τὴν ἀναγκαίαν
+αἴτησιν. ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπήκουον οὔτι τοῦτό γε ἡδέως
+σφόδρα ὑπομένων, ἄλλως δὲ ἀπειθεῖν χαλεπὸν
+ὂν σφόδρα ἠπιστάμην, οἷς γὰρ ἂν ἐξῇ πράττειν
+ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλωσι σὺν βίᾳ, ἦ που δεόμενοι δυσωπεῖν
+καὶ πείθειν ἀρκοῦσιν. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδή μοι πεισθέντι
+γέγονε [D] καὶ μεταβαλόντι ἐσθῆτα καὶ θεραπείαν καὶ
+διατριβὰς τὰς συνήθεις καὶ τὴν οἴκησιν δὲ αὐτὴν
+καὶ δίαιταν πάντα ὄγκου πλέα καὶ σεμνότητος ἐκ
+μικρῶν, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ φαύλων τῶν πρόσθεν, ἐμοὶ
+μὲν ὑπὸ ἀηθείας ἡ ψυχὴ διεταράττετο, οὔτι τὸ
+μέγεθος ἐκπληττομένῳ τῶν παρόντων ἀγαθῶν·
+σχεδὸν γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας οὐδὲ μεγάλα ταῦτα
+ἐνόμιζον, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεις τινὰς χρωμένοις μὲν
+ὀρθῶς σφόδρα ωφελίμους, ἁμαρτάνουσι δὲ περὶ
+τὴν χρῆσιν βλαβερὰς [122] καὶ οἴκοις καὶ πόλεσι
+πολλαῖς μυρίων αἰτίας ξυμφορῶν. παραπλήσια
+<pb n='324'/><anchor id='Pg324'/><anchor id='Pg325'/>
+δὲ ἐπεπονθεῖν ἀνδρὶ σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἡνιοχικῆς
+ἔχοντι καὶ οὐδὲ ἐθελήσαντι τύυτης μεταλαβεῖν
+τῆς τέχνης, κᾆτα ἀναγκαζομένῳ καλοῦ καὶ
+γενναίου κομίζειν ἅρμα ἡνιόχου, πολλὰς μὲν
+ξυνωρίδας, πολλὰ δέ, οἶμαι, τέτρωρα τρέφοντος
+καὶ ἅπασι μὲν ἐπιβεβηκότος, διὰ δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ Hertlein adds.</note> γενναιότητα
+φύσεως καὶ ῥώμην ὑπερβάλλουσαν ἔχοντος
+οἶμαι τὰς ἡνίας πάντων ἐγκρατῶς, [B] εἰ καὶ
+ἐπὶ τῆς μιᾶς ἄντυγος βαίνοι, οὐ μὴν ἀεί γε ἐπ᾽
+αὐτῆς μένοντος, μεταφερομένου δὲ πολλάκις
+ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε καὶ ἀμείβοντος δίφρον ἐκ δίφρου, εἴ
+ποτε τοὺς ἵππους πονουμένους ἢ καὶ ὑβρίσαντας
+αἴσθοιτο, ἐν δὲ δὴ τοῖς ἅρμασι τοῖσδε κεκτημένου
+τέτρωρον ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας καὶ θράσους ὑβρίζον,
+πιεζόμενον τῇ συνεχεῖ ταλαιπωρίᾳ καὶ τοῦ
+θράσους οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἐπιλαθόμενον, ἀγριαῖνον
+δὲ ἀεὶ [C] καὶ παροξυνόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν συμφορῶν ἐπὶ
+τὸ μᾶλλον ὑβρίζειν καὶ ἀπειθεῖν καὶ ἀντιτείνειν,
+οὐ δεχόμενον ἀμῶς γέ πη πορεύεσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ
+καὶ αὐτὸν ὁρῴη τὸν ἡνίοχον<note place='foot'>ἀμῶς γέ πη&mdash;τὸν ἡνίοχον Reiske, ἄλλως ἐπὶ τὸν ἡνίοχον
+MSS., Hertlein.</note> διὰ τέλους χαλεπαῖνον
+ἤ, τό γε ἔλαττον, στολὴν γοῦν ἡνιοχικὴν ἄνθρωπον
+φοροῦντα·<note place='foot'>φοροῦντα Hertlein suggests, φέροντα MSS.</note> οὕτως ἐστὶν ἀλόγιστον φύσει. ὁ δέ,
+οἶμαι, παραμυθούμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν ἄνοιαν ἄνδρα
+ἐπέστησε, δοὺς φορεῖν<note place='foot'>φορεῖν Hertlein suggests, φέρειν MSS.</note> τοιαύτην ἐσθῆτα καὶ
+σχῆμα περιβαλὼν ἡνιόχου σεμνοῦ [D] καὶ ἐπιστήμονος,
+ὃς εἰ μὲν ἄφρων εἴη παντελῶς καὶ ἀνόητος,
+χαίρει καὶ γέγηθε καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὸ τῶν ἱματίων
+καθάπερ πτερῶν ἐπαίρεται, συνέσεως δὲ εἰ καὶ
+<pb n='326'/><anchor id='Pg326'/><anchor id='Pg327'/>
+ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μετέχοι καὶ σώφρονος νοῦ, σφόδρα
+εὐλαβεῖται,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But genuine kindness one cannot obtain in exchange
+for money, nor could anyone purchase it by such
+means, but it exists only when men of noble
+character work in harmony with a sort of divine and
+higher providence. And this the Emperor bestowed
+on me even as a child, and when it had almost
+vanished it was restored again to me because the
+Empress defended me and warded off those false
+and monstrous suspicions. And when, using the
+evidence of my life as plain proof, she had completely
+cleared me of them, and I obeyed once more the
+Emperor's summons from Greece, did she ever forsake
+me, as though, now that all enmity and
+suspicion had been removed, I no longer needed
+much assistance? Would my conduct be pious if
+I kept silence and concealed actions so manifest
+and so honourable? For when a good opinion of me
+was established in the Emperor's mind, she rejoiced
+exceedingly, and echoed him harmoniously, bidding
+me take courage and neither refuse out of awe to
+accept the greatness<note place='foot'>The title of Caesar.</note> of what was offered to me, nor,
+by employing a boorish and arrogant frankness,
+unworthily slight the urgent request of him who had
+shown me such favour. And so I obeyed, though it
+was by no means agreeable to me to support this
+burden, and besides I knew well that to refuse was
+altogether impracticable. For when those who have
+the power to exact by force what they wish
+condescend to entreat, naturally they put one out
+of countenance and there is nothing left but to obey.
+Now when I consented, I had to change my mode of
+dress, and my attendants, and my habitual pursuits,
+and my very house and way of life for what seemed
+full of pomp and ceremony to one whose past had
+naturally been so modest and humble, and my mind
+was confused by the strangeness, though it was
+certainly not dazzled by the magnitude of the favours
+that were now mine. For in my ignorance I hardly
+regarded them as great blessings, but rather as
+powers of the greatest benefit, certainly, to those
+who use them aright, but, when mistakes are made
+in their use, as being harmful to many houses and
+cities and the cause of countless disasters. So I felt
+like a man who is altogether unskilled in driving a
+chariot,<note place='foot'>To illustrate the skill and, at the same time, the difficult
+position of Constantius as sole Emperor, Julian describes an
+impossible feat. The restive teams are the provinces of the
+Empire, which had hitherto been controlled by two or more
+Emperors.</note> and is not at all inclined to acquire the art,
+and then is compelled to manage a car that belongs
+to a noble and talented charioteer, one who keeps
+many pairs and many four-in-hands too, let us
+suppose, and has mounted behind them all, and
+because of his natural talent and uncommon strength
+has a strong grip on the reins of all of them, even
+though he is mounted on one chariot; yet he does
+not always remain on it, but often moves to this side
+or that and changes from car to car, whenever he
+perceives that his horses are distressed or are
+getting out of hand; and among these chariots
+he has a team of four that become restive from
+ignorance and high spirit, and are oppressed by
+continuous hard work, but none the less are mindful
+of that high spirit, and ever grow more unruly and
+are irritated by their distress, so that they grow
+more restive and disobedient and pull against the
+driver and refuse to go in a certain direction, and
+unless they see the charioteer himself or at least
+some man wearing the dress of a charioteer, end by
+becoming violent, so unreasoning are they by nature.
+But when the charioteer encourages some unskilful
+man, and sets him over them, and allows him to
+wear the same dress as his own, and invests him with
+the outward seeming of a splendid and skilful
+charioteer, then if he be altogether foolish and witless,
+he rejoices and is glad and is buoyed up and exalted
+by those robes, as though by wings, but, if he has
+even a small share of common sense and prudent
+understanding, he is very much alarmed)</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>μήπως αὑτὸν τε τρώσῃ σύν θ᾽ ἅρματα ἄξῃ,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Lest he
+both injure himself and shatter his chariot withal,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 23. 341.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ τῷ μὲν ἡνιόχῳ ζημίας, αὑτῷ δὲ αἰσχρᾶς καὶ
+ἀδόξου συμφορᾶς αἴτιος γένηται. ταῦτα ἐγὼ
+ἐλογιζόμην ἐν νυκτὶ βουλεύων καὶ δι᾽ ἡμέρας κατ᾽
+ἐμαυτὸν ἐπισκοπούμενος, [123] σύννους ὢν ἀεὶ καὶ
+σκυθρωπός. ὁ γενναῖος δὲ καὶ θεῖος ἀληθῶς αὐτοκράτωρ
+ἀφῄρει τι πάντως τῶν ἀλγεινῶν, ἔργοις
+καὶ λόγοις τιμῶν καὶ χαριζόμενος. τέλος δὲ τὴν
+βασιλίδα προσειπεῖν κελεύει, θάρσος τε ἡμῖν
+ἐνδιδοὺς καὶ τοῦ σφόδρα πιστεύειν γενναῖον εὖ
+μάλα παρέχων γνώρισμα. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον
+ἐς ὄψιν ἐκείνης ἦλθον, ἐδόκουν μὲν ὥσπερ ἐν ἱερῷ
+καθιδρυμένον ἄγαλμα σωφροσύνης ὁρᾶν· [B] αἰδὼς δὲ
+ἐπεῖχε τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ ἐπέπηκτό μοι κατὰ γῆς τὰ
+ὄμματα συχνὸν ἐπιεικῶς χρόνον, ἕως ἐκείνη
+θαρρεῖν ἐκέλευε. καὶ τὰ μέν, ἔφη, ἤδη παρ᾽ ἡμῶν
+ἔχεις, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἕξεις σὺν θεῷ, μόνον εἰ πιστὸς καὶ
+δίκαιος εἰς ἡμᾶς γένοιο. τοσαῦτα ἤκουσα σχεδόν·
+οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτὴ πλεῖονα<note place='foot'>πλείονα Hertlein suggests, πλεῖον MSS.</note> ἐφθέγξατο, καὶ ταῦτα
+ἐπισταμένη τῶν γενναίων ῥητόρων οὐδὲ ἓν φαυλοτέρους
+ἀπαγγέλλειν λόγους. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς
+ἐντεύξεως ἀπαλλαγεὶς σφόδρα ἐθαύμασα καὶ
+ἐξεπεπλήγμην, ἐναργῶς δοκῶν ἀκηκοέναι σωφροσύνης
+αὐτῆς φθεγγομένης· οὕτω πρᾷον ἦν αὐτῇ
+φθέγμα καὶ μείλιχον, [C] ταῖς ἐμαῖς ἀκοαῖς ἐγκαθιδρυμένον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and so cause loss to the charioteer and bring on himself
+shameful and inglorious disaster. On all this, then,
+I reflected, taking counsel with myself in the night
+season, and in the daytime pondering it with myself,
+and I was continually thoughtful and gloomy.
+Then the noble and truly godlike Emperor lessened
+my torment in every way, and showed me honour and
+favour both in deed and word. And at last he bade
+me address myself to the Empress, inspiring me with
+courage and giving me a very generous indication
+that I might trust her completely. Now when first
+I came into her presence it seemed to me as though
+I beheld a statue of Modesty set up in some temple.
+Then reverence filled my soul, and my eyes were
+fixed upon the ground<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 3. 217.</note> for some considerable time,
+till she bade me take courage. Then she said:
+<q>Certain favours you have already received from us
+and yet others you shall receive, if God will, if only you
+prove to be loyal and honest towards us.</q> This was
+almost as much as I heard. For she herself did not
+say more, and that though she knew how to utter
+speeches not a whit inferior to those of the most
+gifted orators. And I, when I had departed from
+this interview, felt the deepest admiration and awe,
+and was clearly convinced that it was Modesty herself
+I had heard speaking. So gentle and comforting
+was her utterance, and it is ever firmly settled in
+my ears.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Βούλεσθε οὖν τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα πάλιν ἔργα καὶ
+ὅσα ἔδρασεν ἡμᾶς ἀγαθὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον λεπτουργοῦντες
+<pb n='328'/><anchor id='Pg328'/><anchor id='Pg329'/>
+ἀπαγγέλλωμεν; ἢ τά γε ἐντεῦθεν ἀθρόως
+ἑλόντες, καθάπερ ἔδρασεν αὐτὴ,<note place='foot'>αὐτὴ Hertlein suggests, αὕτη MSS.</note> πάντα ὁμοῦ
+διηγησώμεθα; [D] ὁπόσους μὲν εὖ ἐποίησε τῶν ἐμοὶ
+γνωρίμων, ὅπως δὲ ἐμοὶ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τὸν
+γάμον ἥρμοσεν. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἴσως ποθεῖτε καὶ τὸν
+κατάλογον ἀκοίειν τῶν δώρων,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Do you wish then that I should report to you
+what she did after this, and all the blessings she
+conferred on me, and that I should give precise
+details one by one? Or shall I take up my tale
+concisely as she did herself, and sum up the whole?
+Shall I tell how many of my friends she benefited,
+and how with the Emperor's help she arranged my
+marriage? But perhaps you wish to hear also the
+list of her presents to me:)</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ἕπτ᾽ ἀπύρους τρίποδας, δέκα δὲ χρυσοῖο τάλαντα</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Seven tripods untouched
+by fire and ten talents of gold,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 122.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ λέβητας ἐείκοσιν. ἀλλ᾽ οὔ μοι σχολὴ περὶ
+τῶν τοιούτων ἀδολεσχεῖν· ἑνὸς δὲ ἴσως τῶν
+ἐκείνης δώρων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄχαρι καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς
+ἀπομνημονεῦσαι, ᾧ μοι δοκῶ καὶ αὐτὸς ἡσθῆναι<note place='foot'>[σφόδρα] ἡσθῆναι Hertlein.</note>
+διαφερόντως· βίβλους γὰρ φιλοσόφων καὶ ξυγγραφέων
+ἀγαθῶν [124] καὶ ῥετόρων πολλῶν καὶ ποιητῶν,
+ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς ὀλίγας οἴκοθεν ἔφερον,
+ἐλπίδι καὶ πόθῳ τοῦ πάλιν οἴκαδε ἐπανελθεῖν τὴν
+ταχίστην ψυχαγωγούμενος, ἔδωκεν ἀθρόως τοσαύτας,
+ὥστε ἐμοῦ μὲν ἀποπλῆσαι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν
+σφόδρα ἀκορέστως ἔχοντος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνας<note place='foot'>ἐκείνας Reiske, ἐκεῖνα MSS., Hertlein.</note>
+συνουσίας, μουσεῖον δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἀποφῆναι
+βιβλίων ἕκητι τὴν Γαλατίαν καὶ τὴν Κελτίδα.
+τούτοις ἐγὼ προσκαθήμενος συνεχῶς τοῖς δώροις,
+εἴ ποτε σχολὴν ἄγοιμι, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἐπιλανθάνωμαι
+τῆς χαρισαμένης· [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατευομένῳ
+μοι ἕν γέ τι πάντως ἕπεται οἷον ἐφόδιον
+τῆς στρατείας πρὸς αὐτόπτου πάλαι ξυγκείμενον.
+πολλὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς τῶν παλαιῶν<note place='foot'>παλαιῶν [ἔργων] Hertlein.</note> ἐμπειρίας
+ὑπομνήματα ξὺν τέχνηι γραφέντα τοῖς ἁμαρτοῦσι
+<pb n='330'/><anchor id='Pg330'/><anchor id='Pg331'/>
+διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν τῆς θέας ἐναργῆ καὶ λαμπρὰν
+εἰκόνα φέρει τῶν πάλαι πραχθέντων, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἤδη
+καὶ νέοι πολλοὶ γερόντων μυρίων πολιὸν μᾶλλον
+ἐκτήσαντο τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς φρένας, [C] καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν
+ἀγαθὸν ἐκ τοῦ γήρως ὑπάρχειν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις
+μόνον, τὴν ἐμπειρίαν, δι᾽ ἣν ὁ πρεσβύτης ἔχει τι
+λέξαι τῶν νέων σοφώτερον, τοῖς οὐ ῥᾳθύμοις τῶν
+νέων ἔδωκεν. ἔστι δὲ οἶμαί τις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ
+παιδαγωγία πρὸς ἦθος γενναῖον, εἴ τις ἐπίσταιτο
+τοὺς ἀρίστους ἄνδρας καὶ λόγους καὶ πράξεις,
+οἷον ἀρχέτυπα προτιθέμενος δημιουργός, πλάττειν
+ἤδη πρὸς ταῦτα τὴν αὑτοῦ διάνοιαν καὶ
+ἀφομοιοῦν τοὺς<note place='foot'>Before τοὺς Klimek omits πρὸς.</note> λόγους. ὧν εἰ μὴ παμπληθὲς
+ἀπολειφθείη, [D] τυγχάνοι δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον τῆς
+ὁμοιότητος, οὐ σμικρὰ ἂν ὄναιτο, εὖ ἴστε. ὃ δὴ
+καὶ αὐτὸς πολλάκις ξυννοῶν παιδιάν τε οὐκ
+ἄμουσον ἐν αὐτοῖς ποιοῦμαι καὶ στρατευόμενος
+καθάπερ σιτία φέρειν ἀναγκαῖα καὶ ταῦτα ἐθέλω·
+μέτρον δέ ἐστι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν φερομένων ὁ
+καιρός.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and twenty caldrons.
+But I have no time to gossip about such
+subjects. Nevertheless one of those gifts of hers it
+would perhaps not be ungraceful to mention to you,
+for it was one with which I was myself especially
+delighted. For she gave me the best books on
+philosophy and history, and many of the orators and
+poets, since I had brought hardly any with me from
+home, deluding myself with the hope and longing to
+return home again, and gave them in such numbers,
+and all at once, that even my desire for them was
+satisfied, though I am altogether insatiable of converse
+with literature; and, so far as books went, she
+made Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> and the country of the Celts resemble
+a Greek temple of the Muses. And to these gifts I
+applied myself incessantly whenever I had leisure,
+so that I can never be unmindful of the gracious
+giver. Yes, even when I take the field one thing
+above all else goes with me as a necessary provision
+for the campaign, some one narrative of a
+campaign composed long ago by an eye-witness.
+For many of those records of the experience of
+men of old, written as they are with the greatest
+skill, furnish to those who, by reason of their
+youth, have missed seeing such a spectacle, a
+clear and brilliant picture of those ancient exploits,
+and by this means many a tiro has acquired a
+more mature understanding and judgment than
+belongs to very many older men; and that
+advantage which people think old age alone can
+give to mankind, I mean experience (for experience
+it is that enables an old man <q>to talk more wisely
+than the young</q><note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi> 532.</note>), even this the study of history can
+give to the young if only they are diligent. Moreover,
+in my opinion, there is in such books a means of
+liberal education for the character, supposing that
+one understands how, like a craftsman, setting before
+himself as patterns the noblest men and words and
+deeds, to mould his own character to match them,
+and make his words resemble theirs. And if he
+should not wholly fall short of them, but should
+achieve even some slight resemblance, believe me
+that would be for him the greatest good fortune.
+And it is with this idea constantly before me that
+not only do I give myself a literary education by
+means of books, but even on my campaigns I never
+fail to carry them like necessary provisions. The
+number that I take with me is limited only by
+particular circumstances.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλὰ μή ποτε οὐκ ἐκείνων χρὴ νῦν τὸν
+ἔπαινον γράφειν οὐδὲ ὅσα ἡμῖν ἀγαθὰ γένοιτ᾽ ἂν
+ἐνθένδε, [125] ὁπόσου δὲ τὸ δῶρον ἄξιον καταμαθόντας
+χάριν ἀποτίνειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀλλοτρίαν τοῦ δοθέντος
+τῇ χαρισαμένῃ. λόγων γὰρ ἀστείων καὶ
+παντοδαπῶν θησαυροὺς τὸν ἐν ταῖς βίβλοις δεξάμενον
+<pb n='332'/><anchor id='Pg332'/><anchor id='Pg333'/>
+οὐκ ἄδικον διὰ σμικρῶν καὶ φαύλων ῥημάτων
+ἰδιωτικῶς καὶ ἀγροίκως ἄγαν ξυγκειμένων
+ᾄδειν εὐφημίαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ γεωργὸν φήσεις εὐγνώμονα,
+ὃς καταφυτεύειν μὲν τὴν φυταλιὰν ἀρχόμενος
+κλήματα ᾔτει παρὰ τῶν γειτόνων, εἶτα ἐκτρέφων
+τὰς ἀμπέλους δίκελλαν καὶ αὖθις σμινύην,
+καὶ τέλος ἤδη κάλαμον, [B] ᾧ χρὴ προσδεδέσθαι καὶ
+ἐπικεῖσθαι τὴν ἄμπελον, ἵνα αὐτή τε ἀνέχηται
+καὶ οἱ βότρυες ἐξηρτημένοι μηδαμοῦ ψαύωσι τῆς
+βώλου, τυχόντα δὲ ὧν ἐδεῖτο μόνον ἐμπίπλασθαι
+τοῦ Διονύσου τῆς χάριτος οὔτε τῶν βοτρύων οὔτε
+τοῦ γλεύκους μεταδιδόντα τοῖς,<note place='foot'>τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὧν πρὸς τὴν
+γεωργίαν ἔτυχε προθύμων. οὔκουν οὐδὲ νομέα
+ποιμνίων οὐδὲ βουκολίων οὐδὲ μὴν αἰπολίων
+ἐπιεικῆ καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα φήσει τις, ὃς
+τοῦ μὲν χειμώνος, ὅτε αὐτῷ στέγης καὶ πόας
+ἐδεῖτο τὰ βοσκήματα, [C] σφόδρα ἐτύγχανε προθύμων
+τῶν φίλων, πολλὰ μὲν αὐτῷ ξυμποριζόντων καὶ
+μεταδιδόντων τροφῆς ἀφθόνου καὶ καταγωγίων,
+ἦρος δὲ οἶμαι καὶ θέρους φανέντος μάλα γενναίως
+ἐπιλαθόμενον ὧν εὖ πάθοι, οὔτε τοῦ γάλακτος οὔτε
+τῶν τυρῶν οὔτε ἄλλου τοῦ μεταδιδόντα τοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὑφ᾽ ὧν
+αὐτῷ διεσώθη ἀπολόμενα ἂν ἄλλως τὰ θρέμματα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But perhaps I ought not now to be writing a
+panegyric on books, nor to describe all the benefits
+that we might derive from them, but since I recognise
+how much that gift was worth, I ought to pay back
+to the gracious giver thanks not perhaps altogether
+different in kind from what she gave. For it is only
+just that one who has accepted clever discourses of all
+sorts laid up as treasure in books, should sound a
+strain of eulogy if only in slight and unskilful
+phrases, composed in an unlearned and rustic
+fashion. For you would not say that a farmer
+showed proper feeling who, when starting to
+plant his vineyard, begs for cuttings from his
+neighbours, and presently, when he cultivates his
+vines, asks for a mattock and then for a hoe, and
+finally for a stake to which the vine must be
+tied and which it must lean against, so that it may
+itself be supported, and the bunches of grapes
+as they hang may nowhere touch the soil; and
+then, after obtaining all he asked for, drinks
+his fill of the pleasant gift of Dionysus, but
+does not share either the grapes or the must
+with those whom he found so willing to help him in
+his husbandry. Just so one would not say that a
+shepherd or neatherd or even a goatherd was honest
+and good and right-minded, who in winter, when his
+flocks need shelter and fodder, met with the utmost
+consideration from his friends, who helped him
+to procure many things, and gave him food in
+abundance, and lodging, and presently when spring
+and summer appeared, forgot in lordly fashion all
+those kindnesses, and shared neither his milk nor
+cheeses nor anything else with those who had saved
+his beasts for him when they would otherwise have
+perished.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὅστις οὖν λόγους ὁποιουσοῦν τρέφων νέος
+μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡγεμόνων πολλῶν δεόμενος, τροφῆς
+δὲ πολλῆς [D] καὶ καθαρᾶς τῆς ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν
+γραμμάτων, εἶτα ἀθρόως πάντων στερηθείη<note place='foot'>στερηθείη Cobet, δεηθείη MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἆρα
+<pb n='334'/><anchor id='Pg334'/><anchor id='Pg335'/>
+ὑμῖν μικρᾶς δεῖσθαι βοηθείας δοκεῖ ἢ μικρῶν αὐτῷ
+γεγονέναι ἄξιος ὁ πρὸς ταῦτα συλλαμβανόμενος;
+καὶ τυχὸν οὐ χρὴ πειρᾶσθαι χάριν ἀποτίνειν αὐτῷ
+τῆς προθυμίας καὶ τῶν ἔργων; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε τὸν
+Θαλῆν ἐκεῖνον, τῶν σοφῶν τὸ κεφάλαιον μιμητέον,<note place='foot'>μιμητέον Petavius adds.</note>
+οὗ τὰ ἐπαινούμενα ἀκηκόαμεν; ἐρομένου γάρ τινος
+ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔμαθεν [126] ὁπόσον τινὰ χρὴ καταβαλεῖν
+μισθόν· ὁμολογῶν, ἔφη, τι<note place='foot'>τι Horkel, τὸ MSS., Hertlein.</note> παρ᾽ ἡμῶν μαθεῖν τὴν
+ἀξίαν ἡμῖν ἐκτίσεις. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅστις διδάσκαλος
+μὲν αὐτὸς οὐ γέγονε, πρὸς τὸ μαθεῖν δὲ καὶ ὁτιοῦν
+συνηνύγκατο, ἀδικοῖτ᾽ ἄν, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνοι τῆς
+χάριτος καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τοῖς δοθεῖσιν ὁμολογίας, ἣν
+δὴ καὶ ὁ σοφὸς ἀπαιτῶν φαίνεται. εἶεν. ἀλλὰ
+τοῦτο μὲν χαρίεν καὶ σεμνὸν τὸ δῶρον· χρυσίον δὲ
+καὶ ἀργύριον οὔτε ἐδεόμην ἐγὼ λαβεῖν οὔτε ὑμᾶς
+δὴ [B] ὑπὲρ τούτων ἡδέως ἂν ἐνοχλήσαιμι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And now take the case of one who cultivates
+literature of any sort, and is himself young
+and therefore needs numerous guides and the
+abundant food and pure nourishment that is to be
+obtained from ancient writings, and then suppose
+that he should be deprived of all these all at once, is
+it, think you, slight assistance that he is asking?
+And is it slight payment that he deserves who
+comes to his aid? But perhaps he ought not even
+to attempt to make him any return for his zeal and
+kind actions? Perhaps he ought to imitate the
+famous Thales, that consummate philosopher, and
+that answer which we have all heard and which is so
+much admired? For when someone asked what fee
+he ought to pay him for knowledge he had acquired,
+Thales replied <q>If you let it be known that it was I
+who taught you, you will amply repay me.</q> Just so
+one who has not himself been the teacher, but has
+helped another in any way to gain knowledge, would
+indeed be wronged if he did not obtain gratitude
+and that acknowledgement of the gift which even
+the philosopher seems to have demanded. Well
+and good. But this gift of hers was both welcome
+and magnificent. And as for gold and silver I
+neither asked for them nor, were they in question,
+should I be willing thus to wear out your patience.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Λόγον δὲ ὑμῖν εἰπεῖν ἐθέλω μάλα δή τι<note place='foot'>τι Cobet, τινος MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὑμῖν
+ἀκοῆς ἄξιον, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνομεν ἀπειρηκότες πρὸς τὸ
+μῆκος τῆς ἀδολεσχίας· τυχὸν δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ MSS., Cobet, γὰρ V, M, Hertlein.</note> οὐδὲ τῶν ῥηθέντων
+ἠκρόασθε ξὺν ἡδονῇ ἅτε ἀνδρὸς ἰδιώτου καὶ σφόδρα
+ἀμαθοῦς λόγων, πλάττειν μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τεχνάζειν
+εἰδότος, φράζοντος δὲ ὅπως ἂν ἐπίῃ τάληθές· ὁ δὲ
+δὴ λόγος σχεδόν τι περὶ τῶν παρόντων ἐστί.
+φήσουσι γάρ, [C] οἶμαι, πολλοὶ παρὰ τῶν μακαρίων
+<pb n='336'/><anchor id='Pg336'/><anchor id='Pg337'/>
+σοφιστῶν ἀναπειθόμενοι, ὅτι ἄρα μικρὰ καὶ φαῦλα
+πράγματα ἀναλεξάμενος ὡς δή τι σεμνὸν ὑμῖν
+ἀπαγγέλλω. τοῦτο δὲ οὐ φιλονεικοῦντες πρὸς
+τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους οὐδὲ ἐμὲ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἀφαιρεῖσθαι
+δόξης ἐθέλοντες ἴσως ἂν εἴποιεν· ἴσασι
+γὰρ σαφῶς, ὅτι μήτε ἀντίτεχνος εἶναι βούλομαι
+τοῖς ἐκείνων λόγοις τοὺς ἐμαυτοῦ παρατιθείς, μήτε
+ἄλλως ἀπεχθάνεσθαι ἐκείνοις ἐθέλω· ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ
+οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον [D] τοῦ μεγάλα λέγειν ἐκ παντὸς
+ὀρεγόμενοι χαλεπῶς ἔχουσι πρὸς τοὺς μὴ τἀκείνων
+ζηλοῦντας καὶ δι᾽ αἰτίας ἄγουσιν ὡς καθαιροῦντας
+τὴν τῶν λόγων ἰσχύν. μόνα γὰρ εἶναι τῶν ἔργων
+ζηλωτά φασι καὶ σπουδῆς ἄξια καὶ πολλῶν
+ἐπαίνων ὁπόσα διὰ μέγεθος ἤδη τισὶν ἄπιστα
+ἐφάνη, ὁποῖα δή τινα τὰ περὶ τῆς Ἀσσυρίας
+ἐκείνης γυναικός, ἣ μεταβαλοῦσα καθάπερ ῥεῖθρον
+εὐτελὲς τὸν διὰ τῆς Βαβυλῶνος ποταμὸν ῥέοντα
+βασίλειά [127] τε ᾠκοδόμησεν ὑπὸ γῆς πάγκαλα καὶ
+μεθῆκεν ὑπὲρ τῶν χωμάτων αὖθις. ὑπὲρ γὰρ δὴ
+ταύτης πολὺς μὲν λόγος, ὡς ἐναυμάχει ναυσὶ
+τρισχιλίαις, καὶ πεζῇ παρετάττετο μυριάδας
+ὁπλιτῶν τριακοσίας ἄγουσα, τό τε ἐν Βαβυλῶνι
+τεῖχος ᾠκοδόμει πεντακοσίων σταδίων μικρὸν
+ἀποδέον, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν πόλιν ὀρύγματα καὶ
+ἄλλα πολυτελῆ καὶ δαπανηρὰ κατασκευάσματα
+ἐκείνης ἔργα γενέσθαι [B] λέγουσι. Νίτωκρις δὲ
+ταύτης νεωτέρα καὶ Ῥοδογούνη καὶ Τώμυρις καὶ
+<pb n='338'/><anchor id='Pg338'/><anchor id='Pg339'/>
+μυρίος δή τις ἐπιρρεῖ γυναικῶν ὄχλος ἀνδριζομένων
+οὐ λίαν εὐπρεπῶς. τινὰς δὲ ἤδη διὰ τὸ
+κάλλος περιβλέπτους καὶ ὀνομαστὰς γενομένας
+οὐ σφόδρα εὐτυχῶς, ἐπειδὴ ταραχῆς αἴτιαι καὶ
+πολέμων μακρῶν ἔθνεσι μυρίοις καὶ ἀνδράσιν, ὅσους
+ἦν εἰκὸς ἐκ τοσαύτης χώρας ἀθροίζεσθαι, γενέσθαι
+δοκοῦσιν, ὡς μεγάλων αἰτίας ὑμνοῦσι πράξεων.
+ὅστις δὲ τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν ἔχει, [C] καταγέλαστος
+εἶναι δοκεῖ ἅτε οὐκ ἐκπλήττειν οὐδὲ θαυματοποιεῖν
+ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σφόδρα ἐπιχειρῶν. βούλεσθε οὖν
+ἐπανερωτῶμεν αὐτούς, εἴ τις αὐτῶν γαμετὴν ἢ
+θυγατέρα οἱ τοιαύτην εὔχεται γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ
+τὴν Πηνελόπην; καίτοι ἐπὶ ταύτης οὐδὲν Ὅμηρος
+εἰπεῖν ἔσχε πλέον τῆς σωφροσύνης καὶ τῆς
+φιλανδρίας καὶ τῆς ἐς τὸν ἑκυρὸν ἐπιμελείας καὶ
+τὸν παῖδα· ἔμελε δὲ ἄρα οὔτε τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐκείνῃ
+οὔτε τῶν ποιμνίων· στρατηγίαν δὲ ἢ δημηγορίαν
+οὐδὲ ὄναρ εἰκὸς<note place='foot'>εἰκὸς Reiske adds.</note> ἐκείνῃ παραστῆναί ποτε· [D] ἀλλὰ
+καὶ ὁπότε λέγειν ἐχρῆν εἰς τὰ μειράκια,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But I wish to tell you a story very well worth your
+hearing, unless indeed you are already wearied
+by the length of this garrulous speech. Indeed
+it may be that you have listened without enjoyment
+to what has been said so far, seeing that the speaker
+is a layman and entirely ignorant of rhetoric, and
+knows neither how to invent nor how to use
+the writer's craft, but speaks the truth as it occurs to
+him. And my story is about something almost
+of the present time. Now many will say, I suppose,
+persuaded by the accomplished sophists, that I have
+collected what is trivial and worthless, and relate it
+to you as though it were of serious import. And
+probably they will say this, not because they are
+jealous of my speeches, or because they wish to
+rob me of the reputation that they may bring. For
+they well know that I do not desire to be their rival
+in the art by setting my own speeches against theirs,
+nor in any other way do I wish to quarrel with them.
+But since, for some reason or other, they are
+ambitious of speaking on lofty themes at any cost,
+they will not tolerate those who have not their
+ambition, and they reproach them with weakening
+the power of rhetoric. For they say that only those
+deeds are to be admired and are worthy of serious
+treatment and repeated praise which, because of
+their magnitude, have been thought by some to be
+incredible, those stories for instance about that
+famous woman<note place='foot'>Semiramis, Herodotus 1. 184.</note> of Assyria who turned aside as
+though it were an insignificant brook the river<note place='foot'>The Euphrates.</note> that
+flows through Babylon, and built a gorgeous palace
+underground, and then turned the stream back
+again beyond the dykes that she had made.
+For of her many a tale is told, how she fought a
+naval battle with three thousand ships, and on land
+she led into the field of battle three million hoplites,
+and in Babylon she built a wall very nearly
+five hundred stades in length, and the moat that
+surrounds the city and other very costly and expensive
+edifices were, they tell us, her work. And
+Nitocris<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 185; <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 2. 85 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> who came later than she, and Rhodogyne<note place='foot'>Rhodopis? wrongly supposed to have built the third
+pyramid.</note>
+and Tomyris,<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 205.</note> aye and a crowd of women beyond
+number who played men's parts in no very seemly
+fashion occur to my mind. And some of them
+were conspicuous for their beauty and so became
+notorious, though it brought them no happiness, but
+since they were the causes of dissension and long
+wars among countless nations and as many men as
+could reasonably be collected from a country of that
+size, they are celebrated by the orators as having
+given rise to mighty deeds. And a speaker who has
+nothing of this sort to relate seems ridiculous because
+he makes no great effort to astonish his hearers
+or to introduce the marvellous into his speeches.
+Now shall we put this question to these orators,
+whether any one of them would wish to have a wife
+or daughter of that sort, rather than like Penelope?
+And yet in her case Homer had no more to tell than
+of her discretion and her love for her husband and
+the good care she took of her father-in-law and her
+son. Evidently she did not concern herself with
+the fields or the flocks, and as for leading an army
+or speaking in public, of course she never even
+dreamed of such a thing. But even when it was
+necessary for her to speak to the young suitors,)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη λιπαρὰ κρήδεμνα</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Holding up before her face her shining veil</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 1. 334.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+πρᾴως ἐφθέγγετο. καὶ οὐκ ἀπορῶν Ὅμηρος
+οἶμαι τηλικούτων ἔργων οὐδὲ ὀνομαστῶν ἐπ᾽
+αὐτοῖς γυναικῶν ταύτην ὕμνησε διαφερόντως·
+ἐξῆν γοῦν αὐτῷ τὴν τῆς Ἀμαζόνος φιλοτίμως
+πάνυ στρατείαν διηγησαμένῳ τὴν ποίησιν ἅπασαν
+ἐμπλῆσαι τοιούτων διηγημάτων τέρπειν εὖ μάλα
+καὶ ψυχαγωγεῖν δυναμένων. [128] οὐ γὰρ δὴ τείχους
+<pb n='340'/><anchor id='Pg340'/><anchor id='Pg341'/>
+μὲν αἵρεσιν, καὶ πολιορκίαν καὶ τρόπον τινὰ
+ναυμαχίαν εἶναι δοκοῦσαν, τὸν πρὸς τοῖς νεωρίοις
+πόλεμον, ἀνδρός τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ καὶ ποταμοῦ μάχην
+ἐπεισάγειν οἴκοθεν διενοεῖτο τῇ ποιήσει καινόν τι
+λέγειν ἐπιθυμῶν· τοῦτο δὲ εἴπερ ἦν, ὥσπερ οὖν
+φασι, σεμνότατον, ὀλιγώρως οὕτω παρέλιπε. τί
+ποτε οὖν ἄν τις αἴτιον λέγοι τοῦ κείνην μὲν ἐπαινεῖν
+προθύμως, τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽<note place='foot'>τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ Hertlein suggests, τούτων δὲ MSS.</note> ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μνημονεύειν;
+ὅτι [B] διὰ μὲν τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην
+πολλὰ ἴδίᾳ τε<note place='foot'>πολλὰ ἰδίᾳ τε Hertlein suggests, πολλά τε ἰδίᾳ MSS.</note> τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ εἰς τὸ
+κοινὸν ἀγαθὰ συμβαίνει, ἐκ δὲ δὴ τῆς τούτων φιλοτιμίας
+ὄφελος μὲν οὐδὲ ἕν, συμφοραὶ δὲ ἀνήκεστοι.
+ἅτε δὴ ὢν οἶμαι σοφὸς καὶ θεῖος ποιητὴς
+ταύτην ἔκρινεν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν τὴν εὐφημίαν.
+ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι προσῆκον<note place='foot'>προσῆκον Hertlein suggests, προσῆκεν MSS.</note> εὐλαβηθῆναι
+τοσοῦτον ἡγεμόνα ποιουμένοις, μή τις ἄρα μικροὺς
+ὑπολάβῃ καὶ φαύλους;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(it was in mild accents that she expressed herself.
+And it was not because he was short of such great
+deeds, or of women famous for them, that he sang
+the praises of Penelope rather than the others. For
+instance, he could have made it his ambition to tell
+the story of the Amazon's<note place='foot'>Penthesilea.</note> campaign and have filled
+all his poetry with tales of that sort, which certainly
+have a wonderful power to delight and charm. For
+as to the taking of the wall and the siege, and
+that battle near the ships which in some respects
+seems to have resembled a sea-fight, and then the
+fight of the hero and the river,<note place='foot'>Achilles and the Scamander; <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 234 foll., <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi>
+2. 60 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> he did not bring
+them into this poem with the desire to relate something
+new and strange of his own invention.
+And even though this fight was, as they say, most
+marvellous, he neglected and passed over the
+marvellous as we see. What reason then can anyone
+give for his praising Penelope so enthusiastically
+and making not the slightest allusion to those
+famous women? Because by reason of her virtue
+and discretion many blessings have been gained for
+mankind, both for individuals and for the common
+weal, whereas from the ambition of those others
+there has arisen no benefit whatever, but incurable
+calamities. And so, as he was, I think, a wise and
+inspired poet, he decided that to praise Penelope
+was better and more just. And since I adopt so
+great a guide, is it fitting that I should be afraid
+lest some person think me trivial or inferior?)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[C] Ἐγὼ δὲ ὑμῖν καὶ τὸν γενναῖον ἐκεῖνον
+ῥήτορα Περικλέα τὸν πάνυ, τὸν Ὀλύμπιον,
+μάρτυρα ἀγαθὸν ἤδη παρέξομαι. κολάκων γὰρ
+δή, φασὶ, ποτὲ τὸν ἄνδρα περιεστὼς δῆμος
+διελάγχανον τοὺς ἐπαίνους, ὁ μὲν ὅτι τὴν Σάμον
+ἐξεῖλεν, ἄλλος δὲ ὅτι τὴν Εὔβοιαν, τινὲς δὲ
+ἤδη τὸ περιπλεῦσαι τὴν Πελοπόννησον, ἦσαν δὲ
+οἱ τῶν ψηφισμάτων μεμνημένοι, τινὲς δὲ τῆς πρὸς
+τὸν Κίμωνα φιλοτιμίας, σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν πολίτην
+<pb n='342'/><anchor id='Pg342'/><anchor id='Pg343'/>
+καὶ στρατηγὸν εἶναι δόξαντα γενναῖον. [D] ὁ δὲ
+τούτοις μὲν οὔτε ἀχθόμενος οὔτε γανύμενος δῆλος
+ἦν, ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἠξίου τῶν αὑτῷ πεπολιτευμένων
+ἐπαινεῖν, ὅτι τοσοῦτον χρόνον<note place='foot'>χρόνον Cobet adds.</note> ἐπιτροπεύσας τὸν
+Ἀθηναίων δῆμον οὐδενὶ θανάτου γέγονεν αἴτιος,
+οὐδὲ ἱμάτιον μέλαν τῶν πολιτῶν τις περιβαλόμενος
+Περικλέα γενέσθαι ταύτης αἴτιον αὐτῷ τῆς
+συμφορᾶς ἔφη. ἄλλου του, πρὸς φιλίου Διός,
+δοκοῦμεν ὑμῖν μάρτυρος δεῖσθαι, ὅτι μέγιστον
+ἀρετῆς σημείον [129] καὶ πάντων μάλιστα ἐπαίνων
+ἄξιον τὸ μηδένα κτεῖναι τῶν πολιτῶν μηδὲ ἀφελέσθαι
+τὰ χρήματα μηδὲ ἀδίκῳ φυγῇ περιβαλεῖν;
+ὅστις δὲ πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας συμφορὰς αὑτὸν
+ἀντιτάξας καθάπερ ἰατρὸς γενναῖος οὐδαμῶς
+ἀποχρῆν ὑπέλαβεν αὑτῷ τὸ μηδενὶ νοσήματος
+αἰτίῳ γενέσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ πάντα εἰς δύναμιν
+ἰῷτο καὶ θεραπεύοι, οὐδὲν ἄξιον τῆς αὐτοῦ τέχνης
+ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν, ἆρα ὑμῖν δοκεῖ τῶν ἴσων
+ἐπαίνων ἐν δίκῃ τυγχάνειν; [B] καὶ οὐδὲν προτιμήσομεν
+οὔτε τὸν τρόπον οὔτε τὴν δύναμιν, ὑφ᾽ ἧς
+ἔξεστι μὲν αὐτῇ δρᾶν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλῃ, θέλει δὲ ἅπασι
+τἀγαθά; τοῦτο ἐγὼ κεφάλαιον τοῦ παντὸς ἐπαίνου
+ποιοῦμαι, οὐκ ἀπορῶν ἄλλων θαυμασίων εἶναι
+δοκούντων καὶ λαμπρῶν διηγημάτων.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But it is indeed a noble witness that I shall now
+bring forward, that splendid orator Pericles, the
+renowned, the Olympian. It is said<note place='foot'>Julian tells, incorrectly, the anecdote in Plutarch,
+<hi rend='italic'>Pericles</hi> 38.</note> that once
+a crowd of flatterers surrounded him and were
+distributing his praises among them, one telling
+how he had reduced Samos,<note place='foot'>440 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> another how he
+had recovered Euboea,<note place='foot'>445 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> some how he had sailed
+round the Peloponnesus, while others spoke of
+his enactments, or of his rivalry with Cimon, who
+was reputed to be a most excellent citizen and a
+distinguished general. But Pericles gave no sign
+either of annoyance or exultation, and there was but
+one thing in all his political career for which he
+claimed to deserve praise, that, though he had
+governed the Athenian people for so long, he had
+been responsible for no man's death, and no citizen
+when he put on black clothes had ever said that
+Pericles was the cause of his misfortune. Now, by
+Zeus the god of friendship, do you think I need any
+further witness to testify that the greatest proof of
+virtue and one better worth praise than all the rest
+put together is not to have caused the death of any
+citizen, or to have taken his money from him, or
+involved him in unjust exile? But he who like a
+good physician tries to ward off such calamities
+as these, and by no means thinks that it is
+enough for him not to cause anyone to contract
+a disease, but unless he cures and cares for
+everyone as far as he can, considers that his
+work is unworthy of his skill, do you think that
+in justice such a one ought to receive no higher
+praise than Pericles? And shall we not hold in
+higher honour her character and that authority
+which enables her to do what she will, since what
+she wills is the good of all? For this I make the
+sum and substance of my whole encomium, though
+I do not lack other narratives such as are commonly
+held to be marvellous and splendid.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εἰ γὰρ δή τις τὴν περὶ τῶν ἄλλων σιωπὴν
+ὑποπτεύσειεν ὡς ματαίαν οὖσαν προσποίησιν καὶ
+ἀλαζονείαν κενὴν καὶ αὐθάδη, οὔτι που καὶ τὴν
+ἔναγχος ἐπιδημίαν γενομένην αὐτῇ τὴν εις τὴν
+<pb n='344'/><anchor id='Pg344'/><anchor id='Pg345'/>
+Ῥώμην, [C] ὁπότε ἐστρατεύετο βασιλεὺς ζεύγμασι καὶ
+ναυσὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον διαβὰς ἄγχου τῶν Γαλατίας ὁρίων,
+ψευδῆ καὶ πεπλασμένην ἄλλως ὑποπτεύσει. ἐξῆν
+δὴ οὖν, ὡς εἰκός, διηγουμένῳ ταῦτα τοῦ δήμου μεμνῆσθαι
+καὶ τῆς γερουσίας, ὅπως αὐτὴν ὑπεδέχετο
+σὺν χαρμονῇ, προθύμως ὑπαντῶντες καὶ δεξιούμενοι
+καθάπερ νόμος βασιλίδα, καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ
+μέγεθος, ὡς ἐλευθέριον καὶ μεγαλοπρεπές, καὶ τῆς
+παρασκευῆς τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ὁπόσα τε ἔνειμε
+τῶν φυλῶν [D] τοῖς ἐπιστάταις καὶ ἑκατοντάρχαις
+τοῦ πλήθους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῶν
+τοιούτων οὔτε ἔδοξέ ποτε ζηλωτὸν οὐδέν, οὔτε
+ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλω πρὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν πλοῦτον.
+καίτοι με<note place='foot'>με Cobet adds.</note> οὐ λέληθεν ἡ τῶν χρημάτων ἐλευθέριος
+δαπάνη μετέχουσά τινος ἀρετῆς· ἀλλ᾽ οἶμαι κρεῖττον
+ἐπιείκειαν καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ
+ὅσα δὴ ἄλλα περὶ αὐτῆς λέγων πολλοὺς μὲν καὶ
+ἄλλους, [130] ἀτὰρ δὴ καὶ ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν καὶ τὰ ἐπ᾽
+ἐμοὶ πραχθέντα παρεῖχον μάρτυρα. εἰ δὴ οὖν
+καὶ ἄλλοι τὴν ἐμὴν εὐγνωμοσύνην ζηλοῦν ἐπιχειρήσειαν,
+πολλοὺς ἔχει τε ἤδη καὶ ἕξει τοὺς
+ἐπαινέτας.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For if anyone should suspect that my silence
+about the rest is vain affectation and empty and
+insolent pretension, this at least he will not suspect,
+that the visit which she lately made to Rome,<note place='foot'>357 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note>
+when the Emperor was on his campaign and
+had crossed the Rhine by bridges of boats near
+the frontiers of Galatia, is a false and vain invention.
+I could indeed very properly have given
+an account of this visit, and described how the people
+and the senate welcomed her with rejoicings and
+went to meet her with enthusiasm, and received her
+as is their custom to receive an Empress, and told
+the amount of the expenditure, how generous and
+splendid it was, and the costliness of the preparations,
+and reckoned up the sums she distributed to
+the presidents of the tribes and the centurions of
+the people. But nothing of that sort has ever
+seemed to me worth while, nor do I wish to praise
+wealth before virtue. And yet I am aware that
+the generous spending of money implies a sort of
+virtue. Nevertheless I rate more highly goodness
+and temperance and wisdom and all those other
+qualities of hers that I have described, bringing
+before you as witnesses not only many others but
+myself as well and all that she did for me. Now
+if only others also try to emulate my proper feeling,
+there are and there will be many to sing her
+praises.)
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='348'/><anchor id='Pg348'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Oration IV</head>
+
+<div>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Introduction To Oration IV</head>
+
+<p>
+In the fourth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> poetry was practically
+extinct, and hymns to the gods were almost always
+written in prose. Julian's Fourth Oration is,
+according to the definition of the rhetorician Menander,
+a φυσικὸς ὕμνος, a hymn that describes the
+physical qualities of a god. Julian was an uncritical
+disciple of the later Neo-Platonic school, and
+apparently reproduces without any important modification
+the doctrines of its chief representative,
+the Syrian Iamblichus, with whom begins the
+decadence of Neo-Platonism as a philosophy.
+Oriental superstition took the place of the severe
+spiritualism of Plotinus and his followers, and a
+philosophy that had been from the first markedly
+religious, is now expounded by theurgists and
+the devotees of strange Oriental cults. It is
+Mithras the Persian sun-god, rather than Apollo,
+whom Julian identifies with his <q>intellectual god</q>
+Helios, and Apollo plays a minor part among his
+manifestations. Mithras worship, which Tertullian
+called <q>a Satanic plagiarism of Christianity,</q> because
+in certain of its rites it recalled the sacraments
+of the Christian church, first made its appearance
+among the Romans in the first century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi><note place='foot'>Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Pompeius</hi> 24. For a full description of the
+origin and spread of Mithraism see Cumont, <hi rend='italic'>Textes et Monuments
+figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra</hi>, 1896, 1899, <hi rend='italic'>Les
+Mystères de Mithra</hi>, 1902, and <hi rend='italic'>Les religions orientales dans le
+paganisme romain</hi>, 1909 (English translation by G. Showerman,
+1911).</note> Less
+<pb n='349'/><anchor id='Pg349'/>
+hospitably received at first than the cults of Isis
+and Serapis and the Great Mother of Pessinus,
+it gradually overpowered them and finally dominated
+the whole Roman Empire, though it was never
+welcomed by the Hellenes. For the Romans it
+supplied the ideals of purity, devotion and self-control
+which the other cults had lacked. The
+worshippers of Mithras were taught to contend
+against the powers of evil, submitted themselves
+to a severe moral discipline, and their reward after
+death was to become as pure as the gods to whom
+they ascend. <q>If Christianity,</q> says Renan, <q>had
+been checked in its growth by some deadly disease,
+the world would have become Mithraic.</q> Julian,
+like the Emperor Commodus in the second century,
+had no doubt been initiated into the Mysteries of
+Mithras, and the severe discipline of the cult
+was profoundly attractive to one who had been
+estranged by early associations from the very
+similar teaching of the Christians.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Julian followed Plotinus and Iamblichus in making
+the supreme principle the One (ἓν) or the Good
+(τὸ ἀγαθὸν) which presides over the intelligible
+world (νοητὸς κόσμος), where rule Plato's Ideas, now
+called the intelligible gods (νοητοὶ θεοί). Iamblichus
+had imported into the Neo-Platonic system the
+intermediary world of intellectual gods (νοεροὶ θεοί).
+On them Helios-Mithras, their supreme god and
+centre, bestows the intelligence and creative and
+unifying forces that he has received from his
+transcendental counterpart among the intelligible
+gods. The third member of the triad is the world
+of sense-perception governed by the sun, the visible
+counterpart of Helios. What distinguishes Julian's
+<pb n='350'/><anchor id='Pg350'/>
+triad<note place='foot'>On Julian's triad cf. Naville, <hi rend='italic'>Julien l'Apostat et la
+philosophie du polythéisme</hi>, Paris, 1877.</note> from other Neo-Platonic triads is this
+hierarchy of three suns in the three worlds: and
+further, the importance that he gives to the
+intermediary world, the abode of Helios-Mithras.
+He pays little attention to the remote intelligible
+world and devotes his exposition to Helios, the intellectual
+god, and the visible sun. Helios is the
+link that relates the three members of the triad.
+His <q>middleness</q> (μεσότης) is not only local: he
+is in every possible sense the mediator and unifier.
+μεσότης is the Aristotelian word for the <q>mean,</q> but
+there is no evidence that it was used with the active
+sense of mediation before Julian. A passage in Plutarch
+however seems to indicate that the <q>middleness</q>
+of the sun was a Persian doctrine: <q>The principle
+of good most nearly resembles light, and the principle
+of evil darkness, and between both is Mithras;
+therefore the Persians called Mithras the Mediator</q>
+(μεσίτης).<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Concerning Isis and Osiris</hi> 46.</note> Naville has pointed out the resemblance
+between the sun as mediator and the Christian
+Logos, which Julian may have had in mind. Julian's
+system results in a practically monotheistic worship
+of Helios, and here he probably parts company with
+Iamblichus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But though deeply influenced by Mithraism, Julian
+was attempting to revive the pagan gods, and
+if he could not, in the fourth century, restore the
+ancient faith in the gods of Homer he nevertheless
+could not omit from his creed the numerous deities
+whose temples and altars he had rebuilt. Here
+he took advantage of the identification of Greek,
+<pb n='351'/><anchor id='Pg351'/>
+Roman, and Oriental deities which had been going
+on for centuries. The old names, endeared by
+the associations of literature, could be retained
+without endangering the supremacy of Helios.
+Julian identifies Zeus, Helios, Hades, Oceanus and
+the Egyptian Serapis. But the omnipotent Zeus
+of Greek mythology is now a creative force which
+works with Helios and has no separate existence.
+Tradition had made Athene the child of Zeus, but
+Julian regards her as the manifestation of the
+intelligent forethought of Helios. Dionysus is the
+vehicle of his fairest thoughts, and Aphrodite a
+principle that emanates from him. He contrives
+that all the more important gods of Greece, Egypt
+and Persia shall play their parts as manifestations
+of Helios. The lesser gods are mediating demons
+as well as forces. His aim was to provide the
+Hellenic counterpart of the positive revealed religion
+of Christianity. Hence his insistence on the
+inspiration of Homer, Hesiod, and Plato, and his
+statement<note place='foot'>148 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> that the allegorical interpretations of
+the mysteries are not mere hypotheses, whereas the
+doctrines of the astronomers deserve no higher title.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Oration is dedicated to his friend and
+comrade in arms Sallust who is probably identical
+with the Neo-Platonic philosopher, of the school
+of Iamblichus, who wrote about 360 the treatise
+<hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and the World</hi>. Cumont calls this
+<q>the official catechism of the Pagan empire,</q> and
+Wilamowitz regards it as the positive complement
+of Julian's pamphlet <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>. Julian's
+Eighth Oration is a discourse of consolation, παραμυθητικὸς,
+for the departure of Sallust when Constantius
+recalled him from Gaul in 358.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='352'/><anchor id='Pg352'/><anchor id='Pg353'/>
+
+<div>
+
+<p>
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Julian, Caesar)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ ΗΛΙΟΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΣΑΛΟΥΣΤΙΟΝ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Hymn To King Helios. Dedicated To Sallust)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Προσήκειν ὑπολαμβάνω τοῦ λόγου τοῦδε μάλιστα
+μὲν ἅπασιν,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(What I am now about to say I consider to be of
+the greatest importance for all things)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει τε καὶ ἕρπει,<note place='foot'>Iliad 17. 447.</note></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>That breathe
+and move upon the earth,</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+καὶ τοῦ εἶναι καὶ λογικῆς ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ μετείληφεν,
+οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἐμαυτῷ·
+καὶ γάρ εἰμι τοῦ βασιλέως ὀπαδὸς Ἡλίου. [C] τούτου
+δὲ ἔχω μὲν οἴκοι παρ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ τὰς πίστεις ἀκριβεστέρας·
+ὃ δέ μοι θέμις εἰπεῖν καὶ ἀνεμέσητον,
+ἐντέτηκέ μοι δεινὸς ἐκ παίδων τῶν αὐγῶν τοῦ
+θεοῦ πόθος, καὶ πρὸς τὸ φῶς οὕτω δὴ τὸ αἰθέριον
+ἐκ παιδαρίου κομιδῇ τὴν διάνοιαν ἐξιστάμην,
+ὥστε οὐκ εἰς αὐτὸν μόνον ἀτενὲς ὁρᾶν ἐπεθύμουν,
+ἀλλὰ καί, εἴ ποτε νύκτωρ ἀνεφέλου καὶ καθαρᾶς
+αἰθρίας οὔσης προέλθοιμι, [D] πάντα ἀθρόως ἀφεὶς
+τοῖς οὐρανίοις προσεῖχον κάλλεσιν, οὐκέτι ξυνιεὶς
+οὐδὲν εἴ τις λέγοι τι πρός με οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὅ τι
+πράττοιμι προσέχων. ἐδόκουν τε περιεργότερον
+ἔχειν πρὸς αὐτὰ καὶ πολυπράγμων τις εἶναι, καί
+<pb n='354'/><anchor id='Pg354'/><anchor id='Pg355'/>
+μέ τις ἤδη [131] ἀστρόμαντιν ὑπέλαβεν ἄρτι γενειήτην.
+καίτοι μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὔποτε τοιαύτη βίβλος εἰς
+ἐμὰς ἀφῖκτο χεῖρας, οὐδὲ ἠπιστάμην ὅ τί ποτέ
+ἐστι τὸ χρῆμά πω τότε.<note place='foot'>πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἀλλὰ τί ταῦτα ἐγώ
+φημι, μείζω ἔχων εἰπεῖν, εἰ φράσαιμι ὅπως
+ἐφρόνουν τὸ τηνικαῦτα περὶ θεῶν; λήθη δὲ ἔστω
+τοῦ σκότους ἐκείνου. τοῦ<note place='foot'>τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.</note> δὲ ὅτι με τὸ οὐράνιον
+πάντη περιήστραπτε φῶς ἤγειρέ τε καὶ παρώξυνεν
+ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν, ὥστε ἤδη καὶ τῆς σελήνης τὴν
+ἐναντίαν πρὸς τὸ πᾶν αὐτὸς ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ κίνησιν
+ξυνεῖδον, [B] οὐδενί πω ξυντυχὼν τῶν τὰ τοιαῦτα
+φιλοσοφούντων, ἔστω μοι τὰ ῥηθέντα σημεῖα.
+ζηλῶ μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε τῆς εὐποτμίας καὶ εἴ τῳ τὸ
+σῶμα παρέσχε θεὸς ἐξ ἱεροῦ καὶ προφητικοῦ
+συμπαγὲν σπέρματος ἀναλαβόντι σοφίας ἀνοῖξαι
+θησαυρούς· οὐκ ἀτιμάζω δὲ ταύτην, ἧς ἠξιώθην
+αὐτὸς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε μερίδος, ἐν τῷ
+κρατοῦντι καὶ βασιλεύοντι τῆς γῆς γένει τοῖς κατ᾽
+ἐμαυτὸν χρόνοις γενόμενος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἡγοῦμαι,<note place='foot'>ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον μὲν MSS, Hertlein.</note> εἴπερ
+χρὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς σοφοῖς, ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων
+εἶναι τοῦτον κοινὸν πατέρα. λέγεται γὰρ ὀρθῶς
+ἄνθρωπος ἄνθροπων γεννᾶν καὶ ἥλιος,<note place='foot'>Aristotle, <hi rend='italic'>Physics</hi> 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> ψυχὰς οὐκ
+ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων
+θεῶν σπείρων<note place='foot'>σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν MSS.</note> εἰς γῆν,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 42 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> ἐφ᾽ ὅ τι δὲ χρῆμα δηλοῦσιν
+<pb n='356'/><anchor id='Pg356'/><anchor id='Pg357'/>
+αὗται τοῖς βίοις, οὗς προαιροῦνται. κάλλιστον
+μὲν οὖν, εἴ τῳ ξυνηνέχθη καὶ πρὸ τριγονίας ἀπὸ
+πολλῶν πάνυ προπατόρων ἐφεξῆς τῷ θεῷ δουλεῦσαι,
+μεμπτὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ὅστις, [D] ἐπεγνωκὼς ἑαυτὸν
+τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε θεράποντα φύσει, μόνος ἐξ ἁπάντων
+ἢ ξὺν ὀλίγοις αὑτὸν ἐπιδίδωσι τῇ θεραπείᾳ
+τοῦ δεσπότου.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(and have a share in
+existence and a reasoning soul<note place='foot'>As opposed to the unreasoning soul, ἄλογος ψυχή, that
+is in animals other than man. Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus,
+and Porphyry allowed some form of soul to plants, but this
+was denied by Iamblichus, Julian, and Sallust.</note> and intelligence,
+but above all others it is of importance to myself.
+For I am a follower of King Helios. And of this
+fact I possess within me, known to myself alone,
+proofs more certain that I can give.<note place='foot'>He refers to his initiation into the cult of Mithras.</note> But this at
+least I am permitted to say without sacrilege, that
+from my childhood an extraordinary longing for
+the rays of the god penetrated deep into my soul;
+and from my earliest years my mind was so completely
+swayed by the light that illumines the
+heavens that not only did I desire to gaze intently
+at the sun, but whenever I walked abroad
+in the night season, when the firmament was clear
+and cloudless, I abandoned all else without exception
+and gave myself up to the beauties of the heavens;
+nor did I understand what anyone might say
+to me, nor heed what I was doing myself. I was
+considered to be over-curious about these matters
+and to pay too much attention to them, and
+people went so far as to regard me as an astrologer
+when my beard had only just begun to grow.
+And yet, I call heaven to witness, never had a book
+on this subject come into my hands; nor did I
+as yet even know what that science was. But why
+do I mention this, when I have more important
+things to tell, if I should relate how, in those days,
+I thought about the gods? However let that darkness<note place='foot'>When he was still a professed Christian.</note>
+be buried in oblivion. But let what I have
+said bear witness to this fact, that the heavenly
+light shone all about me, and that it roused and
+urged me on to its contemplation, so that even then
+I recognised of myself that the movement of the
+moon was in the opposite direction to the universe,
+though as yet I had met no one of those who are
+wise in these matters. Now for my part I envy
+the good fortune of any man to whom the god has
+granted to inherit a body built of the seed of
+holy and inspired ancestors, so that he can unlock
+the treasures of wisdom; nor do I despise
+that lot with which I was myself endowed by the
+god Helios, that I should be born of a house that
+rules and governs the world in my time; but further,
+I regard this god, if we may believe the wise, as the
+common father of all mankind.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> not only prophets and emperors but all men are
+related to Helios.</note> For it is said with
+truth that man and the sun together beget man,
+and that the god sows this earth with souls which
+proceed not from himself alone but from the other
+gods also; and for what purpose, the souls reveal by
+the kind of lives that they select. Now far the best
+thing is when anyone has the fortune to have inherited
+the service of the god, even before the third generation,
+from a long and unbroken line of ancestors;
+yet it is not a thing to be disparaged when anyone,
+recognising that he is by nature intended to be the
+servant of Helios, either alone of all men, or in company
+with but few, devotes himself to the service of
+his master.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Φέρε οὖν, ὅπως ἂν οἷοί τε ὦμεν, ὑμνήσωμεν
+αὐτοῦ τὴν ἑορτήν, ἣν ἡ βασιλεύουσα πόλις ἐπετησίοις
+ἀγάλλει θυσίαις. ἔστι μὲν οὖν, εὖ οἶδα,
+χαλεπὸν καὶ τὸ ξυνεῖναι περὶ αὐτοῦ μόνον, ὁπόσος
+τίς ἐστιν ὁ ἀφανὴς [132] ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ λογισαμένῳ,
+φράσαι δὲ ἴσως ἀδύνατον, εἰ καὶ τῆς ἀξίας ἔλαττον
+ἐθελήσειέ τις. ἐφικέσθαι μὲν γὰρ τοῦ πρὸς
+ἀξίαν εὖ οἶδα ὅτι τῶν ἁπάντων οὐδεὶς ἂν δύναιτο,
+τοῦ μετρίου δὲ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν ἐν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις τὸ
+κεφάλαιόν ἐστι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι
+φράζειν δυνάμεως. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τούτου παρασταίη
+βοηθὸς ὅ τε λόγιος<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 237 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> Ἑρμῆς ξὺν ταῖς
+Μούσαις ὅ τε Μουσηγέτης Ἀπόλλων,<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> [B] ἐπεὶ καὶ
+αὐτῷ προσήκει τῶν λόγων, καὶ δοῖεν δὲ εἰπεῖν
+ὁπόσα τοῖς θεοῖς φίλα λέγεσθαί τε καὶ πιστεύεσθαι
+περὶ αὐτῶν. τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος ἔσται
+τῶν ἐπαίνων; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι περὶ τῆς οὐσίας
+αὐτοῦ καὶ ὅθεν προῆλθε καὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ
+τῶν ἐνεργειῶν διελθόντες, ὁπόσαι φανεραὶ ὅσαι τ᾽
+ἀφανεῖς, καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόσεως, ἣν
+κατὰ πάντας ποιεῖται τοὺς κόσμους, οὐ παντάπασιν
+<pb n='358'/><anchor id='Pg358'/><anchor id='Pg359'/>
+ἀπᾴδοντα ποιησόμεθα τῷ θεῷ τὰ ἐγκώμια;
+[C] ἀρκτέον δὲ ἐνθένδε.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Come then, let me celebrate, as best I may, his
+festival which the Imperial city<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> adorns with annual
+sacrifices.<note place='foot'>At the beginning of January; cf. 156 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> Now it is hard, as I well know, merely
+to comprehend how great is the Invisible, if one
+judge by his visible self,<note place='foot'>Julian distinguishes the visible sun from his archetype,
+the offspring of the Good.</note> and to tell it is perhaps
+impossible, even though one should consent to fall
+short of what is his due. For well I know that no
+one in the world could attain to a description that
+would be worthy of him, and not to fail of a certain
+measure of success in his praises is the greatest
+height to which human beings can attain in the
+power of utterance. But as for me, may Hermes, the
+god of eloquence, stand by my side to aid me, and
+the Muses also and Apollo, the leader of the Muses,
+since he too has oratory for his province, and may
+they grant that I utter only what the gods approve
+that men should say and believe about them. What,
+then, shall be the manner of my praise? Or is it
+not evident that if I describe his substance and his
+origin, and his powers and energies, both visible and
+invisible, and the gift of blessings which he bestows
+throughout all the worlds,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the intelligible world, νοητός, comprehended only by
+pure reason; the intellectual, νοερός, endowed with intelligence;
+and thirdly the world of sense-perception αἰσθητός. The
+first of these worlds the Neo-Platonists took over from Plato,
+<hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 508 foll.; the second was invented by Iamblichus.</note> I shall compose an
+encomium not wholly displeasing to the god?
+With these, then, let me begin.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὁ θεῖος οὗτος καὶ πάγκαλος κόσμος ἀπ᾽ ἄκρας
+ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ μέχρι γῆς ἐσχάτης ὑπὸ τῆς ἀλύτου
+συνεχόμενος τοῦ θεοῦ προνοίας ἐξ ἀιδίου γέγονεν
+ἀγέννητος<note place='foot'>ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως MSS.</note> ἔς τε τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον ἀίδιος, οὐχ
+ὑπ᾽ ἄλλου του φρουρούμενος ἢ προσεχῶς μὲν ὑπὸ
+τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος, οὗ τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστιν
+ἀκτὶς ἀελίου,<note place='foot'>Pindar <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 107, and Sophocles, <hi rend='italic'>Antigone</hi> 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου.</note> βαθμῷ δὲ ὥσπερ δευτέρῳ τοῦ νοητοῦ
+κόσμου, πρεσβυτέρως δὲ ἔτι διὰ τὸν πάντων
+βασιλέα, περὶ ὃν πάντα ἐστίν. [D] οὗτος τοίνυν, εἴτε
+τὸ ἐπέκεινα τοῦ νοῦ καλεῖν αὐτὸν θέμις εἴτε ἰδέαν
+τῶν ὄντων, ὃ δή φημι τὸ νοητὸν ξύμπαν, εἴτε ἕν,
+ἐπειδὴ πάντων τὸ ἓν δοκεῖ πως πρεσβύτατον, εἴτε
+ὃ Πλάτων εἴωθεν ὀνομάζειν τἀγαθόν, αὕτη δὴ οὖν
+ἡ μονοειδὴς τῶν ὅλων αἰτία, πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν
+ἐξηγουμένη κάλλους τε καὶ τελειότητος ἑνώσεώς
+τε καὶ δυνάμεως ἀμηχάνου, κατὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ
+μένουσαν πρωτουργὸν οὐσίαν μέσον ἐκ μέσων τῶν
+νοερῶν [133] καὶ δημιουργικῶν αἰτιῶν Ἥλιον θεὸν
+μέγιστον ἀνέφηνεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ πάντα ὅμοιον ἑαυτῷ·
+καθάπερ καὶ ὁ δαιμόνιος οἴεται Πλάτων, <q>Τοῦτον
+τοίνυν,</q> λέγων, <q>ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, φάναι με λέγειν τὸν τοῦ
+<pb n='360'/><anchor id='Pg360'/><anchor id='Pg361'/>
+ἀγαθοῦ ἔκγονον, ὃν τἀγαθὸν ἐγέννησεν ἀνάλογον
+ἑαυτῷ, ὅτιπερ αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τόπῳ πρός τε νοῦν
+καὶ τὰ νοούμενα, τοῦτο τοῦτον ἐν τῷ ὁρατῷ πρός τε
+ὄψιν καὶ τὰ ὁρώμενα.</q><note place='foot'>Republic 508 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> ἔχει μὲν δὴ τὸ φῶς αὐτοῦ
+ταύτην οἶμαι τὴν ἀναλογίαν πρὸς τὸ ὁρατόν,
+ἥνπερ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἁλήθεια.<note place='foot'>ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια MSS.</note> αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ ξύμπας,
+ἅτε δὴ τοῦ πρώτου [B] καὶ μεγίστου τῆς ἐδέας
+τἀγαθοῦ γεγονὼς ἔκγονος, ὑποστὰς αὐτοῦ περὶ
+τὴν μόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἀιδίου καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς
+νοεροῖς θεοῖς παρεδέξατο δυναστείαν, ὧν τἀγαθόν
+ἐστι τοῖς νοητοῖς αἴτιον, ταῦτα αὐτὸς τοῖς νοεροῖς
+νέμων. ἔστι δ᾽ αἴτιον οἶμαι τἀγαθὸν τοῖς νοητοῖς
+θεοῖς κάλλους, οὐσίας, τελειότητος, ἑνώσεως,
+συνέχον αὐτὰ καὶ περιλάμπον ἀγαθοειδεῖ δυνάμει·
+ταῦτα δὴ καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] Ἥλιος δίδωσιν, ἄρχειν
+καὶ βασιλεύειν αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τἀγαθοῦ τεταγμένος, εἰ
+καὶ συμπροῆλθον αὐτῷ καὶ συνυπέστησαν, ὅπως
+οἶαμι καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς ἀγαθοειδὴς αἰτία
+προκαθηγουμένη τῶν ἀγαθῶν πᾶσιν ἅπαντα κατὰ
+νοῦν εὐθύνῃ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(This divine and wholly beautiful universe, from
+the highest vault of heaven to the lowest limit of
+the earth, is held together by the continuous providence
+of the god, has existed from eternity
+ungenerated, is imperishable for all time to come,
+and is guarded immediately by nothing else than
+the Fifth Substance<note place='foot'>Though Aristotle did not use this phrase, it was his
+theory of a fifth element superior to the other four, called by
+him <q>aether</q> or <q>first element,</q> <hi rend='italic'>De Coelo</hi> 1. 3 270 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, that
+suggested to Iamblichus the notion of a fifth substance or
+element; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Theologumena Arithmeticae</hi> 35, 22 Ast, where
+he calls the fifth element <q>aether.</q></note> whose culmination is the beams
+of the sun; and in the second and higher degree,
+so to speak, by the intelligible world; but in a still
+loftier sense it is guarded by the King of the whole
+universe, who is the centre of all things that exist.
+He, therefore, whether it is right to call him the
+Supra-Intelligible, or the Idea of Being, and by
+Being I mean the whole intelligible region, or the
+One, since the One seems somehow to be prior to
+all the rest, or, to use Plato's name for him, the
+Good; at any rate this uncompounded cause of
+the whole reveals to all existence beauty, and
+perfection, and oneness, and irresistible power; and
+in virtue of the primal creative substance that abides
+in it, produced, as middle among the middle and
+intellectual, creative causes, Helios the most mighty
+god, proceeding from itself and in all things like
+unto itself. Even so the divine Plato believed, when
+he writes, <q>Therefore (said I) when I spoke of this,
+understand that I meant the offspring of the Good
+which the Good begat in his own likeness, and that
+what the Good is in relation to pure reason and its
+objects in the intelligible world, such is the sun in
+the visible world in relation to sight and its
+objects.</q> Accordingly his light has the same
+relation to the visible world as truth has to the
+intelligible world. And he himself as a whole,
+since he is the son of what is first and greatest,
+namely, the Idea of the Good, and subsists from
+eternity in the region of its abiding substance, has
+received also the dominion among the intellectual
+gods, and himself dispenses to the intellectual gods
+those things of which the Good is the cause for the
+intelligible gods. Now the Good is, I suppose, the
+cause for the intelligible gods of beauty, existence,
+perfection, and oneness, connecting these and illuminating
+them with a power that works for good.
+These accordingly Helios bestows on the intellectual
+gods also, since he has been appointed by the Good
+to rule and govern them, even though they came
+forth and came into being together with him, and
+this was, I suppose, in order that the cause which
+resembles the Good may guide the intellectual gods
+to blessings for them all, and may regulate all things
+according to pure reason.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτος ὁ φαινόμενος οὑτοσί δίσκος
+ἐναργῶς αἴτιός ἐστι τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς τῆς σωτηρίας,
+καὶ ὅσων ἔφαμεν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς τὸν μέγαν
+<pb n='362'/><anchor id='Pg362'/><anchor id='Pg363'/>
+Ἥλιον, τοσούτων αἴτιος<note place='foot'>After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests αἴτοις.</note> καὶ ὁ φαινόμενος ὅδε
+τοῖς φανεροῖς. τούτων δ᾽ ἐναργεῖς αἱ πίστεις ἐκ
+τῶν φαινομένων [D] τὰ ἀφανῆ σκοποῦντι.<note place='foot'>cf. 138 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> φέρε δὴ
+πρῶτον αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς οὐκ εἶδός ἐστιν ἀσώματόν τι
+θεῖον τοῦ κατ᾽ ἐνέργειαν διαφανοῦς; αὐτὸ δὲ ὅ, τί
+ποτέ ἐστι τὸ διαφανές, πᾶσι μὲν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν
+συνυποκείμενον τοῖς στοιχείοις καὶ ὂν αὐτῶν προσεχὲς
+εἶδος, οὐ σωματοειδὲς οὐδὲ συμμιγνύμενον
+οὐδὲ τὰς οἰκείας σώματι προσιέμενον ποιότητας.
+οὔκουν ἰδίαν αὐτοῦ θέρμην ἐρεῖς,<note place='foot'>Aristotle, <hi rend='italic'>De Anima</hi> 418 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> οὐ τὴν ἐναντίαν
+αὐτῇ ψυχρότητα, οὐ τὸ σκληρόν, οὐ τὸ μαλακὸν
+ἀποδώσεις, [134] οὐδ᾽ ἄλλην τινὰ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἁφὴν
+διαφορῶν, οὔκουν οὐδὲ γεῦσιν οὐδὲ ὀδμήν, ὄψει δὲ
+μόνον ὑποπίπτει πρὸς ἐνέργειαν ὑπὸ τοῦ φωτὸς ἡ
+τοιαύτη φύσις ἀγομένη. τὸ δὲ φῶς εἶδός ἐστι
+ταύτης οἷον ὕλης ὑπεστρωμένης καὶ παρεκτεινομένης
+τοῖς σώμασιν. αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ φωτὸς ὄντος
+ἀσωμάτου ἀκρότης ἂν εἴη τις καὶ ὥσπερ ἄνθος
+ἀκτῖνες. ἡ μὲν οὖν τῶν Φοινίκων δόξα, σοφῶν
+τὰ θεῖα καὶ ἐπιστημόνων, ἄχραντον εἶναι ἐνέργειαν
+αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαροῦ [B] νοῦ τὴν ἁπανταχῇ
+προϊοῦσαν αὐγὴν ἔφη· οὐκ ἀπᾴδει δὲ οὐδὲ ὁ
+λόγος, εἴπερ αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς ἀσώματον, εἴ τις αὐτοῦ
+μηδὲ τὴν πηγὴν ὑπολάβοι σῶμα, νοῦ δὲ ἐνέργειαν
+ἄχραντον εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἕδραν ἐλλαμπομένην, ἣ
+<pb n='364'/><anchor id='Pg364'/><anchor id='Pg365'/>
+τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ τὸ μέσον εἴληχεν, ὅθεν ἐπιλάμπουσα
+πάσης μὲν εὐτονίας πληροῖ τοὺς οὐρανίους
+κύκλους, πάντα δὲ περιλάμπει θείῳ καὶ
+ἀχράντῳ φωτί. τὰ μέντοι ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς ἔργα
+προϊόντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ μετρίως γε<note place='foot'>γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.</note> ἡμῖν ὀλίγῳ
+πρότερον εἴρηται<note place='foot'>133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> καὶ ῥηθήσεται μετ᾽ ὀλίγον. [C] ὄσα
+δὲ ὁρῶμεν αὐτῇ πρῶτον ὄψει ὄνομα μόνον ἐστὶν
+ἔργου τητώμενον, εἰ μὴ προσλάβοι τὴν τοῦ φωτὸς
+ἡγεμονικὴν βοήθειαν. ὁρατὸν δὲ ὅλως εἴη ἂν τί
+μὴ φωτὶ πρῶτον ὥσπερ ὕλη τεχνίτῃ προσαχθέν,
+ἵν᾽ οἶμαι τὸ εἶδος δέξηται; καὶ γὰρ τὸ χρυσίον
+ἁπλῶς οὑτωσὶ κεχυμένον ἔστι μὲν χρυσίον, οὐ
+μὴν ἄγαλμα οὐδὲ εἰκών, πρὶν ἂν ὁ τεχνίτης αὐτῷ
+περιθῇ τὴν μορφήν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅσα πέφυκεν
+ὁρᾶσθαι μὴ ξὺν [D] φωτὶ τοῖς ὁρῶσι προσαγόμενα
+τοῦ ὁρατὰ εἶναι παντάπασιν ἐστέρηται. διδοὺς
+οὖν τοῖς τε ὁρῶσι τὸ ὁρᾶν τοῖς τε ὁρωμένοις τὸ
+ὁρᾶσθαι δύο φύσεις ἐνεργείᾳ μιᾷ τελειοῖ, ὄψιν καὶ
+ὁρατόν· αἱ δὲ τελειότητες εἴδη τέ εἰσι καὶ οὐσία.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But this visible disc also, third<note place='foot'>Julian conceives of the sun in three ways; first as
+transcendental, in which form he is indistinguishable from
+the Good in the intelligible world, secondly as Helios-Mithras,
+ruler of the intellectual gods, thirdly as the visible
+sun.</note> in rank, is clearly,
+for the objects of sense-perception the cause of
+preservation, and this visible Helios<note place='foot'>133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-134 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> is a digression on the light of the sun.</note> is the cause
+for the visible gods<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the stars.</note> of just as many blessings as we
+said mighty Helios bestows on the intellectual gods.
+And of this there are clear proofs for one who
+studies the unseen world in the light of things seen.
+For in the first place, is not light itself a sort of
+incorporeal and divine form of the transparent in a
+state of activity? And as for the transparent itself,
+whatever it is, since it is the underlying basis, so to
+speak, of all the elements, and is a form peculiarly
+belonging to them, it is not like the corporeal or
+compounded, nor does it admit qualities peculiar to
+corporeal substance.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>De Anima</hi> 419 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Aristotle there says that light is the
+actualisation or positive determination of the transparent
+medium. Julian echoes the whole passage.</note> You will not therefore say that
+heat is a property of the transparent, or its opposite
+cold, nor will you assign to it hardness or softness or
+any other of the various attributes connected with
+touch or taste or smell; but a nature of this sort is
+obvious to sight alone, since it is brought into activity
+by light. And light is a form of this substance, so to
+speak, which is the substratum of and coextensive
+with the heavenly bodies. And of light, itself incorporeal,
+the culmination and flower, so to speak,
+is the sun's rays. Now the doctrine of the Phoenicians,
+who were wise and learned in sacred lore, declared
+that the rays of light everywhere diffused are the
+undefiled incarnation of pure mind. And in harmony
+with this is our theory, seeing that light itself
+is incorporeal, if one should regard its fountainhead,
+not as corporeal, but as the undefiled activity of
+mind<note place='foot'>Mind, νοῦς, is here identified with Helios; cf. Macrobius,
+<hi rend='italic'>Saturnalia</hi> 1. 19. 9. Sol mundi mens est, <q>the sun is the
+mind of the universe</q>; Iamblichus, <hi rend='italic'>Protrepticus</hi> 21, 115;
+Ammianus Marcellinus, 21. 1. 11.</note> pouring light into its own abode: and this is
+assigned to the middle of the whole firmament,
+whence it sheds its rays and fills the heavenly
+spheres with vigour of every kind and illumines all
+things with light divine and undefiled. Now the
+activities proceeding from it and exercised among
+the gods have been, in some measure at least,
+described by me a little earlier and will shortly be
+further spoken of. But all that we see merely
+with the sight at first is a name only, deprived
+of activity, unless we add thereto the guidance and
+aid of light. For what, speaking generally, could be
+seen, were it not first brought into touch with light
+in order that, I suppose, it may receive a form, as
+matter is brought under the hand of a craftsman?
+And indeed molten gold in the rough is simply gold,
+and not yet a statue or an image, until the craftsman
+give it its proper shape. So too all the objects
+of sight, unless they are brought under the eyes of
+the beholder together with light, are altogether
+deprived of visibility. Accordingly by giving the
+power of sight to those who see, and the power
+of being seen to the objects of sight, it brings to
+perfection, by means of a single activity, two faculties,
+namely vision and visibility.<note place='foot'>Julian echoes Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 507, 508.</note> And in forms and
+substance are expressed its perfecting powers.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἴσως λεπτότερον· ᾧ δὲ
+παρακολουθοῦμεν ξύμπαντες, ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἰδιῶται,
+φιλόσοφοι καὶ λόγιοι, τίνα ἐν τῷ παντὶ
+δύναμιν ἀνίσχων ἔχει καὶ καταδυόμενος ὁ θεός;
+νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν ἐργάζεται καὶ μεθίστησι
+φανερῶς καὶ τρέπει τὸ πᾶν. [135] καίτοι τίνι τοῦτο
+<pb n='366'/><anchor id='Pg366'/><anchor id='Pg367'/>
+τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων ὑπάρχει; πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἐκ
+τούτων ἤδη καὶ περὶ τῶν θειοτέρων πιστεύομεν,
+ὡς ἄρα καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀφανῆ καὶ θεῖα
+νοερῶν θεῶν γένη τῆς ἀγαθοειδοῦς ἀποπληροῦται
+παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως, ᾧ πᾶς μὲν ὑπείκει χορὸς
+ἀστέρων, ἕπεται δὲ ἡ γένεσις ὑπὸ τῆς τούτου
+κυβερνωμένη προμηθείας; [B] οἱ μὲν γὰρ πλάνητες<note place='foot'>cf. 146 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note>
+ὅτι περὶ αὐτὸν ὥσπερ βασιλέα χορεύοντες ἔν
+τισιν ὡρισμένοις πρὸς αὐτὸν διαστήμασιν ἁρμοδιώτατα
+φέρονται κύκλῳ, στηριγμούς τινας
+ποιούμενοι καὶ πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω πορείαν, ὡς οἱ
+τῆς σφαιρικῆς ἐπιστήμονες θεωρίας ὀνομάζουσι τὰ
+περὶ αὐτοὺς φαινόμενα, καὶ ὡς τὸ τῆς σελήνης
+αὔξεται καὶ λήγει φῶς, πρὸς τὴν ἀπόστασιν
+ἡλίου πάσχον, πᾶσί που δῆλον. πῶς οὖν οὐκ
+εἰκότως καὶ τὴν πρεσβυτέραν τῶν σωμάτων ἐν
+τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] θεοῖς διακόσμησιν ὑπολαμβάνομεν
+ἀνάλογον ἔχειν τῇ τοιαύτῃ τάξει;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(However, this is perhaps somewhat subtle; but as
+for that guide whom we all follow, ignorant and
+unlearned, philosophers and rhetoricians, what power
+in the universe has this god when he rises and sets?
+Night and day he creates, and before our eyes
+changes and sways the universe. But to which of
+the other heavenly bodies does this power belong?
+How then can we now fail to believe, in view of
+this, in respect also to things more divine that the
+invisible and divine tribes of intellectual gods above
+the heavens are filled with power that works for
+good by him, even by him to whom the whole
+band of the heavenly bodies yields place, and whom
+all generated things follow, piloted by his providence?
+For that the planets dance about him as
+their king, in certain intervals, fixed in relation to
+him, and revolve in a circle with perfect accord,
+making certain halts, and pursuing to and fro their
+orbit,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the stationary positions and the direct and retrograde
+movements of the planets.</note> as those who are learned in the study of the
+spheres call their visible motions; and that the light
+of the moon waxes and wanes varying in proportion
+to its distance from the sun, is, I think, clear to all.
+Then is it not natural that we should suppose that
+the more venerable ordering of bodies among the
+intellectual gods corresponds to this arrangement?)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Λάβωμεν οὖν ἐξ ἁπάντων τὸ μὲν τελεσιουργὸν
+ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς ἀποφαίνειν ὁρᾶν τὰ ὁρατικά·
+τελειοῖ γὰρ αὐτὰ διὰ τοῦ φωτός· τὸ δὲ δημιουργικὸν
+καὶ γόνιμον<note place='foot'>157 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὸ ξύμπαν μεταβολῆς,
+τὸ δὲ ἐν ἑνὶ πόντων συνεκτικὸν ἀπὸ τῆς
+περὶ τὰς κινήσεις πρὸς ἓν καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ συμφωνίας,
+τὸ δὲ μέσον ἐξ αὐτοῦ<note place='foot'>αὐτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἑαυτοῦ MSS.</note> μέσου, τὸ δὲ τοῖς νοεροῖς
+αὐτὸν ἐνιδρύσθαι βασιλέα ἐκ τῆς ἐν τοῖς πλανωμένοις
+μέσης τάξεως. [D] εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα περί τινα
+<pb n='368'/><anchor id='Pg368'/><anchor id='Pg369'/>
+τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν ὁρῶμεν θεῶν ἢ τοσαῦτα
+ἕτερα, μή τοι τούτῳ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἡγεμονίαν
+προσνείμωμεν· εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν αὐτῷ
+κοινὸν πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἔξω τὴς ἀγαθοεργίας, ἧς
+καὶ αὐτῆς μεταδέδωσι τοῖς πᾶσι, μαρτυράμενοι
+τούς τε Κυπρίων ἱερέας, οἱ κοινοὺς ἀποφαίνουσι
+βωμοὺς Ἡλίῳ καὶ Διί, πρὸ τούτων δὲ ἔτι τὸν
+Ἀπόλλω<note place='foot'>144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> συνεδρεύοντα τῷ θεῷ τῷδε παρακαλέσαντες
+μάρτυρα· φησὶ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς οὗτος
+<q>Εἷς Ζεύς, εἷς Ἀίδης, [136] εἷς Ἥλιός ἐστι Σέραπις·
+κοινὴν ὑπολάβωμεν</q>, μᾶλλον δὲ μίαν Ἡλίου καὶ
+Διὸς ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς δυναστείαν· ὅθεν μοι
+δοκεῖ καὶ Πλάτων οὐκ ἀπεικότως φρόνιμον θεὸν
+Ἅιδην ὀνομάσαι. καλοῦμεν δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον
+καὶ Σάραπιν, τὸν ἀιδῆ δηλονότι καὶ νοερόν, πρὸς
+ὅν φησιν<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Cratylus</hi> 403 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> ἄνω πορεύεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν
+ἄριστα βιωσάντων καὶ δικαιότατα. μὴ γὰρ δή
+τις ὑπολάβῃ τοῦτον, [B] ὃν οἱ μῦθοι πείθουσι φρίττειν,
+ἀλλὰ τὸν πρᾷον καὶ μείλιχον, ὃς ἀπολύει
+παντελῶς τῆς γενέσεως τὰς ψυχάς, οὐχὶ δὲ
+λυθείσας αὐτὰς σώμασιν ἑτέροις προσηλοῖ<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Phaedo</hi> 83 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> κολάζων
+καὶ πραττόμενος δίκας, ἀλλὰ πορεύων ἄνω
+καὶ ἀνατείνων τὰς ψυχὰς ἐπὶ τὸν νοητὸν κόσμον.
+ὅτι δὲ οὐδὲ νεαρὰ παντελῶς ἐστιν ἡ δόξα, προύλαβον
+δὲ αὐτὴν οἱ πρεσβύτατοι τῶν ποιητῶν,
+<pb n='370'/><anchor id='Pg370'/><anchor id='Pg371'/>
+Ὅμηρός τε καὶ Ἡσίοδος, εἴτε καὶ νοοῦντες οὅτως
+εἴτε καὶ ἐπιπνοίᾳ θείᾳ καθάπερ οἱ μάντεις ἐνθουσιῶντες
+πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν, [C] ἐνθένδ᾽ ἂν γίγνοιτο
+γνώριμον. ὁ μὲν γενεαλογῶν αὐτὸν Ὑπερίονος
+ἔφη καὶ Θείας, μόνον οὐχὶ διὰ τούτων αἰνιττόμενος
+τοῦ πάντων ὑπερέχοντος αὐτὸν ἔκγονον<note place='foot'>ἔκγονον MSS, ἔγγονον V, Hertlein.</note> γνήσιον
+φῦναι· ὁ γὰρ Ὑπερίων τίς ἂν ἕτερος εἴη παρὰ
+τοῦτον; ἡ Θεία δὲ αὐτὴ τρόπον ἕτερον οὐ τὸ
+θειότατον τῶν ὄντων λέγεται; μὴ δὲ συνδυασμὸν
+μηδὲ γάμους ὑπολαμβάνωμεν, ἄπιστα καὶ παράδοξα
+ποιητικῆς μούσης ἀθύρματα. [D] πατέρα δὲ
+αὐτοῦ καὶ γεννήτορα νομίζωμεν τὸν θειότατον καὶ
+ὑπέρτατον· τοιοῦτος δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος<note place='foot'>δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος Hertlein suggests, δέ τις ἂν εἴη MSS.</note> εἴη τοῦ
+πάντων ἐπέκεινα καὶ περὶ ὃν πάντα καὶ οὗ ἕνεκα
+πάντα ἐστίν; Ὅμηρος δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς
+Ὑπερίονα καλεῖ,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 480; <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 1. 8.</note> καὶ δείκνυσί γε αὐτοῦ τὸ αὐτεξούσιον
+καὶ πάσης ἀνάγκης κρεῖττον. ὁ γάρ τοι
+Ζεύς, ὡς ἐκεῖνός φησιν, ἁπάντων ὢν κύριος τοὺς
+ἄλλους προσαναγκάζει· ἐν δὲ τῷ μύθῳ τοῦ θεοῦ
+τοῦδε λέγοντος,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 12. 383.</note> ὅτι ἄρα διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τῶν
+Ὀδυσσέως ἑταίρων [137] ἀπολείψει τὸν Ὄλυμπον,
+οὐκέτι φησίν
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Let us therefore comprehend, out of all his
+functions, first his power to perfect, from the fact
+that he makes visible the objects of sight in the
+universe, for through his light he perfects them;
+secondly, his creative and generative power from
+the changes wrought by him in the universe; thirdly,
+his power to link together all things into one whole,
+from the harmony of his motions towards one and
+the same goal; fourthly, his middle station we can
+comprehend from himself, who is midmost; and
+fifthly, the fact that he is established as king among
+the intellectual gods, from his middle station among
+the planets. Now if we see that these powers, or
+powers of similar importance, belong to any one of
+the other visible deities, let us not assign to Helios
+leadership among the gods. But if he has nothing
+in common with those other gods except his beneficent
+energy, and of this too he gives them all a
+share, then let us call to witness the priests of
+Cyprus who set up common altars to Helios and
+Zeus; but even before them let us summon as
+witness Apollo, who sits in council with our god.
+For this god declares: <q>Zeus, Hades, Helios
+Serapis, three gods in one godhead!</q><note place='foot'>This oracular verse is quoted as Orphic by Macrobius,
+<hi rend='italic'>Saturnalia</hi> 1. 18. 18; but Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus,
+substitutes Serapis for Dionysus at the end of the
+verse. The worship of Serapis in the Graeco-Roman world
+began with the foundation of a Serapeum by Ptolemy
+Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris,
+the Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.</note> Let us
+then assume that, among the intellectual gods,
+Helios and Zeus have a joint or rather a single
+sovereignty. Hence I think that with reason Plato
+called Hades a wise god.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Phaedo</hi> 80 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; in <hi rend='italic'>Cratylus</hi> 403 Plato discusses, though
+not seriously, the etymology of the word <q>Hades.</q></note> And we call this same
+god Hades Serapis also, namely the Unseen<note place='foot'>Ἁΐδης, <q>Unseen.</q></note> and
+Intellectual, to whom Plato says the souls of those
+who have lived most righteously and justly mount
+upwards. For let no one conceive of him as the
+god whom the legends teach us to shudder at, but
+as the mild and placable, since he completely frees
+our souls from generation: and the souls that he has
+thus freed he does not nail to other bodies, punishing
+them and exacting penalties, but he carries aloft
+and lifts up our souls to the intelligible world.
+And that this doctrine is not wholly new, but that
+Homer and Hesiod the most venerable of the poets
+held it before us, whether this was their own view
+or, like seers, they were divinely inspired with a
+sacred frenzy for the truth, is evident from the
+following. Hesiod, in tracing his genealogy, said<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Theogony</hi> 371; cf. Pindar, <hi rend='italic'>Isthmian</hi> 4. 1.</note>
+that Helios is the son of Hyperion and Thea, intimating
+thereby that he is the true son of him who is
+above all things. For who else could Hyperion<note place='foot'>Hyperion means <q>he that walks above.</q></note>
+be? And is not Thea herself, in another fashion,
+said to be most divine of beings? But as for a
+union or marriage, let us not conceive of such a
+thing, since that is the incredible and paradoxical
+trifling of the poetic Muse. But let us believe that
+his father and sire was the most divine and supreme
+being; and who else could have this nature save
+him who transcends all things, the central point and
+goal of all things that exist? And Homer calls him
+Hyperion after his father and shows his unconditioned
+nature, superior to all constraint. For Zeus,
+as Homer says, since he is lord of all constrains the
+other gods. And when, in the course of the myth,
+Helios says that on account of the impiety of the
+comrades of Odysseus<note place='foot'>They had devoured the oxen of the sun; <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 12.
+352 foll.</note> he will forsake Olympus,
+Zeus no longer says,)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Αὐτῇ κεν γαίῃ ἐρύσαιμ᾽ αὐτῇ τε θαλάσσῃ,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Then with very earth would
+I draw you up and the sea withal,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 24; Zeus utters this threat against the gods if
+they should aid either the Trojans or the Greeks.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+οὐδὲ ἀπειλεῖ δεσμὸν οὐδὲ βίαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν δίκην
+φησὶν ἐπιθήσειν τοῖς ἡμαρτηκόσιν, αὐτὸν δὲ ἀξιοῖ
+φαίνειν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς. ἆρ᾽ οὐξὶ διὰ τούτων πρὸς
+τῷ αὐτεξουσίῳ καὶ τελεσιουργὸν εἶναί φησι τὸν
+<pb n='372'/><anchor id='Pg372'/><anchor id='Pg373'/>
+Ἥλιον; ἐπὶ τί γὰρ αὐτοῦ οἱ θεοὶ δέονται, πλὴν εἰ
+μὴ πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν [B] καὶ τὸ εἶναι ἀφανῶς ἐναστράπτων
+ὧν ἔφαμεν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπληρωτικὸς τυγχάνοι;
+τὸ γὰρ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(nor does he
+threaten him with fetters or violence, but he says
+that he will inflict punishment on the guilty and
+bids Helios go on shining among the gods. Does
+he not thereby declare that besides being unconditioned,
+Helios has also the power to perfect?
+For why do the gods need him unless by sending
+his light, himself invisible, on their substance
+and existence, he fulfils for them the blessings
+of which I spoke? For when Homer says that)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ἠέλιόν τ᾽ ἀκάμαντα βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη</l>
+<l>Πέμψεν ἐπ᾽ Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοὰς ἀέκοντα νέεσθαι<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 18. 239.</note></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Ox-eyed Hera, the queen, sent unwearied Helios
+to go, all unwilling, to the streams of Oceanus,</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+πρὸ τοῦ καιροῦ φησι νομισθῆναι τὴν νύκτα διὰ
+τινα χαλεπὴν ὁμίχλην. αὕτη γὰρ ἡ θεός που,
+καὶ ἄλλοθι τῆς ποιήσεώς φησιν,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 6.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(he means that, by reason of a heavy mist, it was
+thought to be night before the proper time. And
+this mist is surely the goddess herself, and in
+another place also in the poem he says,)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend='margin-left: 24'>ἠέρα δ᾽ Ἥρη</l>
+<l>Πίτνα πρόσθε βαθεῖαν. [C]</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Hera spread
+before them a thick mist.</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+ἁλλὰ τὰ μὲν τῶν ποιητῶν χαίρειν ἐάσωμεν· ἔχει
+γὰρ μετὰ τοῦ θείου πολὺ καὶ τἀνθρώπινον· ἃ δὲ
+ἡμᾶς ἔοικεν αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς διδάσκειν ὑπέρ τε αὑτοῦ
+καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐκεῖνα ἤδη διέλθωμεν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But let us leave the
+stories of the poets alone. For along with what
+is inspired they contain much also that is merely
+human. And let me now relate what the god
+himself seems to teach us, both about himself and
+the other gods.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὁ περὶ γῆν τόπος ἐν τῷ γίνεσθαι τὸ εἶναι ἔχει.
+τίς οὖν ἐστιν ὁ τὴν ἀιδιότητα δωρούμενος αὐτῷ;
+ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὁ ταῦτα μέτροις ὡρισμένοις συνέχων;
+ἄπειρον μὲν γὰρ [D] εἶναι φύσιν σώματος οὐχ οἷόν τ᾽
+ἦν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ ἀγέννητός ἐστι μηδὲ αὐθυπόστατος·
+ἑκ δὲ τῆς οὐσίας εἰ πάντως ἐγίνετό τι συνεχῶς,
+ἀνελύετο δὲ εἰς αὐτὴν μηδέν, ἐπέλειπεν ἂν τῶν
+γιγνομένων ἡ οὐσία. τὴν δὴ τοιαύτην φύσιν ὁ
+θεὸς ὅδε μέτρῳ κινούμενος προσιὼν μὲν ὀρθοῖ καὶ
+ἐγείρει, πόρρω δὲ ἀπιὼν ἐλαττοῖ καὶ φθείρει,
+μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸς ἀεὶ ζωοποιεὶ κινῶν καὶ ἐποχετεύων
+αὐτῇ τὴν ζωὴν· ἡ δὲ ἀπόλειψις αὐτοῦ καὶ
+ἡ πρὸς θάτερα [138] μετάστασις αἰτία γίνεται φθορᾶς
+<pb n='374'/><anchor id='Pg374'/><anchor id='Pg375'/>
+τοῖς φθίνουσιν. ἀεὶ μὲν οὖν ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τῶν
+ἀγαθῶν δόσις ἴση κάτεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν· ἄλλοτε
+γὰρ ἄλλη δέχεται τὰ τοιαῦτα χώρα πρὸς τὸ μήτε
+τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιλείπειν μήτε τοῦ συνήθους ποτὲ
+τὸν θεὸν ἔλαττον ἢ πλέον εὖ ποιῆσαι τὸν παθητὸν
+κόσμον. ἡ γὰρ ταυτότης ὥσπερ τῆς οὐσίας, οὕτω
+δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐνεργείας ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ πρό γε τῶν
+ἄλλων παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ, ὃς καὶ
+τὴν κίνησιν ἁπλουστάτην ὑπὲρ ἅπαντας ποιεῖται
+τοὺς τῷ παντὶ [B] τὴν ἐναντίαν φερομένους· ὃ δὴ καὶ
+αὐτὸ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ὑπεροχῆς αὐτοῦ
+σημεῖον ποιεῖται ὁ κλεινὸς Ἀριστοτέλης· ἀλλὰ
+καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων νοερῶν θεῶν οὐκ ἀμυδραὶ
+καθήκουσιν εἰς τὸν κόσμον τόνδε δυνάμεις. εἶτα
+τί τοῦτο; μὴ γὰρ ἀποκλείομεν τοὺς ἄλλους τούτῳ
+τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ὁμολογοῦντες δεδόσθαι; πολὺ δὲ
+πλέον ἐκ τῶν ἐμφανῶν ἀξιοῦμεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀφανῶν
+πιστεύειν. ὥσπερ [C] γὰρ τὰς ἐνδιδομένας ἅπασιν
+ἐκεῖθεν δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν γῆν οὗτος φαίνεται
+τελεσιουργῶν καὶ συναρμόζων πρός τε ἑαυτὸν καὶ
+τὸ πᾶν, οὕτω δὴ νομιστέον καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀφανέσιν
+αὐτῶν τὰς συνουσίας ἔχειν πρὸς ἀλλήλας, ἡγεμόνα
+μὲν ἐκείνην, συμφωνούσας δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν
+τὰς ἄλλας ἅμα. ἐπεὶ καί, εί μέσον ἔφαμεν ἐν
+μέσοις ἱδρῦσθαι τὸν θεὸν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς,
+ποταπή τις ἡ μεσότης ἐστὶν ὧν αὖ χρὴ μέσον
+<pb n='376'/><anchor id='Pg376'/><anchor id='Pg377'/>
+αὐτὸν ὑπολαβεῖν, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰπεῖν
+Ἥλιος δοίη.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(The region of the earth contains being in a state
+of becoming. Then who endows it with imperishability?
+Is it not he<note place='foot'>Julian now describes the substance or essential nature,
+οὐσία, of Helios, 137 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-142 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> who keeps it all together by
+means of definite limits? For that the nature of
+being should be unlimited was not possible, since it
+is neither uncreated nor self-subsistent. And if
+from being something were generated absolutely
+without ceasing and nothing were resolved back
+into it, the substance of things generated would fail.
+Accordingly this god, moving in due measure, raises
+up and stimulates this substance when he approaches
+it, and when he departs to a distance he diminishes
+and destroys it; or rather he himself continually
+revivifies it by giving it movement and flooding it
+with life. And his departure and turning in the
+other direction is the cause of decay for things that
+perish. Ever does his gift of blessings descend
+evenly upon the earth. For now one country now
+another receives them, to the end that becoming
+may not cease nor the god ever benefit less or more
+than is his custom this changeful world. For sameness,
+as of being so also of activity, exists among the
+gods, and above all the others in the case of the
+King of the All, Helios; and he also makes the
+simplest movement of all the heavenly bodies<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> The sun, moon and planets; the orbits of the
+planets are complicated by their direct and retrograde
+movements.</note> that
+travel in a direction opposite to the whole. In fact
+this is the very thing that the celebrated Aristotle
+makes a proof of his superiority, compared with the
+others. Nevertheless from the other intellectual
+gods also, forces clearly discernible descend to this
+world. And now what does this mean? Are we not
+excluding the others when we assert that the
+leadership has been assigned to Helios? Nay, far
+rather do I think it right from the visible to have
+faith about the invisible.<note place='foot'>cf. 133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> For even as this god is
+seen to complete and to adapt to himself and to the
+universe the powers that are bestowed on the earth
+from the other gods for all things, after the same
+fashion we must believe that among the invisible
+gods also there is intercourse with one another; his
+mode of intercourse being that of a leader, while the
+modes of intercourse of the others are at the same
+time in harmony with his. For since we said that
+the god is established midmost among the midmost
+intellectual gods, may King Helios himself grant
+to us to tell what is the nature of that middleness
+among things of which we must regard him as the
+middle.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[D] Μεσότητα μὲν δή φαμεν οὐ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις
+θεωρουμένην ἴσον ἀφεστῶσαν τῶν ἄκρων, οἷον ἐπὶ
+χρωμάτων τὸ ξανθὸν ἢ φαιόν, ἐπὶ δὲ θερμοῦ καὶ
+ψυχροῦ τὸ χλιαρόν, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ἀλλὰ τὴν
+ἑνωτικὴν καὶ συνάγουσαν τὰ διεστῶτα, ὁποίαν
+τινά φησιν Ἐμπεδοκλῆς τὴν ἁρμονίαν ἐξορίζων
+αὐτῆς παντελῶς τὸ νεῖκος. τίνα οὖν ἐστιν, ἃ
+συνάγει, καὶ τίνων ἐστὶ μέσος; φημὶ δὴ οὖν ὅτι
+τῶν τε ἐμφανῶν καὶ περικοσμίων θεῶν καὶ τῶν
+ἀύλων καὶ νοητῶν, [139] οἳ περὶ τἀγαθόν εἰσιν, ὥσπερ
+πολυπλασιαζομένης ἀπαθῶς καὶ ἄνευ προσθήκης
+τῆς νοητῆς καὶ θείας οὐσίας. ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐστι
+μέση τις, οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων κραθεῖσα, τελεία δὲ
+καὶ ἀμιγὴς ἀφ᾽ ὅλων τῶν θεῶν ἐμφανῶν τε καὶ
+ἀφανῶν καὶ αἰσθητῶν καὶ νοητῶν ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως
+Ἡλίου νοερὰ καὶ πάνκαλος οὐσία, καὶ ὁποίαν τινὰ
+χρὴ τὴν μεσότητα νομίζειν, εἴρηται. εἰ δὲ δεῖ καὶ
+τοῖς καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἵν᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ κατ᾽
+εἴδη τὸ μέσον τῆς οὐσίας, ὅπως ἔχει πρός τε τὰ
+πρῶτα καὶ τὰ τελευταῖα,<note place='foot'>τὰ τελευταῖα Hertlein suggests, τελευταῖα MSS.</note> [B] τῷ νῷ κατίδωμεν, εἰ καὶ
+<pb n='378'/><anchor id='Pg378'/><anchor id='Pg379'/>
+μὴ πάντα διελθεῖν ῥᾴδιον, ἀλλ᾽ οὖν τὰ δυνατὰ
+φράσαι πειραθῶμεν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now <q>middleness</q><note place='foot'>Julian defines the ways in which Helios possesses
+μεσότης, or middleness; he is mediator and connecting link
+as well as locally midway between the two worlds and the
+centre of the intellectual gods; see Introduction, p. 350.</note> we define not as that mean
+which in opposites is seen to be equally remote from
+the extremes, as, for instance, in colours, tawny or
+dusky, and warm in the case of hot and cold, and
+the like, but that which unifies and links together
+what is separate; for instance the sort of thing that
+Empedocles<note place='foot'>cf. Empedocles, <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 18; 122, 2; 17, 19 Diels.</note> means by Harmony when from it he
+altogether eliminates Strife. And now what does
+Helios link together, and of what is he the middle?
+I assert then that he is midway between the visible
+gods who surround the universe and the immaterial
+and intelligible gods who surround the Good&mdash;for
+the intelligible and divine substance is as it were
+multiplied without external influence and without
+addition. For that the intellectual and wholly
+beautiful substance of King Helios is middle in the
+sense of being unmixed with extremes, complete in
+itself, and distinct from the whole number of the
+gods, visible and invisible, both those perceptible by
+sense and those which are intelligible only, I have
+already declared, and also in what sense we must
+conceive of his middleness. But if I must also
+describe these things one by one, in order that we
+may discern with our intelligence how his intermediary
+nature, in its various forms, is related both
+to the highest and the lowest, even though it is
+not easy to recount it all, yet let me try to say
+what can be said.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἓν παντελῶς τὸ νοητὸν ἀεὶ προüπάρχον, τὰ<note place='foot'>τὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.</note>
+δὲ πάντα ὁμοῦ συνειληφὸς ἐν τῷ ἑνί. τί δέ; οὐχὶ
+καὶ ὁ σύμπας κόσμος ἕν ἐστι ζῷον ὅλον δι᾽ ὅλου
+ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ πλῆρες, τέλειον ἐκ μερῶν τελείων;<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 33 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>
+ταύτης οὖν τῆς διπλῆς ἑνοειδοῦς τελειότητος· φημὶ
+δὲ τῆς ἐν τῷ νοητῷ πάντα ἐν ἑνὶ συνεχούσης, καὶ
+τῆς περὶ τὸν κόσμον [C] εἰς μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν
+τελείαν συναγομένης ἑνώσεως· ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως
+Ἡλίου μέση τελειότης ἑνοειδής ἐστιν, ἐν τοῖς
+νοεροῖς ἱδρυμένη θεοῖς. ἀλλὰ δὴ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο
+συνοχή τίς ἐστιν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τῶν θεῶν κόσμῳ
+πάντα πρὸς τὸ ἓν συντάττουσα. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ
+περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν φαίνεται κύκλῳ πορευομένη τοῦ
+πέμπτου σώματος οὐσία,<note place='foot'>cf. 139 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 5. 165 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 166 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ἣ πάντα συνέχει τὰ
+μέρη καὶ σφίγγει πρὸς αὑτὰ συνέχουσα τὸ φύσει
+σκεδαστὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπορρέον ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων;
+δύο δὴ ταύτας τὰς<note place='foot'>τὰς Hertlein suggests.</note> οὐσίας συνοχῆς αἰτίας, τὴν
+μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς, [D] τὴν δὲ ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς
+φαινομένην ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος εἰς ταὐτὸ συνάπτει,
+τῆς μὲν μιμούμενος τὴν συνεκτικὴν
+δύναμιν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς, ἅτε ἐξ αὐτῆς προελθών,
+τῆς δὲ τελευταίας προκατάρχων, ἣ περὶ τὸν
+ἐμφανῆ θεωρεῖται κόσμον. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ τὸ
+<pb n='380'/><anchor id='Pg380'/><anchor id='Pg381'/>
+αὐθυπόστατον πρῶτον μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ὑπάρχον,
+τελευταῖον δ᾽ [140] ἐν τοῖς κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν φαινομένοις
+μέσην ἔχει τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως οὐσίαν
+αὐθυπόστατον Ἡλίου, ἀφ᾽ ἧς κάτεισιν οἰσίας
+πρωτουργοῦ εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ περιλάμπουσα
+τὰ σύμπαντα αὐγή; πάλιν δὲ κατ᾽
+ἄλλο σκοποῦντι εἷς μὲν ὁ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργός,
+πολλοὶ δὲ οἱ κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν περιπολοῦντες δημιουργικοὶ
+θεοί. μέσην ἄρα καὶ τούτων τὴν ἀφ᾽
+Ἡλίου καθήκουσαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον δημιουργίαν
+θετέον. [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς πολὺ μὲν
+καὶ ὑπέρπληρες ἐν τῷ νοητῷ, φαίνεται δὲ ζωῆς
+γονίμου καὶ ὁ κόσμος ὢν πλήρης. πρόδηλον οὖν
+ὅτι καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου τῆς ζωῆς
+μέσον ἐστὶν ἀμφοῖν, ἐπεὶ τούτῳ μαρτυρεῖ καὶ τὰ
+φαινόμενα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τελειοῖ τῶν εἰδῶν, τὰ δὲ
+ἐργάζεται, τὰ δὲ κοσμεῖ, τὰ δὲ ἀνεγείρει, καὶ ἓν οὐδέν
+ἐστιν, ὃ δίχα τῆς ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς δυνάμεως
+εἰς φῶς πρόεισι [C] καὶ γένεσιν. ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις
+εἰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν ἄυλον
+οὐσίαν νοήσαιμεν, οὐδενὸς ἔξωθεν αὐτῇ προσιόντος
+οὐδὲ ἐνυπάρχοντος ἀλλοτρίου, πλήρη δὲ τῆς
+οἰκείας ἀχράντου καθαρότητος, τήν τε ἐν τῷ
+<pb n='382'/><anchor id='Pg382'/><anchor id='Pg383'/>
+κόσμῳ περὶ τὸ κύκλῳ φερόμενον σῶμα πρὸς πάντα
+ἀμιγῆ τὰ στοιχεῖα λίαν εἰλικρινῆ καὶ καθαρὰν
+φύσιν ἀχράντου καὶ δαιμονίου σώματος, ἑυρήσομεν
+καὶ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως [D] Ἡλίου λαμπρὰν καὶ
+ἀκήρατον οὐσίαν ἀμφοῖν μέσην, τῆς τε ἐν τοῖς
+νοητοῖς ἀύλου καθαρότητος καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς
+ἀχράντου καὶ ἀμιγοῦς πρὸς γένεσιν καὶ
+φθορὰν καθαρᾶς εἰλικρινείας. μέγιστον δὲ τούτου
+τεκμήριον, ὅτι μηδὲ τὸ φῶς, ὃ μάλιστα
+ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ γῆν φέρεται, συμμίγνυταί τινι μηδὲ
+ἀναδέχεται ῥύπον καὶ μίασμα, μένει δὲ πάντως
+ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἄχραντον καὶ ἀμόλυντον καὶ
+ἀπαθές.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Wholly one is the intelligible world, pre-existent
+from all time, and it combines all things together
+in the One. Again is not our whole world also one
+complete living organism, wholly throughout the
+whole of it full of soul and intelligence, <q>perfect,
+with all its parts perfect</q>? Midway then between
+this uniform two-fold perfection&mdash;I mean that one
+kind of unity holds together in one all that exists in
+the intelligible world, while the other kind of unity
+unites in the visible world all things into one and
+the same perfect nature&mdash;between these, I say, is
+the uniform perfection of King Helios, established
+among the intellectual gods. There is, however,
+next in order, a sort of binding force in the intelligible
+world of the gods, which orders all things
+into one. Again is there not visible in the
+heavens also, travelling in its orbit, the nature of
+the Fifth Substance, which links and compresses<note place='foot'>cf. 167 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. In <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 58 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> it is the revolution of the
+whole which by constriction compresses all matter together,
+but Julian had that passage in mind. In Empedocles it is
+the Titan, Aether, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the Fifth Substance, that <q>binds the
+globe.</q> <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 38 Diels.</note>
+together all the parts, holding together things that
+by nature are prone to scatter and to fall away
+from one another? These existences, therefore,
+which are two causes of connection, one in the
+intelligible world, while the other appears in the
+world of sense-perception, King Helios combines
+into one, imitating the synthetic power of the former
+among the intellectual gods, seeing that he proceeds
+from it, and subsisting prior to the latter which
+is seen in the visible world. Then must not the
+unconditioned also, which exists primarily in the
+intelligible world, and finally among the visible
+bodies in the heavens, possess midway between these
+two the unconditioned substance of King Helios,
+and from that primary creative substance do not
+the rays of his light, illumining all things, descend
+to the visible world? Again, to take another point
+of view, the creator of the whole is one, but many
+are the creative gods<note place='foot'>Plato in <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 41 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, distinguishes <q>the gods who
+revolve before our eyes</q> from <q>those who reveal themselves
+so far as they will.</q> Julian regularly describes, as here, a
+triad; every one of his three worlds has its own unconditioned
+being (αὐθυπόστατον); its own creative power (δημιουργία);
+its own power to generate life (γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς); and in
+every case, the middle term is Helios as a connecting link
+in his capacity of thinking or intellectual god (νοερός).</note> who revolve in the heavens.
+Midmost therefore of these also we must place the
+creative activity which descends into the world from
+Helios. But also the power of generating life is
+abundant and overflowing in the intelligible world;
+and our world also appears to be full of generative life.
+It is therefore evident that the life-generating power
+of King Helios also is midway between both the
+worlds: and the phenomena of our world also bear
+witness to this. For some forms he perfects, others
+he makes, or adorns, or wakes to life, and there is
+no single thing which, apart from the creative power
+derived from Helios, can come to light and to birth.
+And further, besides this, if we should comprehend
+the pure and undefiled and immaterial substance<note place='foot'>Julian now describes the three kinds of substance
+(οὐσία) and its three forms (εἴδη) in the three worlds.</note>
+among the intelligible gods&mdash;to which nothing external
+is added, nor has any alien thing a place
+therein, but it is filled with its own unstained
+purity&mdash;and if we should comprehend also the pure
+and unmixed nature of unstained and divine substance,
+whose elements are wholly unmixed, and
+which, in the visible universe, surrounds the substance
+that revolves,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the visible heavenly bodies.</note> here also we should discover
+the radiant and stainless substance of King Helios,
+midway between the two; that is to say, midway
+between the immaterial purity that exists among
+the intelligible gods, and that perfect purity, unstained
+and free from birth and death, that exists in
+the world which we can perceive. And the greatest
+proof of this is that not even the light which comes
+down nearest to the earth from the sun is mixed
+with anything, nor does it admit dirt and defilement,
+but remains wholly pure and without stain and
+free from external influences among all existing
+things.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἔτι δὲ προσεκτέον τοῖς ἀύλοις εἴδεσι καὶ
+νοητοῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, ὅσα περὶ τὴν
+ὕλην ἐστὶν [141] ἢ περὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον. ἀναφανήσεται
+πάλιν ἐνταῦθα μέσον τὸ νοερὸν τῶν περὶ τὸν
+μέγαν Ἥλιον εἰδῶν, ὑφ᾽ ὧν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν
+ὕλην εἴδη βοηθεῖται μήποτε ἂν δυνηθέντα μήτε
+εἶναι μήτε σώζεσθαι μὴ παρ᾽ ἐκείνου πρὸς
+τὴν οὐσίαν συνεργούμενα. τί γάρ; οὐχ οὗτος
+ἐστι τῆς διακρίσεως τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ συγκρίσεως
+τῆς ὕλης αἴτιος, οὐ νοεῖν ἡμῖν αὑτὸν μόνον παρέχων,
+ἁλλὰ καὶ ὁρᾶν ὄμμασιν; ἡ γάρ τοι τῶν
+<pb n='384'/><anchor id='Pg384'/><anchor id='Pg385'/>
+ἀκτίνων εἰς πάντα τὸν κόσμον διανομὴ καὶ ἡ τοῦ
+φωτὸς ἕνωσις [B] τὴν δημιουργικὴν ἐνδείκνυται διάκρισιν
+τῆς ποιήσεως.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+(But we must go on to consider the immaterial
+and intelligible forms,<note place='foot'>Helios connects the forms (Plato's Ideas) which exist in
+the intelligible world, with those which in our world ally
+themselves with matter; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 5. 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> and also those visible
+forms which are united with matter or the substratum.
+Here again, the intellectual will be found
+to be midmost among the forms that surround mighty
+Helios, by which forms in their turn the material
+forms are aided; for they never could have existed
+or been preserved, had they not been brought, by
+his aid, into connection with being. For consider:
+is not he the cause of the separation of the forms,
+and of the combination of matter, in that he not only
+permits us to comprehend his very self, but also to
+behold him with our eyes? For the distribution of
+his rays over the whole universe, and the unifying
+power of his light, prove him to be the master workman
+who gives an individual existence to everything
+that is created.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Πολλῶν δὲ ὄντων ἔτι περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ
+τῶν φαινομένων ἀγαθῶν, ἃ δὴ ὅτι μέσος ἐστὶ τῶν
+τε νοητῶν καὶ τῶν ἐγκοσμίων θεῶν παρίστησιν,
+ἐπὶ τὴν τελευταίαν αὐτοῦ μετίωμεν ἐμφανῆ λῆξιν.
+πρώτη μὲν οὖν ἐστιν αὐτοῦ τῶν περὶ τὸν τελευταῖον
+κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων οἷον ἐν παραδείγματι
+τὴν ἰδέαν καὶ τὴν ὑπόστασιν ἔχουσα· μετὰ
+ταύτην δὲ ἡ τῶν αἰσθητῶν γεννητική, [C] ἧς τὸ μὲν
+τιμιώτερον οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀστέρων ἔχει τὴν αἰτίαν,
+τὸ δὲ ὑποδεέστερον ἐπιτροπεύει τὴν γένεσιν, ἐξ
+ἀιδίου περιέχον αὐτῆς ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἀγέννητον
+αἰτίαν. ἅπαντα μὲν οὖν τὰ περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ
+θεοῦ τοῦδε διελθεῖν οὐδὲ εἴ τῳ δοίη νοῆσαι αὐτὰ<note place='foot'>αὐτὰ V, αὐτὸς MSS, Hertlein.</note> ὁ
+θεὸς οὗτος δυνατόν, ὅπου καὶ τὰ πάντα περιλαβεῖν
+τῷ νῷ ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἀδύνατον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now though there are many more blessings connected
+with the substance of the god and apparent
+to us, which show that he is midway between the
+intelligible and the mundane gods<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the heavenly bodies.</note> let us proceed to
+his last visible province. His first province then in
+the last of the worlds is, as though by way of a
+pattern, to give form and personality to the sun's
+angels.<note place='foot'>These angels combine, as does a model, the idea and its
+hypostazisation; cf. 142 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Letter to the Athenians</hi> 275 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.
+Julian nowhere defines angels, but Porphyry as quoted by
+Augustine, <hi rend='italic'>De civitate Dei</hi> 10, 9, distinguished them from
+daemons and placed them in the aether.</note> Next is his province of generating the
+world of sense-perception, of which the more honourable
+part contains the cause of the heavens and
+the heavenly bodies, while the inferior part guides
+this our world of becoming, and from eternity contains
+in itself the uncreated cause of that world.
+Now to describe all the properties of the substance
+of this god, even though the god himself should
+grant one to comprehend them, is impossible, seeing
+that even to grasp them all with the mind is, in my
+opinion, beyond our power.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλὰ διεληλύθαμεν, ἐπιθετέον ὥσπερ
+σφραγῖδα τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε μέλλοντας ἐφ᾽ ἕτερα μεταβαίνειν
+οὐκ ἐλάττονος [D] τῆς θεωρίας δεόμενα. τίς
+οὖν ἡ σφραγὶς καὶ οἷον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὰ πάντα
+περιλαμβάνουσα ἡ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ θεοῦ
+νόησις, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ἐπὶ νοῦν θείη βουλομένοις ἐν
+βραχεῖ συνελεῖν τήν τε αἰτίαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς προῆλθε,
+<pb n='386'/><anchor id='Pg386'/><anchor id='Pg387'/>
+καὶ αὐτὸς ὅστις ἐστί, τίνων τε ἀποπληροῖ τὸν
+ἐμφανῆ κόσμον. ῥητέον οὖν ὡς ἐξ ἑνὸς μὲν προῆλθε
+τοῦ θεοῦ εἷς ἀφ᾽ ἑνὸς τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου
+βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος, [142] τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν μέσος ἐν μέσοις
+τεταγμένος κατὰ παντοίαν μεσότητα, τὴν ὁμόφρονα
+καὶ φίλην καὶ τὰ διεστῶτα συνάγουσαν,
+εἰς ἕνωσιν ἄγων τὰ τελευταῖα τοῖς πρώτοις,
+τελειότητος καὶ συνοχῆς καὶ γονίμου ζωῆς καὶ
+τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς οὐσίας τὰ μέσα ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ, τῷ
+τε αἰσθητῷ κόσμῳ παντοίων ἀγαθῶν προηγούμενος,<note place='foot'>προηγούμενος V, προκαθηγούμενος MSS, Hertlein.</note>
+οὐ μόνον δι᾽ ἧς αὐτὸς αὐγῆς περιλάμπει
+κοσμῶν καὶ φαιδρύνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τῶν
+ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων<note place='foot'>cf. 141 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> ἑαυτῷ συνυποστήσας καὶ τὴν
+ἀγέννητον αἰτίαν [B] τῶν γινομένων περιέχων, ἔτι τε
+πρὸ ταύτης τῶν ἀιδίων σωμάτων τὴν ἀγήρω καὶ
+μόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς αἰτίαν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But since I have already described many of them,
+I must set a seal, as it were, on this discourse, now
+that I am about to pass to other subjects that
+demand no less investigation. What then that seal
+is, and what is the knowledge of the god's substance
+that embraces all these questions, and as it were
+sums them up under one head, may he himself
+suggest to my mind, since I desire to describe in a
+brief summary both the cause from which he proceeded,
+and his own nature, and those blessings with
+which he fills the visible world. This then we must
+declare, that King Helios is One and proceeds from
+one god, even from the intelligible world which is
+itself One; and that he is midmost of the intellectual
+gods, stationed in their midst by every kind of
+mediateness that is harmonious and friendly, and that
+joins what is sundered; and that he brings together
+into one the last and the first, having in his own
+person the means of completeness, of connection, of
+generative life and of uniform being: and that for
+the world which we can perceive he initiates blessings
+of all sorts, not only by means of the light with
+which he illumines it, adorning it and giving it its
+splendour, but also because he calls into existence,
+along with himself, the substance of the Sun's angels;
+and that finally in himself he comprehends the
+ungenerated cause of things generated, and further,
+and prior to this, the ageless and abiding cause of
+the life of the imperishable bodies.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the heavenly bodies; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Fragment of a Letter</hi> 295 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἃ μὲν οὖν περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἐχρῆν εἰπεῖν τοῦ
+θεοῦ τοῦδε, καίτοι τῶν πλείστων παραλειφθέντων,
+εἴρηται ὅμως οὐκ ὀλίγα· ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ τῶν δυνάμεων
+αὐτοῦ πλῆθος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν κάλλος τοσοῦτόν
+ἐστιν, ὥστε εἶναι τῶν περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ
+θεωρουμένων ὑπερβολήν, ἐπεὶ καὶ πέφυκε τὰ θεῖα
+προϊόντα εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς πληθύνεσθαι διὰ τὸ
+περιὸν καὶ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς, ὅρα τί δράσομεν, [C] οἳ
+<pb n='388'/><anchor id='Pg388'/><anchor id='Pg389'/>
+πρὸς ἀχανὲς πέλαγος ἀποδυόμεθα, μόγις καὶ
+ἀγαπητῶς ἐκ πολλοῦ τοῦ πρόσθεν ἀναπαυόμενοι
+λόγου. τολμητέον δ᾽ ὅμως τῷ θεῷ θαρροῦντα καὶ
+πειρατέον ἅψασθαι τοῦ λόγου.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now as for what it was right to say about the
+substance of this god, though the greater part has
+been omitted, nevertheless much has been said. But
+since the multitude of his powers and the beauty of
+his activities is so great that we shall now exceed the
+limit of what we observed about his substance,&mdash;for
+it is natural that when divine things come forth into
+the region of the visible they should be multiplied,
+in virtue of the superabundance of life and life-generating
+power in them,&mdash;consider what I have to
+do. For now I must strip for a plunge into this
+fathomless sea, though I have barely, and as best I
+might, taken breath, after the first part of this discourse.
+Venture I must, nevertheless, and putting
+my trust in the god endeavour to handle the theme.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Κοινῶς μὲν δὴ τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα περὶ τῆς
+οὐσίας αὐτοῦ ταῖς δυνάμεσι προσήκειν ὑποληπτέον.
+οὐ γὰρ ἄλλο μέν ἐστιν οὐσία θεοῦ, δύναμις
+δὲ ἄλλο, [D] καὶ μὰ Δία τρίτον παρὰ ταῦτα ἐνέργεια.
+πάντα γὰρ ἅπερ βούλεται, ταῦτα ἔστι καὶ δύναται
+καὶ ἐνεργεῖ· οὔτε γὰρ ὃ μὴ ἔστι βούλεται,
+οὔτε ὃ βούλεται δρᾶν οὐ σθένει, οὔθ᾽ ὃ μὴ δύναται
+ἐνεργεῖν ἐθέλει. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον
+οὐχ ὧδε ἔχει· διττὴ γάρ ἐστι μαχομένη φύσις
+εἰς ἓν κεκραμένη ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος, τῆς μὲν
+θείας, τοῦ δὲ σκοτεινοῦ τε καὶ ζοφώδους· ἔοικέ τε
+εἶναι μάχη τις καὶ στάσις. ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης
+φησὶ<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Nichomachean Ethics</hi> 7. 14. 1154 b.</note> διὰ τὸ τοιοῦτο [143] μήτε τὰς ἡδονὰς ὁμολογεῖν
+μήτε τὰς λύπας ἀλλήλαις ἐν ἡμῖν· τὸ γὰρ
+θατέρᾳ, φησί, τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν φύσεων ἡδὺ τῇ πρὸς
+ταύτην ἀντικειμένῃ πέφυκεν ἀλγεινόν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς
+θεοῖς οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον·<note place='foot'>τοιοῦτον Hertlein suggests, τούτων MSS.</note> οὐσίᾳ γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὑπάρχει
+τἀγαθὰ καὶ διηνεκῶς, οὐ ποτὲ μὲν, ποτὲ
+δ᾽ οὔ. πρῶτον οὖν ὅσαπερ ἔφαμεν, τὴν οὐσίαν
+αὐτοῦ παραστῆσαι βουλόμενοι, ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰρῆσθαι
+καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ ἐνεργειῶν νομιστέον.
+ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ὁ λόγος ἔοικεν
+ἀντιστρέφειν, ὅσα καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ
+καὶ ἐνεργειῶν ἐφεξῆς σκοποῦμεν, [B] ταῦτα οὐκ ἔργα
+μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐσίαν νομιστέον. εἰσὶ γάρ τοι
+<pb n='390'/><anchor id='Pg390'/><anchor id='Pg391'/>
+θεοὶ συγγενεῖς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συμφυεῖς, τὴν ἄχραντον
+οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ κορυφούμενοι, πληθυνόμενοι μὲν
+ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, περὶ αὐτὸν δὲ ἑνοειδῶς ὄντες.
+ἄκουε δὴ πρῶτον ὅσα φασὶν οἱ τὸν οὐρανὸν οὐχ
+ὥσπερ ἵπποι καὶ βόες ὁρῶντες ἤ τι τῶν ἀλόγων
+καὶ ἀμαθῶν ζῴων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀφανῆ
+πολυπραγμονοῦντες φύσιν· ἔτι δὲ πρὸ τούτων, εἴ
+σοι φίλον, [C] περὶ τῶν ὑπερκοσμίων δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ
+καὶ ἐνεργειῶν, καὶ ἐκ μυρίων τὸ πλῆθος ὀλίγα
+θέασαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(We must assume that what has just been said
+about his substance applies equally to his powers.<note place='foot'>The powers and activities of Helios are now described,
+142 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>
+For it cannot be that a god's substance is one thing,
+and his power another, and his activity, by Zeus, a
+third thing besides these. For all that he wills he is,
+and can do, and puts into action. For he does not
+will what is not, nor does he lack power to do what
+he wills, nor does he desire to put into action what
+he cannot. In the case of a human being, however,
+this is otherwise. For his is a two-fold contending
+nature of soul and body compounded into one, the
+former divine, the latter dark and clouded. Naturally,
+therefore, there is a battle and a feud between
+them. And Aristotle also says that this is why
+neither the pleasures nor the pains in us harmonise
+with one another. For he says that what is pleasant
+to one of the natures within us is painful to the
+nature which is its opposite. But among the gods
+there is nothing of this sort. For from their very
+nature what is good belongs to them, and perpetually,
+not intermittently. In the first place, then, all that
+I said when I tried to show forth his substance, I
+must be considered to have said about his powers
+and activities also. And since in such cases the
+argument is naturally convertible, all that I observe
+next in order concerning his powers and activities
+must be considered to apply not to his activities
+only, but to his substance also. For verily there
+are gods related to Helios and of like substance
+who sum up the stainless nature of this god, and
+though in the visible world they are plural, in
+him they are one. And now listen first to what
+they assert who look at the heavens, not like horses
+and cattle, or some other unreasoning and ignorant
+animal,<note place='foot'>cf. 148 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 47 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 529 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, where Plato
+distinguishes mere star-gazing from astronomy.</note> but from it draw their conclusions about the
+unseen world. But even before this, if you please,
+consider his supra-mundane powers and activities,
+and out of a countless number, observe but a few.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Πρώτη δὴ τῶν δυνάμεών ἐστιν αὐτοῦ, δι᾽ ἧς
+ὅλην δι᾽ ὅλης τὴν νοερὰν οὐσίαν, τὰς ἀκρότητας
+αὐτῆς εἰς ἓν καὶ ταὐτὸ συνάγων, ἀποφαίνει μίαν.
+ὅσπερ γὰρ περὶ τὸν αἰσθητόν ἐστι κόσμον ἐναργῶς
+κατανοῆσαι, πυρὸς καὶ γῆς εἰλημμένον ἀέρα
+καὶ ὕδωρ ἐν μέσῳ, τῶν ἄκρων σύνδεσμον, τοῦτο
+οὐκ ἄν τις εἰκότως [D] ἐπὶ τῆς πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων
+αἰτίας κεχωρισμένης, ἣ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχουσα τὴν
+ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἔστι γένεσις, οὕτω διατετάχθαι νομίσειεν,
+ὥστε καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις τὰς ἄκρας αἰτίας κεχωρισμένας
+πάντη τῶν σωμάτων ὑπό τινων μεσοτήτων
+εἰς ταὐτὸ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου συναγομένας
+ἑνοῦσθαι περὶ αὐτόν; συντρέχει δὲ αὐτῷ
+καὶ ἡ τοῦ Διὸς δημιουργικὴ δύναμις, δι᾽ ἣν ἔφαμεν
+καὶ πρότερον ἱδρῦσθαί τε αὐτοῖς ἐν Κύπρῳ καὶ
+ἀποδεδεῖχθαι κοινῇ τὰ τεμένη· [144] καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω
+δὲ αὐτὸν ἐμαρτυρόμεθα τῶν λόγων, ὃν εἰκὸς
+δήπουθεν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ φύσεως ἄμεινον εἰδέναι·
+<pb n='392'/><anchor id='Pg392'/><anchor id='Pg393'/>
+σύνεστι γὰρ καὶ οὗτος Ἡλίῳ καὶ ἐπικοινωνεῖ διὰ
+τὴν<note place='foot'>διὰ τὴν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τὴν MSS.</note> ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων καὶ τὸ μόνιμον τῆς
+οὐσίας καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ὂν τῆς ἐνεργείας.<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(First, then, of his powers is that through which
+he reveals the whole intellectual substance throughout
+as one, since he brings together its extremes.
+For even as in the world of sense-perception
+we can clearly discern air and water set between
+fire and earth,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 32 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>; Plato says that to make the universe
+solid, <q>God set air and water between fire and earth.</q></note> as the link that binds together
+the extremes, would one not reasonably suppose
+that, in the case of the cause which is separate
+from elements and prior to them&mdash;and though
+it is the principle of generation, is not itself
+generation&mdash;it is so ordered that, in that world also,
+the extreme causes which are wholly separate from
+elements are bound together into one through
+certain modes of mediation, by King Helios, and are
+united about him as their centre? And the creative
+power of Zeus also coincides with him, by reason of
+which in Cyprus, as I said earlier, shrines are founded
+and assigned to them in common. And Apollo
+himself also we called to witness to our statements,
+since it is certainly likely that he knows better than
+we about his own nature. For he too abides with
+Helios and is his colleague by reason of the singleness
+of his thoughts and the stability of his substance and
+the consistency of his activity.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν
+οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται χωρίζων ὁ θεὸς Ἡλίου· τούτῳ
+δὲ αὐτὴν ὑποτάττων ἀεὶ καὶ ἀποφαίνων σύνθρονον
+ἐξηγητὴς ἡμῖν ἐστι τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καλλίστων
+διανοημάτων. [B] πάσας δὲ ἐν αὑτῷ περιέχων ὁ θεὸς
+ὅδε τὰς ἀρχὰς τῆς καλλίστης νοερᾶς συγκράσεως
+Ἥλιος Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ Μουσηγέτης. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ
+ὅλην ἡμῖν τὴν τῆς εὐταξίας ζωὴν συμπληροῖ,
+γεννᾷ μὲν ἐν κόσμῳ τὸν Ἀσκληπιόν, ἔχει δὲ αὐτὸν
+καὶ πρὸ τοῦ κόσμου παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But Apollo too in no case appears to separate
+the dividing creative function of Dionysus<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>. 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Proclus on Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 203 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>, says
+that because Dionysus was torn asunder by the Titans, his
+function is to divide wholes into their parts and to separate
+the forms (εἴδη).</note> from
+Helios. And since he always subordinates it to
+Helios and so indicates that Dionysus<note place='foot'>Julian calls Dionysus the son of Helios 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, and the
+son of Zeus, <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 5. 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> is his partner
+on the throne, Apollo is the interpreter for us of the
+fairest purposes that are to be found with our god.
+Further Helios, since he comprehends in himself all
+the principles of the fairest intellectual synthesis, is
+himself Apollo the leader of the Muses. And since
+he fills the whole of our life with fair order, he
+begat Asclepios<note place='foot'>cf. 153 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, where Asclepios is called <q>the saviour of the
+All,</q> and <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi> 200 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> in the world, though even before
+the beginning of the world he had him by his
+side.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλὰ πολλὰς μὲν ἄν τις καὶ ἄλλας περὶ τὸν
+θεὸν τόνδε δυνάμεις θεωρῶν οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἐφίκοιτο
+πασῶν· ἀπόχρη δὲ τῆς μὲν χωριστῆς καὶ πρὸ τῶν
+σωμάτων ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν αἰτιῶν, αἳ κεχωρισμέναι
+τῆς φανερᾶς προϋπάρχουσι δημιουργίας,
+ἴσην Ἡλίῳ [C] καὶ Διὶ τὴν δυναστείαν καὶ μίαν
+ὑπάρχουσαν τεθεωρηκέναι, τὴν δὲ ἁπλότητα τῶν
+νοήσεων μετὰ τοῦ διαιωνίου καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ μονίμου
+ξὺν Ἀπόλλωνι τεθεαμένοις, τὸ δὲ μεριστὸν τῆς
+<pb n='394'/><anchor id='Pg394'/><anchor id='Pg395'/>
+δημιουργίας μετὰ τοῦ τὴν μεριστὴν ἐπιτροπεύοντος
+οὐσίαν Διονύσου, τὸ δὲ τῆς καλλίστης
+συμμετρίας καὶ νοερᾶς κράσεως περὶ τὴν τοῦ
+Μουσηγέτου δύναμιν τεθεωρηκόσι, τὸ συμπληροῦν
+δὲ τὴν εὐταξίαν τῆς ὅλης ζωῆς ξὺν Ἀσκληπιῳ
+νοοῦσι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But though one should survey many other powers
+that belong to this god, never could one investigate
+them all. It is enough to have observed the
+following: That there is an equal and identical
+dominion of Helios and Zeus over the separate
+creation which is prior to substances, in the region,
+that is to say, of the absolute causes which, separated
+from visible creation, existed prior to it; secondly
+we observed the singleness of his thoughts which is
+bound up with the imperishableness and abiding sameness
+that he shares with Apollo; thirdly, the dividing
+part of his creative function which he shares with
+Dionysus who controls divided substance; fourthly
+we have observed the power of the leader of the
+Muses, revealed in fairest symmetry and blending
+of the intellectual; finally we comprehended that
+Helios, with Asclepios, fulfils the fair order of the
+whole of life.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[D] Τοσαῦτα μὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν προκοσμίων αὐτοῦ
+δυνάμεων, ἔργα δὲ ὁμοταγῆ ταύταις ὑπὲρ τὸν
+ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπλήρωσις.
+ἐπειδὴ γάρ ἐστι γνήσιος ἔκγονος<note place='foot'>ἔκγονος MSS, ἔγγονος V, Hertlein.</note> τἀγαθοῦ, παραδεξάμενος
+παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τελείαν τὴν ἀγαθὴν μοῖραν,
+αὐτὸς ἅπασι τοῖς νοεροῖς διανέμει θεοῖς, ἀγαθοεργὸν
+καὶ τελείαν αὐτοῖς διδοὺς τὴν οὐσίαν. ἓν
+μὲν δὴ τουτί. δεύτερον δὲ ἔργον ἐστὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ
+τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους [145] ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς καὶ ἀσωμάτοις
+εἴδεσι τελειοτάτη διανομή. τῆς γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει
+φαινομένης οὐσίας γονίμου γεννᾶν ἐφιεμένης ἐν τῷ
+καλῷ καὶ ὑπεκτίθεσθαι τὸν τόκον, ἔτι ἀνάγκη
+προηγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ κάλλει τοῦτο αὐτὸ
+διαιωνίως καὶ ἀεὶ ποιοῦσαν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ νῦν μὲν,
+εἰσαῦθις δὲ οὔ, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν γεννῶσαν, αὖθις δὲ
+ἄγονον. ὅσα γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ποτὲ καλά, ταῦτα ἐν
+τοῖς νοητοῖς ἀεί. ῥητέον τοίνυν αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐν τοῖς
+φαινομένοις αἰτίας [B] γονίμου προκαθηγεῖσθαι τὸν ἐν
+τῷ νοερῷ καὶ διαιωνίῳ κάλλει τόκον ἀγέννητον, ὃν
+ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἔχει περὶ ἑαυτὸν ὑποστήσας, ᾧ καὶ
+τὸν τέλειον νοῦν διανέμει, καθάπερ ὄμμασιν ἐνδιδοὺς
+<pb n='396'/><anchor id='Pg396'/><anchor id='Pg397'/>
+διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς τὴν ὄψιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς
+νοητοῖς<note place='foot'>νοητοῖς Petavius adds.</note> διὰ τοῦ νοεροῦ παραδείγματος, ὃ προτείνει
+πολὺ φανότερον τῆς αἰθερίας αὐγῆς, πᾶσιν οἶμαι
+τοῖς νοεροῖς τὸ νοεῖν καὶ τὸ νοεῖσθαι παρέχει.
+ἑτέρα πρὸς ταύταις [C] ἐνέργεια θαυμαστὴ φαίνεται
+περὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἡ τοῖς κρείττοσι
+γένεσιν ἐνδιδομένη μοῖρα βελτῖων, ἀγγέλοις,<note place='foot'>cf. 141 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Letter to the Athenians</hi> 275 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note>
+δαίμοσιν, ἥρωσι ψυχαῖς τε μερισταῖς, ὁπόσαι
+μένουσιν ἐν παραδείγματος καὶ ἰδέας λόγῳ,
+μήποτε ἑαυτὰς διδοῦσαι σώματι. τὴν μὲν οὖν
+προκόσμιον οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ δυνάμεις τε αὐτοῦ
+καὶ ἔργα τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ὑμνοῦντες Ἥλιον,
+ἐφ᾽ ὅσον ἡμῖν [D] οἷόν τε ἦν ἐφικέσθαι τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν
+εὐφημίας σπεύδοντες, διεληλύθαμεν. ἐπεὶ δὲ
+ὄμματα, φησίν, ἀκοῆς ἐστι πιστότερα, καίτοι τῆς
+νοήσεως ὄντα γε ἀπιστότερα καὶ ἀσθενέστερα,
+φέρε καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐμφανοῦς αὐτοῦ δημιουργίας
+αἰτησάμενοι παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τὸ μετρίως εἰπεῖν
+πειραθῶμεν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(So much then in respect to those powers of his
+that existed before the beginning of the world; and
+co-ordinate with these are his works over the whole
+visible world, in that he fills it with good gifts. For
+since he is the genuine son of the Good and from it
+has received his blessed lot in fulness of perfection,
+he himself distributes that blessedness to the
+intellectual gods, bestowing on them a beneficent
+and perfect nature. This then is one of his works.
+And a second work of the god is his most perfect
+distribution of intelligible beauty among the intellectual
+and immaterial forms. For when the
+generative substance<note place='foot'>The sun.</note> which is visible in our world
+desires to beget in the Beautiful<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Symposium</hi> 206 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> τόκος ἐν καλῷ.</note> and to bring forth
+offspring, it is further necessary that it should be
+guided by the substance that, in the region of
+intelligible beauty, does this very thing eternally and
+always and not intermittently, now fruitful now
+barren. For all that is beautiful in our world only
+at times, is beautiful always in the intelligible world.
+We must therefore assert that the ungenerated
+offspring in beauty intelligible and eternal guides
+the generative cause in the visible world; which
+offspring<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> Intellectual Helios.</note> this god<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> Intelligible Helios.</note> called into existence and keeps at
+his side, and to it he assigns also perfect reason.
+For just as through his light he gives sight to our
+eyes, so also among the intelligible gods through his
+intellectual counterpart&mdash;which he causes to shine
+far more brightly than his rays in our upper air&mdash;he
+bestows, as I believe, on all the intellectual gods the
+faculty of thought and of being comprehended by
+thought. Besides these, another marvellous activity
+of Helios the King of the All is that by which he
+endows with superior lot the nobler races&mdash;I mean
+angels, daemons,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 713 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi> defines daemons as a race superior to
+men but inferior to gods; they were created to watch over
+human affairs; Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Letter to Themistius</hi> 258 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> echoes
+Plato's description; cf. Plotinus 3. 5. 6; pseudo-Iamblichus,
+<hi rend='italic'>De Mysteriis</hi> 1. 20. 61; Julian 2. 90 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> heroes, and those divided souls<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the individual souls; by using this term, derived
+from the Neo-Platonists and Iamblichus, Julian implies that
+there is an indivisible world soul; cf. Plotinus 4. 8. 8 ἡ μὲν
+ὅλη (ψυχὴ) ... αἱ δὲ ἑν μέρει γενόμεναι.</note>
+which remain in the category of model and archetype
+and never give themselves over to bodies. I have
+now described the substance of our god that is prior
+to the world and his powers and activities, celebrating
+Helios the King of the All in so far as it was possible
+for me to compass his praise. But since eyes, as the
+saying goes, are more trustworthy than hearing&mdash;although
+they are of course less trustworthy and
+weaker than the intelligence&mdash;come, let me endeavour
+to tell also of his visible creative function;
+but let first me entreat him to grant that I speak
+with some measure of success.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὕπέστη μὲν οὖν περὶ αὐτὸν ὁ φαινόμενος ἐξ
+αἰῶνος κόσμος, ἕδραν δὲ ἔχει τὸ περικόσμιον φῆς
+ἐξ αἰῶνος, οὐχὶ νῦν μέν, τότε δὲ οὔ, οὐδὲ ἄλλοτε
+ἄλλως, ἀεὶ δὲ ὡσαύτως. ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις ταύτην τὴν
+<pb n='398'/><anchor id='Pg398'/><anchor id='Pg399'/>
+διαιώνιον φύσιν ἄχρις ἐπινοίας ἐθελήσειε χρονικῶς
+κατανοῆσαι, [146] τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον
+ἀθρόως καταλάμποντα ῥᾷστα ἂν γνοίη, πόσων
+αἴτιός ἐστι δι᾽ αἰῶνος ἀγαθῶν τῷ κόσμῳ. οἶδα
+μὲν οὗν καὶ Πλάτωνα τὸν μέγαν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον
+ἄνδρα τοῖς χρόνοις, οὔτι μὴν τῇ φύσει καταδεέστερον·
+τὸν Χαλκιδέα φημί, τὸν Ἰάμβλιχον·
+ὃς ἡμᾶς τά τε ἄλλα περὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν καὶ δὴ
+καὶ ταῦτα διὰ τῶν λόγων ἐμύησεν, ἄχρις ὑποθέσεως
+τῷ γεννητῷ προσχρωμένους καὶ οἱονεὶ
+χρονικήν τινα [B] τὴν ποίησιν ὑποτιθεμένους, ἵνα τὸ
+μέγεθος τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ γινομένων ἔργων ἐπινοηθείη.
+πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῆς ἐκείνων ἀπολειπομένῳ
+παντάπασι δυνάμεως οὐδαμῶς ἐστι παρακινδυνευτέον,
+ἐπείπερ ἀκίνδυνον οὐδὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μέχρι
+ψιλῆς ὑποθέσεως χρονικήν τινα περὶ τὸν κόσμον
+ὑποθέσθαι ποίησιν ὁ κλεινὸς ἤρως ἐνόμισεν Ἰάμβλιχος.
+πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ὁ θεὸς ἐξ αἰωνίου
+προῆλθεν αἰτίας, μᾶλλον δὲ προήγαγε πάντα
+ἐξ αἰῶνος, [C] ἀπὸ τῶν ἀφανῶν τὰ φανερὰ βουλήσει
+θείᾳ καὶ ἀρρήτῳ τάχει καὶ ἀνυπερβλήτῳ δυνάμει
+πάντα ἀθρόως ἐν τῷ νῦν ἀπογεννήσας χρόνῳ,
+ἀπεκληρώσατο μὲν οἷον οἰκειοτέραν ἕδραν τὸ
+μέσον οὐρανοῦ, ἵνα πανταχόθεν ἴσα διανέμῃ
+τἀγαθὰ τοῖς ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ προελθοῦσι
+θεοῖς, ἐπιτροπεύῃ δὲ τὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ τὴν ὀγδόην
+<pb n='400'/><anchor id='Pg400'/><anchor id='Pg401'/>
+οὐρανοῦ κυκλοφορίαν, ἐνάτην τε οἶμαι δημιουργίαν
+τὴν ἐν γενέσει καὶ φθορᾷ συνεχεῖ διαιωνίως
+ἀνακυκλουμένην γένεσιν. οἵ τε γὰρ πλάνητες
+εὔδηλον ὅτι περὶ [D] αὐτὸν χορεύοντες μέτρον ἔχουσι
+τῆς κινήσεως τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τόνδε τοιάνδε
+περὶ τὰ σχήματα συμφωνίαν, ὅ τε ὅλος οὐρανὸς
+αὐτῷ κατὰ πάντα συναρμοζόμενος ἑαυτοῦ τὰ
+μέρη θεῶν ἐστιν ἐξ Ἡλίου πλήρης. ἔστι
+γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ὅδε πέντε μὲν κύκλων ἄρχων κατ᾽
+οὐρανόν, τρεῖς δὲ ἐκ τούτων ἐπιὼν ἐν τρισὶ
+τρεῖς γεννᾷ τὰς χάριτας· οἱ λειπόμενοι δὲ
+μεγάλης ἀνάγκης εἰσὶ πλάστιγγες. [147] ἀξύνετον
+ἴσως λέγω τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ὥσπερ δέον μόνον τὰ
+συνήθη καὶ γνώριμα λέγειν· οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῦτό
+ἐστιν, ὡς ἄν τις ὑπολάβοι, παντελῶς ξένον. οἱ
+Διόσκουροι τίνες ὑμῖν εἰσιν, ὦ σοφώτατοι καὶ
+ἀβασανίστως τὰ πολλὰ παραδεχόμενοι; οὐχ
+ἑτερήμεροι<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 11, 303; Philo Judaeus, <hi rend='italic'>De Decalogo</hi> 2. 190, τόν
+τε οὐρανὸν εἰς ἡμισφαίρια τῷ λόγῳ διχῇ διανείμαντες, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ
+γῆς τὸ δ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς, Διοσκούρους ἐκάλεσαν τὸ περὶ τῆς ἑτερημέρου
+ζωῆς αὐτῶν προστερατευσάμενοι διήγημα.</note> λέγονται, διότι μὴ θέμις ὁρᾶσθαι τῆς
+αὐτῆς ἡμέρας; ὑμεῖς ὅπως ἀκούετε εὔδηλον ὅτι
+τῆς χθὲς καὶ τήμερον. εἶτα τί νοεῖ τοῦτο, πρὸς
+αὐτῶν τῶν Διοσκούρων; ἐφαρμόσωμεν αὐτὸ φύσει
+<pb n='402'/><anchor id='Pg402'/><anchor id='Pg403'/>
+τινὶ καὶ πράγματι, κενὸν<note place='foot'>κενὸν Hertlein suggests, καινὸν Mb, κοινὸν MSS.</note> [B] ἵνα μηδὲν μηδὲ ἀνόητον
+λέγωμεν. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν εὕροιμεν ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάζοντες·
+οὐδὲ γὰρ ὡς ὑπέλαβον εἰρῆσθαί τινες πρὸς
+τῶν θεολόγων ἡμισφαίρια τοῦ παντὸς τὰ δύο
+λόγον ἔχει τινά· πῶς γάρ ἐστιν ἑτερήμερον αὐτῶν
+ἕκαστον οὐδὲ ἐπινοῆσαι ῥᾴδιον, ἡμέρας ἑκάστης
+ἀνεπαισθήτου τῆς κατὰ τὸν φωτισμὸν αὐτῶν
+παραυξήσεως γινομένης. σκεψώμεθα δὲ νῦν ὑπὲρ
+ὧν αὐτοὶ καινοτομεῖν ἴσως τῳ δοκοῦμεν. τῆς
+αὐτῆς ἡμέρας ἐκεῖνοι [C] μετέχειν ὀρθῶς ἂν ῥηθεῖεν,
+ὁπόσοις ἴσος ἐστὶν ὁ τῆς ὑπὲρ γῆν ἡλίου πορείας
+χρόνος ἐν ἑνὶ καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ μηνί. ὁράτω τις οὖν, εἰ
+μὴ τὸ ἑτερήμερον τοῖς κύκλοις ἐφαρμόζει τοῖς τε
+ἄλλοις καὶ τοῖς τροπικοῖς. ὑπολήψεται τις· οὐκ
+ἴσον ἐστιν. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀεὶ φαίνονται, καὶ τοῖς
+τὴν ἀντίσκιον οἰκοῦσι γῆν ἀμφοτέροις ἀμφότεροι,
+τῶν δὲ οἱ θάτερον ὁρῶντες οὐδαμῶς ὁρῶσι θάτερον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(From eternity there subsisted, surrounding Helios,
+the visible world, and from eternity the light that
+encompasses the world has its fixed station, not
+shining intermittently, nor in different ways at different
+times, but always in the same manner. And
+if one desired to comprehend, as far as the mind
+may, this eternal nature from the point of view of
+time, one would understand most easily of how many
+blessings for the world throughout eternity he is the
+cause, even Helios the King of the All who shines
+without cessation. Now I am aware that the great
+philosopher Plato,<note place='foot'> <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 37 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; when the Creator had made the universe,
+he invented Time as an attribute of <q>divided substance.</q></note> and after him a man who, though
+he is later in time, is by no means inferior to him in
+genius&mdash;I mean Iamblichus<note place='foot'>For Julian's debt to Iamblichus cf. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 157 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> of Chalcis, who through
+his writings initiated me not only into other philosophic
+doctrines but these also&mdash;I am aware, I say,
+that they employed as a hypothesis the conception
+of a generated world, and assumed for it, so to speak,
+a creation in time in order that the magnitude of
+the works that arise from Helios might be recognised.
+But apart from the fact that I fall short altogether
+of their ability, I must by no means be so rash;
+especially since the glorious hero Iamblichus thought
+it was not without risk to assume, even as a bare
+hypothesis, a temporal limit for the creation of the
+world. Nay rather, the god came forth from an
+eternal cause, or rather brought forth all things from
+everlasting, engendering by his divine will and with
+untold speed and unsurpassed power, from the invisible
+all things now visible in present time. And
+then he assigned as his own station the mid-heavens,
+in order that from all sides he may bestow equal
+blessings on the gods who came forth by his agency
+and in company with him; and that he may guide
+the seven spheres<note place='foot'>Kronos, Zeus, Ares, Helios, Aphrodite, Hermes, Selene
+are the seven planets; cf. 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. Though Helios guides the
+others he is counted with them.</note> in the heavens and the eighth
+sphere<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the fixed stars; cf. Iamblichus, <hi rend='italic'>Theologumena
+arithmeticae</hi> 56. 4 ἡ περιέχουσα τὰ πάντα σφαῖρα ὀγδόη, <q>the
+eighth sphere that encompasses all the rest.</q></note> also, yes and as I believe the ninth creation
+too, namely our world which revolves for ever in a
+continuous cycle of birth and death. For it is
+evident that the planets, as they dance in a circle
+about him, preserve as the measure of their motion a
+harmony between this god and their own movements
+such as I shall now describe; and that the whole
+heaven also, which adapts itself to him in all its
+parts, is full of gods who proceed from Helios. For
+this god is lord of five zones in the heavens; and
+when he traverses three of these he begets in those
+three the three Graces.<note place='foot'>The Graces are often associated with Spring; Julian
+seems to be describing obscurely the annual course of the sun.</note> And the remaining zones
+are the scales of mighty Necessity.<note place='foot'>Necessity played an important part in the cult of
+Mithras and was sometimes identified with the constellation
+Virgo who holds the scales of Justice.</note> To the Greeks
+what I say is perhaps incomprehensible&mdash;as though
+one were obliged to say to them only what is known
+and familiar. Yet not even is this altogether strange
+to them as one might suppose. For who, then, in
+your opinion, are the Dioscuri,<note place='foot'>For the adoption of the Dioscuri into the Mithraic cult
+see Cumont. Julian does not give his own view, though he
+rejects that of the later Greek astronomers. Macrobius,
+<hi rend='italic'>Saturnalia</hi> 1. 21. 22 identifies them with the sun.</note> O ye most wise, ye
+who accept without question so many of your traditions?
+Do you not call them <q>alternate of days,</q>
+because they may not both be seen on the same day?
+It is obvious that by this you mean <q>yesterday</q> and
+<q>to-day.</q> But what does this mean, in the name
+of those same Dioscuri? Let me apply it to some
+natural object, so that I may not say anything empty
+and senseless. But no such object could one find,
+however carefully one might search for it. For the
+theory that some have supposed to be held by the
+theogonists, that the two hemispheres of the universe
+are meant, has no meaning. For how one could call
+each one of the hemispheres <q>alternate of days</q> is
+not easy to imagine, since the increase of their light
+in each separate day is imperceptible. But now let
+us consider a question on which some may think that
+I am innovating. We say correctly that those persons
+for whom the time of the sun's course above the
+earth is the same in one and the same month share
+the same day. Consider therefore whether the
+expression <q>alternate of days</q> cannot be applied
+both to the tropics and the other, the polar, circles.
+But some one will object that it does not apply
+equally to both. For though the former are always
+visible, and both of them are visible at once to those
+who inhabit that part of the earth where shadows
+are cast in an opposite direction,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the torrid zone. On the equator in the winter months
+shadows fall due north at noon, in the summer months due
+south; this is more or less true of the whole torrid zone; cf.
+ἀμφίσκιος which has the same meaning.</note> yet in the case of
+the latter those who see the one do not see the
+other.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[D] Ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ πλείω περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν λέγων
+διατρίβω, τὰς τροπὰς ἐργαζόμενος, ὥσπερ ἴσμεν,
+πατὴρ ὡρῶν ἐστιν, οὐκ ἀπολείπων δὲ οὐδαμῶς
+τοὺς πόλους Ὠκεανὸς ἂν εἴη, διπλῆς ἡγεμὼν
+οὐσίας. μῶν ἀσαφές τι καὶ τοῦτο λέγομεν,
+ἐπείπερ πρὸ ἡμῶν αὐτὸ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἔφη·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, not to dwell too long on the same subject;
+since he causes the winter and summer solstice,
+Helios is, as we know, the father of the seasons;
+and since he never forsakes the poles, he is Oceanus,
+the lord of two-fold substance. My meaning here
+is not obscure, is it, seeing that before my time
+Homer said the same thing?
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ὠκεανοῦ, ὅσπερ γένεσις πάντεσσι τέτυκται,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 14. 246.</note></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>Oceanus who is the
+father of all things</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+θνητῶν τε θεῶν θ᾽, ὡς ἂν αὐτὸς φαίη, μακάρων;
+<pb n='404'/><anchor id='Pg404'/><anchor id='Pg405'/>
+ἀληθῶς. [148] ἒν γὰρ τῶν πάντων οὐδέν ἐστιν, ὃ μὴ
+τῆς Ὠκεανοῦ πέφυκεν οὐσίας ἔκγονον. ἀλλὰ τί
+τοῦτο πρὸς τοὺς πόλους; βούλει σοι φράσω;
+καίτοι σιωπᾶσθαι κρεῖσσον ἦν· εἰρήσεται δὲ
+ὅμως.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(yes, for mortals and for the
+blessed gods too, as he himself would say; and what
+he says is true. For there is no single thing in the
+whole of existence that is not the offspring of the
+substance of Oceanus. But what has that to do with
+the poles? Shall I tell you? It were better indeed
+to keep silence<note place='foot'>For the affectation of mystery cf. 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 159 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 172 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note>; but for all that I will speak.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Λέγεται γοῦν, εἰ καὶ μὴ πάντες ἑτοίμως ἀποδέχονται,
+ὁ δίσκος ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνάστρου φέρεσθαι πολὺ
+τῆς ἀπλανοῦς ὑψηλότερος· καὶ οὕτω δὴ<note place='foot'>δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</note> τῶν μὲν
+πλανωμένων οὐχ ἕξει τὸ μέσον, τριῶν δὲ τῶν κόσμων
+κατὰ τὰς τελεστικὰς [B] ὑποθέσεις, εἰ χρὴ τὰ
+τοιαῦτα καλεῖν ὑποθέσεις, ἀλλὰ μὴ ταῦτα μὲν
+δόγματα, τὰ δὲ τῶν σφαιρικῶν ὑποθέσεις. οἱ μὲν
+γὰρ θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων μεγάλων δή τινων ἀκούσαντές
+φασιν, οἱ δὲ ὑποτίθενται τὸ πιθανὸν ἐκ τῆς
+πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα συμφωνίας. αἰνεῖν μὲν οὖν
+ἄξιον καὶ τούσδε, πιστεύειν δὲ ἐκείνοις ὅτῳ
+βέλτιον εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῦτον ἐγὼ παίζων καὶ σπουδάζων
+ἄγαμαί τε καὶ τεθαύμακα. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν
+δὴ ταύτῃ, φασί.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Some say then, even though all men are not
+ready to believe it, that the sun travels in the starless
+heavens far above the region of the fixed stars.
+And on this theory he will not be stationed midmost
+among the planets but midway between the three
+worlds: that is, according to the hypothesis of the
+mysteries, if indeed one ought to use the word
+<q>hypothesis</q> and not rather say <q>established truths,</q>
+using the word <q>hypothesis</q> for the study of the
+heavenly bodies. For the priests of the mysteries tell
+us what they have been taught by the gods or mighty
+daemons, whereas the astronomers make plausible
+hypotheses from the harmony that they observe in
+the visible spheres. It is proper, no doubt, to
+approve the astronomers as well, but where any
+man thinks it better to believe the priests of the
+mysteries, him I admire and revere, both in jest
+and earnest. And so much for that, as the saying
+is.<note place='foot'>Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Demosthenes</hi> 4, quotes this phrase as peculiarly
+Platonic; cf. Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 676 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[C] Πολὺ δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔφην πλῆθός ἐστι περὶ τὸν
+οὐρανὸν θεῶν, οὓς κατενόησαν οἱ τὸν οὐρανὸν μὴ
+παρέργως μηδὲ ὥσπερ τὰ βοσκήματα θεωροῦντες.<note place='foot'>cf. 143 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> and note.</note>
+τοὺς τρεῖς γὰρ τετραχῇ τέμνων διὰ τῆς τοῦ ζῳοφόρου
+<pb n='406'/><anchor id='Pg406'/><anchor id='Pg407'/>
+κύκλου πρὸς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν κοινωνίας τοῦτον
+αὖθις τὸν ζῳοφόρον εἰς δώδεκα θεῶν δυνάμεις
+διαιρεῖ, καὶ μέντοι τούτων ἕκαστον εἰς τρεῖς, ὥστε
+ποιεῖν ἓξ ἐπὶ τοῖς τριάκοντα. ἔνθεν οἶμαι καθήκει
+ἄνωθεν ἡμῖν ἐξ οὐρανῶν [D] τριπλῆ χαρίτων δόσις, ἐκ
+τῶν κύκλων, οὗς ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τετραχῇ τέμνων τὴν
+τετραπλῆν ἐπιπέμπει τῶν ὡρῶν ἀγλαΐαν, αἳ δὴ
+τὰς τροπὰς ἔχουσι τῶν καιρῶν. κύκλον τοι καὶ
+αἱ Χάριτες ἐπὶ γῆς διὰ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων μιμοῦνται.
+χαριτοδότης<note place='foot'>χαριτοδότης Spanheim, χαριδότης Hertlein, MSS.</note> δέ ἐστιν ὁ Διόνυσος ἐς ταὐτὸ λεγόμενος
+Ἡλίῳ συμβασιλεύειν. τύ οὖν ἔτι σοι τὸν
+Ὧρον λέγω καὶ τἇλλα θεῶν ὀνόματα, τὰ πάντα
+Ἡλίῳ προσήκοντα; συνῆκαν γὰρ ἅνθρωποι τὸν θεὸν
+ἐξ ὧν ὁ θεὸς [149] ὅδε ἐργάζεται, τὸν σύμπαντα οὐρανὸν
+τοῖς νοεροῖς ἀγαθοῖς τελειωσάμενος καὶ μεταδοὺς
+αὐτῷ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους, ἀρξάμενοί τε ἐκεῖθεν
+ὅλον τε αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ μέρη τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁδρᾷ<note place='foot'>ἁδρᾷ Hertlein suggests, ἀνδρῶν MSS.</note>
+δόσει. πᾶσαν γὰρ ἐπιτροπεύει<note place='foot'>ἐπιτροπεύει Wright, ἐπιτροπεύουσι Hertlein, MSS lacuna
+Petavius.</note> κίνησιν ἄχρι τῆς
+τελευταίας τοῦ κόσμου λ\ηξεως· φύσιν τε καὶ
+ψυχὴν καὶ πᾶν ὅ,τι ποτέ ἐστι, πάντα πανταχοῦ
+τελειοῦται. τὴν δὲ τοσαύτην στρατιὰν τῶν θεῶν
+εἰς μίαν ἡγεμονικὴν [B] ἕνωσιν συντάξας Ἀθηνᾷ
+Προνοίᾳ παρέδωκεν, ἣν ὁ μὲν μῦθός φησιν ἐκ τῆς
+<pb n='408'/><anchor id='Pg408'/><anchor id='Pg409'/>
+τοῦ Διὸς γενέσθαι κορυφῆς, ἡμεῖς δὲ ὅλην ἐξ ὅλου
+τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου προβληθῆναι συνεχομένην ἐν
+αὐτῷ, ταύτῃ διαφέροντες τοῦ μύθου, ὅτι μὴ ἐκ
+τοῦ ἀκροτάτου μέρους, ὅλην δὲ ἐξ ὅλου· ἐπεὶ
+τἆλλά γε οὐδὲν διαφέρειν Ἡλίου Δία νομίζοντες
+ὁμολογοῦμεν τῇ παλαιᾷ φήμῃ. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ
+Πρόνοιαν Ἀθηνᾶν λέγοντες οὐ καινοτομοῦμεν,
+εἴπερ ὀρθῶς ἀκούομεν·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now besides those whom I have mentioned, there
+is in the heavens a great multitude of gods who have
+been recognised as such by those who survey the
+heavens, not casually, nor like cattle. For as he
+divides the three spheres by four through the zodiac,<note place='foot'>Literally <q>life-bringer,</q> Aristotle's phrase for the zodiac.</note>
+which is associated with every one of the three,
+so he divides the zodiac also into twelve divine
+powers; and again he divides every one of these
+twelve by three, so as to make thirty-six gods in<note place='foot'>cf. Zeller, <hi rend='italic'>Philosophie der Griechen</hi> III. 2, p. 753, notes.</note> all.
+Hence, as I believe, there descends from above,
+from the heavens to us, a three-fold gift of the
+Graces: I mean from the spheres, for this god, by
+thus dividing them by four, sends to us the fourfold
+glory of the seasons, which express the
+changes of time. And indeed on our earth the
+Graces imitate a circle<note place='foot'>There is a play on the word κύκλος, which means both
+<q>sphere</q> and <q>circle.</q></note> in their statues. And it
+is Dionysus who is the giver of the Graces, and in
+this very connection he is said to reign with Helios.
+Why should I go on to speak to you of Horus<note place='foot'>The Egyptian sun-god, whose worship was introduced
+first into Greece and later at Rome.</note> and
+of the other names of gods, which all belong to
+Helios? For from his works men have learned to
+know this god, who makes the whole heavens perfect
+through the gift of intellectual blessings, and gives
+it a share of intelligible beauty; and taking the
+heavens as their starting-point, they have learned to
+know him both as a whole and his parts also, from
+his abundant bestowal of good gifts. For he
+exercises control over all movement, even to the
+lowest plane of the universe. And everywhere he
+makes all things perfect, nature and soul and
+everything that exists. And marshalling together
+this great army of the gods into a single commanding
+unity, he handed it over to Athene Pronoia<note place='foot'>Athene as goddess of Forethought was worshipped at
+Delphi, but her earlier epithet was προναία <q>whose statue is
+in front of the temple</q>; cf. Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Eumenides</hi> 21,
+Herodotus 8. 37; late writers often confuse these forms.
+Julian applies the epithet πρόνοια to the mother of the gods
+179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, and to Prometheus 182 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; cf. 131 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> who,
+as the legend says, sprang from the head of Zeus, but
+I say that she was sent forth from Helios whole from
+the whole of him, being contained within him; though
+I disagree with the legend only so far as I assert that
+she came forth not from his highest part, but whole
+from the whole of him. For in other respects,
+since I believe that Zeus is in no wise different from
+Helios, I agree with that ancient tradition. And
+in using this very phrase Athene Pronoia, I am not
+innovating, if I rightly understand the words:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ἵκετο δ᾽ ἐς Πυθῶνα καὶ ἐς Γλαυκῶπα Προνοίην.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>He came to Pytho and to grey-eyed Pronoia.</q><note place='foot'>This verse was quoted from an unknown source by
+Eustathius on <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 1. p. 83. <q>The Grey-eyed</q> is a name
+of Athene.</note>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+[C] οὕτως ἄρα καὶ τοῖς παλαιοῖς ἐφαίνετο Ἀθηνᾶ
+Πρόνοια σύνθρονος Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ νομιζομένῳ
+μηδὲν Ἡλίου διαφέρειν. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ θείᾳ
+μοίρᾳ τοῦτο Ὅμηρος· ἦν γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, θεόληπτος·
+ἀπεμαντεύσατο πολλαχοῦ τῆς ποιήσεως·
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(This proves that the ancients also thought that
+Athene Pronoia shared the throne of Apollo, who,
+as we believe, differs in no way from Helios.
+Indeed, did not Homer by divine inspiration&mdash;for
+he was, we may suppose, possessed by a god&mdash;reveal
+this truth, when he says often in his poems:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Τιοίμην δ᾽ ὡς τίετ᾽ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἀπόλλων,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 538; 13. 827.</note></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>May
+I be honoured even as Athene and Apollo were
+honoured</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+ὑπὸ Διὸς δήπουθεν, ὅσπερ ἐστὶν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἡλίῳ;
+καθάπερ δ᾽<note place='foot'>δ᾽ Hertlein adds.</note> ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀπόλλων ἐπικοινωνεῖ
+διὰ τῆς ἁπλότητος τῶν νοήσεων Ἡλίῳ, οὕτω δὲ
+καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν [D] νομιστέον ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ παραδεξαμένην
+τὴν οὐσίαν οὖσάν τε αὐτοῦ τελείαν νόησιν
+συνάπτειν μὲν τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἥλιον θεοὺς αὖ τῷ
+βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ δίχα συγχύσεως εἰς
+<pb n='410'/><anchor id='Pg410'/><anchor id='Pg411'/>
+ἕνωσιν, αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν ζωὴν
+ἁπ᾽ ἅκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ διὰ τῶν ἑπτὰ κύκλων
+ἄχρι τῆς Σελήνης [150] νέμουσαν ἐποχετεύειν, ἣν ἡ θεὸς
+ἥδε τῶν κυκλικῶν οὖσαν σωμάτων ἐσχάτην ἐπλήρωσε
+τῆς φρονήσεως, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἡ Σελήνη τά τε ὑπὲρ
+τὸν οὐρανὸν θεωρεῖ νοητὰ καὶ τὰ ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτὴν
+κοσμοῦσα τὴν ὕλην τοῖς εἴδεσιν ἀναιρεῖ τὸ θηριῶδες
+αὐτῆς καὶ ταραχῶδες καὶ ἄτακτον. ἀνθρώποις
+δὲ ἀγαθὰ δίδωσιν Ἀθηνᾶ σοφίαν τό<note place='foot'>τὸ Hertlein adds.</note> τε
+νοεῖν καὶ τὰς δημιουργικὰς τέχνας. κατοικεῖ δὲ
+τὰς ἀκροπόλεις αὕτη δήπουθεν καταστησαμένη
+τὴν πολιτικὴν διὰ σοφίας κοινωνίαν. [B] ὀλίγα ἔτι
+περὶ Ἀφροδίτης, ἣν συνεφάπτεσθαι τῆς δημιουργίας
+τῷ θεῷ Φοινίκων ὁμολογοῦσιν οἱ λόγιοι, καὶ
+ἐγὼ πείθομαι. ἔστι δὴ οὖν αὕτη σύγκρασις τῶν
+οὐρανίων θεῶν, καὶ τῆς ἁρμονίας αὐτῶν ἔτι φιλία
+καὶ ἕνωσις. Ἡλίου γὰρ ἐγγὺς οὖσα καὶ συμπεριθέουσα
+καὶ πλησιάζουσα πληροῖ μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν
+εὐκρασίας, ἐνδίδωσι δὲ τὸ γόνιμον τῇ γῇ, προμηθουμένη
+καὶ αὐτὴ τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τῶν ζῴων, ἧς ὁ
+μὲν βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος ἔχει τὴν πρωτουργὸν αἰτίαν,
+ἀφροδίτη δὲ αὐτῷ συναίτιος, [C] ἡ θέλγουσα μὲν τὰς
+ψυχὰς ἡμῶν σὺν εὐφροσύνῃ, καταπέμπουσα δὲ
+εἰς γῆν ἐξ αἰθέρος αὐγὰς ἡδίστας καὶ ἀκηράτους
+<pb n='412'/><anchor id='Pg412'/><anchor id='Pg413'/>
+αὐτοῦ τοῦ χρυσίου στιλπνοτέρας. ἔτι ἐπιμετρῆσαι<note place='foot'>ἐπιμετρῆσαι Hertlein suggests, μετριάσαι MSS.</note>
+βούλομαι τῆς Φοινίκων θεολογίας· εἰ δὲ μὴ
+μάτην, ὁ λόγος προïὼν δείξει. οἱ τὴν Ἔμεσαν<note place='foot'>Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, cf. 154 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, Ἔδεσσαν MSS.</note>
+οἰκοῦντες, ἱερὸν ἐξ αἰῶνος Ἡλίου χωρίον, Μόνιμον
+αὐτῷ καὶ Ἄζιζον συγκαθιδρύουσιν. [D] αἰνίττεσθαί
+φησιν Ἰάμβλιχος, παρ᾽ οὗ καὶ τᾶλλα
+πάντα ἐκ πολλῶν μικρὰ ἐλάβομεν, ὡς ὁ Μόνιμος
+μὲν Ἑρμῆς εἴη, Ἄζιζος δὲ Ἄρης, Ἡλίου πάρεδροι,
+πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ τῷ περὶ γῆν ἐποχετεύοντες
+τόπῳ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(&mdash;by Zeus, that is to say, who is identical
+with Helios? And just as King Apollo, through
+the singleness of his thoughts, is associated with
+Helios, so also we must believe that Athene<note place='foot'>On Athene cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 230 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>
+235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> has
+received her nature from Helios, and that she is
+his intelligence in perfect form: and so she binds
+together the gods who are assembled about Helios
+and brings them without confusion into unity with
+Helios, the King of the All: and she distributes and
+is the channel for stainless and pure life throughout
+the seven spheres, from the highest vault of the
+heavens as far as Selene the Moon:<note place='foot'>cf. 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. Julian derives his theory of the position and
+functions of the moon from Iamblichus; cf. Proclus on
+Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 258 f.</note> for Selene
+is the last of the heavenly spheres which Athene
+fills with wisdom: and by her aid Selene beholds the
+intelligible which is higher than the heavens, and
+adorns with its forms the realm of matter that lies
+below her, and thus she does away with its savagery
+and confusion and disorder. Moreover to mankind
+Athene gives the blessings of wisdom and intelligence
+and the creative arts. And surely she dwells
+in the capitols of cities because, through her wisdom,
+she has established the community of the state. I
+have still to say a few words about Aphrodite, who, as
+the wise men among the Phoenicians affirm, and as I
+believe, assists Helios in his creative function. She
+is, in very truth, a synthesis of the heavenly gods,
+and in their harmony she is the spirit of love and
+unity.<note place='foot'>cf. 154 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, and Proclus on Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 155 <hi rend='smallcaps'>f</hi>, 259 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>,
+where Aphrodite is called <q>the binding goddess</q> συνδετικήν,
+and <q>harmoniser</q> συναρμοστικήν.</note> For she<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> as the planet Venus.</note> is very near to Helios, and when
+she pursues the same course as he and approaches
+him, she fills the skies with fair weather and gives
+generative power to the earth: for she herself takes
+thought for the continuous birth of living things.
+And though of that continuous birth King Helios is
+the primary creative cause, yet Aphrodite is the
+joint cause with him, she who enchants our souls
+with her charm and sends down to earth from the
+upper air rays of light most sweet and stainless, aye,
+more lustrous than gold itself. I desire to mete out
+to you still more of the theology of the Phoenicians,
+and whether it be to some purpose my argument as
+it proceeds will show. The inhabitants of Emesa,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi> 313 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> 357 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>. Emesa in Syria was
+famous for its temple to Baal, the sun-god. The Emperor
+Heliogabalus (218-222 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) was born at Emesa and was, as
+his name indicates, a priest of Baal, whose worship he
+attempted to introduce at Rome.</note> a
+place from time immemorial sacred to Helios, associate
+with Helios in their temples Monimos and Azizos.<note place='foot'>The <q>strong god,</q> identified with the star Lucifer.</note>
+Iamblichus, from whom I have taken this and all
+besides, a little from a great store, says that the
+secret meaning to be interpreted is that Monimos
+is Hermes and Azizos Ares, the assessors of Helios,
+who are the channel for many blessings to the
+region of our earth.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ
+τοιαῦτά ἐστι, καὶ διὰ τούτων ἐπιτελούμενα μέχρι
+τῶν τῆς γῆς προήκει τελευταίων ὅρων· ὅσα δὲ
+ὑπὸ τὴν Σελήνην ἐργάζεται, μακρὸν ἂν εἴη τὰ
+πάντα ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι. πλὴν ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ καὶ
+ταῦτα ῥητέον. [151] οἶδα μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε καὶ πρότερον
+μνημονεύσας, ὁπηνίκα ἠξίουν ἐκ τῶν φαινομένων
+τὰ ἀφανῆ περὶ τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ σκοπεῖν οὐσίας, ὁ
+λόγος δὲ ἀπαιτεῖ με καὶ νῦν ἐν τάξει περὶ αὐτῶν
+δηλῶσαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Such then are the works of Helios in the heavens,
+and, when completed by means of the gods whom I
+have named, they reach even unto the furthest
+bounds of the earth. But to tell the number of all
+his works in the region below the moon would take
+too long. Nevertheless I must describe them also in
+a brief summary. Now I am aware that I mentioned
+them earlier when I claimed<note place='foot'>133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 138 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> that from things visible
+we could observe the invisible properties of the god's
+substance, but the argument demands that I should
+expound them now also, in their proper order.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Καθάπερ οὖν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἔχειν ἔφαμεν τὴν
+ἡγεμονίαν Ἥλιον, πολὺ περὶ τὴν ἀμέριστον οὐσίαν
+ἑαυτοῦ πλῆθος ἑνοειδῶς ἔχοντα τῶν θεῶν, ἔτι δὲ
+ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, [B] ἃ δὴ τὴν κύκλῳ διαιωνίαν
+<pb n='414'/><anchor id='Pg414'/><anchor id='Pg415'/>
+πορεύεται μάλα εὐδαίμονα πορείαν, ἀπεδείκνυμεν
+ἀρχηγὸν καὶ κύριον, ἐνδιδόντα μὲν τὸ γόνιμον τῇ
+φύσει,<note place='foot'>τὸ γόνιμον τῇ φύσει Marcilius, cf. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 151 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, lacuna
+MSS., Hertlein.</note> πληροῦντα δὲ τὸν ὅλον οὐρανὸν ὥσπερ
+τῆς φαινομένης αὐγῆς οὕτω δὲ καὶ μυρίων ἀγαθῶν
+ἀφανῶν ἄλλων, τελειούμενα δὲ ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ
+παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν θεῶν ἀγαθὰ χορηγούμενα,
+καὶ πρό γε τούτων αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους ὑπὸ τῆς
+ἀπορρήτου καὶ θείας αὐτοῦ τελειουμένους ἐνεργείας·
+οὕτω δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸν ἐν γενέσει τόπον θεούς τινας
+ἐπιβεβηκέναι νομιστέον [C] ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου
+συνεχομένουσ, οἳ τὴν τετραπλῆν τῶν στοιχείων
+κυβερνῶντες φύσιν, περὶ ἃς ἐστήρικται ταῦτα
+ψυχὰς μετὰ τῶν τριῶν κρειττόνων ἐνοικοῦσι γενῶν.
+αὐταῖς δὲ ταῖς μερισταῖς ψυχαῖς ὅσων ἀγαθῶν
+ἐστιν αἴτιος, κρίσιν τε αὐταῖς προτείνων καὶ δίκῃ
+κατευθύνων καὶ ἀποκαθαίρων λαμπρότητι; τὴν
+ὅλην δὲ οὐχ οὗτος φύσιν, ἐνδιδοὺς ἄνωθεν αὐτῇ τὸ
+γόνιμον, κινεῖ καὶ ἀναζωπυρεῖ; ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς
+μερισταῖς φύσεσιν [D] οὐ τῆς εἰς τέλος πορείας οὗτος
+ἐστιν ἀληθῶς αἴτιος; ἄνθρωπον γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου
+γεννᾶσθαί φησιν Ἀριστοτέλης καὶ ἡλίου.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Physics</hi> 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 131 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ταὐτὸν
+δὴ οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, ὅσα τῶν
+μεριστῶν ἐστι φύσεων ἔργα, περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως
+Ἡλίου προσήκει διανοεῖσθαι. τί δέ; οὐχ ἡμῖν
+ὄμβρους καὶ ἀνέμους καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς μεταρσίοις
+γινόμενα τῷ διττῷ τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως οἷον ὕλῃ
+χρώμενος ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἐργάζεται; [152] θερμαίνων γὰρ
+τὴν γῆν ἀτμίδα καὶ καπνὸν ἕλκει, γίνεται δὲ ἐκ
+<pb n='416'/><anchor id='Pg416'/><anchor id='Pg417'/>
+τούτων οὐ τὰ μετάρσια μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσα ἐπὶ
+γῆς πάθη, σμικρὰ καὶ μεγάλα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I said then that Helios holds sway among the
+intellectual gods in that he unites into one, about
+his own undivided substance, a great multitude of
+the gods: and further, I demonstrated that among
+the gods whom we can perceive, who revolve
+eternally in their most blessed path, he is leader
+and lord; since he bestows on their nature its
+generative power, and fills the whole heavens not
+only with visible rays of light but with countless
+other blessings that are invisible; and, further, that
+the blessings which are abundantly supplied by the
+other visible gods are made perfect by him, and that
+even prior to this the visible gods themselves are
+made perfect by his unspeakable and divine activity.
+In the same manner we must believe that on this
+our world of generation certain gods have alighted
+who are linked together with Helios: and these
+gods guide the four-fold nature of the elements, and
+inhabit, together with the three higher races,<note place='foot'>cf. 145 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> those
+souls which are upborne by the elements. But
+for the divided souls<note place='foot'>cf. 145 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> also, of how many blessings is
+he the cause! For he extends to them the faculty
+of judging, and guides them with justice, and purifies
+them by his brilliant light. Again, does he not set
+in motion the whole of nature and kindle life
+therein, by bestowing on it generative power from
+on high? But for the divided natures also, is not
+he the cause that they journey to their appointed
+end?<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> their ascent after death to the gods.</note> For Aristotle says that man is begotten
+by man and the sun together. Accordingly the
+same theory about King Helios must surely apply
+to all the other activities of the divided souls.
+Again, does he not produce for us rain and wind
+and the clouds in the skies, by employing, as though
+it were matter, the two kinds of vapour? For
+when he heats the earth he draws up steam and
+smoke, and from these there arise not only the
+clouds but also all the physical changes on our
+earth, both great and small.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τί οὖν περὶ<note place='foot'>περὶ Hertlein suggests, ἐπὶ MSS.</note> τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπέξειμι μακρότερα,
+ἐξὸν ἐπὶ τὸ πέρας ἤδη βαδίζειν ὑμνήσαντα πρότερον
+ὅσα ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις Ἥλιος ἀγαθά; γινόμενοι
+γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τρεφόμεθα παρ᾽ ἐκείνου. [B] τὰ
+μὲν οὖν θειότερα καὶ ὅσα ταῖς ψυχαῖς δίδωσιν
+ἀπολύων αὐτὰς τοῦ σώματος, εἶτα ἐπανάγων ἐπὶ
+τὰς τοῦ θεοῦ συγγενεῖς οὐσίας, καὶ τὸ λεπτὸν καὶ
+εὔτονον τῆς θείας αὐγῆς οἷον ὄχημα τῆς εἰς τὴν
+γένεσιν ἀσφαλοῦς διδόμενον καθόδου ταῖς ψυχαῖς
+ὑμνείσθω τε ἄλλοις ἀξίως καὶ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν πιστευέσθω
+μᾶλλον ἢ δεικνύσθω· τὰ δὲ ὅσα γνώριμα
+πέφυκε τοῖς πᾶσιν οὐκ ὀκνητέον ἐπεξελθεῖν.
+οὐρανόν φησι Πλάτων<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 529, 530; <hi rend='italic'>Epinomis</hi> 977 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> ἡμῖν γενέσθαι σοφίας διδάσκαλον.
+ἐνθένδε γὰρ [C] ἀριθμοῦ κατενοήσαμεν
+φύσιν, ἧς τὸ διαφέρον οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἡλίου
+περιόδου κατενοήσαμεν. φησί τοι καὶ αὐτὸς
+Πλάτων ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα πρότερον. εἶτα ἐκ τοῦ
+φωτὸς τῆς σελήνης, ὃ δὴ δίδοται τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ
+παρ᾽ ἡλίου, μετὰ τοῦτο προήλθομεν ἐπὶ πλέον τῆς
+τοιαύτης συνέσεως, ἁπανταχοῦ τῆς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν
+τοῦτον στοχαζόμενοι συμφωνίας. ὅπερ αὐτός πού
+φησιν,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 653 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 665 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> ὡς ἄρα τὸ γένος ἡμῶν ἐπίπονον ὂν φύσει
+θεοὶ ἐλεήσαντες [D] ἔδωκαν ἡμῖν τὸν Διόνυσον καὶ
+τὰς Μούσας συγχορευτάς. ἐφάνη δὲ ἡμῖν Ἥλιος
+<pb n='418'/><anchor id='Pg418'/><anchor id='Pg419'/>
+τούτων κοινὸς ἡγεμών, Διονύσου μὲν πατὴρ
+ὑμνούμενος, ἡγεμῶν δὲ Μουσῶν. ὁ δὲ αὐτῷ
+συμβασιλεύων Ἀπόλλων οὐ πανταχοῦ μὲν ἀνῆκε
+τῆς γῆς χρηστήρια, σοφίαν δὲ ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις
+ἔνθεον, ἐκόσμησε δὲ ἱεροῖς καὶ πολιτικοῖς τὰς
+πόλεις θεσμοῖς; οὗτος ἡμέρωσε μὲν διὰ τῶν
+Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποικιῶν τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς οἰκουμένης,
+παρεσκεύασε δὲ ῥᾷον ὑπακοῦσαι Ῥωμαίοις ἔχουσι
+καὶ αὐτοῖς οὐ [153] γένος μόνον Ἑλληνικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ
+θεσμοὺς ἱεροὺς καὶ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐπιστίαν
+ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος Ἑλληνικὴν καταστησαμένοις τε
+καὶ φυλάξασι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸν περὶ τὴν
+πόλιν κόσμον οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν ἄριστα πολιτευσαμένων
+πόλεων καταστησαμένοις φαυλότερον, εἰ μὴ
+καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν, ὅσαι γε ἐν χρήσει γεγόνασι
+πολιτεῖαι, κρείσσονα· ἀνθ᾽ ὧν οἶμαι καὶ
+αὐτὸς ἔγνων τὴν πόλιν Ἑλληνίδα γένος τε καὶ
+πολιτείαν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But why do I deal with the same questions at
+such length, when I am free at last to come to my
+goal, though not till I have first celebrated all the
+blessings that Helios has given to mankind? For
+from him are we born, and by him are we nourished.
+But his more divine gifts, and all that he bestows on
+our souls when he frees them from the body and
+then lifts them up on high to the region of those
+substances that are akin to the god; and the fineness
+and vigour of his divine rays, which are assigned
+as a sort of vehicle for the safe descent of our souls
+into this world of generation; all this, I say, let
+others celebrate in fitting strains, but let me believe
+it rather than demonstrate its truth. However, I
+need not hesitate to discuss so much as is known
+to all. Plato says that the sky is our instructor in
+wisdom. For from its contemplation we have
+learned to know the nature of number, whose distinguishing
+characteristics we know only from the course
+of the sun. Plato himself says that day and night
+were created first.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> as a unit of measurement; <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 39 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 47 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> And next, from observing the
+moon's light, which was bestowed on the goddess by
+Helios, we later progressed still further in the understanding
+of these matters: in every case conjecturing
+the harmony of all things with this god. For Plato
+himself says somewhere that our race was by nature
+doomed to toil, and so the gods pitied us and gave
+us Dionysus and the Muses as playfellows. And
+we recognised that Helios is their common lord,
+since he is celebrated as the father of Dionysus and
+the leader of the Muses. And has not Apollo, who
+is his colleague in empire, set up oracles in every
+part of the earth, and given to men inspired
+wisdom, and regulated their cities by means of
+religious and political ordinances? And he has
+civilised the greater part of the world by means
+of Greek colonies, and so made it easier for the
+world to be governed by the Romans. For the
+Romans themselves not only belong to the Greek
+race, but also the sacred ordinances and the pious
+belief in the gods which they have established
+and maintain are, from beginning to end, Greek.
+And beside this they have established a constitution
+not inferior to that of any one of the best governed
+states, if indeed it be not superior to all others that
+have ever been put into practice. For which
+reason I myself recognise that our city is Greek,
+both in descent and as to its constitution.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Τί ἔτι σοι λέγω, πῶς τῆς ὑγιείας καὶ σωτηρίας
+πάντων προυνόησε τὸν σωτῆρα τῶν ὅλων ἀπογεννήσας
+Ἀσκληπιόν, ὅπως δὲ ἀρετὴν ἔδωκε παντοίαν
+Ἀφροδίτην Ἀθηνᾷ συγκαταπέμψας ἡμῖν,
+κηδεμόνα μόνον οὐχὶ νόμον θέμενος, πρὸς μηδὲν
+ἕτερον χρῆσθαι τῇ μίξει ἢ πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν<note place='foot'>γέννησιν Mau, γένεσιν MSS, Hertlein.</note> τοῦ
+ὁμοίου; διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ κατὰ τὰς περιόδους
+αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ φυόμενα καὶ τὰ παντοδαπῶν
+ζῴων φῦλα κινεῖται [C] πρὸς ἀπογέννησιν τοῦ ὁμοίου.
+τί χρὴ τὰς ἀκτῖνας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ φῶς σεμνῦναι;
+<pb n='420'/><anchor id='Pg420'/><anchor id='Pg421'/>
+νὺξ γοῦν ἀσέληνός τε καὶ ἄναστρος ὅπως ἐστὶ
+φοβερά, ἆρα ἐννοεῖ τις, ἵν᾽ ἐντεῦθεν, ὁπόσον
+ἔχομεν ἀγαθὸν ἐξ ἡλίου τὸ φῶς, τεκμήρηται;
+τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ συνεχὲς παρέχων καὶ ἀμεσολάβητον
+νυκτὶ ἐν οἷς χρὴ τόποις ἀπὸ τῆς σελήνης
+τοῖς ἄνω, ἐκεχειρίαν ἡμῖν διὰ τῆς νυκτὸς τῶν
+πόνων δίδωσιν. οὐδὲν ἂν γένοιτο πέρας τοῦ
+λόγου, εἰ πάντα ἐπεξιέναι [D] τις ἐθελήσειε τὰ τοιαῦτα.
+ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἀγαθὸν κατὰ τὸν βίον,
+ὃ μὴ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λαβόντες ἔχομεν, ἤτοι
+παρὰ μόνου τέλειον, ἢ διὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν παρ᾽
+αὐτοῦ τελειούμενον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Shall I now go on to tell you how Helios took
+thought for the health and safety of all men by
+begetting Asclepios<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>: <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi> 200, 235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> Asclepios
+plays an important part in Julian's religion, and may have
+been intentionally opposed, as the son of Helios-Mithras and
+the <q>saviour of the world,</q> to Jesus Christ.</note> to be the saviour of the whole
+world? and how he bestowed on us every kind of
+excellence by sending down to us Aphrodite together
+with Athene, and thus laid down for our protection
+what is almost a law, that we should only unite to
+beget our kind? Surely it is for this reason that,
+in agreement with the course of the sun, all plants
+and all the tribes of living things are aroused to
+bring forth their kind. What need is there for me
+to glorify his beams and his light? For surely
+everyone knows how terrible is night without a
+moon or stars, so that from this he can calculate
+how great a boon for us is the light of the sun?
+And this very light he supplies at night, without
+ceasing, and directly, from the moon in those upper
+spaces where it is needed, while he grants us through
+the night a truce from toil. But there would be no
+limit to the account if one should endeavour to
+describe all his gifts of this sort. For there is no
+single blessing in our lives which we do not receive
+as a gift from this god, either perfect from him alone,
+or, through the other gods, perfected by him.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἡμῖν δέ ἐστιν ἐρχηγὸς καὶ τῆς πόλεως. οἰκεῖ
+γοῦν αὐτῆς οὐ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν μόνον μετὰ τῆς
+Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἀφροδίτης Ζεὺς ὁ πάντων πατὴρ
+ὑμνούμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀπόλλων ἐπὶ τῷ Παλλαντίῳ
+λόφῳ καὶ Ἥλιος αὐτὸς τοῦτο τὸ<note place='foot'>τὸ Hertlein suggests.</note> κοινὸν
+ὄνομα πᾶσι καὶ γνώριμον. [154] ὅπως δὲ αὐτῷ πάντη
+καὶ πάντα προσήκομεν οἱ Ῥωμυλίδαι τε καὶ
+Αἰνεάδαι, πολλὰ ἔχων εἰπεῖν ἐρῶ βραχέα τὰ γνωριμώτατα.
+γέγονε, φασίν, ἐξ Ἀφροδίτης Αἰνείας,
+ἥπερ ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συγγενής. αὐτὸν
+δὲ τὸν κτίστην ἡμῶν τῆς πόλεως Ἄρεως ἡ φήμη
+παρέδωκε παῖδα, πιστουμένη τὸ παράδοξον τῶν
+λόγων διὰ τῶν ὕστερον ἐπακολουθησάντων σημείων.
+ὑπέσχε γὰρ αὐτῷ, φασί, μαζὸν θήλεια
+λύκος. ἐγὼ δὲ ὅτι μὲν Ἄρης Ἄζιζος λεγόμενος
+<pb n='422'/><anchor id='Pg422'/><anchor id='Pg423'/>
+ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκούντων τὴν Ἔμεσαν<note place='foot'>Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, Ἔδεσσαν MSS, Hertlein; cf. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> [B] Σύρων Ἡλίου
+προπομπεύει, καίπερ εἰδὼς καὶ προειπὼν ἀφήσειν
+μοι δοκῶ. τοῦ χάριν δὲ ὁ λύκος Ἄρει μᾶλλον, οὐχὶ
+δὲ Ἡλίῳ προσήκει; καίτοι λυκάβαντά φασιν ἀπὸ
+τοῦ λύκου τὸυ ἐνιαύσιον χρόνον· ὀνομάζει δὲ
+αὐτὸν οὐχ Ὅμηρος μόνον οὐδὲ οἱ γνώριμοι τῶν
+Ἑλλήνων τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ θεός·
+διανύων γάρ φησιν
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Moreover he is the founder of our city.<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> For not
+only does Zeus, who is glorified as the father of all
+things, inhabit its citadel<note place='foot'>This refers to the famous temple of Jupiter
+on the Capitoline; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 29 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. The three shrines in
+this temple were dedicated to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno,
+but Julian ignores Juno because he wishes to introduce
+Aphrodite in connection with Aeneas.</note> together with Athene
+and Aphrodite, but Apollo also dwells on the Palatine
+Hill, and Helios himself under this name of his which
+is commonly known to all and familiar to all. And
+I could say much to prove that we, the sons of
+Romulus and Aeneas, are in every way and in all
+respects connected with him, but I will mention
+briefly only what is most familiar. According to the
+legend, Aeneas is the son of Aphrodite, who is
+subordinate to Helios and is his kinswoman. And
+the tradition has been handed down that the
+founder of our city was the son of Ares, and the
+paradoxical element in the tale has been believed
+because of the portents which later appeared to
+support it. For a she-wolf, they say, gave him
+suck. Now I am aware that Ares, who is called
+Azizos by the Syrians who inhabit Emesa, precedes
+Helios in the sacred procession, but I mentioned it
+before, so I think I may let that pass. But why is
+the wolf sacred only to Ares and not to Helios?
+Yet men call the period of a year <q>lycabas,</q><note place='foot'>Julian accepts the impossible etymology <q>path of the
+wolf</q>; Lycabas means <q>path of light,</q> cf. <hi rend='italic'>lux</hi>.</note> which
+is derived from <q>wolf.</q> And not only Homer<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>, 14. 161. The word was also used on Roman
+coins with the meaning <q>year.</q></note> and
+the famous men of Greece call it by this name, but
+also the god himself, when he says:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ὀρχηθμῷ λυκάβαντα δυωδεκάμηνα κέλευθα.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>With dancing
+does he bring to a close his journey of twelve
+months, even the lycabas.</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+[C] βούλει οὖν ἔτι σοι φράσω μεῖζον τεκμήριον,
+ὅτι ἄρα ὁ τῆς πόλεως ἡμῶν οἰκιστὴς οὐχ ὑπ᾽
+Ἀρεως κατεπέμφθη μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως αὐτῷ τῆς
+μὲν τοῦ σώματος κατασκευῆς συνεπελάβετο δαίμων
+ἀρήιος καὶ γενναῖος, ὁ λεγόμενος ἐπιφοιτῆσαι
+τῇ Σιλβίᾳ λουτρὰ τῇ θεῷ φερούσῃ, τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἐξ
+Ἡλίου κατῆλθεν ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ θεοῦ Κυρίνου·
+πειστέον γὰρ οἶμαι τῇ φήμῃ. [D] σύνοδος ἀκριβὴς
+τῶν τὴν ἐμφανῆ κατανειμαμένων βασιλείαν
+Ἡλίου τε καὶ Σελήνης ὥσπερ οὖν εἰς τὴν γῆν
+κατήγαγεν, οὕτω καὶ ἀνήγαγεν ὃν<note place='foot'>ὃν Marcilius, ἣν MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς
+ἐδέξατο, τὸ θνητὸν ἀφανίσασα πυρὶ κεραυνίῳ
+τοῦ σώματος. οὕτω προδήλως ἡ τῶν περιγείων
+<pb n='424'/><anchor id='Pg424'/><anchor id='Pg425'/>
+δημιουργὸς ὑπὸ αὐτὸν ἄκρως γενομένη τὸν ἥλιον
+ἐδέξατο εἰς γῆν πεμπόμενον διὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς
+Προνοίας τὸν Κυρῖνον, ἀνιπτάμενόν τε αὖθις ἀπὸ
+γῆς ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ἐπανήγαγεν αὐτίκα
+Ἥλιον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now do you wish me
+to bring forward a still greater proof that the
+founder of our city was sent down to earth, not by
+Ares alone, though perhaps some noble daemon with
+the character of Ares did take part in the fashioning
+of his mortal body, even he who is said to have
+visited Silvia<note place='foot'>Silvia the Vestal virgin gave birth to twins, Romulus
+and Remus, whose father was supposed to be Mars (Ares).</note> when she was carrying water for the
+bath of the goddess,<note place='foot'>Vesta, the Greek Hestia, the goddess of the hearth.</note> but the whole truth is that the
+soul of the god Quirinus<note place='foot'>The name given to Romulus after his apotheosis; cf.
+<hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi> 307 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> came down to earth from
+Helios; for we must, I think, believe the sacred tradition.
+And the close conjunction of Helios and Selene,
+who share the empire over the visible world, even as it
+had caused his soul to descend to earth, in like
+manner caused to mount upwards him whom it
+received back from the earth, after blotting out
+with fire from a thunderbolt<note place='foot'>For the legend of his translation see
+Livy 1. 16; Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Romulus</hi> 21; Ovid, <hi rend='italic'>Fasti</hi> 2. 496;
+Horace, <hi rend='italic'>Odes</hi> 3. 3. 15 foll.</note> the mortal part of his
+body. So clearly did she who creates earthly matter,
+she whose place is at the furthest point below the
+sun, receive Quirinus when he was sent down to
+earth by Athene, goddess of Forethought; and when
+he took flight again from earth she led him back
+straightway to Helios, the King of the All.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[155] Ἔτι σοι βούλει περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν φράσω τεκμήριον
+τοῦ Νόμα τοῦ βασιλέως ἔργον; ἄσβεστον ἐξ ἡλίου
+φυλάττουσι φλόγα παρθένοι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ἱεραὶ κατὰ
+τὰς διαφόρους ὥρας, αἳ δὴ τὸ γενόμενον<note place='foot'>After γενόμενον Hertlein omits ὑπὸ τῆς σελήνης.</note> περὶ τὴν
+γῆν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πῦρ φυλάττουσιν. ἔτι τούτων
+μεῖζον ἔχω σοι φράσαι τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε τεκμήριον,
+αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως ἔργον. οἱ μῆνες
+ἅπασι μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς
+σελήνης ἀριθμοῦνται, [B] μόνοι δὲ ἡμεῖς καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι
+πρὸς τὰς ἡλίου κινήσεις ἑκάστου μετροῦμεν ἐνιαυτοῦ
+τὰς ἡμέρας. εἴ σοι μετὰ τοῦτο φαίην, ὡς
+καὶ τὸν Μίθραν τιμῶμεν καὶ ἄγομεν Ἡλίῳ τετραετηρικοὺς
+ἀγῶνας, ἐρῶ νεώτερα· βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως
+ἕν τι τῶν παλαιοτέρων προθεῖναι. τοῦ γὰρ
+ἐνιαυσιαίου κύκλου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἄλλος ἄλλοθεν
+ποιούμενος, οἱ μὲν τὴν ἐαρινὴν ἰσημερίαν, οἱ δὲ
+τὴν ἀκμὴν τοῦ θέρους, οἱ πολλοὶ δὲ φθίνουσαν
+ἤδη τὴν ὀπώραν, [C] Ἡλίου τὰς ἐμφανεστάτας ὑμνοῦσι
+<pb n='426'/><anchor id='Pg426'/><anchor id='Pg427'/>
+δωρεάς ὁ μέν τις τὴν τῆς ἐργασίας ἐνδιδομένην
+εὐκαιρίαν, ὅτε ἡ γῆ θάλλει καὶ γαυριᾷ, φυομένων
+ἄρτι των καρπῶν ἁπάντων, γίνεται δὲ ἐπιτῆδεια
+πλεῖσθαι τὰ πελάγη καὶ τὸ τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀηδὲς
+καὶ σκυθρωπὸν ἐπὶ τὸ φαιδρότερον μεθίσταται,
+οἱ δὲ τὴν τοῦ θέρους ἐτίμησαν ὥραν,<note place='foot'>ὥραν Hertlein, Naber suggest, ἡμέραν MSS, cf. Episile 444.
+425 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ὡς ἀσφαλῶς
+τότε ὑπὶρ τῆς τῶν καρπῶν ἔχοντες θαρρῆσαι
+γενέσεως, τῶν μὲν σπερμάτων ἤδη συνειλεγμένων,
+ἀκμαίας δὲ οὔσης [D] τῆς ὀπώρας ἤδη και πεπαινομένων
+τῶν ἐπικειμένων καρπῶν τοῖς δένδροις.
+ἄλλοι δὲ τούτων ἔτι κομψότεροι τέλος ἐνιαυτοῦ
+ὑπέλαβον τὴν τελειοτάτην τῶν καρπῶν ἁπάντων
+ἀκμὴν καὶ φθίσιν· ταῦτά τοι καὶ φθινούσης ἤδη
+τῆς ὀπώρας ἄγουσι τὰς κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν νουμηνίας.
+οἱ δὲ ἡμέτεροι προπάτορες ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου
+βασιλέως τοῦ Νόμα μειζόνως ἔτι τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον
+σεβόμενοι τὰ μὲν τῆς χρείας ἀπέλιπον, ἅτε οἶμαι
+φύσει θεῖοι καὶ περιττοὶ τὴν διάνοιαν, αὐτὸν δὲ
+εἶδον τούτων τὸν αἴτιον [156] καὶ ἄγειν ἔταξαν συμφώνως
+ἐν τῇ παρούσῃ τῶν ὡρῶν τὴν νουμηνίαν,
+ὁπότε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος αὖθις ἐπανάγει πρὸς
+ἡμᾶς ἀφεὶς τῆς μεσημβρίας τὰ ἔσχατα καὶ ὥσπερ
+περὶ νύσσαν τὸν αἰγοκέρωτα κάμψας ἀπὸ τοῦ
+νότου πρὸς τὸν βορρᾶν ἔρχεται μεταδώσων ἡμῖν
+τῶν ἐπετείων ἀγαθῶν. ὅτι δὲ τοῦτο ἀκριβῶς
+ἐκεῖνοι διανοηθέντες οὕτως ἐνεστήσαντο τὴν
+ἐπέτειον νουμηνίαν, ἐνθένδ᾽ ἄν τις κατανοήσειεν.
+οὐ γὰρ οἶμαι καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ θεὸς τρέπεται, καθ᾽
+ἣν δὲ τοῖς [B] πᾶσιν ἐμφανὴς γίνεται χωρῶν ἀπὸ τῆς
+<pb n='428'/><anchor id='Pg428'/><anchor id='Pg429'/>
+μεσημβρίας ἐς τὰς ἄρκτους ἄταξαν οὗτοι τὴν
+ἑορτήν. οὔπω μὲν γὰρ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν κανόνων
+λεπτότης γνώριμος, οὓς ἐξηῦρον μὲν Χαλδαῖοι καὶ
+Αἰγύπτιοι, Ἵππαρχος δὲ καὶ Πτολεμαῖος ἐτελειώσαντο,
+κρίνοντες δὲ αἰσθήσει τοῖς φαινομένοις
+ἠκολούθουν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Do you wish me to mention yet another proof of this,
+I mean the work of King Numa?<note place='foot'>To Numa Pompilius, the legendary king who reigned
+next after Romulus, the Romans ascribed the foundation of
+many of their religious ceremonies.</note> In Rome maiden
+priestesses<note place='foot'>The Vestal virgins.</note> guard the undying flame of the sun at
+different hours in turn; they guard the fire that is
+produced on earth by the agency of the god. And
+I can tell you a still greater proof of the power of this
+god, which is the work of that most divine king himself.
+The months are reckoned from the moon by, one
+may say, all other peoples; but we and the Egyptians
+alone reckon the days of every year according to
+the movements of the sun. If after this I should say
+that we also worship Mithras, and celebrate games in
+honour of Helios every four years, I shall be speaking
+of customs that are somewhat recent.<note place='foot'>The Heliaia, <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>solis agon</foreign>, was founded by the Emperor
+Aurelian at Rome in 274 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>; but the <q>unconquerable
+sun,</q> <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>sol invictus</foreign>, had been worshipped there for fully a
+century before Aurelian's foundation; see Usener, <hi rend='italic'>Sol
+invictus</hi>, in <hi rend='italic'>Rheinisches Museum</hi>, 1905. Julian once again,
+<hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi> 336 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi> calls Helios by his Persian name Mithras.</note> But perhaps
+it is better to cite a proof from the remote past.
+The beginning of the cycle of the year is placed at
+different times by different peoples. Some place it
+at the spring equinox, others at the height of
+summer, and many in the late autumn; but they
+each and all sing the praises of the most visible gifts
+of Helios. One nation celebrates the season best
+adapted for work in the fields, when the earth bursts
+into bloom and exults, when all the crops are just
+beginning to sprout, and the sea begins to be safe
+for sailing; and the disagreeable, gloomy winter puts
+on a more cheerful aspect, others again award the
+crown to the summer season,<note place='foot'>The Attic year began with the summer solstice.</note> since at that time
+they can safely feel confidence about the yield of
+the fruits, when the grains have already been
+harvested and midsummer is now at its height, and
+the fruits on the trees are ripening. Others again,
+with still more subtlety, regard as the close of the
+year the time when all the fruits are in their perfect
+prime and decay has already set in. For this reason
+they celebrate the annual festival of the New Year
+in late autumn. But our forefathers, from the time
+of the most divine king Numa, paid still greater
+reverence to the god Helios. They ignored the
+question of mere utility, I think, because they were
+naturally religious and endowed with unusual intelligence;
+but they saw that he is the cause of all
+that is useful, and so they ordered the observance of
+the New Year to correspond with the present season;
+that is to say when King Helios returns to us again,
+and leaving the region furthest south and, rounding
+Capricorn as though it were a goal-post, advances
+from the south to the north to give us our share of
+the blessings of the year. And that our forefathers,
+because they comprehended this correctly, thus established
+the beginning of the year, one may perceive
+from the following. For it was not, I think, the time
+when the god turns, but the time when he becomes
+visible to all men, as he travels from south to north,
+that they appointed for the festival. For still
+unknown to them was the nicety of those laws
+which the Chaldæans and Egyptians discovered, and
+which Hipparchus<note place='foot'>A Greek astronomer who flourished in the middle of the
+second century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> His works are lost.</note> and Ptolemy<note place='foot'>Claudius Ptolemy an astronomer at Alexandria 127-151
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> perfected: but
+they judged simply by sense-perception, and were
+limited to what they could actually see.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Οὕτω δὲ ταῦτα καὶ παρὰ τῶν μεταγενεστέρων,
+ὡς ἔφην, ἔχοντα κατενοήθη. πρὸ τῆς νουμηνίας,
+εὐθέως μετὰ τὸν τελευταῖον τοῦ Κρόνου μῆνα,
+ποιοῦμεν Ἡλίῳ [C] τὸν περιφανέστατον ἀγῶνα, τὴν
+ἑορτὴν Ἡλίῳ καταφημίσαντες ἀνικήτῳ, μεθ᾽ ὃν
+οὐδὲν θέμις ὧν ὁ τελευταῖος μὴν ἔχει σκυθρωπῶν
+μέν, ἀναγκαίων δ᾽ ὅμως, ἐπιτελεσθῆναι θεαμάτων,
+ἀλλὰ τοῖς Κρονίοις οὖσι τελευταίοις εὐθὺς συνάπτει
+κατὰ τὸν κύκλον τὰ Ἡλίαια, ἃ δὴ πολλάκις
+μοι δοῖεν οἱ βασιλεῖς ὑμνῆσαι καὶ ἐπιτελέσαι θεοί,
+καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων αὐτὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν ὅλων
+Ἥλιος, ὁ περὶ τὴν τἀγαθοῦ γόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ
+ἁιδίου προελθὼν μέσος [D] ἐν μέσοις τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς,
+συνοχῆς τε αὐτοὺς πληρώσας καὶ κάλλους μυρίου
+καὶ περιουσίας γονίμου καὶ τελείου νοῦ καὶ πάντων
+ἀθρόως τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀχρόνως, καὶ ἐν τῷ νῦν
+ἐλλάμπων εἰς τὴν ἐμφανῆ μέσην τοῦ παντὸς
+<pb n='430'/><anchor id='Pg430'/><anchor id='Pg431'/>
+οὐρανοῦ φερομένην ἕδραν οἰκείαν ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ
+μεταδιδοὺς τῷ φαινομένῳ παντὶ τοῦ νοητοῦ
+κάλλους, τὸν δὲ οὐρανὸν σύμπαντα πληρώσας
+τοσούτων θεῶν [157] ὁπόσων αὐτὸς ἐν ἑαυτῷ νοερῶς
+ἔχει, περὶ αὐτὸν ἀμερίστως πληθυνομένων καὶ
+ἑνοειδῶς αὐτῷ συνημμένων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ
+τὸν ὑπὸ τὴν σελήνην τόπον διὰ τῆς ἀειγενεσίας
+συνέχων καὶ τῶν ἐνδιδομένων ἐκ τοῦ κυκλικοῦ
+σώματος ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελόμενος τοῦ τε<note place='foot'>τοῦ τε Hertlein suggests, τε τοῦ MSS.</note> κοινοῦ
+τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους ἰδίᾳ τε τῆς ἡμετέρας
+πόλεως, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐξ ἀιδίου
+ψυχὴν ὑπέστησεν, ὀπαδὸν ἀποφήνας αὑτοῦ.
+ταῦτά τε οὖν, ὅσα [B] μικρῷ πρόσθεν ηὐξάμην, δοίη,
+καὶ ἔτι κοινῇ μὲν τῇ πόλει τὴν ἐνδεχομένην ἀιδιότητα
+μετ᾽ εὐνοίας χορηγῶν φυλάττοι, ἡμῖν δὲ ἐπὶ
+τοσοῦτον εὖ πρᾶξαι τά τε ἀνθρώπινα καὶ τὰ θεῖα
+δοίη, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον βιῶναι συγχωρεῖ, ζῆν δὲ καὶ ἐμπολιτεύεσθαι
+τῷ βίῳ δοίη ἐφ᾽ ὅσον αὐτῷ τε ἐκείνῳ
+φίλον ἡμῖν τε λώιον καὶ τοῖς κοινοῖς συμφέρον
+Ῥωμαίων πράγμασιν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But the truth of these facts was recognised, as I
+said, by a later generation. Before the beginning of
+the year, at the end of the month which is called
+after Kronos,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> December.</note> we celebrate in honour of Helios the
+most splendid games, and we dedicate the festival
+to the Invincible Sun. And after this it is not
+lawful to perform any of the shows that belong to
+the last month, gloomy as they are, though necessary.
+But, in the cycle, immediately after the end
+of the Kronia<note place='foot'>The festival of Saturn, the Saturnalia, was celebrated by
+the Latins at the close of December, and corresponds to our
+Christmas holidays. Saturn was identified with the Greek
+god Kronos, and Julian uses the Greek word for the festival
+in order to avoid, according to sophistic etiquette, a Latin
+name.</note> follow the Heliaia. That festival
+may the ruling gods grant me to praise and to
+celebrate with sacrifice! And above all the others
+may Helios himself, the King of the All, grant me
+this, even he who from eternity has proceeded from
+the generative substance of the Good: even he who
+is midmost of the midmost intellectual gods; who
+fills them with continuity and endless beauty and
+superabundance of generative power and perfect
+reason, yea with all blessings at once, and independently
+of time! And now he illumines his own
+visible abode, which from eternity moves as the
+centre of the whole heavens, and bestows a share
+of intelligible beauty on the whole visible world,
+and fills the whole heavens with the same number
+of gods as he contains in himself in intellectual
+form. And without division they reveal themselves
+in manifold form surrounding him, but they are
+attached to him to form a unity. Aye, but also,
+through his perpetual generation and the blessings
+that he bestows from the heavenly bodies, he holds
+together the region beneath the moon. For he
+cares for the whole human race in common, but
+especially for my own city,<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> even as also he brought
+into being my soul from eternity, and made it his
+follower. All this, therefore, that I prayed for
+a moment ago, may he grant, and further may
+he, of his grace, endow my city as a whole with
+eternal existence, so far as is possible, and protect
+her; and for myself personally, may he grant that, so
+long as I am permitted to live, I may prosper in my
+affairs both human and divine; finally may he grant
+me to live and serve the state with my life, so long
+as is pleasing to himself and well for me and
+expedient for the Roman Empire!)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ταῦτά σοι, ὦ φίλε Σαλούστιε, κατὰ τὴν τριπλῆν
+τοῦ θεοῦ δημιουργίαν [C] ἐν τρισὶ μάλιστα νυξὶν ὡς
+οἷόν τε ἦν ἐπελθόντα μοι τῇ μνήμῃ καὶ γράψαι
+πρὸς σὲ ἐτόλμησα, ἐπεί σοι καὶ τὸ πρότερον εἰς
+τὰ Κρόνια γεγραμμένον ἡμῖν οὐ παντάπασιν
+<pb n='432'/><anchor id='Pg432'/><anchor id='Pg433'/>
+ἀπόβλητον ἐφάνη. τελειοτέροις δ᾽ εἰ βούλει περὶ
+τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ μυστικωτέροις λόγοις ἐπιστῆσαι,
+ἐντυχὼν τοῖς παρὰ τοῦ θείου γενομένοις Ἰαμβλίχου
+περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων συγγράμμασι τὸ τέλος
+ἐκεῖσε τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης [D] εὑρήσεις σοφίας. δοίη δ᾽
+ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος μηδὲν ἔλαττόν με τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ
+γνῶναι, καὶ διδάξαι κοινῇ τε ἅπαντας, ἰδίᾳ δὲ τοὺς
+μανθάνειν ἀξίους. ἕως δέ μοι τοῦτο δίδωσιν ὁ
+θεός, κοινῇ θεραπεύωμεν τὸν τῷ θεῷ φίλον
+Ἰάμβλιχον, ὅθεν καὶ νῦν ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν ἐπὶ
+νοῦν ἐλθόντα διεληλύθαμεν. ἐκείνου δὲ εὖ οἶδα
+ὡς οὐδεὶς ἐρεῖ τι τελειότερον, οὐδὲ εἰ πολλὰ πάνυ
+προσταλαιπωρήσας καινοτομήσειεν· ἐκβήσεται
+γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, [158] τῆς ἀληθεστάτης τοῦ θεοῦ νοήσεως.
+ἦν μὲν οὖν ἴσως μάταιον, εἰ διδασκαλίας χάριν
+ἐποιούμην τοὺς λόγους, αὐτὸν<note place='foot'>αὐτὸν Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ MSS.</note> μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνόν τι
+συγγράφειν, ἐπεὶ δὲ ὕμνον ἐθέλων διελθεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ
+χαριστήριον ἐν τούτῳ τόπον ὑπελάμβανον τοῦ<note place='foot'>τοῦ Hertlein suggests, τὸ M, τῷ MSS.</note>
+περὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ φράσαι κατὰ δύναμιν τὴν
+ἐμήν, οὐ μάτην οἶμαι πεποιῆσθαι τοὺς λόγους
+τούσδε, τὸ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(This discourse, friend Sallust,<note place='foot'>See Introduction, p. 351.</note> I composed in
+three nights at most, in harmony with the three-fold
+creative power of the god,<note place='foot'>For the threefold creative force cf. Proclus on <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi>
+94 <hi rend='smallcaps'>cd</hi>. Here Julian means that there are three modes of
+creation exercised by Helios now in one, now in another, of
+the three worlds; cf. 135 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> as far as possible just as
+it occurred to my memory: and I have ventured to
+write it down and to dedicate it to you because
+you thought my earlier work on the Kronia<note place='foot'>This work is lost.</note> was not
+wholly worthless. But if you wish to meet with
+a more complete and more mystical treatment of the
+same theme, then read the writings of the inspired
+Iamblichus on this subject,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> his treatise <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods</hi>, which is not extant.</note> and you will find there
+the most consummate wisdom which man can achieve.
+And may mighty Helios grant that I too may attain
+to no less perfect knowledge of himself, and that I
+may instruct all men, speaking generally, but
+especially those who are worthy to learn. And so
+long as Helios grants let us all in common revere
+Iamblichus, the beloved of the gods. For he is the
+source for what I have here set down, a few thoughts
+from many, as they occurred to my mind. However
+I know well that no one can utter anything more
+perfect than he, nay not though he should labour
+long at the task and say very much that is new.
+For he will naturally diverge thereby from the
+truest knowledge of the god. Therefore it would
+probably have been a vain undertaking to compose
+anything after Iamblichus on the same subject if
+I had written this discourse for the sake of giving
+instruction. But since I wished to compose a hymn
+to express my gratitude to the god, I thought that
+this was the best place in which to tell, to the best
+of my power, of his essential nature. And so I think
+that not in vain has this discourse been composed.
+For the saying)</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Κὰδ δύναμιν δ᾽ ἕρδειν ἱέρ᾽ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν<note place='foot'>Hesiod, <hi rend='italic'>Works and Days</hi> 336.</note></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>To the extent of your powers offer
+sacrifice to the immortal gods,</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν θυσιῶν μόνον, [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν εὐφημιῶν
+τῶν εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς ἀποδεχόμενος. εὔχομαι
+οὖν τρίτον ἀντὶ τῆς προθυμίας μοι ταύτης εὐμενῆ
+γενέσθαι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον, καὶ
+<pb n='434'/><anchor id='Pg434'/><anchor id='Pg435'/>
+δοῦναι βίον ἀγαθὸν καὶ τελειοτέραν φρόνησιν καὶ
+θεῖον νοῦν ἀπαλλαγήν τε τὴν εἱμαρμένην ἐκ τοῦ
+βίου πρᾳοτάτην ἐν καιρῷ τῷ προσήκοντι, ἄνοδόν
+τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν [C] τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ μονὴν παρ᾽ αὐτῷ,
+μάλιστα μὲν ἀίδιον, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μεῖζον εἴη τῶν
+ἐμοὶ βεβιωμένων, πολλὰς πάνυ καὶ πολυετεῖς
+περιίδους.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I apply not to
+sacrifice only, but also to the praises that we offer to
+the gods. For the third time, therefore, I pray that
+Helios, the King of the All, may be gracious to me
+in recompense for this my zeal; and may he grant
+me a virtuous life and more perfect wisdom and
+inspired intelligence, and, when fate wills, the
+gentlest exit that may be from life, at a fitting
+hour; and that I may ascend to him thereafter and
+abide with him, for ever if possible, but if that be
+more than the actions of my life deserve, for many
+periods of many years!)
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='439'/><anchor id='Pg439'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Oration V</head>
+
+<div>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Introduction To Oration V</head>
+
+<p>
+The cult of Phrygian Cybele the Mother of the
+Gods, known to the Latin world as the Great
+Mother, Magna Mater, was the first Oriental religion
+adopted by the Romans. In the Fifth Oration, which
+is, like the Fourth, a hymn, Julian describes the
+entrance of the Goddess into Italy in the third
+century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> In Greece she had been received long
+before, but the more civilised Hellenes had not
+welcomed, as did the Romans, the more barbarous
+features of the cult, the mutilated priests, the Galli,
+and the worship of Attis.<note place='foot'>For the Attis cult see Frazer, <hi rend='italic'>Attis, Adonis and Osiris</hi>;
+for the introduction of the worship of Cybele into Italy,
+Cumont, <hi rend='italic'>Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain</hi>.</note> They preferred the less
+emotional cult of the Syrian Adonis. In Athens the
+Mother of the Gods was early identified with Gaia
+the Earth Mother, and the two became inextricably
+confused.<note place='foot'>See Harrison, <hi rend='italic'>Mythology and Monuments of Ancient
+Athens</hi>.</note> But Julian, in this more Roman than
+Greek, does not shrink from the Oriental conception
+of Cybele as the lover of Attis, attended by eunuch
+priests, or the frenzy of renunciation described by
+Catullus.<note place='foot'>Catullus 63.</note> But he was first of all a Neo-Platonist,
+and the aim of this hymn as of the Fourth Oration is
+to adapt to his philosophy a popular cult and to give
+its Mysteries a philosophic interpretation.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='440'/><anchor id='Pg440'/>
+
+<p>
+The Mithraic religion, seeking to conciliate the
+other cults of the empire, had from the first
+associated with the sun-god the worship of the
+Magna Mater, and Attis had been endowed with the
+attributes of Mithras. Though Julian's hymn is in
+honour of Cybele he devotes more attention to Attis.
+Originally the myth of Cybele symbolises the succession
+of the seasons; the disappearance of Attis
+the sun-god is the coming of winter; his mutilation
+is the barrenness of nature when the sun has
+departed; his restoration to Cybele is the renewal of
+spring. In all this he is the counterpart of Persephone
+among the Greeks and of Adonis in Syria.
+Julian interprets the myth in connection with the
+three worlds described in the Fourth Oration.
+Cybele is a principle of the highest, the intelligible
+world, the source of the intellectual gods. Attis
+is not merely a sun-god: he is a principle of the
+second, the intellectual world, who descends to the
+visible world in order to give it order and fruitfulness.
+Julian expresses the Neo-Platonic dread and
+dislike of matter, of the variable, the plural and
+unlimited. Cybele the intelligible principle would
+fain have restrained Attis the embodiment of intelligence
+from association with matter. His recall and
+mutilation symbolise the triumph of unity over
+multiformity, of mind over matter. His restoration
+to Cybele symbolises the escape of our souls from the
+world of generation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Julian follows Plotinus<note place='foot'>5. 1. 7; 3. 6. 19; 1. 6. 8; cf. Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>;
+and Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>On Isis and Osiris</hi>, ὁ μῦθος ... λόγου τινὸς
+ἔμφασίς ἐστιν ἀνακλῶντος ἐπ᾽ ἄλλα τὴν διάνοιαν.</note> in regarding the myths as
+allegories to be interpreted by the philosopher and
+<pb n='441'/><anchor id='Pg441'/>
+the theosophist. They are riddles to be solved, and
+the paradoxical element in them is designed to turn
+our minds to the hidden truth. For laymen the
+myth is enough. Like all the Neo-Platonists he
+sometimes uses phrases which imply human weakness
+or chronological development for his divinities
+and then withdraws those phrases, explaining that
+they must be taken in another sense. His attitude
+to myths is further defined in the Sixth<note place='foot'>Cf. 206 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. Myths are like toys which help children
+through teething.</note> and Seventh
+Orations. The Fifth Oration can hardly be understood
+apart from the Fourth, and both must present
+many difficulties to a reader who is unfamiliar with
+Plotinus, Porphyry, the treatise <hi rend='italic'>On the Mysteries</hi>,
+formerly attributed to Iamblichus, Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the
+Gods and the World</hi>, and the extant treatises and
+fragments of Iamblichus. Julian composed this
+treatise at Pessinus in Phrygia, when he was on his
+way to Persia, in 362 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='442'/><anchor id='Pg442'/><anchor id='Pg443'/>
+
+<div>
+
+<p>
+ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Julian, Caesar)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΜΗΤΕΡΑ ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Hymn to the Mother
+of the Gods)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἆρά γε χρὴ φάναι καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων; καὶ ὑπὲρ
+τῶν ἀρρήτων γράψομεν καὶ τὰ ἀνέξοιστα ἐξοίσομεν<note place='foot'>ἐξοίσομεν Cobet adds, ἀνέξοιστα καὶ MSS, Hertlein.</note>
+καὶ τὰ ἀνεκλάλητα ἐκλαλήσομεν; [159] τίς μὲν
+ὁ Ἄττις ἤτοι Γάλλος, τίς δὲ ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ,
+καὶ ὁ τῆς ἁγνείας ταυτησί τρόπος ὁποῖος, καὶ
+προσέτι τοῦ χάριν οὑτοσὶ<note place='foot'>οὑτοσὶ Hertlein suggests, οὑτωσὶ MSS.</note> τοιοῦτος ἡμῖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς
+κατεδείχθη, παραδοθεὶς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαιοτάτων
+Φρυγῶν, παραδεχθεὶς δὲ πρῶτον ὑφ᾽ Ἑλλήνων,
+καὶ τούτων οὐ τῶν τυχόντων, ἀλλ᾽ Ἀθηναίων,
+ἔργοις διδαχθέντων, ὅτι μὴ καλῶς ἐτώθασαν ἐπὶ
+τῷ τελοῦντι τὰ ὄργια τῆς Μητρός; λέγονται γὰρ
+οὗτοι περιυβρίσαι [B] καὶ ἀπελάσαι τὸν Γάλλον ὡς
+τὰ θεῖα καινοτομοῦντα, οὐ ξυνέντες ὁποῖόν τι τῆς
+θεοῦ τὸ χρῆμα καὶ ὡς ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς τιμωμένη
+Δηὼ καὶ Ῥέα καὶ Δημήτηρ. εἶτα μῆνις τὸ ἐντεῦθεν
+τῆς θεοῦ καὶ θεραπεία τῆς μήνιδος. ἡ γὰρ
+<pb n='444'/><anchor id='Pg444'/><anchor id='Pg445'/>
+ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς καλοῖς ἡγεμὼν γενομένη τοῖς Ἕλλησιν,
+ἡ τοῦ Πυθίου πρόμαντις θεοῦ, τὴν τῆς
+Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν μῆνιν ἐκέλευσεν ἱλάσκεσθαι·
+καὶ ἀνέστη, φασίν, ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὸ μητρῷον, οὗ τοῖς
+Ἀθηναίοις δημοσίᾳ πάντα ἐφυλάττετο τὰ γραμματεῖα.
+μετὰ δὴ [C] τοὺς Ἕλληνας αὐτα Ῥωμαῖοι
+παρεδέξαντο, συμβουλεύσαντος καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῦ
+Πυθίου ἐπὶ τὸν πρὸς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμον ἄγειν
+ἐκ Φρυγίας τὴν θεὸν σύμμαχον. καὶ οὐδὲν ἴσως
+κωλύει προσθεῖναι μικρὰν<note place='foot'>μικρὰν Hertlein, μικρὸν Naber, who thinks ἱστορίαν a gloss,
+cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> vii. 276 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, μικρὸν ἱστορίαν MSS, μικρὸν ἱστορίας
+Reiske.</note> ἱστορίαν ἐνταῦθα.
+μαθόντες γὰρ τὸν χρησμὸν στέλλουσιν οἱ τῆς
+θεοφιλοῦς οἰκήτορες Ῥώμης πρεσβείαν αἰτήσουσαν
+παρὰ τῶν Περγάμου βασιλέων, οἳ τότε
+ἐκράτουν τῆς Φρυγίας, καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν
+Φρυγῶν τῆς θεοῦ [D] τὸ ἁγιώτατον ἄγαλμα. λαβόντες
+δὲ ἦγον τὸν ἱερὸν φόρτον ἐνθέντες εὐρείᾳ
+φορτίδι πλεῖν εὐπετῶς δυναμένῃ τὰ τοσαῦτα
+πελάγη. περαιωθεῖσα δὲ Αἴγαιόν τε καὶ Ἰόνιον,
+εἶτα περιπλεύσασα Σικελίαν τε καὶ τὸ Τυρρηνὸν
+πέλαγος ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Τύβριδος κατήγετο·
+καὶ δῆμος ἐξεχεῖτο τῆς πόλεως σὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ,
+ὑπήντων γε μὴν πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἱερεῖς τε καὶ
+ἱέρειαι πᾶσαι καὶ πάντες ἐν κόσμῳ τῷ πρέποντι
+κατὰ τὰ πάτρια, [160] μετέωροι πρὸς τὴν ναῦν οὐριοδρομοῦσαν
+ἀποβλέποντες, καὶ περὶ τὴν τρόπιν
+<pb n='446'/><anchor id='Pg446'/><anchor id='Pg447'/>
+ἀπεσκόπουν τὸ ῥόθιον σχιζομένων τῶν κυμάτων·
+εἶτα εἰσπλέουσαν ἐδεξιοῦντο τὴν ναῦν προσκυνοῦντες
+ἕκαστος ὡς ἔτυχε προσεστὼς πόρρωθεν. ἡ
+δὲ ὥσπερ ἐνδείξασθαι τῷ Ῥωμαίων ἐθέλουσα
+δήμῳ, ὅτι μὴ ξόανον ἄγουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Φρυγίας
+ἄψυχον, ἔχει δὲ ἄρα δύναμίν τινα μείζω καὶ
+θειοτέραν ὃ δὴ παρὰ τῶν Φρυγῶν λαβόντες
+ἔφερον, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ Τύβριδος ἥψατο, [B] τὴν ναῦν
+ἵστησιν ὥσπερ ῥιζωθεῖσαν ἐξαίφνης κατὰ τοῦ
+Τύβριδος. εἷλκον δὴ οὖν πρὸς ἀντίον τὸν ῥοῦν,
+ἡ δὲ οὐχ εἵπετο. ὡς<note place='foot'>ὡς Petavius adds.</note> βραχέσι δὲ ἐντετυχηκότες
+ὠθεῖν ἐπειρῶντο τὴν ναῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐκ εἶκεν
+ὠθούντων. πᾶσα δὲ μηχανὴ προσήγετο τὸ ἐντεῦθεν,
+ἡ δὲ οὐχ ἧττον ἀμετακίνητος ἦν· ὥστε
+ἐμπίπτει κατὰ τῆς ἱερωμένης τὴν παναγεστάτην
+ἱερωσύνην παρθένου δεινὴ καὶ ἄδικος ὑποψία, καὶ
+τὴν Κλωδίαν ᾐτιῶντο· [C] τοῦτο γὰρ ὄνομα ἦν τῇ
+σεμνῇ παρθένῳ· μὴ παντάπασιν ἄχραντον μηδὲ
+καθαρὰν φυλάττειν ἑαυτὴν τῷ θεῷ· ὀργίζεσθαι
+οὖν αὐτὴν καὶ μηνίειν ἐμφανῶς· ἐδόκει γὰρ ἤδη
+τοῖς πᾶσιν εἶναι τὸ χρῆμα δαιμονιώτερον. ἡ δὲ
+τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αἰδοῦς ὑπεπίμηπλατο πρός τε τὸ
+ὄνομα καὶ τὴν ὑποψίαν· οὕτω πάνυ πόρρω ἐτύγχανε
+τῆς αἰσχρᾶς καὶ παρανόμου πράξεως. ἐπεὶ
+δὲ ἑώρα τὴν αἰτίαν ἤδη καθ᾽ ἑαυτῆς ἐξισχύουσαν,
+περιελοῦσα τὴν ζώνην [D] καὶ περιθεῖσα τῆς νεὼς
+τοῖς ἄκροις, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἐπιπνοίας τινὸς ἀποχωρεῖν
+ἐκέλευεν ἅπαντας, εἶτα ἐδεῖτο τῆς θεοῦ μὴ περιιδεῖν
+αὐτὴν<note place='foot'>αὐτὴν Hertlein suggests, αὑτὴν MSS.</note> ἀδίκοις ἐνεχομένην βλασφημίας.
+<pb n='448'/><anchor id='Pg448'/><anchor id='Pg449'/>
+βοῶσα δὲ ὥσπερ τι κέλευσμα, φασί, ναυτικόν,
+Δέσποινα Μῆτερ εἴπερ εἰμὶ σώφρων, ἕπου μοι,
+ἔφη. καὶ δὴ τὴν ναῦν οὐκ ἐκίνησε μόνον, ἀλλὰ
+καὶ εἵλκυσεν ἐπὶ πολὺ πρὸς τὸν ῥοῦν· καὶ δύο
+ταῦτα Ῥωμαίοις ἔδειξεν ἡ θεὸς οἶμαι κατ᾽ ἐκείνην
+τὴν ἡμέραν. [161] ὡς οὔτε μικροῦ τινος τίμιον ἀπὸ τῆς
+Φρυγίας ἐπήγοντο<note place='foot'>ἐπήγοντο Hertlein suggests, ἐπῆγον τὸν MSS.</note> φόρτον, ἀλλὰ τοῦ παντὸς
+ἄξιον, οὔτε ὡς ἀνθρώπινον τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ ὄντως
+θεῖον, οὔτε ἄψυχον γῆν, ἀλλὰ ἔμπνουν τι χρῆμα
+καὶ δαιμόνιον. ἓν μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς
+ἡ θεός· ἕτερον δέ, ὡς τῶν πολιτῶν οὐδὲ εἶς λάθοι
+ἂν αὐτὴν χρηστὸς ἢ φαῦλος ὤν. κατωρθώθη
+μέντοι καὶ ὁ πόλεμος αὐτίκα Ῥωμαίοις πρὸς
+Καρχηδονίους, ὥστε τὸν τρίτον ὑπὲρ τῶν τειχῶν
+αὐτῆς μόνον Καρχηδόνος γενέσθαι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Ought I to say something on this subject also?
+And shall I write about things not to be spoken of
+and divulge what ought not to be divulged? Shall
+I utter the unutterable? Who is Attis<note place='foot'>The Phrygian god of vegetation who corresponds to the
+Syrian Adonis. His name is said to mean <q>father,</q> and he
+is at once the lover and son of the Mother of the Gods.
+His death and resurrection were celebrated in spring.</note> or Gallus,<note place='foot'>The generic name for the eunuch priests of Attis.</note>
+who is the Mother of the Gods,<note place='foot'>The Phrygian Cybele, the Asiatic goddess of fertility;
+the chief seat of her worship was Pessinus in Phrygia.</note> and what is the
+manner of their ritual of purification? And further
+why was it introduced in the beginning among us
+Romans? It was handed down by the Phrygians in
+very ancient times, and was first taken over by
+the Greeks, and not by any ordinary Greeks but
+by Athenians who had learned by experience that
+they did wrong to jeer at one who was celebrating
+the Mysteries of the Mother. For it is said that
+they wantonly insulted and drove out Gallus, on the
+ground that he was introducing a new cult, because
+they did not understand what sort of goddess they
+had to do with, and that she was that very Deo
+whom they worship, and Rhea and Demeter too.
+Then followed the wrath of the goddess and the
+propitiation of her wrath. For the priestess of the
+Pythian god who guided the Greeks in all noble
+conduct, bade them propitiate the wrath of the
+Mother of the Gods. And so, we are told, the
+Metroum was built, where the Athenians used to
+keep all their state records.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> after the middle of the fifth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi>; before that
+date the records were kept in the Acropolis.</note> After the Greeks the
+Romans took over the cult, when the Pythian god
+had advised them in their turn to bring the goddess
+from Phrygia as an ally for their war against the
+Carthaginians.<note place='foot'>In 204 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi>; cf. Livy 29. 10 foll.; Silius Italicus 17. 1 foll.;
+Ovid, <hi rend='italic'>Fasti</hi> 4. 255 foll. tells the legend and describes the
+ritual of the cult.</note> And perhaps there is no reason
+why I should not insert here a brief account of what
+happened. When they learned the response of the
+oracle, the inhabitants of Rome, that city beloved
+of the gods, sent an embassy to ask from the kings
+of Pergamon<note place='foot'>The Attalids.</note> who then ruled over Phrygia and
+from the Phrygians themselves the most holy statue<note place='foot'>A black meteoric stone embodied the goddess of Pessinus.</note>
+of the goddess. And when they had received it
+they brought back their most sacred freight, putting
+it on a broad cargo-boat which could sail smoothly
+over those wide seas. Thus she crossed the Aegean
+and Ionian Seas, and sailed round Sicily and over
+the Etruscan Sea, and so entered the mouth of the
+Tiber. And the people and the Senate with them
+poured out of the city, and in front of all the others
+there came to meet her all the priests and priestesses
+in suitable attire according to their ancestral custom.
+And in excited suspense they gazed at the ship as
+she ran before a fair wind, and about her keel they
+could discern the foaming wake as she cleft the
+waves. And they greeted the ship as she sailed in
+and adored her from afar, everyone where he happened
+to be standing. But the goddess, as though
+she desired to show the Roman people that they
+were not bringing a lifeless image from Phrygia, but
+that what they had received from the Phrygians and
+were now bringing home possessed greater and more
+divine powers than an image, stayed the ship directly
+she touched the Tiber, and she was suddenly as
+though rooted in mid-stream. So they tried to tow
+her against the current, but she did not follow.
+Then they tried to push her off, thinking they had
+grounded on a shoal, but for all their efforts she did
+not move. Next every possible device was brought
+to bear, but in spite of all she remained immovable.
+Thereupon a terrible and unjust suspicion fell on the
+maiden who had been consecrated to the most sacred
+office of priestess, and they began to accuse Claudia<note place='foot'>Claudia, turritae rara ministra deae. <q>Claudia thou
+peerless priestess of the goddess with the embattled crown.</q>&mdash;Propertius
+4. 11. 52.</note>&mdash;for
+that was the name of that noble maiden<note place='foot'>A matron in other versions.</note>&mdash;of
+not having kept herself stainless and pure for the
+goddess; wherefore they said that the goddess was
+angry and was plainly declaring her wrath. For by
+this time the thing seemed to all to be supernatural.
+Now at first she was filled with shame at the mere
+name of the thing and the suspicion; so very far
+was she from such shameless and lawless behaviour.
+But when she saw that the charge against her was
+gaining strength, she took off her girdle and fastened
+it about the prow of the ship, and, like one divinely
+inspired, bade all stand aside: and then she besought
+the goddess not to suffer her to be thus implicated
+in unjust slanders. Next, as the story goes, she
+cried aloud as though it were some nautical word of
+command, <q>O Goddess Mother, if I am pure follow
+me!</q> And lo, she not only made the ship move,
+but even towed her for some distance up stream.
+Two things, I think, the goddess showed the Romans
+on that day: first that the freight they were bringing
+from Phrygia had no small value, but was
+priceless, and that this was no work of men's hands
+but truly divine, not lifeless clay but a thing possessed
+of life and divine powers. This, I say, was
+one thing that the goddess showed them. And the
+other was that no one of the citizens could be good
+or bad and she not know thereof. Moreover the
+war of the Romans against the Carthaginians forthwith
+took a favourable turn, so that the third war
+was waged only for the walls of Carthage itself.<note place='foot'>In the Third Punic War, which began 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi>, Carthage
+was sacked by the Romans under Scipio.</note>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[B] Τὰ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἱστορίας, εἰ καί τισιν ἀπίθανα
+δόξει καὶ φιλοσόφῳ προσήκειν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ θεολόγῳ,
+λεγέσθω μὴ μεῖον, κοινῇ μὲν ὑπὸ πλείστων ἱστοριογράφων
+ἀναγραφόμενα, σωζόμενα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ
+χαλκῶν εἰκόνων ἐν τῇ κρατίστῃ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ
+Ῥώμῃ. καίτοι με οὐ λέληθεν ὅτι φήσουσιν αὐτά
+τινες τῶν λίαν σοφῶν ὕθλους εἶναι γρᾳδίων οὐκ
+ἀνεκτούς. ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ ταῖς πόλεσι πιστεύειν
+μᾶλλον τὰ τοιαῦτα ἢ τουτοισὶ τοῖς κομψοῖς, ὧν
+τὸ ψυχάριον δριμὺ μέν, ὑγιὲς δὲ οὐδὲ ἓν βλέπει.<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 519 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> δριμὺ μὲν βλέπει τὸ ψυχάριον.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(As for this narrative, though some will think it
+incredible and wholly unworthy of a philosopher or
+a theologian, nevertheless let it here be related.
+For besides the fact that it is commonly recorded by
+most historians, it has been preserved too on bronze
+statues in mighty Rome, beloved of the gods.<note place='foot'>A relief in the Capitoline Museum shows Claudia in the
+act of dragging the ship.</note> And
+yet I am well aware that some over-wise persons
+will call it an old wives' tale, not to be credited.
+But for my part I would rather trust the traditions
+of cities than those too clever people, whose puny
+souls are keen-sighted enough, but never do they
+see aught that is sound.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθέ μοι παρ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄρτι
+<pb n='450'/><anchor id='Pg450'/><anchor id='Pg451'/>
+τὸν τῆς ἁγιστείας καιρόν, ἀκούω μὲν ἔγωγε καὶ
+Πορφυρίῳ τινὰ πεφιλοσοφῆσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, οὐ
+μὴν οἶδά γε, οὐ γὰρ ἐνέτυχον, εἰ καὶ συνενεχθῆναί
+που συμβαίη τῷ λόγῳ. τὸν Γάλλον δὲ ἐγὼ τουτονὶ
+καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν ἐπινοῶ τοῦ
+γονίμου καὶ δημιουργικοῦ νοῦ τὴν ἄχρι τῆς
+ἐσχάτης ὕλης ἅπαντα γεννῶσαν οὐσίαν εἶναι,
+ἔχουσάν τε ἐν ἑαυτῇ πάντας τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰς
+αἰτίας τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν· [D] οὐ γὰρ δὴ πάντων ἐν
+πᾶσι τὰ εἴδη, οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτάτω καὶ πρώτοις
+αἰτίοις τὰ τῶν ἐσχάτων καὶ τελευταίων, μεθ᾽ ἃ
+οὐδέν ἐστιν ἣ τὸ τῆς στερῆσεως ὄνομα μετὰ ἀμυδρᾶς
+ἐπινοίας. οὐσῶν δὴ πολλῶν οὐσιῶν καὶ πολλῶν
+πάνυ δημιουργῶν τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ, ὃς
+τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν τοὺς λόγους ἐξῃρημένους ἔχει καὶ
+συνεχεῖς τὰς αἰτίας, ἡ τελευταία καὶ μέχρι γῆς
+ὑπὸ περιουσίας τοῦ γονίμου [162] διὰ τῆς ἄνωθεν παρὰ
+τῶν ἄστρων καθήκουσα φύσις ὁ ζητούμενός ἐστιν
+Ἀττις. ἴσως δὲ ὑπὲρ οὗ λέγω χρὴ διαλαβεῖν
+σαφέστερον. εἶναί τι λέγομεν ὕλην, ἀλλὰ καὶ
+ἔνυλον εἶδος. ἀλλὰ τούτων εἰ μή τις αἰτία
+προτέτακται, λανθάνοιμεν ἂν ἑαυτοὺς εἰσάγοντες
+τὴν Ἐπικούρειον δόξαν. ἀρχαῖν γὰρ δυοῖν εἰ
+μηδέν ἐστι πρεσβύτερον, αὐτόματός τις αὐτὰς
+φορὰ καὶ τύχη συνεκλήρωσεν. ἀλλ᾽ ὁρῶμεν,
+<pb n='452'/><anchor id='Pg452'/><anchor id='Pg453'/>
+φησὶ Περιπατητικός [B] τις ἀγχίνους ὥσπερ ὁ Ξέναρχος,
+τούτων αἴτιον ὂν τὸ πέμπτον καὶ κυκλικὸν
+σῶμα. γελοῖος δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὑπὲρ τούτων
+ζητῶν τε καὶ πολυπραγμονῶν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ
+Θεόφραστος· ἠγνόησε γοῦν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φωνήν.
+ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἀσώματον οὐσίαν ἐλθὼν καὶ
+νοητὴν ἔστη μὴ πολυπραγμονῶν τὴν αἰτίαν,
+ἀλλὰ φὰς οὕτω ταῦτα πεφυκέναι· χρῆν δὲ δήπουθεν
+καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος τὸ πεφυκέναι
+ταῦτῃ λαμβάνοντα μηκέτι ζητεῖν τὰς αἰτίας,
+ἵστασθαι δὲ ἐπὶ αὐτῶν καὶ μὴ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν
+ἐκπίπτειν ὂν μὲν οὐδὲν [C] φύσει καθ᾽ ἑαυτό, ἔχον δὲ
+ἄλλως κενὴν ὑπόνοιαν. τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἐγὼ μέμνημαι
+τοῦ Ξενάρχου λέγοντος ἀκηκοώς. εἰ μὲν οὖν
+ὀρθῶς ἢ μὴ ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος ἔφη, τοῖς ἄγαν ἐφείσθω
+Περιπατητικοῖς ὀνυχίζειν, ὅτι δὲ οὐ προσηνῶς
+ἐμοὶ παντί που δῆλον, ὅπου γε καὶ τὰς Ἀριστοτελικὰς
+ὑποθέσεις ἐνδεεστέρως ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνω,
+εἰ μή τις αὐτὰς ἐς ταὐτὸ τοῖς Πλάτωνος
+ἄγοι, [D] μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ταῖς ἐκ θεῶν δεδομέναις
+προφητείαις.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I am told that on this same subject of which I am
+impelled to speak at the very season of these sacred
+rites, Porphyry too has written a philosophic treatise.
+But since I have never met with it I do not know
+whether at any point it may chance to agree with my
+discourse. But him whom I call Gallus or Attis
+I discern of my own knowledge to be the substance
+of generative and creative Mind which engenders
+all things down to the lowest plane of matter,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the world of sense-perception.</note> and
+comprehends in itself all the concepts and causes
+of the forms that are embodied in matter. For
+truly the forms of all things are not in all things,
+and in the highest and first causes we do not find
+the forms of the lowest and last, after which there is
+nothing save privation<note place='foot'>Plotinus 1. 8. 4 called matter <q>the privation of the
+Good,</q> στέρησις ἀγαθοῦ.</note> coupled with a dim idea.
+Now there are many substances and very many
+creative gods, but the nature of the third creator,<note place='foot'>Helios; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 140 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>. Attis is here identified
+with the light of the sun.</note>
+who contains in himself the separate concepts
+of the forms that are embodied in matter and
+also the connected chain of causes, I mean that
+nature which is last in order, and through its superabundance
+of generative power descends even unto
+our earth through the upper region from the stars,&mdash;this
+is he whom we seek, even Attis. But perhaps
+I ought to distinguish more clearly what I mean.
+We assert that matter exists and also form embodied
+in matter. But if no cause be assigned prior to
+these two, we should be introducing, unconsciously,
+the Epicurean doctrine. For if there be nothing of
+higher order than these two principles, then a spontaneous
+motion and chance brought them together.
+<q>But,</q> says some acute Peripatetic like Xenarchus,
+<q>we see that the cause of these is the fifth or cyclic
+substance. Aristotle is absurd when he investigates
+and discusses these matters, and Theophrastus likewise.
+At any rate he overlooked the implications of a
+well-known utterance of his. For just as when he came
+to incorporeal and intelligible substance he stopped
+short and did not inquire into its cause, and merely
+asserted that this is what it is by nature; surely in the
+case of the fifth substance also he ought to have assumed
+that its nature is to be thus; and he ought not
+to have gone on to search for causes, but should have
+stopped at these, and not fallen back on the intelligible,
+which has no independent existence by itself,
+and in any case represents a bare supposition.</q> This
+is the sort of thing that Xenarchus says, as I remember
+to have heard. Now whether what he says is
+correct or not, let us leave to the extreme Peripatetics
+to refine upon. But that his view is not agreeable to
+me is, I think, clear to everyone. For I hold that the
+theories of Aristotle himself are incomplete unless
+they are brought into harmony with those of Plato<note place='foot'>Julian here sums up the tendency of the philosophy of
+his age. The Peripatetics had been merged in the Platonists
+and Neo-Platonists, and Themistius the Aristotelian
+commentator often speaks of the reconciliation, in contemporary
+philosophy, of Plato and Aristotle; cf. 235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 236,
+366 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>. Julian, following the example of Iamblichus, would
+force them into agreement; but the final appeal was to
+revealed religion.</note>;
+or rather we must make these also agree with the
+oracles that have been vouchsafed to us by the gods.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἴσως ἄξιον πυθέσθαι, πῶς τὸ κυκλικὸν
+σῶμα δύναται τὰς ἀσωμάτους ἔχειν αἰτίας
+τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ δίχα τούτων
+<pb n='454'/><anchor id='Pg454'/><anchor id='Pg455'/>
+ὑποστῆναι τὴν γένεσιν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται, πρόδηλόν
+ἐστί που καὶ σαφές. τοῦ χάριν γάρ ἐστι τοσαῦτα
+τὰ γιγνόμενα; πόθεν δὲ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ;
+πόθεν δὲ ἡ κατὰ γένος τῶν ὄντων ἐν ὡρισμένοις
+εἴδεσι διαφορά, [163] εἰ μή τινες εἶεν προϋπάρχοντες
+καὶ προϋφεστῶτες<note place='foot'>προϋφεστῶτες Hertlein suggests, cf. 165 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, προεστῶτες
+MSS.</note> λόγοι αἰτίαι τε ἐν
+παραδείγματος λόγῳ προϋφεστῶσαι; πρὸς ἃς
+εἴπερ ἀμβλυώττομεν, ἔτι καθαιρώμεθα τὰ ὄμματα
+τῆς ψυχῆς. κάθαρσις δὲ ὀρθὴ στραφῆναι πρὸς
+ἑαυτὸν καὶ κατανοῆσαι, πῶς μὲν ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ
+ὁ ἔνυλος νοῦς ὥσπερ ἐκμαγεῖόν τι τῶν ἐνύλων
+εἰδῶν καὶ εἰκών ἐστιν. ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστι τῶν
+σωμάτων ἢ τῶν [B] περὶ τὰ σώματα γινομένων τε
+καὶ θεωρουμένων ἀσωμάτων, οὗ τὴν φαντασίαν
+ὁ νοῦς οὐ δύναται λαβεῖν ἀσωμάτως, ὅπερ οὔποτ᾽
+ἂν ἐποίησεν, εἰ μή τι ξυγγενὲς εἶχεν αὐτοῖς
+φύσει. ταῦτά τοι καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν ψυχὴν
+τόπον εἰδῶν ἔφη, πλὴν οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ
+δυνάμει. τὴν μὲν οὖν τοιαύτην ψυχὴν καὶ τὴν
+ἐπεστραμμένην πρὸς τὸ σῶμα δυνάμει ταῦτα
+ἔχειν ἀναγκαῖον· εἰ δέ τις ἄσχετος εἴη καὶ ἀμιγὴς
+ταύτῃ, τοὺς λόγους οὐκέτι δυνάμει, [C] πάντας δὲ
+<pb n='456'/><anchor id='Pg456'/><anchor id='Pg457'/>
+ὑπάρχειν ἐνεργείᾳ νομιστέον. λάβωμεν δὲ αὐτὰ
+σαφέστερον διὰ τοῦ παραδείγματος, ᾧ καὶ
+Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Σοφιστῇ<note place='foot'>233 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> πρὸς ἕτερον μὲν λόγον,
+ἐχρήσατο δ᾽ οὖν ὅμως. τὸ παράδειγμα δὲ οὐκ
+εἰς ἀπόδειξιν φέρω τοῦ λόγου· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ
+ἀποδείξει χρὴ λαβεῖν αὐτόν,<note place='foot'>αὐτόν Hertlein suggests, αὐτό MSS.</note> ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιβολῇ μόνῃ,
+περὶ γὰρ τῶν πρώτων αἰτιῶν ἐστιν ἢ τῶν γε ὁμοστοίχων
+τοῖς πρώτοις, εἴπερ ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ὥσπερ
+οὖν ἄξιον νομίζειν, [D] καὶ ὁ Ἄττις θεός. τί δὲ καὶ
+ποῖόν ἐστι τὸ παράδειγμα; φησί<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Sophist</hi> 235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 596 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> που Πλάτων,
+τῶν περὶ τὴν μίμησιν διατριβόντων εἰ μὲν ἐθέλοι
+τις μιμεῖσθαι, ὥστε καθυφεστάναι τὰ μιμητά,
+ἐργώδη τε εἶναι καὶ χαλεπὴν καὶ νὴ Δία γε
+τοῦ ἀδυνάτου πλησίον μᾶλλον, εὔκολον δὲ καὶ
+ῥᾳδίαν καὶ σφόδρα δυνατὴν τὴν διὰ τοῦ δοκεῖν
+τὰ ὄντα μιμουμένην. ὅταν οὖν τὸ κάτοπτρον
+λαβόντες περιφέρωμεν ἐκ πάντων τῶν ὄντων
+ῥᾳδίως ἀπομαξάμενοι, [164] δείκνυμεν ἑκάστου τοὺς
+τύπους. ἐκ τούτου τοῦ παραδείγματος ἐπὶ τὸ
+εἰρημένον μεταβιβάσωμεν τὸ ὁμοίωμα, ἵν᾽ ᾖ τὸ
+μὲν κάτοπτρον ὁ λεγόμενος ὑπὸ Ἀριστοτέλους
+δυνάμει τόπος εἰδῶν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But this it is perhaps worth while to inquire, how
+the cyclic substance<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> aether, the fifth substance.</note> can contain the incorporeal
+causes of the forms that are embodied in matter.
+For that, apart from these causes, it is not possible
+for generation to take place is, I think, clear and
+manifest. For why are there so many kinds of
+generated things? Whence arise masculine and
+feminine? Whence the distinguishing characteristics
+of things according to their species in well-defined
+types, if there are not pre-existing and pre-established
+concepts, and causes which existed beforehand
+to serve as a pattern?<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the causes of the forms that are embodied in matter
+have a prior existence as Ideas.</note> And if we discern these
+causes but dimly, let us still further purify the eyes
+of the soul. And the right kind of purification is
+to turn our gaze inwards and to observe how the
+soul and embodied Mind are a sort of mould<note place='foot'>An echo of Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 191 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 196 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 50 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> and
+likeness of the forms that are embodied in matter.
+For in the case of the corporeal, or of things that
+though incorporeal come into being and are to be
+studied in connection with the corporeal, there is no
+single thing whose mental image the mind cannot
+grasp independently of the corporeal. But this it
+could not have done if it did not possess something
+naturally akin to the incorporeal forms. Indeed it is
+for this reason that Aristotle himself called the soul
+the <q>place of the forms,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>De Anima</hi> 3. 4. 429 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Aristotle quotes the phrase with
+approval and evidently attributes it to Plato; the precise
+expression is not to be found in Plato, though in <hi rend='italic'>Parmenides</hi>
+132 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> he says that the Ideas are <q>in our souls.</q></note> only he said that the
+forms are there not actually but potentially. Now
+a soul of this sort, that is allied with matter, must
+needs possess these forms potentially only, but a
+soul that should be independent and unmixed in
+this way we must believe would contain all the
+concepts, not potentially but actually. Let us make
+this clearer by means of the example which Plato
+himself employed in the Sophist, with reference
+certainly to another theory, but still he did employ
+it. And I bring forward the illustration, not to
+prove my argument; for one must not try to
+grasp it by demonstration, but only by apprehension.
+For it deals with the first causes, or at
+least those that rank with the first, if indeed,
+as it is right to believe, we must regard Attis
+also as a god. What then, and of what sort
+is this illustration? Plato says that, if any man
+whose profession is imitation desire to imitate in such
+a way that the original is exactly reproduced, this
+method of imitation is troublesome and difficult,
+and, by Zeus, borders on the impossible; but pleasant
+and easy and quite possible is the method which
+only seems to imitate real things. For instance,
+when we take up a mirror and turn it round we
+easily get an impression of all objects, and show the
+general outline of every single thing. From this
+example let us go back to the analogy I spoke of,
+and let the mirror stand for what Aristotle calls the
+<q>place of the forms</q> potentially.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Αὐτὰ δὲ χρὴ τὰ εἴδη πρότερον ὑφεστάναι
+πάντως ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ δυνάμει. τῆς τοίνυν ἐν
+ἡμῖν ψυχῆς, ὡς καὶ Ἀριστοτέλει δοκεῖ, δυνάμει
+τῶν ὄντων ἐχούσης τὰ εἴδη, ποῦ πρῶτον ἐνεργείᾳ
+θησόμεθα ταῦτα; πότερον ἐν τοῖς ἐνύλοις; [B] ἀλλ᾽
+ἔστι γε ταῦτα φανερῶς τὰ τελευταῖα. λείπεται
+<pb n='458'/><anchor id='Pg458'/><anchor id='Pg459'/>
+δὴ λοιπὸν ἀύλους αἰτίας ζητεῖν ἐνεργείᾳ προτεταγμένας
+τῶν ἐνύλων, αἷς παρυποστᾶσαν καὶ
+συμπροελθοῦσαν ἡμῶν τὴν ψυχὴν δέχεσθαι μὲν
+ἐκεῖθεν, ὥσπερ ἐξ ὄντων τινῶν τὰ ἔσοπτρα, τοὺς
+τῶν εἰδῶν ἀναγκαῖον λόγους, ἐνδιδόναι δὲ διὰ
+τῆς φύσεως τῇ τε ὕλῃ καὶ τοῖς ἐνύλοις τουτοισὶ
+σώμασιν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἐστὶ δημιουργὸς
+τῶν σωμάτων ἴσμεν, ὡς ὅλη τις οὖσα τοῦ παντός,
+ἡ δὲ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον [C] ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἐν μέρει,
+πρόδηλόν ἐστί που καὶ σαφές, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ φύσις
+ἐνεργείᾳ δίχα φαντασίας ἐν ἡμῖν, ἡ δὲ ὑπὲρ
+ταύτης ψυχὴ καὶ τὴν φαντασίαν προσείληφεν.
+εἰ τοίνυν ἡ φύσις καὶ ὧν οὐκ ἔχει τὴν φαντασίαν
+ἔχειν ὅμως ὁμολογεῖται τὴν αἰτίαν, ἀνθ᾽
+ὅτου πρὸς θεῶν οὐχὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ μᾶλλον ἔτι καὶ
+πρεσβύτερον τῇ ψυχῇ δώσομεν, ὅπου καὶ φανταστικῶς
+αὐτὸ γιγνώσκομεν ἤδη [D] καὶ λόγῳ καταλαμβάνομεν;
+εἶτα τίς οὕτως ἐστὶ φιλόνεικος, ὡς
+τῇ φύσει μὲν ὑπάρχειν ὁμολογεῖν τοὺς ἐνύλους
+λόγους, εἰ καὶ μὴ πάντας καὶ κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ
+ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει γε πάντας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ
+μὴ δοῦναι τοῦτο αὐτό; οὐκοῦν εἰ δυνάμει μὲν
+ἐν τῇ φύσει καὶ οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ τὰ εἴδη, δυνάμει
+δὲ ἔτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ καθαρώτερον καὶ δικεκριμένως
+<pb n='460'/><anchor id='Pg460'/><anchor id='Pg461'/>
+μᾶλλον, ὥστε δὴ καὶ καταλαμβάνεσθαι
+καὶ γινώσκεσθαι, ἐνεργείᾳ δὲ οὐδαμοῦ·
+πόθεν ἀναρτήσομεν τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τὰ πείσματα;
+ποῦ δὲ ἑδράσομεν [165] τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀιδιότητος
+κόσμου λόγους; τὸ γὰρ τοι κυκλικὸν σῶμα ἐξ
+ὑποκειμένου καὶ εἴδους ἐστίν. ἀνάγκη δὴ οὖν,
+εἰ καὶ μήποτε ἐνεργείᾳ ταῦτα δίχα ἀλλήλων,
+ἀλλὰ ταῖς γε ἐπινοίαις ἐκεῖνα πρῶτα ὑπάρχοντα
+εἶναί τε καὶ νομίζεσθαι πρεσβύτερα. οὐκοῦν
+ἐπειδὴ δέδοταί τις καὶ τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν αἰτία
+προηγουμένη παντελῶς ἄυλος ὑπὸ τὸν τρίτον
+δημιουργόν, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐ τούτων μόνον ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ
+καὶ τοῦ φαινομένου καὶ πέμπτου σώματος πατὴρ
+καὶ δεσπότης· [B] ἀποδιελόντες ἐκείνου τὸν Ἄττιν,
+τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ὕλης καταβαίνουσαν αἰτίαν, καὶ
+θεὸν γόνιμον Ἄττιν εἶναι καὶ Γάλλον πεπιστεύκαμεν,
+ὃν δή φησιν ὁ μῦθος ἀνθῆσαι μὲν ἐκτεθέντα
+παρὰ Γάλλου ποταμοῦ ταῖς δίναις, εἶτα
+καλὸν φανέντα καὶ μέγαν ἀγαπηθῆναι παρὰ
+τῆς Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν. τὴν δὲ τά τε ἄλλα
+πάντα ἐπιτρέψαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὸν ἀστερωτὸν περιθεῖναι<note place='foot'>περιθεῖναι Hertlein suggests, cf. Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and
+the World</hi> 249, τὸν ἀστερωτὸν αὐτῷ περιθεῖναι πῖλον: ἐπιθεῖναι
+MSS.</note>
+πῖλον. [C] ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τὴν κορυφὴν σκέπει τοῦ
+Ἄττιδος ὁ φαινόμενος οὐρανὸς οὑτοσί, τὸν Γάλλον
+ποταμὸν ἄρα μή ποτε χρὴ τὸν γαλαξίαν
+αἰνίττεσθαι<note place='foot'>αἰνίττεσθαι Hertlein suggests, cf. Sallust 250 τὸν γαλαξόαν
+αἰνίττεται κύκλον: μαντεύεσθαι MSS.</note> κύκλον; ἐνταῦθα γάρ φασι μίγνυσθαι
+τὸ παθητὸν σῶμα πρὸς τὴν ἀπαθῆ τοῦ
+<pb n='462'/><anchor id='Pg462'/><anchor id='Pg463'/>
+πέμπτου κυκλοφορίαν. ἄχρι τοι τούτων ἐπέτρεψεν
+ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν θεῶν σκιρτᾶν τε καὶ χορεύειν
+τῷ καλῷ τούτῳ καὶ ταῖς ἡλιακαῖς ἀκτῖσιν
+ἐμφερεῖ τῷ νοερῷ θεῷ, τῷ Ἄττιδι. ὁ δὲ ἐπειδὴ
+προïὼν ἦλθεν ἄχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων, ὁ μῦθος αὐτὸν
+εἰς τὸ ἄντρον<note place='foot'>cf. Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On the Cave of the Nymph</hi> 7; and Plato,
+<hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 514 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> κατελθεῖν ἔφη καὶ συγγενέσθαι τῇ
+νύμφῃ, [D] τὸ δίυγρον αἰνιττόμενος τῆς ὕλης· καὶ
+οὐδὲ τὴν ὕλην αὐτὴν νῦν ἔφη, τὴν τελευταίαν δὲ
+αἰτίαν ἀσώματον, ἣ τῆς ὕλης προüφέστηκε.<note place='foot'>προüφέστηκε Hertlein suggests, προέστηκε MSS.</note>
+λέγεταί τοι καὶ πρὸς Ἡρακλείτου<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 36, Diels.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Now the forms themselves must certainly subsist
+actually before they subsist potentially. If, therefore,
+the soul in us, as Aristotle himself believed,
+contains potentially the forms of existing things,
+where shall we place the forms in that previous
+state of actuality? Shall it be in material things?
+No, for the forms that are in them are evidently the
+last and lowest. Therefore it only remains to search
+for immaterial causes which exist in actuality prior
+to and of a higher order than the causes that are
+embodied in matter. And our souls must subsist
+in dependence on these and come forth together
+with them, and so receive from them the concepts of
+the forms, as mirrors show the reflections of things;
+and then with the aid of nature it bestows them on
+matter and on these material bodies of our world.
+For we know that nature is the creator of bodies,
+universal nature in some sort of the All; while that
+the individual nature of each is the creator of particulars
+is plainly evident. But nature exists in us in
+actuality without a mental image, whereas the soul,
+which is superior to nature, possesses a mental
+image besides. If therefore we admit that nature
+contains in herself the cause of things of which she
+has however no mental image, why, in heaven's
+name, are we not to assign to the soul these same
+forms, only in a still higher degree, and with priority
+over nature, seeing that it is in the soul that we recognise
+the forms by means of mental images, and
+comprehend them by means of the concept? Who
+then is so contentious as to admit on the one hand that
+the concepts embodied in matter exist in nature&mdash;even
+though not all and equally in actuality, yet all
+potentially&mdash;while on the other hand he refuses to
+recognise that the same is true of the soul? If therefore
+the forms exist in nature potentially, but not actually,
+and if also they exist potentially in the soul,<note place='foot'>For the superiority of the soul to nature cf. <hi rend='italic'>De Mysteriis</hi>
+8. 7. 270; and for the theory that the soul gives form to
+matter, Plotinus 4. 3. 20.</note> only in
+a still purer sense and more completely separated,
+so that they can be comprehended and recognised;
+but yet exist in actuality nowhere at all; to what,
+I ask, shall we hang the chain of perpetual generation,
+and on what shall we base our theories of the
+imperishability of the universe? For the cyclic
+substance<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the fifth substance.</note> itself is composed of matter and form. It
+must therefore follow that, even though in actuality
+these two, matter and form, are never separate from
+one another, yet for our intelligence the forms must
+have prior existence and be regarded as of a higher
+order. Accordingly, since for the forms embodied
+in matter a wholly immaterial cause has been assigned,
+which leads these forms under the hand of
+the third creator<note place='foot'>Helios; cf. 161 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. The whole passage implies the
+identification of Attis with nature, and of the world-soul
+with Helios; cf. 162 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> where Attis is called <q>Nature,</q> φύσις.</note>&mdash;who for us is the lord and father
+not only of these forms but also of the visible fifth
+substance&mdash;from that creator we distinguish Attis,
+the cause which descends even unto matter, and we
+believe that Attis or Gallus is a god of generative
+powers. Of him the myth relates that, after being
+exposed at birth near the eddying stream of the
+river Gallus, he grew up like a flower, and when he
+had grown to be fair and tall, he was beloved by the
+Mother of the Gods. And she entrusted all things
+to him, and moreover set on his head the starry cap.<note place='foot'>cf. 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 168 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and the World</hi>
+4. 16. 1.</note>
+But if our visible sky covers the crown of Attis,
+must one not interpret the river Gallus as the Milky
+Way?<note place='foot'>cf. 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Sallust also identifies Gallus with the Milky
+Way, 4. 14. 25.</note> For it is there, they say, that the substance
+which is subject to change mingles with the passionless
+revolving sphere of the fifth substance. Only
+as far as this did the Mother of the Gods permit
+this fair intellectual god Attis, who resembles the
+sun's rays, to leap and dance. But when he passed
+beyond this limit and came even to the lowest
+region, the myth said that he had descended into
+the cave, and had wedded the nymph. And the
+nymph is to be interpreted as the dampness of
+matter; though the myth does not here mean
+matter itself, but the lowest immaterial cause which
+subsists prior to matter. Indeed Heracleitus also
+says:)
+</p>
+
+<quote rend='display'>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὑγρῇσι γενέσθαι·</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+(<q>It is death to souls to become wet.</q>)
+</p>
+
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+τοῦτον οὖν τὸν Γάλλον, τὸν νοερὸν θεόν, τὸν τῶν
+ἐνύλων καὶ ὑπὸ σελήνην εἰδῶν συνοχέα, τῇ προτεταγμένῃ
+τῆς ὕλης αἰτίᾳ συνιόντα, συνιόντα δὲ οὐχ
+ὡς ἄλλον ἄλλῃ, [166] ἀλλ᾽ οἷον αὐτὸ εἰς ἑαυτὸ<note place='foot'>ἑαυτὸ Shorey suggests, τοῦτο Hertlein, MSS.</note> λέγομεν<note place='foot'>λέγομεν Petavius suggests, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.</note>
+ὑποφερόμενον.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(We
+mean therefore that this Gallus, the intellectual god,
+the connecting link between forms embodied in
+matter beneath the region of the moon, is united
+with the cause that is set over matter, but not in
+the sense that one sex is united with another, but
+like an element that is gathered to itself.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τίς οὖν ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν θεῶν; ἡ τῶν κυβερνώντων
+τοὺς ἐμφανεῖς νοερῶν καὶ δημιουργικῶν θεῶν
+πηγή, ἡ καὶ τεκοῦσα καὶ συνοικοῦσα τῷ μεγάλῳ
+Διὶ θεὸς ὑποστᾶσα μεγάλη μετὰ τὸν μέγαν καὶ
+σὺν τῷ μεγάλῳ δημιουργῷ, ἡ πάσης μὲν κυρία
+ζωῆς, πάσης δὲ γενέσεως αἰτία, ἡ ῥᾷστα μὲν
+ἐπιτελοῦσα τὰ ποιούμενα, γεννῶσα δὲ δίχα πάθους
+καὶ δημιουργοῦσα τὰ ὄντα μετὰ τοῦ πατρός·
+αὕτη [B] καὶ παρθένος ἀμήτωρ καὶ Διὸς σύνθωκος καὶ
+μήτηρ θεῶν ὄντως οὖσα πάντων. τῶν γὰρ νοητῶν
+<pb n='464'/><anchor id='Pg464'/><anchor id='Pg465'/>
+ὑπερκοσμίων τε<note place='foot'>τε Hertlein suggests.</note> θεῶν δεξαμένη πάντων τὰς<note place='foot'>τὰς Hertlein suggests.</note>
+αἰτίας ἐν ἑαυτῇ πηγὴ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐγένετο. ταύτην
+δὴ τὴν θεὸν οὖσαν καὶ πρόνοιαν ἔρως μὲν ὑπῆλθεν
+ἀπαθὴς Ἄττιδος· ἐθελούσια γὰρ αὐτῇ καὶ κατὰ
+γνώμην ἐστὶν οὐ τὰ ἔνυλα μόνον εἴδη, πολὺ δὲ
+πλέον τὰ τούτων αἴτια. τὴν δὴ τὰ γινόμενα καὶ
+φθειρόμενα σώζουσαν [C] προμήθειαν ἐργᾶν ὁ μῦθος
+ἔφη τῆς δημιουργικῆς τούτων αἰτίας καὶ γονίμου,
+καὶ κελεύειν μὲν αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τίκτειν
+μᾶλλον καὶ βούλεσθαι μὲν<note place='foot'>μὲν Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</note> πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐπεστράφθαι
+καὶ συνοικεῖν, ἐπίταγμα δὲ ποιεῖσθαι,
+μηδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἅμα μὲν τὸ ἑνοειδὲς σωτήριον
+διώκουσαν, ἅμα δὲ φεύγουσαν τὸ πρὸς τὴν ὕλην
+νεῦσαν· πρὸς ἑαυτήν τε βλέπειν ἐκέλευσεν, οὖσαν
+πηγὴν μὲν τῶν δημιουργικῶν θεῶν, οὐ καθελκομένην
+δὲ εἰς τὴν γένεσιν οὐδὲ θελγομένην· [D] οὕτω
+γὰρ ἔμελλεν ὁ μέγας Ἄττις καὶ κρείττων<note place='foot'>κρείττων Hertlein suggests, κρεῖττον MSS.</note> εἶναι
+δημιουργός, ἐπείπερ ἐν πᾶσιν ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον
+ἐπιστροφὴ μᾶλλόν ἐστι δραστήριος τῆς πρὸς τὸ
+χεῖρον νεύσεως. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ πέμπτον σῶμα τούτῳ
+δημιουργικώτερόν ἐστι τῶν τῇδε καὶ θειότερον,
+τῷ μᾶλλον ἐστράφθαι πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, ἐπεί τοι
+τὸ σῶμα, κἂν αἰθέρος ᾖ τοῦ καθαρωτάτου, ψυχῆς
+ἀχράντου καὶ καθαρᾶς, ὁποίαν τὴν Ἡρακλέους ὁ
+δημιουργὸς ἐξέπεμψεν, οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν κρεῖττον
+<pb n='466'/><anchor id='Pg466'/><anchor id='Pg467'/>
+τολμήσειε. [167] τότε μέντοι ἦν τε καὶ ἐδόκει μᾶλλον
+δραστήριος, ἢ ὅτε<note place='foot'>ἢ ὅτε Shorey, ὅτε Hertlein, MSS.</note> αὑτὴν ἔδωκεν ἐκείνη σώματι.
+ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ νῦν Ἡρακλεῖ ὅλῳ πρὸς ὅλον κεχωρηκότι
+τὸν πατέρα ῥᾴων ἡ τούτων ἐπιμέλεια
+καθέστηκεν ἢ πρότερον ἦν, ὅτε ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις
+σαρκία φορῶν ἐστρέφετο. οὕτως ἐν πᾶσι δραστήριος
+μᾶλλον ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἀπόστασις
+τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον στροφῆς. ὁ δὴ βουλόμενος ὁ
+μῦθος διδάξαι παραινέσαι φησὶ τὴν Μητέρα τῶν
+θεῶν τῷ Ἄττιδι θεραπεύειν αὑτὴν καὶ μήτε
+ἀποχωρεῖν μήτε ἐρᾶν ἄλλης. [B] ὁ δὲ προῆλθεν ἄχρι
+τῶν ἐσχάτων τῆς ὕλης κατελθών. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐχρῆν
+παύσασθαί ποτε καὶ στῆναι τὴν ἀπειρίαν,
+Κορύβας μὲν ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος, ὁ σύνθρονος
+τῇ Μητρὶ καὶ συνδημιουργῶν αὐτῇ τὰ πάντα
+καὶ συμπρομηθούμενος καὶ οὐδὲν πράττων
+αὐτῆς δίχα, πείθει τὸν λέοντα μηνυτὴν γενέσθαι.
+τίς δὲ ὁ λέων; αἴθωνα δήπουθεν ἀκούομεν
+αὐτόν, αἰτίαν τοίνυν τὴν προüφεστῶσαν<note place='foot'>προüφεστῶσαν Hertlein suggests, προεστῶσαν MSS.</note> τοῦ
+θερμοῦ καὶ πυρώδους, [C] ἣ πολεμήσειν ἔμελλε
+τῇ νύμφῃ καὶ ζηλοτυπήσειν αὐτὴν τῆς πρὸς τὸν
+Ἄττιν κοινωνίας· εἴρηται δὲ ἡμῖν τίς ἡ νύμφη·
+τῇ δὲ<note place='foot'>τῇ δὲ Hertlein suggests, τῇ MSS.</note> δημιουργικῇ προμηθείᾳ τῶν ὄντων ὑπουργῆσαί
+φησιν ὁ μῦθος,<note place='foot'>φησιν ὁ μῦθος Hertlein suggests, φησι MSS.</note> δηλαδὴ τῇ Μητρὶ τῶν θεῶν·
+<pb n='468'/><anchor id='Pg468'/><anchor id='Pg469'/>
+εἶτα φωράσαντα καὶ μηνυτὴν γενόμενον αἴτιον
+γενέσθαι τῷ νεανίσκῳ τῆς ἐκτομὴς. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ
+τίς; ἐποχὴ τῆς ἀπειρίας· ἔστη γὰρ δὴ τὰ τῆς
+γενέσεως ἐν ὡρισμένοις τοῖς εἴδεσιν ὑπὸ τῆς
+δημιουργικῆς ἐπισχεθέντα προμηθείας, [D] οὐκ ἄνευ
+τῆς τοῦ Ἄττιδος λεγομένης παραφροσύνης, ἣ τὸ
+μέτριον ἐξισταμένη καὶ ὑπερβαίνουσα καὶ διὰ
+τοῦτο ὥσπερ ἐξασθενοῦσα καὶ οὐκέθ᾽ αὑτῆς εἶναι
+δυναμένη·<note place='foot'>A finite verb <hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi> φαίνεται is needed to complete the
+construction.</note> ὃ δὴ περὶ τὴν τελευταίαν ὑποστῆναι
+τῶν θεῶν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἄλογον. σκόπει οὖν ἀναλλοίωτον
+κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀλλοίωσιν τὸ πέμπτον
+θεώμενος σῶμα περὶ τοὺς φωτισμοὺς τῆς σελήνης,
+ἵνα λοιπὸν ὁ συνεχῶς γιγνόμενός τε καὶ ἀπολλύμενος
+κόσμος γειτνιᾷ τῷ πέμπτῳ σώματι. περὶ      168
+τοὺς φωτισμοὺς αὐτῆς ἀλλοίωσίν τινα καὶ πάθη
+συμπίπτοντα θεωροῦμεν. οὐκ ἄτοπον οὖν καὶ
+τὸν Ἄττιν τοῦτον ἡμίθεόν τινα εἶναι· βούλεται
+γὰρ δὴ καὶ ὁ μῦθος τοῦτο· μᾶλλον δὲ θεὸν μὲν
+τῷ παντί· πρόεισί τε γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ
+καὶ ἐπανάγεται πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Μητέρα τῶν
+θεῶν μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομήν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ὅλως ῥέπειν καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Friederich, πέπεικε Hertlein, MSS.</note>
+νεύειν εἰς τὴν ὕλην δοκεῖ, θεῶν μὲν ἔσχατον,
+ἔξαρχον δὲ [B] τῶν θείων γενῶν ἁπάντων οὐκ ἂν
+ἁμάρτοι τις αὐτὸν ὑπολαβών. ἡμίθεον δὲ διὰ
+τοῦτο ὁ μῦθός φησι, τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀτρέπτους
+αὐτοῦ θεοὺς ἐνδεικνύμενος διαφοράν. δορυφοροῦσι
+γὰρ αὐτὸν παρὰ τῆς Μητρὸς δοθέντες οἱ
+Κορύβαντες, αἱ τρεῖς ἀρχικαὶ τῶν μετὰ θεοὺς
+κρεισσόνων γενῶν ὑποστάσεις. ἄρχει δὲ καὶ τῶν
+<pb n='470'/><anchor id='Pg470'/><anchor id='Pg471'/>
+λεόντων, οἳ τὴν ἔνθερμον οὐσίαν καὶ πυρώδη
+κατανειμάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν ἐξάρχου λέοντος
+αἴτιοι τῷ πυρὶ μὲν πρώτως, διὰ δὲ τῆς ἐνθένδε
+θερμότητος ἐνεργείας τε κινητικῆς αἴτιοι [C] καὶ τοῖς
+ἄλλοις εἰσὶ σωτηρίας· περίκειται δὲ τὸν οὐρανὸν
+ἀντὶ τιάρας, ἐκεῖθεν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ γῆν ὁρμώμενος.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Who then is the Mother of the Gods? She is
+the source of the intellectual<note place='foot'>cf. 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> and creative gods, who
+in their turn guide the visible gods: she is both the
+mother and the spouse of mighty Zeus; she came
+into being next to and together with the great
+creator; she is in control of every form of life, and
+the cause of all generation; she easily brings to
+perfection all things that are made; without pain
+she brings to birth, and with the father's<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> Zeus.</note> aid creates
+all things that are; she is the motherless maiden,<note place='foot'>Hence she is the counterpart of Athene, cf. 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.
+Athene is Forethought among the intellectual gods; Cybele
+is Forethought among the intelligible gods and therefore
+superior to Athene; cf. 180 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>
+enthroned at the side of Zeus, and in very truth is
+the Mother of all the Gods. For having received
+into herself the causes of all the gods, both intelligible
+and supra-mundane, she became the source of
+the intellectual gods. Now this goddess, who is also
+Forethought, was inspired with a passionless love for
+Attis. For not only the forms embodied in matter,
+but to a still greater degree the causes of those
+forms, voluntarily serve her and obey her will.
+Accordingly the myth relates the following: that
+she who is the Providence who preserves all that is
+subject to generation and decay, loved their creative
+and generative cause, and commanded that cause to
+beget offspring rather in the intelligible region; and
+she desired that it should turn towards herself and
+dwell with her, but condemned it to dwell with no
+other thing. For only thus would that creative cause
+strive towards the uniformity that preserves it, and at
+the same time would avoid that which inclines towards
+matter. And she bade that cause look towards her,
+who is the source of the creative gods, and not be
+dragged down or allured into generation. For in
+this way was mighty Attis destined to be an even
+mightier creation, seeing that in all things the conversion
+to what is higher produces more power to
+effect than the inclination to what is lower. And
+the fifth substance itself is more creative and more
+divine than the elements of our earth, for this
+reason, that it is more nearly connected with the
+gods. Not that anyone, surely, would venture to
+assert that any substance, even if it be composed of
+the purest aether, is superior to soul undefiled and
+pure, that of Heracles for instance, as it was
+when the creator sent it to earth. For that soul
+of his both seemed to be and was more effective than
+after it had bestowed itself on a body. Since even
+Heracles, now that he has returned, one and indivisible,
+to his father one and indivisible, more easily
+controls his own province than formerly when he
+wore the garment of flesh and walked among men.
+And this shows that in all things the conversion to
+the higher is more effective than the propensity to
+the lower. This is what the myth aims to teach us
+when it says that the Mother of the Gods exhorted
+Attis not to leave her or to love another. But he
+went further, and descended even to the lowest
+limits of matter. Since, however, it was necessary
+that his limitless course should cease and halt at
+last, mighty Helios the Corybant,<note place='foot'>The Corybantes were the Phrygian priests of Cybele,
+who at Rome were called Galli.</note> who shares the
+Mother's throne and with her creates all things,
+with her has providence for all things, and apart
+from her does nothing, persuaded the Lion<note place='foot'>The Asiatic deities, especially Cybele, are often represented
+holding lions, or in cars drawn by them. cf. Catullus
+63. 76, <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>juncta juga resolvens Cybele leonibus</foreign>, <q>Cybele
+unharnessed her team of lions</q>; she sends a lion in pursuit
+of Attis, cf. 168 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>; Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On the Cave of the Nymph</hi>
+3. 2. 287 calls the sign of the lion <q>the dwelling of Helios.</q></note> to
+reveal the matter. And who is the Lion? Verily
+we are told that he is flame-coloured.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 10. 23 λέοντος αἴθωνος.</note> He is, therefore,
+the cause that subsists prior to the hot and
+fiery, and it was his task to contend against the
+nymph and to be jealous of her union with Attis.
+(And who the nymph is, I have said.) And the
+myth says that the Lion serves the creative Providence
+of the world, which evidently means the
+Mother of the Gods. Then it says that by detecting
+and revealing the truth, he caused the youth's
+castration. What is the meaning of this castration?
+It is the checking of the unlimited. For now
+was generation confined within definite forms
+checked by creative Providence. And this would
+not have happened without the so-called madness
+of Attis, which overstepped and transgressed
+due measure, and thereby made him become weak
+so that he had no control over himself. And it is not
+surprising that this should come to pass, when we
+have to do with the cause that ranks lowest among
+the gods. For consider the fifth substance, which is
+subject to no change of any sort, in the region of the
+light of the moon: I mean where our world of continuous
+generation and decay borders on the fifth substance.
+We perceive that in the region of her light
+it seems to undergo certain alterations and to be
+affected by external influences. Therefore it is not
+contradictory to suppose that our Attis also is a sort of
+demigod&mdash;for that is actually the meaning of the
+myth&mdash;or rather for the universe he is wholly god, for
+he proceeds from the third creator, and after his castration
+is led upwards again to the Mother of the Gods.
+But though he seems to lean and incline towards
+matter, one would not be mistaken in supposing that,
+though he is the lowest in order of the gods, nevertheless
+he is the leader of all the tribes of divine
+beings. But the myth calls him a demigod to
+indicate the difference between him and the unchanging
+gods. He is attended by the Corybants
+who are assigned to him by the Mother; they are
+the three leading personalities of the higher races<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 145 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note>
+that are next in order to the gods. Also Attis rules
+over the lions, who together with the Lion, who is
+their leader, have chosen for themselves hot and
+fiery substance, and so are, first and foremost, the
+cause of fire. And through the heat derived from
+fire they are the causes of motive force and of preservation
+for all other things that exist. And Attis
+encircles the heavens like a tiara, and thence sets
+out as though to descend to earth.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Οὗτος ὁ μέγας ἡμῖν θεὸς Ἄττις ἐστίν· αὗται
+τοῦ βασιλέως Ἄττιδος αἱ θρηνούμεναι τέως
+φυγαὶ καὶ κρύψεις καὶ ἀφανισμοὶ καὶ αἱ δύσεις
+αἱ κατὰ τὸ ἄντρον. τεκμήρια δὲ ἔστω μοι τούτου
+ὁ χρόνος, ἐν ᾧ γίνεται. τέμνεσθαι γάρ φασι τὸ
+ἱερὸν δένδρον καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον
+τῆς ἰσημερινῆς ἁψῖδος ἔρχεται· εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς περισαλπισμὸς
+παραλαμβάνεται· [D] τῇ τρίτῃ δὲ τέμνεται
+τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἀπόρρητον θέρος τοῦ θεοῦ Γάλλου·
+ἐπὶ τούτοις Ἱλάρια, φασί, καὶ ἑορταί. ὅτι μὲν
+οὖν στάσις ἐστὶ τῆς ἀπειρίας ἡ θρυλουμένη
+παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐκτομή, πρόδηλον ἐξ ὧν
+ἡνίκα ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ ψαύσας
+κύκλου, ἵνα τὸ μάλιστα ὡρισμένον ἐστί·<note place='foot'>A finite verb is needed to complete the construction.
+For the anacoluthon cf. 167 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> τὸ μὲν
+γὰρ ἴσον ὡρισμένον ἐστί, τὸ δὲ ἄνισον ἄπειρόν
+τε καὶ ἀδιεξίτητον· κατὰ τὸν λόγον αὐτίκα τὸ
+δένδρον τέμνεται· [169] εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς γίνεται τὰ λοιπά, τὰ
+<pb n='472'/><anchor id='Pg472'/><anchor id='Pg473'/>
+μὲν διὰ τοὺς μυστικοὺς καὶ κρυφίους θεσμούς, τὰ
+δὲ καὶ διὰ<note place='foot'>καὶ διὰ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.</note> ῥηθῆναι πᾶσι δυναμένους. ἡ δὲ
+ἐκτομὴ τοῦ δένδρου, τοῦτο δὲ τῇ μὲν ἱστορίᾳ
+προσήκει τῇ περὶ τὸν Γάλλον, οὐδὲν δὲ τοῖς
+μυστηρίοις, οἷς παραλαμβάνεται, διδασκόντων
+ἡμᾶς οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν συμβολικῶς, ὅτι χρὴ τὸ
+κάλλιστον ἐκ γῆς δρεψαμένους, ἀρετὴν μετὰ
+εὐσεβείας, ἀπενεγκεῖν τῇ θεῷ, σύμβολον τῆς
+ἐνταῦθα χρηστῆς πολιτείας ἐσόμενον. τὸ γάρ
+τοι δένδρον ἐκ [B] γῆς μὲν φύεται, σπεύδει δὲ
+ὥσπερ εἰς τὸν αἰθέρα καὶ ἰδεῖν τέ ἐστι καλὸν καὶ
+σκιὰν παρασχεῖν ἐν πνίγει, ἤδη δὲ καὶ καρπὸν
+ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προβαλεῖν καὶ χαρίσασθαι· οὗτως
+αὐτῷ πολύ τί γε τοῦ γονίμου περίεστιν. ἡμῖν
+οὖν ὁ θεσμὸς παρακελεύεται, τοῖς φύσει μὲν
+οὐρανίοις, εἰς γῆν δὲ ἐνεχθεῖσιν, ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας
+ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ γῇ πολιτείας ἀμησαμένους
+παρὰ τὴν προγονικὴν [C] καὶ ζωογόνον σπεύδειν θεόν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(This, then, is our mighty god Attis. This explains
+his once lamented flight and concealment and disappearance
+and descent into the cave. In proof of
+this let me cite the time of year at which it happens.
+For we are told that the sacred tree<note place='foot'>A pine sacred to Attis was felled on March 22nd; cf.
+Frazer, <hi rend='italic'>Attis, Adonis and Osiris</hi>, p. 222.</note> is felled on the
+day when the sun reaches the height of the equinox.<note place='foot'>cf. 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 175 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>
+Thereupon the trumpets are sounded.<note place='foot'>March 23rd.</note> And on the
+third day the sacred and unspeakable member of the
+god Gallus is severed.<note place='foot'>March 24th was the date of the castration of the
+Galli, the priests of Attis.</note> Next comes, they say, the
+Hilaria<note place='foot'>On March 25th the resurrection of Attis and the freeing
+of our souls from generation (γένεσις) was celebrated by the
+feast of the Hilaria.</note> and the festival. And that this castration,
+so much discussed by the crowd, is really the halting
+of his unlimited course, is evident from what happens
+directly mighty Helios touches the cycle of the
+equinox, where the bounds are most clearly defined.
+(For the even is bounded, but the uneven is without
+bounds, and there is no way through or out of it.)
+At that time then, precisely, according to the account
+we have, the sacred tree is felled. Thereupon, in
+their proper order, all the other ceremonies take
+place. Some of them are celebrated with the secret
+ritual of the Mysteries, but others by a ritual that
+can be told to all. For instance, the cutting of the
+tree belongs to the story of Gallus and not to the
+Mysteries at all, but it has been taken over by them,
+I think because the gods wished to teach us, in
+symbolic fashion, that we must pluck the fairest
+fruits from the earth, namely, virtue and piety, and
+offer them to the goddess to be the symbol of our
+well-ordered constitution here on earth. For the
+tree grows from the soil, but it strives upwards as
+though to reach the upper air, and it is fair to behold
+and gives us shade in the heat, and casts before
+us and bestows on us its fruits as a boon; such is its
+superabundance of generative life. Accordingly the
+ritual enjoins on us, who by nature belong to the
+heavens but have fallen to earth, to reap the harvest
+of our constitution here on earth, namely, virtue and
+piety, and then strive upwards to the goddess of
+our forefathers, to her who is the principle of all
+life.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Εὐθὺς οὖν ἡ σάλπιγξ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν
+ἐνδίδωσι τὸ ἀνακλητικὸν τῷ Ἄττιδι καὶ τοῖς
+ὅσοι ποτὲ οὐρανόθεν ἔπτημεν εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ
+ἐπέσομεν. μετὰ δὴ τὸ σύμβολον τοῦτο, ὅτε ὁ
+βασιλεὺς Ἄττις ἵστησι τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς
+ἐκτομῆς, ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ κελεύουσιν ἐκτέμνειν καὶ
+αὐτοῖς τὴν ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς ἀπειρίαν καὶ μιμεῖσθαι
+τοὺς ἡγεμόνας,<note place='foot'>ἡγεμόνας Shorey, cf. 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, ἡμῶν Hertlein, MSS.</note> ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ ὡρισμένον καὶ ἑνοειδὲς καί,
+εἴπερ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν, [D] αὐτὸ τὸ ἓν ἀνατρέχειν· οὗπερ
+γενομένου πάντως ἕπεσθαι χρὴ τὰ Ἱλάρια. τί
+γὰρ εὐθυμότερον, τί δὲ ἱλαρώτερον γένοιτο ἂν
+ψυχῆς ἀπειρίαν μὲν καὶ γένεσιν καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ
+<pb n='474'/><anchor id='Pg474'/><anchor id='Pg475'/>
+κλύδωνα διαφυγούσης, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτοὺς
+ἀναχθείσης; ὧν ἕνα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ὄντα περιεῖδεν
+οὐδαμῶς ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ βαδίζοντα πρόσω
+πλέον ἢ χρῆν, πρὸς ἑαυτὴν δὲ ἐπέστρεψε, στῆσαι
+τὴν ἀπειρίαν προστάξασα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Therefore, immediately after the castration, the
+trumpet sounds the recall for Attis and for all of us
+who once flew down from heaven and fell to earth.
+And after this signal, when King Attis stays his
+limitless course by his castration, the god bids us
+also root out the unlimited in ourselves and imitate
+the gods our leaders and hasten back to the defined
+and uniform, and, if it be possible, to the One itself.
+After this, the Hilaria must by all means follow.
+For what could be more blessed, what more joyful
+than a soul which has escaped from limitlessness
+and generation and inward storm, and has been
+translated up to the very gods? And Attis himself
+was such a one, and the Mother of the Gods by no
+means allowed him to advance unregarded further
+than was permitted: nay, she made him turn towards
+herself, and commanded him to set a limit to his
+limitless course.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Καὶ μή τις ὑπολάβῃ με λέγειν, ὡς ταῦτα
+ἐπράχθη ποτέ καὶ γέγονεν, [170] ὥσπερ οὐκ εἰδότων
+τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν, ὅ, τι ποιήσουσιν, ἢ τὰ σφῶν
+αὐτῶν ἁμαρτήματα διορθουμένων. ἀλλὰ οἱ παλαιοὶ
+τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ τὰς αἰτίας, ἤτοι τῶν θεῶν
+ὑφηγουμένων ἢ κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς διερευνώμενοι,
+βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως εἰπεῖν ζητοῦντες ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι
+τοῖς θεοῖς, ἔπειτα εὑρόντες ἐσκέπασαν αὐτὰς<note place='foot'>αὐτὰς Hertlein suggests, αὐτὰ MSS.</note>
+μύθοις παραδόξοις, ἵνα διὰ τοῦ παραδόξου καὶ
+ἀπεμφαίνοντος τὸ πλάσμα φωραθὲν ἐπὶ τὴν
+ζήτησιν ἡμᾶς τῆς [B] ἀληθείας προτρέψῃ, τοῖς μὲν
+ἰδιώταις ἀρκούσης οἶμαι τῆς ἀλόγου καὶ διὰ τῶν
+συμβόλων μόνων ὠφελείας, τοῖς δὲ περιττοῖς
+κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν οὕτως μόνως ἐσομένης ὠφελίμου
+τῆς περὶ θεῶν ἀληθείας, εἴ τις ἐξετάζων
+αὐτὴν ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι τοῖς θεοῖς εὕροι καὶ λάβοι, διὰ
+μὲν τῶν αἰνιγμάτων ὑπομνησθείς, ὅτι χρή τι περὶ
+αὐτῶν ζητεῖν, ἐς τέλος δὲ καὶ ὥσπερ κορυφὴν τοῦ
+πράγματος διὰ τῆς σκέψεως εὑρὼν πορευθείη, [C] οὐκ
+<pb n='476'/><anchor id='Pg476'/><anchor id='Pg477'/>
+αἰδοῖ καὶ πίστει μᾶλλον ἀλλοτρίας δόξης ἢ τῆς
+σφετέρᾳ κατὰ νοῦν ἐνεργείᾳ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But let no one suppose my meaning to be that
+this was ever done or happened in a way that
+implies that the gods themselves are ignorant of
+what they intend to do, or that they have to correct
+their own errors. But our ancestors in every case
+tried to trace the original meanings of things,
+whether with the guidance of the gods or independently&mdash;though
+perhaps it would be better to
+say that they sought for them under the leadership
+of the gods&mdash;then when they had discovered those
+meanings they clothed them in paradoxical myths.
+This was in order that, by means of the paradox and
+the incongruity, the fiction might be detected and
+we might be induced to search out the truth. Now
+I think ordinary men derive benefit enough from the
+irrational myth which instructs them through symbols
+alone. But those who are more highly endowed
+with wisdom will find the truth about the gods
+helpful; though only on condition that such a man
+examine and discover and comprehend it under the
+leadership of the gods, and if by such riddles as
+these he is reminded that he must search out their
+meaning, and so attains to the goal and summit of
+his quest<note place='foot'>169 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi> is a digression on the value of myths, which
+the wise man is not to accept without an allegorising
+interpretation; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 216 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> through his own researches; he must not
+be modest and put faith in the opinions of others
+rather than in his own mental powers.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τί οὖν εἶναί φαμεν, ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ; κατανοήσαντες
+ἄχρι τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος οὐ τὸ νοητὸν
+μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα ταῦτα σώματα τῆς
+ἀπαθοῦς ὄντα καὶ θείας μερίδος, ἄχρι τούτου
+θεοὺς ἐνόμισαν ἀκραιφνεῖς εἶναι· τῇ γονίμῳ δὲ τῶν
+θεῶν οὐσίᾳ τῶν τῇδε παρυποστάντων, ἐξ ἀιδίου
+συμπροελθούσης τῆς ὕλης τοῖς θεοῖς, [D] παρ᾽ αὐτῶν
+δὲ καὶ δι᾽ αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ ὑπέρπληρες αὐτῶν τῆς
+γονίμου καὶ δημιουργικῆς αἰτίας ἡ των ὄντων
+προμήθεια συνουσιωμένη τοῖς θεοῖς ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ
+σύνθωκος μὲν οὖσα τῷ βασιλεῖ Διί, πηγὴ δὲ τῶν
+νοερῶν θεῶν, καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἄζωον καὶ ἄγονον
+καὶ σκύβαλον καὶ τῶν ὄντων, οἷον ἂν εἴποι τις,
+ἀποκάθαρμα καὶ τρύγα καὶ ὑποσταθμὴν διὰ τῆς
+τελευταίας αἰτίας<note place='foot'>τελευταίας αἰτίας Hertlein suggests, τελευταίας MSS.</note> τῶν θεῶν, εἰς ἣν αἱ πάντων
+οὐσίαι τῶν θεῶν ἀποτελευτῶσιν, ἐκόσμησέ τε
+καὶ διωρθώσατο καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον μετέστησεν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(What shall I say now by way of summary?
+Because men observed that, as far as the fifth
+substance, not only the intelligible world but also
+the visible bodies of our world must be classed as
+unaffected by externals and divine, they believed
+that, as far as the fifth substance, the gods are
+uncompounded. And when by means of that generative
+substance the visible gods came into being,
+and, from everlasting, matter was produced along
+with those gods, from them and through their
+agency, by reason of the superabundance in them
+of the generative and creative principle; then the
+Providence of the world, she who from everlasting is
+of the same essential nature as the gods, she who is
+enthroned by the side of King Zeus, and moreover
+is the source of the intellectual gods, set in order
+and corrected and changed for the better all that
+seemed lifeless and barren, the refuse and so to
+speak offscourings of things, their dregs and sediment:
+and this she did by means of the last cause<note place='foot'>In 167 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi> Attis was identified with the light of the moon;
+cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; where the moon is called the lowest of
+the spheres, who gives form to the world of matter that lies
+below her; cf. Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and the World</hi> 4. 14. 23;
+where Attis is called the creator of our world.</note>
+derived from the gods, in which the substances of all
+the gods come to an end.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[171] Ὁ γὰρ Ἄττις οὗτος ἔχων τὴν κατάστικτον τοῖς
+ἄστροις τιάραν εὔδηλον ὅτι τὰς πάντων τῶν θεῶν
+εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ὁρωμένας λήξεις ἀρχὰς
+ἐποιήσατο τῆς ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείας· ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸ
+μὲν ἀκραιφνὲς καὶ καθαρὸν ῾ἦν ἄχρι γαλαξίου·
+περὶ τοῦτον δὲ ἤδη τὸν τόπον μιγνυμένου πρὸς τὸ
+<pb n='478'/><anchor id='Pg478'/><anchor id='Pg479'/>
+ἀπαθὲς τοῦ παθητοῦ καὶ τῆς ὕλης παρυφισταμένης
+ἐκεῖθεν, ἡ πρὸς ταύτην κοινωνία κατάβασίς
+ἐστιν εἰς τὸ ἄντρον, [B] οὐκ ἀκουσίως μὲν γενομένη
+τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ τῇ τούτων Μητρί, λεγομένη
+δὲ ἀκουσίως γενέσθαι. φύσει γὰρ ἐν κρείττονι
+τοὺς θεοὺς ὄντας οὐκ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τάδε καθέλκειν
+ἐθέλει τὰ βελτίω, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς τῶν κρειττόνων
+συγκαταβάσεως καὶ ταῦτα ἀνάγειν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀμείνονα
+καὶ θεοφιλεστέραν λῆξιν. οὕτω τοι καὶ
+τὸν Ἄττιν οὐ κατεχθραίνουσα μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν
+ἡ Μήτηρ λέγεται, ἀλλὰ ἀγανακτεῖ μὲν οὐκέτι,
+ἀγανακτοῦσα δὲ λέγεται διὰ τὴν συγκατάβασιν,
+ὅτι κρείττων ὢν [C] καὶ θεὸς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν τῷ καταδεεστέρῳ·
+στήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν τῆς ἀπειρίας τὴν
+πρόοδον καὶ τὸ ἀκόσμητον τοῦτο κοσμήσαντα διὰ
+τῆς πρὸς τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον συμπαθείας, ἵνα
+ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τῆς ὡρισμένης κινήσεως τὸ τελειότατον
+κυβερνᾷ μέτρον, ἐπανάγει πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἡ
+θεὸς ἀσμένως, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔχει παρ᾽ ἑαυτῇ. καὶ
+οὐδέποτε γέγονεν, ὅτε μὴ ταῦτα τοῦτον εἶχε τὸν
+τρόπον, ὅνπερ νῦν ἔχει, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ μὲν Ἄττις ἐστὶν
+ὑπουργὸς τῇ Μητρὶ [D] καὶ ἡνίοχος, ἀεὶ δὲ ὀργᾷ εἰς
+τὴν γένεσιν, ἀεὶ δὲ ἀποτέμνεται τὴν ἀπειρίαν
+διὰ τῆς ὡρισμένης τῶν εἰδῶν αἰτίας. ἐπαναγόμενος
+δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ γῆς τῶν ἀρχαίων αὖθις λέγεται
+δυναστεύειν σκήπτρων, ἐκπεσὼν μὲν αὐτῶν οὐδαμῶς
+<pb n='480'/><anchor id='Pg480'/><anchor id='Pg481'/>
+οὐδὲ ἐκπίπτων, ἐκπεσεῖν δὲ αὐτῶν λεγόμενος
+διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ παθητὸν σύμμιξιν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For it is evident that Attis of whom I speak, who
+wears the tiara set with stars, took for the foundation
+of his own dominion the functions of every god
+as we see them applied to the visible world. And
+in his case all is undefiled and pure as far as the
+Milky Way. But, at this very point, that which
+is troubled by passion begins to mingle with the
+passionless, and from that union matter begins to
+subsist. And so the association of Attis with matter
+is the descent into the cave, nor did this take place
+against the will of the gods and the Mother of the
+Gods, though the myth says that it was against their
+will. For by their nature the gods dwell in a higher
+world, and the higher powers do not desire to drag
+them hence down to our world: rather through the
+condescension of the higher they desire to lead the
+things of our earth upwards to a higher plane more
+favoured by the gods. And in fact the myth does
+not say that the Mother of the Gods was hostile to
+Attis after his castration: but it says that though
+she is no longer angry, she was angry at the time on
+account of his condescension, in that he who was a
+higher being and a god had given himself to that
+which was inferior. But when, after staying his
+limitless progress, he has set in order the chaos of
+our world through his sympathy with the cycle of
+the equinox, where mighty Helios controls the most
+perfect symmetry of his motion within due limits,
+then the goddess gladly leads him upwards to herself,
+or rather keeps him by her side. And never did
+this happen save in the manner that it happens
+now; but forever is Attis the servant and charioteer
+of the Mother; forever he yearns passionately towards
+generation; and forever he cuts short his unlimited
+course through the cause whose limits are fixed, even
+the cause of the forms. In like manner the myth says
+that he is led upwards as though from our earth, and
+again resumes his ancient sceptre and dominion:
+not that he ever lost it, or ever loses it now,
+but the myth says that he lost it on account of
+his union with that which is subject to passion and
+change.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνο ἴσως ἄξιον προσαπορῆσαι· διττῆς
+γὰρ οὔσης τῆς ἰσημερίας, [172] οὐ τὴν ἐν ταῖς χηλαῖς,
+τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ κριῷ προτιμῶσι. τίς οὖν αἰτία
+τούτου, φανερὸν δήπουθεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡμῖν ὁ
+ἥλιος ἄρχεται τότε πλησιάζειν ἀπὸ τῆς ἰσημερίας,
+αὐξομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἡμέρας, ἔδοξεν οὗτος ὁ καιρὸς
+ἁρμοδιώτερος. ἔξω γὰρ τῆς αἰτίας, ἥ φησι τοῖς
+θεοῖς εἶναι τὸ φῶς σύνδρομον, ἔχειν οἰκείως πιστευτέον
+τοῖς ἀφεθῆναι τῆς γενέσεως σπεύδουσι
+τὰς ἀναγωγοὺς ἀκτῖνας ἡλίου. [B] σκόπει δὲ ἐναργῶς·
+ἕλκει μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς πάντα καὶ προκαλεῖται<note place='foot'>προκαλεῖται Hertlein suggests, προσκαλεῖται MSS.</note>
+καὶ βλαστάνειν ποιεῖ τῇ ζωπυρίδι καὶ
+θαυμαστῇ θέρμῃ, διακρίνων οἶμαι πρὸς ἄκραν
+λεπτότητα τὰ σώματα, καὶ τὰ φύσει φερόμενα
+κάτω κουφίζει. τὰ δὴ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀφανῶν
+αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων ποιητέον τεκμήρια. ὁ γὰρ ἐν
+τοῖς σώμασι διὰ τῆς σωματοειδοῦς θέρμης οὕτω
+τοῦτο ἀπεργαζόμενος πῶς οὐ διὰ τῆς ἀφανοῦς καὶ
+ἀσωμάτου πάντη καὶ θείας καὶ καθαρᾶς ἐν ταῖς
+ἀκτῖσιν ἱδρυμένης οὐσίας ἕλξει καὶ ἀνάξει τὰς
+εὐτυχεῖς ψυχάς; [C] οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ πέφηνεν οἰκεῖον
+μὲν τοῖς θεοῖς τὸ φῶς τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς ἀναχθῆναι
+σπεύδουσιν, αὔξεται δὲ ἐν τῷ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν κόσμῳ
+τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὥστε εἶναι τὴν ἡμέραν μείζω τῆς
+νυκτός, Ἡλίου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιπορεύεσθαι τὸν
+κριὸν ἀρξαμένου· δέδεικται δὴ καὶ<note place='foot'>δὴ καὶ Hertlein suggests, δὲ καὶ V, καὶ MSS.</note> ἀναγωγὸν
+<pb n='482'/><anchor id='Pg482'/><anchor id='Pg483'/>
+φύσει τὸ τῶν ἀκτίνων τοῦ θεοῦ διά τε τῆς φανερᾶς
+ἐνεργείας καὶ τῆς ἀφανοῦς, ὑφ᾽ ἧς παμπληθεῖς
+ἀνήχθησαν ψυχαὶ [D] τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἀκολουθήσασαι
+τῇ φανοτάτῃ καὶ μάλιστα ἡλιοειδεῖ. τὴν γὰρ
+τοιαύτην τῶν ὀμμάτων αἴσθησιν οὐκ ἀγαπητὴν
+μόνον οὐδὲ χρήσιμον εἰς τὸν βίον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς
+σοφίαν ὁδηγὸν ὁ δαιμόνιος ἀνύμνησε Πλάτων.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Phaedrus</hi> 250 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 47 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 507-508.</note> εἰ
+δὲ καὶ τῆς ἀρρήτου μυσταγωγίας ἁψαίμην, ἢν
+ὁ Χαλδαῖος περὶ τὸν ἑπτάκτινα θεὸν ἐβάκχευσεν,
+ἀνάγων δι᾽ αὐτοῦ τὰς ψυχάς, ἄγνωστα ἐρῶ, καὶ
+μάλα γε ἄγνωστα τῷ συρφετῷ, [173] θεουργοῖς δὲ
+τοῖς μακαρίοις γνώριμα· διόπερ αὐτὰ σιωπήσω
+τανῦν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(But perhaps it is worth while to raise the following
+question also. There are two equinoxes, but men
+pay more honour to the equinox in the sign of Capricorn
+than to that in the sign of Cancer.<note place='foot'>Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On the Cave of the Nymph</hi> 22, says that Cancer
+and Capricorn are the two gates of the sun; and that souls
+descend through Cancer and rise aloft through Capricorn.</note> Surely the
+reason for this is evident. Since the sun begins to
+approach us immediately after the spring equinox,&mdash;for
+I need not say that then the days begin to
+lengthen,&mdash;this seemed the more agreeable season.
+For apart from the explanation which says that light
+accompanies the gods, we must believe that the
+uplifting rays<note place='foot'>This seems to identify Attis with the sun's rays.</note> of the sun are nearly akin to those
+who yearn to be set free from generation. Consider
+it clearly: the sun, by his vivifying and marvellous
+heat, draws up all things from the earth and calls
+them forth and makes them grow; and he separates,
+I think, all corporeal things to the utmost degree of
+tenuity, and makes things weigh light that naturally
+have a tendency to sink. We ought then to make
+these visible things proofs of his unseen powers. For
+if among corporeal things he can bring this about
+through his material heat, how should he not draw
+and lead upwards the souls of the blessed by the
+agency of the invisible, wholly immaterial, divine
+and pure substance which resides in his rays? We
+have seen then that this light is nearly akin to the
+god, and to those who yearn to mount upwards, and
+moreover, that this light increases in our world, so
+that when Helios begins to enter the sign of Capricorn
+the day becomes longer than the night. It
+has also been demonstrated that the god's rays are
+by nature uplifting; and this is due to his energy,
+both visible and invisible, by which very many souls
+have been lifted up out of the region of the senses,
+because they were guided by that sense which is
+clearest of all and most nearly like the sun. For
+when with our eyes we perceive the sun's light, not
+only is it welcome and useful for our lives, but also,
+as the divine Plato said when he sang its praises, it
+is our guide to wisdom. And if I should also touch
+on the secret teaching of the Mysteries in which
+the Chaldean,<note place='foot'>Chaldean astrology and the Chaldean oracles are often
+cited with respect by the Neo-Platonists; for allusions to
+their worship of the Seven-rayed Mithras (Helios) cf.
+Damascius 294 and Proclus on <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 1. 11.</note> divinely frenzied, celebrated the God
+of the Seven Rays, that god through whom he lifts
+up the souls of men, I should be saying what is
+unintelligible, yea wholly unintelligible to the
+common herd, but familiar to the happy theurgists.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi> Iamblichus and especially Maximus of Ephesus who
+is a typical theurgist of the fourth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> and was
+supposed to work miracles.</note>
+And so I will for the present be silent on that
+subject.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὅπερ δὲ ἔλεγον, ὅτι καὶ τὸν καιρὸν οὐκ ἀλόγως
+ὑποληπτέον, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα μετὰ εἰκότος καὶ
+ἀληθοῦς λόγου παρὰ τῶν παλαιῶν τῷ θεσμῷ
+προστεθεῖσθαι, σημεῖον δὴ<note place='foot'>δὴ Shorey, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.</note> τούτου, ὅτι τὸν ἰσημερινὸν
+κύκλον ἡ θεὸς αὐτὴ<note place='foot'>αὐτὴ Wright, αὕτη MSS., Hertlein.</note> κατενείματο. τελεῖται
+γὰρ περὶ τὸν ζυγὸν Δηοῖ καὶ Κόρῃ τὰ σεμνὰ καὶ
+<pb n='484'/><anchor id='Pg484'/><anchor id='Pg485'/>
+ἀπόρρητα μυστήρια. [B] καὶ τοῦτο εἰκότως γίνεται.
+χρὴ γὰρ καὶ ἀπιόντι τῷ θεῷ τελεσθῆναι πάλιν,
+ἵνα μηδὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθέου καὶ σκοτεινῆς δυσχερὲς
+πάθωμεν ἐπικρατούσης δυνάμεως. δὶς γοῦν Ἀθηναῖοι
+τῇ Δηοῖ τελοῦσι τὰ μυστήρια, ἐν αὐτῷ μὲν
+τῷ κριῷ τὰ μικρὰ, φασί, μυστήρια, τὰ μεγάλα
+δὲ περὶ τὰς χηλὰς ὄντος ἡλίου, δι᾽ ἃς ἔναγχος
+ἔφην αἰτίας. μεγάλα δὲ ὠνομάσθαι καὶ μικρὰ
+νομίζω καὶ ἄλλων ἕνεκα, μάλιστα δέ, ὡς εἰκός,
+τούτου ἀποχωροῦντος τοῦ θεοῦ μᾶλλον ἤπερ
+προσιόντος· [C] διόπερ ἐν τούτοις ὅσον εἰς ὑπόμνησιν
+μόνον. ἅτε δὴ καὶ παρόντος τοῦ σωτῆρος καὶ
+ἀναγωγοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ προτέλεια κατεβάλλοντο τῆς
+τελετῆς· εἶτα μικρὸν ὕστερον ἁγνεῖαι συνεχεῖς
+καὶ τῶν ἱερέων<note place='foot'>ἱερέων Hertlein suggests, ἱερῶν MSS.</note> ἁγιστεῖαι. ἀπιόντος δὲ λοιπὸν
+τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἀντίχθονα ζώνην, καὶ φυλακῆς
+ἕνεκα καὶ σωτηρίας αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον ἐπιτελεῖται
+τῶν μυστηρίων. ὅρα δέ· ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα τὸ τῆς
+γενέσεως αἴτιον ἀποτέμνεται, οὕτω δὲ καὶ παρὰ
+Ἀθηναίοις οἱ τῶν ἀρρήτων ἁπτόμενοι παναγεῖς
+εἰσι, [D] καὶ ὁ τούτων ἐξάρχων ἱεροφάντης ἀπέστραπται
+πᾶσαν τὴν γένεσιν, ὡς οὐ μετὸν αὐτῷ
+τῆς ἐπ᾽ ἄπειρον προόδου, τῆς ὡρισμένης δὲ καὶ
+ἀεὶ μενούσης καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ συνεχομένης οὐσίας
+ἀκηράτου τε καὶ καθαρᾶς. ὑπὲρ μὲν δὴ τούτων
+ἀπόχρη τοσαῦτα.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(I was saying that we ought not to suppose
+that the ancients appointed the season of the
+rites irrationally, but rather as far as possible
+with plausible and true grounds of reason; and
+indeed a proof of this is that the goddess herself
+chose as her province the cycle of the
+equinox. For the most holy and secret Mysteries
+of Deo and the Maiden<note place='foot'>The Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter and Persephone; the
+Lesser were celebrated in February, the greater in September.</note> are celebrated when the
+sun is in the sign of Libra, and this is quite
+natural. For when the gods depart we must consecrate
+ourselves afresh, so that we may suffer no
+harm from the godless power of darkness that now
+begins to get the upper hand. At any rate the
+Athenians celebrate the Mysteries of Deo twice in
+the year, and the Lesser Mysteries as they call them in the
+sign of Capricorn, and the Great Mysteries when
+the sun is in the sign of Cancer, and this for the
+reason that I have just mentioned. And I think
+that these Mysteries are called Great and Lesser for
+several reasons, but especially, as is natural, they are
+called great when the god departs rather than when
+he approaches; and so the Lesser are celebrated only
+by way of reminder.<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Gorgias</hi> 497 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Demetrius</hi> 900 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> I mean that when the saving
+and uplifting god approaches, the preliminary rites
+of the Mysteries take place. Then a little later
+follow the rites of purification, one after another,
+and the consecration of the priests. Then when the
+god departs to the antipodes, the most important
+ceremonies of the Mysteries are performed, for our
+protection and salvation. And observe the following:
+As in the festival of the Mother the instrument
+of generation is severed, so too with the Athenians,
+those who take part in the secret rites are wholly
+chaste and their leader the hierophant forswears
+generation; because he must not have aught to do
+with the progress to the unlimited, but only with the
+substance whose bounds are fixed, so that it abides
+for ever and is contained in the One, stainless and
+pure. On this subject I have said enough.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν, ὡς εἰκός, ὑπέρ τε τῆς ἁγιστείας
+αὐτῆς καὶ τῆς ἁγνείας διεξελθεῖν, ἵνα καὶ
+<pb n='486'/><anchor id='Pg486'/><anchor id='Pg487'/>
+ἐντεῦθεν λάβωμεν [174] εἰς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν εἴ τι συμβάλλεται.
+γελοῖον δὲ αὐτίκα τοῖς πᾶσιν ἐκεῖνο φαίνεται·
+κρεῶν μὲν ἅπτεσθαι δίδωσιν ὁ ἱερὸς νόμος,
+ἀπαγορεύει δὲ τῶν σπερμάτων. οὐκ ἄψυχα μὲν
+ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα δὲ ἔμψυχα; οὐ καθαρὰ μὲν ἐκεῖνα,
+ταῦτα δὲ αἵματος καὶ πολλῶν ἄλλων οὐκ εὐχερῶν
+ὄψει τε καὶ ἀκοῇ πεπληρωμένα; οὐ, τὸ μέγιστον,
+ἐκείνοις μὲν πρόσεστι τὸ μηδένα ἐκ τῆς ἐδωδῆς
+ἀδικεῖσθαι, τούτοις δὲ τὸ καταθύεσθαι καὶ κατασφάττεσθαι
+τὰ ζῷα ἀλγοῦντα γε, [B] ὡς εἰκός, καὶ
+τρυχόμενα; ταῦτα πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν περιττῶν
+εἴποιεν ἄν· ἐκεῖνα δὲ ἤδη κωμῳδοῦσι καὶ τῶν
+ἀνθρώπων οἱ δυσσεβέστατοι. τὰ μὲν ὄρμενά
+φασιν ἐσθίεσθαι τῶν λαχάνων, παραιτεῖσθαι δὲ
+τὰς ῥίζας, ὥσπερ γογγυλίδας. καὶ σῦκα μὲν
+ἐσθίεσθαί φασι, ῥοιὰς δὲ οὐκέτι καὶ μῆλα πρὸς
+τούτοις. ταῦτα ἀκηκοὼς μινυριζόντων πολλῶν
+πολλάκις, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς εἰρηκὼς<note place='foot'>αὐτὸς εἰρηκώς Hertlein suggests, εἰρηκὼς MSS.</note> πρότερον
+ἔοικα ἐγὼ μόνος ἐκ πάντων πολλὴν εἴσεσθαι τοῖς
+δεσπόταις θεοῖς μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασι, πρὸ τῶν
+ἄλλων δὲ τῇ Μητρὶ [C] τῶν θεῶν, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς
+ἄλλοις ἅπασιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ χάριν, ὅτι με
+μὴ περιεῖδεν ὥσπερ ἐν σκότῳ πλανώμενον, ἀλλά
+μοι πρῶτον μὲν ἐκέλευσεν ἀποκόψασθαι οὔτι
+κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ψυχικὰς ἀλόγους
+ὁρμὰς καὶ κινήσεις τῇ νοερᾷ καὶ προüφεστώσῃ<note place='foot'>προüφεστώσῃ Hertlein suggests, προεστεώσῃ MSS.</note>
+τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν αἰτίᾳ τὰ περιττὰ καὶ μάταια.
+ἐπὶ νοῦν δὲ ἔδωκεν αὕτη λόγους τινὰς ἴσως οὐκ
+ἀπᾴδοντας πάντη [D] τῆς ὑπὲρ θεῶν ἀληθοῦς ἅμα καὶ
+<pb n='488'/><anchor id='Pg488'/><anchor id='Pg489'/>
+εὐαγοῦς ἐπιστήμης. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα γάρ, ὥσπερ οὐκ
+ἔχων ὅ τι φῶ, κύκλῳ περιτρέχειν. ἐμοὶ δὲ πάρεστι
+μὲν καὶ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπιόντι σαφεῖς καὶ τηλαυγεῖς
+αἰτίας ἀποδοῦναι, τοῦ χάριν ἡμῖν οὐ
+θέμις ἐστὶ προσφέρεσθαι ταῦτα, ὧν ὁ θεῖος εἴργει
+θεσμός· καὶ ποιήσω δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</note> αὐτὸ μικρὸν ὕστερον·
+ἄμεινον δὲ νῦν ὥσπερ τύπους τινὰς προθεῖναι καὶ
+κανόνας, οἷς ἑπόμενοι, κἄν τι πολλάκις ὑπὸ τῆς
+σπουδῆς παρέλθῃ τὸν λόγον, ἕξομεν ὑπὲρ τούτων
+κρῖναι.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(It only remains now to speak, as is fitting, about
+the sacred rite itself, and the purification, so that from
+these also I may borrow whatever contributes to
+my argument. For example, everyone thinks that
+the following is ridiculous. The sacred ordinance
+allows men to eat meat, but it forbids them to eat
+grains and fruits. What, say they, are not the latter
+lifeless, whereas the former was once possessed of
+life? Are not fruits pure, whereas meat is full of
+blood and of much else that offends eye and ear?
+But most important of all is it not the case that,
+when one eats fruit nothing is hurt, while the eating
+of meat involves the sacrifice and slaughter of
+animals who naturally suffer pain and torment? So
+would say many even of the wisest. But the following
+ordinance is ridiculed by the most impious of
+mankind also. They observe that whereas vegetables
+that grows upwards can be eaten, roots are forbidden,
+turnips, for instance; and they point out that figs
+are allowed, but not pomegranates or apples either.
+I have often heard many men saying this in
+whispers, and I too in former days have said the same,
+but now it seems that I alone of all men am bound
+to be deeply grateful to the ruling gods, to all of
+them, surely, but above all the rest to the Mother of
+the Gods. For all things am I grateful to her, and
+for this among the rest, that she did not disregard
+me when I wandered as it were in darkness.<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 131 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> For
+first she bade me cut off no part indeed of my body,
+but by the aid of the intelligible cause<note place='foot'>Attis.</note> that subsists
+prior to our souls, all that was superfluous and vain
+in the impulses and motions of my own soul. And
+that cause gave me, to aid my understanding, certain
+beliefs which are perhaps not wholly out of harmony
+with the true and sacred knowledge of the gods.
+But it looks as though, not knowing what to say
+next, I were turning round in a circle. I can, however,
+give clear and manifest reasons in every single
+case why we are not allowed to eat this food which
+is forbidden by the sacred ordinance, and presently
+I will do this. But for the moment it is better to
+bring forward certain forms, so to speak, and regulations
+which we must observe in order to be able to
+decide about these matters, though perhaps, owing to
+my haste, my argument may pass some evidence by.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[175] Προσήκει δὲ πρῶτον ὑπομνῆσαι διὰ βραχέων,
+τίνα τε ἔφαμεν εἶναι τὸν Ἄττιν καὶ τί τὴν ἐκτομήν,
+τίνος τε εἶναι σύμβολα τὰ μετὰ τὴν
+ἐκτομὴν ἄχρι τῶν Ἱλαρίων γινόμενα καὶ τί
+βούλεσθαι τὴν ἁγνείαν. ὁ μὲν οὖν Ἄττις ἐλέγετο
+αἰτία τις οὖσα καὶ θεός, ὁ προσεχῶς δημιουργῶν
+τὸν ἔνυλον κόσμον, ὃς μέχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων κατιὼν
+ἵσταται ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς κινήσεως,
+ὅταν ἐπὶ τῆς ἄκρως [B] ὡρισμένης τοῦ παντὸς ὁ θεὸς
+γένηται περιφερείας, ᾗ<note place='foot'>ᾗ Hertlein suggests, οὗ MSS.</note> τῆς ἰσημερίας τοὔνομά
+ἐστι κατὰ τὸ ἔργον. ἐκτομὴν δὲ ἐλέγομεν εἶναι
+τῆς ἀπειρίας τὴν ἐποχήν, ἣν οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς
+ἑπὶ τὰς πρεσβυτέρας καὶ ἀρχηγικωτέρας αἰτίας
+ἀνακλήσεώς τε καὶ ἀναδύσεως συμβαίνειν. αὐτῆς
+δὲ τῆς ἁγνείας φαμὲν τὸν σκοπὸν ἄνοδον τῶν
+ψυχῶν.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(First I had better remind you in a few words who
+I said Attis is; and what his castration means; and
+what is symbolised by the ceremonies that occur
+between the castration and the Hilaria; and what is
+meant by the rite of purification. Attis then
+was declared to be an original cause and a god, the
+direct creator of the material world, who descends
+to the lowest limits and is checked by the creative
+motion of the sun so soon as that god reaches the
+exactly limited circuit of the universe, which is
+called the equinox because of its effect in equalising
+night and day.<note place='foot'>cf. 168 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-169 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> And I said that the castration
+meant the checking of limitlessness, which could
+only be brought about through the summons and
+resurrection of Attis to the more venerable and commanding
+causes. And I said that the end and aim
+of the rite of purification is the ascent of our souls.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐᾷ πρῶτον σιτεῖσθαι τὰ κατὰ γῆς
+δυόμενα σπέρματα· ἔσχατον μὲν γὰρ τῶν ὄντων ἡ
+γῆ. ἐνταῦθα δέ φησιν ἀπελαθέντα καὶ Πλάτων
+τὰ κακὰ στρέφεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τῶν λογίων οἱ θεοὶ
+<pb n='490'/><anchor id='Pg490'/><anchor id='Pg491'/>
+σκύβαλον αὐτὸ πολλαχοῦ καλοῦσι, [C] καὶ φεύγειν
+ἐντεῦθεν παρακελεύονται.<note place='foot'>παρακελεύονται Wyttenbach, μολλαχοῦ παρακελεύονται
+Hertlein, MSS.</note> πρῶτον οὖν ἡ ζωογόνος
+καὶ προμηθὴς θεὸς οὐδὲ ἄχρι τῆς τῶν σωμάτων
+τροφῆς ἐπιτρέπει τοῖς κατὰ γῆς δυομένοις χρῆσθαι,
+παραινοῦσά γε πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν, μᾶλλον δὲ
+καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν βλέπειν. ἑνί τινες κέχρηνται
+σπέρματι, τοῖς λοβοῖς, οὐ σπέρμα μᾶλλον ἢ
+λάχανον αὐτὸ νομίζοντες [D] εἶναι τῷ πεφυκέναι πως
+ἀνωφερὲς καὶ ὀρθὸν καὶ οὐδὲ ἐρριζῶσθαι κατὰ
+τῆς γῆς· ἐρρίζωται δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ δένδρου κιττοῦ
+τινος ἢ καὶ ἀμπέλου καρπὸς ἤρτηται καὶ καλάμης.<note place='foot'>The construction of καὶ καλάμης is not clear; Petavius
+suspects corruption or omission.</note>
+ἀπηγόρευται μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν σπέρματι χρῆσθαι διὰ
+τοῦτο φυτῶν, ἐπιτέτραπται δὲ χρῆσθαι καρποῖς
+καὶ λαχάνοις, οὐ τοῖς χαμαιζήλοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐκ
+γῆς αἰρομένοις ἄνω μετεώροις. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τῆς
+γογγυλίδος τὸ μὲν γεωχαρὲς ὡς χθόνιον ἐπιτάττει
+παραιτεῖσθαι, [176] τὸ δὲ ἀναδυόμενον ἄνω καὶ εἰς ὕψος
+αἰρόμενον ὡς αὐτῷ τούτῳ καθαρὸν τυγχάνον
+δίδωσι προσένεγκασθαι. τῶν γοῦν λαχάνων ὀρμένοις
+μὲν συγχωρεῖ χρῆσθαι, ῥίζαις δὲ ἀπαγορεύει
+καὶ μάλιστα ταῖς ἐντρεφομέναις καὶ συμπαθούσαις
+τῇ γῇ. καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν δένδρων μῆλα μὲν ὡς ἱερὰ
+καὶ χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀρρήτων ἄθλων καὶ τελεστικῶν
+εἰκόνας καταφθείρειν οὐκ ἐπέτρεψε καὶ καταναλίσκειν,
+ἄξιά γε ἄντα τῶν ἀρχετύπων χάριν τοῦ
+<pb n='492'/><anchor id='Pg492'/><anchor id='Pg493'/>
+σέβεσθαί τε καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι· [B] ῥοιὰς δὲ ὡς φυτὸν
+χθόνιον παρῃτήσατο, καὶ τοῦ φοίνικος δὲ τὸν
+καρπὸν ἴσως μὲν ἄν τις εἴποι διὰ τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι
+περὶ τὴν Φρυγίαν, ἔνθα πρῶτον ὁ θεσμὸς κατέστη·
+ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ μᾶλλον ὡς ἱερὸν ἡλίου τὸ φυτὸν
+ἀγήρων τε ὂν οὐ συγχωρῆσαι καταναλίσκειν ἐν
+ταῖς ἀγιστείαις εἰς τροφὴν σώματος. ἐπὶ τούτοις
+ἀπηγόρευται ἰχθύσιν ἅπασι χρῆσθαι. κοινὸν δέ
+ἐστι τοῦτο [C] καὶ πρὸς Αἰγυπτίους τὸ πρόβλημα.
+δοκεῖ δὲ ἔμοιγε δυοῖν ἕνεκεν ἄν τις ἰχθύων μάλιστα
+μὲν ἀεί, πάντως δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἁγιστείαις ἀποσχέσθαι,
+ἑνὸς μέν, ὅτι τούτων, ἃ μὴ θύομεν τοῖς θεοῖς, οὐδὲ
+σιτεῖσθαι προσήκει. δέος δὲ ἴσως οὐδέν, μή πού
+τις ἐνταῦθα λίχνος καὶ γάστρις ἐπιλάβηταί μου,
+ὥς που καὶ πρότερον ἤδη παθὼν αὐτὸ διαμνημονεύω,
+<q>Διὰ τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ θύομεν αὐτῶν
+πολλάκις τοῖς θεοῖς</q>; εἰπόντος ἀκούσας. ἀλλ᾽
+εἴχομέν τι καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο εἰπεῖν. [D] καὶ θύομέν γε,
+ἔφην, ὦ μακάριε, ἔν τισι τελεστικαῖς θυσίαις, ὡς
+ἵππον Ῥωμαῖοι, ὡς πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα θηρία καὶ
+ζῷα, κύνας ἴσως Ἕλληνες Ἑκάτῃ καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι
+δέ· καὶ πολλὰ παρ᾽ ἄλλοις ἐστὶ τῶν τελεστικῶν,
+καὶ δημοσίᾳ ταῖς πόλεσιν ἅπαξ τοῦ ἔτους ἢ δὶς
+τοιαῦτα θύματα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις, ὧν
+μόνων κοινωνεῖν ἄξιον καὶ τραπεζοῦν θεοῖς. τοὺς
+δὲ ἰχθύας ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις οὐ θύομεν, ὅτι μήτε
+<pb n='494'/><anchor id='Pg494'/><anchor id='Pg495'/>
+νέμομεν, [177] μήτε τῆς γενέσεως αὐτῶν ἐπιμελούμεθα,
+μήτε ἡμῖν εἰσιν ἀγέλαι καθάπερ προβάτων καὶ
+βοῶν οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων. ταῦτα μὲν γὰρ
+ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν βοηθούμενα τὰ ζῷα καὶ πληθύνοντα διὰ
+τοῦτο δικαίως ἂν ἡμῖν εἴς τε τὰς ἄλλας χρείας
+ἐπικουροίη καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων ἐς τιμητηρίους
+θυσίας. εἷς μὲν δὴ λόγος οὗτος, δι᾽ ὃν οὐκ οἶμαι
+δεῖν ἰχθὺν ἐν ἁγνείας καιρῷ προσφέρεσθαι τροφήν.
+ἕτερος δέ, ὃν καὶ μᾶλλον ἡγοῦμαι τοῖς προειρημένοις
+ἁρμόζειν, ὅτι τρόπον τινὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ κατὰ
+τοῦ βυθοῦ δεδυκότες εἶεν [B] ἂν χθονιώτεροι τῶν
+σπερμάτων, ὁ δὲ ἐπιθυμῶν ἀναπτῆναι καὶ μετέωρος
+ὑπὲρ τὸν ἀέρα πρὸς αὐτὰς οὐρανοῦ πτῆναι κορυφὰς
+δικαίως ἂν ἀποστρέφοιτο πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα,
+μεταθέοι δὲ καὶ μετατρέχοι τὰ τεινόμενα πρὸς τὸν
+ἀέρα καὶ σπεύδοντα πρὸς τὸ ἄναντες καί, ἵνα
+ποιητικώτερον<note place='foot'>ποιητικώτερον Naber, τι καὶ ποιητικὸν Hertlein, MSS.</note> εἴπω, πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν ὁρῶντα.<note place='foot'>ὁρμῶντα Naber.</note>
+ὄρνισιν οὖν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι πλὴν ὀλίγων, οὓς
+ἱεροὺς εἶναι πάντῃ συμβέβηκε, καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων
+τοῖς συνήθεσιν ἔξω [C] τοῦ χοίρου. τοῦτον δὲ ὡς
+χθόνιον πάντη μορφῇ τε καὶ τῷ βίῳ καὶ αὐτῷ τῷ
+τῆς οὐσίας λόγῳ. περιττωματικός τε γὰρ καὶ
+παχὺς τὴν σάρκα· τῆς ἱερᾶς ἀποκηρύττει τροφῆς.
+φίλον γὰρ εἶναι πεπίστευται θῦμα τοῖς χθονίοις
+θεοῖς οὐκ ἀπεικότως. ἀθέατον γάρ ἐστιν οὐρανοῦ
+τουτὶ τὸ ζῷον, οὐ μόνον οὐ βουλόμενον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ
+πεφυκὸς ἀναβλέψαι ποτέ. τοιαύτας μὲν δὴ
+<pb n='496'/><anchor id='Pg496'/><anchor id='Pg497'/>
+αἰτίας ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀποχῆς ὧν ἀπέχεσθαι δεῖ εἴρηκεν
+ὁ θεῖος θεσμός· [D] οἱ ξυνιέντες δὲ κοινούμεθα τοῖς
+ἐπισταμένοις θεούς.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(For this reason then the ordinance forbids us first
+to eat those fruits that grow downwards in the earth.
+For the earth is the last and lowest of things. And
+Plato also says<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 176 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 2. 90 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> that evil, exiled from the gods,
+now moves on earth; and in the oracles the gods
+often call the earth refuse, and exhort us to escape
+thence. And so, in the first place, the life-generating
+god who is our providence does not allow us to
+use to nourish our bodies fruits that grow under the
+earth; and thereby enjoins that we turn our eyes
+towards the heavens, or rather above the heavens.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> to the intelligible world and the One; cf. 169 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note>
+One kind of fruit of the earth, however, some people
+do eat, I mean fruit in pods, because they regard
+this as a vegetable rather than a fruit, since it grows
+with a sort of upward tendency and is upright, and
+not rooted below the soil; I mean that it is rooted
+like the fruit of the ivy that hangs on a tree or of
+the vine that hangs on a stem. For this reason then
+we are forbidden to eat seeds and certain plants, but
+we are allowed to eat fruit and vegetables, only not
+those that creep on the ground, but those that are
+raised up from the earth and hang high in the air.
+It is surely for this reason that the ordinance bids us
+also avoid that part of the turnip which inclines to
+the earth since it belongs to the under world, but
+allows us to eat that part which grows upwards and
+attains to some height, since by that very fact it is
+pure. In fact it allows us to eat any vegetables that
+grow upwards, but forbids us roots, and especially
+those which are nourished in and influenced by the
+earth. Moreover in the case of trees it does not allow
+us to destroy and consume apples, for these are sacred
+and golden and are the symbols of secret and mystical
+rewards. Rather are they worthy to be reverenced
+and worshipped for the sake of their archetypes.
+And pomegranates are forbidden because they belong
+to the under-world; and the fruit of the date-palm,
+perhaps one might say because the date-palm does
+not grow in Phrygia where the ordinance was first
+established. But my own theory is rather that it is
+because this tree is sacred to the sun, and is perennial,
+that we are forbidden to use it to nourish our bodies
+during the sacred rites. Besides these, the use of
+all kinds of fish is forbidden. This is a question of
+interest to the Egyptians as well as to ourselves.
+Now my opinion is that for two reasons we ought to
+abstain from fish, at all times if possible, but above
+all during the sacred rites. One reason is that it is
+not fitting that we should eat what we do not use in
+sacrifices to the gods. And perhaps I need not be
+afraid that hereupon some greedy person who is the
+slave of his belly will take me up, though as I
+remember that very thing happened to me once
+before; and then I heard someone objecting:
+<q>What do you mean? Do we not often sacrifice
+fish to the gods?</q> But I had an answer ready for
+this question also. <q>My good sir,</q> I said, <q>it is
+true that we make offerings of fish in certain mystical
+sacrifices, just as the Romans sacrifice the horse and
+many other animals too, both wild and domesticated,
+and as the Greeks and the Romans too sacrifice dogs
+to Hecate. And among other nations also many other
+animals are offered in the mystic cults; and sacrifices
+of that sort take place publicly in their cities once
+or twice a year. But that is not the custom
+in the sacrifices which we honour most highly, in
+which alone the gods deign to join us and to share
+our table. In those most honoured sacrifices we do
+not offer fish, for the reason that we do not tend
+fish, nor look after the breeding of them, and we do
+not keep flocks of fish as we do of sheep and cattle.
+For since we foster these animals and they multiply
+accordingly, it is only right that they should serve for
+all our uses and above all for the sacrifices that we
+honour most.</q> This then is one reason why I
+think we ought not to use fish for food at the time of
+the rite of purification. The second reason which is,
+I think, even more in keeping with what I have just
+said, is that, since fish also, in a manner of speaking,
+go down into the lowest depths, they, even more
+than seeds, belong to the under-world. But he who
+longs to take flight upwards and to mount aloft
+above this atmosphere of ours, even to the highest
+peaks of the heavens, would do well to abstain from
+all such food. He will rather pursue and follow
+after things that tend upwards towards the air, and
+strive to the utmost height, and, if I may use a
+poetic phrase, look upward to the skies. Birds, for
+example, we may eat, except only those few which
+are commonly held sacred,<note place='foot'>Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On Abstinence</hi> 3. 5, gives a list of these sacred
+birds; <hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi> the owl sacred to Athene, the eagle to Zeus, the
+crane to Demeter.</note> and ordinary four-footed
+animals, except the pig. This animal is banned as
+food during the sacred rites because by its shape and
+way of life, and the very nature of its substance&mdash;for
+its flesh is impure and coarse&mdash;it belongs wholly
+to the earth. And therefore men came to believe
+that it was an acceptable offering to the gods of the
+under-world. For this animal does not look up at
+the sky, not only because it has no such desire, but
+because it is so made that it can never look upwards.
+These then are the reasons that have been given
+by the divine ordinance for abstinence from such
+food as we ought to renounce. And we who comprehend
+share our knowledge with those who know
+the nature of the gods.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι λέγομεν τοσοῦτον,
+ὡς οὐ πᾶσιν ἅπαντα,<note place='foot'>ἅπαντα Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντας MSS.</note> τὸ δυνατὸν δὲ ὁ θεῖος
+νόμος τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει σκοπῶν ἐπέτρεψε
+χρῆσθαι τουτοισὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς, οὐχ ἵνα πᾶσι
+πάντες ἐξ ἀνάγκης χρησώμεθα· τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ
+ἴσως οὐκ εὔκολον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως ἐκείνῳ, ὅτῳ ἄρα
+πρῶτον [178] μὲν ἡ τοῦ σώματος συγχωρεῖ<note place='foot'>συγχωρεῖ Hertlein suggests, συγχωροίη MSS.</note> δύναμις,
+εἶτά τις περιουσία συντρέχει καὶ τρίτον ἡ προαίρεσις,
+ἣν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς οὕτως ἄξιον ἐπιτείνειν,
+ὥστε καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν τοῦ σώματος δύναμιν ὁρμᾶν
+καὶ προθυμεῖσθαι τοῖς θείοις ἀκολουθεῖν θεσμοῖς.
+ἔστι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο μάλιστα μὲν ἀνυσιμώτερον
+αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ πρὸς σωτηρίαν, εἰ μείζονα λόγον
+αὑτῆς, [B] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦ σώματος τῆς ἀσφαλείας
+ποιήσαιτο, πρὸς δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα μείζονος
+καὶ θαυμασιωτέρας φαίνεται λεληθότως τῆς
+ὠφελείας μεταλαγχάνον. ὅταν γὰρ ἡ ψυχὴ
+πᾶσαν ἑαυτὴν δῷ τοῖς θεοῖς, ὅλα τὰ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὴν
+ἐπιτρέψασα τοῖς κρείττοσιν, ἑπομένης οἶμαι τῆς
+ἁγιστείας καὶ πρό γε ταύτης τῶν θείων θεσμῶν
+ἡγουμένων, ὄντος οὐδενὸς λοιπὸν τοῦ ἀπείργοντος
+καὶ ἐμποδίζοντος· πάντα γάρ ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς
+καὶ πάντα περὶ αὐτοὺς ὑφέστηκε καὶ πάντα τῶν
+θεῶν ἐστι πλήρη· αὐτίκα μὲν αὐταῖς ἐλλάμπει
+τὸ θεῖον φῶς, θεωθεῖσαι δὲ αὗται τόνον τινὰ καὶ
+<pb n='498'/><anchor id='Pg498'/><anchor id='Pg499'/>
+ῥώμην ἐπιτιθέασι [C] τῷ συμφύτῳ πνεύματι, τοῦτο
+δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν στομούμενον ὥσπερ καὶ κρατυνόμενον
+σωτηρίας ἐστιν αἴτιον ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι.
+τὸ δὲ ὅτι μάλιστα μὲν πάσας τὰς νόσους, εἰ δὲ
+μή, ὅτι τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἐκ τῆς τοῦ
+πνεύματος εἶναι τροπῆς καὶ παραφορᾶς συμβέβηκεν,
+οὐδεὶς ὅστις οἶμαι τῶν Ἀσκληπιαδῶν οὐ
+φήσει.<note place='foot'>φήσει Hertlein suggests, φήσειεν MSS.</note> οἱ μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάσας φασίν, οἱ δὲ τὰς
+πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας καὶ ἰαθῆναι χαλεπωτάτας·
+μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τούτοις [D] καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν λόγια, φημὶ
+δέ, ὅτι διὰ τῆς ἁγιστείας οὐχ ἡ ψυχὴ μόνον,
+ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σώματα βοηθείας πολλῆς καὶ
+σωτηρίας ἀξιοῦται· σώζεσθαι γάρ σφισι καὶ τὸ
+<q>πικρᾶς ὕλης περίβλημα βρότειον</q> οἱ θεοὶ τοῖς
+ὑπεράγνοις παρακελευόμενοι τῶν θεουργῶν κατεπαγγέλλονται.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And to the question what food is permitted I will
+only say this. The divine law does not allow all
+kinds of food to all men, but takes into account what
+is possible to human nature and allows us to eat
+most animals, as I have said. It is not as though we
+must all of necessity eat all kinds&mdash;for perhaps that
+would not be convenient&mdash;but we are to use first
+what our physical powers allow; secondly, what is
+at hand in abundance; thirdly, we are to exercise
+our own wills. But at the season of the sacred
+ceremonies we ought to exert those wills to the
+utmost so that we may attain to what is beyond our
+ordinary physical powers, and thus may be eager
+and willing to obey the divine ordinances. For it is
+by all means more effective for the salvation of the
+soul itself that one should pay greater heed to its
+safety than to the safety of the body. And moreover
+the body too seems thereby to share insensibly
+in that great and marvellous benefit. For when the
+soul abandons herself wholly to the gods, and
+entrusts her own concerns absolutely to the higher
+powers, and then follow the sacred rites&mdash;these
+too being preceded by the divine ordinances&mdash;then,
+I say, since there is nothing to hinder or prevent&mdash;for
+all things reside in the gods, all things subsist in
+relation to them, all things are filled with the gods&mdash;straightway
+the divine light illumines our souls.
+And thus endowed with divinity they impart a
+certain vigour and energy to the breath<note place='foot'>cf. Aristotle, <hi rend='italic'>On the Generation of Animals</hi> 736 b.
+37, for the breath πνεῦμα, that envelops the disembodied
+soul and resembles aether. The Stoics sometimes defined
+the soul as a <q>warm breath,</q> ἔνθερμον πνεῦμα.</note> implanted
+in them by nature; and so that breath is hardened
+as it were and strengthened by the soul, and hence
+gives health to the whole body. For I think not
+one of the sons of Asclepios would deny that all
+diseases, or at any rate very many and those the
+most serious, are caused by the disturbance and
+derangement of the breathing. Some doctors assert
+that all diseases, others that the greater number and
+the most serious and hardest to cure, are due to this.
+Moreover the oracles of the gods bear witness
+thereto, I mean that by the rite of purification not
+the soul alone but the body as well is greatly
+benefited and preserved. Indeed the gods when
+they exhort those theurgists who are especially holy,
+announce to them that their <q>mortal husk of raw
+matter</q><note place='foot'>The phrase probably occurred in an oracular verse.</note> shall be preserved from perishing.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Τίς οὖν ἡμῖν ὑπολείπεται λόγος, ἄλλως τε καὶ
+ἐν βραχεῖ νυκτὸς μέρει ταῦτα ἀπνευστὶ ξυνεῖραι<note place='foot'>Oration 6. 203 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 308, συνείρει
+... ἀπνευστί.</note>
+συγχωρηθεῖσιν, οὐδὲν οὔτε προανεγνωκόσιν οὔτε
+σκεψαμένοις περὶ αὐτῶν, [179] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ προελομένοις
+ὑπὲρ τούτων εἰπεῖν πρὶν ἢ τὰς δέλτους ταύτας
+αἰτῆσαι; μάρτυς δὲ ἡ θεός μοι τοῦ λόγου. ἀλλ᾽,
+ὅπερ ἔφην, τί τὸ λειπόμενον ἡμῖν ὑμνῆσαι τὴν
+θεὸν μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ τοῦ Διονύσου, ὧν
+δὴ καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς ἐν ταύταις ἔθετο ταῖς ἁγιστείαις
+ὁ νόμος; ὁρῶ μὲν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πρὸς τὴν
+<pb n='500'/><anchor id='Pg500'/><anchor id='Pg501'/>
+Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν διὰ τῆς προνοητικῆς ἐν ἑκατέραις
+ταῖς οὐσίαις ὁμοιότητος [B] τὴν συγγένειαν
+ἐπισκοπῶ δὲ καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν,
+ἣν ἐκ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς καὶ μονίμου ζωῆς τοῦ
+μεγάλου Διὸς ὁ μέγας Διόνυσος παραδεξάμενος,
+ἅτε καὶ προελθὼν ἐξ ἐκείνου, τοῖς φαινομένοις
+ἅπασιν ἐγκατένειμεν, ἐπιτροπεύων καὶ βασιλεύων
+τῆς μεριστῆς συμπάσης δημιουργίας. προσήκει
+δὲ σὺν τούτοις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ τὸν Ἐπαφρόδιτον
+Ἑρμῆν· [C] καλεῖται γὰρ οὕτως ὑπὸ τῶν μυστῶν ὁ
+θεὸς οὗτος, ὅσοι λαμπάδας φασὶν ἀνάπτειν
+Ἄττιδι τῷ σοφῷ. τίς οὖν οὕτω παχὺς τὴν
+ψυχήν, ὃς οὐ συνίησιν, ὅτι δι᾽ Ἑρμοῦ μὲν καὶ
+Ἀφροδίτης ἀνακαλεῖται πάντα πανταχοῦ τὰ τῆς
+γενέσεως ἔχοντα τὸ ἕνεκά του<note place='foot'>ἕνεκά του Shorey, ἕνεκα τοῦ Hertlein, MSS.</note> πάντη καὶ πάντως
+ὃ τοῦ λόγου μάλιστα ἴδιόν ἐστιν; Ἄττις δὲ οὐχ
+οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἄφρων, νῦν δὲ
+ἀκούων διὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν σοφός; ἄφρων μὲν ὅτι
+τὴν ὕλην εἵλετο καὶ τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιτροπεύει,
+σοφὸς δὲ ὅτι τὸ σκύβαλον τοῦτο εἰς κάλλος
+ἐκόσμησε τοσοῦτον [D] καὶ μετέστησεν, ὅσον οὐδεμί
+ἂν μιμήσαιτο ἀνθρώπων τέχνη καὶ σένεσις.
+ἀλλὰ τί πέρας ἔσται μοι τῶν λόγων; ἢ δῆλον ὡς
+ὁ τῆς μεγάλης ὕμνος θεοῦ;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(And now what is left for me to say? Especially
+since it was granted me to compose this hymn at a
+breath, in the short space of one night, without
+having read anything on the subject beforehand, or
+thought it over. Nay, I had not even planned to
+speak thereof until the moment that I asked for
+these writing-tablets. May the goddess bear witness
+to the truth of my words! Nevertheless, as I said
+before, does there not still remain for me to celebrate
+the goddess in her union with Athene and Dionysus?
+For the sacred law established their festivals at the
+very time of her sacred rites. And I recognise the
+kinship of Athene and the Mother of the Gods
+through the similarity of the forethought that inheres
+in the substance of both goddesses. And I discern
+also the divided creative function of Dionysus, which
+great Dionysus received from the single and abiding
+principle of life that is in mighty Zeus. For from
+Zeus he proceeded, and he bestows that life on all
+things visible, controlling and governing the creation
+of the whole divisible world. Together with these
+gods we ought to celebrate Hermes Epaphroditus.<note place='foot'>The epithet means <q>favoured by Aphrodite.</q></note>
+For so this god is entitled by the initiated who say
+that he kindles the torches for wise Attis. And who
+has a soul so dense as not to understand that through
+Hermes and Aphrodite are invoked all generated
+things everywhere, since they everywhere and
+throughout have a purpose which is peculiarly appropriate
+to the Logos?<note place='foot'>In this rendering of λόγος (which may here mean
+<q>Reason</q>) I follow Mau p. 113, and Asmus, <hi rend='italic'>Julians
+Galiläerschrift</hi> p. 31.</note> But is not this Logos Attis,
+who not long ago was out of his senses, but now
+through his castration is called wise? Yes, he was
+out of his senses because he preferred matter and
+presides over generation, but he is wise because
+he adorned and transformed this refuse, our earth,
+with such beauty as no human art or cunning could
+imitate. But how shall I conclude my discourse?
+Surely with this hymn to the Great Goddess.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ὦ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων μῆτερ, ὦ τοῦ μεγάλου
+σύνθωκε καὶ σύνθρονε Διός, ὦ πηγὴ τῶν νοερῶν
+θεῶν, ὦ τῶν νοητῶν ταῖς ἀχράντοις οὐσίαις συνδραμοῦσα
+καὶ τὴν κοινὴν ἐκ πάντων αἰτίαν παραδεξαμένη
+[180] καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐνδιδοῦσα ζωογόνε θεὰ
+<pb n='502'/><anchor id='Pg502'/><anchor id='Pg503'/>
+καὶ μῆτις καὶ πρόνοια καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν
+δημιουργέ, ὦ τὸν μέγαν Διόνυσον ἀγαπῶσα καὶ
+τὸν Ἄττιν ἐκτεθέντα περισωσαμένη καὶ πάλιν
+αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ γῆς ἄντρον καταδυόμενον ἐπανάγουσα,
+ὦ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἡγουμένη
+θεοῖς, πάντων δὲ ἀποπληροῦσα τὸν αἰσθητὸν
+κόσμον, πάντα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθὰ χαρισαμένη,
+δίδου πᾶσι [B] μὲν ἀνθρώποις εὐδαιμονίαν,
+ἧς τὸ κεφάλαιον ἡ τῶν θεῶν γνῶσίς ἐστι,
+κοινῇ δὲ τῷ Ῥωμαίων δήμῳ, μάλιστα μὲν
+ἀποτρίψασθαι τῆς ἀθεότητος τὴν κηλίδα, πρὸς
+δὲ καὶ τὴν τύχην εὐμενῆ συνδιακυβερνῶσαν αὐτῷ
+τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς πολλὰς χιλιάδας ἐτῶν, ἐμοὶ δὲ
+καρπὸν γενέσθαι τῆς περὶ σὲ θεραπείας ἀλήθειαν
+ἐν τοῖς περὶ θεῶν δόγμασιν, ἐν θεουργίᾳ τελειότητα,
+πάντων ἔργων, οἷς προσερχόμεθα περὶ τὰς
+πολιτικὰς [C] καὶ στρατιωτικὰς πράξεις,<note place='foot'>πράξεις Hertlein suggests, τάξεις MSS.</note> ἀρετὴν μετὰ
+τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης καὶ τὸ τοῦ βίου πέρας ἄλυπον
+τε καὶ εὐδόκιμον μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος τῆς ἐπὶ
+τῇ παρ᾽ ὑμᾶς πορείᾳ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(O Mother of gods and men, thou that art the
+assessor of Zeus and sharest his throne, O source of
+the intellectual gods, that pursuest thy course with
+the stainless substance of the intelligible gods; that
+dost receive from them all the common cause of
+things and dost thyself bestow it on the intellectual
+gods; O life-giving goddess that art the counsel and
+the providence and the creator of our souls; O thou
+that lovest great Dionysus, and didst save Attis when
+exposed at birth, and didst lead him back when he
+had descended into the cave of the nymph; O thou
+that givest all good things to the intellectual gods
+and fillest with all things this sensible world, and
+with all the rest givest us all things good! Do thou
+grant to all men happiness, and that highest happiness
+of all, the knowledge of the gods; and grant to
+the Roman people in general that they may cleanse
+themselves of the stain of impiety; grant them a
+blessed lot, and help them to guide their Empire for
+many thousands of years! And for myself, grant me
+as fruit of my worship of thee that I may have true
+knowledge in the doctrines about the gods. Make
+me perfect in theurgy. And in all that I undertake,
+in the affairs of the state and the army, grant
+me virtue and good fortune, and that the close of my
+life may be painless and glorious, in the good hope
+that it is to you, the gods, that I journey!)
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='507'/><anchor id='Pg507'/>
+
+<div rend='page-break-before: always'>
+<index index='toc'/>
+<index index='pdf'/>
+<head>Index</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>References to Homer are not given on account of their number.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Achilles, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Acropolis, the, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Adonis, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aeetes, <ref target='Pg221'>221</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aeneas, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aeschines, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aeschylus, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Agamemnon, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Agesilaus, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ajax, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Alcibiades, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Alcinous, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Alexander, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Alexandria, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aloadae, the, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Alps, the, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Amazon, the, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ammianus, Marcellinus, <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Antioch, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Antiochus, king, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Antony, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aphrodite, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Pg501'>501</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Apollo, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aquileia, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Arabs, the, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Arcadians, the, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Arcesilaus, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Archidamus, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Archilochus, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Archimedes, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Areopagus, the, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Argolis, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Argos, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Arion, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aristophanes, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aristotle, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>, <ref target='Pg405'>405</ref>, <ref target='Pg415'>415</ref>, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref>, <ref target='Pg455'>455</ref>, <ref target='Pg457'>457</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Armenians, the, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Arsaces, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Asclepios, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg395'>395</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Assyria, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Astyages, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Athenaeus, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Athene, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg463'>463</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Athenians, the, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Athens, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Athos, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Atlantic, the, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Attalids, the, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Attis, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443-503</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Augustine, Saint, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Augustus, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Aurelian, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Azizos, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Baal, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Babylon, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Brennus, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Briseis, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cadmus, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Caesar, Julius, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Calypso, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cambyses, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cancer, tropic of, <ref target='Pg481'>481</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Capaneus, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Capitoline, the, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Capricorn, tropic of, <ref target='Pg427'>427</ref>, <ref target='Pg481'>481</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Caria, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Carians, the, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Carrhae, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n='508'/><anchor id='Pg508'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Carthage, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref>, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Carthaginians, the, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Carus, Emperor, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Catullus, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Celts, the, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg329'>329</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Chaldaeans, the, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cimon, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Circe, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Claudia, <ref target='Pg447'>447</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Claudius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cleon, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cnossus, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Colophon, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Commodus, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Constans, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Constantine, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Constantine II, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Constantinople, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Constantius, <ref target='Pg003'>3-127</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref>, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>, <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref>, <ref target='Pg327'>327</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Constantius Chlorus, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Corinth, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Corybants, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref>, <ref target='Pg469'>469</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Crassus, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Crete, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cumont, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cyaxares, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cybele, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443-503</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cyprus, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cyrus, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Cyrus the Younger, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Damascius, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Danube, the, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Darius, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Darius III, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Demeter, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Demosthenes, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Deo, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Dio Chrysostom, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Diocletian, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Dionysus, <ref target='Pg333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg395'>395</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref>, <ref target='Pg417'>417</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref>, <ref target='Pg501'>501</ref>, <ref target='Pg503'>503</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Dioscorides, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Dioscuri, the, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Drave, the, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Dulichium, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Egypt, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Egyptians, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref>, <ref target='Pg493'>493</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Eleusinian Mysteries, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Emesa, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Empedocles, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Epicureans, the, <ref target='Pg451'>451</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Euboea, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Euphrates, the, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Eupolis, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Euripides, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Eusebia, Empress, <ref target='Pg273'>273-345</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Eustathius, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Evadne, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Fausta, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Franks, the, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Frazer, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg471'>471</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Galatia (Gaul), <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg329'>329</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Galatians (Gauls), <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Galerius (Maximianus), <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Galli, the, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Gallus, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443</ref>, <ref target='Pg471'>471</ref>, <ref target='Pg473'>473</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Gallus, the river, <ref target='Pg451'>451</ref>, <ref target='Pg461'>461</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Gallus Caesar, vii, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Germans, the, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Getae, the, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Gibbon, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Graces, the, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Gyges, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hades, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Harrison, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hecate, <ref target='Pg493'>493</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hector, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Helen, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Heliaia, the, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref>, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Helicon, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Heliogabalus, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Helios, Hymn to, <ref target='Pg353'>353-435</ref>, <ref target='Pg451'>451</ref>, <ref target='Pg461'>461</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref>, <ref target='Pg471'>471</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Heneti (Veneti), <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hera, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Heracleidae, the, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Heracleitus, <ref target='Pg463'>463</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Heracles, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg465'>465</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hermes, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, Epaphroditus, <ref target='Pg501'>501</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Herodotus, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hesiod, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hilaria, the, <ref target='Pg471'>471</ref>, <ref target='Pg473'>473</ref>, <ref target='Pg489'>489</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hipparchus, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Homerids, the, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Horace, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Horus, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hyperion, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n='509'/><anchor id='Pg509'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Iamblichus, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref>, <ref target='Pg397'>397</ref>, <ref target='Pg399'>399</ref>, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg433'>433</ref>, <ref target='Pg441'>441</ref>, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Iberians, the, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Illyria, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Illyrians, the, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>India, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ionia, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Iris, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Isis, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Isocrates, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Italy, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ithaca, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Juno, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Jupiter, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Kronia, the, <ref target='Pg431'>431</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Kronos, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Lacedaemonians, the, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Laodameia, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Latin, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Leda, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Leonidas, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Libanius, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Libra, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Licinius, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ligurians, the, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Livy, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Lucifer, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Lycurgus, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Lycus, the, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Lydia, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Lydians, the, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Lysander, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Macedonia, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Macedonians, the, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Macrobius, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Magnentius, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg088'>88</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Marcellinus, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Marcellus, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Mases, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Maxentius, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Maximianus, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Maximus of Ephesus, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Medes, the, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Memnon, <ref target='Pg221'>221</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Menander (rhetorician), <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Menelaus, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Menestheus, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Meriones, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Messene, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Methymna, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Metroum, the, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Midas, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Milan, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Minos, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Misopogon, the, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Mithras, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg361'>361</ref>, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref>, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Monimos, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Muses, the, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg395'>395</ref>, <ref target='Pg417'>417</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Mygdonius, the, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Myrmecides, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Myrsa, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Nausicaa, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Naville, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Nestor, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Nicias, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Nile, the, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Nisaean horses, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Nitocris, Queen, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Norici, the, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Numa, King, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref>, <ref target='Pg427'>427</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Oceanus, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>, <ref target='Pg403'>403</ref>, <ref target='Pg405'>405</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Odysseus, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Olympia, games at, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref>, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Olympus, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Oricus, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Osiris, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ovid, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Palatine, the, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pandareos, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pandarus, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pannonia (Paeonia), <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Paris, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Parthia, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Parthians, the, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg057'>57</ref>, <ref target='Pg061'>61</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Parysatis, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Patroclus, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Peirene, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pelopids, the, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Peloponnesus, the, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Penelope, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Penthesilea, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pergamon, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pericles, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Persephone, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n='510'/><anchor id='Pg510'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Persians, the, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Phaeacians, the, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Phaethon, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pheidias, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Philip of Macedon, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Phocian war, the, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Phoenicians, the, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Phrygia, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref>, <ref target='Pg493'>493</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Phrygians, the, <ref target='Pg443'>443</ref>, <ref target='Pg447'>447</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pieria, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pindar, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pittacus, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Plataeans, the, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Plato, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>, <ref target='Pg235'>235</ref>, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg395'>395</ref>, <ref target='Pg397'>397</ref>, <ref target='Pg399'>399</ref>, <ref target='Pg405'>405</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg417'>417</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg448'>448</ref>, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref>, <ref target='Pg455'>455</ref>, <ref target='Pg457'>457</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Plautus, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Plotinus, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg397'>397</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg441'>441</ref>, <ref target='Pg451'>451</ref>, <ref target='Pg459'>459</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Plutarch, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg405'>405</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Po, river, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Porphyry, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>, <ref target='Pg441'>441</ref>, <ref target='Pg451'>451</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref>, <ref target='Pg481'>481</ref>, <ref target='Pg495'>495</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Poseidon, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Praxiteles, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Priam, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Proclus, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg431'>431</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Prodicus, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Propertius, <ref target='Pg447'>447</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ptolemy, Claudius, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ptolemy Soter, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pylos, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pyramids, the, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pythian oracle, the, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Pytho, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Quintilian, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Quirinus (Romulus), <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Remus, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Renan, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Rhadamanthus, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Rhine, the, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Rhodogyne, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Rhodopis, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Romans, the, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443</ref>, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref>, <ref target='Pg493'>493</ref>, <ref target='Pg503'>503</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Rome, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref>, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Romulus, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sallust, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg431'>431</ref>, <ref target='Pg441'>441</ref>, <ref target='Pg461'>461</ref>, <ref target='Pg477'>477</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Samos, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sapor, King, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg061'>61</ref>, <ref target='Pg063'>63</ref>, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sappho, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sarambos, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sarpedon, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg159'>159</ref>, <ref target='Pg173'>173</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Saturn, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Saxons, the, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Scamander, the, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Scheria, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Scipio, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Scythians, the, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Selene, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Seleucus, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Semiramis, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Serapis, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Showerman, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sicily, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sicyon, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Silius Italicus, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Silvanus, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Silvia, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Simonides, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Socrates, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sogdiana, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sophocles, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sparta, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Spartans, the, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Sparti, the, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Stobaeus, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Stoics, the, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Syloson, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Syracuse, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Syria, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Syrians, the, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Taenarum, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tantalus, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Telemachus, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Temenus, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Terpander, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tertullian, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Teucer, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thales, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thea, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Themistius, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Theophrastus, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thermopylae, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thessalians, the, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n='511'/><anchor id='Pg511'/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thessalonica, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thessaly, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Thrace, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tiber, the, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tigris, the, <ref target='Pg057'>57</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tiranus, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tiridates, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tomyris, Queen, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Troy, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Typho, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Usener, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Veneti, the, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Vesta, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Vetranio, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Wilamowitz, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Xenarchus, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Xenophon, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Xerxes, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg109'>109</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Zeller, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Zeus, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref>, <ref target='Pg477'>477</ref>, <ref target='Pg501'>501</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+</body>
+<back rend="page-break-before: right">
+  <div id="footnotes">
+    <index index="toc" />
+    <index index="pdf" />
+    <head>Footnotes</head>
+    <divGen type="footnotes"/>
+  </div>
+  <div rend="page-break-before: right">
+    <divGen type="pgfooter" />
+  </div>
+</back>
+</text>
+</TEI.2>
diff --git a/48664-tei/images/cover.jpg b/48664-tei/images/cover.jpg
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/48664-tei/images/cover.jpg
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #48664 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48664)