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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/4848.txt b/4848.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69a75ee --- /dev/null +++ b/4848.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2084 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook History of The United Netherlands, 1586 +#48 in our series by John Lothrop Motley + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1586 + +Author: John Lothrop Motley + +Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4848] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 5, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1586 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS +From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609 + +By John Lothrop Motley + + + +MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 48 + +History of the United Netherlands, 1586 + + +CHAPTER IX. + + Military Plans in the Netherlands--The Elector and Electorate of + Cologne--Martin Schenk--His Career before serving the States-- + Franeker University founded--Parma attempts Grave--Battle on the + Meuse--Success and Vainglory of Leicester--St. George's Day + triumphantly kept at Utrecht--Parma not so much appalled as it was + thought--He besieges and reduces Grave--And is Master of the Meuse-- + Leicester's Rage at the Surrender of Grave--His Revenge--Parma on + the Rhine--He besieges aid assaults Neusz--Horrible Fate of the + Garrison and City--Which Leicester was unable to relieve--Asel + surprised by Maurice and Sidney--The Zeeland Regiment given to + Sidney--Condition of the Irish and English Troops--Leicester takes + the Field--He reduces Doesburg--He lays siege to Zutphen--Which + Parma prepares to relieve--The English intercept the Convoy--Battle + of Warnsfeld--Sir Philip Sidney wounded--Results of the Encounter-- + Death of Sidney at Arnheim--Gallantry of Edward Stanley. + +Five great rivers hold the Netherland territory in their coils. Three +are but slightly separated--the Yssel, Waal, and ancient Rhine, while the +Scheldt and, Meuse are spread more widely asunder. Along each of these +streams were various fortified cities, the possession of which, in those +days, when modern fortification was in its infancy, implied the control +of the surrounding country. The lower part of all the rivers, where they +mingled with the sea and became wide estuaries, belonged to the Republic, +for the coasts and the ocean were in the hands of the Hollanders and +English. Above, the various strong places were alternately in the hands +of the Spaniards and of the patriots. Thus Antwerp, with the other +Scheldt cities, had fallen into Parma's power, but Flushing, which +controlled them all, was held by Philip Sidney for the Queen and States. +On the Meuse, Maastricht and Roermond were Spanish, but Yenloo, Grave, +Meghem, and other towns, held for the commonwealth. On the Waal, the +town of Nymegen had, through the dexterity of Martin Schenk, been +recently transferred to the royalists, while the rest of that river's +course was true to the republic. The Rhine, strictly so called, from its +entrance into Netherland, belonged to the rebels. Upon its elder branch, +the Yssel, Zutphen was in Parma's hands, while, a little below, Deventer +had been recently and adroitly saved by Leicester and Count Meurs from +falling into the same dangerous grasp. + +Thus the triple Rhine, after it had crossed the German frontier, belonged +mainly, although not exclusively, to the States. But on the edge of the +Batavian territory, the ancient river, just before dividing itself into +its three branches, flowed through a debatable country which was even +more desolate and forlorn, if possible, than the land of the obedient +Provinces. + +This unfortunate district was the archi-episcopal electorate of Cologne. +The city of Cologne itself, Neusz, and Rheinberg, on the river, Werll and +other places in Westphalia and the whole country around, were endangered, +invaded, ravaged, and the inhabitants plundered, murdered, and subjected +to every imaginable outrage, by rival bands of highwaymen, enlisted in +the support of the two rival bishops--beggars, outcasts, but high-born +and learned churchmen both--who disputed the electorate. + +At the commencement of the year a portion of the bishopric was still in +the control of the deposed Protestant elector Gebhard Truchsess, assisted +of course by the English and the States. The city of Cologne was held by +the Catholic elector, Ernest of Bavaria, bishop of Liege; but Neusz and +Rheinberg were in the hands of the Dutch republic. + +The military operations of the year were, accordingly, along the Meuse, +where the main object of Parma was to wrest Grave From the Netherlands; +along the Waal, where, on the other hand, the patriots wished to recover +Nymegen; on the Yssel, where they desired to obtain the possession of +Zutphen; and in the Cologne electorate, where the Spaniards meant, if +possible, to transfer Neusz and Rheinberg from Truchsess to Elector +Ernest. To clear the course of these streams, and especially to set free +that debatable portion of the river-territory which hemmed him in from +neutral Germany, and cut off the supplies from his starving troops, was +the immediate design of Alexander Farnese. + +Nothing could be more desolate than the condition of the electorate. +Ever since Gebhard Truchsess had renounced the communion of the Catholic +Church for the love of Agnes Mansfeld, and so gained a wife and lost his +principality, he had been a dependant upon the impoverished Nassaus, or a +supplicant for alms to the thrifty Elizabeth. The Queen was frequently +implored by Leicester, without much effect, to send the ex-elector a few +hundred pounds to keep him from starving, as "he had not one groat to +live upon," and, a little later, he was employed as a go-between, and +almost a spy, by the Earl, in his quarrels with the patrician party +rapidly forming against him in the States. + +At Godesberg--the romantic ruins of which stronghold the traveller still +regards with interest, placed as it is in the midst of that enchanting +region where Drachenfels looks down on the crumbling tower of Roland and +the convent of Nonnenwerth--the unfortunate Gebhard had sustained a +conclusive defeat. A small, melancholy man, accomplished, religious, +learned, "very poor but very wise," comely, but of mean stature, +altogether an unlucky and forlorn individual, he was not, after all, +in very much inferior plight to that in which his rival, the Bavarian +bishop, had found himself. Prince Ernest, archbishop of Liege and +Cologne, a hangeron of his brother, who sought to shake him off, and a +stipendiary of Philip, who was a worse paymaster than Elizabeth, had a +sorry life of it, notwithstanding his nominal possession of the see. He +was forced to go, disguised and in secret, to the Prince of Parma at +Brussels, to ask for assistance, and to mention, with lacrymose +vehemence, that both his brother and himself had determined to renounce +the episcopate, unless the forces of the Spanish King could be employed +to recover the cities on the Rhine. If Neusz and Rheinberg were not +wrested from the rebels; Cologne itself would soon be gone. Ernest +represented most eloquently to Alexander, that if the protestant +archbishop were reinstated in the ancient see, it would be a most +perilous result for the ancient church throughout all northern Europe. +Parma kept the wandering prelate for a few days in his palace in +Brussels, and then dismissed him, disguised and on foot, in the dusk of +the evening, through the park-gate. He encouraged him with hopes of +assistance, he represented to his sovereign the importance of preserving +the Rhenish territory to Bishop Ernest and to Catholicism, but hinted +that the declared intention of the Bavarian to resign the dignity, was +probably a trick, because the archi-episcopate was no such very bad thing +after all. + +The archi-episcopate might be no very bad thing, but it was a most +uncomfortable place of residence, at the moment, for prince or peasant. +Overrun by hordes of brigands, and crushed almost out of existence by +that most deadly of all systems of taxations, the 'brandschatzung,' it +was fast becoming a mere den of thieves. The 'brandschatzung' had no +name in English, but it was the well-known impost, levied by roving +commanders, and even by respectable generals of all nations. A hamlet, +cluster of farm-houses, country district, or wealthy city, in order to +escape being burned and ravaged, as the penalty of having fallen into a +conqueror's hands, paid a heavy sum of ready money on the nail at command +of the conqueror. The free companions of the sixteenth century drove a +lucrative business in this particular branch of industry; and when to +this was added the more direct profits derived from actual plunder, sack, +and ransoming, it was natural that a large fortune was often the result +to the thrifty and persevering commander of free lances. + +Of all the professors of this comprehensive art, the terrible Martin +Schenk was preeminent; and he was now ravaging the Cologne territory, +having recently passed again to the service of the States. Immediately +connected with the chief military events of the period which now occupies +us, he was also the very archetype of the marauders whose existence was +characteristic of the epoch. Born in 1549 of an ancient and noble family +of Gelderland, Martin Schenk had inherited no property but a sword. +Serving for a brief term as page to the Seigneur of Ysselstein, he +joined, while yet a youth, the banner of William of Orange, at the head +of two men-at-arms. The humble knight-errant, with his brace of squires, +was received with courtesy by the Prince and the Estates, but he soon +quarrelled with his patrons. There was a castle of Blyenbeek, belonging +to his cousin, which he chose to consider his rightful property, because +he was of the same race, and because it was a convenient and productive +estate and residence, The courts had different views of public law, and +supported the ousted cousin. Martin shut himself up in the castle, and +having recently committed a rather discreditable homicide, which still +further increased his unpopularity with the patriots, he made overtures +to Parma. Alexander was glad to enlist so bold a soldier on his side, +and assisted Schenk in his besieged stronghold. For years afterwards, +his services under the King's banner were most brilliant, and he rose to +the highest military command, while his coffers, meantime, were rapidly +filling with the results of his robberies and 'brandschatzungs.' "'Tis a +most courageous fellow," said Parma, "but rather a desperate highwayman +than a valiant soldier." Martin's couple of lances had expanded into a +corps of free companions, the most truculent, the most obedient, the most +rapacious in Christendom. Never were freebooters more formidable to the +world at large, or more docile to their chief, than were the followers +of General Schenk. Never was a more finished captain of highwaymen. +He was a man who was never sober, yet who never smiled. His habitual +intoxication seemed only to increase both his audacity and his +taciturnity, without disturbing his reason. He was incapable of fear, +of fatigue, of remorse. He could remain for days and nights without +dismounting-eating, drinking, and sleeping in the saddle; so that to this +terrible centaur his horse seemed actually a part of himself. His +soldiers followed him about like hounds, and were treated by him like +hounds. He habitually scourged them, often took with his own hand the +lives of such as displeased him, and had been known to cause individuals +of them to jump from the top of church steeples at his command; yet the +pack were ever stanch to his orders, for they knew that he always led +them where the game was plenty. While serving under Parma he had twice +most brilliantly defeated Hohenlo. At the battle of Hardenberg Heath he +had completely outgeneralled that distinguished chieftain, slaying +fifteen hundred of his soldiers at the expense of only fifty or sixty of +his own. By this triumph he had preserved the important city of +Groningen for Philip, during an additional quarter of a century, and had +been received in that city with rapture. Several startling years of +victory and rapine he had thus run through as a royalist partisan. He +became the terror and the scourge of his native Gelderland, and he was +covered with wounds received in the King's service. He had been twice +captured and held for ransom. Twice he had effected his escape. He had +recently gained the city of Nymegen. He was the most formidable, the +most unscrupulous, the most audacious Netherlander that wore Philip's +colours; but he had received small public reward for his services, and +the wealth which he earned on the high-road did not suffice for his +ambition. He had been deeply disgusted, when, at the death of Count +Renneberg, Verdugo, a former stable-boy of Mansfeld, a Spaniard who had +risen from the humblest rank to be a colonel and general, had been made +governor of Friesland. He had smothered his resentment for a time +however, but had sworn within himself to desert at the most favourable +opportunity. At last, after he had brilliantly saved the city of Breda +from falling into the hands of the patriots, he was more enraged than he +had ever been before, when Haultepenne, of the house of Berlapmont, was +made governor of that place in his stead. + +On the 25th of May, 1585, at an hour after midnight, he had a secret +interview with Count Meurs, stadholder for the States of Gelderland, and +agreed to transfer his mercenary allegiance to the republic. He made +good terms. He was to be lieutenant-governor of Gelderland, and he was +to have rank as marshal of the camp in the States' army, with a salary +of twelve hundred and fifty guilders a month. He agreed to resign his +famous castle of Blyenbeek, but was to be reimbursed with estates in +Holland and Zeeland, of the annual value of four thousand florins. + +After this treaty, Martin and his free lances served the States +faithfully, and became sworn foes to Parma and the King. He gave and +took no quarter, and his men, if captured, "paid their ransom with their +heads." He ceased to be the scourge of Gelderland, but he became the +terror of the electorate. Early in 1586, accompanied by Herman Kloet, +the young and daring Dutch commandant of Neusz, he had swept down into +the Westphalian country, at the head of five hundred foot and five +hundred horse. On the 18th of March he captured the city of Werll by a +neat stratagem. The citizens, hemmed in on all sides by marauders, were +in want of many necessaries of life, among other things, of salt. Martin +had, from time to time, sent some of his soldiers into the place, +disguised as boors from the neighbourhood, and carrying bags of that +article. A pacific trading intercourse had thus been established between +the burghers within and the banditti without the gates. Agreeable +relations were formed within the walls, and a party of townsmen had +agreed to cooperate with the followers of Schenk. One morning a train +of waggons laden with soldiers neatly covered with salt, made their +appearance at the gate. At the same time a fire broke out most +opportunely within the town. The citizens busily employed themselves in +extinguishing the flames. The salted soldiers, after passing through the +gateway, sprang from the waggons, and mastered the watch. The town was. +carried at a blow. Some of the inhabitants were massacred as a warning +to the rest; others were taken prisoners and held for ransom; a few, more +fortunate, made their escape to the citadel. That fortress was stormed +in vain, but the city was thoroughly sacked. Every house was rifled of +its contents. Meantime Haultepenne collected a force of nearly four +thousand men, boors, citizens, and soldiers, and came to besiege Schenk +in the town, while, at the same time, attacks were made upon him from the +castle. It was impossible for him to hold the city, but he had +completely robbed it of every thing valuable. Accordingly he loaded a +train of waggons with his booty, took with him thirty of the magistrates +as hostages, with other wealthy citizens, and marching in good order +against Haultepenne, completely routed him, killing a number variously +estimated at from five hundred to two thousand, and effected his retreat, +desperately wounded in the thigh, but triumphant, and laden with the +spoils to Venlo on the Meuse, of which city he was governor. + +"Surely this is a noble fellow, a worthy fellow," exclaimed Leicester, +who was filled with admiration at the bold marauder's progress, and vowed +that he was "the only soldier in truth that they had, for he was never +idle, and had succeeded hitherto very happily." + +And thus, at every point of the doomed territory of the little +commonwealth, the natural atmosphere in which the inhabitants existed +was one of blood and rapine. Yet during the very slight lull, which +was interposed in the winter of 1585-6 to the eternal clang of arms in +Friesland, the Estates of that Province, to their lasting honour, founded +the university of Franeker. A dozen years before, the famous institution +at Leyden had been established, as a reward to the burghers for their +heroic defence of the city. And now this new proof was given of the love +of Netherlanders, even in the midst of their misery and their warfare, +for the more humane arts. The new college was well endowed from ancient +churchlands, and not only was the education made nearly gratuitous, while +handsome salaries were provided for the professors, but provision was +made by which the, poorer scholars could be fed and boarded at a very +moderate expense. There was a table provided at an annual cost to the +student of but fifty florins, and a second and third table at the very +low price of forty and thirty florins respectively. Thus the sum to be +paid by the poorer class of scholars for a year's maintenance was less +than three pounds sterling a year [1855 exchange rate D.W.]. The voice +with which this infant seminary of the Muses first made itself heard +above the din of war was but feeble, but the institution was destined to +thrive, and to endow the world, for many successive generations, with the +golden fruits of science and genius. + +Early in the spring, the war was seriously taken in hand by Farnese. It +has already been seen that the republic had been almost entirely driven +out of Flanders and Brabant. The Estates, however, still held Grave, +Megem, Batenburg, and Venlo upon the Meuse. That river formed, as it +were, a perfect circle of protection for the whole Province of Brabant, +and Farnese determined to make himself master of this great natural moat. +Afterwards, he meant to possess himself of the Rhine, flowing in a +parallel course, about twenty-five miles further to the east. In order +to gain and hold the Meuse, the first step was to reduce the city of +Grave. That town, upon the left or Brabant bank, was strongly fortified +on its land-side, where it was surrounded by low and fertile pastures, +while, upon the other, it depended upon its natural Toss, the river. It +was, according to Lord North and the Earl of Leicester, the "strongest +town in all the Low Countries, though but a little one." + +Baron Hemart, a young Gueldrian noble, of small experience in military +affairs, commanded in the city, his garrison being eight hundred +soldiers, and about one thousand burgher guard. As early as January, +Farnese had ordered Count Mansfeld to lay siege to the place. Five forts +had accordingly been constructed, above and below the town, upon the left +bank of the river, while a bridge of boats thrown across the stream led +to a fortified camp on the opposite side. Mansfeld, Mondragon, Bobadil, +Aquila, and other distinguished veterans in Philip's service, were +engaged in the enterprise. A few unimportant skirmishes between Schenk +and the Spaniards had taken place, but the city was already hard pressed, +and, by the series of forts which environed it, was cut off from its +supplies. It was highly important, therefore, that Grave should be +relieved, with the least possible delay. + +Early in Easter week, a force of three thousand men, under Hohenlo and +Sir John Norris, was accordingly despatched by Leicester, with orders, +at every hazard, to throw reinforcements and provisions into the place. +They took possession, at once, of a stone sconce, called the Mill-Fort, +which was guarded by fifty men, mostly boors of the country. These were +nearly all hanged for "using malicious words," and for "railing against +Queen Elizabeth," and--a sufficient number of men being left to maintain +the fort--the whole relieving force marched with great difficulty--for +the river was rapidly rising, and flooding the country--along the right +bank of the Meuse, taking possession of Batenburg and Ravenstein castles, +as they went. A force of four or five hundred Englishmen was then pushed +forward to a point almost exactly opposite Grave, and within an English +mile of the head of the bridge constructed by the Spaniards. Here, in +the night of Easter Tuesday, they rapidly formed an entrenched camp, upon +the dyke along the river, and, although molested by some armed vessels, +succeeded in establishing themselves in a most important position. + +On the morning of Easter Wednesday, April 16, Mansfeld, perceiving that +the enemy had thus stolen a march upon him, ordered one thousand picked +troops, all Spaniards, under Aquila, Casco and other veterans, to +assault this advanced post. A reserve of two thousand was placed in +readiness to support the attack. The Spaniards slowly crossed the +bridge, which was swaying very dangerously with the current, and then +charged the entrenched camp at a run. A quarrel between the different +regiments as to the right of precedence precipitated the attack, before +the reserve, consisting of some picked companies of Mondragon's veterans, +had been able to arrive. Coming in breathless and fatigued, the first +assailants were readily repulsed in their first onset. Aquila then +opportunely made his appearance, and the attack was renewed with great +vigour: The defenders of the camp yielded at the third charge and fled in +dismay, while the Spaniards, leaping the barriers, scattered hither and +thither in the ardour of pursuit. The routed Englishmen fled swiftly +along the oozy dyke, in hopes of joining the main body of the relieving +party, who were expected to advance, with the dawn, from their position +six miles farther down the river. Two miles long the chace lasted, and +it seemed probable that the fugitives would be overtaken and destroyed, +when, at last, from behind a line of mounds which stretched towards +Batenburg and had masked their approach, appeared Count Hohenlo and Sir +John Norris, at the head of twenty-five hundred Englishmen and +Hollanders. This force, advanced as rapidly as the slippery ground and +the fatigue of a two hours' march would permit to the rescue of their +friends, while the retreating English rallied, turned upon their +pursuers, and drove them back over the path along which they had just +been charging in the full career of victory. The fortune of the day was +changed, and in a few minutes Hohenlo and Norris would have crossed the +river and entered Grave, when the Spanish companies of Bobadil and other +commanders were seen marching along the quaking bridge. + +Three thousand men on each side now met at push of pike on the bank of +the Meuse. The rain-was pouring in torrents, the wind was blowing a +gale, the stream was rapidly rising, and threatening to overwhelm its +shores. By a tacit and mutual consent, both armies paused for a few +moments in full view of each other. After this brief interval they +closed again, breast to breast, in sharp and steady conflict. The +ground, slippery with rain and with blood, which was soon flowing almost +as fast as the rain, afforded an unsteady footing to the combatants. +They staggered like drunken men, fell upon their knees, or upon their +backs, and still, kneeling or rolling prostrate, maintained the deadly +conflict. For the space of an hour and a half the fierce encounter of +human passion outmastered the fury of the elements. Norris and Hohenlo +fought at the head of their columns, like paladins of old. The +Englishman was wounded in the mouth and breast, the Count was seen to +gallop past one thousand musketeers and caliver-men of the enemy, and to +escape unscathed. But as the strength of the soldiers exhausted itself, +the violence of the tempest increased. The floods of rain and the blasts +of the hurricane at last terminated the affray. The Spaniards, fairly +conquered, were compelled to a retreat, lest the rapidly rising river +should sweep away the frail and trembling bridge, over which they had +passed to their unsuccessful assault. The English and Netherlanders +remained masters of the field. The rising flood, too, which was fast +converting the meadows into a lake, was as useful to the conquerors as +it was damaging to the Spaniards. + +In the course of the few following days, a large number of boats was +despatched before the very eyes of Parma, from Batenburg into Grave; +Hohenlo, who had "most desperately adventured his person" throughout the +whole affair, entering the town himself. + +A force of five hundred men, together with provisions enough to last +a year, was thrown into the city, and the course of the Meuse was, +apparently, secured to the republic. In this important action about +one hundred and fifty Dutch and English were killed, and probably four +hundred Spaniards, including several distinguished officers. + +The Earl of Leicester was incredibly elated so soon as the success of +this enterprise was known. "Oh that her Majesty knew," he cried, "how +easy a match now she hath with the King of Spain, and what millions of +aficted people she hath relieved in these, countries. This summer, this +summer, I say, would make an end to her immortal glory." He was no +friend to his countryman, the gallant Sir John Norris--whom, however, he +could not help applauding on this occasion,--but he was in raptures with +Hohenlo. Next to God, he assured the Queen's government that the victory +was owing to the Count. "He is both a valiant man and a wise man, and +the painfullest that ever I knew," he said; adding--as a secret--that +"five hundred Englishmen of the best Flemish training had flatly and +shamefully run away," when the fight had been renewed by Hohenlo and +Norris. He recommended that her Majesty should, send her picture to the +Count, worth two hundred pounds, which he would value at more than one +thousand pounds in money, and he added that "for her sake the Count had +greatly left his drinking." + +As for the Prince of Parma, Leicester looked upon him as conclusively +beaten. He spoke of him as "marvellously appalled" by this overthrow of +his forces; but he assured the government that if the Prince's "choler +should press him to seek revenge," he should soon be driven out of the +country. The Earl would follow him "at an inch," and effectually +frustrate all his undertakings. "If the Spaniard have such a May as he +has had an April," said Lord North, "it will put water in his wine." + +Meantime, as St. George's Day was approaching, and as the Earl was fond +of banquets and ceremonies, it was thought desirable to hold a great +triumphal feast at Utrecht. His journey to that city from the Hague was +a triumphal procession. In all the towns through which he passed he was +entertained with military display, pompous harangues, interludes, dumb +shows, and allegories. At Amsterdam--a city which he compared to Venice +for situation and splendour, and where one thousand ships were constantly +lying--he was received with "sundry great whales and other fishes of +hugeness," that gambolled about his vessel, and convoyed him to the +shore. These monsters of the deep presented him to the burgomaster and +magistrates who were awaiting him on the quay. The burgomaster made him +a Latin oration, to which Dr. Bartholomew Clerk responded, and then the +Earl was ushered to the grand square, upon which, in his honour, a +magnificent living picture was exhibited, in which he figured as Moses, +at the head of the Israelites, smiting the Philistines hip and thigh. +After much mighty banqueting in Amsterdam, as in the other cities, the +governor-general came to Utrecht. Through the streets of this antique +and most picturesque city flows the palsied current of the Rhine, and +every barge and bridge were decorated with the flowers of spring. Upon +this spot, where, eight centuries before the Anglo-Saxon, Willebrod had +first astonished the wild Frisians with the pacific doctrines of Jesus, +and had been stoned to death as his reward, stood now a more arrogant +representative of English piety. The balconies were crowded with fair +women, and decorated with scarves and banners. From the Earl's +residence--the ancient palace of the Knights of Rhodes--to the cathedral, +the way was lined with a double row of burgher guards, wearing red roses +on their arms, and apparelled in the splendid uniforms for which the +Netherlanders were celebrated. Trumpeters in scarlet and silver, barons, +knights, and great officers, in cloth of gold and silks of all colours; +the young Earl of Essex, whose career was to be so romantic, and whose +fate so tragic; those two ominous personages, the deposed little +archbishop-elector of Cologne, with his melancholy face, and the unlucky +Don Antonio, Pretender of Portugal, for whom, dead or alive, thirty +thousand crowns and a dukedom were perpetually offered by Philip II.; +young Maurice of Nassau, the future controller of European destinies; +great counsellors of state, gentlemen, guardsmen, and portcullis-herald, +with the coat of arms of Elizabeth, rode in solemn procession along. +Then great Leicester himself, "most princelike in the robes of his +order," guarded by a troop of burghers, and by his own fifty halberd-men +in scarlet cloaks trimmed with white and purple velvet, pranced +gorgeously by. + +The ancient cathedral, built on the spot where Saint Willebrod had once +ministered, with its light, tapering, brick tower, three hundred and +sixty feet in height, its exquisitely mullioned windows, and its +elegantly foliaged columns, soon received the glittering throng. Hence, +after due religious ceremonies, and an English sermon from Master +Knewstubs, Leicester's chaplain, was a solemn march back again to the +palace, where a stupendous banquet was already laid in the great hall. + +On the dais at the upper end of the table, blazing with plate and +crystal, stood the royal chair, with the Queen's plate and knife and fork +before it, exactly as if she had been present, while Leicester's trencher +and stool were set respectfully quite at the edge of the board. In the +neighbourhood of this post of honour sat Count Maurice, the Elector, the +Pretender, and many illustrious English personages, with the fair Agnes +Mansfeld, Princess Chimay, the daughters of William the Silent, and other +dames of high degree. + +Before the covers were removed, came limping up to the dais grim-visaged +Martin Schenk, freshly wounded, but triumphant, from the sack of Werll, +and black John Norris, scarcely cured of the spearwounds in his face and +breast received at the relief of Grave. The sword of knighthood was +laid upon the shoulder of each hero, by the Earl of Leicester, as her +Majesty's vicegerent; and then the ushers marshalled the mighty feast. +Meats in the shape of lions, tigers, dragons, and leopards, flanked by +peacocks, swans, pheasants, and turkeys "in their natural feathers as in +their greatest pride," disappeared, course after course, sonorous metal +blowing meanwhile the most triumphant airs. After the banquet came +dancing, vaulting, tumbling; together with the "forces of Hercules, which +gave great delight to the strangers," after which the company separated +until evensong. + +Then again, "great was the feast," says the chronicler,--a mighty supper +following hard upon the gigantic dinner. After this there was tilting +at the barriers, the young Earl of Essex and other knights bearing +themselves more chivalrously than would seem to comport with so much +eating and drinking. Then, horrible to relate, came another "most +sumptuous banquet of sugar-meates for the men-at-arms and the ladies," +after which, it being now midnight, the Lord of Leicester bade the whole +company good rest, and the men-at-arms and ladies took their leave. + +But while all this chivalrous banqueting and holiday-making was in hand, +the Prince of Parma was in reality not quite so much "appalled" by the +relief of Grave as his antagonist had imagined. The Earl, flushed with +the success of Hohenlo, already believed himself master of the country, +and assured his government, that, if he should be reasonably well +supplied, he would have Antwerp back again and Bruges besides before +mid June. Never, said he, was "the Prince of Parma so dejected nor so +melancholy since he came into these countries, nor so far out of +courage." And it is quite true that Alexander had reason to be +discouraged. He had but eight or nine thousand men, and no money to pay +even this little force. The soldiers were perishing daily, and nearly +all the survivors were described by their chief, as sick or maimed. The +famine in the obedient Provinces was universal, the whole population was +desperate with hunger; and the merchants, frightened by Drake's +successes, and appalled by the ruin all around them, drew their purse- +strings inexorably. "I know not to what saint to devote myself," said +Alexander. He had been compelled, by the movement before Grave, to +withdraw Haultepenne from the projected enterprise against Neusz, and he +was quite aware of the cheerful view which Leicester was inclined to take +of their relative positions. "The English think they are going to do +great things," said he; "and consider themselves masters of the field." + +Nevertheless, on the 11th May, the dejected melancholy man had left +Brussels, and joined his little army, consisting of three thousand +Spaniards and five thousand of all other nations. His veterans, though +unpaid; ragged, and half-starved were in raptures to, have their idolized +commander among them again, and vowed that under his guidance there was +nothing which they could not accomplish. The King's honour, his own, +that of the army, all were pledged to take the city. On the success of, +that enterprise, he said, depended all his past conquests, and every hope +for the future. Leicester and the, English, whom he called the head and +body of the rebel forces, were equally pledged to relieve the place, and +were bent upon meeting him in the field. The Earl had taken some forts +in the Batavia--Betuwe; or "good meadow," which he pronounced as fertile +and about as large as Herefordshire,--and was now threatening Nymegen, +a city which had been gained for Philip by the last effort of Schenk, +on the royalist side. He was now observing Alexander's demonstrations +against Grave; but, after the recent success in victualling that place, +he felt a just confidence in its security. + +On the 31st May the trenches were commenced, and on the 5th June the +batteries were opened. The work went rapidly forward when Farnese was in +the field. "The Prince of Parma doth batter it like a Prince," said Lord +North, admiring the enemy with the enthusiasm of an honest soldier: On +the 6th of June, as Alexander rode through the camp to reconnoitre, +previous to an attack. A well-directed cannon ball carried away the +hinder half, of his horse. The Prince fell to the ground, and, for a +moment, dismay was in the Spanish ranks. At the next instant, though +somewhat bruised, he was on his feet again, and, having found the breach +sufficiently promising, he determined on the assault. + +As a preliminary measure, he wished to occupy a tower which had been +battered nearly to ruins, situate near the river. Captain de Solis was +ordered, with sixty veterans, to take possession of this tower, and to +"have a look at the countenance of the enemy, without amusing himself +with anything else." The tower was soon secured, but Solis, in +disobedience to his written instructions led his men against the ravelin, +which was still in a state of perfect defence. A musket-ball soon +stretched him dead beneath the wall, and his followers, still attempting +to enter the impracticable breach, were repelled by a shower of stones +and blazing pitch-hoops. Hot sand; too, poured from sieves and baskets, +insinuated itself within the armour of the Spaniards, and occasioned such +exquisite suffering, that many threw themselves into the river to allay +the pain. Emerging refreshed, but confused, they attempted in vain to +renew the onset. Several of the little band were slain, the assault was +quite unsuccessful, and the trumpet sounded a recal. So completely +discomfited were the Spaniards by this repulse, and so thoroughly at +their ease were the besieged, that a soldier let himself down from the +ramparts of the town for the sake of plundering the body of Captain +Solis, who was richly dressed, and, having accomplished this feat, was +quietly helped back again by his comrades from above. + +To the surprise of the besiegers, however, on the very next morning came +a request from the governor of the city, Baron Hemart, to negotiate for +a surrender. Alexander was, naturally, but too glad to grant easy terms, +and upon the 7th of June the garrison left the town with colours +displayed and drums beating, and the Prince of Parma marched into it, at +the head of his troops. He found a year's provision there for six +thousand men, while, at the same time, the walls had suffered so +little, that he must have been obliged to wait long for a practicable +breach. + +"There was no good reason even for women to have surrendered the place," +exclaimed Leicester, when he heard the news. And the Earl had cause to +be enraged at such a result. He had received a letter only the day +before, signed by Hemart himself and by all the officers in Grave, +asserting their determination and ability to hold the place for a good +five months, or for an indefinite period, and until they should be +relieved. And indeed all the officers, with three exceptions, had +protested against the base surrender. But at the bottom of the +catastrophe--of the disastrous loss of the city and the utter ruin of +young Hemart--was a woman. The governor was governed by his mistress, +a lady of good family in the place, but of Spanish inclinations, and she, +for some mysterious reasons, had persuaded him thus voluntarily to +capitulate. + +Parma lost no time, however, in exulting over his success. Upon the same +day the towns of Megen and Batenburg surrendered to him, and immediately +afterwards siege was laid to Venlo, a town of importance, lying thirty +miles farther up the Meuse. The wife and family of Martin Schenk were in +the city, together with two hundred horses, and from forty to one hundred +thousand crowns in money, plate; and furniture belonging to him. + +That bold partisan, accompanied by the mad Welshman, Roger Williams, at +the head of one hundred and thirty English lances and thirty of Schenk's +men, made a wild nocturnal attempt to cut their way through the besieging +force, and penetrate to the city. They passed through the enemy's lines, +killed all the corps-de-garde, and many Spanish troopers--the terrible +Martin's own hand being most effective in this midnight slaughter--and +reached the very door of Parma's tent, where they killed his secretary +and many of his guards. It was even reported; and generally believed, +that Farnese himself had been in imminent danger, that Schenk had fired +his pistol at him unsuccessfully, and had then struck him on the head +with its butt-end, and that the Prince had only saved his life by leaping +from his horse, and scrambling through a ditch. But these seem to have +been fables. The alarm at last became general, the dawn of a summer's +day was fast approaching; the drums beat to arms, and the bold marauders +were obliged to effect their retreat, as they best might, hotly pursued +by near two thousand men. Having slain many of, the Spanish army, and +lost nearly half their own number, they at last obtained shelter in +Wachtendonk. + +Soon afterwards the place capitulated without waiting for a battery, upon +moderate terms. Schenk's wife was sent away (28 June 1586) courteously +with her family, in a coach and four, and with as much "apparel" as might +be carried with her. His property was confiscated, for "no fair wars +could be made with him." + +Thus, within a few weeks after taking the field, the "dejected, +melancholy" man, who was so "out of courage," and the soldiers who were +so "marvellously beginning to run away"--according to the Earl of +Leicester--had swept their enemy from every town on the Meuse. That +river was now, throughout its whole course, in the power of the +Spaniards. The Province of Brabant became thoroughly guarded again by +its foes, and the enemy's road was opened into the northern Provinces. + +Leicester, meantime, had not distinguished himself. It must be confessed +that he had been sadly out-generalled. The man who had talked of +following the enemy inch by inch, and who had pledged himself not only +to protect Grave, and any other place that might be attacked, but even +to recover Antwerp and Bruges within a few weeks, had wasted the time in +very desultory operations. After the St. George feasting, Knewstub +sermons, and forces of Hercules, were all finished, the Earl had taken +the field with five thousand foot and fifteen hundred horse. His +intention was to clear the Yssel; by getting possession of Doesburg and +Zutphen, but, hearing of Parma's demonstrations upon Grave, he abandoned +the contemplated siege of those cities, and came to Arnheim. He then +crossed the Rhine into the Isle of Batavia, and thence, after taking a +few sconces of inferior importance--while Schenk, meanwhile, was building +on the Island of Gravenweert, at the bifurcation of the Rhine and Waal, +the sconce so celebrated a century later as 'Schenk's Fort' +(Schenkenschans)---he was preparing to pass the Waal in order to attack +Farnese, when he heard to his astonishment, of the surrender of Grave. + +He could therefore--to his chagrin--no longer save that important city, +but he could, at least, cut off the head of the culprit. Leicester was +in Bommel when he heard of Baron Hemart's faint-heartedness or treachery, +and his wrath was extravagant in proportion to the exultation with which +his previous success had inspired him. He breathed nothing but revenge +against the coward and the traitor, who had delivered up the town in +"such lewd and beastly sort." + +"I will never depart hence," he said, "till by the goodness of God I be +satisfied someway of this villain's treachery." There could be little +doubt that Hemart deserved punishment. There could be as little that +Leicester would mete it out to him in ample measure. "The lewd villain +who gave up Grave," said he, "and the captains as deep in fault as +himself, shall all suffer together." + +Hemart came boldly to meet him. "The honest man came to me at Bommel," +said Leicester, and he assured the government that it was in the hope of +persuading the magistrates of that and other towns to imitate his own +treachery. + +But the magistrates straightway delivered the culprit to the governor- +general, who immediately placed him under arrest. A court-martial was +summoned, 26th of June, at Utrecht, consisting of Hohenlo, Essex, and +other distinguished officers. They found that the conduct of the +prisoner merited death, but left it to the Earl to decide whether various +extenuating circumstances did not justify a pardon. Hohenlo and Norris +exerted themselves to procure a mitigation of the young man's sentence, +and they excited thereby the governor's deep indignation. Norris, +according to Leicester, was in love with the culprit's aunt, and was +therefore especially desirous of saving his life. Moreover, much use was +made of the discredit which had been thrown by the Queen on the Earl's +authority, and it was openly maintained, that, being no longer governor- +general, he had no authority to order execution upon a Netherland +officer. + +The favourable circumstances urged in the case, were, that Hemart was a +young man, without experience in military matters, and that he had been +overcome by the supplications and outcries of the women, panic-struck +after the first assault. There were no direct proofs of treachery, or +even of personal cowardice. He begged hard for a pardon, not on account +of his life, but for the sake of his reputation. He earnestly implored +permission to serve under the Queen of England, as a private soldier, +without pay, on land or sea, for as many years as she should specify, and +to be selected for the most dangerous employments, in order that, before +he died, he might wipe out the disgrace, which, through his fault, in an +hour of weakness, had come upon an ancient and honourable house. Much +interest was made for him--his family connection being powerful--and a +general impression prevailing that he had erred through folly rather than +deep guilt. But Leicester beating himself upon the breast--as he was +wont when excited--swore that there should be no pardon for such a +traitor. The States of Holland and Zeeland, likewise, were decidedly in +favour of a severe example. + +Hemart was accordingly led to the scaffold on the 28th June. He spoke to +the people with great calmness, and, in two languages, French and +Flemish, declared that he was guiltless of treachery, but that the terror +and tears of the women, in an hour of panic, had made a coward of him. +He was beheaded, standing. The two captains, Du Ban and Koeboekum, who +had also been condemned, suffered with him. A third captain, likewise +convicted, was, "for very just cause,", pardoned by Leicester. The Earl +persisted in believing that Hemart had surrendered the city as part of a +deliberate plan, and affirmed that in such a time, when men had come to +think no more of giving up a town than of abandoning a house, it was +highly necessary to afford an example to traitors and satisfaction to the +people. And the people were thoroughly satisfied, according to the +governor, and only expressed their regret that three or four members of +the States-General could not have their heads cut off as well, being as +arrant knaves as Henlart; "and so I think they be," added Leicester. + +Parma having thus made himself master of the Meuse, lost no time in +making a demonstration upon the parallel course of the Rhine, thirty +miles farther east. Schenk, Kloet; and other partisans, kept that +portion of the archi-episcopate and of Westphalia in a state of perpetual +commotion. Early in the, preceding year, Count de Meurs had, by a +fortunate stratagem, captured the town of Neusz for the deposed elector, +and Herman Kloet, a young and most determined Geldrian soldier, now +commanded in the place. + +The Elector Ernest had made a visit in disguise to the camp of Parma, and +had represented the necessity of recovering the city. It had become the +stronghold of heretics, rebels, and banditti. The Rhine was in their +hands, and with it the perpetual power of disturbing the loyal +Netherlands. It was as much the interest of his Catholic Majesty as +that of the Archbishop that Neusz should be restored to its lawful owner. +Parma had felt the force of this reasoning, and had early in the year +sent Haultepenne to invest the city. He had been obliged to recal that +commander during the siege of Grave. The place being reduced, Alexander, +before the grass could grow beneath his feet advanced to the Rhine in +person. Early in July he appeared before the walls of Neusz with eight +thousand foot and two thousand horse. The garrison under Kloet numbered +scarcely more than sixteen hundred effective soldiers, all Netherlanders +and Germans, none being English. + +The city is twenty-miles below Cologne. It was so well fortified that a +century before it had stood a year's siege from the famous Charles the +Bold, who, after all, had been obliged to retire. It had also resisted +the strenuous efforts of Charles the Fifth; and was now stronger than it +ever had been. It was thoroughly well provisioned, so that it was safe +enough "if those within it," said Leicester, "be men." The Earl +expressed the opinion, however, that "those fellows were not good to +defend towns, unless the besiegers were obliged to swim to the attack." +The issue was to show whether the sarcasm were just or not. Meantime the +town was considered by the governor-general to be secure, "unless towns +were to be had for the asking." + +Neusz is not immediately upon the Rhine, but that river, which sweeps +away in a north-easterly direction from the walls, throws out an arm +which completely encircles the town. A part of the place, cut into an +island by the Erpt, was strengthened by two redoubts. This island was +abandoned, as being too weak to hold, and the Spaniards took possession +of it immediately. There were various preliminary and sanguinary sorties +and skirmishes, during which the Spaniards after having been once driven +from the island, again occupied that position. Archbishop Ernest came +into the camp, and, before proceeding to a cannonade, Parma offered to +the city certain terms of capitulation, which were approved by that +prelate. Kloet replied to this proposal, that he was wedded to the town +and to his honour, which were as one. These he was incapable of +sacrificing, but his life he was ready to lay down. There was, through +some misapprehension, a delay in reporting this answer to Farnese. +Meantime that general became impatient, and advanced to the battery of +the Italian regiment. Pretending to be a plenipotentiary from the +commander-in-chief, he expostulated in a loud voice at the slowness of +their counsels. Hardly had he begun to speak, when a shower of balls +rattled about him. His own soldiers were terrified at his danger, and a +cry arose in the town that "Holofernese"--as the Flemings and Germans +were accustomed to nickname Farnese--was dead. Strange to relate, he was +quite unharmed, and walked back to his tent with dignified slowness and a +very frowning face. It was said that this breach of truce had been begun +by the Spaniards, who had fired first, and had been immediately answered +by the town. This was hotly denied, and Parma sent Colonel Tasais with a +flag of truce to the commander, to rebuke and to desire an explanation of +this dishonourable conduct. + +The answer given, or imagined, was that Commander Kloet had been sound +asleep, but that he now much regretted this untoward accident. The +explanation was received with derision, for it seemed hardly probable +that so young and energetic a soldier would take the opportunity to +refresh himself with slumber at a moment when a treaty for the +capitulation of a city under his charge was under discussion. This +terminated the negotiation. + +A few days afterwards, the feast of St James was celebrated in the +Spanish camp, with bonfires and other demonstrations of hilarity. The +townsmen are said to have desecrated the same holiday by roasting alive +in the market-place two unfortunate soldiers, who had been captured in a +sortie a few days before; besides burning the body of the holy Saint +Quirinus, with other holy relics. The detestable deed was to be most +horribly avenged. + +A steady cannonade from forty-five great guns was kept up from 2 A.M. of +July 15 until the dawn of the following day; the cannoneers--being all +provided with milk and vinegar to cool the pieces. At daybreak the +assault was ordered. Eight separate attacks were made with the usual +impetuosity of Spaniards, and were steadily repulsed. + +At the ninth, the outer wall was carried, and the Spaniards shouting +"Santiago" poured over it, bearing back all resistance. An Italian +Knight of the Sepulchre, Cesar Guidiccioni by name, and a Spanish ensign, +one Alphonao de Mesa, with his colours in one hand and a ladder in the +other, each claimed the honour of having first mounted the breach. Both +being deemed equally worthy of reward, Parma, after the city had been +won, took from his own cap a sprig of jewels and a golden wheat-ear +ornamented with a gem, which he had himself worn in place of a plume, and +thus presented each with a brilliant token of his regard. The wall was +then strengthened against the inner line of fortification, and all night +long a desperate conflict was maintained in the dark upon the narrow +space between the two barriers. Before daylight Kloet, who then, as +always, had led his men in the moat desperate adventures, was carried +into the town, wounded in five places, and with his leg almost severed at +the thigh. "'Tis the bravest man," said the enthusiastic Lord North, +"that was ever heard of in the world."--"He is but a boy," said Alexander +Farnese, "but a commander of extraordinary capacity and valour." + +Early in the morning, when this mishap was known, an officer was sent to +the camp of the besiegers to treat. The soldiers received him with +furious laughter, and denied him access to the general. "Commander Kloet +had waked from his nap at a wrong time," they said, "and the Prince of +Parma was now sound asleep, in his turn." There was no possibility of +commencing a negotiation. The Spaniards, heated by the conflict, +maddened by opposition, and inspired by the desire to sack a wealthy +city, overpowered all resistance. "My little soldiers were not to be +restrained," said Farnese, and so compelling a reluctant consent on the +part of the commander-in-chief to an assault, the Italian and Spanish +legions poured into the town at two opposite gates; which were no. +longer strong enough to withstand the enemy. The two streams met in the +heart of the place, and swept every living thing in their, path out of +existence. The garrison was butchered to a man, and subsequently many +of the inhabitants--men, women, and children-also, although the women; +to the honour of Alexander, had been at first secured from harm in some +of the churches, where they had been ordered to take refuge. The first +blast of indignation was against the commandant of the place. Alexander, +who had admired, his courage, was not unfavourably disposed towards him, +but Archbishop Ernest vehemently, demanded his immediate death, as a +personal favour to himself. As the churchman was nominally sovereign of +the city although in reality a beggarly dependant on Philip's alms, +Farnese felt bound to comply. The manner in which it was at first +supposed that the Bishop's Christian request had; been complied, with, +sent a shudder through every-heart in the Netherlands. "They took Kloet, +wounded as he was," said Lord North, "and first strangled, him, then +smeared him with pitch, and burnt him with gunpowder; thus, with their +holiness, they, made a tragical end of an heroical service. It is +wondered that the Prince would suffer so great an outrage to be done to +so noble a soldier, who did but his duty." + +But this was an error. A Jesuit priest was sent to the house of the +commandant, for a humane effort was thought necessary in order to save +the soul of the man whose life was forfeited for the crime of defending +his city. The culprit was found lying in bed. His wife, a woman of +remarkable beauty, with her sister, was in attendance upon him. The +spectacle of those two fair women, nursing a wounded soldier fallen upon +the field of honour, might have softened devils with sympathy. But the +Jesuit was closely followed by a band of soldiers, who, notwithstanding +the supplications of the women, and the demand of Kloet to be indulged +with a soldier's death, tied a rope round the commandant's necks dragged +him from his bed, and hanged him from his own window. The Calvinist +clergyman, Fosserus of Oppenheim, the deacons of the congregation, two +military officers, and--said Parma--"forty other rascals," were murdered +in the same way at the same time. The bodies remained at the window till +they were devoured by the flames, which soon consumed the house. For a +vast conflagration, caused none knew whether by accident, by the despair +of the inhabitants; by the previous, arrangements of the commandant, by +the latest-arrived bands of the besiegers enraged that the Italians and +Spaniards had been beforehand with them in the spoils, or--as Farnese +more maturely believed--by the special agency of the Almighty, offended +with the burning of Saint Quirinus,--now came to complete the horror of +the scene. Three-quarters of the town were at once in a blaze. The +churches, where the affrighted women had been cowering during the sack +and slaughter, were soon on fire, and now, amid the crash of falling +houses and the uproar of the drunken soldiery, those unhappy victims were +seen flitting along the flaming streets; seeking refuge against the fury +of the elements in the more horrible cruelty of man. The fire lasted all +day and night, and not one stone would have been left upon another, had +not the body of a second saint, saved on a former occasion from the +heretics by the piety of a citizen, been fortunately deposited in his +house. At this point the conflagration was stayed--for the flames +refused to consume these holy relics--but almost the whole of the town +was destroyed, while at least four thousand people, citizens and +soldiers, had perished by sword or fire. + +Three hundred survivors of the garrison took refuge in a tower. Its base +was surrounded, and, after brief parley, they descended as prisoners. +The Prince and Haultepenne attempted in vain to protect them against the +fury of the soldiers, and every man of them was instantly put to death. + +The next day, Alexander gave orders that the wife and sister of the +commandant should be protected--for they had escaped, as if by miracle, +from all the horrors of that day and night--and sent, under escort, to +their friends! Neusz had nearly ceased to exist, for according to +contemporaneous accounts, but eight houses had escaped destruction. + +And the reflection was most painful to Leicester and to every generous +Englishman or Netherlander in the country, that this important city and +its heroic defenders might have been preserved, but for want of harmony +and want of money. Twice had the Earl got together a force of four +thousand men for the relief of the place, and twice had he been obliged +to disband them again for the lack of funds to set them in the field. + +He had pawned his plate and other valuables, exhausted his credit, and +had nothing for it but to wait for the Queen's tardy remittances, and to +wrangle with the States; for the leaders of that body were unwilling to +accord large supplies to a man who had become personally suspected by +them, and was the representative of a deeply-suspected government. +Meanwhile, one-third at least of the money which really found its way +from time to time out of England, was filched from the "poor starved +wretches," as Leicester called his soldiers, by the dishonesty of Norris, +uncle of Sir John and army-treasurer. This man was growing so rich on +his peculations, on his commissions, and on his profits from paying the +troops in a depreciated coin, that Leicester declared the whole revenue +of his own landed estates in England to be less than that functionary's +annual income. Thus it was difficult to say whether the "ragged rogues" +of Elizabeth or the maimed and neglected soldiers of Philip were in the +more pitiable plight. + +The only consolation in the recent reduction of Neusz was to be found in +the fact that Parma had only gained a position, for the town had ceased +to exist; and in the fiction that he had paid for his triumph by the loss +of six thousand soldiers, killed and wounded. In reality not more than +five hundred of Farnese's army lost their lives, and although the town, +excepting some churches, had certainly been destroyed; yet the Prince was +now master of the Rhine as far as Cologne, and of the Meuse as far as +Grave. The famine which pressed so sorely upon him, might now be +relieved, and his military communications with Germany be considered +secure. + +The conqueror now turned his attention to Rheinberg, twenty-five miles +farther down the river. + +Sir Philip Sidney had not been well satisfied by the comparative idleness +in which, from these various circumstances; he had been compelled to +remain. Early in the spring he had been desirous of making an attack +upon Flanders by capturing the town of Steenberg. The faithful Roger +Williams had strongly seconded the proposal. "We wish to show your +Excellency," said he to Leicester, "that we are not sound asleep." The +Welshman was not likely to be accused of somnolence, but on this occasion +Sidney and himself had been overruled. At a later moment, and during the +siege of Neusz, Sir Philip had the satisfaction of making a successful +foray into Flanders. + +The expedition had been planned by Prince Maurice of Nassau, and was his. +earliest military achievement. He proposed carrying by surprise, the +city of Axel, a well-built, strongly-fortified town on the south-western +edge of the great Scheldt estuary, and very important from its position. +Its acquisition would make the hold of the patriots and the English upon +Sluys and Ostend more secure, and give them many opportunities of +annoying the enemy in Flanders. + +Early in July, Maurice wrote to the Earl of Leicester, communicating the +particulars of his scheme, but begging that the affair might be "very +secretly handled," and kept from every one but Sidney. Leicester +accordingly sent his nephew to Maurice that they might consult together +upon the enterprise, and make sure "that there was no ill intent, there +being so much treachery in the world." Sidney found no treachery in +young Maurice, but only, a noble and intelligent love of adventure, and +the two arranged their plans in harmony. + +Leicester, then, in order to deceive the enemy, came to Bergen-op-Zoom, +with five hundred men, where he remained two days, not sleeping a wink, +as he averred, during the whole time. In the night of Tuesday, 16th of +July, the five hundred English soldiers were despatched by water, under +charge of Lord Willoughby, "who," said the Earl, "would needs go with +them." Young Hatton, too, son of Sir Christopher, also volunteered on +the service, "as his first nursling." Sidney had, five hundred of his +own Zeeland regiment in readiness, and the rendezvous was upon the broad +waters of the Scheldt, opposite Flushing. The plan was neatly carried +out, and the united flotilla, in a dark, calm, midsummer's night, rowed +across the smooth estuary and landed at Ter Neuse, about a league from +Axel. Here they were joined by Maurice with some Netherland companies, +and the united troops, between two and three thousand strong, marched at +once to the place proposed. Before two in the morning they had reached +Axel, but found the moat very deep. Forty soldiers immediately plunged +in, however, carrying their ladders with them, swam across, scaled the +rampart, killed, the guard, whom they found asleep in their beds, and +opened the gates for their comrades. The whole force then marched in, +the Dutch companies under Colonel Pyion being first, Lord Willoughby's +men being second, and Sir Philip with his Zeelanders bringing up the +rear. The garrison, between five and six hundred in number, though +surprised, resisted gallantly, and were all put to the sword. Of the +invaders, not a single man lost his life. Sidney most generously +rewarded from his own purse the adventurous soldiers who had swum the +moat; and it was to his care and intelligence that the success of Prince +Maurice's scheme was generally attributed. The achievement was hailed +with great satisfaction, and it somewhat raised the drooping spirits of +the patriots after their severe losses at Grave and Venlo. "This victory +hath happened in good time," wrote Thomas Cecil to his father, "and hath +made us somewhat to lift up our heads." A garrison of eight hundred, +under Colonel Pyron, was left in Axel, and the dykes around were then +pierced. Upwards of two millions' worth of property in grass, cattle, +corn, was thus immediately destroyed in the territory of the obedient +Netherlands. + +After an unsuccessful attempt to surprise Gravelines, the governor of +which place, the veteran La Motte, was not so easily taken napping; Sir +Philip having gained much reputation by this conquest of Axel, then +joined the main body of the army, under Leicester, at Arnheim. + +Yet, after all, Sir Philip had not grown in favour with her Majesty +during his service in the Low Countries. He had also been disappointed +in the government of Zeeland, to which post his uncle had destined him. +The cause of Leicester's ambition had been frustrated by the policy of +Barneveld and Buys, in pursuance of which Count or Prince Maurice--as he +was now purposely designated, in order that his rank might surpass that +of the Earl--had become stadholder and captain general both of Holland +and Zeeland. The Earl had given his nephew, however, the colonelcy of +the Zeeland regiment, vacant by the death of Admiral Haultain on the +Kowenstyn Dyke. This promotion had excited much anger among the high +officers in the Netherlands who, at the instigation of Count Hohenlo, +had presented a remonstrance upon the subject to the governor-general. +It had always been the custom, they said, with the late Prince of Orange, +to confer promotion according to seniority, without regard to social +rank, and they were therefore unwilling that a young foreigner, who had +just entered the service; should thus be advanced over the heads of +veterans who had been campaigning there so many weary years. At the same +time the gentlemen who signed the paper protested to Sir Philip, in +another letter, "with all the same hands," that they had no personal +feeling towards him, but, on the contrary, that they wished him all +honour. + +Young Maurice himself had always manifested the most friendly feelings +toward Sidney, although influenced in his action by the statesmen who +were already organizing a powerful opposition to Leicester. "Count +Maurice showed himself constantly, kind in the matter of the regiment," +said Sir Philip, "but Mr. Paul Buss has so many busses in his head, such +as you shall find he will be to God and man about one pitch. Happy is +the communication of them that join in the fear of God." Hohenlo, too, +or Hollock, as he was called by the French and English, was much governed +by Buys and Olden-Barneveld. Reckless and daring, but loose of life and +uncertain of purpose, he was most dangerous, unless under safe guidance. +Roger Williams--who vowed that but for the love he bore to Sidney and +Leicester, he would not remain ten days in the Netherlands--was much +disgusted by Hohenlo's conduct in regard to the Zeeland regiment. "'Tis +a mutinous request of Hollock," said he, "that strangers should not +command Netherlanders. He and his Alemaynes are farther born from +Zeeland than Sir Philip is. Either you must make Hollock assured to you, +or you must disgrace him. If he will not be yours, I will show you means +to disinherit him of all his commands at small danger. What service doth +he, Count Solms, Count Overatein, with their Almaynes, but spend treasure +and consume great contributions?" + +It was, very natural that the chivalrous Sidney, who had come to the +Netherlands to win glory in the field, should be desirous of posts that +would bring danger and distinction with them. He was not there merely +that he might govern Flushing, important as it was, particularly as the +garrison was, according to his statement, about as able to maintain the +town, "as the Tower was to answer for London." He disapproved of his +wife's inclination to join him in Holland, for he was likely--so he wrote +to her father, Walsingham--"to run such a course as would not be fit for +any of the feminine gender." He had been, however; grieved to the heart, +by the spectacle which was perpetually exhibited of the Queen's +parsimony, and of the consequent suffering of the soldiers. Twelve or +fifteen thousand Englishmen were serving in the Netherlands--more than +two thirds of them in her Majesty's immediate employment. No troops had +ever fought better, or more honourably maintained the ancient glory of +England. But rarely had more ragged and wretched warriors been seen than +they, after a few months' campaigning. + +The Irish Kernes--some fifteen hundred of whom were among the +auxiliaries--were better off, for they habitually dispensed with +clothing; an apron from waist to knee being the only protection of these +wild Kelts, who fought with the valour, and nearly, in the costume of +Homeric heroes. Fearing nothing, needing nothing, sparing nothing, they +stalked about the fens of Zeeland upon their long stilts, or leaped +across running rivers, scaling ramparts, robbing the highways, burning, +butchering, and maltreating the villages and their inhabitants, with as +little regard for the laws of Christian warfare as for those of civilized +costume. + +Other soldiers, more sophisticated as to apparel, were less at their +ease. The generous Sidney spent all his means, and loaded himself with +debt, in order to relieve the necessities of the poor soldiers. He +protested that if the Queen would not pay her troops, she would lose her +troops, but that no living man should say the fault was in him. "What +relief I can do them I will," he wrote to his father-in-law; "I will +spare no danger, if occasion serves. I am sure that no creature shall +lay injustice to my charge." + +Very soon it was discovered that the starving troops had to contend not +only with the Queen's niggardliness but with the dishonesty of her +agents. Treasurer Norris was constantly accused by Leicester and Sidney +of gross peculation. Five per cent., according to Sir Philip, was lost +to the Zeeland soldiers in every payment, "and God knows," he said, "they +want no such hindrance, being scarce able to keep life with their entire +pay. Truly it is but poor increase to her Majesty, considering what loss +it is to the miserable soldier." Discipline and endurance were sure to +be sacrificed, in the end, to such short-sighted economy. "When +soldiers," said Sidney, "grow to despair, and give up towns, then it is +too late to buy with hundred thousands what might have been saved with a +trifle." + +This plain dealing, on the part of Sidney, was anything but agreeable to +the Queen, who was far from feeling regret that his high-soaring +expectations had been somewhat blighted in the Provinces. He often +expressed his mortification that her Majesty was disposed to interpret +everything to, his disadvantage. "I understand," said he, "that I am +called ambitious, and very proud at home, but certainly, if they knew my +heart, they would not altogether so judge me." Elizabeth had taken part +with Hohenlo against Sir Philip in the matter of the Zeeland regiment, +and in this perhaps she was not entirely to be blamed. But she inveighed +needlessly against his ambitious seeking of the office, and--as +Walsingham observed--"she was very apt, upon every light occasion, +to find fault with him." It is probable that his complaints against the +army treasurer, and his manful defence of the "miserable soldiers," more +than counterbalanced, in the Queen's estimation, his chivalry in the +field. + +Nevertheless he had now the satisfaction of having gained an important +city in Flanders; and on subsequently joining the army under his uncle, +he indulged the hope of earning still greater distinction. + +Martin Schenk had meanwhile been successfully defending Rheinberg, for +several weeks, against Parma's forces. It was necessary, however, that +Leicester, notwithstanding the impoverished condition of his troops, +should make some diversion, while his formidable antagonist was thus +carrying all before him. + +He assembled, accordingly, in the month of August, all the troops that +could be brought into the field, and reviewed them, with much ceremony, +in the neighbourhood of Arnheim. His army--barely numbered seven +thousand foot and two thousand horse, but he gave out, very extensively, +that he had fourteen thousand under his command, and he was moreover +expecting a force of three thousand reiters, and as many pikemen recently +levied in Germany. Lord Essex was general of the cavalry, Sir William +Pelham--a distinguished soldier, who had recently arrived out of England, +after the most urgent solicitations to the Queen, for that end, by +Leicester--was lord-marshal of the camp, and Sir John Norris was colonel- +general of the infantry. + +After the parade, two sermons were preached upon the hillside to +the soldiers, and then there was a council of war: It was decided-- +notwithstanding the Earl's announcement of his intentions to attack Parma +in person--that the condition of the army did not warrant such an +enterprise. It was thought better to lay siege to Zutphen. This step, +if successful, would place in the power of the republic and her ally a +city of great importance and strength. In every event the attempt would +probably compel Farnese to raise the siege of Berg. + +Leicester, accordingly, with "his brave troop of able and likely men" +--five thousand of the infantry being English--advanced as far as +Doesburg. This city, seated at the confluence of the ancient canal of +Drusus and the Yssel, five miles above Zutphen, it was necessary, as a +preliminary measure, to secure. It was not a very strong place, being +rather slightly walled with brick, and with a foss drawing not more than +three feet of water. By the 30th August it had been completely invested. + +On the same night, at ten o'clock, Sir William Pelham, came to the Earl +to tell him "what beastly pioneers the Dutchmen were. "Leicester +accordingly determined, notwithstanding the lord-marshal's entreaties, +to proceed to the trenches in person. There being but faint light, the +two lost their way, and soon found themselves nearly, at the gate of the +town. Here, while groping about in the dark; and trying to effect their +retreat, they were saluted with a shot, which struck Sir William in the +stomach. For an instant; thinking himself mortally injured, he expressed +his satisfaction that he had been, between the commander-in-chief and the +blow, and made other "comfortable and resolute speeches." Very +fortunately, however, it proved that the marshal was not seriously hurt, +and, after a few days, he was about his work as usual, although obliged-- +as the Earl of Leicester expressed it--"to carry a bullet in his belly as +long as he should live." + +Roger Williams, too, that valiant adventurer--"but no, more valiant than +wise, and worth his weight in gold," according to the appreciative +Leicester--was shot through the arm. For the dare-devil Welshman, much +to the Earl's regret, persisted in running up and down the trenches "with +a great plume of feathers in his gilt morion," and in otherwise making a +very conspicuous mark of himself "within pointblank of a caliver." + +Notwithstanding these mishaps, however, the siege went successfully +forward. Upon the 2nd September the Earl began to batter, and after a +brisk cannonade, from dawn till two in the afternoon, he had considerably +damaged the wall in two places. One of the breaches was eighty feet +wide, the other half as large, but the besieged had stuffed them full of +beds, tubs, logs of wood, boards, and "such like trash," by means whereof +the ascent was not so easy as it seemed. The soldiers were excessively +eager for the assault. Sir John Norris came to Leicester to receive his +orders as to the command of the attacking party. + +The Earl referred the matter to him. "There is no man," answered Sir +John, "fitter for that purpose than myself; for I am colonel-general of +the infantry." + +But Leicester, not willing to indulge so unreasonable a proposal, +replied that he would reserve him for service of less hazard and greater +importance. Norris being, as usual, "satis prodigus magnae animae," was +out of humour at the refusal, and ascribed it to the Earl's persistent +hostility to him and his family. It was then arranged that the assault +upon the principal breach should be led by younger officers, to be +supported by Sir John and other veterans. The other breach was assigned +to the Dutch and Scotch-black Norris scowling at them the while with +jealous eyes; fearing that they might get the start of the English party, +and be first to enter the town. A party of noble volunteers clustered +about Sir John-Lord Burgh, Sir Thomas Cecil, Sir Philip Sidney, and his +brother Robert among the rest--most impatient for the signal. The race +was obviously to be a sharp one. The governor-general forbade these +violent demonstrations, but Lord Burgh, "in a most vehement passion, +waived the countermand," and his insubordination was very generally +imitated. Before the signal was given, however, Leicester sent a trumpet +to summon the town to surrender, and could with difficulty restrain his +soldiers till the answer should be returned. To the universal +disappointment, the garrison agreed to surrender. Norris himself then +stepped forward to the breach, and cried aloud the terms, lest the +returning herald, who had been sent back by Leicester, should offer too +favourable a capitulation. It was arranged that the soldiers should +retire without arms, with white wands in their hands--the officers +remaining prisoners--and that the burghers, their lives, and property, +should be at Leicester's disposal. The Earl gave most peremptory orders +that persons and goods should be respected, but his commands were dis +obeyed. Sir William Stanley's men committed frightful disorders, and +thoroughly, rifled the town." + +"And because," said Norris, "I found fault herewith, Sir William began to +quarrel with me, hath braved me extremely, refuseth to take any direction +from me, and although I have sought for redress, yet it is proceeded in +so coldly, that he taketh encouragement rather to increase the quarrel +than to leave it." + +Notwithstanding therefore the decree of Leicester, the expostulations and +anger of Norris, and the energetic efforts of Lord Essex and other +generals, who went about smiting the marauders on the head, the soldiers +sacked the city, and committed various disorders, in spite of the +capitulation. + +Doesburg having been thus reduced, the Earl now proceeded toward the more +important city which he had determined to besiege. Zutphen, or South- +Fen, an antique town of wealth and elegance, was the capital of the old +Landgraves of Zutphen. It is situate on the right bank of the Yssel, +that branch of the Rhine which flows between Gelderland and Overyssel +into the Zuyder-Zee. + +The ancient river, broad, deep, and languid, glides through a plain of +almost boundless extent, till it loses itself in the flat and misty +horizon. On the other side of the stream, in the district called the +Veluwe, or bad meadow, were three sconces, one of them of remarkable +strength. An island between the city and the shore was likewise well +fortified. On the landward side the town was protected by a wall and +moat sufficiently strong in those infant days of artillery. Near the +hospital-gate, on the east, was an external fortress guarding the road to +Warnsfeld. This was a small village, with a solitary slender church- +spire, shooting up above a cluster of neat one-storied houses. It was +about an English mile from Zutphen, in the midst of a wide, low, somewhat +fenny plain, which, in winter, became so completely a lake, that peasants +were not unfrequently drowned in attempting to pass from the city to the +village. In summer, the vague expanse of country was fertile and +cheerful of aspect. Long rows of poplars marking the straight highways, +clumps of pollard willows scattered around the little meres, snug farm- +houses, with kitchen-gardens and brilliant flower-patches dotting the +level plain, verdant pastures sweeping off into seemingly infinite +distance, where the innumerable cattle seemed to swarm like insects, +wind-mills swinging their arms in all directions, like protective giants, +to save the country from inundation, the lagging sail of market-boats +shining through rows of orchard trees--all gave to the environs of +Zutphen a tranquil and domestic charm. + +Deventer and Kampen, the two other places on the river, were in the hands +of the States. It was, therefore, desirable for the English and the +patriots, by gaining possession of Zutphen, to obtain control of the +Yssel; driven, as they had been, from the Meuse and Rhine. + +Sir John Norris, by Leicester's direction, took possession of a +small rising-ground, called 'Gibbet Dill' on the land-side; where he +established a fortified camp, and proceeded to invest the city. With him +were Count Lewis William of Nassau, and Sir Philip Sidney, while the Earl +himself, crossing the Yssel on a bridge of boats which he had +constructed, reserved for himself the reduction of the forts upon the +Veluwe side. + +Farnese, meantime, was not idle; and Leicester's calculations proved +correct. So soon as the Prince was informed of this important +demonstration of the enemy he broke up--after brief debate with his +officers--his camp before Rheinberg, and came to Wesel. At this place +he built a bridge over the Rhine, and fortified it with two block-houses. +These he placed under command of Claude Berlot, who was ordered to watch +strictly all communication up the river with the city of Rheinberg, which +he thus kept in a partially beleaguered state. Alexander then advanced +rapidly by way of Groll and Burik, both which places he took possession +of, to the neighbourhood of Zutphen. He was determined, at every hazard, +to relieve that important city; and although, after leaving necessary +detachments on the, way; he had but five thousand men under his command, +besides fifteen hundred under Verdugo--making sixty-five hundred in all +--he had decided that the necessity of the case, and his own honour; +required him to seek the enemy, and to leave, as he said, the issue with +the God of battles, whose cause it was. + +Tassis, lieutenant-governor of Gelderland, was ordered into the city with +two cornets of horse and six hundred foot. As large a number, had +already been stationed there. Verdugo, who had been awaiting the arrival +of the Prince at Borkelo, a dozen miles from Zutphen, with four hundred +foot and two hundred horse, now likewise entered the city. + +On the night of 29th August Alexander himself entered Zutphen for +the purpose of encouraging the garrison by promise of-relief, and of +ascertaining the position of the enemy by personal observation. His +presence as it always did, inspired the soldiers with enthusiasm, so that +they could with difficulty be restrained from rushing forth to assault +the besiegers. In regard to the enemy he found that Gibbet Hill was +still occupied by Sir John Norris, "the best soldier, in his opinion, +that they had," who had entrenched himself very strongly, and was +supposed to have thirty-five hundred men under his command. His position +seemed quite impregnable. The rest of the English were on the other side +of the river, and Alexander observed, with satisfaction, that they had +abandoned a small redoubt, near the leper-house, outside the Loor-Gate, +through which the reinforcements must enter the city. The Prince +determined to profit by this mistake, and to seize the opportunity thus +afforded of sending those much needed supplies. During the night the +enemy were found to be throwing up works "most furiously," and +skirmishing parties were sent out of the town to annoy them. In the +darkness nothing of consequence was effected, but a Scotch officer was +captured, who informed the Spanish commander that the enemy was fifteen +thousand strong--a number which was nearly double that of Leicester's +actual force. In the morning Alexander returned to his camp at Borkelo +--leaving Tassis in command of the Veluwe Forts, and Verdugo in the city +itself--and he at once made rapid work in collecting victuals. He had +soon wheat and other supplies in readiness, sufficient to feed four +thousand mouths for three months, and these he determined to send into +the city immediately, and at every hazard. + +The great convoy which was now to be despatched required great care and a +powerful escort. Twenty-five hundred musketeers and pikemen, of whom one +thousand were Spaniards, and six hundred cavalry, Epirotes; Spaniards, +and Italians, under Hannibal Gonzaga, George Crescia, Bentivoglio, Sesa, +and others, were accordingly detailed for this expedition. The Marquis +del Vasto, to whom was entrusted the chief command, was ordered to march +from Borkelo at midnight on Wednesday, October 1 (St. Nov.) [N.S.]. It +was calculated that he would reach a certain hillock not far from +Warnsfeld by dawn of day. Here he was to pause, and send forward an +officer towards the town, communicating his arrival, and requesting the +cooperation of Verdugo, who was to make a sortie with one thousand men, +according to Alexander's previous arrangements. The plan was +successfully carried out. The Marquis arrived by daybreak at the spot +indicated, and despatched Captain de Vega who contrived to send +intelligence of the fact. A trooper, whom Parma had himself sent to +Verdugo with earlier information of the movement, had been captured on +the way. Leicester had therefore been apprized, at an early moment, of +the Prince's intentions, but he was not aware that the convoy would be +accompanied by so strong a force as had really been detailed. + +He had accordingly ordered Sir John Norris, who commanded on the outside +of the town near the road which the Spaniards must traverse, to place +an ambuscade in his way. Sir John, always ready for adventurous +enterprises, took a body of two hundred cavalry, all picked men, +and ordered Sir William Stanley, with three hundred pikemen, to follow. +A much stronger force of infantry was held in reserve and readiness, +but it was not thought that it would be required. The ambuscade was +successfully placed, before the dawn of Thursday morning, in the +neighbourhood of Warnsfeld church. On the other hand, the Earl of +Leicester himself, anxious as to the result, came across the river just +at daybreak. He was accompanied by the chief gentlemen in his camp, who +could never be restrained when blows were passing current. + +The business that morning was a commonplace and practical though an +important, one--to "impeach" a convoy of wheat and barley, butter, +cheese, and beef--but the names of those noble and knightly volunteers, +familiar throughout Christendom, sound like the roll-call for some +chivalrous tournament. There were Essex and Audley, Stanley, Pelham, +Russell, both the Sidneys, all the Norrises, men whose valour had been. +proved on many a hard-fought battle-field. There, too, was the famous +hero of British ballad whose name was so often to ring on the plains of +the Netherlands-- + + "The brave Lord Willoughby, + Of courage fierce and fell, + Who would not give one inch of way + For all the devils in hell." + +Twenty such volunteers as these sat on horseback that morning around the +stately Earl of Leicester. It seemed an incredible extravagance to send +a handful of such heroes against an army. + +But the English commander-in-chief had been listening to the insidious +tongue of Roland York--that bold, plausible, unscrupulous partisan, +already twice a renegade, of whom more was ere long to be heard in the +Netherlands and England. Of the man's courage there could be no doubt, +and he was about to fight that morning in the front rank at the head of +his company. But he had, for some mysterious reason, been bent upon +persuading the Earl that the Spaniards were no match for Englishmen at a +hand-to-hand contest. When they could ride freely up and down, he said, +and use their lances as they liked, they were formidable. But the +English were stronger men, better riders, better mounted, and better +armed. The Spaniards hated helmets and proof armour, while the English +trooper, in casque, cuirass, and greaves, was a living fortress +impregnable to Spanish or Italian light horsemen. And Leicester seemed +almost convinced by his reasoning. + +It was five o'clock of a chill autumn morning. It was time for day to +break, but the fog was so thick that a man at the distance of five yards +was quite invisible. The creaking of waggon-wheels and the measured +tramp of soldiers soon became faintly audible however to Sir John Norris +and his five hundred as they sat there in the mist. Presently came +galloping forward in hot haste those nobles and gentlemen, with their +esquires, fifty men in all--Sidney, Willoughby, and the rest--whom +Leicester had no longer been able to restrain from taking part in the +adventure. + +A force of infantry, the amount of which cannot be satisfactorily +ascertained, had been ordered by the Earl to cross the bridge at a later +moment. Sidney's cornet of horse was then in Deventer, to which place it +had been sent in order to assist in quelling an anticipated revolt, so +that he came, like most of his companions, as a private volunteer and +knight-errant. + +The arrival of the expected convoy was soon more distinctly heard, but +no scouts or outposts had been stationed to give timely notice, of the +enemy's movements. Suddenly the fog, which had shrouded the scene so +closely, rolled away like a curtain, and in the full light of an October +morning the Englishmen found themselves face to face with a compact body +of more than three thousand men. The Marquis del Vasto rode at the head +of the forces surrounded by a band of mounted arquebus men. The cavalry, +under the famous Epirote chief George Crescia, Hannibal Gonzaga, +Bentivoglio, Sesa, Conti, and other distinguished commanders, followed; +the columns of pikemen and musketeers lined the, hedge-rows on both sides +the causeway; while between them the long train of waggons came slowly +along under their protection. The whole force had got in motion after +having sent notice of their arrival to Verdugo, who, with one or two +thousand men, was expected to sally forth almost immediately from the +city-gate. + +There was but brief time for deliberation. Notwithstanding the +tremendous odds there was no thought of retreat. Black Norris called to +Sir William Stanley, with whom he had been at variance so lately at +Doesburg. + +"There hath been ill-blood between us," he said. "Let us be friends +together this day, and die side by side, if need be, in her Majesty's +cause." + +"If you see me not serve my prince with faithful courage now," replied +Stanley, "account, me for ever a coward. Living or dying I will stand +err lie by you in friendship." + +As they were speaking these words the young Earl of Essex, general of the +horse, cried to his, handful of troopers: + +"Follow me, good fellows, for the honour of England and of England's +Queen!" + +As he spoke he dashed, lance in rest, upon the enemy's cavalry, +overthrew the foremost man, horse and rider, shivered his own spear to +splinters, and then, swinging his cartel-axe, rode merrily forward. His +whole little troop, compact, as an arrow-head, flew with an irresistible +shock against the opposing columns, pierced clean through them, and +scattered them in all directions. At the very first charge one hundred +English horsemen drove the Spanish and Albanian cavalry back upon the +musketeers and pikemen. Wheeling with rapidity, they retired before a +volley of musket-shot, by which many horses and a few riders were killed; +and then formed again to renew the attack. Sir Philip Sidney, an coming +to the field, having met Sir William Pelham, the veteran lord marshal, +lightly armed, had with chivalrous extravagance thrown off his own +cuishes, and now rode to the battle with no armour but his cuirass. +At the second charge his horse was shot under him, but, mounting another, +he was seen everywhere, in the thick of the fight, behaving himself with +a gallantry which extorted admiration even from the enemy. + +For the battle was a series of personal encounters in which high officers +were doing the work of private, soldiers. Lord North, who had been lying +"bed-rid" with a musket-shot in the leg, had got himself put on +horseback, and with "one boot on and one boot off," bore himself, "most +lustily" through the whole affair. "I desire that her Majesty may know;" +he said, "that I live but to, serve her. A better barony than I have +could not hire the Lord North to live, on meaner terms." Sir William +Russell laid about him with his curtel-axe to such purpose that the +Spaniards pronounced him a devil and not a man. "Wherever," said an eye- +witness, "he saw five or six of the enemy together; thither would he, +and with his hard knocks soon separated their friendship." Lord +Willoughby encountered George Crescia, general of the famed Albanian +cavalry, unhorsed him at the first shock, and rolled him into the ditch. +"I yield me thy prisoner," called out the Epirote in French, "for thou +art a 'preux chevalier;'" while Willoughby, trusting to his captive's +word, galloped onward, and with him the rest of the little troop, till +they seemed swallowed up by the superior numbers of the enemy. His horse +was shot under him, his basses were torn from his legs, and he was nearly +taken a prisoner, but fought his way back with incredible strength and +good fortune. Sir William Stanley's horse had seven bullets in him, but +bore his rider unhurt to the end of the battle. Leicester declared Sir +William and "old Reads" to be "worth their, weight in pearl." + +Hannibal Gonzaga, leader of the Spanish cavalry, fell mortally wounded +a The Marquis del Vasto, commander of the expedition, nearly met the same +fate. An Englishman was just cleaving his head with a battle-axe, when a +Spaniard transfixed the soldier with his pike. The most obstinate +struggle took place about the train of waggons. The teamsters had fled +in the beginning of the action, but the English and Spanish soldiers, +struggling with the horses, and pulling them forward and backward, tried +in vain to get exclusive possession of the convoy which was the cause of +the action. The carts at last forced their way slowly nearer and nearer +to the town, while the combat still went on, warm as ever, between the +hostile squadrons. The action, lasted an hour and a half, and again and +again the Spanish horsemen wavered and broke before the handful of +English, and fell back upon their musketeers. Sir Philip Sidney, in the +last charge, rode quite through the enemy's ranks till he came upon their +entrenchments, when a musket-ball from the camp struck him upon the +thigh, three inches above the knee. Although desperately wounded in a +part which should have been protected by the cuishes which he had thrown +aside, he was not inclined to leave the field; but his own horse had been +shot under him at the-beginning of the action, and the one upon which he +was now mounted became too restive for him, thus crippled, to control. +He turned reluctantly away, and rode a mile and a half back to the +entrenchments, suffering extreme pain, for his leg was dreadfully +shattered. As he past along the edge of the battle-field his attendants +brought him a bottle of water to quench his raging thirst. At, that +moment a wounded English soldier, "who had eaten his last at the same +feast," looked up wistfully, in his face, when Sidney instantly handed +him the flask, exclaiming, "Thy necessity is even greater than mine." +He then pledged his dying comrade in a draught, and was soon afterwards +met by his uncle. "Oh, Philip," cried Leicester, in despair, "I am truly +grieved to see thee in this plight." But Sidney comforted him with +manful words, and assured him that death was sweet in the cause of his +Queen and country. Sir William Russell, too, all blood-stained from the +fight, threw his arms around his friend, wept like a child, and kissing +his hand, exclaimed, "Oh! noble Sir Philip, never did man attain hurt so +honourably or serve so valiantly as you." Sir William Pelham declared +"that Sidney's noble courage in the face of our enemies had won him a +name of continuing honour." + +The wounded gentleman was borne back to the camp, and thence in a barge +to Arnheim. The fight was over. Sir John Norris bade Lord Leicester +"be merry, for," said he, "you have had the honourablest day. A handful +of men has driven the enemy three times to retreat. "But, in truth, it +was now time for the English to retire in their turn. Their reserve +never arrived. The whole force engaged against the thirty-five hundred +Spaniards had never exceeded two hundred and fifty horse and three +hundred foot, and of this number the chief work had beer done by the +fifty or sixty volunteers and their followers. The heroism which had +been displayed was fruitless, except as a proof--and so Leicester wrote +to the Palatine John Casimir--"that Spaniards were not invincible." Two +thousand men now sallied from the Loor Gate under Verdugo and Tassis, +to join the force under Vasto, and the English were forced to retreat. +The whole convoy was then carried into the city, and the Spaniards +remained masters of the field. + +Thirteen troopers and twenty-two foot soldiers; upon the English side, +were killed. The enemy lost perhaps two hundred men. They were thrice +turned from their position, and thrice routed, but they succeeded at last +in their attempt to carry their convoy into Zutphen. Upon that day, and +the succeeding ones, the town was completely victualled. Very little, +therefore, save honour, was gained by the display of English valour +against overwhelming numbers; five hundred against, near, four thousand. +Never in the whole course of the war had there been such fighting, for +the troops upon both sides were picked men and veterans. For a long time +afterwards it was the custom of Spaniards and Netherlanders, in +characterising a hardly-contested action, to call it as warm as the fight +at Zutphen. + +"I think I may call it," said Leicester, "the most notable encounter that +hath been in our age, and it will remain to our posterity famous." + +Nevertheless it is probable that the encounter would have been forgotten +by posterity but for the melancholy close upon that field to Sidney's +bright career. And perhaps the Queen of England had as much reason to +blush for the incompetency of her general and favourite as to be proud. +of the heroism displayed by her officers and soldiers. + +"There were too many indeed at this skirmish of the better sort," said +Leicester; "only a two hundred and fifty horse, and most of them the best +of this camp, and unawares to me. I was offended when I knew it, but +could not fetch them back; but since they all so well escaped (save my +dear nephew), I would not for ten thousand pounds but they had been +there, since they have all won that honour they have. Your Lordship +never heard of such desperate charges as they gave upon the enemies in +the face of their muskets." + +He described Sidney's wound as "very dangerous, the bone being broken in +pieces;" but said that the surgeons were in good hope. "I pray God to +save his life," said the Earl, "and I care not how lame he be." Sir +Philip was carried to Arnheim, where the best surgeons were immediately +in attendance upon him. He submitted to their examination and the pain +which they inflicted, with great cheerfulness, although himself persuaded +that his wound was mortal. For many days the result was doubtful, and +messages were sent day by day to England that he was convalescent-- +intelligence which was hailed by the Queen and people as a matter not of +private but of public rejoicing. He soon began to fail, however. Count +Hohenlo was badly wounded a few days later before the great fort of +Zutphen. A musket-ball entered his mouth; and passed through his cheek, +carrying off a jewel which hung in his ear. Notwithstanding his own +critical condition, however, Hohenlo sent his surgeon, Adrian van den +Spiegel, a man of great skill, to wait upon Sir Philip, but Adrian soon +felt that the case was hopeless. Meantime fever and gangrene attacked +the Count himself; and those in attendance upon him, fearing for his +life, sent for his surgeon. Leicester refused to allow Adrian to depart, +and Hohenlo very generously acquiescing in the decree, but, also +requiring the surgeon's personal care, caused himself to be transported +in a litter to Arnheim. + +Sidney was first to recognise the symptoms of mortification, which made a +fatal result inevitable. His demeanour during his sickness and upon his +death-bed was as beautiful as his life. He discoursed with his friends +concerning the immortality of the soul, comparing the doctrines of Plato +and of other ancient philosophers, whose writings were so familiar to +him, with the revelations of Scripture and with the dictates of natural +religion. He made his will with minute and elaborate provisions, leaving +bequests, remembrances, and rings, to all his friends. Then he indulged +himself with music, and listened particularly to a strange song which he +had himself composed during his illness, and which he had entitled 'La +Cuisse rompue.' He took leave of the friends around him with perfect +calmness; saying to his brother Robert, "Love my memory. Cherish my +friends. Above all, govern your will and affections by the will and word +of your Creator; in me beholding the end of this world with all her +vanities." + +And thus this gentle and heroic spirit took its flight. + +Parma, after thoroughly victualling Zutphen, turned his attention to the +German levies which Leicester was expecting under the care of Count +Meurs. "If the enemy is reinforced by these six thousand fresh troops," +said Alexander; "it will make him master of the field." And well he +might hold this opinion, for, in the meagre state of both the Spanish and +the liberating armies, the addition of three thousand fresh reiters and +as many infantry would be enough to turn the scale. The Duke of Parma-- +for, since the recent death of his father, Farnese had succeeded to his +title--determined in person to seek the German troops, and to destroy +them if possible. But they never gave him the chance. Their muster- +place was Bremen, but when they heard that the terrible 'Holofernese' was +in pursuit of them, and that the commencement of their service would be a +pitched battle with his Spaniards and Italians, they broke up and +scattered about the country. Soon afterwards the Duke tried another +method of effectually dispersing them, in case they still retained a wish +to fulfil their engagement with Leicester. He sent a messenger to treat +with them, and in consequence two of their rittmeisters; paid him a +visit. He offered to give them higher pay, and "ready money in place of +tricks and promises." The mercenary heroes listened very favourably to +his proposals, although they had already received--besides the tricks and +promises--at least one hundred thousand florins out of the States' +treasury. + +After proceeding thus far in the negotiation, however, Parma concluded, +as the season was so far advanced, that it was sufficient to have +dispersed them, and to have deprived the English and patriots of their +services. So he gave the two majors a gold chain a-piece, and they went +their way thoroughly satisfied. "I have got them away from the enemy for +this year," said Alexander; "and this I hold to be one of the best +services that has been rendered for many a long day to your Majesty." + +During the period which intervened between the action at Warnsfeld and +the death of Sidney, the siege-operations before Zutphen had been +continued. The city, strongly garrisoned and well supplied with +provisions, as it had been by Parma's care, remained impregnable; but the +sconces beyond the river and upon the island fell into Leicester's hands. +The great fortress which commanded the Veluwe, and which was strong +enough to have resisted Count Hohenlo on a former, occasion for nearly a +whole year, was the scene of much hard fighting. It was gained at last +by the signal valour of Edward Stanley, lieutenant to Sir William. That +officer, at the commencement of an assault upon a not very practicable +breach, sprang at the long pike of a Spanish soldier, who was endeavoring +to thrust him from the wall, and seized it with both hands. The Spaniard +struggled to maintain his hold of the weapon, Stanley to wrest it from +his grasp. A dozen other soldiers broke their pikes upon his cuirass or +shot at him with their muskets. Conspicuous by his dress, being all in +yellow but his corslet, he was in full sight of Leicester and of fire +thousand men. The earth was so shifty and sandy that the soldiers who +were to follow him were not able to climb the wall. Still Stanley +grasped his adversary's pike, but, suddenly changing his plan, he allowed +the Spaniard to lift him from the ground. Then, assisting himself with +his feet against the wall, he, much to the astonishment of the +spectators, scrambled quite over the parapet, and dashed sword in hand +among the defenders of the fort. Had he been endowed with a hundred +lives it seemed impossible for him to escape death. But his followers, +stimulated by his example, made ladders for themselves of each others' +shoulders, clambered at last with great exertion over the broken wall, +overpowered the garrison, and made themselves masters of the sconce. +Leicester, transported with enthusiasm for this noble deed of daring, +knighted Edward Stanley upon the spot, besides presenting him next day +with forty pounds in gold and an annuity of one hundred marks, sterling +for life. "Since I was born, I did never see any man behave himself as +he did," said the Earl. "I shall never forget it, if I live a thousand +year, and he shall have a part of my living for it as long as I live." + +The occupation of these forts terminated the military operations of the +year, for the rainy season, precursor of the winter, had now set in. +Leicester, leaving Sir William Stanley, with twelve hundred English and +Irish horse, in command of Deventer; Sir John Burrowes, with one thousand +men, in Doesburg; and Sir Robert Yorke, with one thousand more, in the +great sconce before Zutphen; took his departure for the Hague. Zutphen +seemed so surrounded as to authorize the governor to expect ere long its +capitulation. Nevertheless, the results of the campaign had not been +encouraging. The States had lost ground, having been driven from the +Meuse and Rhine, while they had with difficulty maintained themselves on +the Flemish coast and upon the Yssel. + +It is now necessary to glance at the internal politics of the Republic +during the period of Leicester's administration and to explain the +position in which he found himself at the close of the year. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +And thus this gentle and heroic spirit took its flight +Five great rivers hold the Netherland territory in their coils +High officers were doing the work of private, soldiers +I did never see any man behave himself as he did +There is no man fitter for that purpose than myself + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1586 *** + +********** This file should be named 4848.txt or 4848.zip *********** + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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