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+The Project Gutenberg EBook History of The United Netherlands, 1587
+#53 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
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+Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1587
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4853]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 5, 2002]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1587 ***
+
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
+From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+
+
+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 53
+
+History of the United Netherlands, 1587
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+     Situation of Sluys--Its Dutch and English Garrison--Williams writes
+     from Sluys to the Queen--Jealousy between the Earl and States--
+     Schemes to relieve Sluys--Which are feeble and unsuccessful--The
+     Town Capitulates--Parma enters--Leicester enraged--The Queen angry
+     with the Anti-Leicestrians--Norris, Wilkes, and Buckhurst punished--
+     Drake sails for Spain--His Exploits at Cadiz and Lisbon--He is
+     rebuked by Elizabeth.
+
+When Dante had passed through the third circle of the Inferno--a desert
+of red-hot sand, in which lay a multitude of victims of divine wrath,
+additionally tortured by an ever-descending storm of fiery flakes--he was
+led by Virgil out of this burning wilderness along a narrow causeway.
+This path was protected, he said, against the showers of flame, by the
+lines of vapour which rose eternally from a boiling brook.  Even by such
+shadowy bulwarks, added the poet, do the Flemings between Kadzand and
+Bruges protect their land against the ever-threatening sea.
+
+It was precisely among these slender dykes between Kadzand and Bruges
+that Alexander Farnese had now planted all the troops that he could
+muster in the field.  It was his determination to conquer the city of
+Sluys; for the possession of that important sea-port was necessary for
+him as a basis for the invasion of England, which now occupied all the
+thoughts of his sovereign and himself.
+
+Exactly opposite the city was the island of Kadzand, once a fair and
+fertile territory, with a city and many flourishing villages upon its
+surface, but at that epoch diminished to a small dreary sand-bank by the
+encroachments of the ocean.
+
+A stream of inland water, rising a few leagues to the south of Sluys,
+divided itself into many branches just before reaching the city,
+converted the surrounding territory into a miniature archipelago--the
+islands of which were shifting treacherous sand-banks at low water, and
+submerged ones at flood--and then widening and deepening into a
+considerable estuary, opened for the city a capacious harbour, and an
+excellent although intricate passage to the sea.  The city, which was
+well built and thriving, was so hidden in its labyrinth of canals and
+streamlets, that it seemed almost as difficult a matter to find Sluys as
+to conquer it.  It afforded safe harbour for five hundred large vessels;
+and its possession, therefore, was extremely important for Parma.
+Besides these natural defences, the place was also protected by
+fortifications; which were as well constructed as the best of that
+period.  There was a strong rampire and many towers.  There was also a
+detached citadel of great strength, looking towards the sea, and there
+was a ravelin, called St. Anne's, looking in the direction of Bruges.
+A mere riband of dry land in that quarter was all of solid earth to be
+found in the environs of Sluys.
+
+The city itself stood upon firm soil, but that soil had been hollowed
+into a vast system of subterranean magazines, not for warlike purposes,
+but for cellars, as Sluys had been from a remote period the great
+entrepot of foreign wines in the Netherlands.
+
+While the eternal disputes between Leicester and the States were going on
+both in Holland and in England, while the secret negotiations between
+Alexander Farnese and Queen slowly proceeding at Brussels and Greenwich,
+the Duke, notwithstanding the destitute condition of his troops, and the
+famine which prevailed throughout the obedient Provinces, had succeeded
+in bringing a little army of five thousand foot,  and something less than
+one thousand horse, into the field.  A portion of this force he placed
+under the command of the veteran La Motte.  That distinguished campaigner
+had assured the commander-in-chief that the reduction of the city would
+be an easy achievement.  Alexander soon declared that the enterprise was
+the most difficult one that he had ever undertaken.  Yet, two years
+before, he had carried to its triumphant conclusion the famous siege of
+Antwerp.  He stationed his own division upon the isle of Kadzand, and
+strengthened his camp by additionally fortifying those shadowy bulwarks,
+by which the island, since the age of Dante, had entrenched itself
+against the assaults of ocean.
+
+On the other hand, La Motte, by the orders of his chief, had succeeded,
+after a sharp struggle, in carrying the fort of St. Anne.  A still more
+important step was the surprising of Blankenburg, a small fortified place
+on the coast, about midway between Ostend and Sluys, by which the sea-
+communications with the former city for the relief of the beleaguered
+town were interrupted.
+
+Parma's demonstrations against Sluys had commenced in the early days of
+June.  The commandant of the place was Arnold de Groenevelt, a Dutch
+noble of ancient lineage and approved valour.  His force was, however,
+very meagre, hardly numbering more than eight hundred, all Netherlanders,
+but counting among its officers several most distinguished personages-
+Nicholas de Maulde, Adolphus de Meetkerke and his younger brother,
+Captain Heraugiere, and other well-known partisans.
+
+On the threatening of danger the commandant had made application to
+Sir William Russell, the worthy successor of Sir Philip Sidney in the
+government of Flushing.  He had received from him, in consequence, a
+reinforcement of eight hundred English soldiers, under several eminent
+chieftains, foremost among whom were the famous Welshman Roger Williams,
+Captain Huntley, Baskerville, Sir Francis Vere, Ferdinando Gorges, and
+Captain Hart.  This combined force, however, was but a slender one; there
+being but sixteen hundred men to protect two miles and a half of rampart,
+besides the forts and ravelins.
+
+But, such as it was, no time was lost in vain regrets.  The sorties
+against the besiegers were incessant and brilliant.  On one occasion Sir
+Francis Vere--conspicuous in the throng, in his red mantilla, and
+supported only by one hundred Englishmen and Dutchmen, under Captain
+Baskerville--held at bay eight companies of the famous Spanish legion
+called the Terzo Veijo, at push of pike, took many prisoners, and forced
+the Spaniards from the position in which they were entrenching
+themselves.  On the other hand, Farnese declared that he had never in his
+life witnessed anything so unflinching as the courage of his troops;
+employed as they were in digging trenches where the soil was neither land
+nor water, exposed to inundation by the suddenly-opened sluices, to a
+plunging fire from the forts, and to perpetual hand-to-hand combats with
+an active and fearless foe, and yet pumping away in the coffer-dams-which
+they had invented by way of obtaining a standing-ground for their
+operations--as steadily and sedately as if engaged in purely pacific
+employments.  The besieged here inspired by a courage equally remarkable.
+The regular garrison was small enough, but the burghers were courageous,
+and even the women organized themselves into a band of pioneers.  This
+corps of Amazons, led by two female captains, rejoicing in the names of
+'May in the Heart' and 'Catherine the Rose,' actually constructed an
+important redoubt between the citadel and the rampart, which received, in
+compliment to its builders, the appellation of 'Fort Venus.'
+
+The demands of the beleaguered garrison, however, upon the States and
+upon Leicester were most pressing.  Captain Hart swam thrice out of the
+city with letters to the States, to the governor-general, and to Queen
+Elizabeth; and the same perilous feat was performed several times by a
+Netherland officer.  The besieged meant to sell their lives dearly, but
+it was obviously impossible for them, with so slender a force, to resist
+a very long time.
+
+"Our ground is great and our men not so many," wrote Roger Williams to
+his sovereign, "but we trust in God and our valour to defend it .  .  .
+.  .  .  .  We mean, with God's help, to make their downs red and black,
+and to let out every acre of our ground for a thousand of their lives,
+besides our own."
+
+The Welshman was no braggart, and had proved often enough that he was
+more given to performances than promises.  "We doubt not your Majesty
+will succour us," he said, "for our honest mind and plain dealing toward
+your royal person and dear country;" adding, as a bit of timely advice,
+"Royal Majesty, believe not over much your peacemakers.  Had they their
+mind, they will not only undo your friend's abroad, but, in the end, your
+royal estate."
+
+Certainly it was from no want of wholesome warning from wise statesmen
+and blunt soldiers that the Queen was venturing into that labyrinth of
+negotiation which might prove so treacherous.  Never had been so
+inopportune a moment for that princess to listen to the voice of him who
+was charming her so wisely, while he was at the same moment battering
+the place, which was to be the basis of his operations against her
+realm.  Her delay in sending forth Leicester, with at least a moderate
+contingent, to the rescue, was most pernicious.  The States--ignorant
+of the Queen's exact relations with Spain, and exaggerating her
+disingenuousness into absolute perfidy became on their own part
+exceedingly to blame.  There is no doubt whatever that both Hollanders
+and English men were playing into the hands of Parma as adroitly as if
+he had actually directed their movements.  Deep were the denunciations
+of Leicester and his partisans by the States' party, and incessant the
+complaints of the English and Dutch troops shut up in Sluys against the
+inactivity or treachery of Maurice and Hohenlo.
+
+"If Count Maurice and his base brother, the Admiral (Justinus de Nassau),
+be too young to govern, must Holland and Zeeland lose their countries and
+towns to make them expert men of war?" asked Roger Williams.'  A pregnant
+question certainly, but the answer was, that by suspicion and jealousy,
+rather than by youth and inexperience, the arms were paralyzed which
+should have saved the garrison.  "If these base fellows (the States) will
+make Count Hollock their instrument," continued the Welshman; "to cover
+and maintain their folly and lewd dealing, is it necessary for her royal
+Majesty to suffer it?  These are too great matters to be rehearsed by me;
+but because I am in the town, and do resolve to, sign with my blood my
+duty in serving my sovereign and country, I trust her Majesty will pardon
+me."  Certainly the gallant adventurer on whom devolved at least half the
+work of directing the defence of the city, had a right to express his
+opinions.  Had he known the whole truth, however, those opinions would
+have been modified.  And he wrote amid the smoke and turmoil of daily and
+nightly battle.
+
+"Yesterday was the fifth sally we made," he observed: "Since I followed
+the wars I never saw valianter captains, nor willinger soldiers.  At
+eleven o'clock the enemy entered the ditch of our fort, with trenches
+upon wheels, artillery-proof.  We sallied out, recovered their trenches,
+slew the governor of Dam, two Spanish captains, with a number of others,
+repulsed them into their artillery, kept the ditch until yesternight, and
+will recover it, with God's help, this night, or else pay dearly for it .
+.  .  .  .  I care not what may become of me in this world, so that her
+Majesty's honour,--with the rest of honourable good friends, will think
+me an honest man."
+
+No one ever doubted the simple-hearted Welshman's honesty, any more than
+his valour; but he confided in the candour of others who were somewhat
+more sophisticated than himself.  When he warned her, royal Majesty
+against the peace-makers, it was impossible for him to know that the
+great peace-maker was Elizabeth herself.
+
+After the expiration of a month the work had become most fatiguing.  The
+enemy's trenches had been advanced close to the ramparts, and desperate
+conflicts were of daily occurrence.  The Spanish mines, too, had been
+pushed forward towards the extensive wine-caverns below the city, and the
+danger of a vast explosion or of a general assault from beneath their
+very feet, seemed to the inhabitants imminent.  Eight days long, with
+scarcely an intermission, amid those sepulchral vaults, dimly-lighted
+with torches, Dutchmen, Englishmen, Spaniards, Italians, fought hand to
+hand, with pike, pistol, and dagger, within the bowels of the earth.
+
+Meantime the operations of the States were not commendable.  The
+ineradicable jealousy between the Leicestrians and the Barneveldians had
+done its work.  There was no hearty effort for the relief of Sluys.
+There were suspicions that, if saved, the town would only be taken
+possession of by the Earl of Leicester, as an additional vantage-point
+for coercing the country into subjection to his arbitrary authority.
+Perhaps it would be transferred to Philip by Elizabeth as part of the
+price for peace.  There was a growing feeling in Holland and Zeeland that
+as those Provinces bore all the expense of the war, it was an imperative
+necessity that they should limit their operations to the defence of their
+own soil.  The suspicions as to the policy of the English government were
+sapping the very foundations of the alliance, and there was small
+disposition on the part of the Hollanders, therefore, to protect what
+remained of Flanders, and thus to strengthen the hands of her whom they
+were beginning to look upon as an enemy.
+
+Maurice and Hohenlo made, however, a foray into Brabant, by way of
+diversion to the siege of Sluys, and thus compelled Farnese to detach a
+considerable force under Haultepenne into that country, and thereby to
+weaken himself.  The expedition of Maurice was not unsuccessful.  There
+was some sharp skirmishing between Hohenlo and Haultepenne, in which the
+latter, one of the most valuable and distinguished generals on the royal
+side, was defeated and slain; the fort of Engel, near Bois-le-Duc, was
+taken, and that important city itself endangered; but, on the other hand,
+the contingent on which Leicester relied from the States to assist in
+relieving Sluys was not forthcoming.
+
+For, meantime, the governor-general had at last been sent back by his
+sovereign to the post which he had so long abandoned.  Leaving Leicester
+House on the 4th July (N. S.), he had come on board the fleet two days
+afterwards at Margate.  He was bringing with him to the Netherlands three
+thousand fresh infantry, and thirty thousand pounds, of which sum fifteen
+thousand pounds had been at last wrung from Elizabeth as an extra loan,
+in place of the sixty thousand pounds which the States had requested.  As
+he sailed past Ostend and towards Flushing, the Earl was witness to the
+constant cannonading between the besieged city and the camp of Farnese,
+and saw that the work could hardly be more serious; for in one short day
+more shots were fired than had ever been known before in a single day in
+all Parma's experience.
+
+Arriving at Flushing, the governor-general was well received by the
+inhabitants; but the mischief, which had been set a-foot six months
+before, had done its work.  The political intrigues, disputes, and the
+conflicting party-organizations, have already been set in great detail
+before the reader, in order that their effect might now be thoroughly
+understood without--explanation.  The governor-general came to Flushing
+at a most critical moment.  The fate of all the Spanish Netherlands, of
+Sluys, and with it the whole of Philip and Parma's great project, were,
+in Farnese's own language, hanging by a thread.
+
+It would have been possible--had the transactions of the past six months,
+so far as regarded Holland and England, been the reverse of what they had
+been--to save the city; and, by a cordial and united effort, for the two
+countries to deal the Spanish power such a blow, that summer, as would
+have paralyzed it for a long time to come, and have placed both
+commonwealths in comparative security.
+
+Instead of all this, general distrust and mutual jealousy prevailed.
+Leicester had, previously to his departure from England, summoned the
+States to meet him at Dort upon his arrival.  Not a soul appeared.  Such
+of the state-councillors as were his creatures came to him, and Count
+Maurice made a visit of ceremony.  Discussions about a plan for relieving
+the siege became mere scenes of bickering and confusion.  The officers
+within Sluys were desirous that a fleet should force its way into the
+harbour, while, at the same time, the English army, strengthened by the
+contingent which Leicester had demanded from the States, should advance
+against the Duke of Parma by land.  It was, in truth, the only way to
+succour the place.  The scheme was quite practicable.  Leicester
+recommended it, the Hollanders seemed to favour it, Commandant Groenevelt
+and Roger Williams urged it.
+
+"I do assure you," wrote the honest Welshman to Leicester, "if you will
+come afore this town, with as many galliots and as many flat-bottomed
+boats as can cause two men-of-war to enter, they cannot stop their
+passage, if, your mariners will do a quarter of their duty, as I saw them
+do divers times.  Before, they make their entrance, we will come with our
+boats, and fight with the greatest part, and show them there is no such
+great danger.  Were it not for my wounded arm, I would be, in your first
+boat to enter.  Notwithstanding, I and other Englishmen will approach
+their boats in such sort, that we will force them to give their saker of
+artillery upon us.  If, your Excellency will give ear unto those false
+lewd fellows (the Captain meant the States-General), you shall lose great
+opportunity.  Within ten or twelve days the enemy will make his bridge
+from Kadzand unto St. Anne, and force you to hazard battle before you
+succour this town.  Let my Lord Willoughby and Sir William Russell land
+at Terhoven, right against Kadzand, with 4000, and entrench hard by the
+waterside, where their boats can carry them victual and munition.  They
+may approach by trenches without engaging any dangerous fight .  .  .  .
+We dare not show the estate of this town more than we have done by
+Captain Herte.  We must fight this night within our rampart in the fort.
+You may sure the world here are no Hamerts, but valiant captains and
+valiant soldiers, such as, with God's help, had rather be buried in the
+place than be disgraced in any point that belongs to such a number of
+men-of-war."
+
+But in vain did the governor of the place, stout Arnold Froenevelt,
+assisted by the rough and direct eloquence of Roger Williams, urge upon
+the Earl of Leicester and the States-General the necessity and the
+practicability of the plan proposed.  The fleet never entered the
+harbour.  There was no William of Orange to save Antwerp and Sluys,
+as Leyden had once been saved, and his son was not old enough to unravel
+the web of intrigue by which he was surrounded, or to direct the whole
+energies of the commonwealth towards an all-important end.  Leicester had
+lost all influence, all authority, nor were his military abilities equal
+to the occasion, even if he had been cordially obeyed.
+
+Ten days longer the perpetual battles on the ramparts and within the
+mines continued, the plans conveyed by the bold swimmer, Captain Hart,
+for saving the place were still unattempted, and the city was tottering
+to its fall.  "Had Captain Hart's words taken place," wrote Williams,
+bitterly," we had been succoured, or, if my letters had prevailed, our
+pain had been, no peril: All wars are best executed in sight of the enemy
+.  .  .  .  The last night of June (10th July, N. S.) the enemy entered
+the ditches of our fort in three several places, continuing in fight in
+mine and on rampart for the space of eight nights.  The ninth; he
+battered us furiously,  made a breach of five score paces suitable for
+horse and man.  That day be attempted us in all, places with a general,
+assault for the space of almost five hours."
+
+The citadel was now lost.  It had been gallantly defended; and it was
+thenceforth necessary to hold the town itself, in the very teeth of an
+overwhelming force.  "We were forced to quit the fort," said-Sir Roger,
+"leaving nothing behind us but bare earth.  But here we do remain
+resolutely to be buried, rather than to be dishonoured in the least
+point."
+
+It was still possible for the fleet to succour the city.  "I do assure
+you," said-Williams, "that your captains and mariners do not their duty
+unless they enter with no great loss; but you must consider that no wars
+may be made without danger.  What you mean to do, we beseech you to do
+with expedition, and persuade yourself that we will die valiant, honest-
+men.  Your Excellency will do well to thank the old President de Meetkerk
+far the honesty and valour of his son."
+
+Count Maurice and his natural brother, the Admiral, now undertook the
+succour by sea; but, according to the Leicestrians, they continued
+dilatory and incompetent.  At any rate, it is certain that they did
+nothing.  At last, Parma had completed the bridge; whose construction,
+was so much dreaded: The haven was now enclosed by a strong wooden
+structure, resting an boats, on a plan similar to that of the famous
+bridge with which he had two years before bridled the Scheldt, and Sluys
+was thus completely shut in from the sea.  Fire-ships were now
+constructed, by order of Leicester--feeble imitations: of the floating
+volcanoes of Gianihelli--and it was agreed that they should be sent
+against the bridge with the first flood-tide.  The propitious moment
+never seemed to arrive, however, and, meantime, the citizens of Flushing,
+of their own accord, declared that they would themselves equip and
+conduct a fleet into the harbour of Sluys.  But the Nassaus are said to
+have expressed great disgust that low-born burghers should presume to
+meddle with so important an enterprise, which of right belonged to their
+family.  Thus, in the midst of these altercations and contradictory
+schemes; the month of July wore away, and the city was reduced to its
+last gasp.
+
+For the cannonading had thoroughly done its work.  Eighteen days long the
+burghers and what remained of the garrison had lived upon the ramparts,
+never leaving their posts, but eating, sleeping, and fighting day and
+night.  Of the sixteen hundred Dutch and English but seven hundred
+remained.  At last a swimming messenger was sent out by the besieged with
+despatches for the States, to the purport that the city could hold out no
+longer.  A breach in the wall had been effected wide enough to admit a
+hundred men abreast.  Sluys had, in truth, already fallen, and it was
+hopeless any longer to conceal the fact.  If not relieved within a day or
+two, the garrison would be obliged to surrender; but they distinctly
+stated, that they had all pledged themselves, soldiers and burghers, men,
+women, and all, unless the most honourable terms were granted, to set
+fire to the city in a hundred places, and then sally, in mass, from the
+gates, determined to fight their way through, or be slain in the attempt.
+The messenger who carried these despatches was drowned, but the letters
+were saved, and fell into Parma's hands.
+
+At the same moment, Leicester was making, at last, an effort to raise the
+siege.  He brought three or four thousand men from Flushing, and landed
+them at Ostend; thence he marched to Blanckenburg.  He supposed that if
+he could secure that little port, and thus cut the Duke completely off
+from the sea, he should force the Spanish commander to raise (or at least
+suspend) the siege in order to give him battle.  Meantime, an opportunity
+would be afforded for Maurice and Hohenlo to force an entrance into the
+harbour of Sluys, In this conjecture he was quite correct; but
+unfortunately he did not thoroughly carry out his own scheme.  If the
+Earl had established himself at Blanckenburg, it would have been
+necessary for Parma--as he himself subsequently declared-to raise the
+siege.  Leicester carried the outposts of the place successfully; but, so
+soon as Farnese was aware of this demonstration, he detached a few
+companies with orders to skirmish with the enemy until the commander-in-
+chief, with as large a force as he could spare, should come in person to
+his support.  To the unexpected gratification of Farnese, however, no
+sooner did the advancing Spaniards come in sight, than the Earl,
+supposing himself invaded by the whole of the Duke's army, under their
+famous general, and not feeling himself strong enough for such an
+encounter, retired, with great precipitation, to his boats, re-embarked
+his troops with the utmost celerity, and set sail for Ostend.
+
+The next night had been fixed for sending forth the fireships against the
+bridge, and for the entrance of the fleet into the harbour.  One fire-
+ship floated a little way towards the bridge and exploded ingloriously.
+Leicester rowed in his barge about the fleet, superintending the
+soundings and markings of the channel, and hastening the preparations;
+but, as the decisive moment approached, the pilots who had promised to
+conduct the expedition came aboard his pinnace and positively refused to
+have aught to do with the enterprise, which they now declared an
+impossibility.  The Earl was furious with the pilots, with Maurice, with
+Hohenlo, with Admiral de Nassau, with the States, with all the world.  He
+stormed and raged and beat his breast, but all in vain.  His ferocity
+would have been more useful the day before, in face of the Spaniards,
+than now, against the Zeeland mariners: but the invasion by the fleet
+alone, unsupported by a successful land-operation, was pronounced
+impracticable, and very soon tie relieving fleet was seen by the
+distressed garrison sailing away from the neighbourhood, and it soon
+disappeared beneath the horizon.  Their fate was sealed.  They entered
+into treaty with Parma, who, secretly instructed, as has been seen, of
+their desperate intentions, in case any but the most honourable
+conditions were offered, granted those conditions.  The garrison were
+allowed to go out with colours displayed, lighted matches, bullet in
+mouth, and with bag and baggage.  Such burghers as chose to conform to
+the government of Spain and the church of Rome; were permitted to remain.
+Those who preferred to depart were allowed reasonable time to make their
+necessary arrangements.
+
+"We have hurt and slain very near eight hundred," said Sir Roger
+Williams."  We had not powder to fight two hours.  There was a breach of
+almost four hundred paces, another of three score, another of fifty,
+saltable for horse and men.  We had lain continually eighteen nights all
+on the breaches.  He gave us honourable composition.  Had the state of
+England lain on it, our lives could not defend the place, three hours,
+for half the rampires were his, neither had we any pioneers but
+ourselves.  We were sold by their negligence who are now angry with us."
+
+On the 5th August Parma entered the city.  Roger Williams with his gilt
+morion rather battered, and his great plume of feathers much bedraggled-
+was a witness to the victor's entrance.  Alexander saluted respectfully
+an officer so well known to him by reputation, and with some
+complimentary remarks urged him to enter the Spanish service,
+and to take the field against the Turks.
+
+"My sword," replied the doughty Welshman, "belongs to her royal Majesty,
+Queen Elizabeth, above and before all the world.  When her Highness has
+no farther use for it, it is at the service of the King of Navarre."
+Considering himself sufficiently answered, the Duke then requested Sir
+Roger to point out Captain Baskerville--very conspicuous by a greater
+plume of feathers than even that of the Welshman himself--and embraced
+that officer; when presented to him, before all his staff.  "There serves
+no prince in Europe a braver man than this Englishman," cried Alexander,
+who well knew how to appreciate high military qualities, whether in his
+own army or in that of his foes.
+
+The garrison then retired, Sluy's became Spanish, and a capacious
+harbour, just opposite the English coast, was in Parma's hands.  Sir
+Roger Williams was despatched by Leicester to bear the melancholy tidings
+to his government, and the Queen was requested to cherish the honest
+Welshman, and at least to set him on horseback; for he was of himself not
+rich enough to buy even a saddle.  It is painful to say that the captain
+did not succeed in getting the horse.
+
+The Earl was furious in his invectives against Hohenlo, against Maurice,
+against the States, uniformly ascribing the loss of Sluy's to negligence
+and faction.  As for Sir John Norris, he protested that his misdeeds in
+regard to this business would, in King Henry VIII.'s time, have "cost him
+his pate."
+
+The loss of Sluys was the beginning and foreshadowed the inevitable end
+of Leicester's second administration.  The inaction of the States was one
+of the causes of its loss.  Distrust of Leicester was the cause of the
+inaction.  Sir William Russell, Lord Willoughby, Sir William Pelham, and
+other English officers, united in statements exonerating the Earl from
+all blame for the great failure to relieve the place.  At the same time,
+it could hardly be maintained that his expedition to Blanckenburg and his
+precipitate retreat on the first appearance of the enemy were proofs of
+consummate generalship.  He took no blame to himself for the disaster;
+but he and his partisans were very liberal in their denunciations of the
+Hollanders, and Leicester was even ungrateful enough to censure Roger
+Williams, whose life had been passed, as it were, at push of pike with
+the Spaniards, and who was one of his own most devoted adherents.
+
+The Queen was much exasperated when informed of the fall of the city.
+She severely denounced the Netherlanders, and even went so far as to
+express dissatisfaction with the great Leicester himself.  Meantime,
+Farnese was well satisfied with his triumph, for he had been informed
+that "all England was about to charge upon him," in order to relieve the
+place.  All England, however, had been but feebly represented by three
+thousand raw recruits with a paltry sum of L15,000 to help pay a long
+bill of arrears.
+
+Wilkes and Norris had taken their departure from the Netherlands before
+the termination of the siege, and immediately after the return of
+Leicester.  They did not think it expedient to wait upon the governor
+before leaving the country, for they had very good reason to believe that
+such an opportunity of personal vengeance would be turned to account by
+the Earl.  Wilkes had already avowed his intention of making his escape
+without being dandled with leave-takings, and no doubt he was right.  The
+Earl was indignant when he found that they had given him the slip, and
+denounced them with fresh acrimony to the Queen, imploring her to wreak
+full measure of wrath upon their heads; and he well knew that his
+entreaties would meet with the royal attention.
+
+Buckhurst had a parting interview with the governor-general, at which
+Killigrew and Beale, the new English counsellors who had replaced Wilkes
+and Clerk, were present.  The conversation was marked by insolence on the
+part of Leicester, and by much bitterness on that of Buckhurst.  The
+parting envoy refused to lay before the Earl a full statement of the
+grievances between the States-General and the governor, on the ground
+that Leicester had no right to be judge in his own cause.  The matter,
+he said, should be laid before the Queen in council, and by her august
+decision he was willing to abide.  On every other subject he was ready to
+give any information in his power.  The interview lasted a whole forenoon
+and afternoon.  Buckhurst, according to his own statement, answered,
+freely all questions put to him by Leicester and his counsellors; while,
+if the report of those personages is to be trusted, he passionately
+refused to make any satisfactory communication.  Under the circumstances,
+however, it may well be believed that no satisfactory communication was
+possible.
+
+On arriving in England, Sir John Norris was forbidden to come into her
+Majesty's presence, Wilkes was thrown into the Fleet Prison, and
+Buckhurst was confined in his own country house.
+
+Norris had done absolutely nothing, which, even by implication, could be
+construed into a dereliction of duty; but it was sufficient that he was
+hated by Leicester, who had not scrupled, over and over again, to
+denounce this first general of England as a fool, a coward, a knave, and
+a liar.
+
+As for Wilkes, his only crime was a most conscientious discharge of his
+duty, in the course of which he had found cause to modify his abstract
+opinions in regard to the origin of sovereignty, and had come reluctantly
+to the conviction that Leicester's unpopularity had made perhaps another
+governor-general desirable.  But this admission had only been made
+privately and with extreme caution; while, on the other hand, he had
+constantly defended the absent Earl, with all the eloquence at his
+command.  But the hatred cf Leicester was sufficient to consign this able
+and painstaking public servant to a prison; and thus was a man of worth,
+honour, and talent, who had been placed in a position of grave
+responsibility and immense fatigue, and who had done his duty like an
+upright, straight-forward Englishman, sacrificed to the wrath of a
+favourite.  "Surely, Mr. Secretary," said the Earl, "there was never a
+falser creature, a more seditious wretch, than Wilkes.  He is a villain,
+a devil, without faith or religion."
+
+As for Buckhurst himself, it is unnecessary to say a word in his defence.
+The story of his mission has been completely detailed from the most
+authentic and secret documents, and there is not a single line written to
+the Queen, to her ministers, to the States, to any public body or to any
+private friend, in England or elsewhere, that does not reflect honour on
+his name.  With sagacity, without passion, with unaffected sincerity,
+he had unravelled the complicated web of Netherland politics, and, with
+clear vision, had penetrated the designs of the mighty enemy whom England
+and Holland had to encounter in mortal combat.  He had pointed out the
+errors of the Earl's administration--he had fearlessly, earnestly, but
+respectfully deplored the misplaced parsimony of the Queen--he had warned
+her against the delusions which had taken possession of her keen
+intellect--he had done--his best to place the governor-general upon good
+terms with the States and with his sovereign; but it had been impossible
+for him to further his schemes for the acquisition of a virtual
+sovereignty over the Netherlands, or to extinguish the suspicions of the
+States that the Queen was secretly negotiating with the Spaniard, when he
+knew those suspicions to be just.
+
+For deeds, such as these, the able and high-minded ambassador,
+the accomplished statesman and poet, was forbidden to approach his
+sovereign's presence, and was ignominiously imprisoned in his own house
+until the death of Leicester.  After that event, Buckhurst emerged from
+confinement, received the order of the garter and the Earldom of Dorset,
+and on the death of Burghley succeeded that statesman in the office of
+Lord-Treasurer.  Such was the substantial recognition of the merits of a
+man who was now disgraced for the conscientious discharge of the most
+important functions that had yet been confided to him.
+
+It would be a thankless and superfluous task to give the details of the
+renewed attempt, during a few months, made by Leicester to govern the
+Provinces.  His second administration consisted mainly of the same
+altercations with the States, on the subject of sovereignty, the same
+mutual recriminations and wranglings, that had characterized the period
+of his former rule.  He rarely met the States in person, and almost never
+resided at the Hague, holding his court at Middleburg, Dort, or Utrecht,
+as his humour led him.
+
+The one great feature of the autumn of 1587 was the private negotiation
+between Elizabeth and the Duke of Parma.
+
+Before taking a glance at the nature of those secrets, however, it is
+necessary to make a passing allusion to an event which might have seemed
+likely to render all pacific communications with Spain, whether secret or
+open, superfluous.
+
+For while so much time had been lost in England and Holland, by
+misunderstandings and jealousies, there was one Englishman who had not
+been losing time.  In the winter and early spring of 1587, the Devonshire
+skipper had organized that expedition which he had come to the
+Netherlands, the preceding autumn, to discuss.  He meant to aim a blow
+at the very heart of that project which Philip was shrouding with so much
+mystery, and which Elizabeth was attempting to counteract by so much
+diplomacy.
+
+On the 2nd April, Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth with four ships
+belonging to the Queen, and with twenty-four furnished by the merchants
+of London, and other private individuals.  It was a bold buccaneering
+expedition--combining chivalrous enterprise with the chance of enormous
+profit--which was most suited to the character of English adventurers at
+that expanding epoch.  For it was by England, not by Elizabeth, that the
+quarrel with Spain was felt to be a mortal one.  It was England, not its
+sovereign, that was instinctively arming, at all points, to grapple with
+the great enemy of European liberty.  It was the spirit of self-help, of
+self-reliance, which was prompting the English nation to take the great
+work of the age into its own hands.  The mercantile instinct of the
+nation was flattered with the prospect of gain, the martial quality of
+its patrician and of its plebeian blood was eager to confront danger, the
+great Protestant mutiny.  Against a decrepit superstition in combination
+with an aggressive tyranny, all impelled the best energies of the English
+people against Spain, as the embodiment of all which was odious and
+menacing to them, and with which they felt that the life and death
+struggle could not long be deferred.
+
+And of these various tendencies, there were no more fitting
+representatives than Drake and Frobisher, Hawkins and Essex, Cavendish
+and Grenfell, and the other privateersmen of the sixteenth century.  The
+same greed for danger, for gold, and for power, which, seven centuries
+before, had sent the Norman race forth to conquer all Christendom, was
+now sending its Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman kindred to take possession
+of the old world and the new.
+
+"The wind commands me away," said Drake on the 2nd April, 1587; "our ship
+is under sail.  God grant that we may so live in His fear, that the enemy
+may have cause to say that God doth fight for her Majesty abroad as well
+as at home."
+
+But he felt that he was not without enemies behind him, for the strong
+influence brought to bear against the bold policy which Walsingham
+favoured, was no secret to Drake.  "If we deserve ill," said he, "let us
+be punished.  If we discharge our duty, in doing our best, it is a hard
+measure to be reported ill by those who will either keep their fingers
+out of the fire; or who too well affect that alteration in our government
+which I hope in God they shall never live to see."  In latitude 40 deg.
+he spoke two Zeeland ships, homeward bound, and obtained information of
+great warlike stores accumulating in Cadiz and Lisbon.  His mind was
+instantly made up.  Fortunately, the pinnace which the Queen despatched
+with orders to stay his hand in the very act of smiting her great
+adversary, did not sail fast enough to overtake the swift corsair and his
+fleet.  Sir Francis had too promptly obeyed the wind, when it "commanded
+him away," to receive the royal countermand.  On the 19th April, the
+English ships entered the harbour of Cadiz, and destroyed ten thousand
+tons of shipping, with their contents, in the very face of a dozen great
+galleys, which the nimble English vessels soon drove under their forts
+for shelter.  Two nights and a day, Sir Francis, that "hater of
+idleness," was steadily doing his work; unloading, rifling, scuttling,
+sinking, and burning those transportships which contained a portion of
+the preparations painfully made by Philip for his great enterprise.
+Pipe-staves and spikes, horse-shoes and saddles, timber and cutlasses,
+wine, oil, figs, raisins, biscuits, and flour, a miscellaneous mass of
+ingredients long brewing for the trouble of England, were emptied into
+the harbour, and before the second night, the blaze of a hundred and
+fifty burning vessels played merrily upon the grim walls of Philip's
+fortresses.  Some of these ships were of the largest size then known.
+There was one belonging to Marquis Santa Cruz of 1500 tons, there was a
+Biscayan of 1200, there were several others of 1000, 800, and of nearly
+equal dimensions.
+
+Thence sailing for Lisbon, Sir Francis, captured and destroyed a hundred
+vessels more, appropriating what was portable of the cargoes, and
+annihilating the rest.  At Lisbon, Marquis Santa Cruz, lord high admiral
+of Spain and generalissimo of the invasion, looked on, mortified and
+amazed, but offering no combat, while the Plymouth privateersman swept
+the harbour of the great monarch of the world.  After thoroughly
+accomplishing his work, Drake sent a message to Santa Cruz, proposing to
+exchange his prisoners for such Englishmen as might then be confined in
+Spain.  But the marquis denied all prisoners.  Thereupon Sir Francis
+decided to sell his captives to the Moors, and to appropriate the
+proceeds of the sale towards the purchase of English slaves put of the
+same bondage.  Such was the fortune of war in the sixteenth century.
+
+Having dealt these great blows, Drake set sail again from Lisbon, and,
+twenty leagues from St. Michaels, fell in with one of those famous
+Spanish East Indiamen, called carracks, then the great wonder of the
+seas.  This vessel, San Felipe by name, with a cargo of extraordinary
+value, was easily captured, and Sir Francis now determined to return.  He
+had done a good piece of work in a few weeks, but he was by no means of
+opinion that he had materially crippled the enemy.  On the contrary, he
+gave the government warning as to the enormous power and vast
+preparations of Spain.  "There would be forty thousand men under way ere
+long," he said, "well equipped and provisioned; "and he stated, as the
+result of personal observation, that England could not be too energetic
+in, its measures of resistance.  He had done something with his little
+fleet, but he was no braggart, and had no disposition to underrate the
+enemy's power.  "God make us all thankful again and again," he observed,
+"that we have, although it be little, made a beginning upon the coast of
+Spain."  And modestly as he spoke of what he had accomplished, so with
+quiet self-reliance did he allude to the probable consequences.  It was
+certain, he intimated, that the enemy would soon seek revenge with all
+his strength, and "with all the devices and traps he could devise."  This
+was a matter which could not be doubted.  "But," said Sir Francis, "I
+thank them much that they have staid so long, and when they come they
+shall be but the sons of mortal men."
+
+Perhaps the most precious result of the expedition, was the lesson which
+the Englishmen had thus learned in handling the great galleys of Spain.
+It might soon stand them in stead.  The little war-vessels which had come
+from Plymouth, had sailed round and round these vast unwieldy hulks, and
+had fairly driven them off the field, with very slight damage to
+themselves.  Sir Francis had already taught the mariners of England,
+even if he had done nothing else by this famous Cadiz expedition,
+that an armada, of Spain might not be so invincible as men imagined.
+
+Yet when the conqueror returned from his great foray, he received no
+laurels.  His sovereign met him, not with smiles, but with frowns and
+cold rebukes.  He had done his duty, and helped to save her endangered
+throne, but Elizabeth was now the dear friend of Alexander Farnese, and
+in amicable correspondence with his royal master.  This "little"
+beginning on the coast of Spain might not seem to his Catholic Majesty
+a matter to be thankful for, nor be likely to further a pacification,
+and so Elizabeth hastened to disavow her Plymouth captain.'
+
+     ["True it is, and I avow it on my faith, her Majesty did send a ship
+     expressly before he went to Cadiz with a message by letters charging
+     Sir Francis Drake not to show any act of hostility, which messenger
+     by contrary winds could never come to the place where he was, but
+     was constrained to come home, and hearing of Sir F. Drake's actions,
+     her Majesty commanded the party that returned to have been punished,
+     but that he acquitted himself by the oaths of himself and all his
+     company.  And so unwitting yea unwilling to her Majesty those
+     actions were committed by Sir F. Drake, for the which her Majesty is
+     as yet greatly offended with him."  Burghley to Andreas de Loo, 18
+     July, 1587.  Flanders Correspondence.' (S. P. Office MS.)]
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+The blaze of a hundred and fifty burning vessels
+We were sold by their negligence who are now angry with us
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1587 ***
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+********** This file should be named 4853.txt or 4853.zip ***********
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