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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1582-84
+#34 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
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+Title: The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1582-84
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4834]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on March 26, 2002]
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+Edition: 10
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1582-84 ***
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 34
+
+THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1582-1584
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+1855
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+     Parma recals the foreign troops--Siege of Oudenarde--Coolness of
+     Alexander--Capture of the city and of Nineve--Inauguration of Anjou
+     at Ghent--Attempt upon his life and that of Orange--Lamoral Egmont's
+     implication in the plot--Parma's unsuccessful attack upon Ghent--
+     Secret plans of Anjou--Dunkirk, Ostend, and other towns surprised by
+     his adherents--Failure at Bruges--Suspicions at Antwerp--Duplicity
+     of Anjou--The "French Fury"--Details of that transaction--
+     Discomfiture and disgrace of the Duke--His subsequent effrontery--
+     His letters to the magistracy of Antwerp, to, the Estates, and to
+     Orange--Extensive correspondence between Anjou and the, French Court
+     with Orange and the Estates--Difficult position of the Prince--His
+     policy--Remarkable letter to the States-general--Provisional
+     arrangement with Anjou--Marriage of the Archbishop of Cologne--
+     Marriage of Orange with Louisa de Coligny--Movements in Holland,
+     Brabant, Flanders, and other provinces, to induce the Prince to
+     accept sovereignty over the whole country--His steady refusal--
+     Treason of Van den Berg in Gueldres--Intrigues of Prince Chimay and
+     Imbize in Flanders--Counter efforts of Orange and the patriot party
+     --Fate of Imbize--Reconciliation of Bruges--Death of Anjou
+
+During the course of the year 1582, the military operations on both sides
+had been languid and desultory, the Prince of Parma, not having a large
+force at his command, being comparatively inactive.  In consequence,
+however, of the treaty concluded between the United states and Anjou,
+Parma had persuaded the Walloon provinces that it had now become
+absolutely necessary for them to permit the entrance of fresh Italian and
+Spanish troops.  This, then, was the end of the famous provision against
+foreign soldiery in the Walloon treaty of reconciliation.  The Abbot of
+Saint Vaast was immediately despatched on a special mission to Spain, and
+the troops, by midsummer, had already begun to pour, into the
+Netherlands.
+
+In the meantime, Farnese, while awaiting these reinforcements, had not
+been idle, but had been quietly picking up several important cities.
+Early in the spring he had laid siege to Oudenarde, a place of
+considerable importance upon the Scheld, and celebrated as the birthplace
+of his grandmother, Margaret van Geest.  The burghers were obstinate; the
+defence was protracted; the sorties were bold; the skirmishes frequent
+and sanguinary: Alexander commanded personally in the trenches,
+encouraging his men by his example, and often working with the mattock,
+or handling a spear in the assault, Like a private pioneer or soldier.
+Towards the end of the siege, he scarcely ever left the scene of
+operation, and he took his meals near the outer defences, that he might
+lose no opportunity of superintending the labors of his troops.  One day
+his dinner was laid for himself and staff in the open air, close to the
+entrenchment.  He was himself engaged in planting a battery against a
+weak point in the city wall, and would on no account withdraw for all
+instant.  The tablecloth was stretched over a number of drum-heads,
+placed close together, and several, nobles of distinction--Aremberg,
+Montigny, Richebourg, La Motte, and others, were his guests at dinner.
+Hardly had the repast commenced, when a ball came flying over the table,
+taking off the head of a, young Walloon officer who was sitting near
+Parma, and, who was earnestly requesting a foremost place in the.
+morrow's assault.  A portion of his skull struck out the eye of another
+gentleman present.  A second ball from the town fortifications, equally
+well directed, destroyed two more of the guests as they sat at the
+banquet--one a German captain, the other the Judge-Advocate-General.
+The blood and brains of these unfortunate individuals were strewn over
+the festive board, and the others all started to their feet, having
+little appetite left for their dinner.  Alexander alone remained in his
+seat, manifesting no discomposure.  Quietly ordering the attendants to
+remove the dead bodies, and to bring a clean tablecloth, he insisted
+that his guests should resume their places at the banquet which had been
+interrupted in such ghastly fashion.  He stated with very determined
+aspect that he could not allow the heretic burghers of Oudenarde the
+triumph of frightening him from his dinner, or from the post of danger.
+The other gentlemen could, of course, do no less than imitate the
+impassibility of their chief, and the repast was accordingly concluded
+without further interruption.  Not long afterwards, the city, close
+pressed by so determined a commander, accepted terms, which were more
+favorable by reason of the respect which Alexander chose to render to his
+mother's birthplace.  The pillage was commuted for thirty thousand,
+crowns, and on the 5th of July the place was surrendered to Parma almost
+under the very eyes of Anjou, who was making a demonstration of relieving
+the siege.
+
+Ninove, a citadel then belonging to the Egmont family, was next reduced.
+Here, too, the defence was more obstinate than could have been expected
+from the importance of the place, and as the autumn advanced, Parma's
+troops were nearly starved in their trenches, from the insufficient
+supplies furnished them.  They had eaten no meat but horseflesh for
+weeks, and even that was gone.  The cavalry horses were all consumed, and
+even the chargers of the officers were not respected.  An aid-de-camp of
+Parma fastened his steed one day at the door of the Prince's tent, while
+he entered to receive his commander's instructions.  When he came out
+again, a few minutes afterwards, he found nothing but the saddle and
+bridle hanging where he had fastened the horse.  Remonstrance was
+useless, for the animal had already been cut into quarters, and the only
+satisfaction offered to the aid-de-camp was in the shape of a steak.  The
+famine was long familiarly known as the "Ninove starvation," but
+notwithstanding this obstacle, the place was eventually surrendered.
+
+An attempt upon Lochum, an important city, in Gelderland, was
+unsuccessful, the place being relieved by the Duke of Anjou's forces, and
+Parma's troops forced to abandon the siege.  At Steenwyk, the royal arms
+were more successful, Colonel Tassis, conducted by a treacherous Frisian
+peasant, having surprised the city which had so, long and so manfully
+sustained itself against Renneberg during the preceding winter.  With
+this event the active operations under Parma closed for the year.  By the
+end of the autumn, however, he had the satisfaction of numbering, under
+his command, full sixty thousand well-appointed and disciplined troops,
+including the large reinforcements recently despatched: from Spain and
+Italy.  The monthly expense of this army-half of which was required for
+garrison duty, leaving only the other moiety for field Operations--was
+estimated at six hundred and fifty thousand florins.  The forces under
+Anjou and the united provinces were also largely increased, so that the
+marrow of the land was again in fair way of being thoroughly exhausted by
+its defenders and its foes.
+
+The incidents of Anjou's administration, meantime, during the year 1582,
+had been few and of no great importance.  After the pompous and elaborate
+"homage-making" at Antwerp, he had, in the month of July, been formally
+accepted, by writing, as Duke of Guelders and Lord of Friesland.  In the
+same month he had been ceremoniously, inaugurated at Bruges as Count of
+Flanders--an occasion upon which the Prince of Orange had been present.
+In that ancient and stately city there had been, accordingly, much
+marching about under triumphal arches, much cannonading and haranguing,
+much symbol work of suns dispelling fogs, with other cheerful emblems,
+much decoration of ducal shoulders with velvet robes lined with weasel
+skin, much blazing of tar-barrels and torches.  In the midst of this
+event, an attempt was made upon the lives both of Orange and Anjou.  An
+Italian, named Basa, and a Spaniard, called Salseda, were detected in a
+scheme to administer poison to both princes, and when arrested, confessed
+that they had been hired by the Prince of Parma to compass this double
+assassination.  Basa destroyed himself in prison.  His body was, however,
+gibbeted, with an inscription that he had attempted, at the instigation
+of Parma, to take the lives of Orange and Anjou.  Salseda, less
+fortunate, was sent to Paris, where he was found guilty, and executed.
+by being torn to pieces by four horses.  Sad to relate, Lamoral Egmont,
+younger son and namesake of the great general, was intimate with Salseda,
+and implicated in this base design.  His mother, on her death-bed, had
+especially recommended the youth to the kindly care of Orange.  The
+Prince had ever recognized the claim, manifesting uniform tenderness for
+the son of his ill-started friend; and now the youthful Lamoral--as if
+the name of Egmont had not been sufficiently contaminated by the elder
+brother's treason at Brussels--had become the comrade of hired
+conspirators against his guardian's life.  The affair was hushed up,
+but the story was current and generally believed that Egmont had himself
+undertaken to destroy the Prince at his own table by means of poison
+which he kept concealed in a ring.  Saint Aldegonde was to have been
+taken off in the same way, and a hollow ring filled with poison was said
+to have been found in Egmont's lodgings.
+
+The young noble was imprisoned; his guilt was far from doubtful; but the
+powerful intercessions of Orange himself, combined with Egmont's near
+relationship to the French Queen saved his life, and he was permitted,
+after a brief captivity, to take his departure for France.
+
+The Duke of Anjou, a month later, was received with equal pomp, in the
+city of Ghent.  Here the ceremonies were interrupted in another manner.
+The Prince of Parma, at the head of a few regiments of Walloons, making
+an attack on a body of troops by which Anjou had been escorted into
+Flanders, the troops retreated in good order, and without much loss,
+under the walls of Ghent, where a long and sharp action took place, much
+to the disadvantage of Parma, The Prince, of Orange and the Duke; of
+Anjou were on the city walls during the whole skirmish giving orders and
+superintending the movements of their troops, and at nightfall Parma was
+forced, to retire, leaving a large number of dead behind him.
+
+The 15th day of December, in this year was celebrated according to the
+new ordinance of Gregory the Thirteenth--as Christmas.  It was the
+occasion of more than usual merry-making among the Catholics of Antwerp,
+who had procured, during the preceding summer, a renewed right of public
+worship from Anjou and the estates.  Many nobles of high rank came from
+France, to pay their homage to the new Duke of Brabant.  They secretly
+expressed their disgust, however, at the close constitutional bonds in
+which they found their own future sovereign imprisoned by the provinces.
+They thought it far beneath the dignity of the "Son of France" to play
+the secondary part of titular Duke of Brabant, Count of Flanders, Lord of
+Friesland, and the like, while the whole power of government was lodged
+with the states.  They whispered that it was time to take measures for
+the incorporation of the Netherlands into France, and they persuaded the
+false and fickle Anjou that there would never be any hope of his royal
+brother's assistance, except upon the understanding that the blood and
+treasure of Frenchmen were to be spent to increase the power, not of
+upstart and independent provinces, but of the French crown.
+
+They struck the basest chords of the Duke's base nature by awakening his
+jealousy of Orange.  His whole soul vibrated to the appeal.  He already
+hated the man by whose superior intellect he was overawed, and by whose
+pure character he was shamed.  He stoutly but secretly swore that he
+would assert his own rights; and that he would no longer serve as a
+shadow, a statue, a zero, a Matthias.  It is needless to add, that
+neither in his own judgment nor in that of his mignons, were the
+constitutional articles which he had recently sworn to support, or the
+solemn treaty which he had signed and sealed at Bordeaux, to furnish any
+obstacles to his seizure of unlimited power, whenever the design could be
+cleverly accomplished.  He rested not, day or night, in the elaboration
+of his plan.
+
+Early in January, 1583, he sent one night for several of his intimate
+associates, to consult with him after he had retired to bed.  He
+complained of the insolence of the states, of the importunity of the
+council which they had forced upon him, of the insufficient sums which
+they furnished both for him and his troops, of the daily insults offered
+to the Catholic religion.  He protested that he should consider himself
+disgraced in the eyes of all Christendom, should he longer consent to
+occupy his present ignoble position.  But two ways were open to him, he
+observed; either to retire altogether from the Nether lands, or to
+maintain his authority with the strong hand, as became a prince.  The
+first course would cover him with disgrace.  It was therefore necessary
+for him to adopt the other. He then unfolded his plan to his confidential
+friends, La Fougere, De Fazy, Palette, the sons of Marechal Biron, and
+others.  Upon the same day, if possible, he was determined to take
+possession, with his own troops, of the principal cities in Flanders.
+Dunkirk, Dixmuyde, Denremonde, Bruges, Ghent, Vilvoorde, Alost, and other
+important places, were to be simultaneously invaded, under pretext of
+quieting tumults artfully created and encouraged between the burghers and
+the garrisons, while Antwerp was reserved for his own especial
+enterprise.  That important capital he would carry by surprise at the
+same moment in which the other cities were to be secured by his
+lieutenants.
+
+The plot was pronounced an excellent one by the friends around his bed--
+all of them eager for Catholic supremacy, for the establishment of the
+right divine on the part of France to the Netherlands, and for their
+share in the sacking of so many wealthy cities at once.  These worthless
+mignons applauded their weak master to the echo; whereupon the Duke
+leaped from his bed, and kneeling on the floor in his night-gown, raised
+his eyes and his clasped hands to heaven, and piously invoked the
+blessing of the Almighty upon the project which he had thus announced.
+He added the solemn assurance that; if favored with success in his
+undertaking, he would abstain in future from all unchastity, and forego
+the irregular habits by which his youth had been stained.  Having thus
+bribed the Deity, and received the encouragement of his flatterers, the
+Duke got into bed again.  His next care was to remove the Seigneur du
+Plessis, whom he had observed to be often in colloquy with the Prince of
+Orange, his suspicious and guilty imagination finding nothing but
+mischief to himself in the conjunction of two such natures.  He therefore
+dismissed Du Plessis, under pretext of a special mission to his sister,
+Margaret of Navarre; but in reality, that he might rid himself of the
+presence of an intelligent and honorable countryman.
+
+On the a 15th January, 1583, the day fixed for the execution of the plot,
+the French commandant of Dunkirk, Captain Chamois, skillfully took
+advantage of a slight quarrel between the citizens and the garrison,
+to secure that important frontier town.  The same means were employed
+simultaneously, with similar results, at Ostend, Dixmuyde, Denremonde,
+Alost, and Vilvoorde, but there was a fatal delay at one important city.
+La Fougere, who had been with Chamois at Dunkirk, was arrested on his way
+to Bruges by some patriotic citizens who had got wind of what had just
+been occurring in the other cities, so that when Palette, the provost of
+Anjou, and Colonel la Rebours, at the head of fifteen hundred French
+troops, appeared before the gates, entrance was flatly refused.  De
+Grijse, burgomaster of Bruges, encouraged his fellow townsmen by words
+and stout action, to resist the nefarious project then on foot against
+religious liberty and free government, in favor of a new foreign tyranny.
+He spoke to men who could sympathize with, and second his courageous
+resolution, and the delay of twenty-four hours, during which the burghers
+had time to take the alarm, saved the city.  The whole population was on
+the alert, and the baffled Frenchmen were forced to retire from the
+gates, to avoid being torn to pieces by the citizens whom they had
+intended to surprise.
+
+At Antwerp, meanwhile, the Duke of Anjou had been rapidly maturing his
+plan, under pretext of a contemplated enterprise against the city of
+Endhoven, having concentrated what he esteemed a sufficient number of
+French troops at Borgerhout, a village close to the walls of Antwerp.
+
+On the 16th of January, suspicion was aroused in the city.  A man in a
+mask entered the main guard-house in the night, mysteriously gave warning
+that a great crime was in contemplation, and vanished before he could be
+arrested.  His accent proved him to be a Frenchman.  Strange rumors flew
+about the streets.  A vague uneasiness pervaded the whole population as
+to the intention of their new master, but nothing was definitely known,
+for of course there was entire ignorance of the events which were just
+occurring in other cities.  The colonels and captains of the burgher
+guard came to consult the Prince of Orange.  He avowed the most entire
+confidence in the Duke of Anjou, but, at the same time; recommended that
+the chains should be drawn, the lanterns hung out, and the drawbridge
+raised an hour earlier than usual, and that other precautions; customary
+in the expectation of an attack, should be duly taken.  He likewise sent
+the Burgomaster of the interior, Dr. Alostanus, to the Duke of Anjou, in
+order to communicate the suspicions created in the minds of the city
+authorities by the recent movements of troops.
+
+Anjou, thus addressed, protested in the most solemn manner that nothing
+was farther from his thoughts than any secret enterprise against Antwerp.
+He was willing, according to the figure of speech which he had always
+ready upon every emergency, "to shed every drop of his blood in her
+defence."  He swore that he would signally punish all those who had dared
+to invent such calumnies against himself and his faithful Frenchmen,
+declaring earnestly, at the same time, that the troops had only been
+assembled in the regular course of their duty.  As the Duke was so loud
+and so fervent; as he, moreover, made no objections to the precautionary
+measures which had been taken; as the burgomaster thought, moreover, that
+the public attention thus aroused would render all evil designs futile,
+even if any had been entertained; it was thought that the city might
+sleep in security for that night at least.
+
+On the following, morning, as vague suspicions were still entertained by
+many influential persons, a deputation of magistrates and militia
+officers waited upon the Duke, the Prince of Orange--although himself
+still feeling a confidence which seems now almost inexplicable--
+consenting to accompany them.  The Duke was more vehement than ever in
+his protestations of loyalty to his recent oaths, as well as of deep
+affection for the Netherlands--for Brabant in particular, and for Antwerp
+most of all, and he made use of all his vivacity to persuade the Prince,
+the burgomasters, and the colonels, that they had deeply wronged him by
+such unjust suspicions.  His assertions were accepted as sincere, and the
+deputation withdrew, Anjou having first solemnly promised--at the
+suggestion of Orange--not to leave the city during the whole day, in
+order that unnecessary suspicion might be prevented.
+
+This pledge the Duke proceeded to violate almost as soon as made.
+Orange returned with confidence to his own house, which was close to the
+citadel, and therefore far removed from the proposed point of attack, but
+he had hardly arrived there when he received a visit from the Duke's
+private secretary, Quinsay, who invited him to accompany his Highness on
+a visit to the camp.  Orange declined the request, and sent an earnest
+prayer to the Duke not to leave the city that morning.  The Duke dined as
+usual at noon.  While at dinner he received a letter; was observed to
+turn pale on reading it, and to conceal it hastily in a muff which he
+wore on his left arm.  The repast finished, the Duke ordered his horse.
+The animal was restive, and so, strenuously resisted being mounted that,
+although it was his usual charger; it was exchanged for another.  This
+second horse started in such a flurry that the Duke lost his cloak, and
+almost his seat.  He maintained his self-possession, however, and placing
+himself at the head of his bodyguard and some troopers, numbering in all
+three hundred mounted men, rode out of the palace-yard towards the
+Kipdorp gate.
+
+This portal opened on the road towards Borgerhout, where his troops were
+stationed, and at the present day bears the name of that village: It is
+on the side of the city farthest removed from and exactly opposite the
+river.  The town was very quiet, the streets almost deserted; for it was
+one o'clock, the universal dinner-hour, and all suspicion had been
+disarmed by the energetic protestations of the Duke.  The guard at the
+gate looked listlessly upon the cavalcade as it approached, but as soon
+as Anjou had crossed the first drawbridge, he rose in his stirrups and
+waved his hand.  "There is your city, my lads," said he to the troopers
+behind him; "go and take possession of it!"
+
+At the same time he set spurs to his horse, and galloped off towards the
+camp at Borgerhout.  Instantly afterwards; a gentleman of his suite,
+Count Bochepot, affected to have broken his leg through the plunging of
+his horse, a circumstance by which he had been violently pressed, against
+the wall as he entered the gate.  Kaiser, the commanding officer at the
+guard-house, stepped kindly forward to render him assistance, and his
+reward was a desperate thrust from the Frenchman's rapier.  As he wore a
+steel cuirass, he fortunately escaped with a slight wound.
+
+The expression, "broken leg," was the watch-word, for at one and the same
+instant, the troopers and guardsmen of Anjou set upon the burgher watch
+at the gate, and butchered every man.  A sufficient force was left to
+protect the entrance thus easily mastered, while the rest of the
+Frenchmen entered the town at full gallop, shrieking "Ville gaignee,
+ville gaignee!  vive la messe!  vive le Due d'Anjou!"  They were followed
+by their comrades from the camp outside, who now poured into the town at
+the preconcerted signal, at least six hundred cavalry and three thousand
+musketeers, all perfectly appointed, entering Antwerp at once.  From the
+Kipdorp gate two main arteries--the streets called the Kipdorp and the
+Meer--led quite through the heart of the city, towards the townhouse and
+the river beyond.  Along these great thoroughfares the French soldiers
+advanced at a rapid pace; the cavalry clattering furiously in the van,
+shouting "Ville gaignee, ville gaignee!  vive la messe, vive la messe!
+tue, tue, tue!"
+
+The burghers coming to door and window to look for the cause of all this
+disturbance, were saluted with volleys of musketry.  They were for a
+moment astonished, but not appalled, for at first they believed it to be
+merely an accidental tumult.  Observing, however, that the soldiers,
+meeting with but little effective resistance, were dispersing into
+dwellings and warehouses, particularly into the shops of the goldsmiths
+and lapidaries, the citizens remembered the dark suspicions which had
+been so rife, and many recalled to mind that distinguished French
+officers had during, the last few days been carefully examining the
+treasures of the jewellers, under pretext of purchasing, but, as it now
+appeared, with intent to rob intelligently.
+
+The burghers, taking this rapid view of their position, flew instantly to
+arms.  Chains and barricades were stretched across the streets; the
+trumpets sounded through the city; the municipal guards swarmed to the
+rescue.  An effective rally was made, as usual, at the Bourse, whither a
+large detachment of the invaders had forced their way.  Inhabitants of
+all classes and conditions, noble and simple, Catholic and Protestant,
+gave each other the hand, and swore to die at each other's side in
+defence of the city against the treacherous strangers.  The gathering was
+rapid and enthusiastic.  Gentlemen came with lance and cuirass, burghers
+with musket and bandoleer, artisans with axe, mallet, and other
+implements of their trade.  A bold baker, standing by his oven-stark
+naked, according to the custom of bakers at that day--rushed to the
+street as the sound of the tumult reached his ear.  With his heavy bread
+shovel, which he still held in his hand, he dealt a French cavalry,
+officer, just riding and screaming by, such a hearty blow that he fell
+dead from his horse.  The baker seized the officer's sword, sprang all
+unattired as he was, upon his steed, and careered furiously through the
+streets, encouraging his countrymen everywhere to the attack, and dealing
+dismay through the ranks of the enemy.  His services in that eventful
+hour were so signal that he was publicly thanked afterwards by the
+magistrates for his services, and rewarded with a pension of three
+hundred florins for life.
+
+The invaders had been forced from the Bourse, while another portion of
+them had penetrated as far as the Market-place.  The resistance which
+they encountered became every instant more formidable, and Fervacques,
+a leading French officer, who was captured on the occasion, acknowledged
+that no regular troops could have fought more bravely than did these
+stalwart burghers.  Women and children mounted to roof and window, whence
+they hurled, not only tiles and chimney pots, but tables, ponderous
+chairs, and other bulky articles, upon the heads of the assailants, while
+such citizens as had used all their bullets, loaded their pieces with the
+silver buttons from their doublets, or twisted gold and silver coins with
+their teeth into ammunition.  With a population so resolute, the four
+thousand invaders, however audacious, soon found themselves swallowed up.
+The city had closed over them like water, and within an hour nearly a
+third of their whole number had been slain.  Very few of the burghers had
+perished, and fresh numbers were constantly advancing to the attack.  The
+Frenchmen, blinded, staggering, beaten, attempted to retreat.  Many threw
+themselves from the fortifications into the moat.  The rest of the
+survivors struggled through the streets--falling in large numbers at
+every step-towards the point at which they had so lately entered the
+city.  Here at the Kipdorp gate was a ghastly spectacle, the slain being
+piled up in the narrow passage full ten feet high, while some of the
+heap, not quite dead, were striving to extricate a hand or foot, and
+others feebly thrust forth their heads to gain a mouthful of air.
+
+From the outside, some of Anjou's officers were attempting to climb over
+this mass of bodies in order to enter the city; from the interior, the
+baffled and fugitive remnant of their comrades were attempting to force
+their passage through the same horrible barrier; while many dropped at,
+every instant upon the heap of slain, under the blows of the unrelenting
+burghers.  On the other hand, Count Rochepot himself, to whom the
+principal command of the enterprise had been entrusted by Anjou, stood
+directly in the path of his fugitive soldiers, not only bitterly
+upbraiding them with their cowardice, but actually slaying ten or twelve
+of them with his own hands, as the most effectual mode of preventing
+their retreat.  Hardly an hour had elapsed from the time when the Duke of
+Anjou first rode out of the Kipdorp gate, before nearly the whole of the
+force which he had sent to accomplish his base design was either dead or
+captive.  Two hundred and fifty nobles of high rank and illustrious name
+were killed; recognized at once as they lay in the streets by their
+magnificent costume.  A larger number of the gallant chivalry of France
+had been sacrificed--as Anjou confessed--in this treacherous and most
+shameful enterprise, than had often fallen upon noble and honorable
+fields.  Nearly two thousand of the rank and file had perished, and the
+rest were prisoners.  It was at first asserted that exactly fifteen
+hundred and eighty-three Frenchmen had fallen, but this was only because
+this number happened to be the date of the year, to which the lovers of
+marvellous coincidences struggled very hard to make the returns of the
+dead correspond.  Less than one hundred burghers lost their lives.
+
+Anjou, as he looked on at a distance, was bitterly reproached for his
+treason by several of the high-minded gentlemen about his person, to whom
+he had not dared to confide his plot.  The Duke of Montpensier protested
+vehemently that he washed his hands of the whole transaction, whatever
+might be the issue.  He was responsible for the honor of an illustrious
+house, which should never be stained, he said, if he could prevent it,
+with such foul deeds.  The same language was held by Laval, by
+Rochefoucauld, and by the Marechal de Biron, the last gentleman, whose
+two sons were engaged in the vile enterprise, bitterly cursing the Duke
+to his face, as he rode through the gate after revealing his secret
+undertaking.
+
+Meanwhile, Anjou, in addition to the punishment of hearing these
+reproaches from men of honor, was the victim of a rapid and violent
+fluctuation of feeling.  Hope, fear, triumph, doubt, remorse, alternately
+swayed him.  As he saw the fugitives leaping from the walls, he shouted
+exultingly, without accurately discerning what manner of men they were,
+that the city was his, that four thousand of his brave soldiers were
+there, and were hurling the burghers from the battlements.  On being made
+afterwards aware of his error, he was proportionably depressed; and when
+it was obvious at last that the result of the enterprise was an absolute
+and disgraceful failure, together with a complete exposure of his
+treachery, he fairly mounted his horse, and fled conscience-stricken from
+the scene.
+
+The attack had been so unexpected, in consequence of the credence
+that had been rendered by Orange and the magistracy to the solemn
+protestations of the Duke, that it had been naturally out of any one's
+power to prevent the catastrophe.  The Prince was lodged in apart of the
+town remote from the original scene of action, and it does not appear
+that information had reached him that anything unusual was occurring,
+until the affair was approaching its termination.  Then there was little
+for him to do.  He hastened, however, to the scene, and mounting the
+ramparts, persuaded the citizens to cease cannonading the discomfited
+and retiring foe.  He felt the full gravity of the situation, and the
+necessity of diminishing the rancor of the inhabitants against their
+treacherous allies, if such a result were yet possible.  The burghers
+had done their duty, and it certainly would have been neither in his
+power nor his inclination to protect the French marauders from
+expulsion and castigation.
+
+Such was the termination of the French Fury, and it seems sufficiently
+strange that it should have been so much less disastrous to Antwerp than
+was the Spanish Fury of 1576, to which men could still scarcely allude
+without a shudder.  One would have thought the French more likely to
+prove successful in their enterprise than the Spaniards in theirs.  The
+Spaniards were enemies against whom the city had long been on its guard.
+The French were friends in whose sincerity a somewhat shaken confidence
+had just been restored.  When the Spanish attack was made, a large force
+of defenders was drawn up in battle array behind freshly strengthened
+fortifications.  When the French entered at leisure through a scarcely
+guarded gate, the whole population and garrison of the town were quietly
+eating their dinners.  The numbers of the invading forces on the two
+occasions did not materially differ; but at the time of the French Fury
+there was not a large force of regular troops under veteran generals to
+resist the attack.  Perhaps this was the main reason for the result,
+which seems at first almost inexplicable.  For protection against the
+Spanish invasion, the burghers relied on mercenaries, some of whom proved
+treacherous, while the rest became panic-struck.  On the present occasion
+the burghers relied on themselves.  Moreover, the French committed the
+great error of despising their enemy.  Recollecting the ease with which
+the Spaniards had ravished the city, they believed that they had nothing
+to do but to enter and take possession.  Instead of repressing their
+greediness, as the Spaniards had done, until they had overcome
+resistance, they dispersed almost immediately into by-streets, and
+entered warehouses to search for plunder.  They seemed actuated by a fear
+that they should not have time to rifle the city before additional troops
+should be sent by Anjou to share in the spoil.  They were less used to
+the sacking of Netherland cities than were the Spaniards, whom long
+practice had made perfect in the art of methodically butchering a
+population at first, before attention should be diverted to plundering,
+and supplementary outrages.  At any rate, whatever the causes, it is
+certain that the panic, which upon such occasions generally decides the
+fate of the day, seized upon the invaders and not upon the invaded,
+almost from the very first.  As soon as the marauders faltered in their
+purpose and wished to retreat, it was all over with them.  Returning was
+worse than advance, and it was the almost inevitable result that hardly
+a man escaped death or capture.
+
+The Duke retreated the same day in the direction of Denremonde, and on
+his way met with another misfortune, by which an additional number of his
+troops lost their lives.  A dyke was cut by the Mechlin citizens to
+impede his march, and the swollen waters of the Dill, liberated and
+flowing across the country which he was to traverse, produced such an
+inundation, that at least a thousand of his followers were drowned.
+
+As soon as he had established himself in a camp near Berghem, he opened
+a correspondence with the Prince of Orange, and with the authorities of
+Antwerp.  His language was marked by wonderful effrontery.  He found
+himself and soldiers suffering for want of food; he remembered that he
+had left much plate and valuable furniture in Antwerp; and he was
+therefore desirous that the citizens, whom he had so basely outraged,
+should at once send him supplies and restore his property.  He also
+reclaimed the prisoners who still remained in the city, and to obtain all
+this he applied to the man whom he had bitterly deceived, and whose life
+would have been sacrificed by the Duke, had the enterprise succeeded.
+
+It had been his intention to sack the city, to re-establish exclusively
+the Roman Catholic worship, to trample upon the constitution which he had
+so recently sworn to maintain, to deprive Orange, by force, of the
+Renversal by which the Duke recognized the Prince as sovereign of
+Holland; Zealand; and Utrecht, yet notwithstanding that his treason had-
+been enacted in broad daylight, and in a most deliberate manner, he had
+the audacity to ascribe the recent tragic occurrences to chance.  He had
+the farther originality to speak of himself as an aggrieved person, who
+had rendered great services to the Netherlands, and who had only met with
+ingratitude in return.  His envoys, Messieurs Landmater and Escolieres,
+despatched on the very day of the French Fury to the burgomasters and
+senate of Antwerp, were instructed to remind those magistrates that the
+Duke had repeatedly exposed his life in the cause of the Netherlands.
+The affronts, they were to add, which he had received, and the
+approaching ruin of the country, which he foresaw, had so altered his
+excellent nature, as to engender the present calamity, which he
+infinitely regretted.  Nevertheless, the senate was to be assured that
+his affection for the commonwealth was still so strong, as to induce a
+desire on his part to be informed what course was now to be pursued with,
+regard to him.  Information upon that important point was therefore to be
+requested, while at the same time the liberation of the prisoners at
+Antwerp, and the restaration of the Duke's furniture and papers, were to
+be urgently demanded.
+
+Letters of similar, import were also despatched by the Duke to the states
+of the Union, while to the Prince of Orange; his application was brief
+but brazen.  "You know well,--my cousin," said he "the just and frequent
+causes of offence which this people has given me.  The insults which I,
+this morning experienced cut me so deeply to the heart that they are the
+only reasons of the misfortune which has happened today.  Nevertheless,
+to those who desire my friendship I shall show equal friendship and
+affection.  Herein I shall follow the counsel you have uniformly given
+me, since I know it comes from one who has always loved me.  Therefore I
+beg that you will kindly bring it to pass, that I may obtain some
+decision, and that no injury may be inflicted upon my people.  Otherwise
+the land shall pay for it dearly."
+
+To these appeals, neither the Prince nor the authorities of Antwerp
+answered immediately in their own names.  A general consultation was,
+however, immediately held with the estates-general, and an answer
+forthwith despatched to the Duke by the hands of his envoys.  It was
+agreed to liberate the prisoners, to restore the furniture, and to send
+a special deputation for the purpose of making further arrangements with
+the Duke by word of mouth, and for this deputation his Highness was
+requested to furnish a safe conduct.
+
+Anjou was overjoyed when he received this amicable communication.
+Relieved for a time from his fears as to the result of his crime, he
+already assumed a higher ground.  He not only spoke to the states in a
+paternal tone, which was sufficiently ludicrous, but he had actually the
+coolness to assure them of his forgiveness.  "He felt hurt," he said,
+"that they should deem a safe conduct necessary for the deputation which
+they proposed to send.  If they thought that he had reason on account of
+the past, to feel offended, he begged them to believe that he had
+forgotten it all, and that he had buried the past in its ashes, even as
+if it had never been."  He furthermore begged them--and this seemed the
+greatest insult of all--"in future to trust to his word, and to believe
+that if any thing should be attempted to their disadvantage, he would be
+the very first to offer himself for their protection."
+
+It will be observed that in his first letters the Duke had not affected
+to deny his agency in the outrage--an agency so flagrant that all
+subterfuge seemed superfluous.  He in fact avowed that the attempt had
+been made by his command, but sought to palliate the crime on the ground
+that it had been the result of the ill-treatment which he had experienced
+from the states.  "The affronts which I have received," said he, both to
+the magistrates of Antwerp and to Orange, "have engendered the present
+calamity."  So also, in a letter written at the same time to his brother,
+Henry the Third, he observed that "the indignities which were put upon
+him, and the manifest intention of the states to make a Matthias of him,
+had been the cause of the catastrophe."
+
+He now, however, ventured a step farther.  Presuming upon the indulgence
+which he had already experienced; and bravely assuming the tone of
+injured innocence, he ascribed the enterprise partly to accident, and
+partly to the insubordination of his troops.  This was the ground which
+he adopted in his interviews with the states' commissioners.  So also,
+in a letter addressed to Van der Tympel, commandant of Brussels, in which
+he begged for supplies for his troops, he described the recent invasion
+of Antwerp as entirely unexpected by himself, and beyond his control.
+He had been intending, he said, to leave the city and to join his army.
+A tumult had accidentally arisen between his soldiers and the guard at
+the gate.  Other troops rushing in from without, had joined in the
+affray, so that to, his great sorrow, an extensive disorder had arisen.
+He manifested the same Christian inclination to forgive, however, which
+he had before exhibited.  He observed that "good men would never grow
+cold in his regard, or find his affection diminished."  He assured Van
+der Tympel, in particular, of his ancient goodwill, as he knew him to be
+a lover of the common weal.
+
+In his original communications he had been both cringing and threatening
+but, at least, he had not denied truths which were plain as daylight.
+His new position considerably damaged his cause.  This forgiving spirit
+on the part of the malefactor was a little more than the states could
+bear, disposed as they felt, from policy, to be indulgent, and to smooth
+over the crime as gently as possible.  The negotiations were interrupted,
+and the authorities of Antwerp published a brief and spirited defence of
+their own conduct.  They denied that any affront or want of respect on
+their part could have provoked the outrage of which the Duke had been
+guilty.  They severely handled his self-contradiction, in ascribing
+originally the recent attempt to his just vengeance for past injuries,
+and in afterwards imputing it to accident or sudden mutiny, while they
+cited the simultaneous attempts at Bruges, Denremonde, Alost, Digmuyde,
+Newport, Ostend, Vilvoorde, and Dunkirk, as a series of damning proofs of
+a deliberate design.
+
+The publication of such plain facts did not advance the negotiations when
+resumed.  High and harsh words were interchanged between his Highness and
+the commissioners, Anjou complaining, as usual, of affronts and
+indignities, but when pushed home for particulars, taking refuge in
+equivocation.  "He did not wish," he said, "to re-open wounds which had
+been partially healed."  He also affected benignity, and wishing to
+forgive and to forget, he offered some articles as the basis of a fresh
+agreement.  Of these it is sufficient to state that they were entirely
+different from the terms of the Bordeaux treaty, and that they were
+rejected as quite inadmissible.
+
+He wrote again to the Prince of Orange, invoking his influence to bring
+about an arrangement.  The Prince, justly indignant at the recent
+treachery and the present insolence of the man whom he had so profoundly
+trusted, but feeling certain that the welfare of the country depended at
+present upon avoiding, if possible, a political catastrophe, answered the
+Duke in plain, firm, mournful, and appropriate language.  He had ever
+manifested to his Highness, he said, the most uniform and sincere
+friendship.  He had, therefore, the right to tell him that affairs were
+now so changed that his greatness and glory had departed.  Those men in
+the Netherlands, who, but yesterday, had been willing to die at the feet
+of his Highness, were now so exasperated that they avowedly preferred an
+open enemy to a treacherous protector.  He had hoped, he said, that after
+what had happened in so many cities at the same moment, his Highness
+would have been pleased to give the deputies a different and a more
+becoming answer.  He had hoped for some response which might lead to an
+arrangement.  He, however, stated frankly, that the articles transmitted
+by his Highness were so unreasonable that no man in the land would dare
+open his mouth to recommend them.  His Highness, by this proceeding, had
+much deepened the distrust.  He warned the Duke accordingly, that he was
+not taking the right course to reinstate himself in a position of honor
+and glory, and he begged him, therefore, to adopt more appropriate means.
+Such a step was now demanded of him, not only by the country, but by all
+Christendom.
+
+This moderate but heartfelt appeal to the better nature of the Duke, if
+he had a better nature, met with no immediate response.
+
+While matters were in this condition, a special envoy arrived out of
+France, despatched by the King and Queen-mother, on the first reception
+of the recent intelligence from Antwerp.  M. de Mirambeau, the
+ambassador, whose son had been killed in the Fury, brought letters of
+credence to the states of the; Union and to the Prince of Orange.  He
+delivered also a short confidential note, written in her own hand, from
+Catherine de Medici to the Prince, to the following effect:
+
+"My COUSIN,--The King, my son, and myself, send you Monsieur de
+Mirambeau, to prove to you that we do not believe--for we esteem you an
+honorable man--that you would manifest ingratitude to my son, and to
+those who have followed him for the welfare of your country.  We feel
+that you have too much affection for one who has the support of so
+powerful a prince as the King of France, as to play him so base a trick.
+Until I learn the truth, I shall not renounce the good hope which I have
+always indulged--that you would never have invited my son to your
+country, without intending to serve him faithfully.  As long as you do
+this, you may ever reckon on the support of all who belong to him.
+
+                              "Your good Cousin,
+
+                                             "CATHERINE."
+
+It would have been very difficult to extract much information or much
+comfort from this wily epistle.  The menace was sufficiently plain, the
+promise disagreeably vague.  Moreover, a letter from the same Catherine
+de Medici, had been recently found in a casket at the Duke's lodgings in
+Antwerp.  In that communication, she had distinctly advised her son to
+re-establish the Roman Catholic religion, assuring him that by so doing,
+he would be enabled to marry the Infanta of Spain.  Nevertheless, the
+Prince, convinced that it was his duty to bridge over the deep and fatal
+chasm which had opened between the French Prince and the provinces,
+if an honorable reconciliation were possible, did not attach an undue
+importance either to the stimulating or to the upbraiding portion of the
+communication from Catherine.  He was most anxious to avert the chaos
+which he saw returning.  He knew that while the tempers of Rudolph,
+of the English Queen, and of the Protestant princes of Germany, and the
+internal condition of the Netherlands remained the same, it were madness
+to provoke the government of France, and thus gain an additional enemy,
+while losing their only friend.  He did not renounce the hope of forming
+all the Netherlands--excepting of course the Walloon provinces already
+reconciled to Philip--into one independent commonwealth, freed for ever
+from Spanish tyranny.  A dynasty from a foreign house he was willing to
+accept, but only on condition that the new royal line should become
+naturalized in the Netherlands, should, conform itself to the strict
+constitutional compact established, and should employ only natives in the
+administration of Netherland affairs.  Notwithstanding, therefore, the
+recent treachery of Anjou, he was willing to treat with him upon the
+ancient basis.  The dilemma was a very desperate one, for whatever might
+be his course, it was impossible that it should escape censure.  Even at
+this day, it is difficult to decide what might have been the result of
+openly braving the French government, and expelling Anjou.  The Prince of
+Parma--subtle, vigilant, prompt with word and blow--was waiting most
+anxiously to take advantage of every false step of his adversary.  The
+provinces had been already summoned in most eloquent language, to take
+warning by the recent fate of Antwerp, and to learn by the manifestation
+just made by Anjou, of his real intentions; that their only salvation lay
+in a return to the King's arms.  Anjou himself, as devoid of shame as of
+honor, was secretly holding interviews with Parma's agents, Acosta and
+Flaminio Carnero, at the very moment when he was alternately expressing
+to the states his resentment that they dared to doubt his truth, or
+magnanimously extending to them his pardon for their suspicions.  He was
+writing letters full of injured innocence to Orange and to the states,
+while secretly cavilling over the terms of the treaty by which he was to
+sell himself to Spain.  Scruples as to enacting so base a part did not
+trouble the "Son of France."  He did not hesitate at playing this doubly
+and trebly false game with the provinces, but he was anxious to drive the
+best possible bargain for himself with Parma.  He, offered to restore
+Dunkirk, Dixmuyde, and the other cities which be had so recently filched
+from the states, and to enter into a strict alliance with Philip; but he
+claimed that certain Netherland cities on the French frontier, should be
+made over to him in exchange.  He required; likewise; ample protection
+for his retreat from a country which was likely to be sufficiently
+exasperated.  Parma and his agents smiled, of course, at such exorbitant
+terms.   Nevertheless, it was necessary to deal cautiously with a man
+who, although but a poor baffled rogue to-day, might to-morrow be seated
+on the throne of France.  While they were all secretly haggling over the
+terms of the bargain, the Prince of Orange discovered the intrigue.  It
+convinced him of the necessity of closing with a man whose baseness was
+so profound, but whose position made his enmity, on the whole, more
+dangerous than his friendship.  Anjou, backed by so astute and
+unscrupulous a politician as Parma, was not to be trifled with.  The
+feeling of doubt and anxiety was spreading daily through the country:
+many men, hitherto firm, were already wavering, while at the same time
+the Prince had no confidence in the power of any of the states, save
+those of Holland and Utrecht; to maintain a resolute attitude of
+defiance, if not assisted from without.
+
+He therefore endeavored to repair the breach, if possible, and thus save
+the Union.  Mirambeau, in his conferences with the estates, suggested, on
+his part, all that words could effect.  He expressed the hope that the
+estates would use their discretion "in compounding some sweet and
+friendly medicine" for the present disorder; and that they would not
+judge the Duke too harshly for a fault which he assured them did not come
+from his natural disposition.  He warned them that the enemy would be
+quick to take advantage of the present occasion to bring about, if
+possible, their destruction, and he added that he was commissioned to
+wait upon the Duke of Anjou, in order to assure him that, however
+alienated he might then be from the Netherlands, his Majesty was
+determined to effect an entire reconciliation.
+
+The envoy conferred also with the Prince of Orange, and urged him most
+earnestly to use his efforts to heal the rupture.  The Prince, inspired
+by the sentiments already indicated, spoke with perfect sincerity.  His
+Highness, he said, had never known a more faithful and zealous friend
+than himself, He had begun to lose his own credit with the people by
+reason of the earnestness with which he had ever advocated the Duke's
+cause, and he could not flatter himself that his recommendation would now
+be of any advantage to his Highness.  It would be more injurious than his
+silence.  Nevertheless, he was willing to make use of all the influence
+which was left to him for the purpose of bringing about a reconciliation,
+provided that the Duke were acting in good faith.  If his Highness were
+now sincerely desirous of conforming to the original treaty, and willing
+to atone for the faults committed by him on the same day in so many
+cities--offences which could not be excused upon the ground of any
+affronts which he might have received from the citizens of Antwerp--
+it might even now be possible to find a remedy for the past.  He very
+bluntly told the envoy, however, that the frivolous excuses offered by
+the Duke caused more bitterness than if he had openly acknowledged his
+fault.  It were better, he said, to express contrition, than to excuse
+himself by laying blame on those to whom no blame belonged, but who, on
+the contrary, had ever shown themselves faithful servants of his
+Highness.
+
+The estates of the Union, being in great perplexity as to their proper
+course, now applied formally, as they always did in times of danger and
+doubt, to the Prince, for a public expression of his views.  Somewhat
+reluctantly, he complied with their wishes in one of the most admirable
+of his state papers.
+
+He told the states-that he felt some hesitation in expressing his views.
+The blame of the general ill success was always laid upon his shoulders;
+as if the chances of war could be controlled even by a great potentate
+with ample means at his disposal.  As for himself, with so little actual
+power that he could never have a single city provided with what he
+thought a sufficient garrison, it could not be expected that he could
+command fortune.  His advice, he said, was always asked, but ever judged
+good or evil according to the result, as if the issue were in any hands
+but God's.  It did not seem advisable for a man of his condition and
+years, who had so often felt the barb of calumny's tongue, to place his
+honor, again in the judgment scale of mankind, particularly as he was
+likely to incur fresh censure for another man's crime.  Nevertheless,
+he was willing, for the love he bore the land, once more to encounter
+this danger.
+
+He then rapidly reviewed the circumstances which had led to the election
+of Anjou, and reminded the estates that they had employed sufficient time
+to deliberate concerning that transaction.  He recalled to their
+remembrance his frequent assurances of support and sympathy if they would
+provide any other means of self-protection than the treaty with the
+French Prince.  He thought it, therefore, unjust, now that calamity had
+sprung from the measure, to ascribe the blame entirely to him, even had
+the injury been greater than the one actually sustained.  He was far from
+palliating the crime, or from denying that the Duke's rights under the
+Treaty of Bordeaux had been utterly forfeited.  He was now asked what was
+to be done.  Of three courses, be said, one must be taken: they must make
+their peace with the King, or consent to a reconciliation with Anjou, or
+use all the strength which God had given them to resist, single-handed,
+the enemy.  With regard to the first point, he resumed the argument as to
+the hopelessness of a satisfactory arrangement with the monarch of Spain.
+The recent reconciliation of the Walloon provinces and its shameful
+infraction by Parma in the immediate recal of large masses of Spanish and
+Italian troops, showed too plainly the value of all solemn stipulations
+with his Catholic Majesty.  Moreover, the time was unpropitious.  It was
+idle to look, after what had recently occurred, for even fair promises.
+It was madness then to incur the enmity of two such powers at once.  The
+French could do the Netherlands more harm as enemies than the Spaniards.
+The Spaniards would be more dangerous as friends, for in cases of a
+treaty with Philip the Inquisition would be established in the place of a
+religious peace.  For these reasons the Prince declared himself entirely
+opposed to any negotiations with the Crown of Spain.
+
+As to the second point, he admitted that Anjou had gained little honor
+by his recent course; and that it would be a mistake on their part to
+stumble a second time over the same stone.  He foresaw, nevertheless,
+that the Duke--irritated as he was by the loss of so many of his nobles,
+and by the downfall of all his hopes in the Netherlands--would be likely
+to inflict great injuries upon their cause.  Two powerful nations like
+France and Spain would be too much to have on their hands at once.  How
+much danger, too, would be incurred by braving at once the open wrath of
+the French King, and, the secret displeasure of the English Queen.  She
+had warmly recommended the Duke of Anjou.  She had said--that honors to
+him were rendered to herself; and she was now entirely opposed to their
+keeping the present quarrel alive.  If France became their enemy, the
+road was at once opened through that kingdom for Spain.  The estates were
+to ponder well whether they possessed the means to carry on such a double
+war without assistance.  They were likewise to remember how many cities
+still remained in the hands of Anjou, and their possible fate if the Duke
+were pushed to extremity.
+
+The third point was then handled with vigor.  He reminded the states of
+the perpetual difficulty of raising armies, of collecting money to pay
+for troops, of inducing cities to accept proper garrisons, of
+establishing a council which could make itself respected.  He alluded
+briefly and bitterly to the perpetual quarrels of the states among
+themselves; to their mutual jealousy; to their obstinate parsimony; to
+their jealousy of the general government; to their apathy and inertness
+before impending ruin.  He would not calumniate those, he said, who
+counselled trust in God.  That was his sentiment also: To attempt great
+affairs, however, and, through avarice, to-withhold sufficient means, was
+not trusting, but tempting God.--On the contrary, it was trusting God to
+use the means which He offered to their hands.
+
+With regard, then, to the three points, he rejected the first.
+Reconciliation with the King of Spain was impossible.  For his own part,
+he would much prefer the third course.  He had always been in favor of
+their maintaining independence by their own means and the assistance of
+the Almighty.  He was obliged, however, in sadness; to confess that the
+narrow feeling of individual state rights, the general tendency to
+disunion, and the constant wrangling, had made this course a hopeless
+one.  There remained, therefore, only the second, and they must effect an
+honorable reconciliation with Anjou.  Whatever might be their decision,
+however, it was meet that it should be a speedy one.  Not an hour was to
+be lost.  Many fair churches of God, in Anjou's power, were trembling on
+the issue, and religious and political liberty was more at stake than
+ever.  In conclusion, the Prince again expressed his determination,
+whatever might be their decision, to devote the rest of his days to the
+services of his country.
+
+The result of these representations by the Prince--of frequent letters
+from Queen Elizabeth, urging a reconciliation--and of the professions
+made by the Duke and the French envoys, was a provisional arrangement,
+signed on the 26th and 28th of March.  According to the terms of this
+accord, the Duke was to receive thirty thousand florins for his troops,
+and to surrender the cities still in his power.  The French prisoners
+were to be liberated, the Duke's property at Antwerp was to be restored,
+and the Duke himself was to await at Dunkirk the arrival of
+plenipotentiaries to treat with him as to a new and perpetual
+arrangement.
+
+The negotiations, however, were languid.  The quarrel was healed on the
+surface, but confidence so recently and violently uprooted was slow to
+revive.  On the 28th of June, the Duke of Anjou left Dunkirk for Paris,
+never to return to the Netherlands, but he exchanged on his departure
+affectionate letters with the Prince and the estates.  M. des Pruneaux
+remained as his representative, and it was understood that the
+arrangements for re-installing him as soon as possible in the sovereignty
+which he had so basely forfeited, were to be pushed forward with
+earnestness.
+
+In the spring of the same year, Gerard Truchses, Archbishop of Cologne,
+who had lost his see for the love of Agnes Mansfeld, whom he had espoused
+in defiance of the Pope; took refuge with the Prince of Orange at Delft.
+A civil war in Germany broke forth, the Protestant princes undertaking to
+support the Archbishop, in opposition to Ernest of Bavaria, who had been
+appointed in his place.  The Palatine, John Casimir, thought it necessary
+to mount and ride as usual.  Making his appearance at the head of a
+hastily collected force, and prepared for another plunge into chaos, he
+suddenly heard, however, of his elder brother's death at Heidelberg.
+Leaving his men, as was his habit, to shift for themselves, and Baron
+Truchses, the Archbishop's brother, to fall into the hands of the enemy,
+he disappeared from the scene with great rapidity, in order that his own
+interests in the palatinate and in the guardianship of the young
+palatines might not suffer by his absence.
+
+At this time, too, on the 12th of April, the Prince of Orange was
+married, for the fourth time, to Louisa, widow of the Seigneur de
+Teligny, and daughter of the illustrious Coligny.
+
+In the course of the summer, the states of Holland and Zealand, always
+bitterly opposed to the connection with Anjou, and more than ever
+dissatisfied with the resumption of negotiations since the Antwerp
+catastrophe, sent a committee to the Prince in order to persuade him to
+set his face against the whole proceedings.  They delivered at the same
+time a formal remonstrance, in writing (25th of August, 1583), in which
+they explained how odious the arrangement with the Duke had ever been to
+them.  They expressed the opinion that even the wisest might be sometimes
+mistaken, and that the Prince had been bitterly deceived by Anjou and by
+the French court.  They besought him to rely upon the assistance of the
+Almighty, and upon the exertions of the nation, and they again hinted at
+the propriety of his accepting that supreme sovereignty over all the
+united provinces which would be so gladly conferred, while, for their own
+parts, they voluntarily offered largely to increase the sums annually
+contributed to the common defence.
+
+Very soon afterwards, in August, 1583, the states of the united provinces
+assembled at Middelburg formally offered the general government--which
+under the circumstances was the general sovereignty--to the Prince,
+warmly urging his acceptance of the dignity.  He manifested, however, the
+same reluctance which he had always expressed, demanding that the project
+should beforehand be laid before the councils of all the large cities,
+and before the estates of certain provinces which had not been
+represented at the Middelburg diet.  He also made use of the occasion to
+urge the necessity of providing more generously for the army expenses and
+other general disbursements.  As to ambitious views, he was a stranger to
+them, and his language at this moment was as patriotic and self-denying
+as at any previous period.  He expressed his thanks to the estates for
+this renewed proof of their confidence in his character, and this
+additional approbation of his course,--a sentiment which he was always
+ready "as a good patriot to justify by his most faithful service."  He
+reminded them, however, that he was no great monarch, having in his own
+hands the means to help and the power to liberate them; and that even
+were he in possession of all which God had once given him, he should be
+far from strong enough to resist, single-handed, their powerful enemy.
+All that was left to him, he said, was an "honest and moderate experience
+in affairs."  With this he was ever ready to serve them to the utmost;
+but they knew very well that the means to make that experience available
+were to be drawn from the country itself.  With modest simplicity, he
+observed that he had been at work fifteen or sixteen years, doing his
+best, with the grace of God, to secure the freedom of the fatherland and
+to resist tyranny of conscience; that he alone--assisted by his brothers
+and some friends and relatives--had borne the whole burthen in the
+beginning, and that he had afterwards been helped by the states of
+Holland and Zealand, so that he could not but render thanks to God for
+His great mercy in thus granting His blessing to so humble an instrument,
+and thus restoring so many beautiful provinces to their ancient freedom
+and to the true religion.  The Prince protested that this result was
+already a sufficient reward for his labors--a great consolation in his
+sufferings.  He had hoped, he said, that the estates, "taking into
+consideration his long-continued labors, would have been willing to
+excuse him from a new load of cares, and would have granted him some
+little rest in his already advanced age;" that they would have selected
+"some other person more fitted for the labor, whom he would himself
+faithfully promise to assist to the best of his abilities, rendering him
+willing obedience proportionate to the authority conferred upon him."
+
+Like all other attempts to induce the acceptance, by the Prince, of
+supreme authority, this effort proved ineffectual, from the obstinate
+unwillingness of his hand to receive the proffered sceptre.
+
+In connection with this movement, and at about the same epoch, Jacob
+Swerius, member of the Brabant Council, with other deputies, waited upon
+Orange, and formally tendered him the sovereign dukedom of Brabant,
+forfeited and vacant by the late crime of Anjou.  The Prince, however,
+resolutely refused to accept the dignity, assuring the committee that he
+had not the means to afford the country as much protection as they had a
+right to expect from their sovereign.  He added that "he would never give
+the King of Spain the right-to say that the Prince of Orange had been
+actuated by no other motives in his career than the hope of self-
+aggrandizement, and the desire to deprive his Majesty of the provinces
+in order to appropriate them to himself."
+
+Accordingly, firmly refusing to heed the overtures of the United
+States, and of Holland in particular, he continued to further the re-
+establishment of Anjou--a measure in which, as he deliberately believed,
+lay the only chance of union and in dependence.
+
+The Prince of Parma, meantime, had not been idle.  He had been unable to
+induce the provinces to listen to his wiles, and to rush to the embrace
+of the monarch whose arms he described as ever open to the repentant.
+He had, however, been busily occupied in the course of the summer in
+taking up many of the towns which the treason of Anjou had laid open to
+his attacks.
+
+Eindhoven, Diest, Dunkirk, Newport, and other places, were successively
+surrendered to royalist generals.  On the 22nd of September, 1583, the
+city of Zutfen, too, was surprised by Colonel Tassis, on the fall of
+which most important place, the treason of Orange's brother-in-law, Count
+Van den Berg, governor of Gueldres, was revealed.  His fidelity had been
+long suspected, particularly by Count John of Nassau, but always
+earnestly vouched for by his wife and by his sons.  On the capture of
+Zutfen, however, a document was found and made public, by which Van den
+Berg bound himself to deliver the principal cities of Gueldres and
+Zutfen, beginning with Zutfen itself, into the hands of Parma, on
+condition of receiving the pardon and friendship of the King.
+
+Not much better could have been expected of Van den Berg.  His
+pusillanimous retreat from his post in Alva's time will be recollected;
+and it is certain that the Prince had never placed implicit confidence
+in his character.  Nevertheless, it was the fate of this great man to
+be often deceived by the friends whom he trusted, although never to be
+outwitted by his enemies.  Van den Berg was arrested, on the 15th of
+November, carried to the Hague, examined and imprisoned for a time in
+Delftshaven.  After a time he was, however, liberated, when he instantly,
+with all his sons, took service under the King.
+
+While treason was thus favoring the royal arms in the north, the same
+powerful element, to which so much of the Netherland misfortunes had
+always been owing was busy in Flanders.
+
+Towards the end of the year 1583, the Prince of Chimay, eldest son of the
+Duke of Aerschot, had been elected governor of that province.  This noble
+was as unstable in character, as vain, as unscrupulous, and as ambitious
+as his father and uncle.  He had been originally desirous of espousing
+the eldest daughter of the Prince of Orange, afterwards the Countess of
+Hohenlo, but the Duchess of Aerschot was too strict a Catholic to
+consent to the marriage, and her son was afterwards united to the
+Countess of Meghem, widow of Lan celot Berlaymont.
+
+As affairs seemed going on prosperously for the states in the beginning,
+of this year, the Prince of Chimay had affected a strong inclination for
+the Reformed religion, and as governor of Bruges, he had appointed many
+members of that Church to important offices, to the exclusion of
+Catholics.  By so decided a course, he acquired the confidence of the
+patriot party and at the end of the year he became governor of Flanders.
+No sooner was he installed in this post, than he opened a private
+correspondence with Parma, for it was his intention to make his peace
+with the King, and to purchase pardon and advancement by the brilliant
+service which he now undertook, of restoring this important province to
+the royal authority.  In the arrangement of his plans he was assisted by
+Champagny, who, as will be recollected, had long been a prisoner in
+Ghent, but whose confinement was not so strict as to prevent frequent
+intercourse with his friends without.  Champagny was indeed believed to
+be the life of the whole intrigue.  The plot was, however, forwarded by
+Imbize, the roaring demagogue whose republicanism could never reconcile
+itself with what he esteemed the aristocratic policy of Orange, and whose
+stern puritanism could be satisfied with nothing short of a general
+extermination of Catholics.  This man, after having been allowed to
+depart, infamous and contemptible, from the city which he had endangered,
+now ventured after five years, to return, and to engage in fresh schemes
+which were even more criminal than his previous enterprises.  The
+uncompromising foe to Romanism, the advocate of Grecian and Genevan
+democracy, now allied himself with Champagny and with Chimay, to effect a
+surrender of Flanders to Philip and to the Inquisition.  He succeeded in
+getting himself elected chief senator in Ghent, and forthwith began to
+use all his influence to further the secret plot.  The joint efforts and
+intrigues of Parma, Champagny, Chimay, and Imbize, were near being
+successful.  Early, in the spring of 1584 a formal resolution was passed
+by the government of Ghent, to open negotiations with Parma.  Hostages
+were accordingly exchanged, and a truce of three weeks was agreed upon,
+during which an animated correspondence was maintained between the
+authorities of Ghent and the Prince of Chimay on the one side, and the
+United States-general, the magistracy of Antwerp, the states of Brabant,
+and other important bodies on the other.
+
+The friends of the Union and of liberty used all their eloquence to
+arrest the city of Ghent in its course, and to save the province of
+Flanders from accepting the proposed arrangement with Parma.  The people
+of Ghent were reminded that the chief promoter of this new negotiation
+was Champagny, a man who owed a deep debt of hatred to their city, for
+the long, and as he believed, the unjust confinement which he had endured
+within its walls.  Moreover, he was the brother of Granvelle, source of
+all their woes.  To take counsel with Champagny, was to come within reach
+of a deadly foe, for "he who confesses himself to a wolf," said the
+burgomasters of Antwerp, "will get wolf's absolution."  The Flemings were
+warned by all their correspondents that it was puerile to hope for faith
+in Philip; a monarch whose first principle was, that promises to heretics
+were void.  They were entreated to pay no heed to the "sweet singing of
+the royalists," who just then affected to disapprove of the practice
+adopted by the Spanish Inquisition, that they might more surely separate
+them from their friends.  "Imitate not," said the magistrates of
+Brussels, "the foolish sheep who made with the wolves a treaty of
+perpetual amity, from which the faithful dogs were to be excluded."
+It was affirmed--and the truth was certainly beyond peradventure--that
+religious liberty was dead at the moment when the treaty with Parma
+should be signed.  "To look for political privilege or evangelical
+liberty," said the Antwerp authorities, "in any arrangement with the
+Spaniards, is to look for light in darkness, for fire in water."  "Philip
+is himself the slave of the Inquisition," said the states-general, "and
+has but one great purpose in life--to cherish the institution everywhere,
+and particularly in the Netherlands.  Before Margaret of Parma's time,
+one hundred thousand Netherlanders had been burned or strangled, and Alva
+had spent seven years in butchering and torturing many thousands more."
+The magistrates of Brussells used similar expressions.  "The King of
+Spain," said they to their brethren of Ghent, "is fastened to the
+Inquisition.  Yea, he is so much in its power, that even if he desired,
+he is unable to maintain his promises."  The Prince of Orange too,
+was indefatigable in public and private efforts to counteract the
+machinations of Parma and the Spanish party in Ghent.  He saw with horror
+the progress which the political decomposition of that most important
+commonwealth was making, for he considered the city the keystone to the
+union of the provinces, for he felt with a prophetic instinct that its
+loss would entail that of all the southern provinces, and make a united
+and independent Netherland state impossible.  Already in the summer of
+1583, he addressed a letter full of wisdom and of warning to the
+authorities of Ghent, a letter in which he set fully before them the
+iniquity and stupidity of their proceedings, while at the same time he
+expressed himself with so much dexterity and caution as to avoid giving
+offence, by accusations which he made, as it were, hypothetically, when,
+in truth, they were real ones.
+
+These remonstrances were not fruitless, and the authorities and citizens
+of Ghent once more paused ere they stepped from the precipice.  While
+they were thus wavering, the whole negotiation with Parma was abruptly
+brought to a close by a new incident, the demagogue Imbize having been
+discovered in a secret attempt to obtain possession of the city of
+Denremonde, and deliver it to Parma.  The old acquaintance, ally, and
+enemy of Imbize, the Seigneur de Ryhove, was commandant of the city, and
+information was privately conveyed to him of the design, before there had
+been time for its accomplishment.  Ryhove, being thoroughly on his guard,
+arrested his old comrade, who was shortly afterwards brought to trial,
+and executed at Ghent.  John van Imbize had returned to the city from
+which the contemptuous mercy of Orange had permitted him formerly to
+depart, only to expiate fresh turbulence and fresh treason by a felon's
+death.  Meanwhile the citizens: of Ghent; thus warned by word and deed,
+passed an earnest resolution to have no more intercourse with Parma, but
+to abide faithfully by the union.  Their example was followed by the
+other Flemish cities, excepting, unfortunately, Bruges, for that
+important town, being entirely in the power of Chimay, was now
+surrendered by him to the royal government.  On the 20th of May, 1584,
+Baron Montigny, on the part of Parma, signed an accord with the Prince of
+Chimay, by which the city was restored to his Majesty, and by which all
+inhabitants not willing to abide by the Roman Catholic religion were
+permitted to leave the land.  The Prince was received with favor by
+Parma, on conclusion of the transaction, and subsequently met with
+advancement from the King, while the Princess, who had embraced the
+Reformed religion, retired to Holland.
+
+The only other city of importance gained on this occasion by the
+government was Ypres, which had been long besieged, and was, soon
+afterwards forced to yield.  The new Bishop, on taking possession,
+resorted to instant measures for cleansing a place which had been so
+long in the hands of the infidels, and as the first step in this
+purification, the bodies of many heretics who had been buried for years
+were taken from their graves, and publicly hanged in their coffins.  All
+living adherents to the Reformed religion were instantly expelled from
+the place.
+
+Ghent and the rest of Flanders were, for the time, saved from the power
+of Spain, the inhabitants being confirmed in their resolution of
+sustaining their union with the other provinces by the news from France.
+Early in the spring the negotiations between Anjou and the states-general
+had been earnestly renewed, and Junius, Mouillerie, and.  Asseliers, had
+been despatched on a special mission to France, for the purpose of
+arranging a treaty with the Duke.  On the 19th of April, 1584, they
+arrived in Delft, on their return, bringing warm letters from the French
+court, full of promises to assist the Netherlands; and it was understood
+that a constitution, upon the basis of the original arrangement of
+Bordeaux, would be accepted by the Duke.  These arrangements were,
+however, for ever terminated by the death of Anjou, who had been ill
+during the whole course of the negotiations.  On the 10th of June, 1584,
+he expired at Chateau Thierry, in great torture, sweating blood from
+every pore, and under circumstances which, as usual, suggested strong
+suspicions of poison.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+     Various attempts upon the life of Orange--Delft--Mansion of the
+     Prince described--Francis Guion or Balthazar Girard--His
+     antecedents--His correspondence and interviews with Parma and with
+     d'Assonleville--His employment in France--His return to Delft and
+     interview with Orange--The crime--The confession--The punishment--
+     The consequences--Concluding remarks.
+
+It has been seen that the Ban against the Prince of Orange had not been
+hitherto without fruits, for although unsuccessful, the efforts to take
+his life and earn the promised guerdon had been incessant.  The attempt
+of Jaureguy, at Antwerp, of Salseda and Baza at Bruges, have been
+related, and in March, 1583, moreover, one Pietro Dordogno was executed
+in Antwerp for endeavoring to assassinate the Prince.  Before his death,
+he confessed that he had come from Spain solely for the purpose, and that
+he had conferred with La Motte, governor of Gravelines, as to the best
+means of accomplishing his design.  In April, 1584, Hans Hanzoon, a
+merchant of Flushing, had been executed for attempting to destroy the
+Prince by means of gunpowder, concealed under his house in that city,
+and under his seat in the church.  He confessed that he had deliberately
+formed the intention of performing the deed, and that he had discussed
+the details of the enterprise with the Spanish ambassador in Paris.  At
+about the same time, one Le Goth, a captive French officer, had been
+applied to by the Marquis de Richebourg, on the part of Alexander of
+Parma, to attempt the murder of the Prince.  Le Goth had consented,
+saying that nothing could be more easily done; and that he would
+undertake to poison him in a dish of eels, of which he knew him to be
+particularly fond.  The Frenchman was liberated with this understanding;
+but being very much the friend of Orange, straightway told him the whole
+story, and remained ever afterwards a faithful servant of the states.
+It is to be presumed that he excused the treachery to which he owed his
+escape from prison on the ground that faith was no more to be kept with
+murderers than with heretics.  Thus within two years there had been five
+distinct attempts to assassinate the Prince, all of them, with the
+privity of the Spanish government.  A sixth was soon to follow.
+
+In the summer of 1584, William of Orange was residing at Delft, where his
+wife, Louisa de Coligny, had given birth, in the preceding winter, to a
+son, afterwards the celebrated stadholder, Frederic Henry.  The child had
+received these names from his two godfathers, the Kings of Denmark and of
+Navarre, and his baptism had been celebrated with much rejoicing on the
+12th of June, in the place of his birth.
+
+It was a quiet, cheerful, yet somewhat drowsy little city, that ancient
+burgh of Delft.  The placid canals by which it was intersected in every
+direction were all planted with whispering, umbrageous rows of limes and
+poplars, and along these watery highways the traffic of the place glided
+so noiselessly that the town seemed the abode of silence and
+tranquillity.  The streets were clean and airy, the houses well built,
+the whole aspect of the place thriving.
+
+One of the principal thoroughfares was called the old Delftstreet.  It
+was shaded on both sides by lime trees, which in that midsummer season
+covered the surface of the canal which flowed between them with their
+light and fragrant blossoms.  On one side of this street was the "old
+kirk," a plain, antique structure of brick, with lancet windows, and with
+a tall, slender tower, which inclined, at a very considerable angle,
+towards a house upon the other side of the canal.  That house was the
+mansion of William the Silent.  It stood directly opposite the church,
+being separated by a spacious courtyard from the street, while the
+stables and other offices in the rear extended to the city wall.  A
+narrow lane, opening out of Delft-street, ran along the side of the house
+and court, in the direction of the ramparts.  The house was a plain, two-
+storied edifice of brick, with red-tiled roof, and had formerly been a
+cloister dedicated to Saint Agatha, the last prior of which had been
+hanged by the furious Lumey de la Merck.
+
+The news of Anjou's death had been brought to Delft by a special
+messenger from the French court.  On Sunday morning, the 8th of July,
+1584, the Prince of Orange, having read the despatches before leaving his
+bed, caused the man who had brought them to be summoned, that he might
+give some particular details by word of mouth concerning the last illness
+of the Duke.  The courier was accordingly admitted to the Prince's bed-
+chamber, and proved to be one Francis Guion, as he called himself.  This
+man had, early in the spring, claimed and received the protection of
+Orange, on the ground of being the son of a Protestant at Besancon, who
+had suffered death for--his religion, and of his own ardent attachment to
+the Reformed faith.  A pious, psalm-singing, thoroughly Calvinistic youth
+he seemed to be having a bible or a hymn-book under his arm whenever he
+walked the street, and most exemplary in his attendance at sermon and
+lecture.  For, the rest, a singularly unobtrusive personage, twenty-seven
+years of age, low of stature, meagre, mean-visaged, muddy complexioned,
+and altogether a man of no account--quite insignificant in the eyes of
+all who looked upon him.  If there were one opinion in which the few who
+had taken the trouble to think of the puny, somewhat shambling stranger
+from Burgundy at all coincided, it was that he was inoffensive but quite
+incapable of any important business.  He seemed well educated, claimed to
+be of respectable parentage and had considerable facility of speech, when
+any person could be found who thought it worth while to listen to him;
+but on the whole he attracted little attention.
+
+Nevertheless, this insignificant frame locked up a desperate and daring
+character; this mild and inoffensive nature had gone pregnant seven years
+with a terrible crime, whose birth could not much longer be retarded.
+Francis Guion, the Calvinist, son of a martyred Calvinist, was in reality
+Balthazar Gerard, a fanatical Catholic, whose father and mother were
+still living at Villefans in Burgundy.  Before reaching man's estate, he
+had formed the design of murdering the Prince of Orange, "who, so long as
+he lived, seemed like to remain a rebel against the Catholic King, and to
+make every effort to disturb the repose of the Roman Catholic Apostolic
+religion."
+
+When but twenty years of age, he had struck his dagger with all his might
+into a door, exclaiming, as he did so, "Would that the blow had been in
+the heart of Orange!"  For this he was rebuked by a bystander, who told
+him it was not for him to kill princes, and that it was not desirable to
+destroy so good a captain as the Prince, who, after all, might one day
+reconcile himself with the King.
+
+As soon as the Ban against Orange was published, Balthazar, more anxious
+than ever to execute his long-cherished design, left Dole and came to
+Luxemburg.  Here he learned that the deed had already been done by John
+Jaureguy.  He received this intelligence at first with a sensation of
+relief, was glad to be excused from putting himself in danger, and
+believing the Prince dead, took service as clerk with one John Duprel,
+secretary to Count Mansfeld, governor of Luxemburg.  Ere long, the ill
+success of Jaureguy's attempt becoming known, the "inveterate
+determination" of Gerard aroused itself more fiercely than ever.  He
+accordingly took models of Mansfeld's official seals in wax, in order
+that he might make use of them as an acceptable offering to the Orange
+party, whose confidence he meant to gain.
+
+Various circumstances detained him, however.  A sum of money was stolen,
+and he was forced to stay till it was found, for fear of being arrested
+as the thief.  Then his cousin and employer fell sick, and Gerard was
+obliged to wait for his recovery.  At last, in March, 1584, "the weather,
+as he said, appearing to be fine," Balthazar left Luxemburg and came to
+Treves.  While there, he confided his scheme to the regent of the Jesuit
+college--a "red-haired man" whose name has not been preserved.  That
+dignitary expressed high approbation of the plan, gave Gerard his
+blessing, and promised him that, if his life should be sacrificed in
+achieving his purpose, he should be enrolled among the martyrs.  Another
+Jesuit, however, in the same college, with whom he likewise communicated,
+held very different language, making great efforts to turn the young man
+from his design, on the ground of the inconveniences which might arise
+from the forging of Mansfeld's seals--adding, that neither he nor any of
+the Jesuits liked to meddle with such affairs, but advising that the
+whole matter should be laid before the Prince of Parma.  It does not
+appear that this personage, "an excellent man and a learned," attempted
+to dissuade the young man from his project by arguments, drawn from any
+supposed criminality in the assassination itself, or from any danger,
+temporal or eternal, to which the perpetrator might expose himself.
+
+Not influenced, as it appears, except on one point, by the advice of this
+second ghostly confessor, Balthazar came to Tournay, and held council
+with a third--the celebrated Franciscan, Father Gery--by whom he was much
+comforted and strengthened in his determination.  His next step was to
+lay the project before Parma, as the "excellent and learned" Jesuit at
+Treves had advised.  This he did by a letter, drawn up with much care,
+and which he evidently thought well of as a composition.  One copy of
+this letter he deposited with the guardian of the Franciscan convent at
+Tournay; the other he presented with his own hand to the Prince of Parma.
+"The vassal," said he, "ought always to prefer justice and the will of
+the king to his own life."  That being the case, he expressed his
+astonishment that no man had yet been found to execute the sentence
+against William of Nassau, "except the gentle Biscayan, since defunct."
+To accomplish the task, Balthazar observed, very judiciously, that it was
+necessary to have access, to the person of the Prince--wherein consisted
+the difficulty.  Those who had that advantage, he continued, were
+therefore bound to extirpate the pest at once, without obliging his
+Majesty to send to Rome for a chevalier, because not one of them was
+willing to precipitate himself into the venomous gulf, which by its
+contagion infected and killed the souls and bodies, of all poor abused
+subjects, exposed to its influence.  Gerard avowed himself to have been
+so long goaded and stimulated by these considerations--so extremely
+nettled with displeasure and bitterness at seeing the obstinate wretch
+still escaping his just judgment--as to have formed the design of baiting
+a trap for the fox, hoping thus to gain access to him, and to take him
+unawares.  He added--without explaining the nature of the trap and the
+bait--that he deemed it his duty to lay the subject before the most
+serene Prince of Parma, protesting at the same time that he did not
+contemplate the exploit for the sake of the reward mentioned in the
+sentence, and that he preferred trusting in that regard to the immense
+liberality of his Majesty.
+
+Parma had long been looking for a good man to murder Orange, feeling--as
+Philip, Granvelle, and all former governors of the Netherlands had felt--
+that this was the only means of saving the royal authority in any part of
+the provinces.  Many unsatisfactory assassins had presented themselves
+from time to time, and Alexander had paid money in hand to various
+individuals--Italians, Spaniards, Lorrainers; Scotchmen, Englishmen, who
+had generally spent the sums received without attempting the job.  Others
+were supposed to be still engaged in the enterprise; and at that moment
+there were four persons--each unknown to the others, and of different
+nations--in the city of Delft, seeking to compass the death of William
+the Silent.  Shag-eared, military, hirsute ruffians--ex-captains of free
+companies and such marauders--were daily offering their services; there
+was no lack of them, and they had done but little.  How should Parma,
+seeing this obscures undersized, thin-bearded, runaway clerk before him,
+expect pith and energy from him?  He thought him quite unfit for an
+enterprise of moment, and declared as much to his secret councillors and
+to the King.
+
+He soon dismissed him, after receiving his letters; and it may be
+supposed that the bombastic style of that epistle would not efface
+the unfavorable impression produced by Balthazar's exterior.  The
+representations of Haultepenne and others induced him so far to modify
+his views as to send his confidential councillor, d'Assonleville, to the
+stranger, in order to learn the details of the scheme.  Assonleville had
+accordingly an interview with Gerard, in which he requested the young man
+to draw up a statement of his plan in writing, ani this was done upon the
+11th of April, 1584.
+
+In this letter Gerard explained his plan of introducing himself to the
+notice of Orange, at Delft, as the son of an executed Calvinist; as
+himself warmly, though secretly, devoted to the Reformed faith, and as
+desirous, therefore, of placing himself in the Prince's service, in order
+to avoid the insolence of the Papists.  Having gained the confidence of
+those about the Prince, he would suggest to them the great use which
+might be made of Mansfeld's signet in forging passports for spies and
+other persons whom it might be desirous to send into the territory of the
+royalists.  "With these or similar feints and frivolities," continued
+Gerard, "he should soon obtain access to the person of the said Nassau,"
+repeating his protestation that nothing had moved him to his enterprise
+"save the good zeal which he bore to the faith and true religion guarded
+by the Holy Mother Church Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman, and to the
+service of his Majesty."  He begged pardon for having purloined the
+impressions of the seals--a turpitude which he would never have
+committed, but would sooner have suffered a thousand deaths, except for
+the great end in view.  He particularly wished forgiveness for that crime
+before going to his task, "in order that he might confess, and receive
+the holy communion at the coming Easter, without scruples of conscience."
+He likewise begged the Prince of Parma to obtain for him absolution from
+his Holiness for this crime of pilfering--the more so "as he was about to
+keep company for some time with heretics and atheists, and in some sort
+to conform himself to their customs."
+
+From the general tone of the letters of Gerard, he might be set down at
+once as a simple, religious fanatic, who felt sure that, in executing the
+command of Philip publicly issued to all the murderers of Europe, he was
+meriting well of God and his King.  There is no doubt that he was an
+exalted enthusiast, but not purely an enthusiast.  The man's character
+offers more than one point of interest, as a psychological phenomenon.
+He had convinced himself that the work which he had in hand was eminently
+meritorious, and he was utterly without fear of consequences.  He was,
+however, by no means so disinterested as he chose to represent himself in
+letters which, as he instinctively felt, were to be of perennial
+interest.  On the contrary, in his interviews with Assonleville, he urged
+that he was a poor fellow, and that he had undertaken this enterprise in
+order to acquire property--to make himself rich--and that he depended
+upon the Prince of Parma's influence in obtaining the reward promised by
+the Ban to the individual who should put Orange to death.
+
+This second letter decided Parma so far that he authorized Assonleville
+to encourage the young man in his attempt, and to promise that the reward
+should be given to him in case of success, and to his heirs in the event
+of his death.  Assonleville, in the second interview, accordingly made
+known these assurances in the strongest manner to Gerard, warning him, at
+the same time, on no account; if arrested, to inculpate the Prince of
+Parma.  The councillor, while thus exhorting the stranger, according to
+Alexander's commands, confined himself, however, to generalities,
+refusing even to advance fifty crowns, which Balthazar had begged from
+the Governor-General in order to provide for the necessary expenses of
+his project.  Parma had made similar advances too often to men who had
+promised to assassinate the Prince and had then done little, and he was
+resolute in his refusal to this new adventurer, of whom he expected
+absolutely nothing.  Gerard, notwithstanding this rebuff, was not
+disheartened.  "I will provide myself out of my own purse," said he to
+Assonleville, "and within six weeks you will hear of me."--"Go forth, my
+son," said Assonleville, paternally, upon this spirited reply, "and if
+you succeed in your enterprise, the King will fulfil all his promises,
+and you will gain an immortal name beside."
+
+The "inveterate deliberation," thus thoroughly matured, Gerard now
+proceeded to carry into effect.  He came to Delft; obtained a hearing of
+Millers, the clergyman and intimate friend of Orange, showed him the
+Mansfeld seals, and was, somewhat against his will, sent to France, to
+exhibit them to Marechal Biron, who, it was thought, was soon to be
+appointed governor of Cambray.  Through Orange's recommendation, the
+Burgundian was received into the suite of Noel de Caron, Seigneur de
+Schoneval, then setting forth on a special mission to the Duke of Anjou.
+While in France, Gerard could rest neither by day nor night, so tormented
+was he by the desire of accomplishing his project, and at length he
+obtained permission, upon the death of the Duke, to carry this important
+intelligence to the Prince of Orange.  The despatches having been
+entrusted to him, he travelled posthaste to Delft, and, to his
+astonishment, the letters had hardly been delivered before he was
+summoned in person to the chamber of the Prince.  Here was an opportunity
+such as he had never dared to hope for.  The arch-enemy to the Church and
+to the human race, whose death, would confer upon his destroyer wealth
+and nobility in this world, besides a crown of glory in the next, lay
+unarmed, alone, in bed, before the man who had thirsted seven long years
+for his blood.
+
+Balthazar could scarcely control his emotions sufficiently to answer
+the questions which the Prince addressed to him concerning the death of
+Anjou, but Orange, deeply engaged with the despatches, and with the
+reflections which their deeply-important contents suggested, did not
+observe the countenance of the humble Calvinist exile, who had been
+recently recommended to his patronage by Millers.  Gerard, had, moreover,
+made no preparation for an interview so entirely unexpected, had come
+unarmed, and had formed no plan for escape.  He was obliged to forego
+his prey when most within his reach, and after communicating all the
+information which the Prince required, he was dismissed from the chamber.
+
+It was Sunday morning, and the bells were tolling for church.  Upon
+leaving the house he loitered about the courtyard, furtively examining
+the premises, so that a sergeant of halberdiers asked him why he was
+waiting there.  Balthazar meekly replied that he was desirous of
+attending divine worship in the church opposite, but added, pointing to,
+his shabby and travel-stained attire, that, without at least a new pair
+of shoes and stockings, he was unfit to join the congregation.
+Insignificant as ever, the small, pious, dusty stranger excited no
+suspicion in the mind of the good-natured sergeant.  He forthwith spoke
+of the wants of Gerard to an officer, by whom they were communicated to
+Orange himself, and the Prince instantly ordered a sum of money to be
+given him.  Thus Balthazar obtained from William's charity what Parma's
+thrift had denied--a fund for carrying out his purpose.
+
+Next morning, with the money thus procured he purchased a pair of
+pistols, or small carabines, from a soldier, chaffering long about the
+price because the vender could not supply a particular kind of chopped
+bullets or slugs which he desired.  Before the sunset of the following
+day that soldier had stabbed himself to the heart, and died despairing,
+on hearing for what purpose the pistols had been bought.
+
+On Tuesday, the 10th of July, 1584, at about half-past twelve, the
+Prince, with his wife on his arm, and followed by the ladies and
+gentlemen of his family, was going to the dining-room.  William the
+Silent was dressed upon that day, according to his usual custom, in very
+plain fashion.  He wore a wide-leaved, loosely-shaped hat of dark felt;
+with a silken cord round the crown-such as had been worn by the Beggars
+in the early days of the revolt.  A high ruff encircled his neck, from
+which also depended one of the Beggar's medals, with the motto, "Fideles
+au roy jusqu'a la besace," while a loose surcoat of grey frieze cloth,
+over a tawny leather doublet, with wide, slashed underclothes completed
+his costume.  Gerard presented himself at the doorway, and demanded a
+passport.  The Princess, struck with the pale and agitated countenance of
+the man, anxiously questioned her husband concerning the stranger.  The
+Prince carelessly observed that "it was merely a person who came for a
+passport," ordering, at the same time, a secretary forthwith to prepare
+one.  The Princess, still not relieved, observed in an under-tone that
+"she had never seen so villainous a countenance."  Orange, however, not
+at all impressed with the appearance of Gerard, conducted himself at
+table with his usual cheerfulness, conversing much with the burgomaster
+of Leewarden, the only guest present at the family dinner, concerning the
+political and religious aspects of Friesland.  At two o'clock the company
+rose from table.  The Prince led the way, intending to pass to his
+private apartments above.  The dining-room, which was on the ground
+floor, opened into a little square vestibule, which communicated, through
+an arched passageway, with the main entrance into the court-yard.  This
+vestibule was also directly at the foot of the wooden staircase leading
+to the next floor, and was scarcely six feet in width.  Upon its left
+side, as one approached the stairway, was an, obscure arch, sunk deep in
+the wall, and completely in the shadow of the door.  Behind this arch a
+portal opened to the narrow lane at the side of the house.  The stairs
+themselves were completely lighted by a large window, half way up the
+flight.  The Prince came from the dining-room, and began leisurely to
+ascend.  He had only reached the second stair, when a man emerged from
+the sunken arch, and, standing within a foot or two of him, discharged
+a pistol full at his heart.  Three balls entered his body, one of which,
+passing quite through him, struck with violence against the wall beyond.
+The Prince exclaimed in French, as he felt the wound, "O my God; have
+mercy upon my soul!  O my God, have mercy upon this poor people."
+
+These were the last words he ever spoke, save that when his sister,
+Catherine of Schwartzburg, immediately afterwards asked him if he
+commended his soul to Jesus Christ, he faintly answered, "Yes."  His
+master of the horse, Jacob van Maldere, had caught him in his arms as the
+fatal shot was fired.  The Prince was then placed on the stairs for an
+instant, when he immediately began to swoon.  He was afterwards laid upon
+a couch in the dining-room, where in a few minutes, he breathed his last
+in the arms of his wife and sister.
+
+The murderer succeeded in making his escape through the side door, and
+sped swiftly up the narrow lane.  He had almost reached the ramparts,
+from which he intended to spring into the moat, when he stumbled over a
+heap of rubbish.  As he rose, he was seized by several pages and
+halberdiers, who had pursued him from the house.  He had dropped his
+pistols upon the spot where he had committed the crime, and upon his
+person were found a couple, of bladders, provided with apiece of pipe
+with which he had intended to assist himself across the moat, beyond
+which a horse was waiting for him.  He made no effort to deny his
+identity, but boldly avowed himself and his deed.  He was brought back to
+the house, where he immediately underwent a preliminary examination
+before the city magistrates.  He was afterwards subjected to excruciating
+tortures; for the fury against the wretch who had destroyed the Father of
+the country was uncontrollable, and William the Silent was no longer
+alive to intercede--as he had often done before--in behalf of those who
+assailed his life.
+
+The organization of Balthazar Gerard would furnish a subject of profound
+study, both for the physiologist and the metaphysician.  Neither wholly a
+fanatic, nor entirely a ruffian, he combined the most dangerous elements
+of both characters.  In his puny body and mean exterior were enclosed
+considerable mental powers and accomplishments, a daring ambition, and a
+courage almost superhuman.  Yet those qualities led him only to form upon
+the threshold of life a deliberate determination to achieve greatness by
+the assassin's trade.  The rewards held out by the Ban, combining with
+his religious bigotry and his passion for distinction, fixed all his
+energies with patient concentration upon the one great purpose for which
+he seemed to have been born, and after seven years' preparation, he had
+at last fulfilled his design.
+
+Upon being interrogated by the magistrates, he manifested neither despair
+nor contrition, but rather a quiet exultation."  Like David," he said,
+"he had slain Goliath of Gath."
+
+When falsely informed that his victim was not dead, he showed no
+credulity or disappointment.  He had discharged three poisoned balls into
+the Prince's stomach, and he knew that death must have already ensued.
+He expressed regret, however, that the resistance of the halberdiers had
+prevented him from using his second pistol, and avowed that if he were a
+thousand leagues away he would return in order to do the deed again, if
+possible.  He deliberately wrote a detailed confession of his crime, and
+of the motives and manner of its commission, taking care, however, not to
+implicate Parma in the transaction.  After sustaining day after day the
+most horrible tortures, he subsequently related his interviews with
+Assonleville and with the president of the Jesuit college at Treves
+adding that he had been influenced in his work by the assurance of
+obtaining the rewards promised by the Ban.  During the intervals of
+repose from the rack he conversed with ease, and even eloquence,
+answering all questions addressed to him with apparent sincerity.  His
+constancy in suffering so astounded his judges that they believed him
+supported by witchcraft.  "Ecce homo!"  he exclaimed, from time to time,
+with insane blasphemy, as he raised his blood-streaming head from the
+bench.  In order to destroy the charm which seemed to render him
+insensible to pain, they sent for the shirt of a hospital patient,
+supposed to be a sorcerer.  When clothed in this garment, however,
+Balthazar was none the less superior to the arts of the tormentors,
+enduring all their inflictions, according to an eye-witness, "without
+once exclaiming, Ah me!"  and avowing that he would repeat his
+enterprise, if possible, were he to die a thousand deaths in consequence.
+Some of those present refused to believe that he was a man at all.
+Others asked him how long since he had sold himself to the Devil? to
+which he replied, mildly, that he had no acquaintance whatever with the
+Devil.  He thanked the judges politely for the food which he received in
+prison, and promised to recompense them for the favor.  Upon being asked
+how that was possible, he replied; that he would serve as their advocate
+in Paradise.
+
+The sentence pronounced against the assassin was execrable--a crime
+against the memory of the great man whom it professed to avenge.  It was
+decreed that the right hand of Gerard should be burned off with a red-hot
+iron, that his flesh should be torn from his bones with pincers in six
+different places, that he should be quartered and disembowelled alive,
+that his heart should be torn from his bosom and flung in his face, and
+that, finally, his head should be taken off.  Not even his horrible
+crime, with its endless consequences, nor the natural frenzy of
+indignation which it had excited, could justify this savage decree,
+to rebuke which the murdered hero might have almost risen from the sleep
+of death.  The sentence was literally executed on the 14th of July, the
+criminal supporting its horrors with the same astonishing fortitude. So
+calm were his nerves, crippled and half roasted as he was ere he mounted
+the scaffold, that when one of the executioners was slightly injured in
+the ear by the flying from the handle of the hammer with which he was
+breaking the fatal pistol in pieces, as the first step in the execution
+--a circumstance which produced a general laugh in the crowd--a smile was
+observed upon Balthazar's face in sympathy with the general hilarity.
+His lips were seen to move up to the moment when his heart was thrown in
+his face--"Then," said a looker-on, "he gave up the ghost."
+
+The reward promised by Philip to the man who should murder Orange was
+paid to the heirs of Gerard.  Parma informed his sovereign that the "poor
+man" had been executed, but that his father and mother were still living;
+to whom he recommended the payment of that "merced" which "the laudable
+and generous deed had so well deserved."  This was accordingly done, and
+the excellent parents, ennobled and enriched by the crime of their son,
+received instead of the twenty-five thousand crowns promised in the Ban,
+the three seignories of Lievremont, Hostal, and Dampmartin in the Franche
+Comte, and took their place at once among the landed aristocracy.  Thus
+the bounty of the Prince had furnished the weapon by which his life was
+destroyed, and his estates supplied the fund out of which the assassin's
+family received the price of blood.  At a later day, when the unfortunate
+eldest son of Orange returned from Spain after twenty-seven years'
+absence, a changeling and a Spaniard, the restoration of those very
+estates was offered to him by Philip the Second, provided he would
+continue to pay a fixed proportion of their rents to the family of his
+father's murderer.  The education which Philip William had received,
+under the King's auspices, had however, not entirely destroyed all his
+human feelings, and he rejected the proposal with scorn.  The estates
+remained with the Gerard family, and the patents of nobility which they
+had received were used to justify their exemption from certain taxes,
+until the union of Franche Comte, with France, when a French governor
+tore the documents in pieces and trampled them under foot.
+
+William of Orange, at the period of his death, was aged fifty-one years
+and sixteen days.  He left twelve children.  By his first wife, Anne of
+Egmont, he had one son, Philip, and one daughter, Mary, afterwards
+married to Count Hohenlo.  By his second wife, Anna of Saxony; he had one
+son, the celebrated Maurice of Nassau, and two daughters, Anna, married
+afterwards to her cousin, Count William Louis, and Emilie, who espoused
+the Pretender of Portugal, Prince Emanuel.  By Charlotte of Bourbon, his
+third wife, he had six daughters; and by his fourth, Louisa de Coligny,
+one son, Frederic William, afterwards stadholder of the Republic in
+her most palmy days.  The Prince was entombed on the 3rd of August,
+at Delft, amid the tears of a whole nation.  Never was a more extensive,
+unaffected, and legitimate sorrow felt at the death of any human being.
+
+
+
+The life and labors of Orange had established the emancipated common-
+wealth upon a secure foundation, but his death rendered the union of all
+the Netherlands into one republic hopeless.  The efforts of the
+Malcontent nobles, the religious discord, the consummate ability, both
+political and military, of Parma, all combined with the lamentable loss
+of William the Silent to separate for ever the southern and Catholic
+provinces from the northern confederacy.  So long as the Prince remained
+alive, he was the Father of the whole country; the Netherlands--saving
+only the two Walloon provinces--constituting a whole.  Notwithstanding
+the spirit of faction and the blight of the long civil war, there was at
+least one country; or the hope of a country, one strong heart, one
+guiding head, for the patriotic party throughout the land.  Philip and
+Granvelle were right in their estimate of the advantage to be derived
+from the Prince's death, in believing that an assassin's hand could
+achieve more than all the wiles which Spanish or Italian statesmanship
+could teach, or all the armies which Spain or Italy could muster.  The
+pistol of the insignificant Gerard destroyed the possibility of a united
+Netherland state, while during the life of William there was union in the
+policy, unity in the history of the country.
+
+In the following year, Antwerp, hitherto the centre around which all the
+national interests and historical events group themselves, fell before
+the scientific efforts of Parma.  The city which had so long been the
+freest, as well as the most opulent, capital in Europe, sank for ever to
+the position of a provincial town.  With its fall, combined with other
+circumstances, which it is not necessary to narrate in anticipation,
+the final separation of the Netherlands was completed.  On the other
+hand, at the death of Orange, whose formal inauguration as sovereign
+Count had not yet taken place, the states of Holland and Zealand
+reassumed the Sovereignty.  The commonwealth which William had liberated
+for ever from Spanish tyranny continued to exist as a great and
+flourishing republic during, more than two centuries, under the
+successive stadholderates of his sons and descendants.
+
+His life gave existence to an independent country--his death defined its
+limits.  Had he lived twenty years longer, it is probable that the seven
+provinces would have been seventeen; and that the Spanish title would
+have been for ever extinguished both in Nether Germany and Celtic Gaul.
+Although there was to be the length of two human generations more of
+warfare ere Spain acknowledged the new government, yet before the
+termination of that period the United States had become the first naval
+power and one of the most considerable commonwealths in the world; while
+the civil and religious liberty, the political independence of the land,
+together with the total expulsion of the ancient foreign tyranny from the
+soil, had been achieved ere the eyes of William were closed.  The
+republic existed, in fact, from the moment of the abjuration in 1581.
+
+The most important features of the polity which thus assumed a prominent
+organization have been already indicated.  There was no revolution, no
+radical change.  The ancient rugged tree of Netherland liberty--with its
+moss-grown trunk, gnarled branches, and deep-reaching roots--which had
+been slowly growing for ages, was still full of sap, and was to deposit
+for centuries longer its annual rings of consolidated and concentric
+strength.  Though lopped of some luxuriant boughs, it was sound at the
+core, and destined for a still larger life than even in the healthiest
+moments of its mediveval existence.
+
+The history of the rise of the Netherland Republic has been at the same
+time the biography of William the Silent.  This, while it gives unity to
+the narrative, renders an elaborate description of his character
+superfluous.  That life was a noble Christian epic; inspired with one
+great purpose from its commencement to its close; the stream flowing ever
+from one fountain with expanding fulness, but retaining all its original
+pity.  A few general observations are all which are necessary by way of
+conclusion.
+
+In person, Orange was above the middle height, perfectly well made and
+sinewy, but rather spare than stout.  His eyes, hair, beard, and
+complexion were brown.  His head was small, symmetrically-shaped,
+combining the alertness and compactness characteristic of the soldier;
+with the capacious brow furrowed prematurely with the horizontal lines of
+thought, denoting the statesman and the sage.  His physical appearance
+was, therefore, in harmony, with his organization, which was of antique
+model.  Of his moral qualities, the most prominent was his piety.  He was
+more than anything else a religious man.  From his trust in God, he ever
+derived support and consolation in the darkest hours.  Implicitly relying
+upon Almighty wisdom and goodness, he looked danger in the face with a
+constant smile, and endured incessant labors and trials with a serenity
+which seemed more than human.  While, however, his soul was full of
+piety, it was tolerant of error.  Sincerely and deliberately himself a
+convert to the Reformed Church, he was ready to extend freedom of worship
+to Catholics on the one hand, and to Anabaptists on the other, for no man
+ever felt more keenly than he, that the Reformer who becomes in his turn
+a bigot is doubly odious.
+
+His firmness was allied to his piety.  His constancy in bearing the whole
+weight of struggle as unequal as men have ever undertaken, was the theme
+of admiration even to his enemies.  The rock in the ocean, "tranquil amid
+raging billows," was the favorite emblem by which his friends expressed,
+their sense of his firmness.  From the time when, as a hostage in France,
+he first discovered the plan of Philip to plant the Inquisition in the
+Netherlands, up to the last moment of his life, he never faltered in his
+determination to resist that iniquitous scheme.  This resistance was the
+labor of his life.  To exclude the Inquisition; to maintain the ancient
+liberties.  of his country, was the task which he appointed to himself
+when a youth of three-and-twenty.  Never speaking a word concerning a
+heavenly mission, never deluding himself or others with the usual
+phraseology of enthusiasts, he accomplished the task, through danger,
+amid toils, and with sacrifices such as few men have ever been able to
+make on their country's altar; for the disinterested benevolence of the
+man was as prominent as his fortitude.  A prince of high rank, and, with
+royal revenues, he stripped himself of station, wealth, almost at times
+of the common necessaries of life, and became, in his country's cause,
+nearly a beggar as well as an outlaw.  Nor was he forced into his career
+by an accidental impulse from which there was no recovery.  Retreat was
+ever open to him.  Not only pardon but advancement was urged upon him
+again and again.  Officially and privately, directly and circuitously,
+his confiscated estates, together with indefinite and boundless favors in
+addition, were offered to him on every great occasion.  On the arrival of
+Don John, at the Breda negotiations, at the Cologne conferences, we have
+seen how calmly these offers were waved aside, as if their rejection was
+so simple that it hardly required many words for its signification, yet
+he had mortgaged his estates so deeply that his heirs hesitated at
+accepting their inheritance, for fear it should involve them in debt.
+Ten years after his death, the account between his executors and his
+brother John amounted to one million four hundred thousand florins--due
+to the Count, secured by various pledges of real and personal property;
+and it was finally settled upon this basis.  He was besides largely
+indebted to every one of his powerful relatives, so that the payment of
+the incumbrances upon his estate very nearly justified the fears of his
+children.  While on the one hand, therefore, he poured out these enormous
+sums like water, and firmly refused a hearing to the tempting offers of
+the royal government, upon the other hand he proved the disinterested
+nature of his services by declining, year after year, the sovereignty
+over the provinces; and by only accepting, in the last days of his life,
+when refusal had become almost impossible, the limited, constitutional
+supremacy over that portion of them which now makes the realm of his
+descendants.  He lived and died, not for himself, but for his country:
+"God pity this poor people!"  were his dying words.
+
+His intellectual faculties were various and of the highest order.  He had
+the exact, practical, and combining qualities which make the great
+commander, and his friends claimed that, in military genius, he was
+second to no captain in Europe.  This was, no doubt, an exaggeration
+of partial attachment, but it is certain that the Emperor Charles had
+an exalted opinion of his capacity for the field.  His fortification of
+Philippeville and Charlemont, in the face of the enemy his passage of the
+Meuse in Alva's sight--his unfortunate but well-ordered campaign against
+that general--his sublime plan of relief, projected and successfully
+directed at last from his sick bed, for the besieged city of Leyden--
+will always remain monuments of his practical military skill.
+
+Of the soldier's great virtues--constancy in disaster, devotion to duty,
+hopefulness in defeat--no man ever possessed a larger share.  He arrived,
+through a series of reverses, at a perfect victory.  He planted a free
+commonwealth under the very battery of the Inquisition, in defiance of
+the most powerful empire existing.  He was therefore a conqueror in the
+loftiest sense, for he conquered liberty and a national existence for a
+whole people.  The contest was long, and he fell in the struggle, but the
+victory was to the dead hero, not to the living monarch.  It is to be
+remembered, too, that he always wrought with inferior instruments.  His
+troops were usually mercenaries, who were but too apt to mutiny upon the
+eve of battle, while he was opposed by the most formidable veterans of
+Europe, commanded successively by the first captains of the age.  That,
+with no lieutenant of eminent valor or experience, save only his brother
+Louis, and with none at all after that chieftain's death, William of
+Orange should succeed in baffling the efforts of Alva, Requesens, Don
+John of Austria, and Alexander Farnese--men whose names are among the
+most brilliant in the military annals of the world--is in itself,
+sufficient evidence of his warlike ability.  At the period of his death
+he had reduced the number of obedient provinces to two; only Artois and
+Hainault acknowledging Philip, while the other fifteen were in open
+revolt, the greater part having solemnly forsworn their sovereign.
+
+The supremacy of his political genius was entirely beyond question.  He
+was the first statesman of the age.  The quickness of his perception was
+only equalled by the caution which enabled him to mature the results of
+his observations.  His knowledge of human nature was profound.  He
+governed the passions and sentiments of a great nation as if they had
+been but the keys and chords of one vast instrument; and his hand rarely
+failed to evoke harmony even out of the wildest storms.  The turbulent
+city of Ghent, which could obey no other master, which even the haughty
+Emperor could only crush without controlling, was ever responsive to the
+master-hand of Orange.  His presence scared away Imbize and his bat-like
+crew, confounded the schemes of John Casimir, frustrated the wiles of
+Prince Chimay, and while he lived, Ghent was what it ought always to have
+remained, the bulwark, as it had been the cradle, of popular liberty.
+After his death it became its tomb.
+
+Ghent, saved thrice by the policy, the eloquence, the self-sacrifices of
+Orange, fell within three months of his murder into the hands of Parma.
+The loss of this most important city, followed in the next year by the
+downfall of Antwerp, sealed the fate of the Southern Netherlands.
+Had the Prince lived, how different might have been the country's fate!
+If seven provinces could dilate, in so brief a space, into the powerful
+commonwealth which the Republic soon became, what might not have been
+achieved by the united seventeen; a confederacy which would have united
+the adamantine vigor of the Batavian and Frisian races with the subtler,
+more delicate, and more graceful national elements in which the genius of
+the Frank, the Roman, and the Romanized Celt were so intimately blended.
+As long as the Father of the country lived, such a union was possible.
+His power of managing men was so unquestionable, that there was always a
+hope, even in the darkest hour, for men felt implicit reliance, as well
+on his intellectual resources as on his integrity.
+
+This power of dealing with his fellow-men he manifested in the various
+ways in which it has been usually exhibited by statesmen.  He possessed a
+ready eloquence--sometimes impassioned, oftener argumentative, always
+rational.  His influence over his audience was unexampled in the annals
+of that country or age; yet he never condescended to flatter the people.
+He never followed the nation, but always led her in the path of duty and
+of honor, and was much more prone to rebuke the vices than to pander to
+the passions of his hearers.  He never failed to administer ample
+chastisement to parsimony, to jealousy, to insubordination, to
+intolerance, to infidelity, wherever it was due, nor feared to confront
+the states or the people in their most angry hours, and to tell them the
+truth to their faces.  This commanding position he alone could stand
+upon, for his countrymen knew the generosity which had sacrificed his
+all for them, the self-denial which had eluded rather than sought
+political advancement, whether from king or people, and the untiring
+devotion which had consecrated a whole life to toil and danger in the
+cause of their emancipation.  While, therefore, he was ever ready to
+rebuke, and always too honest to flatter, he at the same time possessed
+the eloquence which could convince or persuade.  He knew how to reach
+both the mind and the heart of his hearers.  His orations, whether
+extemporaneous or prepared--his written messages to the states-general,
+to the provincial authorities, to the municipal bodies--his private
+correspondence with men of all ranks, from emperors and kings down to
+secretaries, and even children--all show an easy flow of language, a
+fulness of thought, a power of expression rare in that age, a fund of
+historical allusion, a considerable power of imagination, a warmth of
+sentiment, a breadth of view, a directness of purpose--a range of
+qualities, in short, which would in themselves have stamped him as one of
+the master-minds of his century, had there been no other monument to his
+memory than the remains of his spoken or written eloquence.  The bulk of
+his performances in this department was prodigious.  Not even Philip was
+more industrious in the cabinet.  Not even Granvelle held a more facile
+pen.  He wrote and spoke equally well in French German, or Flemish; and
+he possessed, besides; Spanish, Italian, Latin.  The weight of his
+correspondence alone would have almost sufficed for the common industry
+of a lifetime, and although many volumes of his speeches and, letters
+have been published, there remain in the various archives of the
+Netherlands and Germany many documents from his hand which will probably
+never see the light.  If the capacity for unremitted intellectual labor
+in an honorable cause be the measure of human greatness, few minds could
+be compared to the "large composition" of this man.  The efforts made to
+destroy the Netherlands by the most laborious and painstaking of tyrants
+were counteracted by the industry of the most indefatigable of patriots.
+
+Thus his eloquence, oral or written, gave him almost boundless power
+over his countrymen.  He possessed, also, a rare perception of human
+character, together with an iron memory which never lost a face, a place,
+or an event, once seen or known.  He read the minds even the faces of
+men, like printed books.  No man could overreach him, excepting only
+those to whom he gave his heart.  He might be mistaken where he had
+confided, never where he had been distrustful or indifferent.  He was
+deceived by Renneberg, by his brother-in-law Van den Berg, by the Duke of
+Anjou.  Had it been possible for his brother Louis or his brother John to
+have proved false, he might have been deceived by them.  He was never
+outwitted by Philip, or Granvelle, or Don John, or Alexander of Parma.
+Anna of Saxony was false to him; and entered into correspondence with the
+royal governors and with the King of Spain; Charlotte of Bourbon or
+Louisa de Coligny might have done the same had it been possible for their
+natures also to descend to such depths of guile.
+
+As for the Aerschots, the Havres, the Chimays, he was never influenced
+either by their blandishments or their plots.  He was willing to use them
+when their interest made them friendly, or to crush them when their
+intrigues against his policy rendered them dangerous.  The adroitness
+with which he converted their schemes in behalf of Matthias, of Don John,
+of Anjou, into so many additional weapons for his own cause, can never be
+too often studied.  It is instructive to observe the wiles of the
+Macchiavelian school employed by a master of the craft, to frustrate,
+not to advance, a knavish purpose.  This character, in a great measure,
+marked his whole policy.  He was profoundly skilled in the subtleties of
+Italian statesmanship, which he had learned as a youth at the Imperial
+court, and which he employed in his manhood in the service, not of
+tyranny, but of liberty.  He fought the Inquisition with its own weapons.
+He dealt with Philip on his own ground.  He excavated the earth beneath
+the King's feet by a more subtle process than that practised by the most
+fraudulent monarch that ever governed the Spanish empire, and Philip,
+chain-mailed as he was in complicated wiles, was pierced to the quick by
+a keener policy than his own.
+
+Ten years long the King placed daily his most secret letters in hands
+which regularly transmitted copies of the correspondence to the Prince of
+Orange, together with a key to the ciphers and every other illustration
+which might be required.  Thus the secrets of the King were always as
+well known to Orange as to himself; and the Prince being as prompt as
+Philip was hesitating, the schemes could often be frustrated before their
+execution had been commenced.  The crime of the unfortunate clerk, John
+de Castillo, was discovered in the autumn of the year 1581, and he was
+torn to pieces by four horses.  Perhaps his treason to the monarch whose
+bread he was eating, while he received a regular salary from the King's
+most determined foe, deserved even this horrible punishment, but casuists
+must determine how much guilt attaches to the Prince for his share in the
+transaction.  This history is not the eulogy of Orange, although, in
+discussing his character, it is difficult to avoid the monotony of
+panegyric.  Judged by a severe moral standard, it cannot be called
+virtuous or honorable to suborn treachery or any other crime, even to
+accomplish a lofty purpose; yet the universal practice of mankind in all
+ages has tolerated the artifices of war, and no people has ever engaged
+in a holier or more mortal contest than did the Netherlands in their
+great struggle with Spain.  Orange possessed the rare quality of caution,
+a characteristic by which he was distinguished from his youth.  At
+fifteen he was the confidential counsellor, as at twenty-one he became
+the general-in-chief, to the most politic, as well as the most warlike
+potentate of his age, and if he at times indulged in wiles which modern
+statesmanship, even while it practises, condemns, he ever held in his
+hand the clue of an honorable purpose to guide him through the tortuous
+labyrinth.
+
+It is difficult to find any other characteristic deserving of grave
+censure, but his enemies have adopted a simpler process.  They have been
+able to find few flaws in his nature, and therefore have denounced it in
+gross.  It is not that his character was here and there defective, but
+that the eternal jewel was false.  The patriotism was counterfeit; the
+self-abnegation and the generosity were counterfeit.  He was governed
+only by ambition--by a desire of personal advancement.  They never
+attempted to deny his talents, his industry, his vast sacrifices of
+wealth and station; but they ridiculed the idea that he could have been
+inspired by any but unworthy motives.  God alone knows the heart of man.
+He alone can unweave the tangled skein of human motives, and detect the
+hidden springs of human action, but as far as can be judged by a careful
+observation of undisputed facts, and by a diligent collation of public
+and private documents, it would seem that no man--not even Washington--
+has ever been inspired by a purer patriotism.  At any rate, the charge of
+ambition and self-seeking can only be answered by a reference to the
+whole picture which these volumes have attempted to portray.  The words,
+the deeds of the man are there.  As much as possible, his inmost soul is
+revealed in his confidential letters, and he who looks in a right spirit
+will hardly fail to find what he desires.
+
+Whether originally of a timid temperament or not, he was certainly
+possessed of perfect courage at last.  In siege and battle--in the deadly
+air of pestilential cities--in the long exhaustion of mind and body which
+comes from unduly protracted labor and anxiety--amid the countless
+conspiracies of assassins--he was daily exposed to death in every shape.
+Within two years, five different attempts against his life had been
+discovered.  Rank and fortune were offered to any malefactor who would
+compass the murder.  He had already been shot through the head, and
+almost mortally wounded.  Under such circumstances even a brave man might
+have seen a pitfall at every step, a dagger in every hand, and poison in
+every cup.  On the contrary, he was ever cheerful, and hardly took more
+precaution than usual.  "God in his mercy," said he, with unaffected
+simplicity, "will maintain my innocence and my honor during my life and
+in future ages.  As to my fortune and my life, I have dedicated both,
+long since, to His service.  He will do therewith what pleases Him for
+His glory and my salvation."  Thus his suspicions were not even excited
+by the ominous face of Gerard, when he first presented himself at the
+dining-room door.  The Prince laughed off his wife's prophetic
+apprehension at the sight of his murderer, and was as cheerful
+as usual to the last.
+
+He possessed, too, that which to the heathen philosopher seemed the
+greatest good--the sound mind in the sound body.  His physical frame was
+after death found so perfect that a long life might have been in store
+for him, notwithstanding all which he had endured.  The desperate illness
+of 1574, the frightful gunshot wound inflicted by Jaureguy in 1582, had
+left no traces.  The physicians pronounced that his body presented an
+aspect of perfect health.  His temperament was cheerful.  At table,
+the pleasures of which, in moderation, were his only relaxation, he was
+always animated and merry, and this jocoseness was partly natural, partly
+intentional.  In the darkest hours of his country's trial, he affected a
+serenity which he was far from feeling, so that his apparent gaiety at
+momentous epochs was even censured by dullards, who could not comprehend
+its philosophy, nor applaud the flippancy of William the Silent.
+
+He went through life bearing the load of a people's sorrows upon his
+shoulders with a smiling face.  Their name was the last word upon his
+lips, save the simple affirmative, with which the soldier who had been
+battling for the right all his lifetime, commended his soul in dying
+"to his great captain, Christ."  The people were grateful and
+affectionate, for they trusted the character of their "Father William,"
+and not all the clouds which calumny could collect ever dimmed to their
+eyes the radiance of that lofty mind to which they were accustomed, in
+their darkest calamities, to look for light.  As long as he lived, he was
+the guiding-star of a whole brave nation, and when he died the little
+children cried in the streets.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Bribed the Deity
+Forgiving spirit on the part of the malefactor
+Great error of despising their enemy
+Mistake to stumble a second time over the same stone
+Modern statesmanship, even while it practises, condemns
+Preferred an open enemy to a treacherous protector
+Reformer who becomes in his turn a bigot is doubly odious
+Unremitted intellectual labor in an honorable cause
+Usual phraseology of enthusiasts
+Writing letters full of injured innocence
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1582-84 ***
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