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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/4864.txt b/4864.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0e64bf --- /dev/null +++ b/4864.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1141 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook History of United Netherlands, 1592 +#64 in our series by John Lothrop Motley + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1592 + +Author: John Lothrop Motley + +Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4864] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 9, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1592 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS +From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609 + +By John Lothrop Motley + + + +MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 64 + +History of the United Netherlands, 1592 + + +CHAPTER XXVI. + + Return of Prince Maurice to the siege of Steenwyck--Capitulation of + the besieged--Effects of the introduction of mining operations-- + Maurice besieges Coeworden--Verdugo attempts to relieve the city, + but fails--The city capitulates, and Prince Maurice retreats into + winter quarters. + +While Farnese had thus been strengthening the bulwarks of Philip's +universal monarchy in that portion of his proposed French dominions which +looked towards England, there had been opportunity for Prince Maurice to +make an assault upon the Frisian defences of this vast realm. It was +difficult to make half Europe into one great Spanish fortification, +guarding its every bastion and every point of the curtain, without far +more extensive armaments than the "Great King," as the Leaguers proposed +that Philip should entitle himself, had ever had at his disposal. It +might be a colossal scheme to stretch the rod of empire over so large a +portion of the earth, but the dwarfish attempts to carry the design into +execution hardly reveal the hand of genius. It is astonishing to +contemplate the meagre numbers and the slender funds with which this +world-empire was to be asserted and maintained. The armies arrayed at +any important point hardly exceeded a modern division or two; while the +resources furnished for a year would hardly pay in later days for a few +weeks' campaign. + +When Alexander, the first commander of his time, moved out of Flanders +into France with less than twenty thousand men, he left most vital +portions of his master's hereditary dominions so utterly unprotected that +it was possible to attack them with a handful of troops. The young +disciple of Simon Stevinus now resumed that practical demonstration of +his principles which had been in the previous year so well begun. + +On the 28th May, 1592, Maurice, taking the field with six thousand foot +and two thousand horse, came once more before Steenwyck. It will be +remembered that he had been obliged to relinquish the siege of this place +in order to confront the Duke of Parma in July, 1591, at Nymegen. + +The city--very important from its position, being the key to the province +of Drenthe as well as one of the safeguards of Friesland--had been +besieged in vain by Count Renneberg after his treasonable surrender of +Groningen, of which he was governor, to the Spaniards, but had been +subsequently surprised by Tassis. Since that time it had held for the +king. Its fortifications were strong, and of the best description known +at that day. Its regular garrison was sixteen companies of foot and some +cavalry under Antoine de Quocqueville, military governor. Besides these +troops were twelve hundred Walloon infantry, commanded by Lewis, youngest +Count van den Berg, a brave lad of eighteen years, with whom were the +lord of Waterdyck and other Netherland nobles. + +To the military student the siege may possess importance as marking a +transitional epoch in the history of the beleaguering science. To the +general reader, as in most of the exploits of the young Poliorcetes, its +details have but slender interest. Perhaps it was here that the spade +first vindicated its dignity, and entitled itself to be classed as a +military weapon of value along with pike and arquebus. It was here that +the soldiers of Maurice, burrowing in the ground at ten stuyvers a day, +were jeered at by the enemy from the battlements as boors and ditchers, +who had forfeited their right to be considered soldiers--but jeered at +for the last time. + +From 30th May to 9th June the prince was occupied in throwing up +earthworks on the low grounds in order to bring his guns into position. +On the 13th June he began to batter with forty-five pieces, but effected +little more than to demolish some of the breast-works. He threw hot shot +into the town very diligently, too, but did small damage. The +cannonading went on for nearly a week, but the practice was so very +indifferent--notwithstanding the protection of the blessed Barbara and +the tuition of the busmasters--that the besieged began to amuse +themselves with these empty and monotonous salvos of the honourable +Artillery Guild. When all this blazing and thundering had led to no +better result than to convert a hundred thousand good Flemish florins +into noise and smoke, the thrifty Netherlanders on both sides of the +walls began to disparage the young general's reputation. After all, +they said, the Spaniards were right when they called artillery mere +'espanta-vellacos' or scare-cowards. This burrowing and bellowing must +at last give place to the old-fashioned push of pike, and then it would +be seen who the soldiers were. Observations like these were freely made +under a flag of truce; for on the 19th June--notwithstanding their +contempt for the 'espanta-vellacos'--the besieged had sent out a +deputation to treat for an honourable surrender. Maurice entertained the +negotiators hospitably in his own tent, but the terms suggested to him +were inadmissible. Nothing came of the conference therefore but mutual +criticisms, friendly enough, although sufficiently caustic. + +Maurice now ceased cannonading, and burrowed again for ten days without +interruption. Four mines, leading to different points of the defences, +were patiently constructed, and two large chambers at the terminations, +neatly finished off and filled respectively with five thousand and +twenty-five hundred pounds of powder, were at last established under two +of the principal bastions. + +During all this digging there had been a couple of sorties in which the +besieged had inflicted great damage on their enemy, and got back into the +town with a few prisoners, having lost but six of their own men. Sir +Francis Vere had been severely wounded in the leg, so that he was obliged +to keep his bed during the rest of the siege. Verdugo, too, had made a +feeble attempt to reinforce the place with three hundred men, sixty or +seventy of whom had entered, while the rest had been killed or captured. +On such a small scale was Philip's world-empire contended for by his +stadholder in Friesland; yet it was certainly not the fault of the stout +old Portuguese. Verdugo would rather have sent thirty thousand men to +save the front door of his great province than three hundred. But every +available man--and few enough of them they were--had been sent out of the +Netherlands, to defend the world-empire in its outposts of Normandy and +Brittany. + +This was Philip the Prudent's system for conquering the world, and men +looked upon him as the consummation of kingcraft. + +On the 3rd July Maurice ordered his whole force to be in readiness for +the assault. The mines were then sprung. + +The bastion of the east gate was blown to ruins. The mine under the +Gast-Huys bulwark, burst outwardly, and buried alive many Hollanders +standing ready for the assault. At this untoward accident Maurice +hesitated to give the signal for storming the breach, but the panic +within the town was so evident that Lewis William lost no time in seizing +the overthrown eastern bulwark, from the ruins of which he looked over +the whole city. The other broken bastion was likewise easily mastered, +and the besieged, seeing the storm about to burst upon them with +irresistible fury, sent a trumpet. Meantime Maurice, inspecting the +effects of the explosion and preparing for the assault, had been shot +through the left cheek. The wound was not dangerous, and the prince +extracted the bullet with his own hand, but the change of half an inch +would have made it fatal. He was not incapacitated--after his wound had +been dressed, amidst the remonstrances of his friends for his temerity- +from listening to the propositions of the city. They were refused, for +the prince was sure of having his town on his own terms. + +Next day he permitted the garrison to depart; the officers and soldiers +promising not to serve the King of Spain on the Netherland side of the +Rhine for six months. They were to take their baggage, but to leave +arms, flags, munitions, and provisions. Both Maurice and Lewis William +were for insisting on sterner conditions, but the States' deputies and +members of the council who were present, as usual, in camp urged the +building of the golden bridge. After all, a fortified city, the second +in importance after Groningen of all those regions, was the real prize +contended for. The garrison was meagre and much reduced during the +siege. The fortifications, of masonry and earthwork combined, were +nearly as strong as ever. Saint Barbara had done them but little damage, +but the town itself was in a sorry plight. Churches and houses were +nearly all shot to pieces, and the inhabitants had long been dwelling in +the cellars. Two hundred of the garrison remained, severely wounded, in +the town; three hundred and fifty had been killed, among others the young +cousin of the Nassaus, Count Lewis van den Berg. The remainder of the +royalists marched out, and were treated with courtesy by Maurice, who +gave them an escort, permitting the soldiers to retain their side-arms, +and furnishing horses to the governor. + +In the besieging army five or six hundred had been killed and many +wounded, but not in numbers bearing the same proportion to the slain as +in modern battles. + +The siege had lasted forty-four days. When it was over, and men came out +from the town to examine at leisure the prince's camp and his field of +operations, they were astounded at the amount of labor performed in so +short a time. The oldest campaigners confessed that they never before +had understood what a siege really was, and they began to conceive a +higher respect for the art of the engineer than they had ever done +before. "Even those who were wont to rail at science and labour," said +one who was present in the camp of Maurice, "declared that the siege +would have been a far more arduous undertaking had it not been for those +two engineers, Joost Matthes of Alost, and Jacob Kemp of Gorcum. It is +high time to take from soldiers the false notion that it is shameful to +work with the spade; an error which was long prevalent among the +Netherlanders, and still prevails among the French, to the great +detriment of the king's affairs, as may be seen in his sieges." + +Certainly the result of Henry's recent campaign before Rouen had proved +sufficiently how much better it would have been for him had there been +some Dutch Joosts and Jacobs with their picks and shovels in his army at +that critical period. They might perhaps have baffled Parma as they had +done Verdugo. + +Without letting the grass grow under his feet, Maurice now led his army +from Steenwyck to Zwol and arrived on the 26th July before Coeworden. + +This place, very strong by art and still stronger by-nature, was the +other key to all north Netherland--Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe. +Should it fall into the hands of the republic it would be impossible for +the Spaniards to retain much longer the rich and important capital of all +that country, the city of Groningen. Coeworden lay between two vast +morasses, one of which--the Bourtange swamp--extended some thirty miles +to the bay of the Dollart; while the other spread nearly as far in a +westerly direction to the Zuyder Zee. Thus these two great marshes were +a frame--an almost impassable barrier--by which the northern third of the +whole territory of the republic was encircled and defended. Throughout +this great morass there was not a hand-breadth of solid ground--not a +resting-place for a human foot, save the road which led through +Coeworden. This passage lay upon a natural deposit of hard, dry sand, +interposed as if by a caprice of nature between the two swamps; and was +about half a mile in width. + +The town itself was well fortified, and Verdugo had been recently +strengthening the position with additional earthworks. A thousand +veterans formed the garrison under command of another Van den Berg, the +Count Frederic. It was the fate of these sister's-children of the great +founder of the republic to serve the cause of foreign despotism with +remarkable tenacity against their own countrymen, and against their +nearest blood relations. On many conspicuous occasions they were almost +as useful to Spain and the Inquisition as the son and nearly all the +other kinsmen of William the Silent had rendered themselves to the cause +of Holland and of freedom. + +Having thoroughly entrenched his camp before Coeworden and begun the +regular approaches, Maurice left his cousin Lewis William to superintend +the siege operations for the moment, and advanced towards Ootmarsum, a +frontier town which might give him trouble if in the hands of a relieving +force. The place fell at once, with the loss of but one life to the +States army, but that a very valuable one; General de Famars, one of the +original signers of the famous Compromise; and a most distinguished +soldier of the republic, having been killed before the gates. + +On the 31st July, Maurice returned to his entrenchments. The enemy +professed unbounded confidence; Van den Berg not doubting that he should +be relieved by Verdugo, and Verdugo being sure that Van den Berg would +need no relief. The Portuguese veteran indeed was inclined to wonder at +Maurice's presumption in attacking so impregnable a fortress. "If +Coeworden does not hold," said he, "there is no place in the world that +can hold." + +Count Peter Ernest, was still acting as governor-general for Alexander +Farnese, on returning from his second French campaign, had again betaken +himself, shattered and melancholy, to the waters of Spa, leaving the +responsibility for Netherland affairs upon the German octogenarian. To +him; and to the nonagenarian Mondragon at Antwerp, the veteran Verdugo +now called loudly for aides against the youthful pedant, whom all men had +been laughing at a twelvemonth or so before. The Macedonian phalanx, +Simon Stevinus and delving Dutch boors--unworthy of the name of soldiers- +-seemed to be steadily digging the ground from under Philip's feet in his +hereditary domains. + +What would become of the world-empire, where was the great king--not of +Spain alone, nor of France alone--but the great monarch of all +Christendom, to plant his throne securely, if his Frisian strongholds, +his most important northern outposts, were to fall before an almost +beardless youth at the head of a handful of republican militia? + +Verdugo did his best, but the best was little. The Spanish and Italian +legions had been sent out of the Netherlands into France. Many had died +there, many were in hospital after their return, nearly all the rest were +mutinous for want of pay. + +On the 16th August, Maurice formally summoned Coeworden to surrender. +After the trumpeter had blown thrice; Count Van den Berg, forbidding all +others, came alone upon the walls and demanded his message. "To claim +this city in the name of Prince Maurice of Nassau and of the States- +General," was the reply. + +"Tell him first to beat down my walls as flat as the ditch," said Van den +Berg, "and then to bring five or six storms. Six months after that I +will think whether I will send a trumpet." + +The prince proceeded steadily with his approaches, but he was infinitely +chagrined by the departure out of his camp of Sir Francis Vere with his +English contingent of three regiments, whom Queen Elizabeth had +peremptorily ordered to the relief of King Henry in Brittany. + +Nothing amazes the modern mind so much as the exquisite paucity of forces +and of funds by which the world-empire was fought for and resisted in +France, Holland, Spain, and England. The scenes of war were rapidly +shifted--almost like the slides of a magic-lantern--from one country to +another; the same conspicuous personages, almost the same individual +armies, perpetually re-appearing in different places, as if a wild +phantasmagoria were capriciously repeating itself to bewilder the +imagination. Essex, and Vere, and Roger Williams, and Black Norris-Van +der Does, and Admiral Nassau, the Meetkerks and Count Philip-Farnese and +Mansfeld, George Basti, Arenberg, Berlaymont, La None and Teligny, Aquila +and Coloma--were seen alternately fighting, retreating, triumphant, +beleaguering, campaigning all along the great territory which extends +from the Bay of Biscay to the crags of Brittany, and across the narrow +seas to the bogs of Ireland, and thence through the plains of Picardy and +Flanders to the swamps of Groningen and the frontiers of the Rhine. + +This was the arena in which the great struggle was ever going on, but the +champions were so few in number that their individual shapes become +familiar to us like the figures of an oft-repeated pageant. And now the +withdrawal of certain companies of infantry and squadrons of cavalry from +the Spanish armies into France, had left obedient Netherland too weak to +resist rebellious Netherland, while, on the other hand, the withdrawal of +some twenty or thirty companies of English auxiliaries--most hard- +fighting veterans it is true, but very few in number--was likely to +imperil the enterprise of Maurice in Friesland. + +The removal of these companies from the Low Countries to strengthen the +Bearnese in the north of France, formed the subject of much bitter +diplomatic conference between the States and England; the order having +been communicated by the great queen herself in many a vehement epistle +and caustic speech, enforced by big, manly oaths. + +Verdugo, although confident in the strength of the place, had represented +to Parma and to Mansfeld the immense importance of relieving Coeworden. +The city, he said, was more valuable than all the towns taken the year +before. All Friesland hung upon it, and it would be impossible to save +Groningen should Coeworden fall. + +Meantime Count Philip Nassau arrived from the campaign in France with his +three regiments which he threw into garrison, and thus set free an equal +number of fresh troops, which were forthwith sent to the camp of Maurice. +The prince at the same time was made aware that Verdugo was about to +receive important succour, and he was advised by the deputies of the +States-General present at his headquarters to send out his German Reiters +to intercept them. Maurice refused. Should his cavalry be defeated, he +said, his whole army would be endangered. He determined to await within +his fortified camp the attack of the relieving force. + +During the whole month of August he proceeded steadily with his sapping +and mining. By the middle of the month his lines had come through the +ditch, which he drained of water into the counterscarp. By the beginning +of September he had got beneath the principal fort, which, in the course +of three or four days, he expected to blow into the air. The rainy +weather had impeded his operations and the march of the relieving army. +Nevertheless that army was at last approaching. The regiments of +Mondragon, Charles Mansfeld, Gonzaga, Berlaymont, and Arenberg had been +despatched to reinforce Verdugo. On the 23rd August, having crossed the +Rhine at Rheinberg, they reached Olfen in the country of Benthem, ten +miles from Coeworden. Here they threw up rockets and made other signals +that relief was approaching the town. On the 3rd of September Verdugo, +with the whole force at his disposal, amounting to four thousand foot and +eighteen hundred horse, was at the village of Emblichen, within a league +of the besieged city. That night a peasant was captured with letters +from Verdugo to the Governor of Coeworden, giving information that he +intended to make an assault on the besiegers on the night of 6th-7th +September. + +Thus forewarned, Maurice took the best precautions and calmly within his +entrenchments awaited the onslaught. Punctual to his appointment, +Verdugo with his whole force, yelling "Victoria! Victoria!" made a +shirt-attack, or camiciata--the men wearing their shirts outside their +armour to distinguish each other in the darkness--upon that portion of +the camp which was under command of Hohenlo. They were met with +determination and repulsed, after fighting all night, with a loss of +three hundred killed and a proportionate number of wounded. The +Netherlanders had but three killed and six wounded. Among the latter, +however, was Lewis William, who received a musket-ball in the belly, but +remained on the ground until the enemy had retreated. It was then +discovered that his wound was not mortal--the intestines not having been +injured--and he was soon about his work again. Prince Maurice, too, as +usual, incurred the remonstrances of the deputies and others for the +reckless manner in which he exposed himself wherever the fire was hottest +He resolutely refused, however, to permit his cavalry to follow the +retreating enemy. His object was Coeworden--a prize more important than +a new victory over the already defeated Spaniards would prove--and this +object he kept ever before his eyes. + +This was Verdugo's first and last attempt to relieve the city. He had +seen enough of the young prince's tactics and had no further wish to +break his teeth against those scientific entrenchments. The Spaniards at +last, whether they wore their shirts inside or outside their doublets, +could no longer handle the Dutchmen at pleasure. That people of butter, +as the iron duke of Alva was fond of calling the Netherlanders, were +grown harder with the pressure of a twenty-five years' war. + +Five days after the sanguinary 'camiciata' the besieged offered to +capitulate. The trumpet at which the proud Van den Berg had hinted for +six months later arrived on the 12th September. Maurice was glad to get +his town. His "little soldiers" did not insist, as the Spaniards and +Italians were used to do in the good old days, on unlimited murder, rape, +and fire, as the natural solace and reward of their labours in the +trenches. Civilization had made some progress, at least in the +Netherlands. Maurice granted good terms, such as he had been in the +habit of conceding to all captured towns. Van den Berg was courteously +received by his cousins, as he rode forth from the place at the head of +what remained of his garrison, five hundred in number, with colours +flying, matches burning, bullet in mouth, and with all their arms and +baggage except artillery and ammunition, and the heroic little Lewis, +notwithstanding the wound in his belly, got on horseback and greeted him +with a cousinly welcome in the camp. + +The city was a most important acquisition, as already sufficiently set +forth, but Queen Elizabeth, much misinformed on this occasion, was +inclined to undervalue it. She wrote accordingly to the States, +reproaching them for using all that artillery and that royal force +against a mere castle and earthheap, instead of attempting some +considerable capital, or going in force to the relief of Brittany. The +day was to come when she would acknowledge the advantage of not leaving +this earth-heap in the hands of the Spaniard. Meantime, Prince Maurice-- +the season being so far advanced--gave the world no further practical +lessons in the engineering science, and sent his troops into winter +quarters. + +These were the chief military phenomena in France and Flanders during +three years of the great struggle to establish Philip's universal +dominion. + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII. + + Negotiations between Queen Elizabeth and the States--Aspect of + affair between England and the Netherlands--Complaints of the + Hollanders on the piratical acts of the English--The Dutch Envoy and + the English Government--Caron's interview with Elizabeth--The Queen + promises redress of grievances. + +It is now necessary to cast a glance at certain negotiations on delicate +topics which had meantime been occurring between Queen Elizabeth and the +States. + +England and the republic were bound together by ties so close that it was +impossible for either to injure the other without inflicting a +corresponding damage on itself. Nevertheless this very community of +interest, combined with a close national relationship--for in the +European family the Netherlanders and English were but cousins twice +removed--with similarity of pursuits, with commercial jealousy, with an +intense and ever growing rivalry for that supremacy on the ocean towards +which the monarchy and the republic were so earnestly struggling, with a +common passion for civil and religious freedom, and with that inveterate +habit of self-assertion--the healthful but not engaging attribute of all +vigorous nations--which strongly marked them both, was rapidly producing +an antipathy between the two countries which time was likely rather to +deepen than efface. And the national divergences were as potent as the +traits of resemblance in creating this antagonism. + +The democratic element was expanding itself in the republic so rapidly +as to stifle for a time the oligarchical principle which might one day +be developed out of the same matrix; while, despite the hardy and +adventurous spirit which characterised the English nation throughout all +its grades, there was never a more intensely aristocratic influence in +the world than the governing and directing spirit of the England of that +age. + +It was impossible that the courtiers of Elizabeth and the burgher- +statesmen of Holland and Friesland should sympathize with each other in +sentiment or in manner. The republicans in their exuberant consciousness +of having at last got rid of kings and kingly paraphernalia in their own, +land--for since the rejection of the sovereignty offered to France and +England in 1585 this feeling had become so predominant as to make it +difficult to believe that those offers had been in reality so recent-- +were insensibly adopting a frankness, perhaps a roughness, of political +and social demeanour which was far from palatable to the euphuistic +formalists of other, countries. + +Especially the English statesmen, trained to approach their sovereign +with almost Oriental humility, and accustomed to exact for themselves +a large amount of deference, could ill brook the free and easy tone +occasionally adopted in diplomatic and official intercourse by these +upstart republicans. + + [The Venetian ambassador Contarin relates that in the reign of James + I. the great nobles of England were served at table by lackeys on + they knees.] + +A queen, who to loose morals, imperious disposition, and violent temper +united as inordinate a personal vanity as was ever vouchsafed to woman, +and who up to the verge of decrepitude was addressed by her courtiers in +the language of love-torn swain to blooming shepherdess, could naturally +find but little to her taste in the hierarchy of Hans Brewer and Hans +Baker. Thus her Majesty and her courtiers, accustomed to the faded +gallantries with which the serious affairs of State were so grotesquely +intermingled, took it ill when they were bluntly informed, for instance, +that the State council of the Netherlands, negotiating on Netherland +affairs, could not permit a veto to the representatives of the queen, +and that this same body of Dutchmen discussing their own business +insisted upon talking Dutch and not Latin. + +It was impossible to deny that the young Stadholder was a gentleman of a +good house, but how could the insolence of a common citizen like John of +Olden-Barneveld be digested? It was certain that behind those shaggy, +overhanging brows there was a powerful brain stored with legal and +historic lore, which supplied eloquence to an ever-ready tongue and pen. +Yet these facts, difficult to gainsay, did not make the demands so +frequently urged by the States-General upon the English Government for +the enforcement of Dutch rights and the redress of English wrongs the +more acceptable. + +Bodley, Gilpin, and the rest were in a chronic state of exasperation +with the Hollanders, not only because of their perpetual complaints, +but because their complaints were perpetually just. + +The States-General were dissatisfied, all the Netherlanders were +dissatisfied--and not entirely without reason--that the English, with +whom the republic was on terms not only of friendship but of alliance, +should burn their ships on the high seas, plunder their merchants, and +torture their sea-captains in order to extort information as to the most +precious portions of their cargoes. Sharp language against such +malpractices was considered but proof of democratic vulgarity. Yet it +would be hard to maintain that Martin Frobisher, Mansfield, Grenfell, and +the rest of the sea-kings, with all their dash and daring and patriotism, +were not as unscrupulous pirates as ever sailed blue water, or that they +were not apt to commit their depredations upon friend and foe alike. + +On the other hand; by a liberality of commerce in extraordinary contrast +with the practice of modern times, the Netherlanders were in the habit of +trading directly with the arch-enemy of both Holland and England, even in +the midst of their conflict with him, and it was complained of that even +the munitions of war and the implements of navigation by which Spain had +been enabled to effect its foot-hold in Brittany, and thus to threaten +the English coast, were derived from this very traffic. + +The Hollanders replied, that, according to their contract with England, +they were at liberty to send as many as forty or fifty vessels at a time +to Spain and Portugal, that they had never exceeded the stipulated +number, that England freely engaged in the same traffic herself with the +common enemy, that it was not reasonable to consider cordage or dried +fish or shooks and staves, butter, eggs, and corn as contraband of war, +that if they were illegitimate the English trade was vitiated to the same +degree, and that it would be utterly hopeless for the provinces to +attempt to carry on the war, except by enabling themselves, through the +widest and most unrestricted foreign commerce, even including the enemy's +realms, to provide their nation with the necessary wealth to sustain so +gigantic a conflict. + +Here were ever flowing fountains of bitterest discussion and +recrimination. It must be admitted however that there was occasionally +an advantage in the despotic and summary manner in which the queen took +matters into her own hands. It was refreshing to see this great +sovereign--who was so well able to grapple with questions of State, and +whose very imperiousness of temper impelled her to trample on shallow +sophistries and specious technicalities--dealing directly with cases of +piracy and turning a deaf ear to the counsellors, who in that, as in +every age, were too prone to shove by international justice in order to +fulfil municipal forms. + +It was, however, with much difficulty that the envoy of the republic was +able to obtain a direct hearing from her Majesty in order to press the +long list of complaints on account of the English piratical proceedings +upon her attention. He intimated that there seemed to be special reasons +why the great ones about her throne were disposed to deny him access to +the queen, knowing as they did in what intent he asked for interviews. +They described in strong language the royal wrath at the opposition +recently made by the States to detaching the English auxiliaries in the +Netherlands for the service of the French king in Normandy, hoping +thereby to deter him from venturing into her presence with a list of +grievances on the part of his government. "I did my best to indicate the +danger incurred by such transferring of troops at so critical a moment," +said Noel de Canon, "showing that it was directly in opposition to the +contract made with her Majesty. But I got no answer save very high words +from the Lord Treasurer, to the effect that the States-General were never +willing to agree to any of her Majesty's prepositions, and that this +matter was as necessary to the States' service as to that of the French +king. In effect, he said peremptorily that her Majesty willed it and +would not recede from her resolution." + +The envoy then requested an interview with the queen before her departure +into the country. + +Next day, at noon, Lord Burghley sent word that she was to leave between +five and six o'clock that evening, and that the minister would be welcome +meantime at any hour. + +"But notwithstanding that I presented myself," said Caron, "at two +o'clock in the afternoon, I was unable to speak to her Majesty until a +moment before she was about to mount her horse. Her language was then +very curt. She persisted in demanding her troops, and strongly expressed +her dissatisfaction that we should have refused them on what she called +so good an occasion for using them. I was obliged to cut my replies very +short, as it was already between six and seven o'clock, and she was to +ride nine English miles to the place where she was to pass the night. +I was quite sensible, however; that the audience was arranged to be thus +brief, in order that I should not be able to stop long enough to give +trouble, and perhaps to find occasion to renew our complaints touching +the plunderings and robberies committed upon us at sea. This is what +some of the great personages here, without doubt, are afraid of, for they +were wonderfully well overhauled in my last audience. I shall attempt to +speak to her again before she goes very deep into the country." + +It was not however before the end of the year, after Caron had made a +voyage to Holland and had returned, that he 14 Nov. was able to bring the +subject thoroughly before her Majesty. On the 14th November he had +preliminary interviews with the Lord High Admiral and the Lord Treasurer +at Hampton Court, where the queen was then residing. The plundering +business was warmly discussed between himself and the Admiral, and there +was much quibbling and special pleading in defence of the practices which +had created so much irritation and pecuniary loss in Holland. There was +a good deal of talk about want of evidence and conflict of evidence, +which, to a man who felt as sure of the facts and of the law as the Dutch +envoy did--unless it were according to public law for one friend and, +ally to plunder and burn the vessels of another friend and ally--was not +encouraging as to the probable issue of his interview with her Majesty. +It would be tedious to report the conversation as fully as it was laid by +Noel de Caron before the States-General; but at last the admiral +expressed a hope that the injured parties would be able to make good +their, case. At any rate he assured the envoy that he would take care of +Captain Mansfield for the present, who was in prison with two other +captains, so that proceedings might be had against them if it was thought +worth while. + +Caron answered with Dutch bluntness. "I recommended him very earnestly +to do this," he said, "and told him roundly that this was by all means +necessary for the sake of his own honour. Otherwise no man could ever be +made to believe that his Excellency was not seeking to get his own profit +out of the affair. But he vehemently swore and protested that this was +not the case." + +He then went to the Lord Treasurer's apartment, where a long and stormy +interview followed on the subject of the withdrawal of the English +troops. Caron warmly insisted that the measure had been full of danger, +for the States; that they had been ordered out of Prince Maurice's camp +at a most critical moment; that; had it not, been for the Stallholder's +promptness and military skill; very great disasters to the common cause +must have ensued; and that, after all, nothing had been done by the +contingent in any other field, for they had been for six months idle and +sick, without ever reaching Brittany at all. + +"The Lord Treasurer, who, contrary to his custom," said the envoy, "had +been listening thus long to what I had to say, now observed that the +States had treated her Majesty very ill, that they had kept her running +after her own troops nearly half a year, and had offered no excuse for +their proceedings." + +It would be superfluous to repeat the arguments by which Caron +endeavoured to set forth that the English troops, sent to the Netherlands +according to a special compact, for a special service, and for a special +consideration and equivalent, could not honestly be employed, contrary to +the wishes of the States-General, upon a totally different service and in +another country. The queen willed it, he was informed, and it was ill- +treatment of her Majesty on the part of the Hollanders to oppose her +will. This argument was unanswerable. + +Soon afterwards, Caron was admitted to the presence of Elizabeth. He +delivered, at first, a letter from the States-General, touching the +withdrawal of the troops. The queen, instantly broke the seal and read +the letter to the end. Coming to the concluding passage, in which the +States observed that they had great and just cause highly to complain on +that subject, she paused, reading the sentences over twice or thrice, and +then remarked: + +"Truly these are comical people. I have so often been complaining that +they refused to send my troops, and now the States complain that they are +obliged to let them go. Yet my intention is only to borrow them for a +little while, because I can give my brother of France no better succour +than by sending him these soldiers, and this I consider better than if I +should send him four thousand men. I say again, I am only borrowing +them, and surely the States ought never to make such complaints, when +the occasion was such a favourable one, and they had received already +sufficient aid from these troops, and had liberated their whole country. +I don't comprehend these grievances. They complain that I withdraw my +people, and meantime they are still holding them and have brought them +ashore again. They send me frivolous excuses that the skippers don't +know the road to my islands, which is, after all, as easy to find as the +way to Caen, for it is all one. I have also sent my own pilots; and I +complain bitterly that by making this difficulty they will cause the loss +of all Brittany. They run with their people far away from me, and +meantime they allow the enemy to become master of all the coasts lying +opposite me. But if it goes badly with me they will rue it deeply +themselves." + +There was considerable reason, even if there were but little justice, +in this strain of remarks. Her Majesty continued it for some little time +longer, and it is interesting to see the direct and personal manner in +which this great princess handled the weightiest affairs of state. The +transfer of a dozen companies of English infantry from Friesland to +Brittany was supposed to be big with the fate of France, England, and the +Dutch republic, and was the subject of long and angry controversy, not as +a contested point of principle, in regard to which numbers, of course, +are nothing, but as a matter of practical and pressing importance. + +"Her Majesty made many more observations of this nature," said Caron, +"but without getting at all into a passion, and, in my opinion, her +discourse was sensible, and she spoke with more moderation than she is +wont at other times." + +The envoy then presented the second letter from the States-General in +regard to the outrages inflicted on the Dutch merchantmen. The queen +read it at once, and expressed herself as very much displeased with her +people. She said that she had received similar information from +Counsellor Bodley, who had openly given her to understand that the +enormous outrages which her people were committing at sea upon the +Netherlanders were a public scandal. It had made her so angry, she said, +that she knew not which way to turn. She would take it in hand at once, +for she would rather make oath never more to permit a single ship of war +to leave her ports than consent to such thieveries and villanies. She +told Caron that he would do well to have his case in regard to these +matters verified, and then to give it into her own hands, since otherwise +it would all be denied her and she would find herself unable to get at +the truth." + +"I have all the proofs and documents of the merchants by me, "replied the +envoy, "and, moreover, several of the sea-captains who have been robbed +and outraged have come over with me, as likewise some merchants who were +tortured by burning of the thumbs and other kinds of torments." + +This disturbed the queen very much, and she expressed her wish that Caron +should not allow himself to be put off with, delays by the council, but +should insist upon all due criminal punishment, the infliction of which +she promised in the strongest terms to order; for she could never enjoy +peace of mind, she said; so long as such scoundrels were tolerated in her +kingdom. + +The envoy had brought with him a summary of the cases, with the names of +all the merchants interested, and a list of all the marks on the sacks of +money which had been stolen. The queen looked over it very carefully, +declaring it to be her intention that there should be no delays +interposed in the conduct of this affair by forms of special pleading, +but that speedy cognizance should be taken of the whole, and that the +property should forthwith be restored. + +She then sent for Sir Robert Cecil, whom she directed to go at once and +tell his father, the Lord Treasurer, that he was to assist Caron in this +affair exactly as if it were her own. It was her intention, she said, +that her people were in no wise to trouble the Hollanders in legitimate +mercantile pursuits. She added that it was not enough for her people to +say that they had only been seizing Spaniards' goods and money, but she +meant that they should prove it, too, or else they should swing for it. + +Caron assured her Majesty that he had no other commission from his +masters than to ask for justice, and that he had no instructions to claim +Spanish property or enemy's goods. He had brought sufficient evidence +with him, he said, to give her Majesty entire satisfaction. + +It is not necessary to pursue the subject any farther. The great nobles +still endeavoured to interpose delays, and urged the propriety of taking +the case before the common courts of law. Carom strong in the support of +the queen, insisted that it should be settled, as her Majesty had +commanded, by the council, and it was finally arranged that the judge of +admiralty should examine the evidence on both sides, and then communicate +the documents at once to the Lord Treasurer. Meantime the money was to +be deposited with certain aldermen of London, and the accused parties +kept in prison. The ultimate decision was then to be made by the +council, "not by form of process but by commission thereto ordained." +In the course of the many interviews which followed between the Dutch +envoy and the privy counsellors, the Lord Admiral stated that an English +merchant residing in the Netherlands had sent to offer him a present of +two thousand pounds sterling, in case the affair should be decided +against the Hollanders. He communicated the name of the individual to +Caron, under seal of secrecy, and reminded the Lord Treasurer that he too +had seen the letter of the Englishman. Lord Burghley observed that he +remembered the fact that certain letters had been communicated to him by +the Lord Admiral, but that he did not know from whence they came, nor +anything about the person of the writer. + +The case of the plundered merchants was destined to drag almost as slowly +before the council as it might have done in the ordinary tribunals, and +Caron was "kept running," as he expressed it, "from the court to London, +and from London to the court," and it was long before justice was done to +the sufferers. Yet the energetic manner in which the queen took the case +into her own hands, and the intense indignation with which she denounced +the robberies and outrages which had been committed by her subjects upon +her friends and allies, were effective in restraining such wholesale +piracy in the future. + +On the whole, however, if the internal machinery is examined by which the +masses of mankind were moved at epoch in various parts of Christendom, we +shall not find much reason to applaud the conformity of Governments to +the principles of justice, reason, or wisdom. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Accustomed to the faded gallantries +Conformity of Governments to the principles of justice +Considerable reason, even if there were but little justice +Disciple of Simon Stevinus +Self-assertion--the healthful but not engaging attribute + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1592 *** + +********** This file should be named 4864.txt or 4864.zip *********** + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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