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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44379 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 44379-h.htm or 44379-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44379/44379-h/44379-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44379/44379-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/historyofmournin00daveuoft
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS,
+_As Widow of Francis II. of France, a facsimile of the original drawing
+by Clouet, preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris._--Reproduced
+expressly for this Publication.]
+
+
+A HISTORY OF MOURNING.
+
+by
+
+RICHARD DAVEY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Jay's,
+Regent Street, W.
+
+_Wreath composed of the flowers mentioned in Shakespeare's dirges._
+
+
+Entered at Stationers' Hall.]        [Copyright.
+
+Published at Jay's, Regent Street, W.
+
+London
+McCorquodale & Co., Limited
+Cardington Street, N.W.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A HISTORY OF MOURNING.
+
+BY RICHARD DAVEY.]
+
+
+ALTHOUGH tradition has not informed us whether our first parents made
+any marked change in their scanty garments on the death of their near
+relatives, it is certain that the fashion of wearing mourning and the
+institution of funereal ceremonies and rites are of the most remote
+antiquity. Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians over 3,000 years
+ago selected yellow as the colour which denoted that a kinsman was
+lately deceased. They, moreover, shaved their eyebrows when a relative
+died; but the death of a dog or a cat, regarded as divinities by this
+curious people, was a matter of much greater importance to them, for
+then they not only shaved their eyebrows, but every hair on their
+bodies was plucked out; and doubtless this explains the reason why so
+many elaborate wigs are to be seen in the various museums devoted to
+Egyptian antiquities. It would require a volume to give an idea of
+the singular funereal ceremonials of this people, with whom death was
+regarded, so to speak, as a "speciality;" for their religion was mainly
+devoted to the _cultus_ of the departed, and consequently innumerable
+monumental tombs still exist all over Egypt, the majority of which are
+full of mummies, whose painted cases are most artistic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_An Egyptian Lady preparing to go into Mourning
+for the death of her pet Cat._--From a picture by J. R. WEGUELIN.]
+
+The cat was worshipped as a divinity by the Egyptians. Magnificent
+tombs were erected in its honour, sacrifices and devotions were offered
+to it; and, as has already been said, it was customary for the
+people of the house to shave their heads and eyebrows whenever Pussy
+departed the family circle. Possibly it was their exalted position in
+Egypt which eventually led to cats being considered the "familiars"
+of witches in the Middle Ages, and even in our own time, for belief
+in witchcraft is not extinct. The kindly Egyptians made mummies of
+their cats and dogs, and it is presumable that, since Egypt is a corn
+growing, and hence a rat and mouse producing country, both dogs and
+cats, as killers of these vermin, were regarded with extreme veneration
+on account of their exterminating qualities. Their mummies are often
+both curious and comical, for the poor beast's quaint figure and face
+are frequently preserved with an indescribably grim realism, after the
+lapse of many ages.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_Egyptian Maiden presenting Incense to the
+new-made Mummy of a Cat._]
+
+The funeral processions of the Egyptians were magnificent; for with the
+principal members of the family of the deceased, if he chanced to be
+of royal or patrician rank, walked in stately file numerous priests,
+priestesses, and officials wearing mourning robes, and, together with
+professional mourners, filling the air with horrible howls and cries.
+Their descendants still produce these strident and dismal lamentations
+on similar occasions.
+
+
+
+
+THE Egyptian Pyramids, which were included among the seven wonders of
+the world, are seventy in number, and are masses of stone or brick,
+with square bases and triangular sides. Although various opinions have
+prevailed as to their use, as that they were erected for astronomical
+purposes, for resisting the encroachment of the sand of the desert, for
+granaries, reservoirs, or sepulchres, the last-mentioned hypothesis has
+been proved to be correct, in recent times, by the excavations of Vyse,
+who expended nearly £10,000 in investigating their object. They were
+the tombs of monarchs of Egypt who flourished from the Fourth to the
+Twelfth Dynasty, none having been constructed later than that time; the
+subsequent kings being buried at Abydos, Thebes, and other places, in
+tombs of a very different character.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_The Pyramids and Great Sphinx._--From a
+pen-and-ink sketch by HORACE VERNET.]
+
+The first, or Great Pyramid, was the sepulchre of the Cheops of
+Herodotus, the Chembes, or Chemmis, of Diodorus, and the Suphis of
+Manetho and Eratosthenes. Its height was 480 feet 9 inches, and its
+base 764 feet square. In other words, it was higher than St. Paul's
+Cathedral, and built on an area the size of Lincoln's Inn Fields. It
+has been, however, much spoiled, and stripped of its exterior blocks
+for the building of Cairo. The original sepulchral chamber, called
+the Subterranean Apartment, 46 feet by 27 feet, and 11 feet 6 inches
+high, has been hewn in the solid rock, and was reached by the original
+passage of 320 feet long, which descended to it by an entrance at
+the foot of the pyramid. A second chamber, with a triangular roof,
+17 feet by 18 feet 9 inches, and 20 feet 3 inches high, was entered
+by a passage rising to an inclination of 26° 18', terminating in a
+horizontal passage. It is called the Queen's Chamber, and occupies a
+position nearly in the centre of the pyramid. The monument--probably
+owing to the long life attained by the monarch--still progressing,
+a third chamber, called the King's, was finally constructed, by
+prolonging the ascending passage of the Queen's Chamber for 150 feet
+farther into the very centre of the pyramid, and, after a short
+horizontal passage, making a room 17 feet 1 inch by 34 feet 3 inches,
+and 19 feet 1 inch high. The changes which took place in this pyramid
+gave rise to various traditions, even in the days of Herodotus, Cheops
+being reported to lie buried in a chamber surrounded by the waters of
+the Nile. It took a long time for its construction--100,000 men being
+employed on it probably for above half a century, the duration of the
+reign of Cheops. The operations in this pyramid by General Vyse gave
+rise to the discovery of marks scrawled in red ochre in a kind of
+cursive hieroglyph, on the blocks brought from the quarries of Tourah.
+These contained the name and titles of Khufu (the hieroglyphic form of
+Cheops); numerals and directions for the position of materials, etc.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Mummies of Cats and Dogs._--British Museum and
+Museum of the Louvre.]
+
+The second Pyramid was built by Suphis II., or Kephren, who reigned
+66 years, according to Manethro, and who appears to have attained a
+great age. It has two sepulchral chambers, and must have been broken
+into by the Calif Alaziz Othman Ben-Yousouf, A.D. 1196. Subsequently
+it was opened by Belzoni. The masonry is inferior to that of the first
+Pyramid, but it was anciently cased below with red granite.
+
+The third Pyramid, built by Menkara, who reigned 63 years, is much
+smaller than the other two, and has also two sepulchral chambers, both
+in the solid rock. The lower chamber, which held a sarcophagus of
+rectangular shape of whinstone, had a pointed roof, cut like an arch
+inside; but the cedar coffin, in shape of a mummy, had been removed
+to the upper or large apartment, and its contents there rifled.
+Amongst the debris of the coffin and in the chambers were found the
+legs and part of the trunk of a body with linen wrapper, supposed by
+some to belong to the monarch, but by others to an Arab, on account
+of the anchylosed right knee. This body and fragments of the coffin
+were brought to the British Museum; but the stone sarcophagus was
+unfortunately lost off Carthagena, by the sinking of the vessel in
+which it was being transported to England.
+
+There are six other Pyramids of inferior size and interest at Gizeh;
+one at Abou Rouash, which is ruined, but of large dimensions; another
+at Zowyet El Arrian, still more ruined; another at Reegah, a spot in
+the vicinity of Abooseer, also much dilapidated, and built for the
+monarch User-en-Ra, by some supposed to be Busiris. There are five
+of these monuments at Abooseer, one with a name supposed to be that
+of a monarch of the Third Dynasty; and another with that of the king
+Sahura. A group of eleven Pyramids remains at Sakkara, and five other
+Pyramids are at Dashour, the northernmost of which, built of brick, is
+supposed to be that of the king Asychis of Herodotus, and has a name of
+a king apparently about the Twelfth Dynasty. Others are at Meydoon and
+Illahoon, Biahmo and Medinat El Fyoum, apparently the sepulchres of the
+last kings of the Twelfth Dynasty.
+
+In Nubia, the ancient Æthiopia, are several Pyramids, the tombs of the
+monarchs of Meroë and of some of the Ethiopian conquerors of Egypt.
+They are taller in proportion to their base than the Egyptian Pyramids,
+and generally have a sepulchral hall, or propylon, with sculptures,
+which faces the east. The principal groups of these Pyramids are at
+Bege Rauie, or Begromi, 17° N. lat., in one of which, gold rings and
+other objects of late art, resembling that of the Ptolemaic period,
+were found.
+
+The numerous Pyramids of Mexico are of vast size and importance, but
+their purpose is not yet fully ascertained. Completely covered as they
+are with dense vegetation, filled with venomous reptiles, they are
+difficult to investigate, but they were evidently much the same in
+shape and structure as the Egyptian, and their entrances were richly
+sculptured.
+
+The art of preserving the body after death by embalming was invented
+by the Egyptians, whose prepared bodies are known by the name of
+mummies. This art seems to have derived its origin from the idea that
+the preservation of the body was necessary for the return of the
+soul to the human form after it had completed its cycle of existence
+of three or ten thousand years. Physical and sanitary reasons may
+also have induced the ancient Egyptians; and the legend of Osiris,
+whose body, destroyed by Typhon, was found by Isis, and embalmed by
+his son Anubis, gave a religious sanction to the rite, all deceased
+persons being supposed to be embalmed after the model of Osiris in the
+_abuton_ of Philæ. One of the earliest embalmments on record is that
+of the patriarch Jacob; and the body of Joseph was thus prepared, and
+transported out of Egypt. The following seems to have been the usual
+rule observed after death. The relations of the deceased went through
+the city chanting a wail for the dead. The corpse of a male was at
+once committed into the charge of undertakers; if a female, it was
+detained at home until decomposition had begun. The _paraschistes_,
+or flank-inciser of the district, a person of low class, conveyed
+the corpse home. A scribe marked with a reed-pen a line on the left
+side beneath the ribs, down which line the paraschistes made a deep
+incision with a rude knife of stone, or probably flint. He was then
+pelted by those around with stones, and pursued with curses. Then the
+_taricheutes_, or preparer, proceeded to arrange the corpse for the
+reception of the salts and spices necessary for its preservation,
+and the future operations depended on the sum to be expended upon
+the task. When Herodotus visited Egypt, three methods prevailed: the
+first, accessible only to the wealthy, consisted in passing peculiar
+drugs through the nostrils, into the cavities of the skull, rinsing
+the body in palm wine, and filling it with resins, cassia, and other
+substances, and stitching up the incision in the left flank. The
+mummy was then steeped in natron for 70 days, and wrapped up in linen
+cemented by gums, and set upright in a wooden coffin against the walls
+of the house or tomb. This process cost what would now amount in our
+money to about £725. The second process consisted in injecting into the
+body cedar oil, soaking it in a solution of natron for 70 days, which
+eventually destroyed everything but the skin and bones. The expense was
+a _mina_, relatively, about £243. In the third process, used for the
+poorer classes, the corpse was simply washed in myrrh, and salted for
+70 days. When thus prepared the bodies were ready for sepulture, but
+they were often kept some time before burial--often at home--and were
+even produced at festive entertainments, to recall to the guests the
+transient lot of humanity. All classes were embalmed, even malefactors;
+and those who were drowned in the Nile or killed by crocodiles received
+an embalmment from the city nearest to which the accident occurred.
+
+The Ethiopians used similar means of embalming to preserve the dead,
+and other less successful means were used by nations of antiquity.
+The Persians employed wax, the Assyrians, honey; the Jews embalmed
+their monarchs with spices, with which the body of Our Lord was also
+anointed; Alexander the Great was preserved in wax and honey, and
+some Roman bodies have been found thus embalmed. The Guanches, or
+ancient inhabitants of the Canary Isles, used an elaborate process
+like the Egyptian; and dessicated bodies, preserved by atmospheric or
+other circumstances for centuries, have been found in France, Sicily,
+England, and America, especially in Central America, and Peru. The art
+of embalming was probably never lost in Europe, and De Bils, Ruysch,
+Swammerdam, and Clauderus boast of great success in it. During the
+present century it has been almost entirely discarded, except under
+very exceptional circumstances.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Tomb of Runjeet Singh at Lahore._]
+
+LEAVING the Oriental and remotely ancient nations aside, we will now
+consider the history of mourning as it was used by those peoples from
+whom we immediately derive our funereal customs. In ancient times,
+even amongst the Greeks and Romans, it was the custom to immolate
+victims--either slaves or captives--on the tomb of the departed, in
+order to appease the spirit, or that the soul might be accompanied by
+spirits of inferior persons to the realms of eternal bliss; and in
+India we have some difficulty even now in preventing the burning of a
+widow on the funeral pyre of her husband, instances of this barbarous
+custom occurring almost every year, notwithstanding the vigilance of
+our Government.
+
+It would be extremely interesting to trace to their sources all the
+various rites and ceremonies connected with our principal subject,
+of every nation, savage or civilised, ancient or modern; but the
+task would be quite beyond my limits. A thorough investigation of the
+matter, assisted very materially by a systematic investigation of that
+mine of curious information, Picard's famous "_Cérémonies et coutumes
+religieuses de tous les peuples_", which contains so many original
+letters from missionaries of the 16th and 17th Centuries, obliges me to
+come to the conclusion that there is, after all, not so much variety
+in the funereal ceremonies of the world as we imagine. Those of the
+Chinese and Japanese resemble in many ways, very strikingly too, the
+ceremonies which the Roman Catholics employ to this day: there are the
+same long processions of priests and officials; and Picard shows us a
+sketch of a very grand burial at Pekin, in 1675, in which we behold the
+body of the Emperor of the Celestials stretched upon a bier covered
+with deep violet satin, and surrounded by many lighted candles; prayers
+were said for the repose of the soul; and, as all the world knows,
+the costumes of the priests of Buddha are supposed to have undergone,
+together with their creed and ritual, a great change in the early part
+of the 17th Century, owing to the extraordinary influence of the Jesuit
+missionaries who followed St. Francis Xavier into India and Japan.
+The Japanese cremated their dead and preserved the ashes; the Chinese
+buried theirs; but the Cingalese, after burning the body, scattered the
+ashes to the winds; whilst a sect of Persians exposed their dead upon
+the top of high towers, and permitted the birds of prey to perform the
+duty which we assign to the gravedigger.
+
+Cemeteries existed in the East at a remote epoch, and were rendered
+so beautiful with handsome mausoleums, groves of stately cypresses
+and avenues of lovely rose bushes, that they are now used as public
+promenades. On certain days of the year multitudes resort to them for
+purposes of prayer, and the Armenian Christians illuminate theirs
+with lamps and tapers on the annual feast of the commemoration of
+the departed. Perhaps India possesses the most elegant tombs in the
+world, mainly built by the sovereigns of the Mongol dynasty. None
+among them is so sumptuous as the mausoleum of Taj Mahal, situated
+about a mile outside the port of Agra. It was built by Shah Jehan for
+himself and his wife Arjimand Banoo, surnamed Mumtaz Mahal; 20,000
+men were employed for 20 years erecting it. It is constructed of the
+purest white marble, relieved with precious stones. In the interior
+is the sepulchral apartment, which is chiefly decorated with lapis
+lazuli. The tombs of the Emperor and Empress, which stand under the
+dome, are covered with costly Indian shawls of green cashmere, heavily
+embroidered with gold.
+
+Another most beautiful specimen of Mahometan sepulchral architecture is
+the tomb of Runjeet Singh, near Lahore, which, though less known, is
+externally as magnificent as the mausoleum above described.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+MOSES prohibited the immolation of human victims on the tombs of the
+dead, and decreed that relatives should signify their sorrow by the
+manner in which they tore their garments. They rent them according
+to the degrees of affinity and parentage. Sometimes the tears were
+horizontal, and this indicated that a father, mother, wife, brother,
+or sister had died; but if the tear was longitudinal, it signified
+that some person had departed who was not a blood relation. An idea
+can be formed of the appalling destruction of clothing which must
+have occurred on certain occasions amongst the ancient Jews, when we
+remember that on the death of a king everybody was expected to tear
+their garments longitudinally, and to go about with them in tatters for
+nine days. This curious custom possibly explains Solomon's proverb,
+"There is a time to rend and a time to mend."
+
+The High Priest among the Jews was exempted from wearing mourning. The
+French, when they embraced Christianity, added many Jewish customs
+to their own: up to the time of the Revolution of 1789, their Grand
+Chancellor, or Chief Magistrate, was not bound to wear mourning even
+for his own father.
+
+The Greeks, doubtless, derived their funereal ceremonies from the
+Egyptians, and it is from this ancient people that we obtain the
+custom of wearing black as mourning. When a person in Greece was
+dangerously ill and not expected to recover, branches of _laurestinus_
+and _achanthus_ were hung up over the door, and the relatives hurried
+round the bed and prayed to Mercury, as the conductor of souls, to have
+mercy upon the invalid, and either to cure him completely or else help
+his soul to cross the river Styx. If the death really occurred, then
+the house was filled with cries and lamentations. The body was washed
+and perfumed, and covered with rich robes; a garland of flowers was
+placed on its head, and in its hand a cake made of wheat and honey,
+to appease Cerberus, the porter of Hell; and in the mouth a purse of
+money, in order to defray the expenses of Charon, the ferryman of Styx.
+In this state the deceased was exposed for two days in the vestibule of
+the house. At the door was a vase full of water, destined to purify the
+hands of those who touched the corpse.
+
+Visitors to Paris will remember how often they have seen a coffin
+exhibited in the doorway of a house, elaborately covered with flowers,
+having at its head a crucifix, and many lights surrounding it,
+everybody as they passed saluting it--the men by taking off their
+hats, and the women by making the sign of the cross, often using for
+this purpose holy water offered to them on a brush by an acolyte.
+Now, the Greeks used blessed water when they exposed their dead in
+front of their dwellings; possibly the French custom is derived from
+the Grecian. The funeral in Greece took place three days after the
+exhibition of the remains, and usually occurred before sunrise, so
+as to avoid ostentation. Many women surrounded the bier, weeping and
+howling, and not a few, being professionals, were paid for their
+trouble. The corpse was placed on a chariot, in a coffin made of
+cypress wood. The male relatives walked behind, those who were of
+close kinship having their heads shaved. They usually cast down their
+eyes, and were invariably dressed in black. A choir of musicians came
+next, singing doleful tunes. The procession, as a rule, had not far
+to go, for the body of a wealthy person was usually buried in his
+garden--if his city house did not possess one, in that of his villa
+residence.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_A Greek Tomb: the Monument of Themistocles,
+Athens._]
+
+The Greeks, it will thus be seen, buried their dead, and did not
+cremate them as did the Romans; but in the latter years of the Republic
+both forms of disposing of the body were common. After the burial,
+libations of wine were poured over the grave, and all objects of
+clothing which had belonged to the deceased were solemnly burnt. The
+ninth and fourteenth days after the funeral, the parents, dressed in
+white, visited the grave, and a ceremony was gone through for the
+repose of the soul. The anniversary of the death was also observed,
+and the Greeks, moreover, had a general commemoration of the dead in
+the month of March. And here let us make a digression to see how very
+closely the Greeks must have influenced the early Christians, and
+consequently their more immediate descendants, the Roman Catholics, in
+the matter of religious ceremonies; for it is usual among Catholics to
+hear a Mass for the Dead a week after the death, and also another on
+the anniversary. The universal feast of the dead is observed by them,
+however, not in the month of March, but in that of November. People
+who have lived in Paris will know how very largely these funereal
+ceremonies enter into the manners and customs of that gay city, so
+that it is not unfrequent for foreign residents to observe that their
+time is passed in perpetually going to funerals; for, if you have a
+large acquaintance, you are sure to receive at least twenty or thirty
+invitations to funerals and funereal commemorations in the course of
+the year. Of course, everybody will remember how on the Continent
+the first day of November is devoted to visiting the cemeteries and
+decorating the tombs of relatives and friends.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_Gallo-Roman bas-relief--found in Paris about
+fifty years ago--representing a family surrounding the body of a woman
+who has recently died._--Museum of the Louvre.]
+
+To return to the Greeks, it should be observed that their respect
+for the dead was remarkable, even amongst the ancients. If a man
+accidentally found a body on the high-road, he was obliged to turn
+aside and bury it. When the people saw a funeral procession pass, they
+uncovered their heads and murmured a prayer. The laws against the
+violation of the sepulchres of the dead were most severe, and any one
+who was caught damaging a tomb was usually flogged for his trouble, but
+if he overthrew it and disturbed the body, he was burnt alive.
+
+If a person died at sea, all the people on board the ship assembled at
+sunset, and cried out three times the name of the departed, who was
+usually thrown overboard. In the morning they repeated these calls, and
+so forth until the ship entered port. This was done in order to recall
+the names of the deceased, or at any rate to keep them propitious.
+
+When an illustrious person died in Greece, the ceremonies were on a
+most elaborate scale, and even accompanied by games, which lasted for
+many days. Readers of Homer's "Iliad" will remember his magnificent
+description of the death and funeral of Patroclus.
+
+Among the Romans the men were not obliged to wear mourning, but it was
+the fashion for women to do so. Very wisely, children under three years
+of age were not forced to put on black, even for their parents, and
+after that age, only for as many months as they had lived years.
+
+The Roman ladies only wore mourning for their parents for one year. Men
+were expected to wear it for the same period in the case of the death
+of a father, mother, wife, sister, or brother. Numa fixed the period
+of wearing deep mourning for the nearest of kin as ten months. People,
+however, were not obliged to wear mourning for any of their relatives
+who had been in prison, were bankrupt, or in any way outlawed. Numa
+published a minute series of laws regulating the mourning of his
+people. A very odd item in these included an order that women should
+not scratch their faces, or make an exceptional fuss at a public
+funeral. This was possibly decreed to put some stop to abuses which the
+hired mourners had occasioned: scratching their faces, for instance,
+so as to injure themselves, and making an over-dismal wail which was
+offensive to the genuine mourners.
+
+For freedmen and slaves among the Romans, the greatest mark of respect
+was the erection of a monument or inscription in the tomb reserved
+for the family they had served. Thousands of these inscriptions to
+slaves and faithful servants still exist, and lead us to hope that the
+hardships of slavery in ancient Rome were often softened by mutual
+kindness and respect. One of the most touching of these is in a tomb on
+the Appian Road, which is supposed to have belonged to the attendants
+of Livia, the illustrious consort of Augustus. It runs:--
+
+"To my beloved Julia, my slave-woman, whose last illness I have watched
+and attended as if it had been that of my own mother."
+
+Tombs of slaves who were martyrs to the Christian religion are very
+frequent, and their inscriptions are usually of a most pathetic
+description.
+
+The ashes of the dead, after the solemn burning of the body, were
+carefully gathered together and placed in an often very beautifully
+painted urn, and taken to the family tomb on the Appian Way, where
+an appropriate inscription was affixed to the wall under the niche
+containing the vase or urn. Little glass bottles, said to be filled
+with the tears of the nearest relations, were likewise enclosed in the
+urn, or else hung up beside it. Thousands of these, brilliant, after
+ages, with iridescent colours, are still found in the Roman tombs.
+
+It was not imperative for a man in old Rome to wear mourning at all;
+but it was considered very bad taste for a male not to show some
+external sign of respect for his dead. With women, on the other hand,
+it was obligatory.
+
+On great occasions, such as the death of an Emperor or a defeat of
+the army in foreign parts, the Senate, the Knights, and the whole
+Roman people assumed mourning; and the same ceremony was observed when
+any general of the Roman army was slain in battle. When Manlius was
+precipitated from the Tarpeian rock, half the people put on mourning.
+The defeat at Cannæ, the conspiracy of Catilina, and the death of
+Julius Cæsar were also events celebrated in Rome with public mourning;
+but during the whole period of the Republic it was not compulsory for
+people to notice death, either publicly or privately.
+
+The first public mourning recorded as being observed throughout the
+entire Roman Empire was that for Augustus. It lasted for fifty days
+for the men, and the whole year for women. The next public event which
+called forth a decree commanding that the entire people of Rome and
+the Empire should wear mourning, was the death of Livia, mother of
+Tiberius. The same thing occurred at the death of Drusus; and Caligula
+followed the example, and ordered general mourning on the death of
+Drusilla.
+
+Private mourning, which was among the Romans, as we have already
+intimated, not at all compulsory, could be broken by events such as the
+birth of a son or daughter, the marriage of a child, and the return
+of a prisoner of war. Men wore lighter mourning than women, but were
+expected to absent themselves from places of public amusement.
+
+The usual colour adopted by women for mourning, under the Roman Empire,
+was a peculiar blue-black serge, and an absolutely black veil. As with
+us, occasionally, the wearing of mourning brought forth some sharp
+remarks from the satirical poets. Thus, Macrobius tells us, in his
+Saturnalia, that Croesus on one occasion went to the Senate wearing the
+deepest mourning for the largest lamprey in his tank, which had died.
+
+Women were not allowed to remarry within the year of their husband's
+death. Imperial permission, however, might smooth this difficulty.
+
+
+
+
+AMONG the early Christians the sincerest respect for the memory of
+their dead was paid; for most of them, in the first centuries of the
+Church, were either martyrs or near connections of such as had suffered
+for the faith. The Catacombs are covered with inscriptions recording
+the deaths of martyrs; and many of these memorials are exceedingly
+pathetic, testifying to the fortitude with which the first Christians
+endured any manner of torture rather than deny the new faith which
+had been imparted to them by Divine revelation. The remains of the
+martyrs, however mangled they might be, were gathered together with the
+greatest reverence, and their blood placed in little phials of glass,
+which were considered relics of a most precious nature. The Catacombs,
+which served the first Christians as churches as well as places of
+burial, are called after the most distinguished martyrs who were buried
+therein. In that of St. Calixtus, for instance--where that early and
+martyred Pope was interred--about two centuries ago was found the body
+of Saint Cecilia, "the sweet patroness of music." With such precaution
+had her remains been transported to their place of interment, that
+Bernini, the most eminent sculptor of the 17th Century, was able to
+take a cast of them, which he subsequently worked into a lovely statue,
+representing the saint in the graceful and modest attitude in which it
+is said her body was found after the lapse of a thousand years. This
+exquisite work of art is to be seen in the church which bears Saint
+Cecilia's name, in the Trastevere; and a fine replica of it is in the
+chapel of St. Cecilia, in the Oratory, Brompton.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Divine Service in the Catacombs of St.
+Calixtus_, A.D. 50.]
+
+The Catacombs are subterraneous chambers and passages usually formed
+in the rock, which is soft and easily excavated, and are to be found
+in almost every country in which such rocks exist. In most cases,
+probably, they originated in mere quarries, which afterwards came to be
+used either as places of sepulchre for the dead, or as hiding-places
+for the persecuted living. The most celebrated Catacombs in existence
+are those on the Via Appia, at a short distance from Rome. To these
+dreary crypts the early Christians were in the habit of retiring, in
+order to celebrate Divine worship in times of persecution, and in them
+were buried many of the saints, the early Popes, and martyrs. They
+consist of long narrow galleries, usually about eight feet high and
+five wide, which twist and turn in all directions. The graves were
+constructed by hollowing out a portion of the rock, at the side of
+the gallery, large enough to contain the body. The entrance was then
+built up with stones, on which usually the letters D. M. (Deo Maximo),
+or [CHR], the first two letters of the Greek name of Christ, were
+inscribed. Though latterly devoted to purposes of Christian interment
+exclusively, it is believed that the Catacombs were at one time used
+as burying-places for Pagans also, and there are one or two which were
+evidently entirely devoted to the Jews. At irregular intervals, these
+galleries expand into wide and lofty vaulted chambers, in which the
+service of the Church was no doubt celebrated, and which still have
+the appearance of chapels. The original extent of the Catacombs is
+uncertain, the guides maintaining that they have a length of twenty
+miles, whereas about six only can now be ascertained to exist, and of
+these, many portions have either fallen in or become dangerous. When
+Rome was besieged by the Lombards in the 8th Century, several of the
+Catacombs were destroyed, and the Popes afterwards caused the remains
+of many of the saints and martyrs to be removed and buried in the
+churches. The Catacombs at Naples, cut into the Capo di Monte, resemble
+those at Rome, and evidently were used for the same purposes, being
+partially covered with remarkable Christian symbols. At Palermo and
+Syracuse, there are similar Catacombs, and they are also to be found
+in Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and Egypt. At Milo, one of the
+Cyclades, there is a hill which is honeycombed with a labyrinth of
+tombs running in every direction. In these, bassorilievi and figures
+in terra-cotta have been found, which prove them to be long anterior
+to the Christian era. In Peru and other parts of South America,
+ancient Catacombs still exist. The Catacombs of Paris are a species of
+charnel-house, into which the contents of such burying-places as were
+found to be pestilential, and the bodies of some of the victims of the
+Revolution, were cast by a decree of the Government. The skulls are
+arranged in curious forms, and a visit to these weird galleries is one
+of the sights of Paris, which few strangers, however, are privileged
+to study. The Capuchin monks have frequently attached to their
+monasteries, a cloister filled with earth brought from the Holy Land.
+In this the monks are buried for a time, until their bones are quite
+fleshless, when they are arranged in surprising groups in the long
+corridors of a series of galleries, and produce sometimes the reverse
+of a solemn effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Crypt of a Chapel in the Catacomb of St.
+Agnes, without the walls of Rome (restored), showing the manner in
+which the bodies of the early Christians were arranged one above the
+other. The front of each tomb was of course walled up._--From the work
+on the Catacombs of Rome, by M. PERRET.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_An Anglo-Saxon Widow Lady. The upper garment
+is of black cloth, edged with fur, and a veil of black gauze hangs from
+the head._--9th Century MS., National Library, Paris.]
+
+AS the Church emerged from the Catacombs, and was enabled to take her
+position in the world, her funereal ceremonies became more elaborate
+and costly. Masses for the dead were offered up in the churches, to
+the accompaniment of music and singing; and the funereal ceremonies
+which attended the burial of the Empress Theodolinda, A.D. 595, the
+friend and correspondent of Pope St. Gregory the Great, lasted for
+over a week. The Cathedral of Monza, where she was buried, was hung
+with costly black stuff, and the body of the Empress was exhibited
+under a magnificent catafalque, surrounded with lights, and was visited
+by pilgrims from all parts of Lombardy. Many hundreds of masses were
+said for her in all the churches, and all day the great bells of the
+cathedral and of the various monastic establishments tolled dolefully.
+At the end of the week the body of the illustrious Empress was placed
+in the vault under the high altar, where it remains to this day; and
+above it was a shrine filled with extraordinary relics, many of which
+still subsist, as, for instance, her celebrated "Hen and Chickens"--a
+plateau or tray of silver gilt with some gold chickens with ruby eyes
+upon it--and the famous iron crown, which is, indeed, of gold, having
+one of the nails said to have been used at the Crucifixion beaten in a
+single band round the inside. Napoleon I. crowned himself, at Milan,
+King of Italy, with this singular relic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_An Anglo-Saxon Priest wearing a black
+Dalmatic, edged with fur, ready to say a Requiem Mass._--From an early
+MS., 10th Century.]
+
+Our Catholic ancestors spent large sums of money upon their funerals.
+The pious practice of praying for the dead, which they doubtless
+derived from the Hebrews, induced them to secure the future exertions
+of their friends, by building chanteries and special chapels in the
+churches, with a view of reminding the survivors of their demise.
+Guilds, which by the way, still exist, were created for the purpose of
+binding people together in a holy league of prayer for the souls of the
+faithful departed. We find in the laws established for the Guild of
+Abbotsbury, the following regulations:--"If any one belonging to the
+association chance to die, each member shall pay a penny for the good
+of the soul, before the body be laid in the grave. If he die in the
+neighbourhood, the steward (secretary) shall enquire when he is to be
+interred, and shall summon as many members as he can, to assemble and
+carry the corpse in as honourable a manner as possible to the grave or
+minster, and there pray devoutly for his soul's rest." With the same
+view, our ancestors were ever anxious to obtain a place of sepulchre in
+the most frequented churches. The monuments raised over their remains,
+whilst keeping them safe from profanation, recalled them to memory,
+and solicited on their behalf the charity of the faithful. The usual
+inscription on the earlier Christian tombs in this country was the
+pathetic "Of your charity, pray for me." In the Guild of All Souls,
+in London, when any member died, it was the custom of the survivors
+to give the poor a loaf for the good of the soul; and the writer can
+perfectly remember, that some thirty years since, in remote parts of
+Norfolk, when anybody died, it was the fashion to distribute loaves
+of bread in the church porch as a dole. The funeral of an Anglo-Saxon
+was thus conducted:--The body of the deceased was placed on a bier or
+in a hearse. On it lay the book of the gospels, the code of his or her
+belief, and the cross, the signal of hope. A pall of silk or linen was
+thrown over it till it reached the place of interment. The friends
+were summoned, and strangers deemed it a duty to join the funeral
+procession. The clergy walked before or on each side, bearing lighted
+tapers in their hands, and chanting a portion of the psalter. If it
+were in the evening, the night was passed in exercises of devotion.
+In the morning, mass was sung and the body deposited with solemnity
+in the grave, the sawlshot paid, and a liberal donation distributed
+to the poor. Before the Reformation, it was the excellent custom for
+all persons who met a funeral to uncover and stand reverentially
+still until it had passed. The pious turned back, and accompanied the
+mourners a part of the way to the grave. It is pleasant to notice
+that this essentially humane habit of taking off the hat and behaving
+gravely as a funeral goes by, which is universal upon the Continent,
+is at last becoming more and more general here. The homage of the
+living to the mortal remains of even the humblest is excellent, and
+one which should be earnestly encouraged, being far more beneficial in
+its results than the heaping of costly flowers upon a hearse, which no
+one notices as it passes, laden with its ephemeral offerings, to the
+cemetery.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_Funeral of St. Edward the Confessor, January
+5th, 1066. The body, covered with a silken pall adorned with crosses,
+is carried by eight men, and followed by many priests, to Westminster
+Abbey, which he had founded. Under the bier are seen two small
+figures ringing bells._--From the Bayeux Tapestry, worked by Matilda
+of Flanders, Queen of William the Conqueror, and preserved in the
+Cathedral at Bayeux--11th Century.]
+
+The funeral of Edward the Confessor was exceedingly magnificent, and
+the shrine built over his relics, behind the high altar of the glorious
+abbey which he founded, is still an object of reverence with our Roman
+Catholic fellow-citizens, who, on St. Edward's Day, are permitted by
+a tolerant age to offer their devotions before the resting-place of
+the last of our Saxon Kings. But our first Norman King was buried with
+scant ceremony. He died 1087, at Hermentrude, a village near Rouen,
+having been taken suddenly ill on his way to England. No sooner was
+the illustrious king deceased, than his servants plundered the house
+and even the corpse, flinging it naked upon the floor. Herleadin, a
+peasant, undertook at last to convey the body to Caen, where it was to
+be buried in the Abbey of St. Stephen, Prince Henry and the monks being
+present. Scarcely, however, was the mass of requiem begun, when the
+church took fire, and everybody fled, leaving William the Conqueror's
+hearse neglected in the centre of the transept. At last the flames were
+extinguished, the interrupted service finished, and the funeral sermon
+preached. Just, however, as the coffin was about to be lowered into the
+vault, Anselm Fitz-Arthur, a Norman gentleman, stood forth and forbade
+the interment. "This spot," cried he, "is the site of my father's
+house, which this dead man burnt to ashes. On the ground it occupied I
+built this church, and William's body shall not desecrate it." After
+much ado, however, Fitz-Arthur was prevailed upon by Prince Henry to
+allow the body to be buried, on the payment of sixty shillings as the
+price of the grave. In the 17th Century the Calvinists ravaged the tomb
+and broke the monument. It was restored in 1642, but finally swept
+away, together with that of Queen Matilda, in the Revolution of 1793.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_The Shrine of the Confessor, in Westminster
+Abbey._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Funeral of an Abbess--10th Century._--From a
+MS.]
+
+PERHAPS the most curious funeral on record occurred just at the dawn
+of the Renaissance--that of the ill-fated Inez de Castro--"the Queen
+crowned after death"--who was murdered in the 14th Century by three
+assassins in her own apartment at Coimbra. "Being conveyed," says the
+Chronicle of Fray Jao das Reglas, "to the chapel of the neighbouring
+convent, her body was arrayed in spotless white and decked with roses.
+The nuns surrounded the bier, and the Queen-mother of Portugal,
+Brittes, sat in state--her crown upon her head and her royal robes
+flowing around her--as chief mourner, having given an order that the
+body should not be buried until after the return of her son Don Pedro.
+When he did come back, he was transported with grief and anger at the
+foul murder of his consort; and, throwing himself upon the corpse,
+clasped it to his heart, covered its pale lips, its hands, its feet
+with kisses, and, refusing all consolation, remained for thirty hours
+with the body clasped in his embrace! At last, being overcome with
+fatigue, the unhappy Prince was carried away senseless from the piteous
+remains of his most dear Inez, and they were consigned to the grave.
+It was his father who had instigated the murderers to commit their
+foul deed, and this determined Pedro to take up arms against him; and
+Portugal was desolated by civil war. Eventually the reasoning of the
+Queen (Brittes) prevailed, and peace was restored. Pedro, however,
+never spoke to his father again until the hour of his death, when he
+forgave the great wrong he had done him. He now ascended the throne,
+and his first act was to hunt down the three murderers, two of whom
+were put to death, with tortures too awful to describe, and the other
+escaped into France, where he died a beggar. After this retributive
+act, Don Pedro assembled the Cortes at Cantandes, and, in the presence
+of the Pope's Nuncio, solemnly swore that he had secretly married Inez
+de Castro at Braganza, in the presence of the bishop and of other
+witnesses." "Then occurred an event unique in history," continues this
+naive contemporary chronicle. "The body of Inez was lifted from the
+grave, placed on a magnificent throne, and crowned Queen of Portugal.
+The clergy, the nobility, and the people did homage to her corpse,
+and kissed the bones of her hands. There sat the dead Queen, with her
+yellow hair hanging like a veil round her ghastly form. One fleshless
+hand held the sceptre, and the other the orb of royalty. At night,
+after the coronation ceremony, a procession was formed of all the
+clergy and nobility, the religious orders and confraternities--which
+extended over many miles--each person holding a flaring torch in his
+hand, and thus walked from Coimbra to Alcobaça, escorting the crowned
+corpse to that royal abbey for interment. The dead Queen lay in her
+rich robes upon a chariot drawn by black mules and lighted up by
+hundreds of lights."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Bird's-eye view of the Monument (restored) of
+the Queen Inez of Castro, Abbey of Alcobaça, Portugal._]
+
+The scene must indeed have been a weird one. The sable costumes of the
+bishops and priests, the incense issuing from innumerable censers,
+the friars in their quaint garments, and the fantastically-attired
+members of the various hermandades, or brotherhoods--some of whom were
+dressed from head to foot entirely in scarlet, or blue, or black, or in
+white--with their countenances masked and their eyes glittering through
+small openings in their cowls; but above all, the spectre-like corpse
+of the Queen, on its car, and the grief-stricken King, who led the
+train--when seen by the flickering light of countless torches, with its
+solemn dirge music, passing through many a mile of open country in the
+midnight hours--was a vision so unreal that the chronicler describes it
+as "rather a phantasmagoria than a reality." In the magnificent abbey
+of Alcobaça the _requiem_ mass was sung, and the corpse finally laid to
+rest.
+
+The monument still exists, with the statue, with its royal diadem and
+mantle, lying thereon. The tomb of Don Pedro is placed foot to foot
+with that of Inez, so--the legend runs--that at the Judgment Day they
+may rise together and stand face to face.
+
+In 1810 the bodies of Don Pedro I. and Dona Inez de Castro were
+disturbed by the French, at the sack of Alcobaça. The skeleton of Inez
+was discovered to be in a singular state of preservation--the hair
+exceedingly long and glossy, and the head bound with a golden crown
+set with jewels of price. Singularly enough, this crown, although very
+valuable, was kicked about by the men as a toy and thrown behind the
+high altar, whence, as soon as the troops evacuated the monastery, it
+was carefully taken and laid aside by the Abbot. Shortly afterwards it
+again encircled the unhappy Queen's head, when, by order of the Duke
+of Wellington, the remains were once more replaced in the tomb, with
+military honours.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_Funeral Service, in which are shown
+the Candelabra and Incense Vessels which were deposited in the
+coffin._--Drawing of the 14th Century--Collection of the Rev. Father
+COCHET.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Angels praying over a Skull._--Bas-relief of
+16th Century.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIGS. 18 & 19.--_Death Criers_--_French costumes of 17th
+Century. The English dress was almost identical._--From a rare print
+in the collection of Mr. RICHARD DAVEY. Engraved expressly for this
+publication.]
+
+FUNERAL services of great magnificence entered largely into the customs
+of this pageantic epoch; and to this day, in Catholic countries, no
+religious ceremonies are conducted with more pomp than those intended
+to commemorate the departed. Besides the religious orders, there were
+numerous confraternities, guilds, and brotherhoods devoted to the
+burying and praying for the deceased. As no newspapers existed in those
+days, when a person of distinction died, the "Death Crier,"--in some
+parts of England called the "Death Watch,"--dressed in black, with a
+death's-head and cross-bones painted on the back and front of his gown,
+and armed with a bell, went the round of the town or village, as the
+case might be, shouting "Of your charity, good people, pray for the
+soul of our dear brother, [or sister] who departed this life at such
+and such an hour." Upon this the windows and doors of the houses were
+opened, and the "good people" said an ave or a pater for the "rest"
+of the dead, and at the same time the passing bell was tolled. In
+London, when the King or Queen died, the crier, or "Death Watch," who
+paraded our principal thoroughfares was, of course, a very important
+personage. Attended by the whole brotherhood, or guild, of the Holy
+Souls, with cross-bearer, each carrying a lighted candle, he proceeded
+processionally through the streets, notably up and down Cheapside and
+the Strand, solemnly ringing his bell, and crying out in a lugubrious
+voice his sad news. These criers, both in England and France, were
+paid, as officials, by the civic corporation so much per day, and were
+obliged, in addition to their usual mournful occupation, to inspect and
+report on the condition of low taverns and places of ill-fame. In the
+course of time they added to their "cry" news of a more miscellaneous
+character, and after the Reformation, became, we may well imagine,
+those rather musty folks the "Watch," who only disappeared from our
+midst as late as the early half of this century.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_Pall from the Church of Folleville, France,
+now in the Museum at Amiens. It is of black velvet, with stripes of
+white silk let in, embroidered with black and gold thread. It was
+placed over the coffin. Similar palls existed in England, and one or
+two are still preserved in our national collections._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_Scene from Richard III._--_The body of Henry
+VI. being by chance met by Richard on its way to Chertsey, he orders
+the bearers to set it down, and then pleads his cause to the Lady
+Anne._]
+
+Shakespeare, whose knowledge of Catholicism of course came to him from
+immediate tradition, possibly remembered a very ancient custom when, in
+_Richard III._, he makes the Duke of Glo'ster command the attendants
+who follow the body of Henry VI. to set it down,--an order which they
+obey reluctantly enough,--thereby giving him an opportunity to make
+love to Lady Anne in the presence of her murdered father-in-law's
+remains. In Catholic times the streets were adorned not only by many
+fine crosses, such as those at Charing and Cheapside, but also by
+numerous chapels and wayside shrines. Funerals, when they passed
+these, were in the habit of stopping, and the assistants, kneeling,
+prayed for the dead person whom they were carrying to the grave. They
+likewise stopped, also, and very frequently too, at certain well-known
+public-houses or taverns, the members of the family of the deceased
+being obliged by custom to "wet the lips" of the "thirsty souls" who
+carried the corpse. Sometimes very disorderly scenes ensued. The hired
+mourners and more unruly members of the guilds got drunk; and it is on
+record that on more than one occasion the body was pulled out of its
+coffin by these rascals and outraged, to the horror and indignation of
+honest people. It has frequently occurred to the writer, that if the
+attendants in the curious scene in the tragedy just mentioned, were to
+convey the body of the dead King to the side or back of the stage, in
+front of some shrine or cross, and occupy themselves with prayer, they
+would render the astonishing dialogue between Glo'ster and Lady Anne
+much more intelligible than when we hear it spoken, as is usually the
+case, before a number of persons for whose ears it was certainly never
+intended.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Funeral of King Richard II., showing his
+waxen effigy._--From an early MS. of FROISSART.]
+
+
+
+
+IMPORTANT personages in olden times in this country were usually
+embalmed. The poor, on the contrary, were rarely furnished even with
+a decent coffin, but were carried to the grave in a hired one, which,
+in villages, often did duty for many successive years. Once the brief
+service was said, the pauper's body, in its winding-sheet, was placed
+reverently enough in the earth, and covered up--a fact which doubtless
+accounts for the numerous village legends of ghosts wandering about in
+winding-sheets. Charitable people paid for masses to be said by the
+friars for their poorer brethren, and the guilds paid all expenses of
+the funeral, which were naturally not very considerable. On the other
+hand, the funeral of great personages, from king to squire, was a
+function which sometimes lasted a week. The bell tolled--as it still
+does--the moment the death became known to the bell-ringer. Then the
+body was washed, embalmed with spices and sweet herbs, wrapped in a
+winding-sheet of fine linen,--which, by the way, was often included
+among the wedding presents--and taken down into the hall of the palace
+or manor, which was hung with black, and lighted by many tapers, and
+even by waxen torches--sometimes as many as 300 and 400 of them--an
+immense expense, considering the cost of wax in those days. After three
+days' exposition--if the body remained incorrupt so long--the corpse
+was sealed up in a leaden coffin, and taken to the church, where solemn
+masses were sung. The clothes--we may presume the old and well-worn
+ones only--were then formally distributed to the poor of the parish.
+Finally came the funeral banquet of "baked meats," to which all those,
+including the clergy, who had taken part in the funeral service and
+procession were invited.
+
+When the Sovereign or any person of royal rank deceased, a waxen
+presentment was immediately made of him as he was seen in life under
+the influence of sleep. This figure, dressed in the regal robes,
+was exposed upon the catafalque in the church, instead of the real
+body--a custom doubtless inspired originally by hygienic motives, for
+frequently the funeral rites of a king or prince of the blood were
+prolonged for many days. In Westminster Abbey there are still several
+of these grim ancient waxen effigies to be seen, by special permission
+of the Dean, very faded and ghastly, but interesting as likenesses,
+and for the fragments which time has spared of their once gorgeous
+attire. This custom lasted with us until the time of William and Mary.
+In France it disappeared in the middle of the 17th Century, the last
+mention of it being on the occasion of the death of Anne of Austria;
+for we read in a curious letter from Guy Patin to his friend Falconet,
+"The Queen-Mother died to-day [Jan. 21, 1666]. She was immediately
+embalmed, and by noon her waxen effigy was on view at the Louvre.
+Thousands are pressing in to see it."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Funeral Procession of King Henry V._, A.D.
+1422.]
+
+In France, so long as the wax effigy was exposed in the church or
+palace, sometimes for three weeks, the service of the royal person's
+table took place as usual. His or her chair of state was drawn up to
+the table, the napkin, knife and fork, spoon and glass, were in their
+usual places, and at the appointed time the dinner was served to the
+household, and "the meats, drinks, and all other goodly things" were
+offered before the dead prince's chair, as if he were still seated
+therein. When, however, the coffin took the place in the church
+of the wax figure, and the body was put into the grave, then the
+banqueting-hall was hung with black, and for eight days no meals were
+served in it of any kind.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Queen Katherine de Valois in her Widow's
+Dress, A.D. 1422. The costume is of black brocade elaborately trimmed
+with black glass beads, and trimmed with white fur._--MS. of the
+period.]
+
+We still possess some curious details concerning the funeral of Henry
+V., who died at Vincennes in 1422. Juvenal des Usines tells us that
+the body was boiled, so as to be converted into a perfect skeleton,
+for better transportation into England. The bones were first taken
+to Notre Dame, where a superb funeral service was said over them.
+Just above the body they placed a figure made of boiled leather,
+representing the king's person "as well as might be desired," clad in
+purple, with the imperial diadem on its brow and the sceptre in its
+hand. Thus adorned, the coffin and the effigy were placed on a gorgeous
+chariot, covered with a "coverture" of red velvet beaten with gold.
+In this manner, followed by the King of Scots, as chief mourner, and
+by all the princes, lords, and knights of his house, was the body of
+the illustrious hero of Agincourt conveyed from town to town, until it
+reached Calais and was embarked for England, where it was finally laid
+at rest in Westminster Abbey, under a new monument erected by Queen
+Katherine de Valois, who eventually caused a silver-plated effigy of
+her husband, with a solid silver gilt head, to be placed on the tomb,
+which was unfortunately destroyed at the time of the Reformation.
+
+The funeral of Eleanor of Castile, the adored consort of Edward I.,
+was exceptionally sumptuous. This amiable Queen died at Hardbey, near
+Grantham, of "autumnal" fever, on November 29, 1290. The pressing
+affairs of Scotland were obliterated for the time from the mind of the
+great Edward, and he refused to attend to any state duty until his
+"loved ladye" was laid at rest at Westminster. The procession, followed
+by the King in the bitterest woe, took thirteen days to reach London
+from Grantham. At the end of every stage the royal bier surrounded by
+its attendants, rested in some central place of a great town, till the
+neighbouring ecclesiastics came to meet it in solemn procession, and
+to place it upon the high altar of the principal church. A cross was
+erected in memory of King Edward's _chère reine_ at every one of these
+resting-places. Thirteen of these monuments once existed; now only
+two of the originals remain, the crosses of Northampton and Waltham.
+The fac-simile at Charing Cross, opposite the Railway Station, though
+excellent, is of course modern, and does not occupy the right spot,
+which was, it is said on good authority, exactly where now stands the
+statue of Charles II. The Chronicler of Dunstable thus describes the
+ceremony of marking the sites for these crosses: "Her body passed
+through Dunstable and rested one night, and two precious cloths were
+given us, and eighty pounds of wax. And when the body of Queen Eleanor
+was departing from Dunstable, her bier rested in the centre of the
+market-place till the King's Chancellor and the great men there present
+had marked a fitting place where they might afterwards erect, at the
+royal expense, a cross of wonderful size,--our prior being present, who
+sprinkled the spot with holy water."
+
+Perhaps the most magnificent funeral which took place before the
+Reformation was that of Elizabeth of York, consort of Henry VII. It
+was one of the last great Roman Catholic state funerals in England,
+for the obsequies of Henry VII. himself were conducted on a much
+diminished scale; and those of the wives of Henry VIII., and of that
+monster himself, were not accompanied by so much pomp, owing to the
+religious troubles of the time. Queen Elizabeth of York was the last
+English Queen who died at the Tower. Her obsequies took place in the
+chapel of St. Mary, which was, until quite lately, the Rolls Office,
+and which was magnificently hung on this occasion with black brocade.
+The windows were veiled with crape. The Queen's body rested on a bed of
+state, in a _chapelle ardente_, surrounded by over 5,000 wax candles.
+High Mass was said during the earlier hours of the morning, and in the
+afternoon solemn Vespers were sung. When the Queen's body was nailed up
+in its coffin, the usual waxen effigy took its place. The procession
+left St. Mary's, in the Tower, at noon, for Westminster Abbey, and was
+of exceeding length. At every hundred yards it was met by the religious
+corporations, fraternities, and guilds, and by the children attached
+to sundry monastic and charitable foundations, some of them dressed as
+angels, with golden wings, and all of them singing psalms. There were
+over 8,000 wax tapers burning between Mark Lane and the Temple; and
+the fronts of all the churches were hung with black, and brilliantly
+illuminated. The people in the streets held candles, and repeated
+prayers. At Temple Bar the body was received by the municipal officers
+of the City of Westminster, who accompanied it to the Abbey, where the
+Queen's effigy was exhibited with great state for two days, and on the
+morning of the third she was buried in what is since known as "Henry
+VII.'s Chapel."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Gentleman in Mourning, time of Henry VII. The
+costume is entirely black, edged with black fur._--From a contemporary
+MS.]
+
+The funeral of the unfortunate Katherine of Arragon took place, as all
+the world knows, in Peterborough Cathedral.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_Richard I. and his Queen attending the
+Requiem Mass for the fallen Crusaders, in the Cathedral of Rhodes._]
+
+In a recently discovered contemporary Spanish chronicle, translated
+by Mr. Martin Sharpe Hume, it seems that the servants of the "Blessed
+lady" (Queen Katherine) were all dressed in mourning, and the funeral
+was a fairly handsome one. More than three hundred masses were said
+during the day at Peterborough, for all the clergy for fifteen miles
+round came to the various services. Chapuy, the Spanish Ambassador to
+the Court of King Henry, in a letter to his master Charles V., however,
+informs him that the funeral of Queen Katherine was mean and shabby in
+the extreme, quite unworthy even of an ordinary baroness. Jane Seymour
+fared better after death than any other of the wives of Henry VIII.,
+and was buried with considerable solemnity at Windsor. The first royal
+Protestant state funeral mentioned as taking place in this country
+was that of Queen Catherine Parr, at Sudeley Castle. The ceremony was
+of the simplest description: psalms were sung over the remains, and a
+brief discourse pronounced. The Lady Jane Grey was chief mourner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Lying in State of Queen Elizabeth of York,
+Consort of Henry VII._]
+
+The author of the Spanish chronicle just mentioned, who evidently
+witnessed the interment of Henry VIII., assures us that the waxen
+effigy of the King was carried in a chair to Windsor, and was an
+astonishing likeness. It was followed by 1,000 gentlemen on horseback,
+the horses all being draped with black velvet. Many masses were said in
+St. George's Chapel for the rest of the King's soul, but the obsequies
+do not appear to have been exceptionally splendid.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Tomb of Henry V._]
+
+The funeral of Anne of Cleves, who had become a Catholic, took place
+at Westminster, under the special supervision of Queen Mary. It was a
+plain but handsome function, conducted with good taste, but without
+ostentation. The unpopular Mary Tudor's funeral was the last Catholic
+state ceremony of the kind which ever took place in Westminster Abbey.
+Queen Elizabeth attended her sister's funeral, which was a simple one,
+and listened attentively to the funeral oration preached by Dr. White
+Bailey, of Winchester, who, when he spoke of poor Mary's sufferings,
+wept bitterly, and exclaimed, looking significantly at her successor,
+_Melior est canis vivis leone mortuo_. Elizabeth understood her Latin
+too well not to be fired with indignation at this elegant simile,
+which declared a "living dog better than a dead lion," and ordered the
+bishop to be arrested as he descended from the pulpit, and a violent
+scene occurred between him and the Queen, which, Her Majesty prudently
+permitted him to have the best of, by withdrawing with her train from
+the Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Departure of the body of Queen Elizabeth from
+Greenwich Palace, for Interment at Westminster._]
+
+QUEEN ELIZABETH died in the seventieth year of her age and the
+forty-fourth of her reign, March 24, on the eve of the festival of the
+Annunciation, called Lady Day. Among the complimentary epitaphs which
+were composed for her, and hung up in many churches, was one ending
+with the following couplet:--
+
+    "She is, she was--what can there be more said?
+    On earth the first, in heaven the second maid."
+
+It is stated by Lady Southwell that directions were left by Elizabeth
+that she should not be embalmed; but Cecil gave orders to her surgeon
+to open her. "Now, the Queen's body being cered up," continues Lady
+Southwell, "was brought by water to Whitehall, where, being watched
+every night by six several ladies, myself that night watching as one
+of them, and being all in our places about the corpse, which was fast
+nailed up in a board coffin, with leaves of lead covered with velvet,
+her body burst with such a crack that it splitted the wood, lead, and
+cere-cloth; whereupon, the next day she was fain to be new trimmed up."
+
+Elizabeth was most royally interred in Westminster Abbey on the 28th of
+April, 1603. We subjoin a rare contemporary engraving of the funeral
+procession, by which it will be seen with what pomp and ceremony the
+remains of the great Queen were escorted to their last resting-place.
+"The city of Westminster," says Stow, "was surcharged with multitudes
+of all sorts of people, in the streets, houses, windows, leads, and
+gutters, who came to see the obsequy. And when they beheld her statue,
+or effigy, lying on the coffin, set forth in royal robes, having a
+crown upon the head thereof, and a ball and a sceptre in either hand,
+there was such a general sighing, groaning, and weeping as the like
+hath not been seen or known in the memory of man; neither doth any
+history mention any people, time, or state to make such lamentation
+for the death of a sovereign." The funereal effigy which, by its close
+resemblance to their deceased sovereign, moved the sensibility of the
+loyal and excitable portion of the spectators at her obsequies in this
+powerful manner, was no other than the faded waxwork effigy of Queen
+Elizabeth preserved in Westminster Abbey.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_A memento mori, or death's-head timepiece,
+in solid silver, lately exhibited at the Stuart Exhibition, 1888-9.
+On the forehead is a figure of Death standing between a palace and a
+cottage: around is this legend from Horace,_ "Pallida mors equo pulsat
+pede pauperum tabernas Regum que turres." _On the hind part of the
+skull is a figure of Time, with another legend from Ovid:_ "Tempus
+Edax Rerum tuque Mirdiosa Vetustas." _The upper part of the skull
+bears representations of Adam and Eve and the Crucifixion; between
+these scenes is open work to let out the sound when the watch strikes
+the hour upon a silver bell which fills the hollow of the skull and
+receives the works within it when the watch is shut. On the edge is
+inscribed:_ "Sicut meis sic et omnibus idem." _It bears the maker's
+name, Moysart à Blois. Belonged formerly to Mary Queen of Scots, and by
+her was given to the Seton family, and inherited thence by its actual
+owner, Sir T. W. Dick Lauder._]
+
+Elizabeth was interred in the same grave with her sister and
+predecessor in regal office, Mary Tudor. Her successor, James I., has
+left a lasting evidence of his good feeling and good taste in the
+noble monument he erected to her memory in the Abbey, and she was the
+last sovereign of this country to whom a monument has been given.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Funeral of Queen Elizabeth, 18th of April,
+1603._--From a very rare contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly,
+and for the first time, for this work, by M. Badoureau, of Paris. No. 1
+represents the wax effigy of the Queen lying on her coffin; gentlemen
+pensioners carrying the banners. The chariot is drawn by four horses.
+2. Kings at Arms. 3. Noblemen. 4. The Archbishop of Canterbury. 5.
+The French Ambassador and his train-bearer. 6. The great Standard
+of England, carried by the Earl of Pembroke. 7. The Master of the
+Horse. 8. The Lady Marchioness of Northampton, grand mourner, and the
+ladies in attendance on the Queen. 9. Captain of the Guard. 10. Lord
+Clanricarde carrying the Standard of Ireland. 11. Standard of Wales,
+borne by Viscount Bindon, followed by the Lord Mayor. 12. Gentlemen
+of the Chapels Royal; children of the Chapels. 13. Trumpeters. 14.
+Standard of the Lion. 15. Standard of the Greyhound. 16. The Queens
+Horse. 17. Poor Women to the number of 266. 18. The Banner of Cornwall.
+The Aldermen, Recorders, Town Clerks, etc.]
+
+We have very minute details of how royal personages were buried in
+France, in a curious book published in the 17th Century, from a MS. of
+the time of Louis XI. In it we learn that King Louis XI. wore scarlet
+for mourning on the death of his father, Charles VII. Up to the time of
+Louis XIV. the Queens of France, if they became widowed, wore white;
+and this is the reason that Mary Tudor was called "_La Reine Blanche_,"
+when she clandestinely married the Duke of Suffolk in the chapel of
+that most interesting place, the Maison Cluny, now a museum, which
+still retains its name of _La Reine Blanche_. The Queen had been but a
+very short time the widow of Charles VIII., and still wore her weeds
+when she gave her hand to the lusty English duke. Mary Stuart wore
+white for her husband, Francis II. of France; and when she arrived in
+Scotland she still retained, for some months, her white robes, and
+was called the "White Queen" in consequence. But this illustrious and
+ill-fated princess throughout the greater part of her life wore black,
+and we have many minute details of her dresses, especially of the
+stately one she wore on the day of her execution, which was of brocaded
+satin, having a train of great length; a ruffle of white lawn, edged
+with lace; and a veil (which still exists) made of drawn threads, in
+a check-board pattern, and edged with Flemish lace. From her girdle
+was suspended a rosary, and in her hand she carried a crucifix. Her
+under garments, we know, were scarlet; for, when she removed her dress
+upon the scaffold, the bodice at least, all contemporaries agree,
+was flame-coloured. Queen Elizabeth ordered her Court to go into
+mourning for the Queen of Scots, whose sad and "accidental" death she
+hypocritically decreed should be regarded as a very great misfortune.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_French Lady of the 16th Century in Widow's
+Weeds. This costume is identical with that worn by Mary Stuart as
+widow of the Dauphin, only her dress was perfectly white._--From
+PIETRO VERCELLIO'S famous work on Costume, engraved expressly for this
+publication.]
+
+King James ordered the deepest mourning to be worn for his royal
+mother--a requisition with which all his nobles complied, except the
+Earl of Sinclair, who appeared before him clad in steel. The King
+frowned, and inquired if he had not seen the order for a general
+mourning. "Yes," was the noble's reply; "this is the proper mourning
+for the Queen of Scotland." James, however, whatever his inclinations
+might have been, was unprovided with the means of levying war against
+England, and his Ministers were entirely under the control of the
+English faction, and, after maintaining a resentful attitude for a
+time, he was at length obliged to accept Elizabeth's "explanation" of
+the murder of his mother.
+
+Early in March, 1587, the obsequies of Mary Stuart were solemnised
+by the King, nobles, and people of France, with great pomp, in the
+Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, and a passionately eloquent funeral
+oration was pronounced by Renauld de Beaulue, Archbishop of Bourges
+and Patriarch of Acquitaine, which brought tears to the eyes of every
+person in the congregation.
+
+After Mary's body had remained for nearly six months apparently
+forgotten by her murderers, Elizabeth considered it necessary, in
+consequence of the urgent and pathetic memorials of the afflicted
+servants of the unfortunate princess and the remonstrances of her
+royal son, to accord it not only Christian burial, but a pompous state
+funeral. This she appointed to take place in Peterborough Cathedral,
+and, three or four days before, sent some officials to make the
+necessary arrangements for the solemnity. The place selected for the
+interment was at the entrance of the choir from the south aisle. The
+grave was dug by the centogenarian sexton, Scarlett. Heralds and
+officers of the wardrobe were also sent to Fotheringay Castle to
+make arrangements for the removal of the royal body, and to prepare
+mourning for all the servants of the murdered Queen. Moreover, as
+their head-dresses were not of the approved fashion for mourning in
+England, Elizabeth sent a milliner on purpose to make others, in the
+orthodox mode, proper to be worn at the funeral, and to be theirs
+afterwards. However, these true mourners coldly, but firmly declined
+availing themselves of these gifts and attentions, declaring "that they
+would wear their own dresses, such as they had got made for mourning
+immediately after the loss of their beloved Queen and mistress."
+
+On the evening of Sunday, July 30, Garter King of Arms arrived at
+Fotheringay Castle, with five other heralds and forty horsemen,
+to receive and escort the remains of Mary Stuart to Peterborough
+Cathedral, having brought with them a royal funereal car for that
+purpose, covered with black velvet, elaborately set forth with
+escutcheons of the arms of Scotland, and little pennons round about
+it, drawn by four richly-caparisoned horses. The body, being enclosed
+in lead within an outer coffin, was reverently put into the car, and
+the heralds, having assumed their coats and tabards, brought the same
+forth from the castle, bare-headed, by torchlight, about ten o'clock at
+night, followed by all her sorrowful servants.
+
+The procession arrived at Peterborough between one and two o'clock on
+the morning of July 30, and was received ceremoniously at the minster
+door by the bishop and clergy, where, in the presence of her faithful
+Scotch attendants, she was laid in the vault prepared for her, without
+singing or saying--the grand ceremonial being appointed for August 1.
+The reason for depositing the royal body previously in the vault was,
+because it was too heavy to be carried in the procession, weighing,
+with the lead and outer coffin, nearly nine hundredweight. On Monday,
+the 31st, arrived the ceremonial mourners from London, escorting the
+Countess of Bedford, who was to represent Elizabeth in the mockery of
+acting as chief mourner to the poor victim. At eight in the morning
+of Tuesday the solemnities commenced. First, the Countess of Bedford
+was escorted in state to the great hall of the bishop's palace, where
+a representation of Mary's corpse lay on a royal bier. Thence she was
+followed into the church by a great number of English peers, peeresses,
+knights, ladies, and gentlemen, in mourning. All Mary's servants,
+both male and female, walked in the procession, according to their
+degree--among them her almoner, De Préau, bearing a large silver cross.
+The representation of the corpse being received without the Cathedral
+gate by the bishops and clergy, it was borne in solemn procession and
+set down within the royal hearse, which had been prepared for it, over
+the grave where the remains of the Queen had been silently deposited by
+torchlight on the Monday morning. The hearse was 20 feet square, and
+27 feet high. On the coffin--which was covered with a pall of black
+velvet--lay a crown of gold, set with stones, resting on a purple
+velvet cushion, fringed and tasselled with gold.
+
+All the Scotch Queen's train--both men and women, with the exception
+of Sir Andrew Melville and the two Mowbrays, who were members of the
+Reformed Church--departed, and would not tarry for sermon or prayers.
+This greatly offended the English portion of the congregation, who
+called after them and wanted to force them to remain. After the prayer
+and a funeral service, every officer broke his staff over his head
+and threw the pieces into the vault upon the coffin. The procession
+returned in the same order to the bishop's palace, where Mary's
+servants were invited to partake of the banquet which was provided for
+all the mourners; but they declined doing so, saying that "their hearts
+were too sad to feast."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Shakespeare's Tomb before the present
+restoration._]
+
+But let us turn aside from the pageants of kings and queens, and direct
+our attention for a few moments towards Stratford-upon-Avon, where,
+on April 23, 1616, the greatest of all Englishmen breathed his last.
+A vague tradition tells us that, being in the company of Drayton and
+Ben Johnson, Shakespeare partook too freely of the cup, and expired
+soon after. This may be a calumny; and, if it were not, it would not
+diminish our gratitude and reverence for the highest intellect our
+race has produced. It, however, leads us to think and hope, that at
+the modest funeral of the "great Bard of Avon" the illustrious Ben
+Johnson as well as Drayton were present with his sorrowing relatives
+and fellow-citizens. His remains rest under the famous slab which bears
+the inscription due, it is said, to his own immortal pen:
+
+    "Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbeare
+      To digg T--E dust encloased here:
+    Blessed be T--E Man T/y spares T--ES Stones,
+      And curst be He T/y moves my bones."
+
+If his contemporaries have forgotten to give us details of that
+memorable funeral, and if for nearly two centuries his modest grave was
+almost neglected, ample reparation has been made to his memory in this
+enlightened age, and Shakespeare's tomb has become a shrine visited
+by countless pilgrims from all parts of the earth; and a glorious
+monument, more beautiful than has been generally admitted, stands
+not far from the church, erected to Shakespeare only last year by a
+nobleman, Lord Ronald Gower, whose taste and culture would have done
+honour to the epoch which produced not Shakespeare alone, but Sydney
+and Raleigh.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Stratford-on-Avon Church._]
+
+If we could discover all the particulars respecting Shakespeare's
+burial, we should possibly find that, being a "gentleman," he was
+wrapped in his coffin in "wool," for which privilege his survivors
+paid a tax of 10s. This curious habit, which we derived from our
+Norman ancestors, endured until the first few years of this century.
+By "wool" we should read flannel. Almost all the old parish registers
+in the country make a point of informing us that "the body" was buried
+in wool, and the "usual tax paid." The Normans, and their descendants
+in Normandy to this day, had some curious superstitions connected with
+"flannel," which even the industrious bibliophile Jacob has failed to
+discover. This custom they introduced into England, and it lasted for
+hundreds of years. I believe the coffin was also frequently filled up
+with fine sheep's wool. Another curious custom, which is now obsolete,
+was to put cloves, spikenard, fine herbs, and twigs of various aromatic
+shrubs into the coffin, in memory of the embalming of our Lord. Young
+girls and unmarried women were buried in white, and had their coffins
+covered with white flowers. All the people who accompanied the funeral
+wore white scarves, and before the Reformation, white dresses, and the
+way was strewn with box leaves, grass, and flowers. The porch of the
+deceased's house was decked with flowers and garlands, and especially
+with dog-roses and daisies.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Seal of an imaginary Bull of Pope
+Lucifer._--From the _Roi Modus_, a MS. of the 15th Century, Royal
+Library, Brussels. The inscription is evidently cabalistic and
+unintelligible.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_The Funeral of Juliet_ ("Romeo and
+Juliet").--This charming engraving from KNIGHT'S splendid edition of
+Shakespeare gives a very fair idea of a grand funeral procession in the
+16th Century.]
+
+THE funeral ceremonies of the French kings and princes of the blood
+during the Middle Ages and the period of the Renaissance, were, as
+may well be imagined, exceedingly magnificent. As already related,
+the death criers announced the decease of the sovereign in the usual
+manner, shouting out, "_Oyez! bonnes gens de Paris_--listen, good
+people of Paris: the most high and mighty, excellent and powerful King,
+our sovereign Master, by the grace of God King of France, the most
+Christian of Princes, most clement and pious, died last night. Pray for
+the repose of his soul."
+
+The first part of the ceremony took place at Notre Dame, where what is
+known as the lying-in-state was conducted with appropriate splendour.
+The procession, after a solemn mass, formed on the _Pavis_, or square,
+round the Cathedral, and began to move slowly over the bridge and
+through the Marais to St. Denis, some miles distant from Paris. There
+was a halt, however, at the convent of St. Lazaire (now covered by the
+railway station), and the gentlemen in attendance mounted their horses.
+Before the Revolution of '93, fifteen beautiful wayside crosses, or
+_montjoies_, as they were called, stood on the roadside between the
+Porte St. Denis and the Abbey. At each of these prayers were said and
+the coffin rested. Sometimes, as in the case of Charles VIII., the
+coffin and its waxen effigy were carried on the shoulders of a number
+of noblemen; but usually, since their feet were hidden by heavy black
+velvet draperies, very common men were charged with the "honourable
+burden." After the first half of the 16th Century, the royal body was
+conducted to the grave in a chariot drawn sometimes by as many as
+four-and-twenty black horses. If I err not, the last King of France
+whose coffin was carried by men was Francis I., whose gentlemen of the
+bedchamber performed this office, having each a halter round his neck,
+and a cord or rope.
+
+At St. Denis the ceremonies were very imposing. High Mass of Requiem
+being over, the body was removed from the catafalque and lowered into
+the vaults under the altar. The Grand Almoner of France recited the _De
+profundis_, all kneeling. Suddenly a voice, that of the Herald-at-Arms,
+was heard, crying out from the vault below, "Kings-at-Arms, come
+do your duty." The grand officers were now summoned by name, thus:
+"Monsieur le duc de Bourbon, bring your staff of command over the
+hundred Archers of the Guard, and break it and throw it into the
+grave." "Monsieur le comte de Lorges, bring your staff of office as
+commander of the Scotch Guard, and break it and throw it into the
+grave," and so forth, until some fifty of the grand dignitaries of the
+Court had in turn performed this lengthy ceremony. The last time it
+occurred was in 1824, on the occasion of the funeral of Louis XVIII.,
+when each detail of the ancient ceremonial was punctually followed.
+Every staff of office was broken and thrown into the King's grave,
+except the banner of France, which was merely inclined three times to
+the very edge of the crypt.
+
+At the conclusion of this rather tedious ceremony, everybody knelt
+down, and the herald shouted, "The King is dead; pray for his soul."
+A moment of silence ensued, which was eventually broken by a blast
+of trumpets. Then the organ played a lively strain, and the Herald
+proclaimed, "_Le roi est mort, vive le roi_--long live the King!" The
+banners waved, the cannon boomed, the bells pealed forth joyously, and
+the procession reformed, whilst the officiating clergy sang the _Te
+Deum_. As almost all the Kings and Queens of France, with not more
+than half a dozen exceptions, from the time of Clovis to that of Louis
+XVIII., were buried at St. Denis, the funeral rites were rarely if ever
+altered. But with us, although so many of our most illustrious princes
+are interred at Westminster, still not a few were buried at St. Paul's;
+many at Blackfriars and at Greyfriars, two glorious churches destroyed
+in the 17th Century, at Windsor, and in various Cathedrals; so that our
+royal funereal ceremonies were not always conducted with such punctual
+etiquette as were those of our neighbours.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+THE minute details of the funeral of Mary Stuart, at Westminster
+Abbey, prove that it was conducted on the same scale and with the same
+ceremonies as the one which preceded it by many years at Peterborough.
+King James, her son, was present, and shortly afterwards the sumptuous
+monument which we still admire marked the place where her mutilated
+remains, translated from Peterborough, found a permanent place of rest.
+
+The great changes in religion which occurred at the time of the
+Reformation, although they took much longer to permeate the habits
+and customs of the people than is usually imagined, nevertheless were
+so radical, that of the ancient ritual little soon remained, and the
+beautiful funeral service of the Church of England, which is so full
+of faith and hope, and mainly selected from passages of Holy Scripture
+adapted to the requirements of a religion which abolished belief in
+an intermediary state, and therefore in the necessity of prayers for
+the dead, was introduced, and little by little the pompous ceremonies
+of the Roman Church were forgotten. The lying-in-state of the corpse,
+for instance, which up to the close of the reign of Mary was general,
+even with poor people, was now only in use among those of the very
+highest rank. The increase in the use of carriages, too, and of course
+the abolition of the monastic orders and brotherhoods, diminished the
+splendour of the street processions which used to follow the bier.
+Still, much that was quaint remained in fashion, and it is only, as
+already said, a few years since that ladies ceased wearing a scarf and
+hood of black silk, and gentlemen "weepers" on their hats and arms,
+which were black or white according to the sex of the deceased. In
+Norfolk, until the end of the first quarter of the present century,
+it was the custom to give the mourners at a funeral black gloves,
+scarves, and bunches of herbs. Indeed, it is but a short time since a
+very old lady told me that so rich, broad, and beautiful was the silk
+of the scarves presented to each lady at a funeral, when she was a
+girl, that ladies were wont to keep the pieces by them until they were
+sufficient in number to form a dress. A bill of the funeral expenses of
+a very rich gentleman who died at Brandon Hall, in Norfolk, early in
+this century,--Mr. Denn, of Norwich,--and who left over half a million
+of money, enables us to form some idea of the expense to which our
+grandfathers of the upper class were put in order to be buried with
+what they considered proper respect. It would seem that in those days
+the hearse and funeral carriages had to be hired from London, and they
+took three days to perform the journey from the metropolis--a distance
+of about three hours by rail. No fewer than 40 persons figure as
+accompanying these vehicles, and as they had to be put up at inns along
+the road, going both to and from London to Brandon Hall, their expenses
+were £180. The hire of horses and carriages was £106, and what with
+the distribution of loaves to the poor at the grave, and the expense
+of bringing relatives from far parts of the country, and of providing
+them with silk scarves, gloves, etc., and the housing and entertaining
+of them all, the worthy Mr. Denn's funeral cost his survivors not less
+than £775.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Interment in a Church in the first quarter of
+the 18th Century._--From PICARD'S great work on the Religions of all
+Nations.]
+
+In Picard, there is a very beautiful engraving by Schley, representing
+a funeral procession in 1735, entering the church of St. Paul's, Covent
+Garden. It occurs by night, and a number of pages in black velvet walk
+in it, carrying lighted three-branched silver candlesticks. It seems
+that until 1775 women in England only attended the funerals of their
+own sex, and that men in the same manner only followed men to the
+grave. Possibly as a disinfectant against the plague, at all English
+funerals a branch of rosemary was handed to all who attended, which
+they threw into the open grave. This fashion endured, to the writer's
+knowledge, in Norfolk up to 1856.
+
+The French Revolution cannot be described as an unmitigated
+blessing--far from it; but it certainly did away with many
+superstitious practices, and shed a flood of light upon civilisation.
+Before that event it was the universal custom throughout Europe to
+bury in churches, a practice which was most detrimental to health. By
+one of the earliest decrees passed by the Convention of Paris, 1794,
+intramural interments were abolished, although, to be sure, cemeteries
+already existed of considerable extent, possibly suggested by those
+which for ages the Mahometans have used in all the principal cities
+of Asia and Asiatic Europe. That of Père la Chaise, so called after
+the confessor of Madame de Maintenon, who founded it, is one of the
+earliest. With the counter-Reformation, as the movement is called in
+history, the ceremonial of the Roman Church became, on the Continent,
+even more elaborate than heretofore, and nothing can be imagined more
+theatrically splendid than the church decorations on occasions of
+funerals of eminent personages.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.--_The Cemetery of Père la Chaise, Paris._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Funeral of the Grand Duke Albert VII.,
+surnamed "the Pious," Archduke of Austria, at Brussels, 11th March,
+1622. The coffin, covered with a pall of cloth of gold, is carried
+under a canopy by the Ambassador of his Catholic Majesty, by the Duke
+d'Aumale, the Marquis of Baden, and other great nobles, followed
+by the Archbishop of Patras and two Cardinals. The horse of the
+deceased is seen led immediately behind, by grooms and officers of the
+household._--From the exceedingly rare work by FRANCQUART, printed
+at Antwerp in 1623. (From the collection of Mr. RICHARD DAVEY, and
+engraved expressly for this publication.)]
+
+From the last half of the 16th Century down to the Revolution of 1789,
+possibly the most extraordinary funeral recorded in history was that
+of the Emperor Charles V. It was celebrated with almost identical pomp
+simultaneously, at Madrid and at Brussels. The procession at Brussels
+took six hours to pass any one point, and it is estimated that 80,000
+persons walked in it, the participants being supplied from every city
+of Belgium and Holland. In this extraordinary function figured cars
+on floats, representing certain striking events in the life of the
+Emperor, and one of these we reproduce, since it will best afford an
+idea of the supreme magnificence of the spectacle. It represents a
+ship, and is intended to illustrate the maritime progress made in the
+reign of this enterprising monarch. The float on which this clever
+model of a vessel of the period was arranged was dragged through the
+streets by 24 black horses, covered with black velvet, and followed by
+representatives of the navies both of Belgium and Spain, and by some
+300 lads dressed as sailors of all nations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Float carried in the Funeral Procession of
+Charles V. at Brussels, December 29, 1558, and intended to illustrate
+his maritime greatness. The vessel was the size of a real ship, and the
+persons who appear upon its deck were living._--From the "Magnificent
+and Sumptuous Funeral of the Very Great Emperor Charles V." (Antwerp,
+published by Plantin, 1559.) Collection of M. RUGGIERI, Paris.]
+
+We also reproduce a little sketch from the funeral procession of
+Philip II., son of Charles V., which gives us an excellent idea of
+the costumes worn on such an important occasion. The large full-page
+engraving represents a portion of the funeral procession which took
+place at Brussels, of the Archduke Albert VII. of Austria, surnamed
+"the Pious." It was almost as sumptuous as that of Charles V., and,
+fortunately a complete record of it has been preserved by Francovoart,
+who published a book in the following year, containing no less than 49
+plates illustrating this pageantic procession, which was of enormous
+length, and must have cost a great sum of money. The great engraver
+Cochin has left us one of his most beautiful plates, representing the
+interior of the Church of Notre Dame as arranged for the funeral of
+the Infanta Theresa of Spain, Dauphiness of France, in 1746. It gives
+us rather the idea of a scene in a court ball-room than of a grave
+ceremony. Literally, thousands of lights blazed in all directions,
+and there was nothing of a sombre character present, excepting the
+catafalque, which was of black velvet, and in a certain sense produced
+an admirable effect by showing off to still greater advantage the
+illuminations. The funeral of Louis XIV., was fabulously gorgeous, and
+so complete an apotheosis of that vain monarch, it brought about a sort
+of reaction, and made most persons observe that it was of little use
+praying for the soul of one who evidently must already be in glory. In
+order to put some bounds to these extravagant services, many people of
+a devout character have in all ages prayed in their wills that they
+should be carried to the grave in the simplest manner, sometimes in the
+habit of a Franciscan, or mendicant friar, and that only a few pounds
+should be expended upon their burial.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Costumes worn by King Philip II. of Spain and
+his attendants in the funeral procession of his father, Charles V. The
+group consists of the King; the Herald of Spain, of the Order of the
+Golden Fleece, who walks in front; of the Duke of Brunswick, the Duke
+of Arcos, Don Ruy Gomez, Count of Milito, and finally the Duke Emmanuel
+Philibert of Savoy. Mark that the hood was only worn by the heirs of
+the deceased._--From the "Sumptuous Funeral of Charles V. at Brussels."
+(Antwerp, 1559.) Collection of M. RUGGIERI, Paris.]
+
+The Italians, and especially the Venetians, spent enormous sums upon
+their funeral services, which were exceedingly picturesque; but as the
+members of the brotherhoods who walked in the procession wore pointed
+hoods and masks, so that, by the glare of the torches, only their eyes
+could be seen glittering, and as it was the custom, also, for the
+funeral to take place at night, the body being exposed upon an open
+bier, in full dress, the scene was sufficiently weird to attract the
+attention of travellers, perhaps more so than anything else which they
+saw in the land _par excellence_ of pageant. Horace Mann, in one of his
+letters, thus amusingly describes the funeral of the daughter of Cosmo
+III., Grand Duke of Tuscany:--
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Funeral of the Infanta Theresa of Spain,
+Dauphiness of France, at Notre Dame, 1746._--From the original
+engraving of COCHIN.]
+
+"There was nothing extraordinary in the funeral last night. All the
+magnificence consisted in a prodigious number of torches carried by
+the different orders of priests, the expense of which in lights, they
+say, amounted to 12,000 crowns. The body was in a sort of a coach quite
+open, with a canopy over her head; two other coaches followed with her
+ladies. As soon as the procession was passed by Madame Suares's, I went
+a back way to St. Laurence, where I had been invited by the master of
+the ceremonies; here was nothing very particular but my being placed
+next to Lady Walpole, who is so angry with me that she would not even
+give me the opportunity of making her a bow, which for the future,
+since I see it will be disagreeable to her, I will never offer to do
+again."
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+NOTHING could be imagined more picturesque than a Venetian funeral in
+bygone days. The state gondola of the family, containing the body, and
+also the attendant priests and friars, was covered with black velvet,
+and blazed with candelabra full of lighted candles; and from the stern
+of the boat hung an immense train of black velvet, which was permitted
+to touch the water, but prevented from sinking underneath it by golden
+tassels, which were held by members of the family in the gondolas which
+followed close behind. All those persons who took part in the funeral
+of course carried lights in their hands. If the individual happened
+to belong to one of the numerous confraternities, or _scuole_, which
+existed in Venice up to the end of the last century, a grand musical
+mass was celebrated in the chapel belonging to the order; and on these
+occasions some of the finest music ever composed was heard for the
+first time, such, for instance, as Paesiello's Requiem, an infinitely
+beautiful one by Marcello, and the majestic mass for four voices, by
+Lotti.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_Tomb of Hamlet._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Death devouring Man and Beast. A singular,
+illuminated document on parchment, of the 12th Century, measuring over
+fifty feet by one yard wide. The figure above is intended to represent
+the letter T._--From the Mortuary Roll of the Abbey of Savingy,
+Avranches, France. The original is preserved among the French National
+Archives.]
+
+THE funeral of a Pope is attended by many curious ceremonies, not the
+least remarkable of which is, that so soon as His Holiness' death
+is thoroughly assured, the eldest Cardinal goes up to the body, and
+strikes it three times gently on the breast, saying in Latin, as he
+does so, "The Holy Father has passed away." The body is then lowered
+into the Church of St. Peter's, where it is exhibited--as was the case
+when Pope Pius IX. died in '78--for three days to the veneration of
+the faithful, after which it is conveyed in great state to the church
+which the Pope has selected for his burial-place. As it passed along
+the streets of Rome in the good old times, the members of the nobility
+assembled at the entrance of their houses, each carrying a lighted
+taper in his hand, and answering back the prayers of the friars and
+clergy in the procession. It will be remembered that it was this sort
+of spontaneous illumination which so offended a rabble of freethinkers,
+on the occasion of the funeral of the late Pope, that they stoned the
+coffin, and created a riot of a most disgraceful character. After the
+Pope is buried, it is usual for his successor or his family to build
+a stately monument over his remains, and this custom accounts for the
+amazing number of fine Papal monuments in the Roman basilicas and
+churches.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Lying-in-State of Pope Pius IX._]
+
+At a time when everybody is talking about the Stuart dynasty, owing to
+the great success of the recent exhibition of their relics (1888-9),
+the following curious account of the interment of the Old Pretender
+will prove of interest:--
+
+"On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+says a correspondent from Rome of that date, "preceded by four servants
+carrying torches, two detachments of soldiers; and by the side of the
+bier walked twenty-four grooms of the stable with wax candles; the
+body of the deceased was dressed royally, and borne by nobles of his
+household, with an ivory sceptre at its side, and the Orders of SS.
+George and Andrew on the breast.
+
+"On the 7th, the first funeral service took place, in the Church of
+the Twelve Apostles. The _façade_ of the church was hung with black
+cloth, lace, and golden fringe, in the centre of which was a medallion,
+supported by skeletons with cypress branches in their hands, and
+bearing the following inscription:
+
+        'Clemens XIII. Pont. Max.
+                  Jacobo III.
+  M. Britanniæ, Franciæ, et Hiberniæ Regi.
+        Catholicæ fidei Defensori,
+          Omnium urbis ordinum
+        Frequentia funere honestato.
+          Suprema pietatis officia
+          Solemni ritu Persolvit.'
+
+"On entering the church, another great inscription to the same purport
+was to be seen; the building inside was draped in the deepest black,
+and on the bier, covered with cloth of gold, lay the corpse, before
+which was written in large letters:
+
+  'Jacobus III. Magnæ Britanniæ Rex.
+          Anno MDCCLXVI.'
+
+"On either side stood four silver skeletons on pedestals, draped in
+black cloth, and holding large branch candlesticks, each with three
+lights. At either corner stood a golden perfume box, decorated with
+death's-heads, leaves and festoons of cypress. The steps to the
+bier were painted in imitation marble, and had pictures upon them
+representing the virtues of the deceased. Over the whole was a canopy
+ornamented with crowns, banners, death's-heads, gilded lilies, etc.;
+and behind, a great cloth of peacock colour with golden embroidery,
+and ermine upon it, hung down to the ground. Over each of the heavily
+draped arches down the nave of the church were medallions with
+death's-head supporters, and crowns above them, representing the
+various British orders and the three kingdoms of England, Ireland, and
+Scotland; and on the pilasters were other medallions, supported by
+cherubs, expressing virtues attributed to the deceased, each with an
+inscription, of which the following is an instance:
+
+    'Rex Jacobus III. vere dignus imperio, quia natus ad imperandum:
+    dignus quia ipso regnante virtutes imperassent: dignissimus quia
+    sibi imperavit.'
+
+"On the top of the bier, in the nave, lay the body, dressed in royal
+garb of gold brocade, with a mantle of crimson velvet, lined and edged
+with ermine, a crown on his head, a sceptre in his right hand, an
+orb in his left. The two Orders of SS. George and Andrew were fastened
+to his breast.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.--_Funeral of his late Holiness Pope Pius IX.,
+Feb._ 13, 1878. _The lowering of the body into St. Peter's._]
+
+"Pope Clement regretted his inability to attend the funeral, owing to
+the coldness of the morning, but he sent twenty-two cardinals to sing
+mass, besides numerous church dignitaries.
+
+"After the celebration of the mass, Monsignor Orazio Matteo recited
+a funeral oration of great length, recapitulating the virtues of the
+deceased, and the incidents of the life of exile and privation that
+he had led. After which, the customary _requiem_ for the soul of the
+departed was sung, and they then proceeded to convey his deceased
+Majesty's body to the Basilica of St. Peter.
+
+"The procession which accompanied it was one of those gorgeous
+spectacles in which the popes and their cardinals loved to indulge.
+Every citizen came to see it, and crowds poured in to the Eternal City
+from the neighbouring towns and villages, as they were wont to do for
+the festivals at Easter, of Corpus Domini.
+
+"All the orders and confraternities to be found in Rome went in front,
+carrying amongst them 500 torches. They marched in rows, four deep; and
+after them came the pupils of the English, Scotch, and Irish College in
+Rome, in their surplices, and with more torches.
+
+"Then followed the bier, around which were the gaudy Swiss Papal
+Guards. The four corners of the pall were held up by four of the most
+distinguished members of the Stuart household.
+
+"Then came singers, porters carrying two large umbrellas, such as the
+Pope would have at his coronation, and all the servants of the royal
+household, in deep mourning, and on foot. After them followed the papal
+household; and twelve mourning coaches closed the procession.
+
+"The body was placed in the chapel of the choir of St. Peter's, and
+after the absolution, which Monsignor Lascaris pronounced, it was put
+into a cypress-wood case, in presence of the major-domo of the Vatican,
+who made a formal consignment of it to the Chapter of St. Peter's,
+in the presence of the notary of the 'Sacred Apostolic Palace,' who
+witnessed the consignment, whilst the notary of the Chapter of St.
+Peter's gave him a formal receipt.
+
+"The second funeral was fixed for the following day, when everything
+was done to make the choir of St. Peter's look gorgeous. A large
+catafalque was raised in the midst, on the top of which, on a cushion
+of black velvet embroidered with gold, lay the royal crown and sceptre,
+under a canopy adorned with ermine; 250 candles burnt around, and the
+inscription over the catafalque ran as follows:
+
+    'Memoriæ æternæ Jacobi III., Magnæ Britanniæ Franciæ et Hyber,
+    regis Parentis optimii Henricus Card. Dux Eboracensis moerens justa
+    persolvit.'
+
+"Then the cardinals held service, thirteen of whom were then assembled;
+after which, the Chapter of St. Peter's and the Vatican clergy, with
+all the Court of the defunct king who had assisted at the mass,
+accompanied the body to the subterranean vaults beneath St. Peter's,
+where the bier was laid aside until such times and seasons as a fitting
+memorial could be placed over it."
+
+
+
+
+AMONG the Jews, according to Buxtorf (who published, in the 17th
+Century, perhaps the most valuable work upon the Jewish ceremonies
+which still existed in various parts of Europe in his time, many of
+which have been modified or have entirely disappeared since), it was
+the fashion when a person died, after having closed the eyes and
+mouth, to twist the thumb of the right hand inward, and to tie it
+with a string of the _taled_, or veil, which covered the face, and
+was invariably buried with the corpse. The reason for this doubling
+of the thumb was that, when it was thus turned inward, it represented
+the figure Schaddai, which is one of the names of God. Otherwise, the
+fingers were stretched out so as to show that the deceased had given
+up all the goods of this world. The body was most carefully washed,
+to indicate that the dead was purified by repentance. Buxtorf tells
+us that in Holland, with the old-fashioned Jews, it was the custom to
+break an egg into a glass of wine, and to wash the face therewith. The
+more devout persons were dressed in the same garments that they wore on
+the last feast of the Passover. When the body is placed in the coffin,
+it is the habit even now, among the Polish and Oriental Jews, for ten
+members of the family, or very old friends, to walk processionally
+round it, saying prayers for the repose of the soul. In olden times,
+for three days after the death, the family sat at home in a darkened
+room and received their friends, who were indeed Job's comforters;
+for they sought to afflict them in every way by recalling the virtues
+of the dead person, and exaggerating the misery into which they were
+thrown by his or her departure. Seven days afterwards, they were
+employed in a less rigorous form of mourning, at the end of which the
+family again went to the synagogue and offered up prayers, after which
+they followed the customs of the country in which they lived, retaining
+their mourning only so long as accorded with the prevailing fashion of
+the day.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_The Knight of Death on a White Horse_--After
+ALBERT DURER. From a fac-simile of the original engraving, dated 1513,
+by one of the Wiericx (1564). This famous engraving, which so perfectly
+characterises the weird genius of the Middle Ages, passing into the
+Renaissance, represents a knight armed, going to the wars, accompanied
+by terrible thoughts of Death and Sin, whose incarnations follow him on
+his dismal journey.]
+
+
+
+
+ONE of the saddest, and certainly the simplest of royal funerals,
+was that of King Charles I. After his lamentable execution, his body
+lay at Whitehall from January 28, 1649, to the following February 7,
+when it was conveyed to Windsor, placed in the vault of St. George's
+Chapel, near the coffins of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. The day had
+been very snowy, and the snow rested thick on the coffin and on the
+cloaks and hats of the mourners. The remains were deposited without any
+service whatever, and left inscriptionless, save for the words "Charles
+Rex, 1649," the letters of which were cut out of a band of lead by
+the gentlemen present, with their penknives, and the lead fastened
+round the coffin. In this state it remained until the year 1813,
+when George IV. caused it to be more fittingly interred. In striking
+contrast were the obsequies of the unfortunate King's great rival and
+enemy, Cromwell, "who lay in glorious state" at Somerset House, all
+the ceremonial being copied from that of the interment of Philip II.
+of Spain. The rooms were hung with black cloth, and in the principal
+saloon was an effigy of the Protector, with a royal crown upon his head
+and a sceptre in his hand, stretched upon a bed of state erected over
+his coffin. Crowds of people of all ranks went daily during eight weeks
+to see it, the place being illuminated by hundreds of candles. The wax
+cast of the face of Cromwell after death is still preserved in the
+British Museum. His body, however, was carried away secretly, and at
+night, and buried privately at Westminster, for fear of trouble. Later,
+in 1660, the remains of the great Protector, and those of his friends
+Ireton and Bradshaw, were sacrilegiously taken from their graves,
+dragged with ignominy through the streets, and hanged at Tyburn, to the
+apparent satisfaction of Mrs. Pepys and her friend Lady Batten, and all
+and sundry in London, as is recorded in the "immortal diary." By the
+way, Mr. Pepys himself, who died in 1703, was buried with much state
+and circumstance in Crutched Friars Church, but at night, the service
+being said by Dr. Hickes, the author of the _Thesaurus_.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+PERHAPS the strangest funeral recorded in modern history was that of
+the translation of the remains of Voltaire, popularly known as his
+"apotheosis." The National Assembly in May, 1791, decreed that the
+bones of the poet should be brought from the Abbey of Scellières, and
+carried in state to the Pantheon. In Voltaire's lifetime it was boasted
+that he had buried the priests and the Christian religion, but now
+the priests were going to bury him, having very little of Christian
+religion left amongst them. The day of the procession was fixed for
+July 10; but the 10th was a deluging, rainy day, and the ceremony was
+postponed to the next day, or till the weather should be fine. The next
+day was as wet, and the Assembly was about to renew the postponement,
+when about two o'clock it cleared up. The coffin was placed on a car
+of the classic form, and was borne first to the spot on which the
+Bastille had stood, where it was placed on a platform, being covered
+with myrtles, roses, and wild flowers, and bearing the following
+inscriptions:--"If a man is born free, he ought to govern himself." "If
+a man has tyrants placed over him, he ought to dethrone them." Besides
+these, there were numerous other inscriptions in different parts of the
+area, including one on a huge block of stone: "Receive, O Voltaire! on
+this spot, where despotism once held thee in chains, the honours thy
+country renders thee!"
+
+From the Bastille to the Pantheon all Paris seemed to be following the
+procession, which consisted of soldiers, lawyers, doctors, municipal
+bodies, a crowd of poets, literary men, and artists carrying a gilded
+chest containing the seventy volumes of Voltaire's works; men who had
+taken part in the demolition of the Bastille, bearing chains, fetters,
+and cuirasses found in the prison; a bust of Voltaire, surrounded by
+those of Rousseau, Mirabeau, and Montaigne, borne by the actors from
+the different theatres, in ancient costume; and lastly came the funeral
+car, now surmounted by a statue of the philosopher, which France was
+crowning with a wreath of immortelles. The immense procession halted
+at various places for the effigy to receive particular honours. At
+the opera houses the actors and actresses were waiting to present
+a laurel crown and to sing to Voltaire's glory; at the house of M.
+Villette--where was yet deposited the heart of the great man, previous
+to being sent to Fernay--four tall poplars were planted, and adorned
+with wreaths and festoons of flowers, and on the front of the house
+was written in large letters: "His genius is everywhere, and his
+heart is here." Near this was raised a sort of amphitheatre, on which
+were seated a crowd of young girls in white dresses with blue sashes,
+crowned with roses, and holding wreaths in honour of the poet in their
+hands. The names of all Voltaire's works were written on the front of
+the Theatre Français. The next halt was made on the site of the Comédie
+Française, and a statue of the poet was there crowned by actors
+costumed as Tragedy and Comedy. Thence the procession wended its way
+to the Pantheon, where the mouldering remains of Voltaire were placed
+beside those of Descartes and Mirabeau. All Paris that evening was one
+festal scene; illuminations blazing on the busts and figures of the
+patriot of equality.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Funeral Car of Nelson._--From a contemporary
+engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+The obsequies in England of Lord Nelson, which took place on January
+9, 1806, were extremely imposing. I transcribe from a contemporary and
+inedited private letter the following account of it:--"I have just
+returned from such a sight as will never be seen in London again. I
+managed at an inconveniently early hour to get me down into the Strand,
+and so down Norfolk Street to a house overlooking the river. Every
+post of vantage wherever the procession could be seen was swarming
+with living beings, all wearing mourning, the very beggars having a
+bit of crape on their arms. The third barge, which contained the body,
+was covered with black velvet and adorned with black feathers. In the
+centre was a viscount's coronet, and three bannerols were affixed
+to the outside of the barge. In the steerage were six lieutenants
+of the navy and six trumpets. Clarencieux, King-at-Arms, sat at the
+head of the coffin, bearing a viscount's coronet on a black velvet
+cushion. The Royal Standard was at the head of the barge, which was
+rowed by forty-six seamen from the 'Victory.' The other barges in the
+cortege were rowed by Greenwich pensioners. The fourth barge contained
+Admiral Sir Peter Parker, the chief mourner, and other admirals,
+vice-admirals, and rear-admirals; whilst the Lords of the Admiralty,
+the Lord Mayor of London, members of the various worshipful Companies,
+and other distinguished mourners occupied the remaining barges, which
+were seventeen in number, and were flanked by row-boats, with river
+fencibles, harbour marines, etc., etc. All, of course, had their
+colours half-mast high. On the following morning, the 9th, the land
+procession, which I also contrived to see, started from the Admiralty
+to pass through the streets of London to St. Paul's, between dense
+crowds all along the route. This procession was of great length, and
+included Greenwich pensioners, sailors of the 'Victory,' watermen,
+judges and other dignitaries of the law, many members of the nobility,
+public officers, and officers of the army and navy; whilst in it were
+carried conspicuously the great banner, gauntlets, helmet, sword,
+etc., of the deceased. The pall was supported by four admirals. Nearly
+10,000 military were assembled on this occasion, and these consisted
+chiefly of the regiments that had fought in Egypt, and participated
+with the deceased in delivering that country from the power of France.
+The car in which the body was conveyed was peculiarly magnificent. It
+was decorated with a carved resemblance of the head and stern of the
+'Victory,' surrounded with escutcheons of the arms of the deceased, and
+adorned with appropriate mottoes and emblematical devices, under an
+elevated canopy, in the form of the upper part of a sarcophagus, with
+six sable plumes, and a viscount's coronet in the centre, supported
+by four columns, representing palm trees, entwined with wreaths of
+natural laurel and cypress. As it passed, all uncovered, and many wept.
+I heard a great deal said among the people about 'poor Emma' (Emma,
+Lady Hamilton), and some wonder whether she will get a pension or not.
+On the whole, the processions were most imposing, and I am very glad I
+saw it all, although I am much fatigued at it, from standing about so
+much and pushing in the crowd, and faint from the difficulty of getting
+food, every eating-place being so full of people; and surely, though a
+nation must mourn, equally certain is it that it must also eat."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Funeral Car of Lord Nelson._--From a
+contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_An Old Market Cross, Rouen._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_Funeral Procession of the Emperor
+Napoleon I., December_ 15, 1840. _The Cortége descending the Champs
+Élysées._--From a contemporary engraving.]
+
+LOUIS PHILLIPPE, who, by the way, had neglected no opportunity to
+render justice to the genius of Napoleon, obtained, in 1840, the
+permission of the British Government to remove his body from St.
+Helena; and on December 15 it was solemnly interred in the gorgeous
+chapel designed by Visconti, at the Invalides. The Prince de Joinville
+had the honour of escorting the remains of the Emperor from the lonely
+island in the Indian Ocean to Paris. Words cannot paint the emotion
+of the inhabitants of the French capital, as the superb procession
+descended the long avenue of the Champs Élysées, or that of the
+privileged company which witnessed the striking scene in the chapel
+itself, as the Prince de Joinville formally consigned the body to the
+King, his father, saying, as he did so, "Sire, I deliver over into your
+charge the corpse of Napoleon." To which the King replied, "I receive
+it in the name of France," and then taking the sword of the victor of
+Austerlitz, he handed it to General Bertrand, who, in his turn, laid
+it on the coffin. Many years later, when another Napoleon reigned in
+France, a Lady who had not yet reached the _mezzo camin di nostra
+vita_, stood silently, with bowed head, before the grave of the mighty
+enemy of the glorious empire over which she rules, and it was observed
+that there were tears in the eyes of Queen Victoria when she quietly
+left the chapel.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_The Tomb of Napoleon I. at the Invalides,
+Paris._]
+
+The earliest year of the last half of this century witnessed another
+funeral of much magnificence, that of the great Duke of Wellington.
+It was determined that a public funeral should mark the sense of the
+people's reverence for the memory of the illustrious deceased, and
+of their grief for his loss. The body was enclosed in a shell, and
+remained for a time at Walmer Castle, where the Iron Duke died. A guard
+of honour, composed of men of his own rifle regiment, did duty over it,
+and the castle flag was hoisted daily half-mast high. On the evening
+of the 10th of November, 1852, the body was placed upon a hearse and
+conveyed, by torchlight, to the railway station, the batteries at
+Walmer and Deal Castles firing minute-guns, whilst Sandown Castle
+took up the melancholy salute as the train with its burden swept by.
+Arrived at London, the procession re-formed, and by torchlight marched
+through the silent streets, reaching Chelsea about three o'clock in the
+morning, when the coffin containing the body was carried into the hall
+of the Royal Military Hospital. Life Guardsmen, with arms reversed,
+lined the apartment, which was hung with black and lighted by waxen
+tapers. The coffin rested upon an elevated platform at the end of the
+hall, over which was suspended a cloud-like canopy or veil. The coffin
+itself was covered with red velvet; and at the foot stood a table on
+which all the decorations of the deceased were laid out. Thither,
+day by day, in a constant stream, crowds of men, women, and children
+repaired, all dressed in deep mourning. The first of these visitors was
+the Queen, accompanied by her children; but so deeply was she affected
+that she never got beyond the centre of the hall, where her feelings
+quite overcame her, and she was led, weeping bitterly, back to her
+carriage.
+
+The public funeral took place on the 18th of November, and was attended
+by the Prince Consort and all the chief officers of State. The body
+was removed by torchlight, on the evening previous, to the Horse
+Guards, under an escort of cavalry. At dawn on the 18th the solemn
+ceremony began. From St. Paul's Cathedral, down Fleet Street, along the
+Strand, by Charing Cross and Pall Mall, to St. James's Park, troops
+lined both sides of the streets; while in the park itself, columns of
+infantry, cavalry, and artillery were formed ready to fall into their
+proper places in the procession, of which we publish two interesting
+engravings. How it was conducted--with what respectful interest watched
+by high and low--how solemn the notes of the bands, as one after
+another they took up and entoned the "Dead March in Saul"--how grand,
+yet how touching the scene in the interior of St. Paul's--none but
+those who can remember it can realise.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November_
+18, 1852. _The Procession passing Apsley House._--From an original
+sketch, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November_
+18, 1852. _Scene inside St. Paul's._--Reproduced from an original
+sketch, expressly for this publication.]
+
+A man of genius in France is rightly placed on a kind of throne,
+and considered a "king of thought;" so the obsequies of so truly
+illustrious a poet as Victor Hugo, which took place in Paris, June 1,
+1885, assumed proportions rarely accorded even to the mightiest
+sovereigns. Unfortunately, it was marred by the desecration of a noted
+church, the Pantheon; for it pleased a political party in power to
+make out that Hugo had denied even the existence of God, and this
+notwithstanding the fact that every page of his works is a testimony
+to his ardent creed in the Almighty and his hope in the life to
+come. The lying-in-state took place under the Arch of Triumph, which
+was decorated with much taste by a huge black veil draped across it.
+Flaring torches lighted up the architectural features of the monument,
+and also the tremendous throng of spectators. The arch looked solemn
+enough, but the behaviour of the people who surrounded it was the
+reverse, especially at night. On Thursday, June 1, early in the day,
+which was intensely hot, the procession began to move from the Arc de
+Triomphe to the Pantheon, and presented a scene never to be forgotten.
+The coffin was a very simple one, in accordance with the poet's wishes
+to be buried like a pauper; but what proved the chief charm of this
+really poetical spectacle was the amazing number of huge wreaths
+carried by the countless deputations from all parts of France, and
+sent from every city of Europe and America. There were some 15,000
+wreaths of foliage and flowers carried in this strange procession,
+many of which were of colossal dimensions, so that when one beheld the
+cortége from the bottom of the Champs Élysées, for instance, it looked
+like a huge floral snake meandering along. The bearers of the wreaths
+were hidden beneath them, and these exquisite trophies of early summer
+flowers, combined with the glittering helmets of the Guards, the bright
+costumes of the students, and, above all, with the veritable walls of
+human beings towering up on all sides, filling balconies and windows,
+covering roofs and every spot wherever even a glimpse of the pageant
+could be obtained, created a spectacle as unique as it was picturesque.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_Funeral of Victor Hugo, Paris, June_ 1, 1885.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Frederick of
+Germany, Princess Royal of Great Britain._]
+
+THE solemn but exceedingly simple obsequies of that much regretted and
+most able man His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, took place at
+Windsor on the 23rd December, 1861. At his frequently expressed desire
+it was of a private character; but all the chief men of the state
+attended the obsequies in the Royal Chapel. The weather was cold and
+damp, the sky dull and heavy. There was a procession of state carriages
+to St. George's Chapel, at the door of which the Prince of Wales and
+the other royal mourners were assembled to receive the corpse. The
+grief of the poor children was very affecting, little Prince Arthur
+especially, sobbing as if his heart were breaking. When all was over,
+and the last of the long, lingering train of mourners had departed,
+the attendants descended into the vault with lights, and moved the
+bier and coffin along the narrow passage to the royal vault. The day
+was observed throughout the realm as one of mourning. The bells of
+all the churches were tolled, and in many of them special services
+were held. In the towns the shops were closed, and the window blinds
+of private residences were drawn down. No respectable people appeared
+abroad except in mourning, and in seaport towns the flags were hoisted
+half-mast high. The words of the Poet Laureate were scarcely too strong:
+
+    "The shadow of his loss moved like eclipse,
+    Darkening the world. We have lost him; he is gone;
+    We know him now; all narrow jealousies
+    Are silent; and we see him as he moved,
+    How modest, kindly, all-accomplished, wise;
+    With what sublime repression of himself,
+    And in what limits, and how tenderly;
+    Not swaying to this faction or to that;
+    Not making his high place the lawless perch
+    Of wing'd ambitions, nor a vantage ground
+    For pleasure; but thro' all this tract of years
+    Wearing the white flower of a blameless life,
+    Before a thousand peering littlenesses,
+    In that fierce light which beats upon a throne,
+    And blackens every blot; for where is he
+    Who dares foreshadow for an only son
+    A lovelier life, a more unstained than his?"
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Funeral of His Royal Highness the Prince
+Consort, at Windsor, December_ 23, 1861.]
+
+When Her Majesty became a widow, she slightly modified the conventional
+English widow's cap, by indenting it over the forehead _à la_ Marie
+Stuart, thereby imparting to it a certain picturesqueness which was
+quite lacking in the former head-dress. This coiffure has been not only
+adopted by her subjects, but also by royal widows abroad. The etiquette
+of the Imperial House of Germany obliges the Empress Frederick to
+introduce into her costume two special features during the earlier
+twelve months of her widowhood. The first concerns the cap, which is
+black, having a Marie Stuart point over the centre of the forehead, and
+a long veil of black crape falling like a mantle behind to the ground.
+The second peculiarity of this stately costume is that the orthodox
+white batiste collar has two narrow white bands falling straight from
+head to foot. This costume has been very slightly modified from what it
+was three centuries ago, when a Princess of the House of Hohenzollern
+lost her husband.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.--HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN. _From a
+Photograph by Messrs. W. & D. Downey._]
+
+
+
+
+THE first general mourning ever proclaimed in America was on the
+occasion of the death of Benjamin Franklin, in 1791, and the next on
+that of Washington, in 1799. The deep and wide-spread grief occasioned
+by the melancholy death of the first President, assembled a great
+concourse of people for the purpose of paying him the last tribute of
+respect, and on Wednesday, December 18, 1799, attended by military
+honours and the simplest but grandest ceremonies of religion, his body
+was deposited in the family vault at Mount Vernon. Never in the history
+of America did a blow fall with more terrible earnestness than the
+news of the assassination of President Lincoln on April 14, 1865. All
+party feeling was forgotten, and sorrow was universal. The obsequies
+were on an exceedingly elaborate scale, and a generous people paid
+a grateful and sincere tribute to a humane and patriotic chieftain.
+After an impressive service, the embalmed body was laid in state in
+the Capitol at Washington, guarded by officers with drawn swords, and
+afterwards the coffin was closed for removal to Springfield, the home
+of the late President, a distance of about 1,700 miles. It took twelve
+days to accomplish the journey. The car which conveyed the remains was
+completely draped in black, the mourning outside being festooned in
+two rows above and below the windows, while each window had a strip of
+mourning connecting the upper with the lower row. Six other cars, all
+draped in black, were attached to the train, and contained the escort,
+whilst the engine was covered with crape and its flags draped. At
+several cities _en route_ a halt was made, in order to permit people
+to pay tributes of respect to the deceased, and several times the body
+was removed from the train, so that funeral services might be held. At
+last, on the 3rd of May, the train reached Springfield, and after a
+brief delay the procession moved with befitting ceremony to Oak Ridge
+Cemetery, President Lincoln's final resting-place. During the period
+intervening between President Lincoln's death and his interment, every
+city and town in the United States testified the greatest grief, and
+public expressions of mourning were universal. To take New York, as an
+instance, that city presented a singularly striking appearance. Scarce
+a house in it but was not draped in the deepest mourning, long festoons
+of black and white muslin drooped sadly everywhere, and even the gay
+show-cases outside the shop doors were dressed with funereal rosettes.
+The gloom which prevailed was intense. In many places, however, the
+decorations, though sombre, were exceedingly picturesque, the dark
+tones being relieved by the bright red and blue of the national
+colours, entwined with crape.
+
+Scarcely less magnificent were the obsequies accorded by the people of
+America to General Grant. Funeral services were observed in towns and
+cities of every state and territory of the Union, amidst a display of
+mourning emblems unparallelled. In New York, for two weeks previous to
+the funeral ceremony, preparations of the most elaborate description
+were going on, and the best part of the city was densely draped.
+The route of the procession to the tomb was 9 miles long, and it is
+estimated that three million persons saw the cortege, in which over
+50,000 people joined, including 30,000 soldiers. Some further idea
+of the magnitude of this solemn procession can be formed when it is
+stated that its head reached the grave three hours and a half before
+the funeral car arrived. This car was exceptionally imposing, inasmuch
+as it was drawn by 24 black horses, each one led by a coloured servant,
+and each covered with sable trappings which swept the street.
+
+Another imposing funeral, which many who are still young can remember,
+was that of his Majesty Victor Emmanuel, the first King of United
+Italy, who died in Rome early in 1878. His obsequies were conducted
+with all the pomp of the Roman Catholic religion, and the catafalque,
+erected in the centre of the Pantheon, was supremely imposing. We give
+an engraving of it, which will afford an excellent idea of its great
+magnificence.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_The Catafalque erected for the Funeral
+Service of His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel, in the Pantheon, Rome._]
+
+
+
+
+THE ingenious idea of the _Magasin de Deuil_, or establishment
+exclusively devoted to the sale of mourning costumes and of the
+paraphernalia necessary for a funeral, has long been held to be
+exclusively French; but our quick-witted neighbours have, to speak the
+truth, originated very few things; for was not the father of French
+cookery a German physician in attendance on Francis I., assisted by an
+Italian cardinal, Campeggio, who, by the way, came to England on the
+occasion of the negotiations in connection with the divorce of Queen
+Catherine of Arragon. The _Magasin de Deuil_ is but a brilliant and
+elaborate adaptation of the old _Mercerie de lutto_ which has existed
+for centuries, and still exists, in every Italian city, where people in
+the haste of grief can obtain in a few hours all that the etiquette of
+civilisation requires for mourning in a country whose climate renders
+speedy interment absolutely necessary. Continental ideas are slow to
+reach this country, but when they do find acceptance with us, they
+rarely fail to attain that vast extension so characteristic of English
+commerce. Such development could scarcely be exhibited in a more marked
+manner than in Jay's London General Mourning Warehouse, Regent Street,
+an establishment which dates from the year 1841, and which during that
+period has never ceased to increase its resources and to complete its
+organisation, until it has become, of its kind, a mart unique both
+for the quality and the nature of its attributes. Of late years the
+business and enterprise of this firm has enormously increased, and
+it includes not only all that is necessary for mourning, but also
+departments devoted to dresses of a more general description, although
+the colours are confined to such as could be worn for either full or
+half mourning. Black silks, however, are pre-eminently a speciality
+of this house, and the Continental journals frequently announce that
+"_la maison Jay de Londres a fait de forts achats_." Their system is
+one from which they never swerve. It is to buy the commodity direct
+from the manufacturers, and to supply it to their patrons at the very
+smallest modicum of profit compatible with the legitimate course of
+trade. The materials for mourning costumes must always virtually,
+remain unchangeable, and few additions can be made to the list of
+silks, crapes, paramattas, cashmeres, _grenadines_, and _tulles_ as
+fabrics. They and their modifications must be ever in fashion so long
+as it continues fashionable to wear mourning at all; but fashion in
+design, construction, and embellishment may be said to change, not only
+every month, but well-nigh every week.
+
+The fame of a great house of business like this rests more upon its
+integrity and the expedition with which commands are executed than
+anything else. To secure the very best goods, and to have them made up
+in the best taste and in the latest fashion, is one of the principal
+aims of the firm, which is not unmindful of legitimate economy. For
+this purpose, every season competent buyers visit the principal silk
+marts of Europe, such as Lyons, Genoa, and Milan, for the purpose
+of purchasing all that is best in quality and pattern. Immediate
+communication with the leading designers of fashions in Paris has
+not been neglected; and it may be safely said of this great house of
+business, that if it is modelled on a mediæval Italian principle,
+it has missed no opportunity to assimilate to itself every modern
+improvement.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.--_Funeral of Earl Palmerston, in Westminster
+Abbey, Oct._ 27, 1865.]
+
+Private mourning in modern times, like everything else, has been
+greatly altered and modified, to suit an age of rapid transit and
+travel. Men no longer make a point of wearing full black for a fixed
+number of months after the decease of a near relation, and even content
+themselves with a black hat-band and dark-coloured garments. Funeral
+ceremonies, too, are less elaborate, although during the past few
+years a growing tendency to send flowers to the grave has increased in
+every class of the community. The ceremonial which attends our State
+funerals is so well known that it were needless to describe them. We,
+however, give, as "records," illustrations of the funerals of Lord
+Palmerston, Lord Beaconsfield, Mr. Darwin, and of the much-regretted
+Emperor Frederick of Germany, a function which was extremely imposing,
+as the etiquette of the German Court still retains many curious relics
+of bygone times.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.--_Funeral of the Right Honourable the Earl of
+Beaconsfield, in Hughenden Church, April_ 26, 1881.]
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL Court mourning in this country is regulated by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, but exclusively Court mourning for the Royal
+Family by the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+The order for Court mourning to be observed for the death of a foreign
+sovereign is issued by the Foreign Office, and transmitted thence to
+the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+Here is the form of the order for general mourning to be worn on the
+occasion of the death of the Prince Consort:
+
+  COLLEGE OF ARMS, Dec. 16, 1866.
+
+    _Deputy Earl Marshal's Order for a General Mourning for His late
+    Royal Highness the Prince Consort._
+
+    In pursuance of Her Majesty's commands, this is to give public
+    notice that, upon the melancholy occasion of the death of His Royal
+    Highness the Prince Consort, it is expected that all persons do
+    forthwith put themselves into decent mourning.
+
+  EDWARD C. F. HOWARD, D.E.M.
+
+The order to the army is published from the War Office:
+
+  HORSE GUARDS, Dec. 18, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Mourning of the Army for His late Royal Highness
+    the Prince Consort._
+
+    The General commanding-in-chief has received Her Majesty's commands
+    to direct, on the present melancholy occasion of the death of
+    H.R.H. the Prince Consort, that the officers of the army be
+    required to wear, when in uniform, black crape over the ornamental
+    part of the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the left
+    arm;--with black gloves, and a black crape scarf over the sash.
+    The drums are to be covered with black, and black crape is to
+    hang from the head of the colour-staff of the infantry, and from
+    the standard-staff of cavalry. When officers appear at Court in
+    uniform, they are to wear black crape over the ornamental part of
+    the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the left arm;--with
+    black gloves and a black crape scarf.
+
+
+A like order was issued by the Admiralty, addressed to the officers and
+men of the Royal Navy.
+
+FIRST NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       December 16, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Court to go into Mourning for His late Royal
+    Highness the Prince Consort._
+
+    The LADIES attending Court to wear black woollen Stuffs, trimmed
+    with Crape, plain Linen, black Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN attending Court to wear black Cloth, plain Linen,
+    Crape Hatbands, and black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    The Mourning to commence from the date of this Order.
+
+
+SECOND NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       December 31, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Court's change of Mourning, on Monday, the 27th
+      January next, for His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort,
+      viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Silk Dresses, trimmed with Crape, and
+    black Shoes and Gloves, black Fans, Feathers, and Ornaments.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black Court Dress, with black Swords and
+    Buckles, and plain Linen.
+
+    _The Court further to change the Mourning on Monday the 17th of
+    February next, viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Dresses, with white Gloves, black or white
+    Shoes, Fans, and Feathers, and Pearls, Diamonds, or plain Gold or
+    Silver Ornaments.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black Court Dress, with black Swords and
+    Buckles.
+
+    _And on Monday the 10th of March next, the Court to go out of
+    Mourning._
+
+             *       *       *       *       *
+
+FIRST NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       November 7, 1817.
+
+    _Orders for the Court's going into Mourning on Sunday next, the
+      9th instant, for Her late Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte
+      Augusta, Daughter of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, and
+      Consort of His Serene Highness the Prince Leopold Saxe-Cobourg,
+      viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Bombazines, plain Muslin, or long Lawn
+    Crape Hoods, Shamoy Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.
+
+    Undress:--Dark Norwich Crape.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black cloth without buttons on the Sleeves
+    or Pockets, plain Muslin, or long Lawn Cravats and Weepers, Shamoy
+    Shoes and Gloves, Crape Hatbands and black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    Undress:--Dark Grey Frocks.
+
+    For LADIES, black Silk, fringed or plain Linen, white Gloves, black
+    Shoes, Fans, and Tippets, white Necklaces and Earrings.
+
+    Undress:--White or grey Lustrings, Tabbies, or Damasks.
+
+    For GENTLEMEN, to continue in black, full trimmed, fringed or plain
+    Linen, black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    Undress:--Grey Coats.
+
+    For LADIES, black silk or velvet coloured Ribbons, Fans, and
+    Tippets, or plain white, or white and gold, or white and silver
+    Stuffs, with black Ribbons.
+
+    For GENTLEMEN, black Coats and black or plain white, or white and
+    gold, or white and silver stuffed Waistcoats, coloured Waistcoats
+    and Buckles.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Funeral of Charles Darwin, Esq., in
+Westminster Abbey._]
+
+
+
+
+THE Register of "Notices" preserved at the Lord Chamberlain's Offices
+date back from 1773 to 1840. They are written in chronological order
+from the first folio (9th March, 1773) to folio 16 (28th Nov., 1785).
+After this date a number of papers are missing, and, curious to relate,
+the next entry is Oct. 24, 1793, and orders the Court to go into
+mourning for ten days for Her late Majesty Marie Antoinette, Queen of
+France.
+
+On the margin of the one for mourning for Louis XVIII., is written
+a note to the effect that the "King this day, Sep. 18, 1824, orders
+three weeks' mourning for the late King of France." At about this time,
+too, the word "the ladies to wear bombazine gowns" disappears, and is
+replaced by "woolen stuffs."
+
+Our military etiquette connected with mourning was really modelled
+on that in use in the army of Louis XIV., as is proved by a rather
+singular fact. In 1737 George II. died, and an order was issued
+commanding the officers and troopers in the British army to wear
+black crape bands and black buttons and epaulettes. Very shortly
+afterwards the French Government issued a decree to the effect that,
+as the English army had "slavishly imitated the French in the matter
+of wearing mourning, henceforth the officers of the French army should
+make no change in their uniform, and only wear a black band round the
+arm." Oddly enough, at the present moment both the French and the
+English armies wear precisely the same "badge of grief," a black band
+of crape on the left arm above the elbow.
+
+The Sovereign can prolong, out of marked respect for the person to be
+mourned, the duration of the period for general and Court mourning.
+
+The following are regulations for Court mourning, according to the
+register at the Lord Chamberlain's office:--
+
+For the King or Queen--full mourning, eight weeks; mourning, two weeks;
+and half-mourning, two weeks: in all, three full months.
+
+For the son or daughter of the Sovereign--Full mourning, four weeks;
+mourning, one week; and half-mourning, one week: total, six weeks.
+
+For the brother or sister of the Sovereign--full mourning, two weeks;
+mourning, four days; and half-mourning, two days: total, three weeks.
+
+Nephew or niece--full mourning, one week; half-mourning, one week:
+total, two weeks.
+
+Uncle or aunt--same as above.
+
+Cousin, ten days; second cousin, seven days.
+
+
+
+
+THE following are the accepted reasons for the selection of various
+colours for mourning in different parts of the world:--
+
+_Black_ expresses the privation of light and joy, the midnight gloom of
+sorrow for the loss sustained. It is the prevailing colour of mourning
+in Europe, and it was also the colour selected in ancient Greece and in
+the Roman Empire.
+
+_Black and white striped_ expresses sorrow and hope, and is the
+mourning of the South Sea Islanders.
+
+_Greyish brown_--the colour of the earth, to which the dead return. It
+is the colour of mourning in Ethiopia and Abyssinia.
+
+_Pale brown_--the colour of withered leaves--is the mourning of Persia.
+
+_Sky-blue_ expresses the assured hope that the deceased is gone to
+heaven, and is the colour of mourning in Syria, Cappadocia, and Armenia.
+
+_Deep-blue_ in Bokhara is the colour of mourning; whilst the Romans in
+the days of the Republic also wore very dark blue for mourning.
+
+_Purple and violet_--to express royalty, "Kings and priests of God." It
+is the colour of mourning of Cardinals and of the Kings of France. The
+colour of mourning in Turkey is violet.
+
+_White_--emblem of "white-handed hope." The colour of mourning in
+China. The ladies of ancient Rome and Sparta sometimes wore white
+mourning, which was also the colour for mourning in Spain until 1498.
+In England it is still customary, in several of the provinces, to wear
+white silk hat-bands for the unmarried.
+
+_Yellow_--the sear and yellow leaf. The colour of mourning in Egypt and
+Burmah. In Brittany widows' caps among the peasants are yellow. Anne
+Boleyn wore yellow mourning for Catherine of Arragon, but as a sign of
+joy.
+
+_Scarlet_ is also a mourning colour, and was occasionally worn by the
+French Kings, notably so by Louis XI.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.--_Funeral of His Imperial Majesty Frederick
+the Noble, Emperor of Germany. The Funeral Service in the Imperial
+Chapel._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.--_Funeral of His Majesty the Emperor of
+Germany. The Procession leaving the Palace._]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+(_a_) In the 18th Century, the undertaker issued his
+handbills--gruesome things, with grinning skulls and shroud-clad
+corpses, thigh bones, mattocks and pickaxes, hearses, etc.:
+
+    "These are to notice that Mr. John Elphick, Woollen Draper, over
+    against St Michael's Church, in Lewes, hath a good Hearse, a Velvet
+    Pall, Mourning Cloaks, and Black Hangings for Rooms, to be lett at
+    Reasonable Rates.
+
+    "He also sells all sorts of Mourning and Half Mourning, all sorts
+    of Black Cyprus for Scarfs and Hatbands, and White Silks for Scarfs
+    and Hoods at Funerals; Gloves of all sorts, and Burying Cloaths for
+    the Dead."
+
+Again:--
+
+    "Eleazar Malory, Joiner at the Coffin in White Chapel, near Red
+    Lion Street end, maketh Coffins, Shrouds, letteth Palls, Cloaks,
+    and Furnisheth with all the other things necessary for Funerals at
+    Reasonable Rates."
+
+(_b_) The dead were formerly buried in woollen, which was rendered
+compulsory by the Acts 30 Car. ii. c. 3 and 36 Ejusdem c. i., the first
+of which was for "lessening the importation of Linen from beyond the
+seas, and the encouragement of the Woollen and Paper Manufactures of
+the Kingdome." It prescribed that the curate of every parish shall keep
+a register, to be provided at the charge of the parish, wherein to
+enter all burials and affidavits of persons being buried in woollen. No
+affidavit was necessary for a person dying of the plague, but for every
+infringement a fine of £5 was imposed, one half to go to the informer,
+and the other half to the poor of the parish. This Act was only
+repealed in 1815. The material used was flannel, and such interments
+are frequently mentioned in the literature of the time.
+
+(_c_) Misson throws some light on the custom of using flannel for
+enveloping the dead, but I fancy that it is of much greater antiquity
+than he imagined. However, he asserts:--
+
+    "There is an Act of Parliament which ordains, That the Dead shall
+    be bury'd in a Woollen Stuff, which is a kind of a thin Bays, which
+    they call Flannel; nor is it lawful to use the least Needleful of
+    Thread or Silk. This Shift is always White; but there are different
+    Sorts of it as to Fineness, and consequently of different Prices.
+    To make these dresses is a particular Trade, and there are many
+    that sell nothing else; so that these Habits for the Dead are
+    always to be had ready made, of what Size or Price you please,
+    for People of Every Age and Sex. After they had washed the Body
+    thoroughly clean, and shav'd it, if it be a Man, and his Beard be
+    grown during his Sickness, they put it on a Flannel Shirt, which
+    has commonly a sleeve purfled about the Wrists, and the Slit of the
+    Shirt down the Breast done in the same Manner. When these Ornaments
+    are not of Woollen Lace, they are at least edg'd, and sometimes
+    embroider'd with black Thread. The Shirt shou'd be at least half
+    a Foot longer than the Body, that the feet of the Deceas'd may be
+    wrapped in it as in a Bag. When they have thus folded the end of
+    the Shirt close to the Feet, they tye the Part that is folded down
+    with a piece of Woollen Thread, as we do our stockings; so that the
+    end of the Shirt is done into a kind of Tuft. Upon the Head they
+    put a Cap, which they fasten with a very broad Chin Cloth, with
+    Gloves on the Hands, and a Cravat round the Neck, all of Woollen.
+    That the Body may ly the softer, some put a Lay of Bran, about four
+    inches thick, at the Bottom of the Coffin. Instead of a Cap, the
+    Women have a kind of Head Dress, with a Forehead Cloth."
+
+Funeral invitations of a ghastly kind were sent out, and Elegies,
+laudatory of the deceased, were sometimes printed and sent to friends.
+These were got up in the same charnel-house style, and embellished with
+skulls, human bones, and skeletons. Hat-bands were costly items.
+
+    "For the encouragement of our English silk, called a la modes,
+    His Royal Highness the Prince of Denmark, the Nobility, and other
+    persons of quality, appear in Mourning Hatbands made of that silk,
+    to bring the same in fashion, in the place of Crapes, which are
+    made in the Pope's Country where we send our money for them."
+
+(_d_) The poor in Anne's time had already started Burial Clubs and
+Societies, and very cheap they seem to have been.
+
+    "This is to give notice that the office of Society for Burials, by
+    mutual contribution of a Halfpenny or Farthing towards a Burial,
+    erected upon Wapping Wall, is now removed into Katherine Wheel
+    Alley, in White Chappel, near Justice Smiths, where subscriptions
+    are taken to compleat the number, as also at the Ram in Crucifix
+    Lane in Barnaby Street, Southwark, to which places notice is to be
+    given of the death of any Member, and where any person may have the
+    printed Articles after Monday next. And this Thursday evening about
+    7 o'clock will be Buried by the Undertakers, the Corpse of J. S.,
+    a Glover, over against the Sun Brewhouse, in Golden Lane; as also
+    a child from the corner of Acorn Alley, in Bishopsgate Street, and
+    another child from the Great Maze Pond, Southwark."
+
+(_e_) Undertakers liked to arrange for a Funeral to take place on
+an evening in winter, as the costs were thereby increased, for then
+the Mourners were furnished with wax candles. These were heavy, and
+sometimes were made of four tapers twisted at the stem and then
+branching out. That these wax candles were expensive enough to excite
+the thievish cupidity of a band of roughs, the following advertisement
+will show:--
+
+    "Riots and Robberies--Committed in and about Stepney Church Yard,
+    at a Funeral Solemnity, on Wednesday, the 23rd day of September;
+    and whereas many persons, who being appointed to attend the same
+    Funeral with white wax lights of a considerable value, were
+    assaulted in a most violent manner, and the said white wax lights
+    taken from them. Whoever shall discover any of the Persons, guilty
+    of the said crimes, so as they may be convicted of the same, shall
+    receive of Mr. William Prince, Wax Chandler in the Poultry, London,
+    Ten Shillings for each Person so discovered."
+
+(_f_) We get a curious glimpse of the paraphernalia of a funeral in the
+Life of a notorious cheat, "The German Princess," who lived, and was
+hanged, in the latter part of the 17th Century, and the same funeral
+customs therein described obtained in Queen Anne's time. She took a
+lodging at a house, in a good position, and told the landlady that a
+friend of hers, a stranger to London, had just died, and was lying at
+"a pitiful Alehouse," and might she, for convenience sake, bring his
+corpse there, ready for burial on the morrow.
+
+    "The landlady consented, and that evening the Corps in a very
+    handsome Coffin was brought in a Coach, and placed in the Chamber,
+    which was the Room one pair of Stairs next the Street, and had
+    a Balcony. The Coffin being covered only with an ordinary black
+    Cloth, our Counterfeit seems much to dislike it; the Landlady tells
+    her that for 20s. she might have the use of a Velvet Pall, with
+    which being well pleas'd, she desir'd the Landlady to send for the
+    Pall, and withal accommodate the Room with her best Furniture,
+    for the next day but one he should be bury'd; thus the Landlady
+    performed, setting the Velvet Pall, and placing on a Side Board
+    Table 2 Silver Candlesticks, a Silver Flaggon, 2 Standing Gilt
+    Bowls, and several other pieces of Plate; but the Night before
+    the intended Burial, our Counterfeit Lady and her Maid within the
+    House, handed to their comrades without, all the Plate, Velvet
+    Pall, and other Furniture of the Chamber that was Portable and of
+    Value, leaving the Coffin and the supposed Corps, she and her Woman
+    descended from the Balcony by help of a Ladder, which her comrades
+    had brought her."
+
+It is needless to say that the coffin contained only brickbats and hay,
+and a sad sequel to this story is that the undertaker sued the landlady
+for the loss of his pall, which had lately cost him £40.
+
+According to a request in the will of one Mr. Benjamin Dodd, a Roman
+Catholic, "Citizen and Linnen Draper, who fell from his horse and died
+soon after," four and twenty persons were at his burial, to each of
+whom he gave a pair of white gloves, a ring of 10s. value, a bottle
+of wine, and half-a-crown to be spent on their return that night, "to
+drink his Soul's Health, then on her Journey for Purification in order
+to Eternal Rest." He also appointed his "Corps" to be carried in a
+hearse drawn by six white horses, with white feathers, and followed
+by six coaches, with six horses to each coach, and commanded that "no
+Presbyterian, Moderate Low Churchmen, or Occasional Conformists, be at
+or have anything to do with his Funeral."
+
+(_g_) Parisian funerals at the present day present many features common
+to those celebrated in England in the last century. The church, for
+instance, is elaborately decorated in black for a married man or woman,
+but in white for a spinster, youth, or child. The costumes of the hired
+attendants, and these are numerous--I counted one day, quite recently,
+no less than twenty-four, two to each coach, all handsomely dressed
+in black velvet--are of the time of Louis XV. I am assured that the
+expenses of a first-class funeral in Paris, in this year of Grace 1889,
+sometimes exceeds several hundred pounds.
+
+The _lettre de faire part_, as it is called, is also a curious feature
+in the funeral rites of our neighbours. It is an elaborate document in
+the form of a printed letter, deeply edged with black, and informs that
+all the members, near and distant, of the deceased's family--they are
+each mentioned by name and title--request you, not only to attend the
+funeral, but to pray for his or her soul.
+
+The fashion of sending costly wreaths to cover the coffin is recent,
+and was quite as unknown in Paris twenty years ago as it was in
+this country until about the same period. Wreaths of _immortelles_,
+sometimes dyed black, were, however, sent to funerals in France in
+the Middle Ages. In Brittany, the "wake" is almost as common as it is
+in Ireland, and quite as frequently degenerates into an unedifying
+spectacle. Like the Irish custom, it originated in the early Christian
+practice of keeping a light burning by the corpse, and in praying for
+the repose of the soul, _coram_ the corpse prior to its final removal
+to the church and grave, certain pagan customs, the distribution of
+wine and bread, having been introduced, at first possibly from a sense
+of hospitality, and finally as means of carousal.
+
+  RICHARD DAVEY.
+
+
+
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained.
+
+Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently corrected.
+
+Some illustrations have been moved from their original position
+so as not to interrupt the text.
+
+
+Corrections.
+
+The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
+
+p. 20:
+
+  In these, bassirilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,
+  In these, bassorilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,
+
+
+p. 27:
+
+  at the dawn of the Rennaissance
+  at the dawn of the Renaissance
+
+p. 88:
+
+  This coifure has
+  This coiffure has
+
+p. 91:
+
+  of this solemn procession can be ormed
+  of this solemn procession can be formed
+
+p. 111:
+
+  but in white for a spinister
+  but in white for a spinster
+
+
+Errata.
+
+The first line indicates the original, the second how it should read.
+
+p. 66:
+
+  "On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+  conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+
+  "On the 6th of January, 1766, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+  conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44379 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44379 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Mourning, by Richard Davey</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmournin00daveuoft">
+      https://archive.org/details/historyofmournin00daveuoft</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="transnote">
+<h3>Transcriber's note.</h3>
+
+<p>A <a href="#Corrections">list</a> of the changes made can be found at the end of the
+book. In the text, the corrections are underlined by a red dotted line
+"<span class="err" title="underlined error">like this</span>". Hover the cursor
+over the underlined text and an explanation of the error should appear.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="pg" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_front_coverc.jpg" width="500" height="628" alt="History of Mourning" />
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" >
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="400" height="560" alt="Mary Queen of Scots" />
+<p class="caption">MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS,</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><em>As Widow of Francis II. of France, a facsimile
+of the original drawing by Clouet, preserved in the Biblioth&egrave;que
+Nationale, Paris.</em>&mdash;Reproduced expressly for this
+Publication.</p> </div>
+
+</div>
+<div class="title">
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h1>
+A
+HISTORY OF
+MOURNING.</h1>
+<p class="center p4">
+<small>BY</small></p>
+<p class="center p2">
+RICHARD DAVEY.</p>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">JAY'S,<br />
+REGENT STREET, W.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="400" height="648" alt="A
+History of Mourning by Richard Davey, Jay's Regent Street" />
+<p class="caption"><em>Wreath composed of the flowers mentioned in
+Shakespeare's dirges</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2">
+ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.] <span class="copyright">[COPYRIGHT.</span></p>
+<p class="center p2">
+PUBLISHED AT JAY'S, REGENT STREET, W.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="full" />
+<p class="center">
+<small>LONDON</small></p>
+<p class="center">
+M<sup>c</sup>CORQUODALE &amp; CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span></p>
+<p class="center">
+<small>CARDINGTON STREET, N.W.</small>
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_004.jpg" width="500" height="295" alt="A History of Mourning by Richard Davey" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_004a.jpg" width="200" height="16" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<p class="p2">
+<img src="images/lettera.jpg" width="100" height="103" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+LTHOUGH tradition has not informed us whether our first
+parents made any marked change in their scanty garments on
+the death of their near relatives, it is certain that the fashion of
+wearing mourning and the institution of funereal ceremonies and
+rites are of the most remote antiquity. Herodotus tells us that
+the Egyptians over 3,000 years ago selected yellow as the
+colour which denoted that a kinsman was lately deceased.
+They, moreover, shaved their eyebrows when a relative died;
+but the death of a dog or a cat, regarded as divinities by this
+curious people, was a matter of much greater importance to them, for then they not only
+shaved their eyebrows, but every hair on their bodies was plucked out; and doubtless this
+explains the reason why so many elaborate wigs are to be seen in the various museums
+devoted to Egyptian antiquities. It would require a volume to give an idea of the
+singular funereal ceremonials of this people, with whom death was regarded, so to speak, as
+a "speciality;" for their religion was mainly devoted to the <em>cultus</em> of the departed, and
+consequently innumerable monumental tombs still exist all over Egypt, the majority of which
+are full of mummies, whose painted cases are most artistic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_005.jpg" width="500" height="516" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">
+Fig. 1.</span>&mdash;<em>An Egyptian Lady preparing to go into Mourning
+for the death of her pet Cat.</em>&mdash;From a picture by
+<span class="smcap">J. R. Weguelin</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cat was worshipped as a divinity by the Egyptians. Magnificent tombs were
+erected in its honour, sacrifices and devotions were offered to it; and, as has already
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+been said, it was customary for the people of the house to shave their heads and eyebrows
+whenever Pussy departed the family circle. Possibly it was their exalted position in Egypt
+which eventually led to cats being considered the "familiars" of witches in the Middle
+Ages, and even in our own time, for belief in witchcraft is not extinct. The kindly
+Egyptians made mummies of their cats and dogs, and it is presumable that, since Egypt is
+a corn growing, and hence a rat and mouse producing country, both dogs and cats, as killers
+of these vermin, were regarded with extreme veneration on account of their exterminating
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+qualities. Their mummies are often both curious and comical, for the poor beast's quaint
+figure and face are frequently preserved with an indescribably grim realism, after the lapse
+of many ages.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="500" height="417" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>&mdash;<em>Egyptian Maiden presenting Incense to the new-made Mummy of a Cat.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The funeral processions of the Egyptians were magnificent; for with the principal
+members of the family of the deceased, if he chanced to be of royal or patrician rank, walked
+in stately file numerous priests, priestesses, and officials wearing mourning robes, and,
+together with professional mourners, filling the air with horrible howls and cries. Their
+descendants still produce these strident and dismal lamentations on similar occasions.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE Egyptian Pyramids, which were included among the seven wonders of
+the world, are seventy in number, and are masses of stone or brick, with
+square bases and triangular sides. Although various opinions have prevailed
+as to their use, as that they were erected for astronomical purposes, for
+resisting the encroachment of the sand of the desert, for granaries, reservoirs,
+or sepulchres, the last-mentioned hypothesis has been proved to be correct, in recent times, by
+the excavations of Vyse, who expended nearly &pound;10,000 in investigating their object. They
+were the tombs of monarchs of Egypt who flourished from the Fourth to the Twelfth Dynasty,
+none having been constructed later than that time; the subsequent kings being buried at
+Abydos, Thebes, and other places, in tombs of a very different character.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"> <img src="images/i_007.jpg" width="500"
+height="386" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>&mdash;<em>The
+Pyramids and Great Sphinx.</em>&mdash;From a pen-and-ink sketch by
+<span class="smcap">Horace Vernet</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first, or Great Pyramid, was the sepulchre of the Cheops of Herodotus, the Chembes,
+or Chemmis, of Diodorus, and the Suphis of Manetho and Eratosthenes. Its height was
+480 feet 9 inches, and its base 764 feet square. In other words, it was higher than St. Paul's
+Cathedral, and built on an area the size of Lincoln's Inn Fields. It has been, however, much
+spoiled, and stripped of its exterior blocks for the building of Cairo. The original sepulchral
+chamber, called the Subterranean Apartment, 46 feet by 27 feet, and 11 feet 6 inches high,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+has been hewn in the solid rock, and was reached by the original passage of 320 feet long,
+which descended to it by an entrance at the foot of the pyramid. A second chamber, with
+a triangular roof, 17 feet by 18 feet 9 inches, and 20 feet 3 inches high, was entered by a
+passage rising to an inclination of 26&deg; 18', terminating in a horizontal passage. It is called
+the Queen's Chamber, and occupies a position nearly in the centre of the pyramid. The
+monument&mdash;probably owing to the long life attained by the monarch&mdash;still progressing, a third
+chamber, called the King's, was finally constructed, by prolonging the ascending passage of
+the Queen's Chamber for 150 feet farther into the very centre of the pyramid, and, after a
+short horizontal passage, making a room 17 feet 1 inch by 34 feet 3 inches, and 19 feet 1 inch
+high. The changes which took place in this pyramid gave rise to various traditions, even in
+the days of Herodotus, Cheops being reported to lie buried in a chamber surrounded by the
+waters of the Nile. It took a long time for its construction&mdash;100,000 men being employed
+on it probably for above half a century, the duration of the reign of Cheops. The operations
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+in this pyramid by General Vyse gave rise to the discovery of marks scrawled in red ochre
+in a kind of cursive hieroglyph, on the blocks brought from the quarries of Tourah. These
+contained the name and titles of Khufu (the hieroglyphic form of Cheops); numerals and
+directions for the position of materials, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_008.jpg" width="500" height="440" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>&mdash;<em>Mummies
+of Cats and Dogs.</em>&mdash;British Museum and Museum of the
+Louvre.</p>
+ </div>
+
+<p>The second Pyramid was built by Suphis II., or Kephren, who reigned 66 years,
+according to Manethro, and who appears to have attained a great age. It has two sepulchral
+chambers, and must have been broken into by the Calif Alaziz Othman Ben-Yousouf,
+<small>A.D.</small> 1196. Subsequently it was opened by Belzoni. The masonry is inferior to that of the
+first Pyramid, but it was anciently cased below with red granite.</p>
+
+<p>The third Pyramid, built by Menkara, who reigned 63 years, is much smaller than the
+other two, and has also two sepulchral chambers, both in the solid rock. The lower chamber,
+which held a sarcophagus of rectangular shape of whinstone, had a pointed roof, cut like an
+arch inside; but the cedar coffin, in shape of a mummy, had been removed to the upper or
+large apartment, and its contents there rifled. Amongst the debris of the coffin and in the
+chambers were found the legs and part of the trunk of a body with linen wrapper, supposed
+by some to belong to the monarch, but by others to an Arab, on account of the anchylosed
+right knee. This body and fragments of the coffin were brought to the British Museum;
+but the stone sarcophagus was unfortunately lost off Carthagena, by the sinking of the vessel
+in which it was being transported to England.</p>
+
+<p>There are six other Pyramids of inferior size and interest at Gizeh; one at Abou Rouash,
+which is ruined, but of large dimensions; another at Zowyet El Arrian, still more ruined;
+another at Reegah, a spot in the vicinity of Abooseer, also much dilapidated, and built for the
+monarch User-en-Ra, by some supposed to be Busiris. There are five of these monuments
+at Abooseer, one with a name supposed to be that of a monarch of the Third Dynasty; and
+another with that of the king Sahura. A group of eleven Pyramids remains at Sakkara, and
+five other Pyramids are at Dashour, the northernmost of which, built of brick, is supposed to
+be that of the king Asychis of Herodotus, and has a name of a king apparently about the
+Twelfth Dynasty. Others are at Meydoon and Illahoon, Biahmo and Medinat El Fyoum,
+apparently the sepulchres of the last kings of the Twelfth Dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>In Nubia, the ancient &AElig;thiopia, are several Pyramids, the tombs of the monarchs of
+Mero&euml; and of some of the Ethiopian conquerors of Egypt. They are taller in proportion to
+their base than the Egyptian Pyramids, and generally have a sepulchral hall, or propylon, with
+sculptures, which faces the east. The principal groups of these Pyramids are at Bege Rauie, or
+Begromi, 17&ordm; N. lat., in one of which, gold rings and other objects of late art, resembling that
+of the Ptolemaic period, were found.</p>
+
+<p>The numerous Pyramids of Mexico are of vast size and importance, but their purpose is
+not yet fully ascertained. Completely covered as they are with dense vegetation, filled with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+venomous reptiles, they are difficult to investigate, but they were evidently much the same
+in shape and structure as the Egyptian, and their entrances were richly sculptured.</p>
+
+<p>The art of preserving the body after death by embalming was invented by the Egyptians,
+whose prepared bodies are known by the name of mummies. This art seems to have derived
+its origin from the idea that the preservation of the body was necessary for the return of the
+soul to the human form after it had completed its cycle of existence of three or ten thousand
+years. Physical and sanitary reasons may also have induced the ancient Egyptians; and the
+legend of Osiris, whose body, destroyed by Typhon, was found by Isis, and embalmed by
+his son Anubis, gave a religious sanction to the rite, all deceased persons being supposed
+to be embalmed after the model of Osiris in the <em>abuton</em> of Phil&aelig;. One of the earliest
+embalmments on record is that of the patriarch Jacob; and the body of Joseph was thus
+prepared, and transported out of Egypt. The following seems to have been the usual rule
+observed after death. The relations of the deceased went through the city chanting a wail for
+the dead. The corpse of a male was at once committed into the charge of undertakers; if a
+female, it was detained at home until decomposition had begun. The <em>paraschistes</em>, or flank-inciser
+of the district, a person of low class, conveyed the corpse home. A scribe marked with
+a reed-pen a line on the left side beneath the ribs, down which line the paraschistes made a
+deep incision with a rude knife of stone, or probably flint. He was then pelted by those
+around with stones, and pursued with curses. Then the <em>taricheutes</em>, or preparer, proceeded to
+arrange the corpse for the reception of the salts and spices necessary for its preservation, and
+the future operations depended on the sum to be expended upon the task. When Herodotus
+visited Egypt, three methods prevailed: the first, accessible only to the wealthy, consisted in
+passing peculiar drugs through the nostrils, into the cavities of the skull, rinsing the body in
+palm wine, and filling it with resins, cassia, and other substances, and stitching up the incision
+in the left flank. The mummy was then steeped in natron for 70 days, and wrapped up in linen
+cemented by gums, and set upright in a wooden coffin against the walls of the house or tomb.
+This process cost what would now amount in our money to about &pound;725. The second process
+consisted in injecting into the body cedar oil, soaking it in a solution of natron for 70 days,
+which eventually destroyed everything but the skin and bones. The expense was a <em>mina</em>,
+relatively, about &pound;243. In the third process, used for the poorer classes, the corpse was
+simply washed in myrrh, and salted for 70 days. When thus prepared the bodies were ready
+for sepulture, but they were often kept some time before burial&mdash;often at home&mdash;and were even
+produced at festive entertainments, to recall to the guests the transient lot of humanity. All
+classes were embalmed, even malefactors; and those who were drowned in the Nile or killed
+by crocodiles received an embalmment from the city nearest to which the accident occurred.</p>
+
+<p>The Ethiopians used similar means of embalming to preserve the dead, and other less
+successful means were used by nations of antiquity. The Persians employed wax, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+Assyrians, honey; the Jews embalmed their monarchs with spices, with which the body of
+Our Lord was also anointed; Alexander the Great was preserved in wax and honey, and some
+Roman bodies have been found thus embalmed. The Guanches, or ancient inhabitants of the
+Canary Isles, used an elaborate process like the Egyptian; and dessicated bodies, preserved
+by atmospheric or other circumstances for centuries, have been found in France, Sicily,
+England, and America, especially in Central America, and Peru. The art of embalming was
+probably never lost in Europe, and De Bils, Ruysch, Swammerdam, and Clauderus boast of
+great success in it. During the present century it has been almost entirely discarded, except
+under very exceptional circumstances.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="300" height="94" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_012.jpg" width="500" height="401" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>&mdash;<em>Tomb of Runjeet Singh at
+Lahore.</em>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterl.jpg" width="100" height="145" alt="L"  class="floatl" />
+EAVING the Oriental and remotely ancient nations aside, we will now consider the
+history of mourning as it was used by those peoples from whom we immediately
+derive our funereal customs. In ancient times, even amongst the Greeks and
+Romans, it was the custom to immolate victims&mdash;either slaves or captives&mdash;on the
+tomb of the departed, in order to appease the spirit, or that the soul might
+be accompanied by spirits of inferior persons to the realms of eternal bliss; and in
+India we have some difficulty even now in preventing the
+burning of a widow on the funeral pyre of her husband,
+instances of this barbarous custom occurring almost every year,
+notwithstanding the vigilance of our Government.</p>
+
+<p>It would be extremely interesting to trace to their sources all the various
+rites and ceremonies connected with our principal subject, of every nation, savage or civilised,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+ancient or modern; but the task would be quite beyond my limits. A thorough investigation
+of the matter, assisted very materially by a systematic investigation of that mine of curious
+information, Picard's famous "<cite>C&eacute;r&eacute;monies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples</cite>", which contains
+so many original letters from missionaries of the 16th and 17th Centuries, obliges me to come
+to the conclusion that there is, after all, not so much variety in the funereal ceremonies of the
+world as we imagine. Those of the Chinese and Japanese resemble in many ways, very
+strikingly too, the ceremonies which the Roman Catholics employ to this day: there are the
+same long processions of priests and officials; and Picard shows us a sketch of a very grand
+burial at Pekin, in 1675, in which we behold the body of the Emperor of the Celestials
+stretched upon a bier covered with deep violet satin, and surrounded by many lighted candles;
+prayers were said for the repose of the soul; and, as all the world knows, the costumes of the
+priests of Buddha are supposed to have undergone, together with their creed and ritual, a
+great change in the early part of the 17th Century, owing to the extraordinary influence of
+the Jesuit missionaries who followed St. Francis Xavier into India and Japan. The Japanese
+cremated their dead and preserved the ashes; the Chinese buried theirs; but the Cingalese,
+after burning the body, scattered the ashes to the winds; whilst a sect of Persians exposed
+their dead upon the top of high towers, and permitted the birds of prey to perform the
+duty which we assign to the gravedigger.</p>
+
+<p>Cemeteries existed in the East at a remote epoch, and were rendered so beautiful with
+handsome mausoleums, groves of stately cypresses and avenues of lovely rose bushes, that they
+are now used as public promenades. On certain days of the year multitudes resort to them for
+purposes of prayer, and the Armenian Christians illuminate theirs with lamps and tapers on the
+annual feast of the commemoration of the departed. Perhaps India possesses the most
+elegant tombs in the world, mainly built by the sovereigns of the Mongol dynasty. None
+among them is so sumptuous as the mausoleum of Taj Mahal, situated about a mile outside
+the port of Agra. It was built by Shah Jehan for himself and his wife Arjimand Banoo,
+surnamed Mumtaz Mahal; 20,000 men were employed for 20 years erecting it. It is
+constructed of the purest white marble, relieved with precious stones. In the interior is the
+sepulchral apartment, which is chiefly decorated with lapis lazuli. The tombs of the Emperor
+and Empress, which stand under the dome, are covered with costly Indian shawls of green
+cashmere, heavily embroidered with gold.</p>
+
+<p>Another most beautiful specimen of Mahometan sepulchral architecture is the tomb of
+Runjeet Singh, near Lahore, which, though less known, is externally as magnificent as the
+mausoleum above described.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/13.jpg" width="200" height="53" alt="decoration" />
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+<img src="images/letterm.jpg" width="200" height="162" alt="M"  class="floatl" />
+OSES prohibited the immolation of human victims on the
+tombs of the dead, and decreed that relatives should signify
+their sorrow by the manner in which they tore their
+garments. They rent them according to the degrees of
+affinity and parentage. Sometimes the tears were horizontal,
+and this indicated that a father, mother, wife, brother, or
+sister had died; but if the tear was longitudinal, it
+signified that some person had departed who was not a
+blood relation. An idea can be formed of the appalling destruction of clothing which must
+have occurred on certain occasions amongst the ancient Jews, when we remember that
+on the death of a king everybody was expected to tear their garments longitudinally, and
+to go about with them in tatters for nine days. This curious custom possibly explains
+Solomon's proverb, "There is a time to rend and a time to mend."</p>
+
+<p>The High Priest among the Jews was exempted from wearing mourning. The French,
+when they embraced Christianity, added many Jewish customs to their own: up to the time
+of the Revolution of 1789, their Grand Chancellor, or Chief Magistrate, was not bound to
+wear mourning even for his own father.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, doubtless, derived their funereal ceremonies from the Egyptians, and
+it is from this ancient people that we obtain the custom of wearing black as mourning.
+When a person in Greece was dangerously ill and not expected to recover, branches of
+<em>laurestinus</em> and <em>achanthus</em> were hung up over the door, and the relatives hurried round the
+bed and prayed to Mercury, as the conductor of souls, to have mercy upon the invalid, and
+either to cure him completely or else help his soul to cross the river Styx. If the death
+really occurred, then the house was filled with cries and lamentations. The body was washed
+and perfumed, and covered with rich robes; a garland of flowers was placed on its head, and
+in its hand a cake made of wheat and honey, to appease Cerberus, the porter of Hell;
+and in the mouth a purse of money, in order to defray the expenses of Charon, the ferryman
+of Styx. In this state the deceased was exposed for two days in the vestibule of the house.
+At the door was a vase full of water, destined to purify the hands of those who touched
+the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>Visitors to Paris will remember how often they have seen a coffin exhibited in the
+doorway of a house, elaborately covered with flowers, having at its head a crucifix, and many
+lights surrounding it, everybody as they passed saluting it&mdash;the men by taking off their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+hats, and the women by making the sign of the cross, often using for this purpose holy
+water offered to them on a brush by an acolyte. Now, the Greeks used blessed water
+when they exposed their dead in front of their dwellings; possibly the French custom is
+derived from the Grecian. The funeral in Greece took place three days after the exhibition
+of the remains, and usually occurred before sunrise, so as to avoid ostentation. Many women
+surrounded the bier, weeping and howling, and not a few, being professionals, were paid for
+their trouble. The corpse was placed on a chariot, in a coffin made of cypress wood. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+male relatives walked behind, those who were of close kinship having their heads shaved.
+They usually cast down their eyes, and were invariably dressed in black. A choir of musicians
+came next, singing doleful tunes. The procession, as a rule, had not far to go, for the body
+of a wealthy person was usually buried in his garden&mdash;if his city house did not possess one,
+in that of his villa residence.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_015.jpg" width="500" height="821" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>&mdash;<em>A Greek Tomb: the Monument
+of Themistocles, Athens.</em></p>
+ </div>
+
+<p>The Greeks, it will thus be seen, buried their dead, and did not cremate them as did the
+Romans; but in the latter years of the Republic both forms of disposing of the body were
+common. After the burial, libations of wine were poured over the grave, and all objects of
+clothing which had belonged to the deceased were solemnly burnt. The ninth and fourteenth
+days after the funeral, the parents, dressed in white, visited the grave, and a ceremony was
+gone through for the repose of the soul. The anniversary of the death was also observed,
+and the Greeks, moreover, had a general commemoration of the dead in the month of March.
+And here let us make a digression to see how very closely the Greeks must have influenced
+the early Christians, and consequently their more immediate descendants, the Roman Catholics,
+in the matter of religious ceremonies; for it is usual among Catholics to hear a Mass for the
+Dead a week after the death, and also another on the anniversary. The universal feast of
+the dead is observed by them, however, not in the month of March, but in that of November.
+People who have lived in Paris will know how very largely these funereal ceremonies enter
+into the manners and customs of that gay city, so that it is not unfrequent for foreign
+residents to observe that their time is passed in perpetually going to funerals; for, if you have
+a large acquaintance, you are sure to receive at least twenty or thirty invitations to
+funerals and funereal commemorations in the course of the year. Of course, everybody
+will remember how on the Continent the first day of November is devoted to visiting the
+cemeteries and decorating the tombs of relatives and friends.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_016.jpg" width="500" height="191" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>&mdash;<em>Gallo-Roman bas-relief&mdash;found in Paris about fifty years ago&mdash;representing a family surrounding
+the body of a woman who has recently died.</em>&mdash;Museum of the Louvre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+To return to the Greeks, it should be observed that their respect for the dead was
+remarkable, even amongst the ancients. If a man accidentally found a body on the high-road,
+he was obliged to turn aside and bury it. When the people saw a funeral procession pass,
+they uncovered their heads and murmured a prayer. The laws against the violation of the
+sepulchres of the dead were most severe, and any one who was caught damaging a tomb was
+usually flogged for his trouble, but if he overthrew it and disturbed the body, he was burnt
+alive.</p>
+
+<p>If a person died at sea, all the people on board the ship assembled at sunset, and
+cried out three times the name of the departed, who was usually thrown overboard. In the
+morning they repeated these calls, and so forth until the ship entered port. This was done
+in order to recall the names of the deceased, or at any rate to keep them propitious.</p>
+
+<p>When an illustrious person died in Greece, the ceremonies were on a most elaborate
+scale, and even accompanied by games, which lasted for many days. Readers of Homer's
+"Iliad" will remember his magnificent description of the death and funeral of Patroclus.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Romans the men were not obliged to wear mourning, but it was the fashion
+for women to do so. Very wisely, children under three years of age were not forced to
+put on black, even for their parents, and after that age, only for as many months as they
+had lived years.</p>
+
+<p>The Roman ladies only wore mourning for their parents for one year. Men were expected
+to wear it for the same period in the case of the death of a father, mother, wife, sister, or
+brother. Numa fixed the period of wearing deep mourning for the nearest of kin as ten
+months. People, however, were not obliged to wear mourning for any of their relatives who
+had been in prison, were bankrupt, or in any way outlawed. Numa published a minute
+series of laws regulating the mourning of his people. A very odd item in these included
+an order that women should not scratch their faces, or make an exceptional fuss at a public
+funeral. This was possibly decreed to put some stop to abuses which the hired mourners
+had occasioned: scratching their faces, for instance, so as to injure themselves, and making an
+over-dismal wail which was offensive to the genuine mourners.</p>
+
+<p>For freedmen and slaves among the Romans, the greatest mark of respect was the
+erection of a monument or inscription in the tomb reserved for the family they had served.
+Thousands of these inscriptions to slaves and faithful servants still exist, and lead us to hope
+that the hardships of slavery in ancient Rome were often softened by mutual kindness and
+respect. One of the most touching of these is in a tomb on the Appian Road, which is
+supposed to have belonged to the attendants of Livia, the illustrious consort of Augustus.
+It runs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"To my beloved Julia, my slave-woman, whose last illness I have watched and attended
+as if it had been that of my own mother."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+
+Tombs of slaves who were martyrs to the Christian religion are very frequent, and
+their inscriptions are usually of a most pathetic description.</p>
+
+<p>The ashes of the dead, after the solemn burning of the body, were carefully gathered
+together and placed in an often very beautifully painted urn, and taken to the family tomb
+on the Appian Way, where an appropriate inscription was affixed to the wall under the niche
+containing the vase or urn. Little glass bottles, said to be filled with the tears of the nearest
+relations, were likewise enclosed in the urn, or else hung up beside it. Thousands of these,
+brilliant, after ages, with iridescent colours, are still found in the Roman tombs.</p>
+
+<p>It was not imperative for a man in old Rome to wear mourning at all; but it was
+considered very bad taste for a male not to show some external sign of respect for his dead.
+With women, on the other hand, it was obligatory.</p>
+
+<p>On great occasions, such as the death of an Emperor or a defeat of the army in
+foreign parts, the Senate, the Knights, and the whole Roman people assumed mourning; and
+the same ceremony was observed when any general of the Roman army was slain in battle.
+When Manlius was precipitated from the Tarpeian rock, half the people put on mourning.
+The defeat at Cann&aelig;, the conspiracy of Catilina, and the death of Julius C&aelig;sar were also
+events celebrated in Rome with public mourning; but during the whole period of the
+Republic it was not compulsory for people to notice death, either publicly or privately.</p>
+
+<p>The first public mourning recorded as being observed throughout the entire Roman
+Empire was that for Augustus. It lasted for fifty days for the men, and the whole year
+for women. The next public event which called forth a decree commanding that the entire
+people of Rome and the Empire should wear mourning, was the death of Livia, mother of
+Tiberius. The same thing occurred at the death of Drusus; and Caligula followed the
+example, and ordered general mourning on the death of Drusilla.</p>
+
+<p>Private mourning, which was among the Romans, as we have already intimated, not at
+all compulsory, could be broken by events such as the birth of a son or daughter, the
+marriage of a child, and the return of a prisoner of war. Men wore lighter mourning than
+women, but were expected to absent themselves from places of public amusement.</p>
+
+<p>The usual colour adopted by women for mourning, under the Roman Empire, was a
+peculiar blue-black serge, and an absolutely black veil. As with us, occasionally, the wearing
+of mourning brought forth some sharp remarks from the satirical poets. Thus, Macrobius tells
+us, in his Saturnalia, that Cr&oelig;sus on one occasion went to the Senate wearing the deepest
+mourning for the largest lamprey in his tank, which had died.</p>
+
+<p>Women were not allowed to remarry within the year of their husband's death. Imperial
+permission, however, might smooth this difficulty.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterbiga.jpg" width="200" height="170" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+MONG the early Christians the sincerest respect for the
+memory of their dead was paid; for most of them, in
+the first centuries of the Church, were either martyrs
+or near connections of such as had suffered for the faith.
+The Catacombs are covered with inscriptions recording
+the deaths of martyrs; and many of these memorials
+are exceedingly pathetic, testifying to the fortitude
+with which the first Christians endured any manner
+of torture rather than deny the new faith which had been imparted to them
+by Divine revelation. The remains of the martyrs, however mangled they might
+be, were gathered together with the greatest reverence, and their blood placed in little
+phials of glass, which were considered relics of a most precious nature. The Catacombs,
+which served the first Christians as churches as well as places of burial, are called after the
+most distinguished martyrs who were buried therein. In that of St. Calixtus, for instance&mdash;where
+that early and martyred Pope was interred&mdash;about two centuries ago was found the body
+of Saint Cecilia, "the sweet patroness of music." With such precaution had her remains been
+transported to their place of interment, that Bernini, the most eminent sculptor of the 17th
+Century, was able to take a cast of them, which he subsequently worked into a lovely statue,
+representing the saint in the graceful and modest attitude in which it is said her body was
+found after the lapse of a thousand years. This exquisite work of art is to be seen in the church
+which bears Saint Cecilia's name, in the Trastevere; and a fine replica of it is in the chapel of
+St. Cecilia, in the Oratory, Brompton.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_020.jpg" width="500" height="699" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>&mdash;<em>Divine Service in the Catacombs of St. Calixtus</em>,
+<small>A.D.</small> 50.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Catacombs are subterraneous chambers and passages usually formed in the rock,
+which is soft and easily excavated, and are to be found in almost every country in which such
+rocks exist. In most cases, probably, they originated in mere quarries, which afterwards came
+to be used either as places of sepulchre for the dead, or as hiding-places for the persecuted
+living. The most celebrated Catacombs in existence are those on the Via Appia, at a short
+distance from Rome. To these dreary crypts the early Christians were in the habit of retiring,
+in order to celebrate Divine worship in times of persecution, and in them were buried many
+of the saints, the early Popes, and martyrs. They consist of long narrow galleries, usually
+about eight feet high and five wide, which twist and turn in all directions. The graves were
+constructed by hollowing out a portion of the rock, at the side of the gallery, large enough
+to contain the body. The entrance was then built up with stones, on which usually the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+letters D. M. (Deo Maximo), or <span lang="el" title="CHR">&#935;&#929;</span>, the first two letters of the Greek name of Christ,
+were inscribed. Though latterly devoted to purposes of Christian interment exclusively, it is
+believed that the Catacombs were at one time used as burying-places for Pagans also, and
+there are one or two which were evidently entirely devoted to the Jews. At irregular
+intervals, these galleries expand into wide and lofty vaulted chambers, in which the service of
+the Church was no doubt celebrated, and which still have the appearance of chapels. The
+original extent of the Catacombs is uncertain, the guides maintaining that they have a length
+of twenty miles, whereas about six only can now be ascertained to exist, and of these, many
+portions have either fallen in or become dangerous. When Rome was besieged by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+Lombards in the 8th Century, several of the Catacombs were destroyed, and the Popes afterwards
+caused the remains of many of the saints and martyrs to be removed and buried in the
+churches. The Catacombs at Naples, cut into the Capo di Monte, resemble those at Rome,
+and evidently were used for the same purposes, being partially covered with remarkable
+Christian symbols. At Palermo and Syracuse, there are similar Catacombs, and they are also
+to be found in Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and Egypt. At Milo, one of the Cyclades,
+there is a hill which is honeycombed with a labyrinth of tombs running in every direction.
+In these, <span class="err" title="original: bassirilievi">bassorilievi</span> and figures in terra-cotta have been found, which prove them to be long
+anterior to the Christian era. In Peru and other parts of South America, ancient Catacombs
+still exist. The Catacombs of Paris are a species of charnel-house, into which the
+contents of such burying-places as were found to be pestilential, and the bodies of some of
+the victims of the Revolution, were cast by a decree of the Government. The skulls are
+arranged in curious forms, and a visit to these weird galleries is one of the sights of Paris,
+which few strangers, however, are privileged to study. The Capuchin monks have frequently
+attached to their monasteries, a cloister filled with earth brought from the Holy Land. In
+this the monks are buried for a time, until their bones are quite fleshless, when they are
+arranged in surprising groups in the long corridors of a series of galleries, and produce
+sometimes the reverse of a solemn effect.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_021.jpg" width="500" height="357" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl"><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span>&mdash;<em>Crypt of a Chapel in the Catacomb of St. Agnes, without the walls of Rome (restored), showing
+the manner in which the bodies of the early Christians were arranged one above the other.
+The front of each tomb was of course walled up.</em>&mdash;From the work on the Catacombs of Rome,
+by <span class="smcap">M. Perret</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i022.jpg" width="400" height="716" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>&mdash;<em>An Anglo-Saxon Widow Lady. The upper garment is of black cloth, edged with fur, and a veil
+of black gauze hangs from the head.</em>&mdash;9th Century MS., National Library, Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterasecond.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+S the Church emerged from the Catacombs, and was enabled to take her
+position in the world, her funereal ceremonies became more elaborate and
+costly. Masses for the dead were offered up in the churches, to the
+accompaniment of music and singing; and the funereal ceremonies which
+attended the burial of the Empress Theodolinda, <small>A.D.</small> 595, the friend and
+correspondent of Pope St. Gregory the Great, lasted for over a week. The Cathedral of
+Monza, where she was buried, was hung with costly black stuff, and the body of the Empress
+was exhibited under a magnificent catafalque, surrounded with lights, and was visited by
+pilgrims from all parts of Lombardy. Many hundreds of masses were said for her in all the
+churches, and all day the great bells of the cathedral and of the various monastic establishments
+tolled dolefully. At the end of the week the body of the illustrious Empress was placed in
+the vault under the high altar, where it remains to this day; and above it was a shrine filled
+with extraordinary relics, many of which still subsist, as, for instance, her celebrated "Hen and
+Chickens"&mdash;a plateau or tray of silver gilt with some gold chickens with ruby eyes upon it&mdash;and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+the famous iron crown, which is, indeed, of gold, having one of the nails said to have
+been used at the Crucifixion beaten in a single band round the inside. Napoleon I. crowned
+himself, at Milan, King of Italy, with this singular relic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i023.jpg" width="400" height="638" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span>&mdash;<em>An Anglo-Saxon Priest wearing a black Dalmatic, edged with fur, ready to say a Requiem Mass.</em>&mdash;From
+an early MS., 10th Century.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Our Catholic ancestors spent large sums of money upon their funerals. The pious practice
+of praying for the dead, which they doubtless derived from the Hebrews, induced them to
+secure the future exertions of their friends, by building chanteries and special chapels in the
+churches, with a view of reminding the survivors of their demise. Guilds, which by the
+way, still exist, were created for the purpose of binding people together in a holy league
+of prayer for the souls of the faithful departed. We find in the laws established for the
+Guild of Abbotsbury, the following regulations:&mdash;"If any one belonging to the association
+chance to die, each member shall pay a penny for the good of the soul, before the body
+be laid in the grave. If he die in the neighbourhood, the steward (secretary) shall enquire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+when he is to be interred, and shall summon as many members as he can, to assemble and
+carry the corpse in as honourable a manner as possible to the grave or minster, and there
+pray devoutly for his soul's rest." With the same view, our ancestors were ever anxious to
+obtain a place of sepulchre in the most frequented churches. The monuments raised over
+their remains, whilst keeping them safe from profanation, recalled them to memory, and solicited
+on their behalf the charity of the faithful. The usual inscription on the earlier Christian
+tombs in this country was the pathetic "Of your charity, pray for me." In the Guild of All
+Souls, in London, when any member died, it was the custom of the survivors to give the poor
+a loaf for the good of the soul; and the writer can perfectly remember, that some thirty years
+since, in remote parts of Norfolk, when anybody died, it was the fashion to distribute loaves of
+bread in the church porch as a dole. The funeral of an Anglo-Saxon was thus conducted:&mdash;The
+body of the deceased was placed on a bier or in a hearse. On it lay the book of the
+gospels, the code of his or her belief, and the cross, the signal of hope. A pall of silk or
+linen was thrown over it till it reached the place of interment. The friends were summoned,
+and strangers deemed it a duty to join the funeral procession. The clergy walked before or
+on each side, bearing lighted tapers in their hands, and chanting a portion of the psalter.
+If it were in the evening, the night was passed in exercises of devotion. In the morning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+mass was sung and the body deposited with solemnity in the grave, the sawlshot paid, and
+a liberal donation distributed to the poor. Before the Reformation, it was the excellent custom
+for all persons who met a funeral to uncover and stand reverentially still until it had
+passed. The pious turned back, and accompanied the mourners a part of the way to the
+grave. It is pleasant to notice that this essentially humane habit of taking off the hat and
+behaving gravely as a funeral goes by, which is universal upon the Continent, is at last
+becoming more and more general here. The homage of the living to the mortal remains of
+even the humblest is excellent, and one which should be earnestly encouraged, being far
+more beneficial in its results than the heaping of costly flowers upon a hearse, which no one
+notices as it passes, laden with its ephemeral offerings, to the cemetery.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="500" height="306" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl"><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of St. Edward the Confessor, January 5th, 1066. The body, covered with a silken
+pall adorned with crosses, is carried by eight men, and followed by many priests, to Westminster
+Abbey, which he had founded. Under the bier are seen two small figures ringing bells.</em>&mdash;From
+the Bayeux Tapestry, worked by Matilda of Flanders, Queen of William the Conqueror, and
+preserved in the Cathedral at Bayeux&mdash;11th Century.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The funeral of Edward the Confessor was exceedingly magnificent, and the shrine built
+over his relics, behind the high altar of the glorious abbey which he founded, is still an
+object of reverence with our Roman Catholic fellow-citizens, who, on St. Edward's Day, are
+permitted by a tolerant age to offer their devotions before the resting-place of the last of our
+Saxon Kings. But our first Norman King was buried with scant ceremony. He died 1087,
+at Hermentrude, a village near Rouen, having been taken suddenly ill on his way to England.
+No sooner was the illustrious king deceased, than his servants plundered the house and even
+the corpse, flinging it naked upon the floor. Herleadin, a peasant, undertook at last to convey
+the body to Caen, where it was to be buried in the Abbey of St. Stephen, Prince Henry and
+the monks being present. Scarcely, however, was the mass of requiem begun, when the
+church took fire, and everybody fled, leaving William the Conqueror's hearse neglected
+in the centre of the transept. At last the flames were extinguished, the interrupted
+service finished, and the funeral sermon preached. Just, however, as the coffin was about to
+be lowered into the vault, Anselm Fitz-Arthur, a Norman gentleman, stood forth and forbade
+the interment. "This spot," cried he, "is the site of my father's house, which this dead man
+burnt to ashes. On the ground it occupied I built this church, and William's body shall not
+desecrate it." After much ado, however, Fitz-Arthur was prevailed upon by Prince Henry to
+allow the body to be buried, on the payment of sixty shillings as the price of the grave. In
+the 17th Century the Calvinists ravaged the tomb and broke the monument. It was restored
+in 1642, but finally swept away, together with that of Queen Matilda, in the Revolution of 1793.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_025.jpg" width="200" height="29" alt="illustration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_026.jpg" width="500" height="706" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>&mdash;<em>The Shrine of the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_028.jpg" width="500" height="267" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 14.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of an Abbess&mdash;10th Century.</em>&mdash;From a MS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterp.jpg" width="100" height="104" alt="P" class="floatl" />
+ERHAPS the most curious funeral on record occurred just at the dawn of the
+<span class="err" title="original: Rennaissance">Renaissance</span>&mdash;that of the ill-fated Inez de Castro&mdash;"the Queen crowned
+after death"&mdash;who was murdered in the 14th Century by three assassins in
+her own apartment at Coimbra. "Being conveyed," says the Chronicle of
+Fray Jao das Reglas, "to the chapel of the neighbouring convent, her
+body was arrayed in spotless white and decked with roses. The nuns surrounded the
+bier, and the Queen-mother of Portugal, Brittes, sat in state&mdash;her crown upon her head
+and her royal robes flowing around her&mdash;as chief mourner, having given an order that
+the body should not be buried until after the return of her son Don Pedro. When he did
+come back, he was transported with grief and anger at the foul murder of his consort; and,
+throwing himself upon the corpse, clasped it to his heart, covered its pale lips, its hands,
+its feet with kisses, and, refusing all consolation, remained for thirty hours with the body clasped
+in his embrace! At last, being overcome with fatigue, the unhappy Prince was carried away
+senseless from the piteous remains of his most dear Inez, and they were consigned to the
+grave. It was his father who had instigated the murderers to commit their foul deed, and
+this determined Pedro to take up arms against him; and Portugal was desolated by civil war.
+Eventually the reasoning of the Queen (Brittes) prevailed, and peace was restored. Pedro,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+however, never spoke to his father again until the hour of his death, when he forgave the
+great wrong he had done him. He now ascended the throne, and his first act was to
+hunt down the three murderers, two of whom were put to death, with tortures too awful
+to describe, and the other escaped into France, where he died a beggar. After this
+retributive act, Don Pedro assembled the Cortes at Cantandes, and,
+in the presence of the Pope's Nuncio, solemnly swore that he had
+secretly married Inez de Castro at Braganza, in the presence of the
+bishop and of other witnesses." "Then occurred an event unique in
+history," continues this naive contemporary chronicle. "The body of
+Inez was lifted from the grave, placed on a magnificent throne, and
+crowned Queen of Portugal. The clergy, the nobility, and the
+people did homage to her corpse, and kissed the bones of her
+hands. There sat the dead Queen, with her yellow hair hanging like
+a veil round her ghastly form. One fleshless hand held the sceptre,
+and the other the orb of royalty. At night, after the coronation
+ceremony, a procession was formed of all the clergy and nobility,
+the religious orders and confraternities&mdash;which extended over many
+miles&mdash;each person holding a flaring torch in his hand, and thus
+walked from Coimbra to Alcoba&ccedil;a, escorting the crowned corpse
+to that royal abbey for interment. The dead Queen lay in her
+rich robes upon a chariot drawn by black mules and lighted up by
+hundreds of lights."</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="200" height="517" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 15.</span>&mdash;<em>Bird's-eye view of the
+Monument (restored) of the
+Queen Inez of Castro, Abbey
+of Alcoba&ccedil;a, Portugal.</em> </p>
+</div>
+<p> The scene must indeed have been a weird one. The sable
+costumes of the bishops and priests, the incense issuing from
+innumerable censers, the friars in their quaint garments, and the
+fantastically-attired members of the various hermandades, or brotherhoods&mdash;some
+of whom were dressed from head to foot entirely in scarlet, or blue, or black,
+or in white&mdash;with their countenances masked and their eyes glittering through small openings
+in their cowls; but above all, the spectre-like corpse of the Queen, on its car, and the
+grief-stricken King, who led the train&mdash;when seen by the flickering light of countless torches,
+with its solemn dirge music, passing through many a mile of open country in the midnight
+hours&mdash;was a vision so unreal that the chronicler describes it as "rather a phantasmagoria
+than a reality." In the magnificent abbey of Alcoba&ccedil;a the <em>requiem</em> mass was sung, and the
+corpse finally laid to rest.</p>
+
+<p>The monument still exists, with the statue, with its royal diadem and mantle, lying
+thereon. The tomb of Don Pedro is placed foot to foot with that of Inez, so&mdash;the legend
+runs&mdash;that at the Judgment Day they may rise together and stand face to face.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+
+In 1810 the bodies of Don Pedro I. and Dona Inez de Castro were disturbed by the
+French, at the sack of Alcoba&ccedil;a. The skeleton of Inez was discovered to be in a singular
+state of preservation&mdash;the hair exceedingly long and glossy, and the head bound with a
+golden crown set with jewels of price. Singularly enough, this crown, although very valuable,
+was kicked about by the men as a toy and thrown behind the high altar, whence, as soon as
+the troops evacuated the monastery, it was carefully taken and laid aside by the Abbot.
+Shortly afterwards it again encircled the unhappy Queen's head, when, by order of the
+Duke of Wellington, the remains were once more replaced in the tomb, with military
+honours.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="496" height="521" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Service, in which are shown the Candelabra and
+Incense Vessels which were deposited in the coffin.</em>&mdash;Drawing of
+the 14th Century&mdash;Collection of the Rev. Father <span class="smcap">Cochet</span>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_030b.jpg" width="500" height="438" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span>&mdash;<em>Angels praying over a Skull.</em>&mdash;Bas-relief of 16th Century.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterf.jpg" width="100" height="102" alt="F" class="floatl" />
+UNERAL services of great magnificence entered largely into the customs of
+this pageantic epoch; and to this day, in Catholic countries, no religious
+ceremonies are conducted with more pomp than those intended to commemorate
+the departed. Besides the religious orders, there were numerous
+confraternities, guilds, and brotherhoods devoted to the burying and praying
+for the deceased. As no newspapers existed in those days, when a person of distinction
+died, the "Death Crier,"&mdash;in some parts of England called the "Death Watch,"&mdash;dressed in
+black, with a death's-head and cross-bones painted on the back and front of his gown, and
+armed with a bell, went the round of the town or village, as the case might be, shouting
+"Of your charity, good people, pray for the soul of our dear brother, [or sister] who
+departed this life at such and such an hour." Upon this the windows and doors of the
+houses were opened, and the "good people" said an ave or a pater for the "rest" of the
+dead, and at the same time the passing bell was tolled. In London, when the King or
+Queen died, the crier, or "Death Watch," who paraded our principal thoroughfares was,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+of course, a very important personage. Attended by the whole brotherhood, or guild,
+of the Holy Souls, with cross-bearer, each carrying a lighted candle, he proceeded
+processionally through the streets, notably up and down Cheapside and the Strand, solemnly
+ringing his bell, and crying out in a lugubrious voice his sad news. These criers, both in
+England and France, were paid, as officials, by the civic corporation so much per day, and were
+obliged, in addition to their usual mournful occupation, to inspect and report on the condition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+of low taverns and places of ill-fame. In the course of time they added to their "cry" news
+of a more miscellaneous character, and after the Reformation, became, we may well imagine,
+those rather musty folks the "Watch," who only disappeared from our midst as late as the early
+half of this century.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_031.jpg" width="500" height="310" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Figs. 18 &amp; 19.</span>&mdash;<em>Death Criers</em>&mdash;<em>French costumes of 17th Century. The English dress was almost identical.</em>&mdash;From a
+rare print in the collection of Mr. <span class="smcap">Richard Davey</span>. Engraved expressly for this publication.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i032.jpg" width="495" height="679" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 20.</span>&mdash;<em>Pall from the Church
+of Folleville, France, now in the Museum at Amiens. It is of black
+velvet, with stripes of white silk let in, embroidered with black and
+gold thread. It was placed over the coffin. Similar palls existed
+in England, and one or two are still preserved in our national
+collections.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="large" />
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_033.jpg" width="500" height="460" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span>&mdash;<em>Scene from Richard III.</em>&mdash;<em>The body of Henry VI. being by chance met
+by Richard on its way to Chertsey, he orders the bearers to set it down,
+and then pleads his cause to the Lady Anne.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Shakespeare, whose knowledge of Catholicism of course came to him from immediate
+tradition, possibly remembered a very ancient custom when, in <em>Richard III.</em>, he makes the
+Duke of Glo'ster command the attendants who follow the body of Henry VI. to set it
+down,&mdash;an order which they obey reluctantly enough,&mdash;thereby giving him an opportunity to
+make love to Lady Anne in the presence of her murdered father-in-law's remains. In
+Catholic times the streets were adorned not only by many fine crosses, such as those at
+Charing and Cheapside, but also by numerous chapels and wayside shrines. Funerals, when
+they passed these, were in the habit of stopping, and the assistants, kneeling, prayed for the
+dead person whom they were carrying to the grave. They likewise stopped, also, and very
+frequently too, at certain well-known public-houses or taverns, the members of the family of
+the deceased being obliged by custom to "wet the lips" of the "thirsty souls" who carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+the corpse. Sometimes very disorderly scenes ensued. The hired mourners and more unruly
+members of the guilds got drunk; and it is on record that on more than one occasion the
+body was pulled out of its coffin by these rascals and outraged, to the horror and indignation of
+honest people. It has frequently occurred to the writer, that if the attendants in the curious
+scene in the tragedy just mentioned, were to convey the body of the dead King to the side
+or back of the stage, in front of some shrine or cross, and occupy themselves with prayer,
+they would render the astonishing dialogue between Glo'ster and Lady Anne much more
+intelligible than when we hear it spoken, as is usually the case, before a number of persons
+for whose ears it was certainly never intended.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_034.jpg" width="500" height="387" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 22.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of King Richard II., showing his waxen effigy.</em>&mdash;From an early MS. of <span class="smcap">Froissart</span>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letteri.jpg" width="100" height="215" alt="I" class="floatl" />
+MPORTANT personages in olden times in this country were usually embalmed.
+The poor, on the contrary, were rarely furnished even with a decent coffin,
+but were carried to the grave in a hired one, which, in villages, often did
+duty for many successive years. Once the brief service was said, the pauper's
+body, in its winding-sheet, was placed reverently enough in the earth, and
+covered up&mdash;a fact which doubtless accounts for the numerous village legends
+of ghosts wandering about in winding-sheets. Charitable people paid for
+masses to be said by the friars for their poorer brethren, and the guilds
+paid all expenses of the funeral, which were naturally not very considerable.
+On the other hand, the funeral of great personages, from king to squire,
+was a function which sometimes lasted a week. The bell tolled&mdash;as it still does&mdash;the
+moment the death became known to the bell-ringer. Then the body was washed, embalmed
+with spices and sweet herbs, wrapped in a winding-sheet of fine linen,&mdash;which, by the way, was
+often included among the wedding presents&mdash;and taken down into the hall of the palace or
+manor, which was hung with black, and lighted by many tapers, and even by waxen torches&mdash;sometimes
+as many as 300 and 400 of them&mdash;an immense expense, considering the cost of
+wax in those days. After three days' exposition&mdash;if the body remained incorrupt so long&mdash;the
+corpse was sealed up in a leaden coffin, and taken to the church, where solemn masses
+were sung. The clothes&mdash;we may presume the old and well-worn ones only&mdash;were then
+formally distributed to the poor of the parish. Finally came the funeral banquet of "baked
+meats," to which all those, including the clergy, who had taken part in the funeral service and
+procession were invited.</p>
+
+<p>When the Sovereign or any person of royal rank deceased, a waxen presentment was
+immediately made of him as he was seen in life under the influence of sleep. This figure,
+dressed in the regal robes, was exposed upon the catafalque in the church, instead of the real
+body&mdash;a custom doubtless inspired originally by hygienic motives, for frequently the funeral
+rites of a king or prince of the blood were prolonged for many days. In Westminster
+Abbey there are still several of these grim ancient waxen effigies to be seen, by special
+permission of the Dean, very faded and ghastly, but interesting as likenesses, and for the
+fragments which time has spared of their once gorgeous attire. This custom lasted with us
+until the time of William and Mary. In France it disappeared in the middle of the
+17th Century, the last mention of it being on the occasion of the death of Anne of Austria;
+for we read in a curious letter from Guy Patin to his friend Falconet, "The Queen-Mother
+died to-day [Jan. 21, 1666]. She was immediately embalmed, and by noon her waxen effigy
+was on view at the Louvre. Thousands are pressing in to see it."</p>
+
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_036.jpg" width="500" height="690" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Procession of King Henry V.</em>, <small>A.D.</small> 1422.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+In France, so long as the wax effigy was exposed in the church or palace, sometimes for
+three weeks, the service of the royal person's table took place as usual. His or her chair of
+state was drawn up to the table, the napkin, knife and fork, spoon and glass, were in their
+usual places, and at the appointed time the dinner was served to the household, and "the
+meats, drinks, and all other goodly things" were offered before the dead prince's chair, as if
+he were still seated therein. When, however, the coffin took the place in the church of
+the wax figure, and the body was put into the grave, then the banqueting-hall was hung
+with black, and for eight days no meals were served in it of any kind.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i038.jpg" width="400" height="583" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 24.</span>&mdash;<em>Queen Katherine de Valois in her Widow's Dress, <small>A.D.</small> 1422. The costume is of
+black brocade elaborately trimmed with black glass beads, and trimmed with white
+fur.</em>&mdash;MS. of the period.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We still possess some curious details concerning the funeral of Henry V., who died at
+Vincennes in 1422. Juvenal des Usines tells us that the body was boiled, so as to be
+converted into a perfect skeleton, for better transportation into England. The bones were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+first taken to Notre Dame, where a superb funeral service was said over them. Just above
+the body they placed a figure made of boiled leather, representing the king's person "as well
+as might be desired," clad in purple, with the imperial diadem on its brow and the sceptre
+in its hand. Thus adorned, the coffin and the effigy were placed on a gorgeous chariot,
+covered with a "coverture" of red velvet beaten with gold. In this manner, followed by
+the King of Scots, as chief mourner, and by all the princes, lords, and knights of his house,
+was the body of the illustrious hero of Agincourt conveyed from town to town, until it
+reached Calais and was embarked for England, where it was finally laid at rest in Westminster
+Abbey, under a new monument erected by Queen Katherine de Valois, who eventually
+caused a silver-plated effigy of her husband, with a solid silver gilt head, to be placed on the
+tomb, which was unfortunately destroyed at the time of the Reformation.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral of Eleanor of Castile, the adored consort of Edward I., was exceptionally
+sumptuous. This amiable Queen died at Hardbey, near Grantham, of "autumnal" fever, on
+November 29, 1290. The pressing affairs of Scotland were obliterated for the time from the
+mind of the great Edward, and he refused to attend to any state duty until his "loved ladye"
+was laid at rest at Westminster. The procession, followed by the King in the bitterest woe,
+took thirteen days to reach London from Grantham. At the end of every stage the royal bier
+surrounded by its attendants, rested in some central place of a great town, till the neighbouring
+ecclesiastics came to meet it in solemn procession, and to place it upon the high altar of the
+principal church. A cross was erected in memory of King Edward's <em>ch&egrave;re reine</em> at every
+one of these resting-places. Thirteen of these monuments once existed; now only two of the
+originals remain, the crosses of Northampton and Waltham. The fac-simile at Charing
+Cross, opposite the Railway Station, though excellent, is of course modern, and does not occupy
+the right spot, which was, it is said on good authority, exactly where now stands the statue of
+Charles II. The Chronicler of Dunstable thus describes the ceremony of marking the sites for
+these crosses: "Her body passed through Dunstable and rested one night, and two precious
+cloths were given us, and eighty pounds of wax. And when the body of Queen Eleanor
+was departing from Dunstable, her bier rested in the centre of the market-place till the King's
+Chancellor and the great men there present had marked a fitting place where they might
+afterwards erect, at the royal expense, a cross of wonderful size,&mdash;our prior being present,
+who sprinkled the spot with holy water."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most magnificent funeral which took place before the Reformation was
+that of Elizabeth of York, consort of Henry VII. It was one of the last great Roman
+Catholic state funerals in England, for the obsequies of Henry VII. himself were conducted on
+a much diminished scale; and those of the wives of Henry VIII., and of that monster
+himself, were not accompanied by so much pomp, owing to the religious troubles of the time.
+Queen Elizabeth of York was the last English Queen who died at the Tower. Her obsequies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+took place in the chapel of St. Mary, which was, until quite lately, the Rolls Office, and which
+was magnificently hung on this occasion with black brocade. The windows were veiled with
+crape. The Queen's body rested on a bed of state, in a <em>chapelle ardente</em>, surrounded by over
+5,000 wax candles. High Mass was said during the earlier hours of the morning, and in the
+afternoon solemn Vespers were sung. When the Queen's body was nailed up in its coffin,
+the usual waxen effigy took its place. The procession left St. Mary's, in the Tower, at noon,
+for Westminster Abbey, and was of exceeding length. At every hundred yards it was met by
+the religious corporations, fraternities, and guilds, and by the children attached to sundry
+monastic and charitable foundations, some of them dressed as angels, with golden wings, and
+all of them singing psalms. There were over 8,000 wax tapers burning between Mark Lane
+and the Temple; and the fronts of all the churches were hung with black, and brilliantly
+illuminated. The people in the streets held candles, and repeated prayers. At Temple Bar
+the body was received by the municipal officers of the City of Westminster, who accompanied
+it to the Abbey, where the Queen's effigy was exhibited with great state for two days, and on
+the morning of the third she was buried in what is since known as "Henry VII.'s Chapel."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i040.jpg" width="400" height="650" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 25.</span>&mdash;<em>Gentleman in Mourning, time of Henry VII. The costume is entirely black, edged
+with black fur.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary MS.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The funeral of the unfortunate Katherine of Arragon took place, as all the world knows,
+in Peterborough Cathedral.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_041.jpg" width="500" height="686" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span>&mdash;<em>Richard I. and his Queen attending the Requiem Mass for the fallen Crusaders, in the
+Cathedral of Rhodes.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a recently discovered contemporary Spanish chronicle, translated by Mr. Martin Sharpe
+Hume, it seems that the servants of the "Blessed lady" (Queen Katherine) were all dressed in
+mourning, and the funeral was a fairly handsome one. More than three hundred masses were
+said during the day at Peterborough, for all the clergy for fifteen miles round came to the
+various services. Chapuy, the Spanish Ambassador to the Court of King Henry, in a
+letter to his master Charles V., however, informs him that the funeral of Queen Katherine was
+mean and shabby in the extreme, quite unworthy even of an ordinary baroness. Jane Seymour
+fared better after death than any other of the wives of Henry VIII., and was buried with considerable
+solemnity at Windsor. The first royal Protestant state funeral mentioned as taking
+place in this country was that of Queen Catherine Parr, at Sudeley Castle. The ceremony was
+of the simplest description: psalms were sung over the remains, and a brief discourse
+pronounced. The Lady Jane Grey was chief mourner.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_042.jpg" width="500" height="753" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 27.</span>&mdash;<em>Lying in State of Queen Elizabeth of York, Consort of Henry VII.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+
+The author of the Spanish chronicle just mentioned, who evidently witnessed the
+interment of Henry VIII., assures us that the waxen effigy of the King was carried in a chair
+to Windsor, and was an astonishing likeness. It was followed by 1,000 gentlemen on horseback,
+the horses all being draped with black velvet. Many masses were said in St. George's Chapel
+for the rest of the King's soul, but the obsequies do not appear to have been exceptionally
+splendid.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral of Anne of Cleves, who had become a Catholic, took place at Westminster,
+under the special supervision of Queen Mary. It was a plain but handsome function,
+conducted with good taste, but without ostentation. The unpopular Mary Tudor's funeral
+was the last Catholic state ceremony of the kind which ever took place in Westminster
+Abbey. Queen Elizabeth attended her sister's funeral, which was a simple one, and
+listened attentively to the funeral oration preached by Dr. White Bailey, of Winchester,
+who, when he spoke of poor Mary's sufferings, wept bitterly, and exclaimed, looking
+significantly at her successor, <em>Melior est canis vivis leone mortuo</em>. Elizabeth understood her
+Latin too well not to be fired with indignation at this elegant simile, which declared a "living
+dog better than a dead lion," and ordered the bishop to be arrested as he descended from
+the pulpit, and a violent scene occurred between him and the Queen, which, Her Majesty
+prudently permitted him to have the best of, by withdrawing with her train from the Abbey.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_043.jpg" width="500" height="529" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 28.</span>&mdash;<em>Tomb of Henry V.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_044.jpg" width="500" height="442" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 29.</span>&mdash;<em>Departure of the body of Queen Elizabeth from Greenwich Palace, for Interment at Westminster.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterq.jpg" width="200" height="157" alt="Q" class="floatl" />
+UEEN ELIZABETH died in the seventieth year of her age and
+the forty-fourth of her reign, March 24, on the eve of the
+festival of the Annunciation, called Lady Day. Among the
+complimentary epitaphs which were composed for her, and
+hung up in many churches, was one ending with the following
+couplet:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="i0">"She is, she was&mdash;what can there be more said?</div>
+<div class="i0">On earth the first, in heaven the second maid."</div>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+<p>It is stated by Lady Southwell that directions were
+left by Elizabeth that she should not be embalmed; but Cecil gave orders to her surgeon to
+open her. "Now, the Queen's body being cered up," continues Lady Southwell, "was brought
+by water to Whitehall, where, being watched every night by six several ladies, myself that
+night watching as one of them, and being all in our places about the corpse, which was fast
+nailed up in a board coffin, with leaves of lead covered with velvet, her body burst with such
+a crack that it splitted the wood, lead, and cere-cloth; whereupon, the next day she was fain
+to be new trimmed up."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+
+Elizabeth was most royally interred in Westminster Abbey on the 28th of April, 1603.
+We subjoin a rare contemporary engraving of the funeral procession, by which it will be seen
+with what pomp and ceremony the remains of the great Queen were escorted to their last
+resting-place. "The city of Westminster," says Stow, "was surcharged with multitudes of all
+sorts of people, in the streets, houses, windows, leads, and gutters, who came to see the
+obsequy. And when they beheld her statue, or effigy, lying on the coffin, set forth in royal
+robes, having a crown upon the head thereof, and a ball and a sceptre in either hand, there
+was such a general sighing, groaning, and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known
+in the memory of man; neither doth any history mention any people, time, or state to make
+such lamentation for the death of a sovereign." The funereal effigy which, by its close resemblance
+to their deceased sovereign, moved the sensibility of the loyal and excitable portion of the
+spectators at her obsequies in this powerful manner, was no other than the faded waxwork
+effigy of Queen Elizabeth preserved in Westminster Abbey.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_045.jpg" width="500" height="300" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 30.</span>&mdash;<em>A memento mori, or death's-head timepiece, in solid silver, lately exhibited at the Stuart
+Exhibition, 1888-9. On the forehead is a figure of Death standing between a palace and
+a cottage: around is this legend from Horace,</em> "Pallida mors equo pulsat pede
+pauperum tabernas Regum que turres." <em>On the hind part of the skull is a figure
+of Time, with another legend from Ovid:</em> "Tempus Edax Rerum tuque Mirdiosa
+Vetustas." <em>The upper part of the skull bears representations of Adam and Eve and
+the Crucifixion; between these scenes is open work to let out the sound when the watch
+strikes the hour upon a silver bell which fills the hollow of the skull and receives the
+works within it when the watch is shut. On the edge is inscribed:</em> "Sicut meis sic
+et omnibus idem." <em>It bears the maker's name, Moysart &agrave; Blois. Belonged formerly
+to Mary Queen of Scots, and by her was given to the Seton family, and inherited thence
+by its actual owner, Sir T. W. Dick Lauder.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth was interred in the same grave with her sister and predecessor in regal office,
+Mary Tudor. Her successor, James I., has left a lasting evidence of his good feeling and good
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>taste in the noble monument he erected to her memory in the Abbey, and she was the last
+sovereign of this country to whom a monument has been given.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i046.jpg" width="600" height="679" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 31.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Queen
+Elizabeth, 18th of April, 1603.</em>&mdash;From a very rare
+contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly, and for the first time,
+for this work, by M. Badoureau, of Paris. No. 1 represents the wax
+effigy of the Queen lying on her coffin; gentlemen pensioners carrying
+the banners. The chariot is drawn by four horses. 2. Kings at Arms. 3.
+Noblemen. 4. The Archbishop of Canterbury. 5. The French Ambassador and
+his train-bearer. 6. The great Standard of England, carried by the Earl
+of Pembroke. 7. The Master of the Horse. 8. The Lady Marchioness of
+Northampton, grand mourner, and the ladies in attendance on the Queen.
+9. Captain of the Guard. 10. Lord Clanricarde carrying the Standard of
+Ireland. 11. Standard of Wales, borne by Viscount Bindon, followed by
+the Lord Mayor. 12. Gentlemen of the Chapels Royal; children of the
+Chapels. 13. Trumpeters. 14. Standard of the Lion. 15. Standard of the
+Greyhound. 16. The Queens Horse. 17. Poor Women to the number of 266.
+18. The Banner of Cornwall. The Aldermen, Recorders, Town Clerks, etc.
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We have very minute details of how royal personages were buried in France, in a curious
+book published in the 17th Century, from a MS. of the time of Louis XI. In it we learn
+that King Louis XI. wore scarlet for mourning on the death of his father, Charles VII. Up
+to the time of Louis XIV. the Queens of France, if they became widowed, wore white; and
+this is the reason that Mary Tudor was called "<em>La Reine Blanche</em>," when she clandestinely
+married the Duke of Suffolk in the chapel of that most interesting place, the Maison Cluny,
+now a museum, which still retains its name of <em>La Reine Blanche</em>. The Queen had been but a
+very short time the widow of Charles VIII., and still wore her weeds when she gave her hand
+to the lusty English duke. Mary Stuart wore white for her husband, Francis II. of France; and
+when she arrived in Scotland she still retained, for some months, her white robes, and was
+called the "White Queen" in consequence. But this illustrious and ill-fated princess throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+the greater part of her life wore black, and we have many minute details of her dresses,
+especially of the stately one she wore on the day of her execution, which was of brocaded
+satin, having a train of great length; a ruffle of white lawn, edged with lace; and a veil (which
+still exists) made of drawn threads, in a check-board pattern, and edged with Flemish lace.
+From her girdle was suspended a rosary, and in her hand she carried a crucifix. Her under
+garments, we know, were scarlet; for, when she removed her dress upon the scaffold, the
+bodice at least, all contemporaries agree, was flame-coloured. Queen Elizabeth ordered her
+Court to go into mourning for the Queen of Scots, whose sad and "accidental" death she
+hypocritically decreed should be regarded as a very great misfortune.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i047.jpg" width="400" height="498" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 32.</span>&mdash;<em>French Lady of the 16th Century in Widow's Weeds. This costume is identical
+with that worn by Mary Stuart as widow of the Dauphin, only her dress was
+perfectly white.</em>&mdash;From <span class="smcap">Pietro Vercellio's</span> famous work on Costume, engraved
+expressly for this publication.
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>King James ordered the deepest mourning to be worn for his royal mother&mdash;a requisition
+with which all his nobles complied, except the Earl of Sinclair, who appeared before him clad
+in steel. The King frowned, and inquired if he had not seen the order for a general
+mourning. "Yes," was the noble's reply; "this is the proper mourning for the Queen of
+Scotland." James, however, whatever his inclinations might have been, was unprovided with
+the means of levying war against England, and his Ministers were entirely under the control
+of the English faction, and, after maintaining a resentful attitude for a time, he was at length
+obliged to accept Elizabeth's "explanation" of the murder of his mother.</p>
+
+<p>Early in March, 1587, the obsequies of Mary Stuart were solemnised by the King,
+nobles, and people of France, with great pomp, in the Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, and
+a passionately eloquent funeral oration was pronounced by Renauld de Beaulue, Archbishop
+of Bourges and Patriarch of Acquitaine, which brought tears to the eyes of every person in
+the congregation.</p>
+
+<p>After Mary's body had remained for nearly six months apparently forgotten by her
+murderers, Elizabeth considered it necessary, in consequence of the urgent and pathetic
+memorials of the afflicted servants of the unfortunate princess and the remonstrances of her
+royal son, to accord it not only Christian burial, but a pompous state funeral. This she
+appointed to take place in Peterborough Cathedral, and, three or four days before, sent some
+officials to make the necessary arrangements for the solemnity. The place selected for the
+interment was at the entrance of the choir from the south aisle. The grave was dug by the
+centogenarian sexton, Scarlett. Heralds and officers of the wardrobe were also sent to
+Fotheringay Castle to make arrangements for the removal of the royal body, and to prepare
+mourning for all the servants of the murdered Queen. Moreover, as their head-dresses were
+not of the approved fashion for mourning in England, Elizabeth sent a milliner on purpose to
+make others, in the orthodox mode, proper to be worn at the funeral, and to be theirs
+afterwards. However, these true mourners coldly, but firmly declined availing themselves of
+these gifts and attentions, declaring "that they would wear their own dresses, such as they had
+got made for mourning immediately after the loss of their beloved Queen and mistress."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+
+On the evening of Sunday, July 30, Garter King of Arms arrived at Fotheringay Castle,
+with five other heralds and forty horsemen, to receive and escort the remains of Mary Stuart to
+Peterborough Cathedral, having brought with them a royal funereal car for that purpose, covered
+with black velvet, elaborately set forth with escutcheons of the arms of Scotland, and little
+pennons round about it, drawn by four richly-caparisoned horses. The body, being enclosed in
+lead within an outer coffin, was reverently put into the car, and the heralds, having assumed
+their coats and tabards, brought the same forth from the castle, bare-headed, by torchlight,
+about ten o'clock at night, followed by all her sorrowful servants.</p>
+
+<p>The procession arrived at Peterborough between one and two o'clock on the morning of
+July 30, and was received ceremoniously at the minster door by the bishop and clergy,
+where, in the presence of her faithful Scotch attendants, she was laid in the vault prepared for
+her, without singing or saying&mdash;the grand ceremonial being appointed for August 1. The
+reason for depositing the royal body previously in the vault was, because it was too heavy to
+be carried in the procession, weighing, with the lead and outer coffin, nearly nine hundredweight.
+On Monday, the 31st, arrived the ceremonial mourners from London, escorting the
+Countess of Bedford, who was to represent Elizabeth in the mockery of acting as chief mourner
+to the poor victim. At eight in the morning of Tuesday the solemnities commenced. First,
+the Countess of Bedford was escorted in state to the great hall of the bishop's palace, where
+a representation of Mary's corpse lay on a royal bier. Thence she was followed into the
+church by a great number of English peers, peeresses, knights, ladies, and gentlemen, in
+mourning. All Mary's servants, both male and female, walked in the procession, according to
+their degree&mdash;among them her almoner, De Pr&eacute;au, bearing a large silver cross. The
+representation of the corpse being received without the Cathedral gate by the bishops and
+clergy, it was borne in solemn procession and set down within the royal hearse, which had
+been prepared for it, over the grave where the remains of the Queen had been silently
+deposited by torchlight on the Monday morning. The hearse was 20 feet square, and 27 feet
+high. On the coffin&mdash;which was covered with a pall of black velvet&mdash;lay a crown of gold,
+set with stones, resting on a purple velvet cushion, fringed and tasselled with gold.</p>
+
+<p>All the Scotch Queen's train&mdash;both men and women, with the exception of Sir Andrew
+Melville and the two Mowbrays, who were members of the Reformed Church&mdash;departed,
+and would not tarry for sermon or prayers. This greatly offended the English portion
+of the congregation, who called after them and wanted to force them to remain. After
+the prayer and a funeral service, every officer broke his staff over his head and threw the
+pieces into the vault upon the coffin. The procession returned in the same order to the
+bishop's palace, where Mary's servants were invited to partake of the banquet which was
+provided for all the mourners; but they declined doing so, saying that "their hearts were
+too sad to feast."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_050.jpg" width="500" height="651" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 33.</span>&mdash;<em>Shakespeare's Tomb before the present restoration.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But let us turn aside from the pageants of kings and queens, and direct our attention
+for a few moments towards Stratford-upon-Avon, where, on April 23, 1616, the greatest of all
+Englishmen breathed his last. A vague tradition tells us that, being in the company of
+Drayton and Ben Johnson, Shakespeare partook too freely of the cup, and expired soon
+after. This may be a calumny; and, if it were not, it would not diminish our gratitude and
+reverence for the highest intellect our race has produced. It, however, leads us to think and
+hope, that at the modest funeral of the "great Bard of Avon" the illustrious Ben Johnson as
+well as Drayton were present with his sorrowing relatives and fellow-citizens. His remains rest
+under the famous slab which bears the inscription due, it is said, to his own immortal pen:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="i0">"Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbeare</div>
+<div class="i2">To digg T&mdash;E dust encloased here:</div>
+<div class="i0">Blessed be T&mdash;E Man
+<span class="combination">
+<span class="abovei0">T</span>
+<span class="belowi0">y</span></span> spares T&mdash;ES Stones,</div>
+<div class="i2">And curst be He
+<span class="combination">
+<span class="above">T</span>
+<span class="below">y</span></span> moves my bones."</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+If his contemporaries have forgotten to give us details of that memorable funeral, and if
+for nearly two centuries his modest grave was almost neglected, ample reparation has been
+made to his memory in this enlightened age, and Shakespeare's tomb has become a
+shrine visited by countless pilgrims from all parts of the earth; and a glorious monument,
+more beautiful than has been generally admitted, stands not far from the church, erected to
+Shakespeare only last year by a nobleman, Lord Ronald Gower, whose taste and culture would
+have done honour to the epoch which produced not Shakespeare alone, but Sydney and
+Raleigh.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_051.jpg" width="500" height="463" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 34.</span>&mdash;<em>Stratford-on-Avon Church.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If we could discover all the particulars respecting Shakespeare's burial, we should possibly
+find that, being a "gentleman," he was wrapped in his coffin in "wool," for which privilege
+his survivors paid a tax of 10s. This curious habit, which we derived from our Norman
+ancestors, endured until the first few years of this century. By "wool" we should read flannel.
+Almost all the old parish registers in the country make a point of informing us that "the
+body" was buried in wool, and the "usual tax paid." The Normans, and their descendants in
+Normandy to this day, had some curious superstitions connected with "flannel," which even the
+industrious bibliophile Jacob has failed to discover. This custom they introduced into England,
+and it lasted for hundreds of years. I believe the coffin was also frequently filled up with fine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+sheep's wool. Another curious custom, which is now obsolete, was to put cloves, spikenard,
+fine herbs, and twigs of various aromatic shrubs into the coffin, in memory of the embalming
+of our Lord. Young girls and unmarried women were buried in white, and had their coffins
+covered with white flowers. All the people who accompanied the funeral wore white scarves,
+and before the Reformation, white dresses, and the way was strewn with box leaves, grass, and
+flowers. The porch of the deceased's house was decked with flowers and garlands, and
+especially with dog-roses and daisies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_052.jpg" width="400" height="519" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 35.</span>&mdash;<em>Seal of an imaginary Bull of Pope Lucifer.</em>&mdash;From the
+<em>Roi Modus</em>, a MS. of the 15th Century, Royal Library,
+Brussels. The inscription is evidently cabalistic and
+unintelligible.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_053.jpg" width="500" height="374" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 36.</span>&mdash;<em>The Funeral of Juliet</em> ("Romeo and Juliet").&mdash;This charming engraving
+from <span class="smcap">Knight's</span> splendid edition of Shakespeare gives a very fair idea
+of a grand funeral procession in the 16th Century.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE funeral ceremonies of the French kings and princes of the blood during
+the Middle Ages and the period of the Renaissance, were, as may well be
+imagined, exceedingly magnificent. As already related, the death criers
+announced the decease of the sovereign in the usual manner, shouting out,
+"<em>Oyez! bonnes gens de Paris</em>&mdash;listen, good people of Paris: the most high
+and mighty, excellent and powerful King, our sovereign Master, by the grace of God King of
+France, the most Christian of Princes, most clement and pious, died last night. Pray for the
+repose of his soul."</p>
+
+<p>The first part of the ceremony took place at Notre Dame, where what is known as the
+lying-in-state was conducted with appropriate splendour. The procession, after a solemn mass,
+formed on the <em>Pavis</em>, or square, round the Cathedral, and began to move slowly over the
+bridge and through the Marais to St. Denis, some miles distant from Paris. There was a
+halt, however, at the convent of St. Lazaire (now covered by the railway station), and the
+gentlemen in attendance mounted their horses. Before the Revolution of '93, fifteen beautiful
+wayside crosses, or <em>montjoies</em>, as they were called, stood on the roadside between the Porte St.
+Denis and the Abbey. At each of these prayers were said and the coffin rested. Sometimes,
+as in the case of Charles VIII., the coffin and its waxen effigy were carried on the shoulders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+of a number of noblemen; but usually, since their feet were hidden by heavy black velvet
+draperies, very common men were charged with the "honourable burden." After the first half
+of the 16th Century, the royal body was conducted to the grave in a chariot drawn sometimes
+by as many as four-and-twenty black horses. If I err not, the last King of France whose
+coffin was carried by men was Francis I., whose gentlemen of the bedchamber performed
+this office, having each a halter round his neck, and a cord or rope.</p>
+
+<p>At St. Denis the ceremonies were very imposing. High Mass of Requiem being over, the
+body was removed from the catafalque and lowered into the vaults under the altar. The Grand
+Almoner of France recited the <em>De profundis</em>, all kneeling. Suddenly a voice, that of the
+Herald-at-Arms, was heard, crying out from the vault below, "Kings-at-Arms, come do your
+duty." The grand officers were now summoned by name, thus: "Monsieur le duc de Bourbon,
+bring your staff of command over the hundred Archers of the Guard, and break it and
+throw it into the grave." "Monsieur le comte de Lorges, bring your staff of office as
+commander of the Scotch Guard, and break it and throw it into the grave," and so forth,
+until some fifty of the grand dignitaries of the Court had in turn performed this lengthy
+ceremony. The last time it occurred was in 1824, on the occasion of the funeral of Louis
+XVIII., when each detail of the ancient ceremonial was punctually followed. Every staff of
+office was broken and thrown into the King's grave, except the banner of France, which was
+merely inclined three times to the very edge of the crypt.</p>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of this rather tedious ceremony, everybody knelt down, and the herald
+shouted, "The King is dead; pray for his soul." A moment of silence ensued, which was
+eventually broken by a blast of trumpets. Then the organ played a lively strain, and the
+Herald proclaimed, "<em>Le roi est mort, vive le roi</em>&mdash;long live the King!" The banners waved,
+the cannon boomed, the bells pealed forth joyously, and the procession reformed, whilst the
+officiating clergy sang the <cite>Te Deum</cite>. As almost all the Kings and Queens of France, with not
+more than half a dozen exceptions, from the time of Clovis to that of Louis XVIII., were
+buried at St. Denis, the funeral rites were rarely if ever altered. But with us, although so many
+of our most illustrious princes are interred at Westminster, still not a few were buried at
+St. Paul's; many at Blackfriars and at Greyfriars, two glorious churches destroyed in the 17th
+Century, at Windsor, and in various Cathedrals; so that our royal funereal ceremonies were not
+always conducted with such punctual etiquette as were those of our neighbours.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/054.jpg" width="100" height="25" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE minute details of the funeral of Mary Stuart, at Westminster Abbey, prove
+that it was conducted on the same scale and with the same ceremonies
+as the one which preceded it by many years at Peterborough. King
+James, her son, was present, and shortly afterwards the sumptuous monument
+which we still admire marked the place where her mutilated remains,
+translated from Peterborough, found a permanent place of rest.</p>
+
+<p>The great changes in religion which occurred at the time of the Reformation, although
+they took much longer to permeate the habits and customs of the people than is usually
+imagined, nevertheless were so radical, that of the ancient ritual little soon remained, and the
+beautiful funeral service of the Church of England, which is so full of faith and hope, and
+mainly selected from passages of Holy Scripture adapted to the requirements of a religion
+which abolished belief in an intermediary state, and therefore in the necessity of prayers for
+the dead, was introduced, and little by little the pompous ceremonies of the Roman Church
+were forgotten. The lying-in-state of the corpse, for instance, which up to the close of the
+reign of Mary was general, even with poor people, was now only in use among those of
+the very highest rank. The increase in the use of carriages, too, and of course the abolition
+of the monastic orders and brotherhoods, diminished the splendour of the street processions
+which used to follow the bier. Still, much that was quaint remained in fashion, and it is
+only, as already said, a few years since that ladies ceased wearing a scarf and hood of black
+silk, and gentlemen "weepers" on their hats and arms, which were black or white according
+to the sex of the deceased. In Norfolk, until the end of the first quarter of the present
+century, it was the custom to give the mourners at a funeral black gloves, scarves, and
+bunches of herbs. Indeed, it is but a short time since a very old lady told me that so rich,
+broad, and beautiful was the silk of the scarves presented to each lady at a funeral, when she
+was a girl, that ladies were wont to keep the pieces by them until they were sufficient in
+number to form a dress. A bill of the funeral expenses of a very rich gentleman who died
+at Brandon Hall, in Norfolk, early in this century,&mdash;Mr. Denn, of Norwich,&mdash;and who left
+over half a million of money, enables us to form some idea of the expense to which our
+grandfathers of the upper class were put in order to be buried with what they considered
+proper respect. It would seem that in those days the hearse and funeral carriages had to be
+hired from London, and they took three days to perform the journey from the metropolis&mdash;a
+distance of about three hours by rail. No fewer than 40 persons figure as accompanying
+these vehicles, and as they had to be put up at inns along the road, going both to and from
+London to Brandon Hall, their expenses were &pound;180. The hire of horses and carriages was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+&pound;106, and what with the distribution of loaves to the poor at the grave, and the expense of
+bringing relatives from far parts of the country, and of providing them with silk scarves,
+gloves, etc., and the housing and entertaining of them all, the worthy Mr. Denn's funeral cost
+his survivors not less than &pound;775.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_056.jpg" width="500" height="357" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 37.</span>&mdash;<em>Interment in a Church in the first quarter of the 18th Century.</em>&mdash;From <span class="smcap">Picard's</span>
+great work on the Religions of all Nations.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Picard, there is a very beautiful engraving by Schley, representing a funeral procession
+in 1735, entering the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. It occurs by night, and a number
+of pages in black velvet walk in it, carrying lighted three-branched silver candlesticks. It
+seems that until 1775 women in England only attended the funerals of their own sex, and
+that men in the same manner only followed men to the grave. Possibly as a disinfectant
+against the plague, at all English funerals a branch of rosemary was handed to all who
+attended, which they threw into the open grave. This fashion endured, to the writer's
+knowledge, in Norfolk up to 1856.</p>
+
+<p>The French Revolution cannot be described as an unmitigated blessing&mdash;far from it; but
+it certainly did away with many superstitious practices, and shed a flood of light upon civilisation.
+Before that event it was the universal custom throughout Europe to bury in churches,
+a practice which was most detrimental to health. By one of the earliest decrees passed by the
+Convention of Paris, 1794, intramural interments were abolished, although, to be sure,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+cemeteries already existed of considerable extent, possibly suggested by those which for ages
+the Mahometans have used in all the principal cities of Asia and Asiatic Europe. That of
+P&egrave;re la Chaise, so called after the confessor of Madame de Maintenon, who founded it, is one
+of the earliest. With the counter-Reformation, as the movement is called in history, the
+ceremonial of the Roman Church became, on the Continent, even more elaborate than
+heretofore, and nothing can be imagined more theatrically splendid than the church decorations
+on occasions of funerals of eminent personages.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_057.jpg" width="500" height="482" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 38.</span>&mdash;<em>The Cemetery of P&egrave;re la Chaise, Paris.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_058.jpg" width="500" height="287" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig.
+39.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Grand Duke Albert VII., surnamed
+"the Pious," Archduke of Austria, at Brussels, 11th March, 1622.
+The coffin, covered with a pall of cloth of gold, is carried under
+a canopy by the Ambassador of his Catholic Majesty, by the Duke
+d'Aumale, the Marquis of Baden, and other great nobles, followed
+by the Archbishop of Patras and two Cardinals. The horse of the
+deceased is seen led immediately behind, by grooms and officers of
+the household.</em>&mdash;From the exceedingly rare work by <span
+class="smcap">Francquart</span>, printed at Antwerp in 1623. (From
+the collection of Mr. <span class="smcap">Richard Davey</span>, and
+engraved expressly for this publication.)</p> </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+From the last half of the 16th Century down to the Revolution of 1789, possibly the most
+extraordinary funeral recorded in history was that of the Emperor Charles V. It was
+celebrated with almost identical pomp simultaneously, at Madrid and at Brussels. The
+procession at Brussels took six hours to pass any one point, and it is estimated that 80,000
+persons walked in it, the participants being supplied from every city of Belgium and Holland.
+In this extraordinary function figured cars on floats, representing certain striking events in
+the life of the Emperor, and one of these we reproduce, since it will best afford an idea of
+the supreme magnificence of the spectacle. It represents a ship, and is intended to illustrate
+the maritime progress made in the reign of this enterprising monarch. The float on which
+this clever model of a vessel of the period was arranged was dragged through the streets by
+24 black horses, covered with black velvet, and followed by representatives of the navies both
+of Belgium and Spain, and by some 300 lads dressed as sailors of all nations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i060.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 40.</span>&mdash;<em>Float carried in the Funeral Procession of Charles V. at Brussels, December 29, 1558,
+and intended to illustrate his maritime greatness. The vessel was the size of a real
+ship, and the persons who appear upon its deck were living.</em>&mdash;From the "Magnificent
+and Sumptuous Funeral of the Very Great Emperor Charles V." (Antwerp,
+published by Plantin, 1559.) Collection of <span class="smcap">M. Ruggieri</span>, Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We also reproduce a little sketch from the funeral procession of Philip II., son of
+Charles V., which gives us an excellent idea of the costumes worn on such an important
+occasion. The large full-page engraving represents a portion of the funeral procession which
+took place at Brussels, of the Archduke Albert VII. of Austria, surnamed "the Pious." It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+was almost as sumptuous as that of Charles V., and, fortunately a complete record of it has
+been preserved by Francovoart, who published a book in the following year, containing no
+less than 49 plates illustrating this pageantic procession, which was of enormous length, and
+must have cost a great sum of money. The great engraver Cochin has left us one of his most
+beautiful plates, representing the interior of the Church of Notre Dame as arranged for the
+funeral of the Infanta Theresa of Spain, Dauphiness of France, in 1746. It gives us rather
+the idea of a scene in a court ball-room than of a grave ceremony. Literally, thousands of
+lights blazed in all directions, and there was nothing of a sombre character present, excepting
+the catafalque, which was of black velvet, and in a certain sense produced an admirable
+effect by showing off to still greater advantage the illuminations. The funeral of Louis XIV.,
+was fabulously gorgeous, and so complete an apotheosis of that vain monarch, it brought about
+a sort of reaction, and made most persons observe that it was of little use praying for the soul
+of one who evidently must already be in glory. In order to put some bounds to these
+extravagant services, many people of a devout character have in all ages prayed in their wills
+that they should be carried to the grave in the simplest manner, sometimes in the habit of
+a Franciscan, or mendicant friar, and that only a few pounds should be expended upon their
+burial.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i061.jpg" width="1000" height="355" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 41.</span>&mdash;<em>Costumes worn by King Philip II. of Spain and his attendants in the funeral
+procession of his father, Charles V. The group consists of the King; the Herald of Spain,
+of the Order of the Golden Fleece, who walks in front; of the Duke of Brunswick, the
+Duke of Arcos, Don Ruy Gomez, Count of Milito, and finally the Duke Emmanuel
+Philibert of Savoy. Mark that the hood was only worn by the heirs of the deceased.</em>&mdash;From
+the "Sumptuous Funeral of Charles V. at Brussels." (Antwerp, 1559.)
+Collection of <span class="smcap">M. Ruggieri</span>, Paris.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_062.jpg" width="500" height="724" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 42.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Infanta Theresa of Spain, Dauphiness of France, at Notre Dame, 1746.</em>&mdash;From
+the original engraving of <span class="smcap">Cochin</span>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The Italians, and especially the Venetians, spent enormous sums upon their funeral
+services, which were exceedingly picturesque; but as the members of the brotherhoods who
+
+<span class="pagenum">
+<a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>walked in the procession wore pointed hoods and masks, so that, by the glare of the torches,
+only their eyes could be seen glittering, and as it was the custom, also, for the funeral to take
+place at night, the body being exposed upon an open bier, in full dress, the scene was
+sufficiently weird to attract the attention of travellers, perhaps more so than anything else which
+they saw in the land <em>par excellence</em> of pageant. Horace Mann, in one of his letters, thus
+amusingly describes the funeral of the daughter of Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"There was nothing extraordinary in the funeral last night. All the magnificence
+consisted in a prodigious number of torches carried by the different orders of priests, the
+expense of which in lights, they say, amounted to 12,000 crowns. The body was in a sort of
+a coach quite open, with a canopy over her head; two other coaches followed with her ladies.
+As soon as the procession was passed by Madame Suares's, I went a back way to St. Laurence,
+where I had been invited by the master of the ceremonies; here was nothing very particular
+but my being placed next to Lady Walpole, who is so angry with me that she would not
+even give me the opportunity of making her a bow, which for the future, since I see it will
+be disagreeable to her, I will never offer to do again."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_063.jpg" width="500" height="137" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span>
+<img src="images/lettern.jpg" width="100" height="105" alt="N" class="floatl" />
+OTHING could be imagined more picturesque than a Venetian funeral in
+bygone days. The state gondola of the family, containing the body, and also
+the attendant priests and friars, was covered with black velvet, and blazed
+with candelabra full of lighted candles; and from the stern of the boat hung
+an immense train of black velvet, which was permitted to touch the water,
+but prevented from sinking underneath it by golden tassels, which were held by members of
+the family in the gondolas which followed close behind. All those persons who took part
+in the funeral of course carried lights in their hands. If the individual happened to belong
+to one of the numerous confraternities, or <em>scuole</em>, which existed in Venice up to the end of the
+last century, a grand musical mass was celebrated in the chapel belonging to the order; and
+on these occasions some of the finest music ever composed was heard for the first time, such,
+for instance, as Paesiello's Requiem, an infinitely beautiful one by Marcello, and the majestic
+mass for four voices, by Lotti.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_064.jpg" width="500" height="577" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 43.</span>&mdash;<em>Tomb of Hamlet.</em></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i065.jpg" width="400" height="428" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 44.</span>&mdash;<em>Death devouring Man and Beast. A singular, illuminated document on parchment, of
+the 12th Century, measuring over fifty feet by one yard wide. The figure above is
+intended to represent the letter T.</em>&mdash;From the Mortuary Roll of the Abbey of Savingy,
+Avranches, France. The original is preserved among the French National Archives.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />HE funeral of a Pope is attended by many curious ceremonies, not the least
+remarkable of which is, that so soon as His Holiness' death is thoroughly
+assured, the eldest Cardinal goes up to the body, and strikes it three times
+gently on the breast, saying in Latin, as he does so, "The Holy Father has
+passed away." The body is then lowered into the Church of St. Peter's,
+where it is exhibited&mdash;as was the case when Pope Pius IX. died in '78&mdash;for three days to the
+veneration of the faithful, after which it is conveyed in great state to the church which the
+Pope has selected for his burial-place. As it passed along the streets of Rome in the good
+old times, the members of the nobility assembled at the entrance of their houses, each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+carrying a lighted taper in his hand, and answering back the prayers of the friars and clergy
+in the procession. It will be remembered that it was this sort of spontaneous illumination
+which so offended a rabble of freethinkers, on the occasion of the funeral of the late
+Pope, that they stoned the coffin, and created a riot of a most disgraceful character. After
+the Pope is buried, it is usual for his successor or his family to build a stately monument
+over his remains, and this custom accounts for the amazing number of fine Papal monuments
+in the Roman basilicas and churches.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_066.jpg" width="500" height="461" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 45.</span>&mdash;<em>Lying-in-State of Pope Pius IX.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At a time when everybody is talking about the Stuart dynasty, owing to the great success<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span>
+of the recent exhibition of their relics (1888-9), the following curious account of the interment
+of the Old Pretender will prove of interest:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"On the 6th of January, <span class="err" title="read: 1766">1756</span>, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was conveyed in great
+state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles," says a correspondent from Rome of that
+date, "preceded by four servants carrying torches, two detachments of soldiers; and by the
+side of the bier walked twenty-four grooms of the stable with wax candles; the body of the
+deceased was dressed royally, and borne by nobles of his household, with an ivory sceptre at
+its side, and the Orders of SS. George and Andrew on the breast.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 7th, the first funeral service took place, in the Church of the Twelve Apostles.
+The <em>fa&ccedil;ade</em> of the church was hung with black cloth, lace, and golden fringe, in the centre of
+which was a medallion, supported by skeletons with cypress branches in their hands, and
+bearing the following inscription:</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>'Clemens XIII. Pont. Max.</li>
+<li>Jacobo III.</li>
+<li>M. Britanni&aelig;, Franci&aelig;, et Hiberni&aelig; Regi.</li>
+<li>Catholic&aelig; fidei Defensori,</li>
+<li>Omnium urbis ordinum</li>
+<li>Frequentia funere honestato.</li>
+<li>Suprema pietatis officia</li>
+<li>Solemni ritu Persolvit.'</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>"On entering the church, another great inscription to the same purport was to be seen;
+the building inside was draped in the deepest black, and on the bier, covered with cloth of
+gold, lay the corpse, before which was written in large letters:</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>'Jacobus III. Magn&aelig; Britanni&aelig; Rex.</li>
+<li>Anno <span class="smcap">MDCCLXVI</span>.'</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>"On either side stood four silver skeletons on pedestals, draped in black cloth, and holding
+large branch candlesticks, each with three lights. At either corner stood a golden perfume
+box, decorated with death's-heads, leaves and festoons of cypress. The steps to the bier were
+painted in imitation marble, and had pictures upon them representing the virtues of the
+deceased. Over the whole was a canopy ornamented with crowns, banners, death's-heads,
+gilded lilies, etc.; and behind, a great cloth of peacock colour with golden embroidery, and
+ermine upon it, hung down to the ground. Over each of the heavily draped arches down the
+nave of the church were medallions with death's-head supporters, and crowns above them,
+representing the various British orders and the three kingdoms of England, Ireland, and
+Scotland; and on the pilasters were other medallions, supported by cherubs, expressing virtues
+attributed to the deceased, each with an inscription, of which the following is an instance:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>'Rex Jacobus III. vere dignus imperio, quia natus ad imperandum: dignus quia ipso regnante
+virtutes imperassent: dignissimus quia sibi imperavit.'</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>"On the top of the bier, in the nave, lay the body, dressed in royal garb of gold brocade,
+with a mantle of crimson velvet, lined and edged with ermine, a crown on his head, a sceptre
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>in his right hand, an orb in his left. The two Orders of SS. George and Andrew were
+fastened to his breast.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_068.jpg" width="500" height="391" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 46.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of his late Holiness Pope Pius IX., Feb.</em> 13, 1878. <em>The lowering of the body into St. Peter's.</em></p>
+</div></div>
+<p>"Pope Clement regretted his inability to attend the funeral, owing to the coldness of the
+morning, but he sent twenty-two cardinals to sing mass, besides numerous church dignitaries.</p>
+
+<p>"After the celebration of the mass, Monsignor Orazio Matteo recited a funeral oration of
+great length, recapitulating the virtues of the deceased, and the incidents of the life of exile
+and privation that he had led. After which, the customary <em>requiem</em> for the soul of the
+departed was sung, and they then proceeded to convey his deceased Majesty's body to the
+Basilica of St. Peter.</p>
+
+<p>"The procession which accompanied it was one of those gorgeous spectacles in which the
+popes and their cardinals loved to indulge. Every citizen came to see it, and crowds poured
+in to the Eternal City from the neighbouring towns and villages, as they were wont to do for
+the festivals at Easter, of Corpus Domini.</p>
+
+<p>"All the orders and confraternities to be found in Rome went in front, carrying amongst
+them 500 torches. They marched in rows, four deep; and after them came the pupils of the
+English, Scotch, and Irish College in Rome, in their surplices, and with more torches.</p>
+
+<p>"Then followed the bier, around which were the gaudy Swiss Papal Guards. The four
+corners of the pall were held up by four of the most distinguished members of the Stuart
+household.</p>
+
+<p>"Then came singers, porters carrying two large umbrellas, such as the Pope would have
+at his coronation, and all the servants of the royal household, in deep mourning, and on foot.
+After them followed the papal household; and twelve mourning coaches closed the procession.</p>
+
+<p>"The body was placed in the chapel of the choir of St. Peter's, and after the absolution,
+which Monsignor Lascaris pronounced, it was put into a cypress-wood case, in presence of the
+major-domo of the Vatican, who made a formal consignment of it to the Chapter of St. Peter's,
+in the presence of the notary of the 'Sacred Apostolic Palace,' who witnessed the consignment,
+whilst the notary of the Chapter of St. Peter's gave him a formal receipt.</p>
+
+<p>"The second funeral was fixed for the following day, when everything was done to make
+the choir of St. Peter's look gorgeous. A large catafalque was raised in the midst, on the
+top of which, on a cushion of black velvet embroidered with gold, lay the royal crown and
+sceptre, under a canopy adorned with ermine; 250 candles burnt around, and the inscription
+over the catafalque ran as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>'Memori&aelig; &aelig;tern&aelig; Jacobi III., Magn&aelig; Britanni&aelig; Franci&aelig; et Hyber, regis Parentis optimii
+Henricus Card. Dux Eboracensis m&oelig;rens justa persolvit.'</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>"Then the cardinals held service, thirteen of whom were then assembled; after which, the
+Chapter of St. Peter's and the Vatican clergy, with all the Court of the defunct king who had
+assisted at the mass, accompanied the body to the subterranean vaults beneath St. Peter's, where
+the bier was laid aside until such times and seasons as a fitting memorial could be placed over it."</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterasecond.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+MONG the Jews, according to Buxtorf (who published, in the 17th Century,
+perhaps the most valuable work upon the Jewish ceremonies which still
+existed in various parts of Europe in his time, many of which have been
+modified or have entirely disappeared since), it was the fashion when a person
+died, after having closed the eyes and mouth, to twist the thumb of the
+right hand inward, and to tie it with a string of the <em>taled</em>, or veil, which covered the face, and
+was invariably buried with the corpse. The reason for this doubling of the thumb was that,
+when it was thus turned inward, it represented the figure Schaddai, which is one of the names
+of God. Otherwise, the fingers were stretched out so as to show that the deceased had given
+up all the goods of this world. The body was most carefully washed, to indicate that the dead
+was purified by repentance. Buxtorf tells us that in Holland, with the old-fashioned Jews, it
+was the custom to break an egg into a glass of wine, and to wash the face therewith. The
+more devout persons were dressed in the same garments that they wore on the last feast of
+the Passover. When the body is placed in the coffin, it is the habit even now, among the
+Polish and Oriental Jews, for ten members of the family, or very old friends, to walk processionally
+round it, saying prayers for the repose of the soul. In olden times, for three days
+after the death, the family sat at home in a darkened room and received their friends, who
+were indeed Job's comforters; for they sought to afflict them in every way by recalling the
+virtues of the dead person, and exaggerating the misery into which they were thrown by his
+or her departure. Seven days afterwards, they were employed in a less rigorous form of
+mourning, at the end of which the family again went to the synagogue and offered up prayers,
+after which they followed the customs of the country in which they lived, retaining their
+mourning only so long as accorded with the prevailing fashion of the day.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_071.jpg" width="200" height="96" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_072.jpg" width="500" height="652" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 47.</span>&mdash;<em>The Knight of Death on a
+White Horse</em>&mdash;After <span class="smcap">Albert Durer</span>.
+From a fac-simile of the original engraving, dated 1513, by one of the
+Wiericx (1564). This famous engraving, which so perfectly characterises
+the weird genius of the Middle Ages, passing into the Renaissance,
+represents a knight armed, going to the wars, accompanied by terrible
+thoughts of Death and Sin, whose incarnations follow him on his dismal
+journey.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettero.jpg" width="100" height="110" alt="O" class="floatl" />
+NE of the saddest, and certainly the simplest of royal funerals, was that of
+King Charles I. After his lamentable execution, his body lay at Whitehall
+from January 28, 1649, to the following February 7, when it was conveyed
+to Windsor, placed in the vault of St. George's Chapel, near the coffins of
+Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. The day had been very snowy, and the
+snow rested thick on the coffin and on the cloaks and hats of the mourners. The remains
+were deposited without any service whatever, and left inscriptionless, save for the words
+"Charles Rex, 1649," the letters of which were cut out of a band of lead by the gentlemen
+present, with their penknives, and the lead fastened round the coffin. In this state it
+remained until the year 1813, when George IV. caused it to be more fittingly interred.
+In striking contrast were the obsequies of the unfortunate King's great rival and enemy,
+Cromwell, "who lay in glorious state" at Somerset House, all the ceremonial being copied
+from that of the interment of Philip II. of Spain. The rooms were hung with black cloth,
+and in the principal saloon was an effigy of the Protector, with a royal crown upon his head
+and a sceptre in his hand, stretched upon a bed of state erected over his coffin. Crowds
+of people of all ranks went daily during eight weeks to see it, the place being illuminated by
+hundreds of candles. The wax cast of the face of Cromwell after death is still preserved in
+the British Museum. His body, however, was carried away secretly, and at night, and buried
+privately at Westminster, for fear of trouble. Later, in 1660, the remains of the great Protector,
+and those of his friends Ireton and Bradshaw, were sacrilegiously taken from their graves,
+dragged with ignominy through the streets, and hanged at Tyburn, to the apparent satisfaction
+of Mrs. Pepys and her friend Lady Batten, and all and sundry in London, as is recorded in
+the "immortal diary." By the way, Mr. Pepys himself, who died in 1703, was buried with
+much state and circumstance in Crutched Friars Church, but at night, the service being said
+by Dr. Hickes, the author of the <em>Thesaurus</em>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_074.jpg" width="200" height="77" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterp.jpg" width="100" height="104" alt="P" class="floatl" />
+
+ERHAPS the strangest funeral recorded in modern history was that of the
+translation of the remains of Voltaire, popularly known as his "apotheosis."
+The National Assembly in May, 1791, decreed that the bones of the poet
+should be brought from the Abbey of Scelli&egrave;res, and carried in state to the
+Pantheon. In Voltaire's lifetime it was boasted that he had buried the
+priests and the Christian religion, but now the priests were going to bury him, having very
+little of Christian religion left amongst them. The day of the procession was fixed for July
+10; but the 10th was a deluging, rainy day, and the ceremony was postponed to the next
+day, or till the weather should be fine. The next day was as wet, and the Assembly was
+about to renew the postponement, when about two o'clock it cleared up. The coffin was
+placed on a car of the classic form, and was borne first to the spot on which the Bastille had
+stood, where it was placed on a platform, being covered with myrtles, roses, and wild flowers,
+and bearing the following inscriptions:&mdash;"If a man is born free, he ought to govern himself."
+"If a man has tyrants placed over him, he ought to dethrone them." Besides these, there
+were numerous other inscriptions in different parts of the area, including one on a huge block
+of stone: "Receive, O Voltaire! on this spot, where despotism once held thee in chains, the
+honours thy country renders thee!"</p>
+
+<p>From the Bastille to the Pantheon all Paris seemed to be following the procession, which
+consisted of soldiers, lawyers, doctors, municipal bodies, a crowd of poets, literary men, and
+artists carrying a gilded chest containing the seventy volumes of Voltaire's works; men who
+had taken part in the demolition of the Bastille, bearing chains, fetters, and cuirasses found in
+the prison; a bust of Voltaire, surrounded by those of Rousseau, Mirabeau, and Montaigne, borne
+by the actors from the different theatres, in ancient costume; and lastly came the funeral car,
+now surmounted by a statue of the philosopher, which France was crowning with a wreath of
+immortelles. The immense procession halted at various places for the effigy to receive particular
+honours. At the opera houses the actors and actresses were waiting to present a laurel crown
+and to sing to Voltaire's glory; at the house of M. Villette&mdash;where was yet deposited the
+heart of the great man, previous to being sent to Fernay&mdash;four tall poplars were planted, and
+adorned with wreaths and festoons of flowers, and on the front of the house was written in
+large letters: "His genius is everywhere, and his heart is here." Near this was raised a sort
+of amphitheatre, on which were seated a crowd of young girls in white dresses with blue
+sashes, crowned with roses, and holding wreaths in honour of the poet in their hands. The
+names of all Voltaire's works were written on the front of the Theatre Fran&ccedil;ais. The next
+halt was made on the site of the Com&eacute;die Fran&ccedil;aise, and a statue of the poet was there
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span>
+crowned by actors costumed as Tragedy and Comedy. Thence the procession wended its way
+to the Pantheon, where the mouldering remains of Voltaire were placed beside those of Descartes
+and Mirabeau. All Paris that evening was one festal scene; illuminations blazing on the
+busts and figures of the patriot of equality.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_076.jpg" width="600" height="262" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 48.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Car of Nelson.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The obsequies in England of Lord Nelson, which took place on January 9, 1806, were
+extremely imposing. I transcribe from a contemporary and inedited private letter the
+following account of it:&mdash;"I have just returned from such a sight as will never be seen in
+London again. I managed at an inconveniently early hour to get me down into the Strand,
+and so down Norfolk Street to a house overlooking the river. Every post of vantage
+wherever the procession could be seen was swarming with living beings, all wearing mourning,
+the very beggars having a bit of crape on their arms. The third barge, which contained the
+body, was covered with black velvet and adorned with black feathers. In the centre was a
+viscount's coronet, and three bannerols were affixed to the outside of the barge. In the
+steerage were six lieutenants of the navy and six trumpets. Clarencieux, King-at-Arms, sat at
+the head of the coffin, bearing a viscount's coronet on a black velvet cushion. The Royal
+Standard was at the head of the barge, which was rowed by forty-six seamen from the
+'Victory.' The other barges in the cortege were rowed by Greenwich pensioners. The fourth
+barge contained Admiral Sir Peter Parker, the chief mourner, and other admirals, vice-admirals,
+and rear-admirals; whilst the Lords of the Admiralty, the Lord Mayor of London,
+members of the various worshipful Companies, and other distinguished mourners occupied
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+the remaining barges, which were seventeen in number, and were flanked by row-boats, with
+river fencibles, harbour marines, etc., etc. All, of course, had their colours half-mast high.
+On the following morning, the 9th, the land procession, which I also contrived to see, started
+from the Admiralty to pass through the streets of London to St. Paul's, between dense crowds
+all along the route. This procession was of great length, and included Greenwich pensioners,
+sailors of the 'Victory,' watermen, judges and other dignitaries of the law, many members of
+the nobility, public officers, and officers of the army and navy; whilst in it were carried
+conspicuously the great banner, gauntlets, helmet, sword, etc., of the deceased. The pall was
+supported by four admirals. Nearly 10,000 military were assembled on this occasion, and these
+consisted chiefly of the regiments that had fought in Egypt, and participated with the deceased
+in delivering that country from the power of France. The car in which the body was conveyed
+was peculiarly magnificent. It was decorated with a carved resemblance of the head and stern
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+of the 'Victory,' surrounded with escutcheons of the arms of the deceased, and adorned with
+appropriate mottoes and emblematical devices, under an elevated canopy, in the form of the
+upper part of a sarcophagus, with six sable plumes, and a viscount's coronet in the centre,
+supported by four columns, representing palm trees, entwined with wreaths of natural laurel
+and cypress. As it passed, all uncovered, and many wept. I heard a great deal said among
+the people about 'poor Emma' (Emma, Lady Hamilton), and some wonder whether she will
+get a pension or not. On the whole, the processions were most imposing, and I am very
+glad I saw it all, although I am much fatigued at it, from standing about so much and
+pushing in the crowd, and faint from the difficulty of getting food, every eating-place being so
+full of people; and surely, though a nation must mourn, equally certain is it that it must
+also eat."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_077.jpg" width="500" height="362" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 49.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Car of Lord Nelson.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly
+for this publication.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="large" />
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_078.jpg" width="500" height="657" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 50.</span>&mdash;<em>An Old Market Cross, Rouen.</em></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_079.jpg" width="500" height="351" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 51.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Procession of the
+Emperor Napoleon I., December</em> 15, 1840. <em>The Cort&eacute;ge descending
+the Champs &Eacute;lys&eacute;es.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary engraving.</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterlsecond.jpg" width="100" height="114" alt="L" class="floatl" />
+OUIS PHILLIPPE, who, by the way, had neglected no opportunity
+to render justice to the genius of Napoleon, obtained, in 1840, the
+permission of the British Government to remove his body from St. Helena;
+and on December 15 it was solemnly interred in the gorgeous chapel
+designed by Visconti, at the Invalides. The Prince de Joinville had the
+honour of escorting the remains of the Emperor from the lonely island in the Indian Ocean
+to Paris. Words cannot paint the emotion of the inhabitants of the French capital, as the
+superb procession descended the long avenue of the Champs &Eacute;lys&eacute;es, or that of the privileged
+company which witnessed the striking scene in the chapel itself, as the Prince de Joinville
+formally consigned the body to the King, his father, saying, as he did so, "Sire, I deliver
+over into your charge the corpse of Napoleon." To which the King replied, "I receive it in
+the name of France," and then taking the sword of the victor of Austerlitz, he handed it to
+General Bertrand, who, in his turn, laid it on the coffin. Many years later, when another
+Napoleon reigned in France, a Lady who had not yet reached the <em>mezzo camin di nostra vita</em>,
+stood silently, with bowed head, before the grave of the mighty enemy of the glorious empire
+over which she rules, and it was observed that there were tears in the eyes of Queen Victoria
+when she quietly left the chapel.</p>
+
+<div class="page">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_080.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 52.</span>&mdash;<em>The Tomb of Napoleon I. at the Invalides, Paris.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>
+The earliest year of the last half of this century witnessed another funeral of much
+magnificence, that of the great Duke of Wellington. It was determined that a public funeral
+should mark the sense of the people's reverence for the memory of the illustrious deceased,
+and of their grief for his loss. The body was enclosed in a shell, and remained for a
+time at Walmer Castle, where the Iron Duke died. A guard of honour, composed of men
+of his own rifle regiment, did duty over it, and the castle flag was hoisted daily half-mast high.
+On the evening of the 10th of November, 1852, the body was placed upon a hearse and
+conveyed, by torchlight, to the railway station, the batteries at Walmer and Deal Castles firing
+minute-guns, whilst Sandown Castle took up the melancholy salute as the train with its burden
+swept by. Arrived at London, the procession re-formed, and by torchlight marched through
+the silent streets, reaching Chelsea about three o'clock in the morning, when the coffin
+containing the body was carried into the hall of the Royal Military Hospital. Life Guardsmen,
+with arms reversed, lined the apartment, which was hung with black and lighted by waxen
+tapers. The coffin rested upon an elevated platform at the end of the hall, over which was
+suspended a cloud-like canopy or veil. The coffin itself was covered with red velvet; and at
+the foot stood a table on which all the decorations of the deceased were laid out. Thither,
+day by day, in a constant stream, crowds of men, women, and children repaired, all dressed
+in deep mourning. The first of these visitors was the Queen, accompanied by her children;
+but so deeply was she affected that she never got beyond the centre of the hall, where her
+feelings quite overcame her, and she was led, weeping bitterly, back to her carriage.</p>
+
+<p>The public funeral took place on the 18th of November, and was attended by the Prince
+Consort and all the chief officers of State. The body was removed by torchlight, on the
+evening previous, to the Horse Guards, under an escort of cavalry. At dawn on the 18th the
+solemn ceremony began. From St. Paul's Cathedral, down Fleet Street, along the Strand, by
+Charing Cross and Pall Mall, to St. James's Park, troops lined both sides of the streets; while
+in the park itself, columns of infantry, cavalry, and artillery were formed ready to fall into
+their proper places in the procession, of which we publish two interesting engravings. How
+it was conducted&mdash;with what respectful interest watched by high and low&mdash;how solemn the
+notes of the bands, as one after another they took up and entoned the "Dead March in
+Saul"&mdash;how grand, yet how touching the scene in the interior of St. Paul's&mdash;none but those
+who can remember it can realise.</p>
+<div class="page">
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="500" height="377" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 53.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November</em> 18, 1852. <em>The Procession passing Apsley House.</em>&mdash;From
+an original sketch, reproduced expressly for this publication.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span>
+<img src="images/i84.jpg" width="500" height="419" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 54.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November</em> 18, 1852. <em>Scene inside St. Paul's.</em>&mdash;Reproduced
+from an original sketch, expressly for this publication.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A man of genius in France is rightly placed on a kind of throne, and considered a "king of
+thought;" so the obsequies of so truly illustrious a poet as Victor Hugo, which took place in
+Paris, June 1, 1885, assumed proportions rarely accorded even to the mightiest sovereigns.
+Unfortunately, it was marred by the desecration of a noted church, the Pantheon; for it
+pleased a political party in power to make out that Hugo had denied even the existence of
+God, and this notwithstanding the fact that every page of his works is a testimony to his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+ardent creed in the Almighty and his hope in the life to come. The lying-in-state took
+place under the Arch of Triumph, which was decorated with much taste by a huge black veil
+draped across it. Flaring torches lighted up the architectural features of the monument,
+and also the tremendous throng of spectators. The arch looked solemn enough, but the
+behaviour of the people who surrounded it was the reverse, especially at night. On
+Thursday, June 1, early in the day, which was intensely hot, the procession began to
+move from the Arc de Triomphe to the Pantheon, and presented a scene never to be
+forgotten. The coffin was a very simple one, in accordance with the poet's wishes to be
+buried like a pauper; but what proved the chief charm of this really poetical spectacle
+was the amazing number of huge wreaths carried by the countless deputations from all
+parts of France, and sent from every city of Europe and America. There were some 15,000
+wreaths of foliage and flowers carried in this strange procession, many of which were of
+colossal dimensions, so that when one beheld the cort&eacute;ge from the bottom of the
+Champs &Eacute;lys&eacute;es, for instance, it looked like a huge floral snake meandering along. The
+bearers of the wreaths were hidden beneath them, and these exquisite trophies of early
+summer flowers, combined with the glittering helmets of the Guards, the bright costumes
+of the students, and, above all, with the veritable walls of human beings towering up on all
+sides, filling balconies and windows, covering roofs and every spot wherever even a glimpse
+of the pageant could be obtained, created a spectacle as unique as it was picturesque.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_085.jpg" width="300" height="92" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_086.jpg" width="500" height="690" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 55.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Victor Hugo, Paris, June</em> 1, 1885.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_087.jpg" width="500" height="679" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 56.</span>&mdash;<em>Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Frederick of Germany, Princess Royal of Great Britain.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE solemn but exceedingly simple obsequies of that much regretted and most
+able man His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, took place at Windsor
+on the 23rd December, 1861. At his frequently expressed desire it was
+of a private character; but all the chief men of the state attended the
+obsequies in the Royal Chapel. The weather was cold and damp, the
+sky dull and heavy. There was a procession of state carriages to St. George's Chapel, at
+the door of which the Prince of Wales and the other royal mourners were assembled to receive
+the corpse. The grief of the poor children was very affecting, little Prince Arthur especially,
+sobbing as if his heart were breaking. When all was over, and the last of the long, lingering
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>train of mourners had departed, the attendants descended into the vault with lights, and moved
+the bier and coffin along the narrow passage to the royal vault. The day was observed
+throughout the realm as one of mourning. The bells of all the churches were tolled,
+and in many of them special services were held. In the towns the shops were closed,
+and the window blinds of private residences were drawn down. No respectable people appeared
+abroad except in mourning, and in seaport towns the flags were hoisted half-mast high. The
+words of the Poet Laureate were scarcely too strong:</p>
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="i0">"The shadow of his loss moved like eclipse,</div>
+<div class="i0">Darkening the world. We have lost him; he is gone;</div>
+<div class="i0">We know him now; all narrow jealousies</div>
+<div class="i0">Are silent; and we see him as he moved,</div>
+<div class="i0">How modest, kindly, all-accomplished, wise;</div>
+<div class="i0">With what sublime repression of himself,</div>
+<div class="i0">And in what limits, and how tenderly;</div>
+<div class="i0">Not swaying to this faction or to that;</div>
+<div class="i0">Not making his high place the lawless perch</div>
+<div class="i0">Of wing'd ambitions, nor a vantage ground</div>
+<div class="i0">For pleasure; but thro' all this tract of years</div>
+<div class="i0">Wearing the white flower of a blameless life,</div>
+<div class="i0">Before a thousand peering littlenesses,</div>
+<div class="i0">In that fierce light which beats upon a throne,</div>
+<div class="i0">And blackens every blot; for where is he</div>
+<div class="i0">Who dares foreshadow for an only son</div>
+<div class="i0">A lovelier life, a more unstained than his?"</div>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_088.jpg" width="500" height="710"
+alt="Illustration" /> <p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Fig.
+57.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,
+at Windsor, December</em> 23, 1861.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Her Majesty became a widow, she slightly modified the
+conventional English widow's cap, by indenting it over the forehead
+<em>&agrave; la</em> Marie Stuart, thereby imparting to it a certain
+picturesqueness which was quite lacking in the former head-dress. This
+<span class="err" title="original: coifure">coiffure</span> has been
+not only adopted by her subjects, but also by royal widows abroad.
+The etiquette of the Imperial House of Germany obliges the Empress
+Frederick to introduce into her costume two special features during
+the earlier twelve months of her widowhood. The first concerns the
+cap, which is black, having a Marie Stuart point over the centre of
+the forehead, and a long veil of black crape falling like a mantle
+behind to the ground. The second peculiarity of this stately costume
+is that the orthodox white batiste collar has two narrow white bands
+falling straight from head to foot. This costume has been very slightly
+modified from what it was three centuries ago, when a Princess of the
+House of Hohenzollern lost her husband.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_089.jpg" width="200" height="38" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i090.jpg" width="500" height="692" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 58.</span>&mdash;HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><em>From a Photograph by Messrs. W. &amp; D. Downey.</em></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span>
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+
+HE first general mourning ever proclaimed in America was on the occasion
+of the death of Benjamin Franklin, in 1791, and the next on that of
+Washington, in 1799. The deep and wide-spread grief occasioned by the
+melancholy death of the first President, assembled a great concourse of
+people for the purpose of paying him the last tribute of respect, and on
+Wednesday, December 18, 1799, attended by military honours and the simplest but grandest
+ceremonies of religion, his body was deposited in the family vault at Mount Vernon. Never
+in the history of America did a blow fall with more terrible earnestness than the news of the
+assassination of President Lincoln on April 14, 1865. All party feeling was forgotten, and sorrow
+was universal. The obsequies were on an exceedingly elaborate scale, and a generous people
+paid a grateful and sincere tribute to a humane and patriotic chieftain. After an impressive
+service, the embalmed body was laid in state in the Capitol at Washington, guarded by
+officers with drawn swords, and afterwards the coffin was closed for removal to Springfield, the
+home of the late President, a distance of about 1,700 miles. It took twelve days to accomplish
+the journey. The car which conveyed the remains was completely draped in black, the
+mourning outside being festooned in two rows above and below the windows, while each
+window had a strip of mourning connecting the upper with the lower row. Six other cars,
+all draped in black, were attached to the train, and contained the escort, whilst the engine
+was covered with crape and its flags draped. At several cities <em>en route</em> a halt was made, in
+order to permit people to pay tributes of respect to the deceased, and several times the body
+was removed from the train, so that funeral services might be held. At last, on the 3rd of
+May, the train reached Springfield, and after a brief delay the procession moved with befitting
+ceremony to Oak Ridge Cemetery, President Lincoln's final resting-place. During the period
+intervening between President Lincoln's death and his interment, every city and town in the
+United States testified the greatest grief, and public expressions of mourning were universal.
+To take New York, as an instance, that city presented a singularly striking appearance. Scarce a
+house in it but was not draped in the deepest mourning, long festoons of black and white muslin
+drooped sadly everywhere, and even the gay show-cases outside the shop doors were dressed
+with funereal rosettes. The gloom which prevailed was intense. In many places, however, the
+decorations, though sombre, were exceedingly picturesque, the dark tones being relieved by
+the bright red and blue of the national colours, entwined with crape.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely less magnificent were the obsequies accorded by the people of America to
+General Grant. Funeral services were observed in towns and cities of every state and territory
+of the Union, amidst a display of mourning emblems unparallelled. In New York, for two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span>
+weeks previous to the funeral ceremony, preparations of the most elaborate description were
+going on, and the best part of the city was densely draped. The route of the procession to
+the tomb was 9 miles long, and it is estimated that three million persons saw the cortege, in
+which over 50,000 people joined, including 30,000 soldiers. Some further idea of the magnitude
+of this solemn procession can be <span class="err" title="original: ormed">formed</span> when it is stated that its head reached the
+grave three hours and a half before the funeral car arrived. This car was exceptionally
+imposing, inasmuch as it was drawn by 24 black horses, each one led by a coloured servant,
+and each covered with sable trappings which swept the street.</p>
+
+<p>Another imposing funeral, which many who are still young can remember, was that of
+his Majesty Victor Emmanuel, the first King of United Italy, who died in Rome early in
+1878. His obsequies were conducted with all the pomp of the Roman Catholic religion, and
+the catafalque, erected in the centre of the Pantheon, was supremely imposing. We give an
+engraving of it, which will afford an excellent idea of its great magnificence.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_093.jpg" width="400" height="112" alt="Illustration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_094.jpg" width="500" height="377" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 59.</span>&mdash;<em>The Catafalque erected for the Funeral Service of His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel, in the Pantheon, Rome.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE ingenious idea of the <em>Magasin de Deuil</em>, or establishment exclusively
+devoted to the sale of mourning costumes and of the paraphernalia necessary
+for a funeral, has long been held to be exclusively French; but our quick-witted
+neighbours have, to speak the truth, originated very few things; for
+was not the father of French cookery a German physician in attendance on
+Francis I., assisted by an Italian cardinal, Campeggio, who, by the way, came to England on
+the occasion of the negotiations in connection with the divorce of Queen Catherine of
+Arragon. The <em>Magasin de Deuil</em> is but a brilliant and elaborate adaptation of the old <em>Mercerie
+de lutto</em> which has existed for centuries, and still exists, in every Italian city, where people in
+the haste of grief can obtain in a few hours all that the etiquette of civilisation requires for
+mourning in a country whose climate renders speedy interment absolutely necessary. Continental
+ideas are slow to reach this country, but when they do find acceptance with us, they
+rarely fail to attain that vast extension so characteristic of English commerce. Such development
+could scarcely be exhibited in a more marked manner than in Jay's London General
+Mourning Warehouse, Regent Street, an establishment which dates from the year 1841,
+and which during that period has never ceased to increase its resources and to complete
+its organisation, until it has become, of its kind, a mart unique both for the quality and
+the nature of its attributes. Of late years the business and enterprise of this firm has
+enormously increased, and it includes not only all that is necessary for mourning, but also
+departments devoted to dresses of a more general description, although the colours are
+confined to such as could be worn for either full or half mourning. Black silks, however,
+are pre-eminently a speciality of this house, and the Continental journals frequently announce
+that "<em>la maison Jay de Londres a fait de forts achats</em>." Their system is one from which
+they never swerve. It is to buy the commodity direct from the manufacturers, and to
+supply it to their patrons at the very smallest modicum of profit compatible with the
+legitimate course of trade. The materials for mourning costumes must always virtually,
+remain unchangeable, and few additions can be made to the list of silks, crapes, paramattas,
+cashmeres, <em>grenadines</em>, and <em>tulles</em> as fabrics. They and their modifications must be ever in
+fashion so long as it continues fashionable to wear mourning at all; but fashion in design,
+construction, and embellishment may be said to change, not only every month, but well-nigh
+every week.</p>
+
+<p>The fame of a great house of business like this rests more upon its integrity and the
+expedition with which commands are executed than anything else. To secure the very best
+goods, and to have them made up in the best taste and in the latest fashion, is one of the
+principal aims of the firm, which is not unmindful of legitimate economy. For this purpose, every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>
+season competent buyers visit the principal silk marts of Europe, such as Lyons, Genoa, and
+Milan, for the purpose of purchasing all that is best in quality and pattern. Immediate
+communication with the leading designers of fashions in Paris has not been neglected; and it
+may be safely said of this great house of business, that if it is modelled on a medi&aelig;val
+Italian principle, it has missed no opportunity to assimilate to itself every modern improvement.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_097.jpg" width="500" height="347" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 60.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Earl Palmerston, in Westminster Abbey, Oct.</em> 27, 1865.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Private mourning in modern times, like everything else, has been greatly altered and
+modified, to suit an age of rapid transit and travel. Men no longer make a point of wearing
+full black for a fixed number of months after the decease of a near relation, and even content
+themselves with a black hat-band and dark-coloured garments. Funeral ceremonies, too, are
+less elaborate, although during the past few years a growing tendency to send flowers to the
+grave has increased in every class of the community. The ceremonial which attends our State
+funerals is so well known that it were needless to describe them. We, however, give, as
+"records," illustrations of the funerals of Lord Palmerston, Lord Beaconsfield, Mr. Darwin, and
+of the much-regretted Emperor Frederick of Germany, a function which was extremely imposing,
+as the etiquette of the German Court still retains many curious relics of bygone times.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_098.jpg" width="500" height="381" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 61.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Right
+Honourable the Earl of Beaconsfield, in Hughenden Church, April</em> 26,
+1881.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+<img src="images/letterg.jpg" width="100" height="107" alt="G"  class="floatl" />
+ENERAL Court mourning in this country is regulated by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, but exclusively Court mourning for the Royal
+Family by the Lord Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p>The order for Court mourning to be observed for the death of a foreign
+sovereign is issued by the Foreign Office, and transmitted thence to the
+Lord Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the form of the order for general mourning to be worn on the occasion of the
+death of the Prince Consort:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+
+<span class="smcap">College of Arms</span>, Dec. 16, 1866.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Deputy Earl Marshal's Order for a General Mourning for His late Royal Highness
+the Prince Consort.</em></p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of Her Majesty's commands, this is to give public notice that, upon the melancholy
+occasion of the death of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, it is expected that all persons do
+forthwith put themselves into decent mourning.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Edward C. F. Howard</span>, D.E.M.
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The order to the army is published from the War Office:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+
+<span class="smcap">Horse Guards</span>, Dec. 18, 1861.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<em>Orders for the Mourning of the Army for His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort.</em></p>
+
+<p>The General commanding-in-chief has received Her Majesty's commands to direct, on the present
+melancholy occasion of the death of H.R.H. the Prince Consort, that the officers of the army be
+required to wear, when in uniform, black crape over the ornamental part of the cap or hat, over the
+sword-knot, and on the left arm;&mdash;with black gloves, and a black crape scarf over the sash. The
+drums are to be covered with black, and black crape is to hang from the head of the colour-staff of
+the infantry, and from the standard-staff of cavalry. When officers appear at Court in uniform, they
+are to wear black crape over the ornamental part of the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the
+left arm;&mdash;with black gloves and a black crape scarf.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A like order was issued by the Admiralty, addressed to the officers and men of the
+Royal Navy.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center">FIRST NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+
+<span class="smcap">Lord Chamberlain's Office</span>, December 16, 1861.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Orders for the Court to go into Mourning for His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort.</em></p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> attending Court to wear black woollen Stuffs, trimmed with Crape, plain Linen, black
+Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> attending Court to wear black Cloth, plain Linen, Crape Hatbands, and black
+Swords and Buckles.</p>
+
+<p>The Mourning to commence from the date of this Order.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span>
+
+SECOND NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Lord Chamberlain's Office</span>,
+December 31, 1861.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Orders for the Court's change of Mourning, on
+Monday, the 27th January next, for His late Royal Highness the Prince
+Consort, viz.</em>:</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> to wear black Silk Dresses,
+trimmed with Crape, and black Shoes and Gloves, black Fans, Feathers,
+and Ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> to wear black Court Dress,
+with black Swords and Buckles, and plain Linen.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Court further to change the Mourning on Monday the 17th of
+February next, viz.</em>:</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> to wear black Dresses, with
+white Gloves, black or white Shoes, Fans, and Feathers, and Pearls,
+Diamonds, or plain Gold or Silver Ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> to wear black Court Dress,
+with black Swords and Buckles.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>And on Monday the 10th of March next, the Court
+to go out of Mourning.</em></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center">FIRST NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Lord Chamberlain's Office</span>,
+November 7, 1817.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><em>Orders for the Court's going into Mourning on Sunday next, the 9th instant, for Her late Royal
+Highness the Princess Charlotte Augusta, Daughter of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent,
+and Consort of His Serene Highness the Prince Leopold Saxe-Cobourg, viz.</em>:</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> to wear black Bombazines, plain Muslin, or long Lawn Crape Hoods, Shamoy Shoes
+and Gloves, and Crape Fans.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;Dark Norwich Crape.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> to wear black cloth without buttons on the Sleeves or Pockets, plain Muslin, or
+long Lawn Cravats and Weepers, Shamoy Shoes and Gloves, Crape Hatbands and black Swords and
+Buckles.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;Dark Grey Frocks.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">For <span class="smcap">Ladies</span>, black Silk, fringed or plain Linen, white Gloves, black Shoes, Fans, and Tippets,
+white Necklaces and Earrings.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;White or grey Lustrings, Tabbies, or Damasks.</p>
+
+<p>For <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>, to continue in black, full trimmed, fringed or plain Linen, black Swords and
+Buckles.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;Grey Coats.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">For <span class="smcap">Ladies</span>, black silk or velvet coloured Ribbons, Fans, and Tippets, or plain white, or white
+and gold, or white and silver Stuffs, with black Ribbons.</p>
+
+<p>For <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>, black Coats and black or plain white, or white and gold, or white and silver
+stuffed Waistcoats, coloured Waistcoats and Buckles.</p></blockquote>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_102.jpg" width="500" height="279" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 62.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Charles
+Darwin, Esq., in Westminster Abbey.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE Register of "Notices" preserved at the Lord Chamberlain's Offices date
+back from 1773 to 1840. They are written in chronological order from the
+first folio (9th March, 1773) to folio 16 (28th Nov., 1785). After this
+date a number of papers are missing, and, curious to relate, the next entry is
+Oct. 24, 1793, and orders the Court to go into mourning for ten days for
+Her late Majesty Marie Antoinette, Queen of France.</p>
+
+<p>On the margin of the one for mourning for Louis XVIII., is written a note to the effect
+that the "King this day, Sep. 18, 1824, orders three weeks' mourning for the late King of
+France." At about this time, too, the word "the ladies to wear bombazine gowns" disappears,
+and is replaced by "woolen stuffs."</p>
+
+<p>Our military etiquette connected with mourning was really modelled on that in use in the
+army of Louis XIV., as is proved by a rather singular fact. In 1737 George II. died, and an
+order was issued commanding the officers and troopers in the British army to wear black crape
+bands and black buttons and epaulettes. Very shortly afterwards the French Government
+issued a decree to the effect that, as the English army had "slavishly imitated the French
+in the matter of wearing mourning, henceforth the officers of the French army should
+make no change in their uniform, and only wear a black band round the arm." Oddly
+enough, at the present moment both the French and the English armies wear precisely the
+same "badge of grief," a black band of crape on the left arm above the elbow.</p>
+
+<p>The Sovereign can prolong, out of marked respect for the person to be mourned, the
+duration of the period for general and Court mourning.</p>
+
+<p>The following are regulations for Court mourning, according to the register at the Lord
+Chamberlain's office:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>For the King or Queen&mdash;full mourning, eight weeks; mourning, two weeks; and half-mourning,
+two weeks: in all, three full months.</p>
+
+<p>For the son or daughter of the Sovereign&mdash;Full mourning, four weeks; mourning, one
+week; and half-mourning, one week: total, six weeks.</p>
+
+<p>For the brother or sister of the Sovereign&mdash;full mourning, two weeks; mourning, four
+days; and half-mourning, two days: total, three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Nephew or niece&mdash;full mourning, one week; half-mourning, one week: total, two weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle or aunt&mdash;same as above.</p>
+
+<p>Cousin, ten days; second cousin, seven days.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+
+HE following are the accepted reasons for the selection of various colours for
+mourning in different parts of the world:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><em>Black</em> expresses the privation of light and joy, the midnight gloom of
+sorrow for the loss sustained. It is the prevailing colour of mourning in
+Europe, and it was also the colour selected in ancient Greece and in the
+Roman Empire.</p>
+
+<p><em>Black and white striped</em> expresses sorrow and hope, and is the mourning of the South
+Sea Islanders.</p>
+
+<p><em>Greyish brown</em>&mdash;the colour of the earth, to which the dead return. It is the colour of
+mourning in Ethiopia and Abyssinia.</p>
+
+<p><em>Pale brown</em>&mdash;the colour of withered leaves&mdash;is the mourning of Persia.</p>
+
+<p><em>Sky-blue</em> expresses the assured hope that the deceased is gone to heaven, and is the colour
+of mourning in Syria, Cappadocia, and Armenia.</p>
+
+<p><em>Deep-blue</em> in Bokhara is the colour of mourning; whilst the Romans in the days of the
+Republic also wore very dark blue for mourning.</p>
+
+<p><em>Purple and violet</em>&mdash;to express royalty, "Kings and priests of God." It is the colour of
+mourning of Cardinals and of the Kings of France. The colour of mourning in Turkey is violet.</p>
+
+<p><em>White</em>&mdash;emblem of "white-handed hope." The colour of mourning in China. The ladies
+of ancient Rome and Sparta sometimes wore white mourning, which was also the colour for
+mourning in Spain until 1498. In England it is still customary, in several of the provinces,
+to wear white silk hat-bands for the unmarried.</p>
+
+<p><em>Yellow</em>&mdash;the sear and yellow leaf. The colour of mourning in Egypt and Burmah. In
+Brittany widows' caps among the peasants are yellow. Anne Boleyn wore yellow mourning for
+Catherine of Arragon, but as a sign of joy.</p>
+
+<p><em>Scarlet</em> is also a mourning colour, and was occasionally worn by the French Kings,
+notably so by Louis XI.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_105.jpg" width="200" height="80" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_106.jpg" width="500" height="349" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 63.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of His Imperial Majesty Frederick the Noble, Emperor of Germany. The Funeral Service in the Imperial Chapel.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_108.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 64.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of His Majesty
+the Emperor of Germany. The Procession leaving the Palace.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span></p>
+<h2>NOTES.</h2>
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/110.jpg" width="200" height="47" alt="Notes" />
+</div>
+
+<p>(<em>a</em>) In the 18th Century, the undertaker issued his handbills&mdash;gruesome things, with
+grinning skulls and shroud-clad corpses, thigh bones, mattocks and pickaxes, hearses, etc.:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"These are to notice that Mr. John Elphick, Woollen Draper, over against St Michael's Church, in Lewes,
+hath a good Hearse, a Velvet Pall, Mourning Cloaks, and Black Hangings for Rooms, to be lett at Reasonable
+Rates.</p>
+
+<p>"He also sells all sorts of Mourning and Half Mourning, all sorts of Black Cyprus for Scarfs and Hatbands,
+and White Silks for Scarfs and Hoods at Funerals; Gloves of all sorts, and Burying Cloaths for the
+Dead."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"Eleazar Malory, Joiner at the Coffin in White Chapel, near Red
+Lion Street end, maketh Coffins, Shrouds, letteth Palls, Cloaks,
+and Furnisheth with all the other things necessary for Funerals at
+Reasonable Rates."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>b</em>) The dead were formerly buried in woollen, which was rendered compulsory by the
+Acts 30 Car. ii. c. 3 and 36 Ejusdem c. i., the first of which was for "lessening the
+importation of Linen from beyond the seas, and the encouragement of the Woollen and Paper
+Manufactures of the Kingdome." It prescribed that the curate of every parish shall keep a
+register, to be provided at the charge of the parish, wherein to enter all burials and affidavits
+of persons being buried in woollen. No affidavit was necessary for a person dying of the plague,
+but for every infringement a fine of &pound;5 was imposed, one half to go to the informer, and the
+other half to the poor of the parish. This Act was only repealed in 1815. The material used
+was flannel, and such interments are frequently mentioned in the literature of the time.</p>
+
+<p>(<em>c</em>) Misson throws some light on the custom of using flannel for enveloping the dead,
+but I fancy that it is of much greater antiquity than he imagined. However, he asserts:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"There is an Act of Parliament which ordains, That the Dead shall be
+bury'd in a Woollen Stuff, which is a kind of a thin Bays, which they
+call Flannel; nor is it lawful to use the least Needleful of Thread or
+Silk. This Shift is always White; but there are different Sorts of it
+as to Fineness, and consequently of different Prices. To make these
+dresses is a particular Trade, and there are many that sell nothing
+else; so that these Habits for the Dead are always to be had ready
+made, of what Size or Price you please, for People of Every Age and
+Sex. After they had washed the Body thoroughly clean, and shav'd it, if
+it be a Man, and his Beard be grown during his Sickness, they put it on
+a Flannel Shirt, which has commonly a sleeve purfled about the Wrists,
+and the Slit of the Shirt down the Breast done in the same Manner. When
+these Ornaments are not of Woollen Lace, they are at least edg'd, and
+sometimes embroider'd with black Thread. The Shirt shou'd be at least
+half a Foot longer than the Body, that the feet of the Deceas'd may be
+wrapped in it as in a Bag. When they have thus folded the end of the
+Shirt close to the Feet, they tye the Part that is folded down with a
+piece of Woollen Thread, as we do our stockings; so that the end of the
+Shirt is done into a kind of Tuft. Upon the Head they put a Cap, which
+they fasten with a very broad Chin Cloth, with Gloves on the Hands,
+and a Cravat round the Neck, all of Woollen. That the Body may ly the
+softer, some put a Lay of Bran, about four inches thick, at the Bottom
+of the Coffin. Instead of a Cap, the Women have a kind of Head Dress,
+with a Forehead Cloth."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+
+Funeral invitations of a ghastly kind were sent out, and Elegies, laudatory of the deceased,
+were sometimes printed and sent to friends. These were got up in the same charnel-house
+style, and embellished with skulls, human bones, and skeletons. Hat-bands were costly items.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"For the encouragement of our English silk, called a la modes, His Royal Highness the Prince of
+Denmark, the Nobility, and other persons of quality, appear in Mourning Hatbands made of that silk, to bring
+the same in fashion, in the place of Crapes, which are made in the Pope's Country where we send our money
+for them."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>d</em>) The poor in Anne's time had already started Burial Clubs and Societies, and very
+cheap they seem to have been.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"This is to give notice that the office of Society for Burials, by mutual contribution of a Halfpenny or
+Farthing towards a Burial, erected upon Wapping Wall, is now removed into Katherine Wheel Alley,
+in White Chappel, near Justice Smiths, where subscriptions are taken to compleat the number, as also at the
+Ram in Crucifix Lane in Barnaby Street, Southwark, to which places notice is to be given of the death of
+any Member, and where any person may have the printed Articles after Monday next. And this Thursday
+evening about 7 o'clock will be Buried by the Undertakers, the Corpse of J. S., a Glover, over against the Sun
+Brewhouse, in Golden Lane; as also a child from the corner of Acorn Alley, in Bishopsgate Street, and
+another child from the Great Maze Pond, Southwark."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>e</em>) Undertakers liked to arrange for a Funeral to take place on an evening in winter, as
+the costs were thereby increased, for then the Mourners were furnished with wax candles. These
+were heavy, and sometimes were made of four tapers twisted at the stem and then branching
+out. That these wax candles were expensive enough to excite the thievish cupidity of a band
+of roughs, the following advertisement will show:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"Riots and Robberies&mdash;Committed in and about Stepney Church Yard, at a Funeral Solemnity, on
+Wednesday, the 23rd day of September; and whereas many persons, who being appointed to attend the same
+Funeral with white wax lights of a considerable value, were assaulted in a most violent manner, and the said
+white wax lights taken from them. Whoever shall discover any of the Persons, guilty of the said crimes, so
+as they may be convicted of the same, shall receive of Mr. William Prince, Wax Chandler in the Poultry,
+London, Ten Shillings for each Person so discovered."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>f</em>) We get a curious glimpse of the paraphernalia of a funeral in the Life of a notorious
+cheat, "The German Princess," who lived, and was hanged, in the latter part of the 17th
+Century, and the same funeral customs therein described obtained in Queen Anne's time. She
+took a lodging at a house, in a good position, and told the landlady that a friend of hers, a
+stranger to London, had just died, and was lying at "a pitiful Alehouse," and might she, for
+convenience sake, bring his corpse there, ready for burial on the morrow.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"The landlady consented, and that evening the Corps in a very handsome Coffin was brought in a Coach,
+and placed in the Chamber, which was the Room one pair of Stairs next the Street, and had a Balcony. The
+Coffin being covered only with an ordinary black Cloth, our Counterfeit seems much to dislike it; the
+Landlady tells her that for 20s. she might have the use of a Velvet Pall, with which being well pleas'd, she
+desir'd the Landlady to send for the Pall, and withal accommodate the Room with her best Furniture, for the
+next day but one he should be bury'd; thus the Landlady performed, setting the Velvet Pall, and placing on
+a Side Board Table 2 Silver Candlesticks, a Silver Flaggon, 2 Standing Gilt Bowls, and several other
+pieces of Plate; but the Night before the intended Burial, our Counterfeit Lady and her Maid within the
+House, handed to their comrades without, all the Plate, Velvet Pall, and other Furniture of the Chamber that
+was Portable and of Value, leaving the Coffin and the supposed Corps, she and her Woman descended from
+the Balcony by help of a Ladder, which her comrades had brought her."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+
+It is needless to say that the coffin contained only brickbats and hay, and a sad sequel
+to this story is that the undertaker sued the landlady for the loss of his pall, which had
+lately cost him &pound;40.</p>
+
+<p>According to a request in the will of one Mr. Benjamin Dodd, a Roman Catholic, "Citizen
+and Linnen Draper, who fell from his horse and died soon after," four and twenty persons
+were at his burial, to each of whom he gave a pair of white gloves, a ring of 10s. value, a
+bottle of wine, and half-a-crown to be spent on their return that night, "to drink his Soul's
+Health, then on her Journey for Purification in order to Eternal Rest." He also appointed
+his "Corps" to be carried in a hearse drawn by six white horses, with white feathers, and
+followed by six coaches, with six horses to each coach, and commanded that "no Presbyterian,
+Moderate Low Churchmen, or Occasional Conformists, be at or have anything to do with his
+Funeral."</p>
+
+<p>(<em>g</em>) Parisian funerals at the present day present many features common to those celebrated
+in England in the last century. The church, for instance, is elaborately decorated in black
+for a married man or woman, but in white for a <span class="err" title="original: spinister">spinster</span>, youth, or child.
+The costumes of the hired attendants, and these are numerous&mdash;I counted one day, quite recently, no less than
+twenty-four, two to each coach, all handsomely dressed in black velvet&mdash;are of the time of
+Louis XV. I am assured that the expenses of a first-class funeral in Paris, in this year of
+Grace 1889, sometimes exceeds several hundred pounds.</p>
+
+
+<p>The <em>lettre de faire part</em>, as it is called, is also a curious feature in the funeral rites of our
+neighbours. It is an elaborate document in the form of a printed letter, deeply edged with
+black, and informs that all the members, near and distant, of the deceased's family&mdash;they are
+each mentioned by name and title&mdash;request you, not only to attend the funeral, but to pray
+for his or her soul.</p>
+
+<p>The fashion of sending costly wreaths to cover the coffin is recent, and was quite as
+unknown in Paris twenty years ago as it was in this country until about the same period.
+Wreaths of <em>immortelles</em>, sometimes dyed black, were, however, sent to funerals in France in
+the Middle Ages. In Brittany, the "wake" is almost as common as it is in Ireland, and quite
+as frequently degenerates into an unedifying spectacle. Like the Irish custom, it originated
+in the early Christian practice of keeping a light burning by the corpse, and in praying for
+the repose of the soul, <em>coram</em> the corpse prior to its final removal to the church and grave,
+certain pagan customs, the distribution of wine and bread, having been introduced, at first
+possibly from a sense of hospitality, and finally as means of carousal.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+RICHARD DAVEY.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_113.jpg" width="400" height="238" alt="Finis" />
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_back_cover.jpg" width="500" height="628" alt="back cover" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2>Transcriber's Note.</h2>
+
+<p>Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained.</p>
+
+<p>Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Some illustrations have been moved from their original position so as not
+to interrupt the text.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="Corrections"></a>Corrections.</h3>
+
+<p>The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.</p>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>:</p>
+<ul><li>In these, bassirilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,</li>
+
+<li>In these, <span class="u">bassorilievi</span> and figures in terra-cotta have been found,</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>at the dawn of the
+Rennaissance</li>
+
+<li>at the dawn of the
+<span class="u">Renaissance</span></li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>This coifure has</li>
+
+<li>This <span class="u">coiffure</span> has</li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>of this solemn procession can be ormed</li>
+
+<li>of this solemn procession can be <span class="u">formed</span></li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>but in white for a spinister</li>
+
+<li>but in white for a <span class="u">spinster</span></li></ul>
+<h3>Errata.</h3>
+<p>The first line indicates the original, the second how it should read.</p>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>:</p>
+<ul><li>"On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was conveyed in great
+state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"</li>
+<li>"On the 6th of January, <span class="u">1766</span>, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was conveyed in great
+state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"</li></ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44379 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #44379 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44379)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Mourning, by Richard Davey
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A History of Mourning
+
+
+Author: Richard Davey
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 7, 2013  [eBook #44379]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MOURNING***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Eleni Christofaki, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
+generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 44379-h.htm or 44379-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44379/44379-h/44379-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44379/44379-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/historyofmournin00daveuoft
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS,
+_As Widow of Francis II. of France, a facsimile of the original drawing
+by Clouet, preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris._--Reproduced
+expressly for this Publication.]
+
+
+A HISTORY OF MOURNING.
+
+by
+
+RICHARD DAVEY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Jay's,
+Regent Street, W.
+
+_Wreath composed of the flowers mentioned in Shakespeare's dirges._
+
+
+Entered at Stationers' Hall.]        [Copyright.
+
+Published at Jay's, Regent Street, W.
+
+London
+McCorquodale & Co., Limited
+Cardington Street, N.W.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A HISTORY OF MOURNING.
+
+BY RICHARD DAVEY.]
+
+
+ALTHOUGH tradition has not informed us whether our first parents made
+any marked change in their scanty garments on the death of their near
+relatives, it is certain that the fashion of wearing mourning and the
+institution of funereal ceremonies and rites are of the most remote
+antiquity. Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians over 3,000 years
+ago selected yellow as the colour which denoted that a kinsman was
+lately deceased. They, moreover, shaved their eyebrows when a relative
+died; but the death of a dog or a cat, regarded as divinities by this
+curious people, was a matter of much greater importance to them, for
+then they not only shaved their eyebrows, but every hair on their
+bodies was plucked out; and doubtless this explains the reason why so
+many elaborate wigs are to be seen in the various museums devoted to
+Egyptian antiquities. It would require a volume to give an idea of
+the singular funereal ceremonials of this people, with whom death was
+regarded, so to speak, as a "speciality;" for their religion was mainly
+devoted to the _cultus_ of the departed, and consequently innumerable
+monumental tombs still exist all over Egypt, the majority of which are
+full of mummies, whose painted cases are most artistic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_An Egyptian Lady preparing to go into Mourning
+for the death of her pet Cat._--From a picture by J. R. WEGUELIN.]
+
+The cat was worshipped as a divinity by the Egyptians. Magnificent
+tombs were erected in its honour, sacrifices and devotions were offered
+to it; and, as has already been said, it was customary for the
+people of the house to shave their heads and eyebrows whenever Pussy
+departed the family circle. Possibly it was their exalted position in
+Egypt which eventually led to cats being considered the "familiars"
+of witches in the Middle Ages, and even in our own time, for belief
+in witchcraft is not extinct. The kindly Egyptians made mummies of
+their cats and dogs, and it is presumable that, since Egypt is a corn
+growing, and hence a rat and mouse producing country, both dogs and
+cats, as killers of these vermin, were regarded with extreme veneration
+on account of their exterminating qualities. Their mummies are often
+both curious and comical, for the poor beast's quaint figure and face
+are frequently preserved with an indescribably grim realism, after the
+lapse of many ages.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_Egyptian Maiden presenting Incense to the
+new-made Mummy of a Cat._]
+
+The funeral processions of the Egyptians were magnificent; for with the
+principal members of the family of the deceased, if he chanced to be
+of royal or patrician rank, walked in stately file numerous priests,
+priestesses, and officials wearing mourning robes, and, together with
+professional mourners, filling the air with horrible howls and cries.
+Their descendants still produce these strident and dismal lamentations
+on similar occasions.
+
+
+
+
+THE Egyptian Pyramids, which were included among the seven wonders of
+the world, are seventy in number, and are masses of stone or brick,
+with square bases and triangular sides. Although various opinions have
+prevailed as to their use, as that they were erected for astronomical
+purposes, for resisting the encroachment of the sand of the desert, for
+granaries, reservoirs, or sepulchres, the last-mentioned hypothesis has
+been proved to be correct, in recent times, by the excavations of Vyse,
+who expended nearly £10,000 in investigating their object. They were
+the tombs of monarchs of Egypt who flourished from the Fourth to the
+Twelfth Dynasty, none having been constructed later than that time; the
+subsequent kings being buried at Abydos, Thebes, and other places, in
+tombs of a very different character.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_The Pyramids and Great Sphinx._--From a
+pen-and-ink sketch by HORACE VERNET.]
+
+The first, or Great Pyramid, was the sepulchre of the Cheops of
+Herodotus, the Chembes, or Chemmis, of Diodorus, and the Suphis of
+Manetho and Eratosthenes. Its height was 480 feet 9 inches, and its
+base 764 feet square. In other words, it was higher than St. Paul's
+Cathedral, and built on an area the size of Lincoln's Inn Fields. It
+has been, however, much spoiled, and stripped of its exterior blocks
+for the building of Cairo. The original sepulchral chamber, called
+the Subterranean Apartment, 46 feet by 27 feet, and 11 feet 6 inches
+high, has been hewn in the solid rock, and was reached by the original
+passage of 320 feet long, which descended to it by an entrance at
+the foot of the pyramid. A second chamber, with a triangular roof,
+17 feet by 18 feet 9 inches, and 20 feet 3 inches high, was entered
+by a passage rising to an inclination of 26° 18', terminating in a
+horizontal passage. It is called the Queen's Chamber, and occupies a
+position nearly in the centre of the pyramid. The monument--probably
+owing to the long life attained by the monarch--still progressing,
+a third chamber, called the King's, was finally constructed, by
+prolonging the ascending passage of the Queen's Chamber for 150 feet
+farther into the very centre of the pyramid, and, after a short
+horizontal passage, making a room 17 feet 1 inch by 34 feet 3 inches,
+and 19 feet 1 inch high. The changes which took place in this pyramid
+gave rise to various traditions, even in the days of Herodotus, Cheops
+being reported to lie buried in a chamber surrounded by the waters of
+the Nile. It took a long time for its construction--100,000 men being
+employed on it probably for above half a century, the duration of the
+reign of Cheops. The operations in this pyramid by General Vyse gave
+rise to the discovery of marks scrawled in red ochre in a kind of
+cursive hieroglyph, on the blocks brought from the quarries of Tourah.
+These contained the name and titles of Khufu (the hieroglyphic form of
+Cheops); numerals and directions for the position of materials, etc.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Mummies of Cats and Dogs._--British Museum and
+Museum of the Louvre.]
+
+The second Pyramid was built by Suphis II., or Kephren, who reigned
+66 years, according to Manethro, and who appears to have attained a
+great age. It has two sepulchral chambers, and must have been broken
+into by the Calif Alaziz Othman Ben-Yousouf, A.D. 1196. Subsequently
+it was opened by Belzoni. The masonry is inferior to that of the first
+Pyramid, but it was anciently cased below with red granite.
+
+The third Pyramid, built by Menkara, who reigned 63 years, is much
+smaller than the other two, and has also two sepulchral chambers, both
+in the solid rock. The lower chamber, which held a sarcophagus of
+rectangular shape of whinstone, had a pointed roof, cut like an arch
+inside; but the cedar coffin, in shape of a mummy, had been removed
+to the upper or large apartment, and its contents there rifled.
+Amongst the debris of the coffin and in the chambers were found the
+legs and part of the trunk of a body with linen wrapper, supposed by
+some to belong to the monarch, but by others to an Arab, on account
+of the anchylosed right knee. This body and fragments of the coffin
+were brought to the British Museum; but the stone sarcophagus was
+unfortunately lost off Carthagena, by the sinking of the vessel in
+which it was being transported to England.
+
+There are six other Pyramids of inferior size and interest at Gizeh;
+one at Abou Rouash, which is ruined, but of large dimensions; another
+at Zowyet El Arrian, still more ruined; another at Reegah, a spot in
+the vicinity of Abooseer, also much dilapidated, and built for the
+monarch User-en-Ra, by some supposed to be Busiris. There are five
+of these monuments at Abooseer, one with a name supposed to be that
+of a monarch of the Third Dynasty; and another with that of the king
+Sahura. A group of eleven Pyramids remains at Sakkara, and five other
+Pyramids are at Dashour, the northernmost of which, built of brick, is
+supposed to be that of the king Asychis of Herodotus, and has a name of
+a king apparently about the Twelfth Dynasty. Others are at Meydoon and
+Illahoon, Biahmo and Medinat El Fyoum, apparently the sepulchres of the
+last kings of the Twelfth Dynasty.
+
+In Nubia, the ancient Æthiopia, are several Pyramids, the tombs of the
+monarchs of Meroë and of some of the Ethiopian conquerors of Egypt.
+They are taller in proportion to their base than the Egyptian Pyramids,
+and generally have a sepulchral hall, or propylon, with sculptures,
+which faces the east. The principal groups of these Pyramids are at
+Bege Rauie, or Begromi, 17° N. lat., in one of which, gold rings and
+other objects of late art, resembling that of the Ptolemaic period,
+were found.
+
+The numerous Pyramids of Mexico are of vast size and importance, but
+their purpose is not yet fully ascertained. Completely covered as they
+are with dense vegetation, filled with venomous reptiles, they are
+difficult to investigate, but they were evidently much the same in
+shape and structure as the Egyptian, and their entrances were richly
+sculptured.
+
+The art of preserving the body after death by embalming was invented
+by the Egyptians, whose prepared bodies are known by the name of
+mummies. This art seems to have derived its origin from the idea that
+the preservation of the body was necessary for the return of the
+soul to the human form after it had completed its cycle of existence
+of three or ten thousand years. Physical and sanitary reasons may
+also have induced the ancient Egyptians; and the legend of Osiris,
+whose body, destroyed by Typhon, was found by Isis, and embalmed by
+his son Anubis, gave a religious sanction to the rite, all deceased
+persons being supposed to be embalmed after the model of Osiris in the
+_abuton_ of Philæ. One of the earliest embalmments on record is that
+of the patriarch Jacob; and the body of Joseph was thus prepared, and
+transported out of Egypt. The following seems to have been the usual
+rule observed after death. The relations of the deceased went through
+the city chanting a wail for the dead. The corpse of a male was at
+once committed into the charge of undertakers; if a female, it was
+detained at home until decomposition had begun. The _paraschistes_,
+or flank-inciser of the district, a person of low class, conveyed
+the corpse home. A scribe marked with a reed-pen a line on the left
+side beneath the ribs, down which line the paraschistes made a deep
+incision with a rude knife of stone, or probably flint. He was then
+pelted by those around with stones, and pursued with curses. Then the
+_taricheutes_, or preparer, proceeded to arrange the corpse for the
+reception of the salts and spices necessary for its preservation,
+and the future operations depended on the sum to be expended upon
+the task. When Herodotus visited Egypt, three methods prevailed: the
+first, accessible only to the wealthy, consisted in passing peculiar
+drugs through the nostrils, into the cavities of the skull, rinsing
+the body in palm wine, and filling it with resins, cassia, and other
+substances, and stitching up the incision in the left flank. The
+mummy was then steeped in natron for 70 days, and wrapped up in linen
+cemented by gums, and set upright in a wooden coffin against the walls
+of the house or tomb. This process cost what would now amount in our
+money to about £725. The second process consisted in injecting into the
+body cedar oil, soaking it in a solution of natron for 70 days, which
+eventually destroyed everything but the skin and bones. The expense was
+a _mina_, relatively, about £243. In the third process, used for the
+poorer classes, the corpse was simply washed in myrrh, and salted for
+70 days. When thus prepared the bodies were ready for sepulture, but
+they were often kept some time before burial--often at home--and were
+even produced at festive entertainments, to recall to the guests the
+transient lot of humanity. All classes were embalmed, even malefactors;
+and those who were drowned in the Nile or killed by crocodiles received
+an embalmment from the city nearest to which the accident occurred.
+
+The Ethiopians used similar means of embalming to preserve the dead,
+and other less successful means were used by nations of antiquity.
+The Persians employed wax, the Assyrians, honey; the Jews embalmed
+their monarchs with spices, with which the body of Our Lord was also
+anointed; Alexander the Great was preserved in wax and honey, and
+some Roman bodies have been found thus embalmed. The Guanches, or
+ancient inhabitants of the Canary Isles, used an elaborate process
+like the Egyptian; and dessicated bodies, preserved by atmospheric or
+other circumstances for centuries, have been found in France, Sicily,
+England, and America, especially in Central America, and Peru. The art
+of embalming was probably never lost in Europe, and De Bils, Ruysch,
+Swammerdam, and Clauderus boast of great success in it. During the
+present century it has been almost entirely discarded, except under
+very exceptional circumstances.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Tomb of Runjeet Singh at Lahore._]
+
+LEAVING the Oriental and remotely ancient nations aside, we will now
+consider the history of mourning as it was used by those peoples from
+whom we immediately derive our funereal customs. In ancient times,
+even amongst the Greeks and Romans, it was the custom to immolate
+victims--either slaves or captives--on the tomb of the departed, in
+order to appease the spirit, or that the soul might be accompanied by
+spirits of inferior persons to the realms of eternal bliss; and in
+India we have some difficulty even now in preventing the burning of a
+widow on the funeral pyre of her husband, instances of this barbarous
+custom occurring almost every year, notwithstanding the vigilance of
+our Government.
+
+It would be extremely interesting to trace to their sources all the
+various rites and ceremonies connected with our principal subject,
+of every nation, savage or civilised, ancient or modern; but the
+task would be quite beyond my limits. A thorough investigation of the
+matter, assisted very materially by a systematic investigation of that
+mine of curious information, Picard's famous "_Cérémonies et coutumes
+religieuses de tous les peuples_", which contains so many original
+letters from missionaries of the 16th and 17th Centuries, obliges me to
+come to the conclusion that there is, after all, not so much variety
+in the funereal ceremonies of the world as we imagine. Those of the
+Chinese and Japanese resemble in many ways, very strikingly too, the
+ceremonies which the Roman Catholics employ to this day: there are the
+same long processions of priests and officials; and Picard shows us a
+sketch of a very grand burial at Pekin, in 1675, in which we behold the
+body of the Emperor of the Celestials stretched upon a bier covered
+with deep violet satin, and surrounded by many lighted candles; prayers
+were said for the repose of the soul; and, as all the world knows,
+the costumes of the priests of Buddha are supposed to have undergone,
+together with their creed and ritual, a great change in the early part
+of the 17th Century, owing to the extraordinary influence of the Jesuit
+missionaries who followed St. Francis Xavier into India and Japan.
+The Japanese cremated their dead and preserved the ashes; the Chinese
+buried theirs; but the Cingalese, after burning the body, scattered the
+ashes to the winds; whilst a sect of Persians exposed their dead upon
+the top of high towers, and permitted the birds of prey to perform the
+duty which we assign to the gravedigger.
+
+Cemeteries existed in the East at a remote epoch, and were rendered
+so beautiful with handsome mausoleums, groves of stately cypresses
+and avenues of lovely rose bushes, that they are now used as public
+promenades. On certain days of the year multitudes resort to them for
+purposes of prayer, and the Armenian Christians illuminate theirs
+with lamps and tapers on the annual feast of the commemoration of
+the departed. Perhaps India possesses the most elegant tombs in the
+world, mainly built by the sovereigns of the Mongol dynasty. None
+among them is so sumptuous as the mausoleum of Taj Mahal, situated
+about a mile outside the port of Agra. It was built by Shah Jehan for
+himself and his wife Arjimand Banoo, surnamed Mumtaz Mahal; 20,000
+men were employed for 20 years erecting it. It is constructed of the
+purest white marble, relieved with precious stones. In the interior
+is the sepulchral apartment, which is chiefly decorated with lapis
+lazuli. The tombs of the Emperor and Empress, which stand under the
+dome, are covered with costly Indian shawls of green cashmere, heavily
+embroidered with gold.
+
+Another most beautiful specimen of Mahometan sepulchral architecture is
+the tomb of Runjeet Singh, near Lahore, which, though less known, is
+externally as magnificent as the mausoleum above described.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+MOSES prohibited the immolation of human victims on the tombs of the
+dead, and decreed that relatives should signify their sorrow by the
+manner in which they tore their garments. They rent them according
+to the degrees of affinity and parentage. Sometimes the tears were
+horizontal, and this indicated that a father, mother, wife, brother,
+or sister had died; but if the tear was longitudinal, it signified
+that some person had departed who was not a blood relation. An idea
+can be formed of the appalling destruction of clothing which must
+have occurred on certain occasions amongst the ancient Jews, when we
+remember that on the death of a king everybody was expected to tear
+their garments longitudinally, and to go about with them in tatters for
+nine days. This curious custom possibly explains Solomon's proverb,
+"There is a time to rend and a time to mend."
+
+The High Priest among the Jews was exempted from wearing mourning. The
+French, when they embraced Christianity, added many Jewish customs
+to their own: up to the time of the Revolution of 1789, their Grand
+Chancellor, or Chief Magistrate, was not bound to wear mourning even
+for his own father.
+
+The Greeks, doubtless, derived their funereal ceremonies from the
+Egyptians, and it is from this ancient people that we obtain the
+custom of wearing black as mourning. When a person in Greece was
+dangerously ill and not expected to recover, branches of _laurestinus_
+and _achanthus_ were hung up over the door, and the relatives hurried
+round the bed and prayed to Mercury, as the conductor of souls, to have
+mercy upon the invalid, and either to cure him completely or else help
+his soul to cross the river Styx. If the death really occurred, then
+the house was filled with cries and lamentations. The body was washed
+and perfumed, and covered with rich robes; a garland of flowers was
+placed on its head, and in its hand a cake made of wheat and honey,
+to appease Cerberus, the porter of Hell; and in the mouth a purse of
+money, in order to defray the expenses of Charon, the ferryman of Styx.
+In this state the deceased was exposed for two days in the vestibule of
+the house. At the door was a vase full of water, destined to purify the
+hands of those who touched the corpse.
+
+Visitors to Paris will remember how often they have seen a coffin
+exhibited in the doorway of a house, elaborately covered with flowers,
+having at its head a crucifix, and many lights surrounding it,
+everybody as they passed saluting it--the men by taking off their
+hats, and the women by making the sign of the cross, often using for
+this purpose holy water offered to them on a brush by an acolyte.
+Now, the Greeks used blessed water when they exposed their dead in
+front of their dwellings; possibly the French custom is derived from
+the Grecian. The funeral in Greece took place three days after the
+exhibition of the remains, and usually occurred before sunrise, so
+as to avoid ostentation. Many women surrounded the bier, weeping and
+howling, and not a few, being professionals, were paid for their
+trouble. The corpse was placed on a chariot, in a coffin made of
+cypress wood. The male relatives walked behind, those who were of
+close kinship having their heads shaved. They usually cast down their
+eyes, and were invariably dressed in black. A choir of musicians came
+next, singing doleful tunes. The procession, as a rule, had not far
+to go, for the body of a wealthy person was usually buried in his
+garden--if his city house did not possess one, in that of his villa
+residence.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_A Greek Tomb: the Monument of Themistocles,
+Athens._]
+
+The Greeks, it will thus be seen, buried their dead, and did not
+cremate them as did the Romans; but in the latter years of the Republic
+both forms of disposing of the body were common. After the burial,
+libations of wine were poured over the grave, and all objects of
+clothing which had belonged to the deceased were solemnly burnt. The
+ninth and fourteenth days after the funeral, the parents, dressed in
+white, visited the grave, and a ceremony was gone through for the
+repose of the soul. The anniversary of the death was also observed,
+and the Greeks, moreover, had a general commemoration of the dead in
+the month of March. And here let us make a digression to see how very
+closely the Greeks must have influenced the early Christians, and
+consequently their more immediate descendants, the Roman Catholics, in
+the matter of religious ceremonies; for it is usual among Catholics to
+hear a Mass for the Dead a week after the death, and also another on
+the anniversary. The universal feast of the dead is observed by them,
+however, not in the month of March, but in that of November. People
+who have lived in Paris will know how very largely these funereal
+ceremonies enter into the manners and customs of that gay city, so
+that it is not unfrequent for foreign residents to observe that their
+time is passed in perpetually going to funerals; for, if you have a
+large acquaintance, you are sure to receive at least twenty or thirty
+invitations to funerals and funereal commemorations in the course of
+the year. Of course, everybody will remember how on the Continent
+the first day of November is devoted to visiting the cemeteries and
+decorating the tombs of relatives and friends.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_Gallo-Roman bas-relief--found in Paris about
+fifty years ago--representing a family surrounding the body of a woman
+who has recently died._--Museum of the Louvre.]
+
+To return to the Greeks, it should be observed that their respect
+for the dead was remarkable, even amongst the ancients. If a man
+accidentally found a body on the high-road, he was obliged to turn
+aside and bury it. When the people saw a funeral procession pass, they
+uncovered their heads and murmured a prayer. The laws against the
+violation of the sepulchres of the dead were most severe, and any one
+who was caught damaging a tomb was usually flogged for his trouble, but
+if he overthrew it and disturbed the body, he was burnt alive.
+
+If a person died at sea, all the people on board the ship assembled at
+sunset, and cried out three times the name of the departed, who was
+usually thrown overboard. In the morning they repeated these calls, and
+so forth until the ship entered port. This was done in order to recall
+the names of the deceased, or at any rate to keep them propitious.
+
+When an illustrious person died in Greece, the ceremonies were on a
+most elaborate scale, and even accompanied by games, which lasted for
+many days. Readers of Homer's "Iliad" will remember his magnificent
+description of the death and funeral of Patroclus.
+
+Among the Romans the men were not obliged to wear mourning, but it was
+the fashion for women to do so. Very wisely, children under three years
+of age were not forced to put on black, even for their parents, and
+after that age, only for as many months as they had lived years.
+
+The Roman ladies only wore mourning for their parents for one year. Men
+were expected to wear it for the same period in the case of the death
+of a father, mother, wife, sister, or brother. Numa fixed the period
+of wearing deep mourning for the nearest of kin as ten months. People,
+however, were not obliged to wear mourning for any of their relatives
+who had been in prison, were bankrupt, or in any way outlawed. Numa
+published a minute series of laws regulating the mourning of his
+people. A very odd item in these included an order that women should
+not scratch their faces, or make an exceptional fuss at a public
+funeral. This was possibly decreed to put some stop to abuses which the
+hired mourners had occasioned: scratching their faces, for instance,
+so as to injure themselves, and making an over-dismal wail which was
+offensive to the genuine mourners.
+
+For freedmen and slaves among the Romans, the greatest mark of respect
+was the erection of a monument or inscription in the tomb reserved
+for the family they had served. Thousands of these inscriptions to
+slaves and faithful servants still exist, and lead us to hope that the
+hardships of slavery in ancient Rome were often softened by mutual
+kindness and respect. One of the most touching of these is in a tomb on
+the Appian Road, which is supposed to have belonged to the attendants
+of Livia, the illustrious consort of Augustus. It runs:--
+
+"To my beloved Julia, my slave-woman, whose last illness I have watched
+and attended as if it had been that of my own mother."
+
+Tombs of slaves who were martyrs to the Christian religion are very
+frequent, and their inscriptions are usually of a most pathetic
+description.
+
+The ashes of the dead, after the solemn burning of the body, were
+carefully gathered together and placed in an often very beautifully
+painted urn, and taken to the family tomb on the Appian Way, where
+an appropriate inscription was affixed to the wall under the niche
+containing the vase or urn. Little glass bottles, said to be filled
+with the tears of the nearest relations, were likewise enclosed in the
+urn, or else hung up beside it. Thousands of these, brilliant, after
+ages, with iridescent colours, are still found in the Roman tombs.
+
+It was not imperative for a man in old Rome to wear mourning at all;
+but it was considered very bad taste for a male not to show some
+external sign of respect for his dead. With women, on the other hand,
+it was obligatory.
+
+On great occasions, such as the death of an Emperor or a defeat of
+the army in foreign parts, the Senate, the Knights, and the whole
+Roman people assumed mourning; and the same ceremony was observed when
+any general of the Roman army was slain in battle. When Manlius was
+precipitated from the Tarpeian rock, half the people put on mourning.
+The defeat at Cannæ, the conspiracy of Catilina, and the death of
+Julius Cæsar were also events celebrated in Rome with public mourning;
+but during the whole period of the Republic it was not compulsory for
+people to notice death, either publicly or privately.
+
+The first public mourning recorded as being observed throughout the
+entire Roman Empire was that for Augustus. It lasted for fifty days
+for the men, and the whole year for women. The next public event which
+called forth a decree commanding that the entire people of Rome and
+the Empire should wear mourning, was the death of Livia, mother of
+Tiberius. The same thing occurred at the death of Drusus; and Caligula
+followed the example, and ordered general mourning on the death of
+Drusilla.
+
+Private mourning, which was among the Romans, as we have already
+intimated, not at all compulsory, could be broken by events such as the
+birth of a son or daughter, the marriage of a child, and the return
+of a prisoner of war. Men wore lighter mourning than women, but were
+expected to absent themselves from places of public amusement.
+
+The usual colour adopted by women for mourning, under the Roman Empire,
+was a peculiar blue-black serge, and an absolutely black veil. As with
+us, occasionally, the wearing of mourning brought forth some sharp
+remarks from the satirical poets. Thus, Macrobius tells us, in his
+Saturnalia, that Croesus on one occasion went to the Senate wearing the
+deepest mourning for the largest lamprey in his tank, which had died.
+
+Women were not allowed to remarry within the year of their husband's
+death. Imperial permission, however, might smooth this difficulty.
+
+
+
+
+AMONG the early Christians the sincerest respect for the memory of
+their dead was paid; for most of them, in the first centuries of the
+Church, were either martyrs or near connections of such as had suffered
+for the faith. The Catacombs are covered with inscriptions recording
+the deaths of martyrs; and many of these memorials are exceedingly
+pathetic, testifying to the fortitude with which the first Christians
+endured any manner of torture rather than deny the new faith which
+had been imparted to them by Divine revelation. The remains of the
+martyrs, however mangled they might be, were gathered together with the
+greatest reverence, and their blood placed in little phials of glass,
+which were considered relics of a most precious nature. The Catacombs,
+which served the first Christians as churches as well as places of
+burial, are called after the most distinguished martyrs who were buried
+therein. In that of St. Calixtus, for instance--where that early and
+martyred Pope was interred--about two centuries ago was found the body
+of Saint Cecilia, "the sweet patroness of music." With such precaution
+had her remains been transported to their place of interment, that
+Bernini, the most eminent sculptor of the 17th Century, was able to
+take a cast of them, which he subsequently worked into a lovely statue,
+representing the saint in the graceful and modest attitude in which it
+is said her body was found after the lapse of a thousand years. This
+exquisite work of art is to be seen in the church which bears Saint
+Cecilia's name, in the Trastevere; and a fine replica of it is in the
+chapel of St. Cecilia, in the Oratory, Brompton.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Divine Service in the Catacombs of St.
+Calixtus_, A.D. 50.]
+
+The Catacombs are subterraneous chambers and passages usually formed
+in the rock, which is soft and easily excavated, and are to be found
+in almost every country in which such rocks exist. In most cases,
+probably, they originated in mere quarries, which afterwards came to be
+used either as places of sepulchre for the dead, or as hiding-places
+for the persecuted living. The most celebrated Catacombs in existence
+are those on the Via Appia, at a short distance from Rome. To these
+dreary crypts the early Christians were in the habit of retiring, in
+order to celebrate Divine worship in times of persecution, and in them
+were buried many of the saints, the early Popes, and martyrs. They
+consist of long narrow galleries, usually about eight feet high and
+five wide, which twist and turn in all directions. The graves were
+constructed by hollowing out a portion of the rock, at the side of
+the gallery, large enough to contain the body. The entrance was then
+built up with stones, on which usually the letters D. M. (Deo Maximo),
+or [CHR], the first two letters of the Greek name of Christ, were
+inscribed. Though latterly devoted to purposes of Christian interment
+exclusively, it is believed that the Catacombs were at one time used
+as burying-places for Pagans also, and there are one or two which were
+evidently entirely devoted to the Jews. At irregular intervals, these
+galleries expand into wide and lofty vaulted chambers, in which the
+service of the Church was no doubt celebrated, and which still have
+the appearance of chapels. The original extent of the Catacombs is
+uncertain, the guides maintaining that they have a length of twenty
+miles, whereas about six only can now be ascertained to exist, and of
+these, many portions have either fallen in or become dangerous. When
+Rome was besieged by the Lombards in the 8th Century, several of the
+Catacombs were destroyed, and the Popes afterwards caused the remains
+of many of the saints and martyrs to be removed and buried in the
+churches. The Catacombs at Naples, cut into the Capo di Monte, resemble
+those at Rome, and evidently were used for the same purposes, being
+partially covered with remarkable Christian symbols. At Palermo and
+Syracuse, there are similar Catacombs, and they are also to be found
+in Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and Egypt. At Milo, one of the
+Cyclades, there is a hill which is honeycombed with a labyrinth of
+tombs running in every direction. In these, bassorilievi and figures
+in terra-cotta have been found, which prove them to be long anterior
+to the Christian era. In Peru and other parts of South America,
+ancient Catacombs still exist. The Catacombs of Paris are a species of
+charnel-house, into which the contents of such burying-places as were
+found to be pestilential, and the bodies of some of the victims of the
+Revolution, were cast by a decree of the Government. The skulls are
+arranged in curious forms, and a visit to these weird galleries is one
+of the sights of Paris, which few strangers, however, are privileged
+to study. The Capuchin monks have frequently attached to their
+monasteries, a cloister filled with earth brought from the Holy Land.
+In this the monks are buried for a time, until their bones are quite
+fleshless, when they are arranged in surprising groups in the long
+corridors of a series of galleries, and produce sometimes the reverse
+of a solemn effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Crypt of a Chapel in the Catacomb of St.
+Agnes, without the walls of Rome (restored), showing the manner in
+which the bodies of the early Christians were arranged one above the
+other. The front of each tomb was of course walled up._--From the work
+on the Catacombs of Rome, by M. PERRET.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_An Anglo-Saxon Widow Lady. The upper garment
+is of black cloth, edged with fur, and a veil of black gauze hangs from
+the head._--9th Century MS., National Library, Paris.]
+
+AS the Church emerged from the Catacombs, and was enabled to take her
+position in the world, her funereal ceremonies became more elaborate
+and costly. Masses for the dead were offered up in the churches, to
+the accompaniment of music and singing; and the funereal ceremonies
+which attended the burial of the Empress Theodolinda, A.D. 595, the
+friend and correspondent of Pope St. Gregory the Great, lasted for
+over a week. The Cathedral of Monza, where she was buried, was hung
+with costly black stuff, and the body of the Empress was exhibited
+under a magnificent catafalque, surrounded with lights, and was visited
+by pilgrims from all parts of Lombardy. Many hundreds of masses were
+said for her in all the churches, and all day the great bells of the
+cathedral and of the various monastic establishments tolled dolefully.
+At the end of the week the body of the illustrious Empress was placed
+in the vault under the high altar, where it remains to this day; and
+above it was a shrine filled with extraordinary relics, many of which
+still subsist, as, for instance, her celebrated "Hen and Chickens"--a
+plateau or tray of silver gilt with some gold chickens with ruby eyes
+upon it--and the famous iron crown, which is, indeed, of gold, having
+one of the nails said to have been used at the Crucifixion beaten in a
+single band round the inside. Napoleon I. crowned himself, at Milan,
+King of Italy, with this singular relic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_An Anglo-Saxon Priest wearing a black
+Dalmatic, edged with fur, ready to say a Requiem Mass._--From an early
+MS., 10th Century.]
+
+Our Catholic ancestors spent large sums of money upon their funerals.
+The pious practice of praying for the dead, which they doubtless
+derived from the Hebrews, induced them to secure the future exertions
+of their friends, by building chanteries and special chapels in the
+churches, with a view of reminding the survivors of their demise.
+Guilds, which by the way, still exist, were created for the purpose of
+binding people together in a holy league of prayer for the souls of the
+faithful departed. We find in the laws established for the Guild of
+Abbotsbury, the following regulations:--"If any one belonging to the
+association chance to die, each member shall pay a penny for the good
+of the soul, before the body be laid in the grave. If he die in the
+neighbourhood, the steward (secretary) shall enquire when he is to be
+interred, and shall summon as many members as he can, to assemble and
+carry the corpse in as honourable a manner as possible to the grave or
+minster, and there pray devoutly for his soul's rest." With the same
+view, our ancestors were ever anxious to obtain a place of sepulchre in
+the most frequented churches. The monuments raised over their remains,
+whilst keeping them safe from profanation, recalled them to memory,
+and solicited on their behalf the charity of the faithful. The usual
+inscription on the earlier Christian tombs in this country was the
+pathetic "Of your charity, pray for me." In the Guild of All Souls,
+in London, when any member died, it was the custom of the survivors
+to give the poor a loaf for the good of the soul; and the writer can
+perfectly remember, that some thirty years since, in remote parts of
+Norfolk, when anybody died, it was the fashion to distribute loaves
+of bread in the church porch as a dole. The funeral of an Anglo-Saxon
+was thus conducted:--The body of the deceased was placed on a bier or
+in a hearse. On it lay the book of the gospels, the code of his or her
+belief, and the cross, the signal of hope. A pall of silk or linen was
+thrown over it till it reached the place of interment. The friends
+were summoned, and strangers deemed it a duty to join the funeral
+procession. The clergy walked before or on each side, bearing lighted
+tapers in their hands, and chanting a portion of the psalter. If it
+were in the evening, the night was passed in exercises of devotion.
+In the morning, mass was sung and the body deposited with solemnity
+in the grave, the sawlshot paid, and a liberal donation distributed
+to the poor. Before the Reformation, it was the excellent custom for
+all persons who met a funeral to uncover and stand reverentially
+still until it had passed. The pious turned back, and accompanied the
+mourners a part of the way to the grave. It is pleasant to notice
+that this essentially humane habit of taking off the hat and behaving
+gravely as a funeral goes by, which is universal upon the Continent,
+is at last becoming more and more general here. The homage of the
+living to the mortal remains of even the humblest is excellent, and
+one which should be earnestly encouraged, being far more beneficial in
+its results than the heaping of costly flowers upon a hearse, which no
+one notices as it passes, laden with its ephemeral offerings, to the
+cemetery.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_Funeral of St. Edward the Confessor, January
+5th, 1066. The body, covered with a silken pall adorned with crosses,
+is carried by eight men, and followed by many priests, to Westminster
+Abbey, which he had founded. Under the bier are seen two small
+figures ringing bells._--From the Bayeux Tapestry, worked by Matilda
+of Flanders, Queen of William the Conqueror, and preserved in the
+Cathedral at Bayeux--11th Century.]
+
+The funeral of Edward the Confessor was exceedingly magnificent, and
+the shrine built over his relics, behind the high altar of the glorious
+abbey which he founded, is still an object of reverence with our Roman
+Catholic fellow-citizens, who, on St. Edward's Day, are permitted by
+a tolerant age to offer their devotions before the resting-place of
+the last of our Saxon Kings. But our first Norman King was buried with
+scant ceremony. He died 1087, at Hermentrude, a village near Rouen,
+having been taken suddenly ill on his way to England. No sooner was
+the illustrious king deceased, than his servants plundered the house
+and even the corpse, flinging it naked upon the floor. Herleadin, a
+peasant, undertook at last to convey the body to Caen, where it was to
+be buried in the Abbey of St. Stephen, Prince Henry and the monks being
+present. Scarcely, however, was the mass of requiem begun, when the
+church took fire, and everybody fled, leaving William the Conqueror's
+hearse neglected in the centre of the transept. At last the flames were
+extinguished, the interrupted service finished, and the funeral sermon
+preached. Just, however, as the coffin was about to be lowered into the
+vault, Anselm Fitz-Arthur, a Norman gentleman, stood forth and forbade
+the interment. "This spot," cried he, "is the site of my father's
+house, which this dead man burnt to ashes. On the ground it occupied I
+built this church, and William's body shall not desecrate it." After
+much ado, however, Fitz-Arthur was prevailed upon by Prince Henry to
+allow the body to be buried, on the payment of sixty shillings as the
+price of the grave. In the 17th Century the Calvinists ravaged the tomb
+and broke the monument. It was restored in 1642, but finally swept
+away, together with that of Queen Matilda, in the Revolution of 1793.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_The Shrine of the Confessor, in Westminster
+Abbey._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Funeral of an Abbess--10th Century._--From a
+MS.]
+
+PERHAPS the most curious funeral on record occurred just at the dawn
+of the Renaissance--that of the ill-fated Inez de Castro--"the Queen
+crowned after death"--who was murdered in the 14th Century by three
+assassins in her own apartment at Coimbra. "Being conveyed," says the
+Chronicle of Fray Jao das Reglas, "to the chapel of the neighbouring
+convent, her body was arrayed in spotless white and decked with roses.
+The nuns surrounded the bier, and the Queen-mother of Portugal,
+Brittes, sat in state--her crown upon her head and her royal robes
+flowing around her--as chief mourner, having given an order that the
+body should not be buried until after the return of her son Don Pedro.
+When he did come back, he was transported with grief and anger at the
+foul murder of his consort; and, throwing himself upon the corpse,
+clasped it to his heart, covered its pale lips, its hands, its feet
+with kisses, and, refusing all consolation, remained for thirty hours
+with the body clasped in his embrace! At last, being overcome with
+fatigue, the unhappy Prince was carried away senseless from the piteous
+remains of his most dear Inez, and they were consigned to the grave.
+It was his father who had instigated the murderers to commit their
+foul deed, and this determined Pedro to take up arms against him; and
+Portugal was desolated by civil war. Eventually the reasoning of the
+Queen (Brittes) prevailed, and peace was restored. Pedro, however,
+never spoke to his father again until the hour of his death, when he
+forgave the great wrong he had done him. He now ascended the throne,
+and his first act was to hunt down the three murderers, two of whom
+were put to death, with tortures too awful to describe, and the other
+escaped into France, where he died a beggar. After this retributive
+act, Don Pedro assembled the Cortes at Cantandes, and, in the presence
+of the Pope's Nuncio, solemnly swore that he had secretly married Inez
+de Castro at Braganza, in the presence of the bishop and of other
+witnesses." "Then occurred an event unique in history," continues this
+naive contemporary chronicle. "The body of Inez was lifted from the
+grave, placed on a magnificent throne, and crowned Queen of Portugal.
+The clergy, the nobility, and the people did homage to her corpse,
+and kissed the bones of her hands. There sat the dead Queen, with her
+yellow hair hanging like a veil round her ghastly form. One fleshless
+hand held the sceptre, and the other the orb of royalty. At night,
+after the coronation ceremony, a procession was formed of all the
+clergy and nobility, the religious orders and confraternities--which
+extended over many miles--each person holding a flaring torch in his
+hand, and thus walked from Coimbra to Alcobaça, escorting the crowned
+corpse to that royal abbey for interment. The dead Queen lay in her
+rich robes upon a chariot drawn by black mules and lighted up by
+hundreds of lights."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Bird's-eye view of the Monument (restored) of
+the Queen Inez of Castro, Abbey of Alcobaça, Portugal._]
+
+The scene must indeed have been a weird one. The sable costumes of the
+bishops and priests, the incense issuing from innumerable censers,
+the friars in their quaint garments, and the fantastically-attired
+members of the various hermandades, or brotherhoods--some of whom were
+dressed from head to foot entirely in scarlet, or blue, or black, or in
+white--with their countenances masked and their eyes glittering through
+small openings in their cowls; but above all, the spectre-like corpse
+of the Queen, on its car, and the grief-stricken King, who led the
+train--when seen by the flickering light of countless torches, with its
+solemn dirge music, passing through many a mile of open country in the
+midnight hours--was a vision so unreal that the chronicler describes it
+as "rather a phantasmagoria than a reality." In the magnificent abbey
+of Alcobaça the _requiem_ mass was sung, and the corpse finally laid to
+rest.
+
+The monument still exists, with the statue, with its royal diadem and
+mantle, lying thereon. The tomb of Don Pedro is placed foot to foot
+with that of Inez, so--the legend runs--that at the Judgment Day they
+may rise together and stand face to face.
+
+In 1810 the bodies of Don Pedro I. and Dona Inez de Castro were
+disturbed by the French, at the sack of Alcobaça. The skeleton of Inez
+was discovered to be in a singular state of preservation--the hair
+exceedingly long and glossy, and the head bound with a golden crown
+set with jewels of price. Singularly enough, this crown, although very
+valuable, was kicked about by the men as a toy and thrown behind the
+high altar, whence, as soon as the troops evacuated the monastery, it
+was carefully taken and laid aside by the Abbot. Shortly afterwards it
+again encircled the unhappy Queen's head, when, by order of the Duke
+of Wellington, the remains were once more replaced in the tomb, with
+military honours.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_Funeral Service, in which are shown
+the Candelabra and Incense Vessels which were deposited in the
+coffin._--Drawing of the 14th Century--Collection of the Rev. Father
+COCHET.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Angels praying over a Skull._--Bas-relief of
+16th Century.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIGS. 18 & 19.--_Death Criers_--_French costumes of 17th
+Century. The English dress was almost identical._--From a rare print
+in the collection of Mr. RICHARD DAVEY. Engraved expressly for this
+publication.]
+
+FUNERAL services of great magnificence entered largely into the customs
+of this pageantic epoch; and to this day, in Catholic countries, no
+religious ceremonies are conducted with more pomp than those intended
+to commemorate the departed. Besides the religious orders, there were
+numerous confraternities, guilds, and brotherhoods devoted to the
+burying and praying for the deceased. As no newspapers existed in those
+days, when a person of distinction died, the "Death Crier,"--in some
+parts of England called the "Death Watch,"--dressed in black, with a
+death's-head and cross-bones painted on the back and front of his gown,
+and armed with a bell, went the round of the town or village, as the
+case might be, shouting "Of your charity, good people, pray for the
+soul of our dear brother, [or sister] who departed this life at such
+and such an hour." Upon this the windows and doors of the houses were
+opened, and the "good people" said an ave or a pater for the "rest"
+of the dead, and at the same time the passing bell was tolled. In
+London, when the King or Queen died, the crier, or "Death Watch," who
+paraded our principal thoroughfares was, of course, a very important
+personage. Attended by the whole brotherhood, or guild, of the Holy
+Souls, with cross-bearer, each carrying a lighted candle, he proceeded
+processionally through the streets, notably up and down Cheapside and
+the Strand, solemnly ringing his bell, and crying out in a lugubrious
+voice his sad news. These criers, both in England and France, were
+paid, as officials, by the civic corporation so much per day, and were
+obliged, in addition to their usual mournful occupation, to inspect and
+report on the condition of low taverns and places of ill-fame. In the
+course of time they added to their "cry" news of a more miscellaneous
+character, and after the Reformation, became, we may well imagine,
+those rather musty folks the "Watch," who only disappeared from our
+midst as late as the early half of this century.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_Pall from the Church of Folleville, France,
+now in the Museum at Amiens. It is of black velvet, with stripes of
+white silk let in, embroidered with black and gold thread. It was
+placed over the coffin. Similar palls existed in England, and one or
+two are still preserved in our national collections._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_Scene from Richard III._--_The body of Henry
+VI. being by chance met by Richard on its way to Chertsey, he orders
+the bearers to set it down, and then pleads his cause to the Lady
+Anne._]
+
+Shakespeare, whose knowledge of Catholicism of course came to him from
+immediate tradition, possibly remembered a very ancient custom when, in
+_Richard III._, he makes the Duke of Glo'ster command the attendants
+who follow the body of Henry VI. to set it down,--an order which they
+obey reluctantly enough,--thereby giving him an opportunity to make
+love to Lady Anne in the presence of her murdered father-in-law's
+remains. In Catholic times the streets were adorned not only by many
+fine crosses, such as those at Charing and Cheapside, but also by
+numerous chapels and wayside shrines. Funerals, when they passed
+these, were in the habit of stopping, and the assistants, kneeling,
+prayed for the dead person whom they were carrying to the grave. They
+likewise stopped, also, and very frequently too, at certain well-known
+public-houses or taverns, the members of the family of the deceased
+being obliged by custom to "wet the lips" of the "thirsty souls" who
+carried the corpse. Sometimes very disorderly scenes ensued. The hired
+mourners and more unruly members of the guilds got drunk; and it is on
+record that on more than one occasion the body was pulled out of its
+coffin by these rascals and outraged, to the horror and indignation of
+honest people. It has frequently occurred to the writer, that if the
+attendants in the curious scene in the tragedy just mentioned, were to
+convey the body of the dead King to the side or back of the stage, in
+front of some shrine or cross, and occupy themselves with prayer, they
+would render the astonishing dialogue between Glo'ster and Lady Anne
+much more intelligible than when we hear it spoken, as is usually the
+case, before a number of persons for whose ears it was certainly never
+intended.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Funeral of King Richard II., showing his
+waxen effigy._--From an early MS. of FROISSART.]
+
+
+
+
+IMPORTANT personages in olden times in this country were usually
+embalmed. The poor, on the contrary, were rarely furnished even with
+a decent coffin, but were carried to the grave in a hired one, which,
+in villages, often did duty for many successive years. Once the brief
+service was said, the pauper's body, in its winding-sheet, was placed
+reverently enough in the earth, and covered up--a fact which doubtless
+accounts for the numerous village legends of ghosts wandering about in
+winding-sheets. Charitable people paid for masses to be said by the
+friars for their poorer brethren, and the guilds paid all expenses of
+the funeral, which were naturally not very considerable. On the other
+hand, the funeral of great personages, from king to squire, was a
+function which sometimes lasted a week. The bell tolled--as it still
+does--the moment the death became known to the bell-ringer. Then the
+body was washed, embalmed with spices and sweet herbs, wrapped in a
+winding-sheet of fine linen,--which, by the way, was often included
+among the wedding presents--and taken down into the hall of the palace
+or manor, which was hung with black, and lighted by many tapers, and
+even by waxen torches--sometimes as many as 300 and 400 of them--an
+immense expense, considering the cost of wax in those days. After three
+days' exposition--if the body remained incorrupt so long--the corpse
+was sealed up in a leaden coffin, and taken to the church, where solemn
+masses were sung. The clothes--we may presume the old and well-worn
+ones only--were then formally distributed to the poor of the parish.
+Finally came the funeral banquet of "baked meats," to which all those,
+including the clergy, who had taken part in the funeral service and
+procession were invited.
+
+When the Sovereign or any person of royal rank deceased, a waxen
+presentment was immediately made of him as he was seen in life under
+the influence of sleep. This figure, dressed in the regal robes,
+was exposed upon the catafalque in the church, instead of the real
+body--a custom doubtless inspired originally by hygienic motives, for
+frequently the funeral rites of a king or prince of the blood were
+prolonged for many days. In Westminster Abbey there are still several
+of these grim ancient waxen effigies to be seen, by special permission
+of the Dean, very faded and ghastly, but interesting as likenesses,
+and for the fragments which time has spared of their once gorgeous
+attire. This custom lasted with us until the time of William and Mary.
+In France it disappeared in the middle of the 17th Century, the last
+mention of it being on the occasion of the death of Anne of Austria;
+for we read in a curious letter from Guy Patin to his friend Falconet,
+"The Queen-Mother died to-day [Jan. 21, 1666]. She was immediately
+embalmed, and by noon her waxen effigy was on view at the Louvre.
+Thousands are pressing in to see it."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Funeral Procession of King Henry V._, A.D.
+1422.]
+
+In France, so long as the wax effigy was exposed in the church or
+palace, sometimes for three weeks, the service of the royal person's
+table took place as usual. His or her chair of state was drawn up to
+the table, the napkin, knife and fork, spoon and glass, were in their
+usual places, and at the appointed time the dinner was served to the
+household, and "the meats, drinks, and all other goodly things" were
+offered before the dead prince's chair, as if he were still seated
+therein. When, however, the coffin took the place in the church
+of the wax figure, and the body was put into the grave, then the
+banqueting-hall was hung with black, and for eight days no meals were
+served in it of any kind.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Queen Katherine de Valois in her Widow's
+Dress, A.D. 1422. The costume is of black brocade elaborately trimmed
+with black glass beads, and trimmed with white fur._--MS. of the
+period.]
+
+We still possess some curious details concerning the funeral of Henry
+V., who died at Vincennes in 1422. Juvenal des Usines tells us that
+the body was boiled, so as to be converted into a perfect skeleton,
+for better transportation into England. The bones were first taken
+to Notre Dame, where a superb funeral service was said over them.
+Just above the body they placed a figure made of boiled leather,
+representing the king's person "as well as might be desired," clad in
+purple, with the imperial diadem on its brow and the sceptre in its
+hand. Thus adorned, the coffin and the effigy were placed on a gorgeous
+chariot, covered with a "coverture" of red velvet beaten with gold.
+In this manner, followed by the King of Scots, as chief mourner, and
+by all the princes, lords, and knights of his house, was the body of
+the illustrious hero of Agincourt conveyed from town to town, until it
+reached Calais and was embarked for England, where it was finally laid
+at rest in Westminster Abbey, under a new monument erected by Queen
+Katherine de Valois, who eventually caused a silver-plated effigy of
+her husband, with a solid silver gilt head, to be placed on the tomb,
+which was unfortunately destroyed at the time of the Reformation.
+
+The funeral of Eleanor of Castile, the adored consort of Edward I.,
+was exceptionally sumptuous. This amiable Queen died at Hardbey, near
+Grantham, of "autumnal" fever, on November 29, 1290. The pressing
+affairs of Scotland were obliterated for the time from the mind of the
+great Edward, and he refused to attend to any state duty until his
+"loved ladye" was laid at rest at Westminster. The procession, followed
+by the King in the bitterest woe, took thirteen days to reach London
+from Grantham. At the end of every stage the royal bier surrounded by
+its attendants, rested in some central place of a great town, till the
+neighbouring ecclesiastics came to meet it in solemn procession, and
+to place it upon the high altar of the principal church. A cross was
+erected in memory of King Edward's _chère reine_ at every one of these
+resting-places. Thirteen of these monuments once existed; now only
+two of the originals remain, the crosses of Northampton and Waltham.
+The fac-simile at Charing Cross, opposite the Railway Station, though
+excellent, is of course modern, and does not occupy the right spot,
+which was, it is said on good authority, exactly where now stands the
+statue of Charles II. The Chronicler of Dunstable thus describes the
+ceremony of marking the sites for these crosses: "Her body passed
+through Dunstable and rested one night, and two precious cloths were
+given us, and eighty pounds of wax. And when the body of Queen Eleanor
+was departing from Dunstable, her bier rested in the centre of the
+market-place till the King's Chancellor and the great men there present
+had marked a fitting place where they might afterwards erect, at the
+royal expense, a cross of wonderful size,--our prior being present, who
+sprinkled the spot with holy water."
+
+Perhaps the most magnificent funeral which took place before the
+Reformation was that of Elizabeth of York, consort of Henry VII. It
+was one of the last great Roman Catholic state funerals in England,
+for the obsequies of Henry VII. himself were conducted on a much
+diminished scale; and those of the wives of Henry VIII., and of that
+monster himself, were not accompanied by so much pomp, owing to the
+religious troubles of the time. Queen Elizabeth of York was the last
+English Queen who died at the Tower. Her obsequies took place in the
+chapel of St. Mary, which was, until quite lately, the Rolls Office,
+and which was magnificently hung on this occasion with black brocade.
+The windows were veiled with crape. The Queen's body rested on a bed of
+state, in a _chapelle ardente_, surrounded by over 5,000 wax candles.
+High Mass was said during the earlier hours of the morning, and in the
+afternoon solemn Vespers were sung. When the Queen's body was nailed up
+in its coffin, the usual waxen effigy took its place. The procession
+left St. Mary's, in the Tower, at noon, for Westminster Abbey, and was
+of exceeding length. At every hundred yards it was met by the religious
+corporations, fraternities, and guilds, and by the children attached
+to sundry monastic and charitable foundations, some of them dressed as
+angels, with golden wings, and all of them singing psalms. There were
+over 8,000 wax tapers burning between Mark Lane and the Temple; and
+the fronts of all the churches were hung with black, and brilliantly
+illuminated. The people in the streets held candles, and repeated
+prayers. At Temple Bar the body was received by the municipal officers
+of the City of Westminster, who accompanied it to the Abbey, where the
+Queen's effigy was exhibited with great state for two days, and on the
+morning of the third she was buried in what is since known as "Henry
+VII.'s Chapel."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Gentleman in Mourning, time of Henry VII. The
+costume is entirely black, edged with black fur._--From a contemporary
+MS.]
+
+The funeral of the unfortunate Katherine of Arragon took place, as all
+the world knows, in Peterborough Cathedral.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_Richard I. and his Queen attending the
+Requiem Mass for the fallen Crusaders, in the Cathedral of Rhodes._]
+
+In a recently discovered contemporary Spanish chronicle, translated
+by Mr. Martin Sharpe Hume, it seems that the servants of the "Blessed
+lady" (Queen Katherine) were all dressed in mourning, and the funeral
+was a fairly handsome one. More than three hundred masses were said
+during the day at Peterborough, for all the clergy for fifteen miles
+round came to the various services. Chapuy, the Spanish Ambassador to
+the Court of King Henry, in a letter to his master Charles V., however,
+informs him that the funeral of Queen Katherine was mean and shabby in
+the extreme, quite unworthy even of an ordinary baroness. Jane Seymour
+fared better after death than any other of the wives of Henry VIII.,
+and was buried with considerable solemnity at Windsor. The first royal
+Protestant state funeral mentioned as taking place in this country
+was that of Queen Catherine Parr, at Sudeley Castle. The ceremony was
+of the simplest description: psalms were sung over the remains, and a
+brief discourse pronounced. The Lady Jane Grey was chief mourner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Lying in State of Queen Elizabeth of York,
+Consort of Henry VII._]
+
+The author of the Spanish chronicle just mentioned, who evidently
+witnessed the interment of Henry VIII., assures us that the waxen
+effigy of the King was carried in a chair to Windsor, and was an
+astonishing likeness. It was followed by 1,000 gentlemen on horseback,
+the horses all being draped with black velvet. Many masses were said in
+St. George's Chapel for the rest of the King's soul, but the obsequies
+do not appear to have been exceptionally splendid.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Tomb of Henry V._]
+
+The funeral of Anne of Cleves, who had become a Catholic, took place
+at Westminster, under the special supervision of Queen Mary. It was a
+plain but handsome function, conducted with good taste, but without
+ostentation. The unpopular Mary Tudor's funeral was the last Catholic
+state ceremony of the kind which ever took place in Westminster Abbey.
+Queen Elizabeth attended her sister's funeral, which was a simple one,
+and listened attentively to the funeral oration preached by Dr. White
+Bailey, of Winchester, who, when he spoke of poor Mary's sufferings,
+wept bitterly, and exclaimed, looking significantly at her successor,
+_Melior est canis vivis leone mortuo_. Elizabeth understood her Latin
+too well not to be fired with indignation at this elegant simile,
+which declared a "living dog better than a dead lion," and ordered the
+bishop to be arrested as he descended from the pulpit, and a violent
+scene occurred between him and the Queen, which, Her Majesty prudently
+permitted him to have the best of, by withdrawing with her train from
+the Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Departure of the body of Queen Elizabeth from
+Greenwich Palace, for Interment at Westminster._]
+
+QUEEN ELIZABETH died in the seventieth year of her age and the
+forty-fourth of her reign, March 24, on the eve of the festival of the
+Annunciation, called Lady Day. Among the complimentary epitaphs which
+were composed for her, and hung up in many churches, was one ending
+with the following couplet:--
+
+    "She is, she was--what can there be more said?
+    On earth the first, in heaven the second maid."
+
+It is stated by Lady Southwell that directions were left by Elizabeth
+that she should not be embalmed; but Cecil gave orders to her surgeon
+to open her. "Now, the Queen's body being cered up," continues Lady
+Southwell, "was brought by water to Whitehall, where, being watched
+every night by six several ladies, myself that night watching as one
+of them, and being all in our places about the corpse, which was fast
+nailed up in a board coffin, with leaves of lead covered with velvet,
+her body burst with such a crack that it splitted the wood, lead, and
+cere-cloth; whereupon, the next day she was fain to be new trimmed up."
+
+Elizabeth was most royally interred in Westminster Abbey on the 28th of
+April, 1603. We subjoin a rare contemporary engraving of the funeral
+procession, by which it will be seen with what pomp and ceremony the
+remains of the great Queen were escorted to their last resting-place.
+"The city of Westminster," says Stow, "was surcharged with multitudes
+of all sorts of people, in the streets, houses, windows, leads, and
+gutters, who came to see the obsequy. And when they beheld her statue,
+or effigy, lying on the coffin, set forth in royal robes, having a
+crown upon the head thereof, and a ball and a sceptre in either hand,
+there was such a general sighing, groaning, and weeping as the like
+hath not been seen or known in the memory of man; neither doth any
+history mention any people, time, or state to make such lamentation
+for the death of a sovereign." The funereal effigy which, by its close
+resemblance to their deceased sovereign, moved the sensibility of the
+loyal and excitable portion of the spectators at her obsequies in this
+powerful manner, was no other than the faded waxwork effigy of Queen
+Elizabeth preserved in Westminster Abbey.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_A memento mori, or death's-head timepiece,
+in solid silver, lately exhibited at the Stuart Exhibition, 1888-9.
+On the forehead is a figure of Death standing between a palace and a
+cottage: around is this legend from Horace,_ "Pallida mors equo pulsat
+pede pauperum tabernas Regum que turres." _On the hind part of the
+skull is a figure of Time, with another legend from Ovid:_ "Tempus
+Edax Rerum tuque Mirdiosa Vetustas." _The upper part of the skull
+bears representations of Adam and Eve and the Crucifixion; between
+these scenes is open work to let out the sound when the watch strikes
+the hour upon a silver bell which fills the hollow of the skull and
+receives the works within it when the watch is shut. On the edge is
+inscribed:_ "Sicut meis sic et omnibus idem." _It bears the maker's
+name, Moysart à Blois. Belonged formerly to Mary Queen of Scots, and by
+her was given to the Seton family, and inherited thence by its actual
+owner, Sir T. W. Dick Lauder._]
+
+Elizabeth was interred in the same grave with her sister and
+predecessor in regal office, Mary Tudor. Her successor, James I., has
+left a lasting evidence of his good feeling and good taste in the
+noble monument he erected to her memory in the Abbey, and she was the
+last sovereign of this country to whom a monument has been given.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Funeral of Queen Elizabeth, 18th of April,
+1603._--From a very rare contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly,
+and for the first time, for this work, by M. Badoureau, of Paris. No. 1
+represents the wax effigy of the Queen lying on her coffin; gentlemen
+pensioners carrying the banners. The chariot is drawn by four horses.
+2. Kings at Arms. 3. Noblemen. 4. The Archbishop of Canterbury. 5.
+The French Ambassador and his train-bearer. 6. The great Standard
+of England, carried by the Earl of Pembroke. 7. The Master of the
+Horse. 8. The Lady Marchioness of Northampton, grand mourner, and the
+ladies in attendance on the Queen. 9. Captain of the Guard. 10. Lord
+Clanricarde carrying the Standard of Ireland. 11. Standard of Wales,
+borne by Viscount Bindon, followed by the Lord Mayor. 12. Gentlemen
+of the Chapels Royal; children of the Chapels. 13. Trumpeters. 14.
+Standard of the Lion. 15. Standard of the Greyhound. 16. The Queens
+Horse. 17. Poor Women to the number of 266. 18. The Banner of Cornwall.
+The Aldermen, Recorders, Town Clerks, etc.]
+
+We have very minute details of how royal personages were buried in
+France, in a curious book published in the 17th Century, from a MS. of
+the time of Louis XI. In it we learn that King Louis XI. wore scarlet
+for mourning on the death of his father, Charles VII. Up to the time of
+Louis XIV. the Queens of France, if they became widowed, wore white;
+and this is the reason that Mary Tudor was called "_La Reine Blanche_,"
+when she clandestinely married the Duke of Suffolk in the chapel of
+that most interesting place, the Maison Cluny, now a museum, which
+still retains its name of _La Reine Blanche_. The Queen had been but a
+very short time the widow of Charles VIII., and still wore her weeds
+when she gave her hand to the lusty English duke. Mary Stuart wore
+white for her husband, Francis II. of France; and when she arrived in
+Scotland she still retained, for some months, her white robes, and
+was called the "White Queen" in consequence. But this illustrious and
+ill-fated princess throughout the greater part of her life wore black,
+and we have many minute details of her dresses, especially of the
+stately one she wore on the day of her execution, which was of brocaded
+satin, having a train of great length; a ruffle of white lawn, edged
+with lace; and a veil (which still exists) made of drawn threads, in
+a check-board pattern, and edged with Flemish lace. From her girdle
+was suspended a rosary, and in her hand she carried a crucifix. Her
+under garments, we know, were scarlet; for, when she removed her dress
+upon the scaffold, the bodice at least, all contemporaries agree,
+was flame-coloured. Queen Elizabeth ordered her Court to go into
+mourning for the Queen of Scots, whose sad and "accidental" death she
+hypocritically decreed should be regarded as a very great misfortune.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_French Lady of the 16th Century in Widow's
+Weeds. This costume is identical with that worn by Mary Stuart as
+widow of the Dauphin, only her dress was perfectly white._--From
+PIETRO VERCELLIO'S famous work on Costume, engraved expressly for this
+publication.]
+
+King James ordered the deepest mourning to be worn for his royal
+mother--a requisition with which all his nobles complied, except the
+Earl of Sinclair, who appeared before him clad in steel. The King
+frowned, and inquired if he had not seen the order for a general
+mourning. "Yes," was the noble's reply; "this is the proper mourning
+for the Queen of Scotland." James, however, whatever his inclinations
+might have been, was unprovided with the means of levying war against
+England, and his Ministers were entirely under the control of the
+English faction, and, after maintaining a resentful attitude for a
+time, he was at length obliged to accept Elizabeth's "explanation" of
+the murder of his mother.
+
+Early in March, 1587, the obsequies of Mary Stuart were solemnised
+by the King, nobles, and people of France, with great pomp, in the
+Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, and a passionately eloquent funeral
+oration was pronounced by Renauld de Beaulue, Archbishop of Bourges
+and Patriarch of Acquitaine, which brought tears to the eyes of every
+person in the congregation.
+
+After Mary's body had remained for nearly six months apparently
+forgotten by her murderers, Elizabeth considered it necessary, in
+consequence of the urgent and pathetic memorials of the afflicted
+servants of the unfortunate princess and the remonstrances of her
+royal son, to accord it not only Christian burial, but a pompous state
+funeral. This she appointed to take place in Peterborough Cathedral,
+and, three or four days before, sent some officials to make the
+necessary arrangements for the solemnity. The place selected for the
+interment was at the entrance of the choir from the south aisle. The
+grave was dug by the centogenarian sexton, Scarlett. Heralds and
+officers of the wardrobe were also sent to Fotheringay Castle to
+make arrangements for the removal of the royal body, and to prepare
+mourning for all the servants of the murdered Queen. Moreover, as
+their head-dresses were not of the approved fashion for mourning in
+England, Elizabeth sent a milliner on purpose to make others, in the
+orthodox mode, proper to be worn at the funeral, and to be theirs
+afterwards. However, these true mourners coldly, but firmly declined
+availing themselves of these gifts and attentions, declaring "that they
+would wear their own dresses, such as they had got made for mourning
+immediately after the loss of their beloved Queen and mistress."
+
+On the evening of Sunday, July 30, Garter King of Arms arrived at
+Fotheringay Castle, with five other heralds and forty horsemen,
+to receive and escort the remains of Mary Stuart to Peterborough
+Cathedral, having brought with them a royal funereal car for that
+purpose, covered with black velvet, elaborately set forth with
+escutcheons of the arms of Scotland, and little pennons round about
+it, drawn by four richly-caparisoned horses. The body, being enclosed
+in lead within an outer coffin, was reverently put into the car, and
+the heralds, having assumed their coats and tabards, brought the same
+forth from the castle, bare-headed, by torchlight, about ten o'clock at
+night, followed by all her sorrowful servants.
+
+The procession arrived at Peterborough between one and two o'clock on
+the morning of July 30, and was received ceremoniously at the minster
+door by the bishop and clergy, where, in the presence of her faithful
+Scotch attendants, she was laid in the vault prepared for her, without
+singing or saying--the grand ceremonial being appointed for August 1.
+The reason for depositing the royal body previously in the vault was,
+because it was too heavy to be carried in the procession, weighing,
+with the lead and outer coffin, nearly nine hundredweight. On Monday,
+the 31st, arrived the ceremonial mourners from London, escorting the
+Countess of Bedford, who was to represent Elizabeth in the mockery of
+acting as chief mourner to the poor victim. At eight in the morning
+of Tuesday the solemnities commenced. First, the Countess of Bedford
+was escorted in state to the great hall of the bishop's palace, where
+a representation of Mary's corpse lay on a royal bier. Thence she was
+followed into the church by a great number of English peers, peeresses,
+knights, ladies, and gentlemen, in mourning. All Mary's servants,
+both male and female, walked in the procession, according to their
+degree--among them her almoner, De Préau, bearing a large silver cross.
+The representation of the corpse being received without the Cathedral
+gate by the bishops and clergy, it was borne in solemn procession and
+set down within the royal hearse, which had been prepared for it, over
+the grave where the remains of the Queen had been silently deposited by
+torchlight on the Monday morning. The hearse was 20 feet square, and
+27 feet high. On the coffin--which was covered with a pall of black
+velvet--lay a crown of gold, set with stones, resting on a purple
+velvet cushion, fringed and tasselled with gold.
+
+All the Scotch Queen's train--both men and women, with the exception
+of Sir Andrew Melville and the two Mowbrays, who were members of the
+Reformed Church--departed, and would not tarry for sermon or prayers.
+This greatly offended the English portion of the congregation, who
+called after them and wanted to force them to remain. After the prayer
+and a funeral service, every officer broke his staff over his head
+and threw the pieces into the vault upon the coffin. The procession
+returned in the same order to the bishop's palace, where Mary's
+servants were invited to partake of the banquet which was provided for
+all the mourners; but they declined doing so, saying that "their hearts
+were too sad to feast."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Shakespeare's Tomb before the present
+restoration._]
+
+But let us turn aside from the pageants of kings and queens, and direct
+our attention for a few moments towards Stratford-upon-Avon, where,
+on April 23, 1616, the greatest of all Englishmen breathed his last.
+A vague tradition tells us that, being in the company of Drayton and
+Ben Johnson, Shakespeare partook too freely of the cup, and expired
+soon after. This may be a calumny; and, if it were not, it would not
+diminish our gratitude and reverence for the highest intellect our
+race has produced. It, however, leads us to think and hope, that at
+the modest funeral of the "great Bard of Avon" the illustrious Ben
+Johnson as well as Drayton were present with his sorrowing relatives
+and fellow-citizens. His remains rest under the famous slab which bears
+the inscription due, it is said, to his own immortal pen:
+
+    "Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbeare
+      To digg T--E dust encloased here:
+    Blessed be T--E Man T/y spares T--ES Stones,
+      And curst be He T/y moves my bones."
+
+If his contemporaries have forgotten to give us details of that
+memorable funeral, and if for nearly two centuries his modest grave was
+almost neglected, ample reparation has been made to his memory in this
+enlightened age, and Shakespeare's tomb has become a shrine visited
+by countless pilgrims from all parts of the earth; and a glorious
+monument, more beautiful than has been generally admitted, stands
+not far from the church, erected to Shakespeare only last year by a
+nobleman, Lord Ronald Gower, whose taste and culture would have done
+honour to the epoch which produced not Shakespeare alone, but Sydney
+and Raleigh.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Stratford-on-Avon Church._]
+
+If we could discover all the particulars respecting Shakespeare's
+burial, we should possibly find that, being a "gentleman," he was
+wrapped in his coffin in "wool," for which privilege his survivors
+paid a tax of 10s. This curious habit, which we derived from our
+Norman ancestors, endured until the first few years of this century.
+By "wool" we should read flannel. Almost all the old parish registers
+in the country make a point of informing us that "the body" was buried
+in wool, and the "usual tax paid." The Normans, and their descendants
+in Normandy to this day, had some curious superstitions connected with
+"flannel," which even the industrious bibliophile Jacob has failed to
+discover. This custom they introduced into England, and it lasted for
+hundreds of years. I believe the coffin was also frequently filled up
+with fine sheep's wool. Another curious custom, which is now obsolete,
+was to put cloves, spikenard, fine herbs, and twigs of various aromatic
+shrubs into the coffin, in memory of the embalming of our Lord. Young
+girls and unmarried women were buried in white, and had their coffins
+covered with white flowers. All the people who accompanied the funeral
+wore white scarves, and before the Reformation, white dresses, and the
+way was strewn with box leaves, grass, and flowers. The porch of the
+deceased's house was decked with flowers and garlands, and especially
+with dog-roses and daisies.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Seal of an imaginary Bull of Pope
+Lucifer._--From the _Roi Modus_, a MS. of the 15th Century, Royal
+Library, Brussels. The inscription is evidently cabalistic and
+unintelligible.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_The Funeral of Juliet_ ("Romeo and
+Juliet").--This charming engraving from KNIGHT'S splendid edition of
+Shakespeare gives a very fair idea of a grand funeral procession in the
+16th Century.]
+
+THE funeral ceremonies of the French kings and princes of the blood
+during the Middle Ages and the period of the Renaissance, were, as
+may well be imagined, exceedingly magnificent. As already related,
+the death criers announced the decease of the sovereign in the usual
+manner, shouting out, "_Oyez! bonnes gens de Paris_--listen, good
+people of Paris: the most high and mighty, excellent and powerful King,
+our sovereign Master, by the grace of God King of France, the most
+Christian of Princes, most clement and pious, died last night. Pray for
+the repose of his soul."
+
+The first part of the ceremony took place at Notre Dame, where what is
+known as the lying-in-state was conducted with appropriate splendour.
+The procession, after a solemn mass, formed on the _Pavis_, or square,
+round the Cathedral, and began to move slowly over the bridge and
+through the Marais to St. Denis, some miles distant from Paris. There
+was a halt, however, at the convent of St. Lazaire (now covered by the
+railway station), and the gentlemen in attendance mounted their horses.
+Before the Revolution of '93, fifteen beautiful wayside crosses, or
+_montjoies_, as they were called, stood on the roadside between the
+Porte St. Denis and the Abbey. At each of these prayers were said and
+the coffin rested. Sometimes, as in the case of Charles VIII., the
+coffin and its waxen effigy were carried on the shoulders of a number
+of noblemen; but usually, since their feet were hidden by heavy black
+velvet draperies, very common men were charged with the "honourable
+burden." After the first half of the 16th Century, the royal body was
+conducted to the grave in a chariot drawn sometimes by as many as
+four-and-twenty black horses. If I err not, the last King of France
+whose coffin was carried by men was Francis I., whose gentlemen of the
+bedchamber performed this office, having each a halter round his neck,
+and a cord or rope.
+
+At St. Denis the ceremonies were very imposing. High Mass of Requiem
+being over, the body was removed from the catafalque and lowered into
+the vaults under the altar. The Grand Almoner of France recited the _De
+profundis_, all kneeling. Suddenly a voice, that of the Herald-at-Arms,
+was heard, crying out from the vault below, "Kings-at-Arms, come
+do your duty." The grand officers were now summoned by name, thus:
+"Monsieur le duc de Bourbon, bring your staff of command over the
+hundred Archers of the Guard, and break it and throw it into the
+grave." "Monsieur le comte de Lorges, bring your staff of office as
+commander of the Scotch Guard, and break it and throw it into the
+grave," and so forth, until some fifty of the grand dignitaries of the
+Court had in turn performed this lengthy ceremony. The last time it
+occurred was in 1824, on the occasion of the funeral of Louis XVIII.,
+when each detail of the ancient ceremonial was punctually followed.
+Every staff of office was broken and thrown into the King's grave,
+except the banner of France, which was merely inclined three times to
+the very edge of the crypt.
+
+At the conclusion of this rather tedious ceremony, everybody knelt
+down, and the herald shouted, "The King is dead; pray for his soul."
+A moment of silence ensued, which was eventually broken by a blast
+of trumpets. Then the organ played a lively strain, and the Herald
+proclaimed, "_Le roi est mort, vive le roi_--long live the King!" The
+banners waved, the cannon boomed, the bells pealed forth joyously, and
+the procession reformed, whilst the officiating clergy sang the _Te
+Deum_. As almost all the Kings and Queens of France, with not more
+than half a dozen exceptions, from the time of Clovis to that of Louis
+XVIII., were buried at St. Denis, the funeral rites were rarely if ever
+altered. But with us, although so many of our most illustrious princes
+are interred at Westminster, still not a few were buried at St. Paul's;
+many at Blackfriars and at Greyfriars, two glorious churches destroyed
+in the 17th Century, at Windsor, and in various Cathedrals; so that our
+royal funereal ceremonies were not always conducted with such punctual
+etiquette as were those of our neighbours.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+THE minute details of the funeral of Mary Stuart, at Westminster
+Abbey, prove that it was conducted on the same scale and with the same
+ceremonies as the one which preceded it by many years at Peterborough.
+King James, her son, was present, and shortly afterwards the sumptuous
+monument which we still admire marked the place where her mutilated
+remains, translated from Peterborough, found a permanent place of rest.
+
+The great changes in religion which occurred at the time of the
+Reformation, although they took much longer to permeate the habits
+and customs of the people than is usually imagined, nevertheless were
+so radical, that of the ancient ritual little soon remained, and the
+beautiful funeral service of the Church of England, which is so full
+of faith and hope, and mainly selected from passages of Holy Scripture
+adapted to the requirements of a religion which abolished belief in
+an intermediary state, and therefore in the necessity of prayers for
+the dead, was introduced, and little by little the pompous ceremonies
+of the Roman Church were forgotten. The lying-in-state of the corpse,
+for instance, which up to the close of the reign of Mary was general,
+even with poor people, was now only in use among those of the very
+highest rank. The increase in the use of carriages, too, and of course
+the abolition of the monastic orders and brotherhoods, diminished the
+splendour of the street processions which used to follow the bier.
+Still, much that was quaint remained in fashion, and it is only, as
+already said, a few years since that ladies ceased wearing a scarf and
+hood of black silk, and gentlemen "weepers" on their hats and arms,
+which were black or white according to the sex of the deceased. In
+Norfolk, until the end of the first quarter of the present century,
+it was the custom to give the mourners at a funeral black gloves,
+scarves, and bunches of herbs. Indeed, it is but a short time since a
+very old lady told me that so rich, broad, and beautiful was the silk
+of the scarves presented to each lady at a funeral, when she was a
+girl, that ladies were wont to keep the pieces by them until they were
+sufficient in number to form a dress. A bill of the funeral expenses of
+a very rich gentleman who died at Brandon Hall, in Norfolk, early in
+this century,--Mr. Denn, of Norwich,--and who left over half a million
+of money, enables us to form some idea of the expense to which our
+grandfathers of the upper class were put in order to be buried with
+what they considered proper respect. It would seem that in those days
+the hearse and funeral carriages had to be hired from London, and they
+took three days to perform the journey from the metropolis--a distance
+of about three hours by rail. No fewer than 40 persons figure as
+accompanying these vehicles, and as they had to be put up at inns along
+the road, going both to and from London to Brandon Hall, their expenses
+were £180. The hire of horses and carriages was £106, and what with
+the distribution of loaves to the poor at the grave, and the expense
+of bringing relatives from far parts of the country, and of providing
+them with silk scarves, gloves, etc., and the housing and entertaining
+of them all, the worthy Mr. Denn's funeral cost his survivors not less
+than £775.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Interment in a Church in the first quarter of
+the 18th Century._--From PICARD'S great work on the Religions of all
+Nations.]
+
+In Picard, there is a very beautiful engraving by Schley, representing
+a funeral procession in 1735, entering the church of St. Paul's, Covent
+Garden. It occurs by night, and a number of pages in black velvet walk
+in it, carrying lighted three-branched silver candlesticks. It seems
+that until 1775 women in England only attended the funerals of their
+own sex, and that men in the same manner only followed men to the
+grave. Possibly as a disinfectant against the plague, at all English
+funerals a branch of rosemary was handed to all who attended, which
+they threw into the open grave. This fashion endured, to the writer's
+knowledge, in Norfolk up to 1856.
+
+The French Revolution cannot be described as an unmitigated
+blessing--far from it; but it certainly did away with many
+superstitious practices, and shed a flood of light upon civilisation.
+Before that event it was the universal custom throughout Europe to
+bury in churches, a practice which was most detrimental to health. By
+one of the earliest decrees passed by the Convention of Paris, 1794,
+intramural interments were abolished, although, to be sure, cemeteries
+already existed of considerable extent, possibly suggested by those
+which for ages the Mahometans have used in all the principal cities
+of Asia and Asiatic Europe. That of Père la Chaise, so called after
+the confessor of Madame de Maintenon, who founded it, is one of the
+earliest. With the counter-Reformation, as the movement is called in
+history, the ceremonial of the Roman Church became, on the Continent,
+even more elaborate than heretofore, and nothing can be imagined more
+theatrically splendid than the church decorations on occasions of
+funerals of eminent personages.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.--_The Cemetery of Père la Chaise, Paris._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Funeral of the Grand Duke Albert VII.,
+surnamed "the Pious," Archduke of Austria, at Brussels, 11th March,
+1622. The coffin, covered with a pall of cloth of gold, is carried
+under a canopy by the Ambassador of his Catholic Majesty, by the Duke
+d'Aumale, the Marquis of Baden, and other great nobles, followed
+by the Archbishop of Patras and two Cardinals. The horse of the
+deceased is seen led immediately behind, by grooms and officers of the
+household._--From the exceedingly rare work by FRANCQUART, printed
+at Antwerp in 1623. (From the collection of Mr. RICHARD DAVEY, and
+engraved expressly for this publication.)]
+
+From the last half of the 16th Century down to the Revolution of 1789,
+possibly the most extraordinary funeral recorded in history was that
+of the Emperor Charles V. It was celebrated with almost identical pomp
+simultaneously, at Madrid and at Brussels. The procession at Brussels
+took six hours to pass any one point, and it is estimated that 80,000
+persons walked in it, the participants being supplied from every city
+of Belgium and Holland. In this extraordinary function figured cars
+on floats, representing certain striking events in the life of the
+Emperor, and one of these we reproduce, since it will best afford an
+idea of the supreme magnificence of the spectacle. It represents a
+ship, and is intended to illustrate the maritime progress made in the
+reign of this enterprising monarch. The float on which this clever
+model of a vessel of the period was arranged was dragged through the
+streets by 24 black horses, covered with black velvet, and followed by
+representatives of the navies both of Belgium and Spain, and by some
+300 lads dressed as sailors of all nations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Float carried in the Funeral Procession of
+Charles V. at Brussels, December 29, 1558, and intended to illustrate
+his maritime greatness. The vessel was the size of a real ship, and the
+persons who appear upon its deck were living._--From the "Magnificent
+and Sumptuous Funeral of the Very Great Emperor Charles V." (Antwerp,
+published by Plantin, 1559.) Collection of M. RUGGIERI, Paris.]
+
+We also reproduce a little sketch from the funeral procession of
+Philip II., son of Charles V., which gives us an excellent idea of
+the costumes worn on such an important occasion. The large full-page
+engraving represents a portion of the funeral procession which took
+place at Brussels, of the Archduke Albert VII. of Austria, surnamed
+"the Pious." It was almost as sumptuous as that of Charles V., and,
+fortunately a complete record of it has been preserved by Francovoart,
+who published a book in the following year, containing no less than 49
+plates illustrating this pageantic procession, which was of enormous
+length, and must have cost a great sum of money. The great engraver
+Cochin has left us one of his most beautiful plates, representing the
+interior of the Church of Notre Dame as arranged for the funeral of
+the Infanta Theresa of Spain, Dauphiness of France, in 1746. It gives
+us rather the idea of a scene in a court ball-room than of a grave
+ceremony. Literally, thousands of lights blazed in all directions,
+and there was nothing of a sombre character present, excepting the
+catafalque, which was of black velvet, and in a certain sense produced
+an admirable effect by showing off to still greater advantage the
+illuminations. The funeral of Louis XIV., was fabulously gorgeous, and
+so complete an apotheosis of that vain monarch, it brought about a sort
+of reaction, and made most persons observe that it was of little use
+praying for the soul of one who evidently must already be in glory. In
+order to put some bounds to these extravagant services, many people of
+a devout character have in all ages prayed in their wills that they
+should be carried to the grave in the simplest manner, sometimes in the
+habit of a Franciscan, or mendicant friar, and that only a few pounds
+should be expended upon their burial.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Costumes worn by King Philip II. of Spain and
+his attendants in the funeral procession of his father, Charles V. The
+group consists of the King; the Herald of Spain, of the Order of the
+Golden Fleece, who walks in front; of the Duke of Brunswick, the Duke
+of Arcos, Don Ruy Gomez, Count of Milito, and finally the Duke Emmanuel
+Philibert of Savoy. Mark that the hood was only worn by the heirs of
+the deceased._--From the "Sumptuous Funeral of Charles V. at Brussels."
+(Antwerp, 1559.) Collection of M. RUGGIERI, Paris.]
+
+The Italians, and especially the Venetians, spent enormous sums upon
+their funeral services, which were exceedingly picturesque; but as the
+members of the brotherhoods who walked in the procession wore pointed
+hoods and masks, so that, by the glare of the torches, only their eyes
+could be seen glittering, and as it was the custom, also, for the
+funeral to take place at night, the body being exposed upon an open
+bier, in full dress, the scene was sufficiently weird to attract the
+attention of travellers, perhaps more so than anything else which they
+saw in the land _par excellence_ of pageant. Horace Mann, in one of his
+letters, thus amusingly describes the funeral of the daughter of Cosmo
+III., Grand Duke of Tuscany:--
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Funeral of the Infanta Theresa of Spain,
+Dauphiness of France, at Notre Dame, 1746._--From the original
+engraving of COCHIN.]
+
+"There was nothing extraordinary in the funeral last night. All the
+magnificence consisted in a prodigious number of torches carried by
+the different orders of priests, the expense of which in lights, they
+say, amounted to 12,000 crowns. The body was in a sort of a coach quite
+open, with a canopy over her head; two other coaches followed with her
+ladies. As soon as the procession was passed by Madame Suares's, I went
+a back way to St. Laurence, where I had been invited by the master of
+the ceremonies; here was nothing very particular but my being placed
+next to Lady Walpole, who is so angry with me that she would not even
+give me the opportunity of making her a bow, which for the future,
+since I see it will be disagreeable to her, I will never offer to do
+again."
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+NOTHING could be imagined more picturesque than a Venetian funeral in
+bygone days. The state gondola of the family, containing the body, and
+also the attendant priests and friars, was covered with black velvet,
+and blazed with candelabra full of lighted candles; and from the stern
+of the boat hung an immense train of black velvet, which was permitted
+to touch the water, but prevented from sinking underneath it by golden
+tassels, which were held by members of the family in the gondolas which
+followed close behind. All those persons who took part in the funeral
+of course carried lights in their hands. If the individual happened
+to belong to one of the numerous confraternities, or _scuole_, which
+existed in Venice up to the end of the last century, a grand musical
+mass was celebrated in the chapel belonging to the order; and on these
+occasions some of the finest music ever composed was heard for the
+first time, such, for instance, as Paesiello's Requiem, an infinitely
+beautiful one by Marcello, and the majestic mass for four voices, by
+Lotti.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_Tomb of Hamlet._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Death devouring Man and Beast. A singular,
+illuminated document on parchment, of the 12th Century, measuring over
+fifty feet by one yard wide. The figure above is intended to represent
+the letter T._--From the Mortuary Roll of the Abbey of Savingy,
+Avranches, France. The original is preserved among the French National
+Archives.]
+
+THE funeral of a Pope is attended by many curious ceremonies, not the
+least remarkable of which is, that so soon as His Holiness' death
+is thoroughly assured, the eldest Cardinal goes up to the body, and
+strikes it three times gently on the breast, saying in Latin, as he
+does so, "The Holy Father has passed away." The body is then lowered
+into the Church of St. Peter's, where it is exhibited--as was the case
+when Pope Pius IX. died in '78--for three days to the veneration of
+the faithful, after which it is conveyed in great state to the church
+which the Pope has selected for his burial-place. As it passed along
+the streets of Rome in the good old times, the members of the nobility
+assembled at the entrance of their houses, each carrying a lighted
+taper in his hand, and answering back the prayers of the friars and
+clergy in the procession. It will be remembered that it was this sort
+of spontaneous illumination which so offended a rabble of freethinkers,
+on the occasion of the funeral of the late Pope, that they stoned the
+coffin, and created a riot of a most disgraceful character. After the
+Pope is buried, it is usual for his successor or his family to build
+a stately monument over his remains, and this custom accounts for the
+amazing number of fine Papal monuments in the Roman basilicas and
+churches.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Lying-in-State of Pope Pius IX._]
+
+At a time when everybody is talking about the Stuart dynasty, owing to
+the great success of the recent exhibition of their relics (1888-9),
+the following curious account of the interment of the Old Pretender
+will prove of interest:--
+
+"On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+says a correspondent from Rome of that date, "preceded by four servants
+carrying torches, two detachments of soldiers; and by the side of the
+bier walked twenty-four grooms of the stable with wax candles; the
+body of the deceased was dressed royally, and borne by nobles of his
+household, with an ivory sceptre at its side, and the Orders of SS.
+George and Andrew on the breast.
+
+"On the 7th, the first funeral service took place, in the Church of
+the Twelve Apostles. The _façade_ of the church was hung with black
+cloth, lace, and golden fringe, in the centre of which was a medallion,
+supported by skeletons with cypress branches in their hands, and
+bearing the following inscription:
+
+        'Clemens XIII. Pont. Max.
+                  Jacobo III.
+  M. Britanniæ, Franciæ, et Hiberniæ Regi.
+        Catholicæ fidei Defensori,
+          Omnium urbis ordinum
+        Frequentia funere honestato.
+          Suprema pietatis officia
+          Solemni ritu Persolvit.'
+
+"On entering the church, another great inscription to the same purport
+was to be seen; the building inside was draped in the deepest black,
+and on the bier, covered with cloth of gold, lay the corpse, before
+which was written in large letters:
+
+  'Jacobus III. Magnæ Britanniæ Rex.
+          Anno MDCCLXVI.'
+
+"On either side stood four silver skeletons on pedestals, draped in
+black cloth, and holding large branch candlesticks, each with three
+lights. At either corner stood a golden perfume box, decorated with
+death's-heads, leaves and festoons of cypress. The steps to the
+bier were painted in imitation marble, and had pictures upon them
+representing the virtues of the deceased. Over the whole was a canopy
+ornamented with crowns, banners, death's-heads, gilded lilies, etc.;
+and behind, a great cloth of peacock colour with golden embroidery,
+and ermine upon it, hung down to the ground. Over each of the heavily
+draped arches down the nave of the church were medallions with
+death's-head supporters, and crowns above them, representing the
+various British orders and the three kingdoms of England, Ireland, and
+Scotland; and on the pilasters were other medallions, supported by
+cherubs, expressing virtues attributed to the deceased, each with an
+inscription, of which the following is an instance:
+
+    'Rex Jacobus III. vere dignus imperio, quia natus ad imperandum:
+    dignus quia ipso regnante virtutes imperassent: dignissimus quia
+    sibi imperavit.'
+
+"On the top of the bier, in the nave, lay the body, dressed in royal
+garb of gold brocade, with a mantle of crimson velvet, lined and edged
+with ermine, a crown on his head, a sceptre in his right hand, an
+orb in his left. The two Orders of SS. George and Andrew were fastened
+to his breast.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.--_Funeral of his late Holiness Pope Pius IX.,
+Feb._ 13, 1878. _The lowering of the body into St. Peter's._]
+
+"Pope Clement regretted his inability to attend the funeral, owing to
+the coldness of the morning, but he sent twenty-two cardinals to sing
+mass, besides numerous church dignitaries.
+
+"After the celebration of the mass, Monsignor Orazio Matteo recited
+a funeral oration of great length, recapitulating the virtues of the
+deceased, and the incidents of the life of exile and privation that
+he had led. After which, the customary _requiem_ for the soul of the
+departed was sung, and they then proceeded to convey his deceased
+Majesty's body to the Basilica of St. Peter.
+
+"The procession which accompanied it was one of those gorgeous
+spectacles in which the popes and their cardinals loved to indulge.
+Every citizen came to see it, and crowds poured in to the Eternal City
+from the neighbouring towns and villages, as they were wont to do for
+the festivals at Easter, of Corpus Domini.
+
+"All the orders and confraternities to be found in Rome went in front,
+carrying amongst them 500 torches. They marched in rows, four deep; and
+after them came the pupils of the English, Scotch, and Irish College in
+Rome, in their surplices, and with more torches.
+
+"Then followed the bier, around which were the gaudy Swiss Papal
+Guards. The four corners of the pall were held up by four of the most
+distinguished members of the Stuart household.
+
+"Then came singers, porters carrying two large umbrellas, such as the
+Pope would have at his coronation, and all the servants of the royal
+household, in deep mourning, and on foot. After them followed the papal
+household; and twelve mourning coaches closed the procession.
+
+"The body was placed in the chapel of the choir of St. Peter's, and
+after the absolution, which Monsignor Lascaris pronounced, it was put
+into a cypress-wood case, in presence of the major-domo of the Vatican,
+who made a formal consignment of it to the Chapter of St. Peter's,
+in the presence of the notary of the 'Sacred Apostolic Palace,' who
+witnessed the consignment, whilst the notary of the Chapter of St.
+Peter's gave him a formal receipt.
+
+"The second funeral was fixed for the following day, when everything
+was done to make the choir of St. Peter's look gorgeous. A large
+catafalque was raised in the midst, on the top of which, on a cushion
+of black velvet embroidered with gold, lay the royal crown and sceptre,
+under a canopy adorned with ermine; 250 candles burnt around, and the
+inscription over the catafalque ran as follows:
+
+    'Memoriæ æternæ Jacobi III., Magnæ Britanniæ Franciæ et Hyber,
+    regis Parentis optimii Henricus Card. Dux Eboracensis moerens justa
+    persolvit.'
+
+"Then the cardinals held service, thirteen of whom were then assembled;
+after which, the Chapter of St. Peter's and the Vatican clergy, with
+all the Court of the defunct king who had assisted at the mass,
+accompanied the body to the subterranean vaults beneath St. Peter's,
+where the bier was laid aside until such times and seasons as a fitting
+memorial could be placed over it."
+
+
+
+
+AMONG the Jews, according to Buxtorf (who published, in the 17th
+Century, perhaps the most valuable work upon the Jewish ceremonies
+which still existed in various parts of Europe in his time, many of
+which have been modified or have entirely disappeared since), it was
+the fashion when a person died, after having closed the eyes and
+mouth, to twist the thumb of the right hand inward, and to tie it
+with a string of the _taled_, or veil, which covered the face, and
+was invariably buried with the corpse. The reason for this doubling
+of the thumb was that, when it was thus turned inward, it represented
+the figure Schaddai, which is one of the names of God. Otherwise, the
+fingers were stretched out so as to show that the deceased had given
+up all the goods of this world. The body was most carefully washed,
+to indicate that the dead was purified by repentance. Buxtorf tells
+us that in Holland, with the old-fashioned Jews, it was the custom to
+break an egg into a glass of wine, and to wash the face therewith. The
+more devout persons were dressed in the same garments that they wore on
+the last feast of the Passover. When the body is placed in the coffin,
+it is the habit even now, among the Polish and Oriental Jews, for ten
+members of the family, or very old friends, to walk processionally
+round it, saying prayers for the repose of the soul. In olden times,
+for three days after the death, the family sat at home in a darkened
+room and received their friends, who were indeed Job's comforters;
+for they sought to afflict them in every way by recalling the virtues
+of the dead person, and exaggerating the misery into which they were
+thrown by his or her departure. Seven days afterwards, they were
+employed in a less rigorous form of mourning, at the end of which the
+family again went to the synagogue and offered up prayers, after which
+they followed the customs of the country in which they lived, retaining
+their mourning only so long as accorded with the prevailing fashion of
+the day.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_The Knight of Death on a White Horse_--After
+ALBERT DURER. From a fac-simile of the original engraving, dated 1513,
+by one of the Wiericx (1564). This famous engraving, which so perfectly
+characterises the weird genius of the Middle Ages, passing into the
+Renaissance, represents a knight armed, going to the wars, accompanied
+by terrible thoughts of Death and Sin, whose incarnations follow him on
+his dismal journey.]
+
+
+
+
+ONE of the saddest, and certainly the simplest of royal funerals,
+was that of King Charles I. After his lamentable execution, his body
+lay at Whitehall from January 28, 1649, to the following February 7,
+when it was conveyed to Windsor, placed in the vault of St. George's
+Chapel, near the coffins of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. The day had
+been very snowy, and the snow rested thick on the coffin and on the
+cloaks and hats of the mourners. The remains were deposited without any
+service whatever, and left inscriptionless, save for the words "Charles
+Rex, 1649," the letters of which were cut out of a band of lead by
+the gentlemen present, with their penknives, and the lead fastened
+round the coffin. In this state it remained until the year 1813,
+when George IV. caused it to be more fittingly interred. In striking
+contrast were the obsequies of the unfortunate King's great rival and
+enemy, Cromwell, "who lay in glorious state" at Somerset House, all
+the ceremonial being copied from that of the interment of Philip II.
+of Spain. The rooms were hung with black cloth, and in the principal
+saloon was an effigy of the Protector, with a royal crown upon his head
+and a sceptre in his hand, stretched upon a bed of state erected over
+his coffin. Crowds of people of all ranks went daily during eight weeks
+to see it, the place being illuminated by hundreds of candles. The wax
+cast of the face of Cromwell after death is still preserved in the
+British Museum. His body, however, was carried away secretly, and at
+night, and buried privately at Westminster, for fear of trouble. Later,
+in 1660, the remains of the great Protector, and those of his friends
+Ireton and Bradshaw, were sacrilegiously taken from their graves,
+dragged with ignominy through the streets, and hanged at Tyburn, to the
+apparent satisfaction of Mrs. Pepys and her friend Lady Batten, and all
+and sundry in London, as is recorded in the "immortal diary." By the
+way, Mr. Pepys himself, who died in 1703, was buried with much state
+and circumstance in Crutched Friars Church, but at night, the service
+being said by Dr. Hickes, the author of the _Thesaurus_.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+PERHAPS the strangest funeral recorded in modern history was that of
+the translation of the remains of Voltaire, popularly known as his
+"apotheosis." The National Assembly in May, 1791, decreed that the
+bones of the poet should be brought from the Abbey of Scellières, and
+carried in state to the Pantheon. In Voltaire's lifetime it was boasted
+that he had buried the priests and the Christian religion, but now
+the priests were going to bury him, having very little of Christian
+religion left amongst them. The day of the procession was fixed for
+July 10; but the 10th was a deluging, rainy day, and the ceremony was
+postponed to the next day, or till the weather should be fine. The next
+day was as wet, and the Assembly was about to renew the postponement,
+when about two o'clock it cleared up. The coffin was placed on a car
+of the classic form, and was borne first to the spot on which the
+Bastille had stood, where it was placed on a platform, being covered
+with myrtles, roses, and wild flowers, and bearing the following
+inscriptions:--"If a man is born free, he ought to govern himself." "If
+a man has tyrants placed over him, he ought to dethrone them." Besides
+these, there were numerous other inscriptions in different parts of the
+area, including one on a huge block of stone: "Receive, O Voltaire! on
+this spot, where despotism once held thee in chains, the honours thy
+country renders thee!"
+
+From the Bastille to the Pantheon all Paris seemed to be following the
+procession, which consisted of soldiers, lawyers, doctors, municipal
+bodies, a crowd of poets, literary men, and artists carrying a gilded
+chest containing the seventy volumes of Voltaire's works; men who had
+taken part in the demolition of the Bastille, bearing chains, fetters,
+and cuirasses found in the prison; a bust of Voltaire, surrounded by
+those of Rousseau, Mirabeau, and Montaigne, borne by the actors from
+the different theatres, in ancient costume; and lastly came the funeral
+car, now surmounted by a statue of the philosopher, which France was
+crowning with a wreath of immortelles. The immense procession halted
+at various places for the effigy to receive particular honours. At
+the opera houses the actors and actresses were waiting to present
+a laurel crown and to sing to Voltaire's glory; at the house of M.
+Villette--where was yet deposited the heart of the great man, previous
+to being sent to Fernay--four tall poplars were planted, and adorned
+with wreaths and festoons of flowers, and on the front of the house
+was written in large letters: "His genius is everywhere, and his
+heart is here." Near this was raised a sort of amphitheatre, on which
+were seated a crowd of young girls in white dresses with blue sashes,
+crowned with roses, and holding wreaths in honour of the poet in their
+hands. The names of all Voltaire's works were written on the front of
+the Theatre Français. The next halt was made on the site of the Comédie
+Française, and a statue of the poet was there crowned by actors
+costumed as Tragedy and Comedy. Thence the procession wended its way
+to the Pantheon, where the mouldering remains of Voltaire were placed
+beside those of Descartes and Mirabeau. All Paris that evening was one
+festal scene; illuminations blazing on the busts and figures of the
+patriot of equality.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Funeral Car of Nelson._--From a contemporary
+engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+The obsequies in England of Lord Nelson, which took place on January
+9, 1806, were extremely imposing. I transcribe from a contemporary and
+inedited private letter the following account of it:--"I have just
+returned from such a sight as will never be seen in London again. I
+managed at an inconveniently early hour to get me down into the Strand,
+and so down Norfolk Street to a house overlooking the river. Every
+post of vantage wherever the procession could be seen was swarming
+with living beings, all wearing mourning, the very beggars having a
+bit of crape on their arms. The third barge, which contained the body,
+was covered with black velvet and adorned with black feathers. In the
+centre was a viscount's coronet, and three bannerols were affixed
+to the outside of the barge. In the steerage were six lieutenants
+of the navy and six trumpets. Clarencieux, King-at-Arms, sat at the
+head of the coffin, bearing a viscount's coronet on a black velvet
+cushion. The Royal Standard was at the head of the barge, which was
+rowed by forty-six seamen from the 'Victory.' The other barges in the
+cortege were rowed by Greenwich pensioners. The fourth barge contained
+Admiral Sir Peter Parker, the chief mourner, and other admirals,
+vice-admirals, and rear-admirals; whilst the Lords of the Admiralty,
+the Lord Mayor of London, members of the various worshipful Companies,
+and other distinguished mourners occupied the remaining barges, which
+were seventeen in number, and were flanked by row-boats, with river
+fencibles, harbour marines, etc., etc. All, of course, had their
+colours half-mast high. On the following morning, the 9th, the land
+procession, which I also contrived to see, started from the Admiralty
+to pass through the streets of London to St. Paul's, between dense
+crowds all along the route. This procession was of great length, and
+included Greenwich pensioners, sailors of the 'Victory,' watermen,
+judges and other dignitaries of the law, many members of the nobility,
+public officers, and officers of the army and navy; whilst in it were
+carried conspicuously the great banner, gauntlets, helmet, sword,
+etc., of the deceased. The pall was supported by four admirals. Nearly
+10,000 military were assembled on this occasion, and these consisted
+chiefly of the regiments that had fought in Egypt, and participated
+with the deceased in delivering that country from the power of France.
+The car in which the body was conveyed was peculiarly magnificent. It
+was decorated with a carved resemblance of the head and stern of the
+'Victory,' surrounded with escutcheons of the arms of the deceased, and
+adorned with appropriate mottoes and emblematical devices, under an
+elevated canopy, in the form of the upper part of a sarcophagus, with
+six sable plumes, and a viscount's coronet in the centre, supported
+by four columns, representing palm trees, entwined with wreaths of
+natural laurel and cypress. As it passed, all uncovered, and many wept.
+I heard a great deal said among the people about 'poor Emma' (Emma,
+Lady Hamilton), and some wonder whether she will get a pension or not.
+On the whole, the processions were most imposing, and I am very glad I
+saw it all, although I am much fatigued at it, from standing about so
+much and pushing in the crowd, and faint from the difficulty of getting
+food, every eating-place being so full of people; and surely, though a
+nation must mourn, equally certain is it that it must also eat."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Funeral Car of Lord Nelson._--From a
+contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_An Old Market Cross, Rouen._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_Funeral Procession of the Emperor
+Napoleon I., December_ 15, 1840. _The Cortége descending the Champs
+Élysées._--From a contemporary engraving.]
+
+LOUIS PHILLIPPE, who, by the way, had neglected no opportunity to
+render justice to the genius of Napoleon, obtained, in 1840, the
+permission of the British Government to remove his body from St.
+Helena; and on December 15 it was solemnly interred in the gorgeous
+chapel designed by Visconti, at the Invalides. The Prince de Joinville
+had the honour of escorting the remains of the Emperor from the lonely
+island in the Indian Ocean to Paris. Words cannot paint the emotion
+of the inhabitants of the French capital, as the superb procession
+descended the long avenue of the Champs Élysées, or that of the
+privileged company which witnessed the striking scene in the chapel
+itself, as the Prince de Joinville formally consigned the body to the
+King, his father, saying, as he did so, "Sire, I deliver over into your
+charge the corpse of Napoleon." To which the King replied, "I receive
+it in the name of France," and then taking the sword of the victor of
+Austerlitz, he handed it to General Bertrand, who, in his turn, laid
+it on the coffin. Many years later, when another Napoleon reigned in
+France, a Lady who had not yet reached the _mezzo camin di nostra
+vita_, stood silently, with bowed head, before the grave of the mighty
+enemy of the glorious empire over which she rules, and it was observed
+that there were tears in the eyes of Queen Victoria when she quietly
+left the chapel.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_The Tomb of Napoleon I. at the Invalides,
+Paris._]
+
+The earliest year of the last half of this century witnessed another
+funeral of much magnificence, that of the great Duke of Wellington.
+It was determined that a public funeral should mark the sense of the
+people's reverence for the memory of the illustrious deceased, and
+of their grief for his loss. The body was enclosed in a shell, and
+remained for a time at Walmer Castle, where the Iron Duke died. A guard
+of honour, composed of men of his own rifle regiment, did duty over it,
+and the castle flag was hoisted daily half-mast high. On the evening
+of the 10th of November, 1852, the body was placed upon a hearse and
+conveyed, by torchlight, to the railway station, the batteries at
+Walmer and Deal Castles firing minute-guns, whilst Sandown Castle
+took up the melancholy salute as the train with its burden swept by.
+Arrived at London, the procession re-formed, and by torchlight marched
+through the silent streets, reaching Chelsea about three o'clock in the
+morning, when the coffin containing the body was carried into the hall
+of the Royal Military Hospital. Life Guardsmen, with arms reversed,
+lined the apartment, which was hung with black and lighted by waxen
+tapers. The coffin rested upon an elevated platform at the end of the
+hall, over which was suspended a cloud-like canopy or veil. The coffin
+itself was covered with red velvet; and at the foot stood a table on
+which all the decorations of the deceased were laid out. Thither,
+day by day, in a constant stream, crowds of men, women, and children
+repaired, all dressed in deep mourning. The first of these visitors was
+the Queen, accompanied by her children; but so deeply was she affected
+that she never got beyond the centre of the hall, where her feelings
+quite overcame her, and she was led, weeping bitterly, back to her
+carriage.
+
+The public funeral took place on the 18th of November, and was attended
+by the Prince Consort and all the chief officers of State. The body
+was removed by torchlight, on the evening previous, to the Horse
+Guards, under an escort of cavalry. At dawn on the 18th the solemn
+ceremony began. From St. Paul's Cathedral, down Fleet Street, along the
+Strand, by Charing Cross and Pall Mall, to St. James's Park, troops
+lined both sides of the streets; while in the park itself, columns of
+infantry, cavalry, and artillery were formed ready to fall into their
+proper places in the procession, of which we publish two interesting
+engravings. How it was conducted--with what respectful interest watched
+by high and low--how solemn the notes of the bands, as one after
+another they took up and entoned the "Dead March in Saul"--how grand,
+yet how touching the scene in the interior of St. Paul's--none but
+those who can remember it can realise.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November_
+18, 1852. _The Procession passing Apsley House._--From an original
+sketch, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November_
+18, 1852. _Scene inside St. Paul's._--Reproduced from an original
+sketch, expressly for this publication.]
+
+A man of genius in France is rightly placed on a kind of throne,
+and considered a "king of thought;" so the obsequies of so truly
+illustrious a poet as Victor Hugo, which took place in Paris, June 1,
+1885, assumed proportions rarely accorded even to the mightiest
+sovereigns. Unfortunately, it was marred by the desecration of a noted
+church, the Pantheon; for it pleased a political party in power to
+make out that Hugo had denied even the existence of God, and this
+notwithstanding the fact that every page of his works is a testimony
+to his ardent creed in the Almighty and his hope in the life to
+come. The lying-in-state took place under the Arch of Triumph, which
+was decorated with much taste by a huge black veil draped across it.
+Flaring torches lighted up the architectural features of the monument,
+and also the tremendous throng of spectators. The arch looked solemn
+enough, but the behaviour of the people who surrounded it was the
+reverse, especially at night. On Thursday, June 1, early in the day,
+which was intensely hot, the procession began to move from the Arc de
+Triomphe to the Pantheon, and presented a scene never to be forgotten.
+The coffin was a very simple one, in accordance with the poet's wishes
+to be buried like a pauper; but what proved the chief charm of this
+really poetical spectacle was the amazing number of huge wreaths
+carried by the countless deputations from all parts of France, and
+sent from every city of Europe and America. There were some 15,000
+wreaths of foliage and flowers carried in this strange procession,
+many of which were of colossal dimensions, so that when one beheld the
+cortége from the bottom of the Champs Élysées, for instance, it looked
+like a huge floral snake meandering along. The bearers of the wreaths
+were hidden beneath them, and these exquisite trophies of early summer
+flowers, combined with the glittering helmets of the Guards, the bright
+costumes of the students, and, above all, with the veritable walls of
+human beings towering up on all sides, filling balconies and windows,
+covering roofs and every spot wherever even a glimpse of the pageant
+could be obtained, created a spectacle as unique as it was picturesque.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_Funeral of Victor Hugo, Paris, June_ 1, 1885.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Frederick of
+Germany, Princess Royal of Great Britain._]
+
+THE solemn but exceedingly simple obsequies of that much regretted and
+most able man His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, took place at
+Windsor on the 23rd December, 1861. At his frequently expressed desire
+it was of a private character; but all the chief men of the state
+attended the obsequies in the Royal Chapel. The weather was cold and
+damp, the sky dull and heavy. There was a procession of state carriages
+to St. George's Chapel, at the door of which the Prince of Wales and
+the other royal mourners were assembled to receive the corpse. The
+grief of the poor children was very affecting, little Prince Arthur
+especially, sobbing as if his heart were breaking. When all was over,
+and the last of the long, lingering train of mourners had departed,
+the attendants descended into the vault with lights, and moved the
+bier and coffin along the narrow passage to the royal vault. The day
+was observed throughout the realm as one of mourning. The bells of
+all the churches were tolled, and in many of them special services
+were held. In the towns the shops were closed, and the window blinds
+of private residences were drawn down. No respectable people appeared
+abroad except in mourning, and in seaport towns the flags were hoisted
+half-mast high. The words of the Poet Laureate were scarcely too strong:
+
+    "The shadow of his loss moved like eclipse,
+    Darkening the world. We have lost him; he is gone;
+    We know him now; all narrow jealousies
+    Are silent; and we see him as he moved,
+    How modest, kindly, all-accomplished, wise;
+    With what sublime repression of himself,
+    And in what limits, and how tenderly;
+    Not swaying to this faction or to that;
+    Not making his high place the lawless perch
+    Of wing'd ambitions, nor a vantage ground
+    For pleasure; but thro' all this tract of years
+    Wearing the white flower of a blameless life,
+    Before a thousand peering littlenesses,
+    In that fierce light which beats upon a throne,
+    And blackens every blot; for where is he
+    Who dares foreshadow for an only son
+    A lovelier life, a more unstained than his?"
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Funeral of His Royal Highness the Prince
+Consort, at Windsor, December_ 23, 1861.]
+
+When Her Majesty became a widow, she slightly modified the conventional
+English widow's cap, by indenting it over the forehead _à la_ Marie
+Stuart, thereby imparting to it a certain picturesqueness which was
+quite lacking in the former head-dress. This coiffure has been not only
+adopted by her subjects, but also by royal widows abroad. The etiquette
+of the Imperial House of Germany obliges the Empress Frederick to
+introduce into her costume two special features during the earlier
+twelve months of her widowhood. The first concerns the cap, which is
+black, having a Marie Stuart point over the centre of the forehead, and
+a long veil of black crape falling like a mantle behind to the ground.
+The second peculiarity of this stately costume is that the orthodox
+white batiste collar has two narrow white bands falling straight from
+head to foot. This costume has been very slightly modified from what it
+was three centuries ago, when a Princess of the House of Hohenzollern
+lost her husband.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.--HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN. _From a
+Photograph by Messrs. W. & D. Downey._]
+
+
+
+
+THE first general mourning ever proclaimed in America was on the
+occasion of the death of Benjamin Franklin, in 1791, and the next on
+that of Washington, in 1799. The deep and wide-spread grief occasioned
+by the melancholy death of the first President, assembled a great
+concourse of people for the purpose of paying him the last tribute of
+respect, and on Wednesday, December 18, 1799, attended by military
+honours and the simplest but grandest ceremonies of religion, his body
+was deposited in the family vault at Mount Vernon. Never in the history
+of America did a blow fall with more terrible earnestness than the
+news of the assassination of President Lincoln on April 14, 1865. All
+party feeling was forgotten, and sorrow was universal. The obsequies
+were on an exceedingly elaborate scale, and a generous people paid
+a grateful and sincere tribute to a humane and patriotic chieftain.
+After an impressive service, the embalmed body was laid in state in
+the Capitol at Washington, guarded by officers with drawn swords, and
+afterwards the coffin was closed for removal to Springfield, the home
+of the late President, a distance of about 1,700 miles. It took twelve
+days to accomplish the journey. The car which conveyed the remains was
+completely draped in black, the mourning outside being festooned in
+two rows above and below the windows, while each window had a strip of
+mourning connecting the upper with the lower row. Six other cars, all
+draped in black, were attached to the train, and contained the escort,
+whilst the engine was covered with crape and its flags draped. At
+several cities _en route_ a halt was made, in order to permit people
+to pay tributes of respect to the deceased, and several times the body
+was removed from the train, so that funeral services might be held. At
+last, on the 3rd of May, the train reached Springfield, and after a
+brief delay the procession moved with befitting ceremony to Oak Ridge
+Cemetery, President Lincoln's final resting-place. During the period
+intervening between President Lincoln's death and his interment, every
+city and town in the United States testified the greatest grief, and
+public expressions of mourning were universal. To take New York, as an
+instance, that city presented a singularly striking appearance. Scarce
+a house in it but was not draped in the deepest mourning, long festoons
+of black and white muslin drooped sadly everywhere, and even the gay
+show-cases outside the shop doors were dressed with funereal rosettes.
+The gloom which prevailed was intense. In many places, however, the
+decorations, though sombre, were exceedingly picturesque, the dark
+tones being relieved by the bright red and blue of the national
+colours, entwined with crape.
+
+Scarcely less magnificent were the obsequies accorded by the people of
+America to General Grant. Funeral services were observed in towns and
+cities of every state and territory of the Union, amidst a display of
+mourning emblems unparallelled. In New York, for two weeks previous to
+the funeral ceremony, preparations of the most elaborate description
+were going on, and the best part of the city was densely draped.
+The route of the procession to the tomb was 9 miles long, and it is
+estimated that three million persons saw the cortege, in which over
+50,000 people joined, including 30,000 soldiers. Some further idea
+of the magnitude of this solemn procession can be formed when it is
+stated that its head reached the grave three hours and a half before
+the funeral car arrived. This car was exceptionally imposing, inasmuch
+as it was drawn by 24 black horses, each one led by a coloured servant,
+and each covered with sable trappings which swept the street.
+
+Another imposing funeral, which many who are still young can remember,
+was that of his Majesty Victor Emmanuel, the first King of United
+Italy, who died in Rome early in 1878. His obsequies were conducted
+with all the pomp of the Roman Catholic religion, and the catafalque,
+erected in the centre of the Pantheon, was supremely imposing. We give
+an engraving of it, which will afford an excellent idea of its great
+magnificence.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_The Catafalque erected for the Funeral
+Service of His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel, in the Pantheon, Rome._]
+
+
+
+
+THE ingenious idea of the _Magasin de Deuil_, or establishment
+exclusively devoted to the sale of mourning costumes and of the
+paraphernalia necessary for a funeral, has long been held to be
+exclusively French; but our quick-witted neighbours have, to speak the
+truth, originated very few things; for was not the father of French
+cookery a German physician in attendance on Francis I., assisted by an
+Italian cardinal, Campeggio, who, by the way, came to England on the
+occasion of the negotiations in connection with the divorce of Queen
+Catherine of Arragon. The _Magasin de Deuil_ is but a brilliant and
+elaborate adaptation of the old _Mercerie de lutto_ which has existed
+for centuries, and still exists, in every Italian city, where people in
+the haste of grief can obtain in a few hours all that the etiquette of
+civilisation requires for mourning in a country whose climate renders
+speedy interment absolutely necessary. Continental ideas are slow to
+reach this country, but when they do find acceptance with us, they
+rarely fail to attain that vast extension so characteristic of English
+commerce. Such development could scarcely be exhibited in a more marked
+manner than in Jay's London General Mourning Warehouse, Regent Street,
+an establishment which dates from the year 1841, and which during that
+period has never ceased to increase its resources and to complete its
+organisation, until it has become, of its kind, a mart unique both
+for the quality and the nature of its attributes. Of late years the
+business and enterprise of this firm has enormously increased, and
+it includes not only all that is necessary for mourning, but also
+departments devoted to dresses of a more general description, although
+the colours are confined to such as could be worn for either full or
+half mourning. Black silks, however, are pre-eminently a speciality
+of this house, and the Continental journals frequently announce that
+"_la maison Jay de Londres a fait de forts achats_." Their system is
+one from which they never swerve. It is to buy the commodity direct
+from the manufacturers, and to supply it to their patrons at the very
+smallest modicum of profit compatible with the legitimate course of
+trade. The materials for mourning costumes must always virtually,
+remain unchangeable, and few additions can be made to the list of
+silks, crapes, paramattas, cashmeres, _grenadines_, and _tulles_ as
+fabrics. They and their modifications must be ever in fashion so long
+as it continues fashionable to wear mourning at all; but fashion in
+design, construction, and embellishment may be said to change, not only
+every month, but well-nigh every week.
+
+The fame of a great house of business like this rests more upon its
+integrity and the expedition with which commands are executed than
+anything else. To secure the very best goods, and to have them made up
+in the best taste and in the latest fashion, is one of the principal
+aims of the firm, which is not unmindful of legitimate economy. For
+this purpose, every season competent buyers visit the principal silk
+marts of Europe, such as Lyons, Genoa, and Milan, for the purpose
+of purchasing all that is best in quality and pattern. Immediate
+communication with the leading designers of fashions in Paris has
+not been neglected; and it may be safely said of this great house of
+business, that if it is modelled on a mediæval Italian principle,
+it has missed no opportunity to assimilate to itself every modern
+improvement.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.--_Funeral of Earl Palmerston, in Westminster
+Abbey, Oct._ 27, 1865.]
+
+Private mourning in modern times, like everything else, has been
+greatly altered and modified, to suit an age of rapid transit and
+travel. Men no longer make a point of wearing full black for a fixed
+number of months after the decease of a near relation, and even content
+themselves with a black hat-band and dark-coloured garments. Funeral
+ceremonies, too, are less elaborate, although during the past few
+years a growing tendency to send flowers to the grave has increased in
+every class of the community. The ceremonial which attends our State
+funerals is so well known that it were needless to describe them. We,
+however, give, as "records," illustrations of the funerals of Lord
+Palmerston, Lord Beaconsfield, Mr. Darwin, and of the much-regretted
+Emperor Frederick of Germany, a function which was extremely imposing,
+as the etiquette of the German Court still retains many curious relics
+of bygone times.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.--_Funeral of the Right Honourable the Earl of
+Beaconsfield, in Hughenden Church, April_ 26, 1881.]
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL Court mourning in this country is regulated by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, but exclusively Court mourning for the Royal
+Family by the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+The order for Court mourning to be observed for the death of a foreign
+sovereign is issued by the Foreign Office, and transmitted thence to
+the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+Here is the form of the order for general mourning to be worn on the
+occasion of the death of the Prince Consort:
+
+  COLLEGE OF ARMS, Dec. 16, 1866.
+
+    _Deputy Earl Marshal's Order for a General Mourning for His late
+    Royal Highness the Prince Consort._
+
+    In pursuance of Her Majesty's commands, this is to give public
+    notice that, upon the melancholy occasion of the death of His Royal
+    Highness the Prince Consort, it is expected that all persons do
+    forthwith put themselves into decent mourning.
+
+  EDWARD C. F. HOWARD, D.E.M.
+
+The order to the army is published from the War Office:
+
+  HORSE GUARDS, Dec. 18, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Mourning of the Army for His late Royal Highness
+    the Prince Consort._
+
+    The General commanding-in-chief has received Her Majesty's commands
+    to direct, on the present melancholy occasion of the death of
+    H.R.H. the Prince Consort, that the officers of the army be
+    required to wear, when in uniform, black crape over the ornamental
+    part of the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the left
+    arm;--with black gloves, and a black crape scarf over the sash.
+    The drums are to be covered with black, and black crape is to
+    hang from the head of the colour-staff of the infantry, and from
+    the standard-staff of cavalry. When officers appear at Court in
+    uniform, they are to wear black crape over the ornamental part of
+    the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the left arm;--with
+    black gloves and a black crape scarf.
+
+
+A like order was issued by the Admiralty, addressed to the officers and
+men of the Royal Navy.
+
+FIRST NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       December 16, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Court to go into Mourning for His late Royal
+    Highness the Prince Consort._
+
+    The LADIES attending Court to wear black woollen Stuffs, trimmed
+    with Crape, plain Linen, black Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN attending Court to wear black Cloth, plain Linen,
+    Crape Hatbands, and black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    The Mourning to commence from the date of this Order.
+
+
+SECOND NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       December 31, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Court's change of Mourning, on Monday, the 27th
+      January next, for His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort,
+      viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Silk Dresses, trimmed with Crape, and
+    black Shoes and Gloves, black Fans, Feathers, and Ornaments.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black Court Dress, with black Swords and
+    Buckles, and plain Linen.
+
+    _The Court further to change the Mourning on Monday the 17th of
+    February next, viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Dresses, with white Gloves, black or white
+    Shoes, Fans, and Feathers, and Pearls, Diamonds, or plain Gold or
+    Silver Ornaments.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black Court Dress, with black Swords and
+    Buckles.
+
+    _And on Monday the 10th of March next, the Court to go out of
+    Mourning._
+
+             *       *       *       *       *
+
+FIRST NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       November 7, 1817.
+
+    _Orders for the Court's going into Mourning on Sunday next, the
+      9th instant, for Her late Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte
+      Augusta, Daughter of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, and
+      Consort of His Serene Highness the Prince Leopold Saxe-Cobourg,
+      viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Bombazines, plain Muslin, or long Lawn
+    Crape Hoods, Shamoy Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.
+
+    Undress:--Dark Norwich Crape.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black cloth without buttons on the Sleeves
+    or Pockets, plain Muslin, or long Lawn Cravats and Weepers, Shamoy
+    Shoes and Gloves, Crape Hatbands and black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    Undress:--Dark Grey Frocks.
+
+    For LADIES, black Silk, fringed or plain Linen, white Gloves, black
+    Shoes, Fans, and Tippets, white Necklaces and Earrings.
+
+    Undress:--White or grey Lustrings, Tabbies, or Damasks.
+
+    For GENTLEMEN, to continue in black, full trimmed, fringed or plain
+    Linen, black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    Undress:--Grey Coats.
+
+    For LADIES, black silk or velvet coloured Ribbons, Fans, and
+    Tippets, or plain white, or white and gold, or white and silver
+    Stuffs, with black Ribbons.
+
+    For GENTLEMEN, black Coats and black or plain white, or white and
+    gold, or white and silver stuffed Waistcoats, coloured Waistcoats
+    and Buckles.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Funeral of Charles Darwin, Esq., in
+Westminster Abbey._]
+
+
+
+
+THE Register of "Notices" preserved at the Lord Chamberlain's Offices
+date back from 1773 to 1840. They are written in chronological order
+from the first folio (9th March, 1773) to folio 16 (28th Nov., 1785).
+After this date a number of papers are missing, and, curious to relate,
+the next entry is Oct. 24, 1793, and orders the Court to go into
+mourning for ten days for Her late Majesty Marie Antoinette, Queen of
+France.
+
+On the margin of the one for mourning for Louis XVIII., is written
+a note to the effect that the "King this day, Sep. 18, 1824, orders
+three weeks' mourning for the late King of France." At about this time,
+too, the word "the ladies to wear bombazine gowns" disappears, and is
+replaced by "woolen stuffs."
+
+Our military etiquette connected with mourning was really modelled
+on that in use in the army of Louis XIV., as is proved by a rather
+singular fact. In 1737 George II. died, and an order was issued
+commanding the officers and troopers in the British army to wear
+black crape bands and black buttons and epaulettes. Very shortly
+afterwards the French Government issued a decree to the effect that,
+as the English army had "slavishly imitated the French in the matter
+of wearing mourning, henceforth the officers of the French army should
+make no change in their uniform, and only wear a black band round the
+arm." Oddly enough, at the present moment both the French and the
+English armies wear precisely the same "badge of grief," a black band
+of crape on the left arm above the elbow.
+
+The Sovereign can prolong, out of marked respect for the person to be
+mourned, the duration of the period for general and Court mourning.
+
+The following are regulations for Court mourning, according to the
+register at the Lord Chamberlain's office:--
+
+For the King or Queen--full mourning, eight weeks; mourning, two weeks;
+and half-mourning, two weeks: in all, three full months.
+
+For the son or daughter of the Sovereign--Full mourning, four weeks;
+mourning, one week; and half-mourning, one week: total, six weeks.
+
+For the brother or sister of the Sovereign--full mourning, two weeks;
+mourning, four days; and half-mourning, two days: total, three weeks.
+
+Nephew or niece--full mourning, one week; half-mourning, one week:
+total, two weeks.
+
+Uncle or aunt--same as above.
+
+Cousin, ten days; second cousin, seven days.
+
+
+
+
+THE following are the accepted reasons for the selection of various
+colours for mourning in different parts of the world:--
+
+_Black_ expresses the privation of light and joy, the midnight gloom of
+sorrow for the loss sustained. It is the prevailing colour of mourning
+in Europe, and it was also the colour selected in ancient Greece and in
+the Roman Empire.
+
+_Black and white striped_ expresses sorrow and hope, and is the
+mourning of the South Sea Islanders.
+
+_Greyish brown_--the colour of the earth, to which the dead return. It
+is the colour of mourning in Ethiopia and Abyssinia.
+
+_Pale brown_--the colour of withered leaves--is the mourning of Persia.
+
+_Sky-blue_ expresses the assured hope that the deceased is gone to
+heaven, and is the colour of mourning in Syria, Cappadocia, and Armenia.
+
+_Deep-blue_ in Bokhara is the colour of mourning; whilst the Romans in
+the days of the Republic also wore very dark blue for mourning.
+
+_Purple and violet_--to express royalty, "Kings and priests of God." It
+is the colour of mourning of Cardinals and of the Kings of France. The
+colour of mourning in Turkey is violet.
+
+_White_--emblem of "white-handed hope." The colour of mourning in
+China. The ladies of ancient Rome and Sparta sometimes wore white
+mourning, which was also the colour for mourning in Spain until 1498.
+In England it is still customary, in several of the provinces, to wear
+white silk hat-bands for the unmarried.
+
+_Yellow_--the sear and yellow leaf. The colour of mourning in Egypt and
+Burmah. In Brittany widows' caps among the peasants are yellow. Anne
+Boleyn wore yellow mourning for Catherine of Arragon, but as a sign of
+joy.
+
+_Scarlet_ is also a mourning colour, and was occasionally worn by the
+French Kings, notably so by Louis XI.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.--_Funeral of His Imperial Majesty Frederick
+the Noble, Emperor of Germany. The Funeral Service in the Imperial
+Chapel._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.--_Funeral of His Majesty the Emperor of
+Germany. The Procession leaving the Palace._]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+(_a_) In the 18th Century, the undertaker issued his
+handbills--gruesome things, with grinning skulls and shroud-clad
+corpses, thigh bones, mattocks and pickaxes, hearses, etc.:
+
+    "These are to notice that Mr. John Elphick, Woollen Draper, over
+    against St Michael's Church, in Lewes, hath a good Hearse, a Velvet
+    Pall, Mourning Cloaks, and Black Hangings for Rooms, to be lett at
+    Reasonable Rates.
+
+    "He also sells all sorts of Mourning and Half Mourning, all sorts
+    of Black Cyprus for Scarfs and Hatbands, and White Silks for Scarfs
+    and Hoods at Funerals; Gloves of all sorts, and Burying Cloaths for
+    the Dead."
+
+Again:--
+
+    "Eleazar Malory, Joiner at the Coffin in White Chapel, near Red
+    Lion Street end, maketh Coffins, Shrouds, letteth Palls, Cloaks,
+    and Furnisheth with all the other things necessary for Funerals at
+    Reasonable Rates."
+
+(_b_) The dead were formerly buried in woollen, which was rendered
+compulsory by the Acts 30 Car. ii. c. 3 and 36 Ejusdem c. i., the first
+of which was for "lessening the importation of Linen from beyond the
+seas, and the encouragement of the Woollen and Paper Manufactures of
+the Kingdome." It prescribed that the curate of every parish shall keep
+a register, to be provided at the charge of the parish, wherein to
+enter all burials and affidavits of persons being buried in woollen. No
+affidavit was necessary for a person dying of the plague, but for every
+infringement a fine of £5 was imposed, one half to go to the informer,
+and the other half to the poor of the parish. This Act was only
+repealed in 1815. The material used was flannel, and such interments
+are frequently mentioned in the literature of the time.
+
+(_c_) Misson throws some light on the custom of using flannel for
+enveloping the dead, but I fancy that it is of much greater antiquity
+than he imagined. However, he asserts:--
+
+    "There is an Act of Parliament which ordains, That the Dead shall
+    be bury'd in a Woollen Stuff, which is a kind of a thin Bays, which
+    they call Flannel; nor is it lawful to use the least Needleful of
+    Thread or Silk. This Shift is always White; but there are different
+    Sorts of it as to Fineness, and consequently of different Prices.
+    To make these dresses is a particular Trade, and there are many
+    that sell nothing else; so that these Habits for the Dead are
+    always to be had ready made, of what Size or Price you please,
+    for People of Every Age and Sex. After they had washed the Body
+    thoroughly clean, and shav'd it, if it be a Man, and his Beard be
+    grown during his Sickness, they put it on a Flannel Shirt, which
+    has commonly a sleeve purfled about the Wrists, and the Slit of the
+    Shirt down the Breast done in the same Manner. When these Ornaments
+    are not of Woollen Lace, they are at least edg'd, and sometimes
+    embroider'd with black Thread. The Shirt shou'd be at least half
+    a Foot longer than the Body, that the feet of the Deceas'd may be
+    wrapped in it as in a Bag. When they have thus folded the end of
+    the Shirt close to the Feet, they tye the Part that is folded down
+    with a piece of Woollen Thread, as we do our stockings; so that the
+    end of the Shirt is done into a kind of Tuft. Upon the Head they
+    put a Cap, which they fasten with a very broad Chin Cloth, with
+    Gloves on the Hands, and a Cravat round the Neck, all of Woollen.
+    That the Body may ly the softer, some put a Lay of Bran, about four
+    inches thick, at the Bottom of the Coffin. Instead of a Cap, the
+    Women have a kind of Head Dress, with a Forehead Cloth."
+
+Funeral invitations of a ghastly kind were sent out, and Elegies,
+laudatory of the deceased, were sometimes printed and sent to friends.
+These were got up in the same charnel-house style, and embellished with
+skulls, human bones, and skeletons. Hat-bands were costly items.
+
+    "For the encouragement of our English silk, called a la modes,
+    His Royal Highness the Prince of Denmark, the Nobility, and other
+    persons of quality, appear in Mourning Hatbands made of that silk,
+    to bring the same in fashion, in the place of Crapes, which are
+    made in the Pope's Country where we send our money for them."
+
+(_d_) The poor in Anne's time had already started Burial Clubs and
+Societies, and very cheap they seem to have been.
+
+    "This is to give notice that the office of Society for Burials, by
+    mutual contribution of a Halfpenny or Farthing towards a Burial,
+    erected upon Wapping Wall, is now removed into Katherine Wheel
+    Alley, in White Chappel, near Justice Smiths, where subscriptions
+    are taken to compleat the number, as also at the Ram in Crucifix
+    Lane in Barnaby Street, Southwark, to which places notice is to be
+    given of the death of any Member, and where any person may have the
+    printed Articles after Monday next. And this Thursday evening about
+    7 o'clock will be Buried by the Undertakers, the Corpse of J. S.,
+    a Glover, over against the Sun Brewhouse, in Golden Lane; as also
+    a child from the corner of Acorn Alley, in Bishopsgate Street, and
+    another child from the Great Maze Pond, Southwark."
+
+(_e_) Undertakers liked to arrange for a Funeral to take place on
+an evening in winter, as the costs were thereby increased, for then
+the Mourners were furnished with wax candles. These were heavy, and
+sometimes were made of four tapers twisted at the stem and then
+branching out. That these wax candles were expensive enough to excite
+the thievish cupidity of a band of roughs, the following advertisement
+will show:--
+
+    "Riots and Robberies--Committed in and about Stepney Church Yard,
+    at a Funeral Solemnity, on Wednesday, the 23rd day of September;
+    and whereas many persons, who being appointed to attend the same
+    Funeral with white wax lights of a considerable value, were
+    assaulted in a most violent manner, and the said white wax lights
+    taken from them. Whoever shall discover any of the Persons, guilty
+    of the said crimes, so as they may be convicted of the same, shall
+    receive of Mr. William Prince, Wax Chandler in the Poultry, London,
+    Ten Shillings for each Person so discovered."
+
+(_f_) We get a curious glimpse of the paraphernalia of a funeral in the
+Life of a notorious cheat, "The German Princess," who lived, and was
+hanged, in the latter part of the 17th Century, and the same funeral
+customs therein described obtained in Queen Anne's time. She took a
+lodging at a house, in a good position, and told the landlady that a
+friend of hers, a stranger to London, had just died, and was lying at
+"a pitiful Alehouse," and might she, for convenience sake, bring his
+corpse there, ready for burial on the morrow.
+
+    "The landlady consented, and that evening the Corps in a very
+    handsome Coffin was brought in a Coach, and placed in the Chamber,
+    which was the Room one pair of Stairs next the Street, and had
+    a Balcony. The Coffin being covered only with an ordinary black
+    Cloth, our Counterfeit seems much to dislike it; the Landlady tells
+    her that for 20s. she might have the use of a Velvet Pall, with
+    which being well pleas'd, she desir'd the Landlady to send for the
+    Pall, and withal accommodate the Room with her best Furniture,
+    for the next day but one he should be bury'd; thus the Landlady
+    performed, setting the Velvet Pall, and placing on a Side Board
+    Table 2 Silver Candlesticks, a Silver Flaggon, 2 Standing Gilt
+    Bowls, and several other pieces of Plate; but the Night before
+    the intended Burial, our Counterfeit Lady and her Maid within the
+    House, handed to their comrades without, all the Plate, Velvet
+    Pall, and other Furniture of the Chamber that was Portable and of
+    Value, leaving the Coffin and the supposed Corps, she and her Woman
+    descended from the Balcony by help of a Ladder, which her comrades
+    had brought her."
+
+It is needless to say that the coffin contained only brickbats and hay,
+and a sad sequel to this story is that the undertaker sued the landlady
+for the loss of his pall, which had lately cost him £40.
+
+According to a request in the will of one Mr. Benjamin Dodd, a Roman
+Catholic, "Citizen and Linnen Draper, who fell from his horse and died
+soon after," four and twenty persons were at his burial, to each of
+whom he gave a pair of white gloves, a ring of 10s. value, a bottle
+of wine, and half-a-crown to be spent on their return that night, "to
+drink his Soul's Health, then on her Journey for Purification in order
+to Eternal Rest." He also appointed his "Corps" to be carried in a
+hearse drawn by six white horses, with white feathers, and followed
+by six coaches, with six horses to each coach, and commanded that "no
+Presbyterian, Moderate Low Churchmen, or Occasional Conformists, be at
+or have anything to do with his Funeral."
+
+(_g_) Parisian funerals at the present day present many features common
+to those celebrated in England in the last century. The church, for
+instance, is elaborately decorated in black for a married man or woman,
+but in white for a spinster, youth, or child. The costumes of the hired
+attendants, and these are numerous--I counted one day, quite recently,
+no less than twenty-four, two to each coach, all handsomely dressed
+in black velvet--are of the time of Louis XV. I am assured that the
+expenses of a first-class funeral in Paris, in this year of Grace 1889,
+sometimes exceeds several hundred pounds.
+
+The _lettre de faire part_, as it is called, is also a curious feature
+in the funeral rites of our neighbours. It is an elaborate document in
+the form of a printed letter, deeply edged with black, and informs that
+all the members, near and distant, of the deceased's family--they are
+each mentioned by name and title--request you, not only to attend the
+funeral, but to pray for his or her soul.
+
+The fashion of sending costly wreaths to cover the coffin is recent,
+and was quite as unknown in Paris twenty years ago as it was in
+this country until about the same period. Wreaths of _immortelles_,
+sometimes dyed black, were, however, sent to funerals in France in
+the Middle Ages. In Brittany, the "wake" is almost as common as it is
+in Ireland, and quite as frequently degenerates into an unedifying
+spectacle. Like the Irish custom, it originated in the early Christian
+practice of keeping a light burning by the corpse, and in praying for
+the repose of the soul, _coram_ the corpse prior to its final removal
+to the church and grave, certain pagan customs, the distribution of
+wine and bread, having been introduced, at first possibly from a sense
+of hospitality, and finally as means of carousal.
+
+  RICHARD DAVEY.
+
+
+
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained.
+
+Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently corrected.
+
+Some illustrations have been moved from their original position
+so as not to interrupt the text.
+
+
+Corrections.
+
+The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
+
+p. 20:
+
+  In these, bassirilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,
+  In these, bassorilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,
+
+
+p. 27:
+
+  at the dawn of the Rennaissance
+  at the dawn of the Renaissance
+
+p. 88:
+
+  This coifure has
+  This coiffure has
+
+p. 91:
+
+  of this solemn procession can be ormed
+  of this solemn procession can be formed
+
+p. 111:
+
+  but in white for a spinister
+  but in white for a spinster
+
+
+Errata.
+
+The first line indicates the original, the second how it should read.
+
+p. 66:
+
+  "On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+  conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+
+  "On the 6th of January, 1766, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+  conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MOURNING***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 44379-8.txt or 44379-8.zip *******
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Mourning, by Richard Davey</h1>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
+<p>Title: A History of Mourning</p>
+<p>Author: Richard Davey</p>
+<p>Release Date: December 7, 2013  [eBook #44379]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MOURNING***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Eleni Christofaki,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmournin00daveuoft">
+      https://archive.org/details/historyofmournin00daveuoft</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="transnote">
+<h3>Transcriber's note.</h3>
+
+<p>A <a href="#Corrections">list</a> of the changes made can be found at the end of the
+book. In the text, the corrections are underlined by a red dotted line
+"<span class="err" title="underlined error">like this</span>". Hover the cursor
+over the underlined text and an explanation of the error should appear.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="pg" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_front_coverc.jpg" width="500" height="628" alt="History of Mourning" />
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" >
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="400" height="560" alt="Mary Queen of Scots" />
+<p class="caption">MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS,</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><em>As Widow of Francis II. of France, a facsimile
+of the original drawing by Clouet, preserved in the Biblioth&egrave;que
+Nationale, Paris.</em>&mdash;Reproduced expressly for this
+Publication.</p> </div>
+
+</div>
+<div class="title">
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h1>
+A
+HISTORY OF
+MOURNING.</h1>
+<p class="center p4">
+<small>BY</small></p>
+<p class="center p2">
+RICHARD DAVEY.</p>
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center">JAY'S,<br />
+REGENT STREET, W.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="400" height="648" alt="A
+History of Mourning by Richard Davey, Jay's Regent Street" />
+<p class="caption"><em>Wreath composed of the flowers mentioned in
+Shakespeare's dirges</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2">
+ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.] <span class="copyright">[COPYRIGHT.</span></p>
+<p class="center p2">
+PUBLISHED AT JAY'S, REGENT STREET, W.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="full" />
+<p class="center">
+<small>LONDON</small></p>
+<p class="center">
+M<sup>c</sup>CORQUODALE &amp; CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span></p>
+<p class="center">
+<small>CARDINGTON STREET, N.W.</small>
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_004.jpg" width="500" height="295" alt="A History of Mourning by Richard Davey" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_004a.jpg" width="200" height="16" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<p class="p2">
+<img src="images/lettera.jpg" width="100" height="103" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+LTHOUGH tradition has not informed us whether our first
+parents made any marked change in their scanty garments on
+the death of their near relatives, it is certain that the fashion of
+wearing mourning and the institution of funereal ceremonies and
+rites are of the most remote antiquity. Herodotus tells us that
+the Egyptians over 3,000 years ago selected yellow as the
+colour which denoted that a kinsman was lately deceased.
+They, moreover, shaved their eyebrows when a relative died;
+but the death of a dog or a cat, regarded as divinities by this
+curious people, was a matter of much greater importance to them, for then they not only
+shaved their eyebrows, but every hair on their bodies was plucked out; and doubtless this
+explains the reason why so many elaborate wigs are to be seen in the various museums
+devoted to Egyptian antiquities. It would require a volume to give an idea of the
+singular funereal ceremonials of this people, with whom death was regarded, so to speak, as
+a "speciality;" for their religion was mainly devoted to the <em>cultus</em> of the departed, and
+consequently innumerable monumental tombs still exist all over Egypt, the majority of which
+are full of mummies, whose painted cases are most artistic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_005.jpg" width="500" height="516" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">
+Fig. 1.</span>&mdash;<em>An Egyptian Lady preparing to go into Mourning
+for the death of her pet Cat.</em>&mdash;From a picture by
+<span class="smcap">J. R. Weguelin</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cat was worshipped as a divinity by the Egyptians. Magnificent tombs were
+erected in its honour, sacrifices and devotions were offered to it; and, as has already
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+been said, it was customary for the people of the house to shave their heads and eyebrows
+whenever Pussy departed the family circle. Possibly it was their exalted position in Egypt
+which eventually led to cats being considered the "familiars" of witches in the Middle
+Ages, and even in our own time, for belief in witchcraft is not extinct. The kindly
+Egyptians made mummies of their cats and dogs, and it is presumable that, since Egypt is
+a corn growing, and hence a rat and mouse producing country, both dogs and cats, as killers
+of these vermin, were regarded with extreme veneration on account of their exterminating
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+qualities. Their mummies are often both curious and comical, for the poor beast's quaint
+figure and face are frequently preserved with an indescribably grim realism, after the lapse
+of many ages.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="500" height="417" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>&mdash;<em>Egyptian Maiden presenting Incense to the new-made Mummy of a Cat.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The funeral processions of the Egyptians were magnificent; for with the principal
+members of the family of the deceased, if he chanced to be of royal or patrician rank, walked
+in stately file numerous priests, priestesses, and officials wearing mourning robes, and,
+together with professional mourners, filling the air with horrible howls and cries. Their
+descendants still produce these strident and dismal lamentations on similar occasions.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE Egyptian Pyramids, which were included among the seven wonders of
+the world, are seventy in number, and are masses of stone or brick, with
+square bases and triangular sides. Although various opinions have prevailed
+as to their use, as that they were erected for astronomical purposes, for
+resisting the encroachment of the sand of the desert, for granaries, reservoirs,
+or sepulchres, the last-mentioned hypothesis has been proved to be correct, in recent times, by
+the excavations of Vyse, who expended nearly &pound;10,000 in investigating their object. They
+were the tombs of monarchs of Egypt who flourished from the Fourth to the Twelfth Dynasty,
+none having been constructed later than that time; the subsequent kings being buried at
+Abydos, Thebes, and other places, in tombs of a very different character.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"> <img src="images/i_007.jpg" width="500"
+height="386" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>&mdash;<em>The
+Pyramids and Great Sphinx.</em>&mdash;From a pen-and-ink sketch by
+<span class="smcap">Horace Vernet</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first, or Great Pyramid, was the sepulchre of the Cheops of Herodotus, the Chembes,
+or Chemmis, of Diodorus, and the Suphis of Manetho and Eratosthenes. Its height was
+480 feet 9 inches, and its base 764 feet square. In other words, it was higher than St. Paul's
+Cathedral, and built on an area the size of Lincoln's Inn Fields. It has been, however, much
+spoiled, and stripped of its exterior blocks for the building of Cairo. The original sepulchral
+chamber, called the Subterranean Apartment, 46 feet by 27 feet, and 11 feet 6 inches high,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+has been hewn in the solid rock, and was reached by the original passage of 320 feet long,
+which descended to it by an entrance at the foot of the pyramid. A second chamber, with
+a triangular roof, 17 feet by 18 feet 9 inches, and 20 feet 3 inches high, was entered by a
+passage rising to an inclination of 26&deg; 18', terminating in a horizontal passage. It is called
+the Queen's Chamber, and occupies a position nearly in the centre of the pyramid. The
+monument&mdash;probably owing to the long life attained by the monarch&mdash;still progressing, a third
+chamber, called the King's, was finally constructed, by prolonging the ascending passage of
+the Queen's Chamber for 150 feet farther into the very centre of the pyramid, and, after a
+short horizontal passage, making a room 17 feet 1 inch by 34 feet 3 inches, and 19 feet 1 inch
+high. The changes which took place in this pyramid gave rise to various traditions, even in
+the days of Herodotus, Cheops being reported to lie buried in a chamber surrounded by the
+waters of the Nile. It took a long time for its construction&mdash;100,000 men being employed
+on it probably for above half a century, the duration of the reign of Cheops. The operations
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+in this pyramid by General Vyse gave rise to the discovery of marks scrawled in red ochre
+in a kind of cursive hieroglyph, on the blocks brought from the quarries of Tourah. These
+contained the name and titles of Khufu (the hieroglyphic form of Cheops); numerals and
+directions for the position of materials, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_008.jpg" width="500" height="440" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>&mdash;<em>Mummies
+of Cats and Dogs.</em>&mdash;British Museum and Museum of the
+Louvre.</p>
+ </div>
+
+<p>The second Pyramid was built by Suphis II., or Kephren, who reigned 66 years,
+according to Manethro, and who appears to have attained a great age. It has two sepulchral
+chambers, and must have been broken into by the Calif Alaziz Othman Ben-Yousouf,
+<small>A.D.</small> 1196. Subsequently it was opened by Belzoni. The masonry is inferior to that of the
+first Pyramid, but it was anciently cased below with red granite.</p>
+
+<p>The third Pyramid, built by Menkara, who reigned 63 years, is much smaller than the
+other two, and has also two sepulchral chambers, both in the solid rock. The lower chamber,
+which held a sarcophagus of rectangular shape of whinstone, had a pointed roof, cut like an
+arch inside; but the cedar coffin, in shape of a mummy, had been removed to the upper or
+large apartment, and its contents there rifled. Amongst the debris of the coffin and in the
+chambers were found the legs and part of the trunk of a body with linen wrapper, supposed
+by some to belong to the monarch, but by others to an Arab, on account of the anchylosed
+right knee. This body and fragments of the coffin were brought to the British Museum;
+but the stone sarcophagus was unfortunately lost off Carthagena, by the sinking of the vessel
+in which it was being transported to England.</p>
+
+<p>There are six other Pyramids of inferior size and interest at Gizeh; one at Abou Rouash,
+which is ruined, but of large dimensions; another at Zowyet El Arrian, still more ruined;
+another at Reegah, a spot in the vicinity of Abooseer, also much dilapidated, and built for the
+monarch User-en-Ra, by some supposed to be Busiris. There are five of these monuments
+at Abooseer, one with a name supposed to be that of a monarch of the Third Dynasty; and
+another with that of the king Sahura. A group of eleven Pyramids remains at Sakkara, and
+five other Pyramids are at Dashour, the northernmost of which, built of brick, is supposed to
+be that of the king Asychis of Herodotus, and has a name of a king apparently about the
+Twelfth Dynasty. Others are at Meydoon and Illahoon, Biahmo and Medinat El Fyoum,
+apparently the sepulchres of the last kings of the Twelfth Dynasty.</p>
+
+<p>In Nubia, the ancient &AElig;thiopia, are several Pyramids, the tombs of the monarchs of
+Mero&euml; and of some of the Ethiopian conquerors of Egypt. They are taller in proportion to
+their base than the Egyptian Pyramids, and generally have a sepulchral hall, or propylon, with
+sculptures, which faces the east. The principal groups of these Pyramids are at Bege Rauie, or
+Begromi, 17&ordm; N. lat., in one of which, gold rings and other objects of late art, resembling that
+of the Ptolemaic period, were found.</p>
+
+<p>The numerous Pyramids of Mexico are of vast size and importance, but their purpose is
+not yet fully ascertained. Completely covered as they are with dense vegetation, filled with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+venomous reptiles, they are difficult to investigate, but they were evidently much the same
+in shape and structure as the Egyptian, and their entrances were richly sculptured.</p>
+
+<p>The art of preserving the body after death by embalming was invented by the Egyptians,
+whose prepared bodies are known by the name of mummies. This art seems to have derived
+its origin from the idea that the preservation of the body was necessary for the return of the
+soul to the human form after it had completed its cycle of existence of three or ten thousand
+years. Physical and sanitary reasons may also have induced the ancient Egyptians; and the
+legend of Osiris, whose body, destroyed by Typhon, was found by Isis, and embalmed by
+his son Anubis, gave a religious sanction to the rite, all deceased persons being supposed
+to be embalmed after the model of Osiris in the <em>abuton</em> of Phil&aelig;. One of the earliest
+embalmments on record is that of the patriarch Jacob; and the body of Joseph was thus
+prepared, and transported out of Egypt. The following seems to have been the usual rule
+observed after death. The relations of the deceased went through the city chanting a wail for
+the dead. The corpse of a male was at once committed into the charge of undertakers; if a
+female, it was detained at home until decomposition had begun. The <em>paraschistes</em>, or flank-inciser
+of the district, a person of low class, conveyed the corpse home. A scribe marked with
+a reed-pen a line on the left side beneath the ribs, down which line the paraschistes made a
+deep incision with a rude knife of stone, or probably flint. He was then pelted by those
+around with stones, and pursued with curses. Then the <em>taricheutes</em>, or preparer, proceeded to
+arrange the corpse for the reception of the salts and spices necessary for its preservation, and
+the future operations depended on the sum to be expended upon the task. When Herodotus
+visited Egypt, three methods prevailed: the first, accessible only to the wealthy, consisted in
+passing peculiar drugs through the nostrils, into the cavities of the skull, rinsing the body in
+palm wine, and filling it with resins, cassia, and other substances, and stitching up the incision
+in the left flank. The mummy was then steeped in natron for 70 days, and wrapped up in linen
+cemented by gums, and set upright in a wooden coffin against the walls of the house or tomb.
+This process cost what would now amount in our money to about &pound;725. The second process
+consisted in injecting into the body cedar oil, soaking it in a solution of natron for 70 days,
+which eventually destroyed everything but the skin and bones. The expense was a <em>mina</em>,
+relatively, about &pound;243. In the third process, used for the poorer classes, the corpse was
+simply washed in myrrh, and salted for 70 days. When thus prepared the bodies were ready
+for sepulture, but they were often kept some time before burial&mdash;often at home&mdash;and were even
+produced at festive entertainments, to recall to the guests the transient lot of humanity. All
+classes were embalmed, even malefactors; and those who were drowned in the Nile or killed
+by crocodiles received an embalmment from the city nearest to which the accident occurred.</p>
+
+<p>The Ethiopians used similar means of embalming to preserve the dead, and other less
+successful means were used by nations of antiquity. The Persians employed wax, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+Assyrians, honey; the Jews embalmed their monarchs with spices, with which the body of
+Our Lord was also anointed; Alexander the Great was preserved in wax and honey, and some
+Roman bodies have been found thus embalmed. The Guanches, or ancient inhabitants of the
+Canary Isles, used an elaborate process like the Egyptian; and dessicated bodies, preserved
+by atmospheric or other circumstances for centuries, have been found in France, Sicily,
+England, and America, especially in Central America, and Peru. The art of embalming was
+probably never lost in Europe, and De Bils, Ruysch, Swammerdam, and Clauderus boast of
+great success in it. During the present century it has been almost entirely discarded, except
+under very exceptional circumstances.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="300" height="94" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_012.jpg" width="500" height="401" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>&mdash;<em>Tomb of Runjeet Singh at
+Lahore.</em>
+</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterl.jpg" width="100" height="145" alt="L"  class="floatl" />
+EAVING the Oriental and remotely ancient nations aside, we will now consider the
+history of mourning as it was used by those peoples from whom we immediately
+derive our funereal customs. In ancient times, even amongst the Greeks and
+Romans, it was the custom to immolate victims&mdash;either slaves or captives&mdash;on the
+tomb of the departed, in order to appease the spirit, or that the soul might
+be accompanied by spirits of inferior persons to the realms of eternal bliss; and in
+India we have some difficulty even now in preventing the
+burning of a widow on the funeral pyre of her husband,
+instances of this barbarous custom occurring almost every year,
+notwithstanding the vigilance of our Government.</p>
+
+<p>It would be extremely interesting to trace to their sources all the various
+rites and ceremonies connected with our principal subject, of every nation, savage or civilised,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+ancient or modern; but the task would be quite beyond my limits. A thorough investigation
+of the matter, assisted very materially by a systematic investigation of that mine of curious
+information, Picard's famous "<cite>C&eacute;r&eacute;monies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples</cite>", which contains
+so many original letters from missionaries of the 16th and 17th Centuries, obliges me to come
+to the conclusion that there is, after all, not so much variety in the funereal ceremonies of the
+world as we imagine. Those of the Chinese and Japanese resemble in many ways, very
+strikingly too, the ceremonies which the Roman Catholics employ to this day: there are the
+same long processions of priests and officials; and Picard shows us a sketch of a very grand
+burial at Pekin, in 1675, in which we behold the body of the Emperor of the Celestials
+stretched upon a bier covered with deep violet satin, and surrounded by many lighted candles;
+prayers were said for the repose of the soul; and, as all the world knows, the costumes of the
+priests of Buddha are supposed to have undergone, together with their creed and ritual, a
+great change in the early part of the 17th Century, owing to the extraordinary influence of
+the Jesuit missionaries who followed St. Francis Xavier into India and Japan. The Japanese
+cremated their dead and preserved the ashes; the Chinese buried theirs; but the Cingalese,
+after burning the body, scattered the ashes to the winds; whilst a sect of Persians exposed
+their dead upon the top of high towers, and permitted the birds of prey to perform the
+duty which we assign to the gravedigger.</p>
+
+<p>Cemeteries existed in the East at a remote epoch, and were rendered so beautiful with
+handsome mausoleums, groves of stately cypresses and avenues of lovely rose bushes, that they
+are now used as public promenades. On certain days of the year multitudes resort to them for
+purposes of prayer, and the Armenian Christians illuminate theirs with lamps and tapers on the
+annual feast of the commemoration of the departed. Perhaps India possesses the most
+elegant tombs in the world, mainly built by the sovereigns of the Mongol dynasty. None
+among them is so sumptuous as the mausoleum of Taj Mahal, situated about a mile outside
+the port of Agra. It was built by Shah Jehan for himself and his wife Arjimand Banoo,
+surnamed Mumtaz Mahal; 20,000 men were employed for 20 years erecting it. It is
+constructed of the purest white marble, relieved with precious stones. In the interior is the
+sepulchral apartment, which is chiefly decorated with lapis lazuli. The tombs of the Emperor
+and Empress, which stand under the dome, are covered with costly Indian shawls of green
+cashmere, heavily embroidered with gold.</p>
+
+<p>Another most beautiful specimen of Mahometan sepulchral architecture is the tomb of
+Runjeet Singh, near Lahore, which, though less known, is externally as magnificent as the
+mausoleum above described.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/13.jpg" width="200" height="53" alt="decoration" />
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+<img src="images/letterm.jpg" width="200" height="162" alt="M"  class="floatl" />
+OSES prohibited the immolation of human victims on the
+tombs of the dead, and decreed that relatives should signify
+their sorrow by the manner in which they tore their
+garments. They rent them according to the degrees of
+affinity and parentage. Sometimes the tears were horizontal,
+and this indicated that a father, mother, wife, brother, or
+sister had died; but if the tear was longitudinal, it
+signified that some person had departed who was not a
+blood relation. An idea can be formed of the appalling destruction of clothing which must
+have occurred on certain occasions amongst the ancient Jews, when we remember that
+on the death of a king everybody was expected to tear their garments longitudinally, and
+to go about with them in tatters for nine days. This curious custom possibly explains
+Solomon's proverb, "There is a time to rend and a time to mend."</p>
+
+<p>The High Priest among the Jews was exempted from wearing mourning. The French,
+when they embraced Christianity, added many Jewish customs to their own: up to the time
+of the Revolution of 1789, their Grand Chancellor, or Chief Magistrate, was not bound to
+wear mourning even for his own father.</p>
+
+<p>The Greeks, doubtless, derived their funereal ceremonies from the Egyptians, and
+it is from this ancient people that we obtain the custom of wearing black as mourning.
+When a person in Greece was dangerously ill and not expected to recover, branches of
+<em>laurestinus</em> and <em>achanthus</em> were hung up over the door, and the relatives hurried round the
+bed and prayed to Mercury, as the conductor of souls, to have mercy upon the invalid, and
+either to cure him completely or else help his soul to cross the river Styx. If the death
+really occurred, then the house was filled with cries and lamentations. The body was washed
+and perfumed, and covered with rich robes; a garland of flowers was placed on its head, and
+in its hand a cake made of wheat and honey, to appease Cerberus, the porter of Hell;
+and in the mouth a purse of money, in order to defray the expenses of Charon, the ferryman
+of Styx. In this state the deceased was exposed for two days in the vestibule of the house.
+At the door was a vase full of water, destined to purify the hands of those who touched
+the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>Visitors to Paris will remember how often they have seen a coffin exhibited in the
+doorway of a house, elaborately covered with flowers, having at its head a crucifix, and many
+lights surrounding it, everybody as they passed saluting it&mdash;the men by taking off their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+hats, and the women by making the sign of the cross, often using for this purpose holy
+water offered to them on a brush by an acolyte. Now, the Greeks used blessed water
+when they exposed their dead in front of their dwellings; possibly the French custom is
+derived from the Grecian. The funeral in Greece took place three days after the exhibition
+of the remains, and usually occurred before sunrise, so as to avoid ostentation. Many women
+surrounded the bier, weeping and howling, and not a few, being professionals, were paid for
+their trouble. The corpse was placed on a chariot, in a coffin made of cypress wood. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+male relatives walked behind, those who were of close kinship having their heads shaved.
+They usually cast down their eyes, and were invariably dressed in black. A choir of musicians
+came next, singing doleful tunes. The procession, as a rule, had not far to go, for the body
+of a wealthy person was usually buried in his garden&mdash;if his city house did not possess one,
+in that of his villa residence.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_015.jpg" width="500" height="821" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>&mdash;<em>A Greek Tomb: the Monument
+of Themistocles, Athens.</em></p>
+ </div>
+
+<p>The Greeks, it will thus be seen, buried their dead, and did not cremate them as did the
+Romans; but in the latter years of the Republic both forms of disposing of the body were
+common. After the burial, libations of wine were poured over the grave, and all objects of
+clothing which had belonged to the deceased were solemnly burnt. The ninth and fourteenth
+days after the funeral, the parents, dressed in white, visited the grave, and a ceremony was
+gone through for the repose of the soul. The anniversary of the death was also observed,
+and the Greeks, moreover, had a general commemoration of the dead in the month of March.
+And here let us make a digression to see how very closely the Greeks must have influenced
+the early Christians, and consequently their more immediate descendants, the Roman Catholics,
+in the matter of religious ceremonies; for it is usual among Catholics to hear a Mass for the
+Dead a week after the death, and also another on the anniversary. The universal feast of
+the dead is observed by them, however, not in the month of March, but in that of November.
+People who have lived in Paris will know how very largely these funereal ceremonies enter
+into the manners and customs of that gay city, so that it is not unfrequent for foreign
+residents to observe that their time is passed in perpetually going to funerals; for, if you have
+a large acquaintance, you are sure to receive at least twenty or thirty invitations to
+funerals and funereal commemorations in the course of the year. Of course, everybody
+will remember how on the Continent the first day of November is devoted to visiting the
+cemeteries and decorating the tombs of relatives and friends.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_016.jpg" width="500" height="191" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>&mdash;<em>Gallo-Roman bas-relief&mdash;found in Paris about fifty years ago&mdash;representing a family surrounding
+the body of a woman who has recently died.</em>&mdash;Museum of the Louvre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+To return to the Greeks, it should be observed that their respect for the dead was
+remarkable, even amongst the ancients. If a man accidentally found a body on the high-road,
+he was obliged to turn aside and bury it. When the people saw a funeral procession pass,
+they uncovered their heads and murmured a prayer. The laws against the violation of the
+sepulchres of the dead were most severe, and any one who was caught damaging a tomb was
+usually flogged for his trouble, but if he overthrew it and disturbed the body, he was burnt
+alive.</p>
+
+<p>If a person died at sea, all the people on board the ship assembled at sunset, and
+cried out three times the name of the departed, who was usually thrown overboard. In the
+morning they repeated these calls, and so forth until the ship entered port. This was done
+in order to recall the names of the deceased, or at any rate to keep them propitious.</p>
+
+<p>When an illustrious person died in Greece, the ceremonies were on a most elaborate
+scale, and even accompanied by games, which lasted for many days. Readers of Homer's
+"Iliad" will remember his magnificent description of the death and funeral of Patroclus.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Romans the men were not obliged to wear mourning, but it was the fashion
+for women to do so. Very wisely, children under three years of age were not forced to
+put on black, even for their parents, and after that age, only for as many months as they
+had lived years.</p>
+
+<p>The Roman ladies only wore mourning for their parents for one year. Men were expected
+to wear it for the same period in the case of the death of a father, mother, wife, sister, or
+brother. Numa fixed the period of wearing deep mourning for the nearest of kin as ten
+months. People, however, were not obliged to wear mourning for any of their relatives who
+had been in prison, were bankrupt, or in any way outlawed. Numa published a minute
+series of laws regulating the mourning of his people. A very odd item in these included
+an order that women should not scratch their faces, or make an exceptional fuss at a public
+funeral. This was possibly decreed to put some stop to abuses which the hired mourners
+had occasioned: scratching their faces, for instance, so as to injure themselves, and making an
+over-dismal wail which was offensive to the genuine mourners.</p>
+
+<p>For freedmen and slaves among the Romans, the greatest mark of respect was the
+erection of a monument or inscription in the tomb reserved for the family they had served.
+Thousands of these inscriptions to slaves and faithful servants still exist, and lead us to hope
+that the hardships of slavery in ancient Rome were often softened by mutual kindness and
+respect. One of the most touching of these is in a tomb on the Appian Road, which is
+supposed to have belonged to the attendants of Livia, the illustrious consort of Augustus.
+It runs:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"To my beloved Julia, my slave-woman, whose last illness I have watched and attended
+as if it had been that of my own mother."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+
+Tombs of slaves who were martyrs to the Christian religion are very frequent, and
+their inscriptions are usually of a most pathetic description.</p>
+
+<p>The ashes of the dead, after the solemn burning of the body, were carefully gathered
+together and placed in an often very beautifully painted urn, and taken to the family tomb
+on the Appian Way, where an appropriate inscription was affixed to the wall under the niche
+containing the vase or urn. Little glass bottles, said to be filled with the tears of the nearest
+relations, were likewise enclosed in the urn, or else hung up beside it. Thousands of these,
+brilliant, after ages, with iridescent colours, are still found in the Roman tombs.</p>
+
+<p>It was not imperative for a man in old Rome to wear mourning at all; but it was
+considered very bad taste for a male not to show some external sign of respect for his dead.
+With women, on the other hand, it was obligatory.</p>
+
+<p>On great occasions, such as the death of an Emperor or a defeat of the army in
+foreign parts, the Senate, the Knights, and the whole Roman people assumed mourning; and
+the same ceremony was observed when any general of the Roman army was slain in battle.
+When Manlius was precipitated from the Tarpeian rock, half the people put on mourning.
+The defeat at Cann&aelig;, the conspiracy of Catilina, and the death of Julius C&aelig;sar were also
+events celebrated in Rome with public mourning; but during the whole period of the
+Republic it was not compulsory for people to notice death, either publicly or privately.</p>
+
+<p>The first public mourning recorded as being observed throughout the entire Roman
+Empire was that for Augustus. It lasted for fifty days for the men, and the whole year
+for women. The next public event which called forth a decree commanding that the entire
+people of Rome and the Empire should wear mourning, was the death of Livia, mother of
+Tiberius. The same thing occurred at the death of Drusus; and Caligula followed the
+example, and ordered general mourning on the death of Drusilla.</p>
+
+<p>Private mourning, which was among the Romans, as we have already intimated, not at
+all compulsory, could be broken by events such as the birth of a son or daughter, the
+marriage of a child, and the return of a prisoner of war. Men wore lighter mourning than
+women, but were expected to absent themselves from places of public amusement.</p>
+
+<p>The usual colour adopted by women for mourning, under the Roman Empire, was a
+peculiar blue-black serge, and an absolutely black veil. As with us, occasionally, the wearing
+of mourning brought forth some sharp remarks from the satirical poets. Thus, Macrobius tells
+us, in his Saturnalia, that Cr&oelig;sus on one occasion went to the Senate wearing the deepest
+mourning for the largest lamprey in his tank, which had died.</p>
+
+<p>Women were not allowed to remarry within the year of their husband's death. Imperial
+permission, however, might smooth this difficulty.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterbiga.jpg" width="200" height="170" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+MONG the early Christians the sincerest respect for the
+memory of their dead was paid; for most of them, in
+the first centuries of the Church, were either martyrs
+or near connections of such as had suffered for the faith.
+The Catacombs are covered with inscriptions recording
+the deaths of martyrs; and many of these memorials
+are exceedingly pathetic, testifying to the fortitude
+with which the first Christians endured any manner
+of torture rather than deny the new faith which had been imparted to them
+by Divine revelation. The remains of the martyrs, however mangled they might
+be, were gathered together with the greatest reverence, and their blood placed in little
+phials of glass, which were considered relics of a most precious nature. The Catacombs,
+which served the first Christians as churches as well as places of burial, are called after the
+most distinguished martyrs who were buried therein. In that of St. Calixtus, for instance&mdash;where
+that early and martyred Pope was interred&mdash;about two centuries ago was found the body
+of Saint Cecilia, "the sweet patroness of music." With such precaution had her remains been
+transported to their place of interment, that Bernini, the most eminent sculptor of the 17th
+Century, was able to take a cast of them, which he subsequently worked into a lovely statue,
+representing the saint in the graceful and modest attitude in which it is said her body was
+found after the lapse of a thousand years. This exquisite work of art is to be seen in the church
+which bears Saint Cecilia's name, in the Trastevere; and a fine replica of it is in the chapel of
+St. Cecilia, in the Oratory, Brompton.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_020.jpg" width="500" height="699" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>&mdash;<em>Divine Service in the Catacombs of St. Calixtus</em>,
+<small>A.D.</small> 50.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Catacombs are subterraneous chambers and passages usually formed in the rock,
+which is soft and easily excavated, and are to be found in almost every country in which such
+rocks exist. In most cases, probably, they originated in mere quarries, which afterwards came
+to be used either as places of sepulchre for the dead, or as hiding-places for the persecuted
+living. The most celebrated Catacombs in existence are those on the Via Appia, at a short
+distance from Rome. To these dreary crypts the early Christians were in the habit of retiring,
+in order to celebrate Divine worship in times of persecution, and in them were buried many
+of the saints, the early Popes, and martyrs. They consist of long narrow galleries, usually
+about eight feet high and five wide, which twist and turn in all directions. The graves were
+constructed by hollowing out a portion of the rock, at the side of the gallery, large enough
+to contain the body. The entrance was then built up with stones, on which usually the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+letters D. M. (Deo Maximo), or <span lang="el" title="CHR">&#935;&#929;</span>, the first two letters of the Greek name of Christ,
+were inscribed. Though latterly devoted to purposes of Christian interment exclusively, it is
+believed that the Catacombs were at one time used as burying-places for Pagans also, and
+there are one or two which were evidently entirely devoted to the Jews. At irregular
+intervals, these galleries expand into wide and lofty vaulted chambers, in which the service of
+the Church was no doubt celebrated, and which still have the appearance of chapels. The
+original extent of the Catacombs is uncertain, the guides maintaining that they have a length
+of twenty miles, whereas about six only can now be ascertained to exist, and of these, many
+portions have either fallen in or become dangerous. When Rome was besieged by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+Lombards in the 8th Century, several of the Catacombs were destroyed, and the Popes afterwards
+caused the remains of many of the saints and martyrs to be removed and buried in the
+churches. The Catacombs at Naples, cut into the Capo di Monte, resemble those at Rome,
+and evidently were used for the same purposes, being partially covered with remarkable
+Christian symbols. At Palermo and Syracuse, there are similar Catacombs, and they are also
+to be found in Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and Egypt. At Milo, one of the Cyclades,
+there is a hill which is honeycombed with a labyrinth of tombs running in every direction.
+In these, <span class="err" title="original: bassirilievi">bassorilievi</span> and figures in terra-cotta have been found, which prove them to be long
+anterior to the Christian era. In Peru and other parts of South America, ancient Catacombs
+still exist. The Catacombs of Paris are a species of charnel-house, into which the
+contents of such burying-places as were found to be pestilential, and the bodies of some of
+the victims of the Revolution, were cast by a decree of the Government. The skulls are
+arranged in curious forms, and a visit to these weird galleries is one of the sights of Paris,
+which few strangers, however, are privileged to study. The Capuchin monks have frequently
+attached to their monasteries, a cloister filled with earth brought from the Holy Land. In
+this the monks are buried for a time, until their bones are quite fleshless, when they are
+arranged in surprising groups in the long corridors of a series of galleries, and produce
+sometimes the reverse of a solemn effect.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_021.jpg" width="500" height="357" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl"><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span>&mdash;<em>Crypt of a Chapel in the Catacomb of St. Agnes, without the walls of Rome (restored), showing
+the manner in which the bodies of the early Christians were arranged one above the other.
+The front of each tomb was of course walled up.</em>&mdash;From the work on the Catacombs of Rome,
+by <span class="smcap">M. Perret</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i022.jpg" width="400" height="716" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>&mdash;<em>An Anglo-Saxon Widow Lady. The upper garment is of black cloth, edged with fur, and a veil
+of black gauze hangs from the head.</em>&mdash;9th Century MS., National Library, Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterasecond.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+S the Church emerged from the Catacombs, and was enabled to take her
+position in the world, her funereal ceremonies became more elaborate and
+costly. Masses for the dead were offered up in the churches, to the
+accompaniment of music and singing; and the funereal ceremonies which
+attended the burial of the Empress Theodolinda, <small>A.D.</small> 595, the friend and
+correspondent of Pope St. Gregory the Great, lasted for over a week. The Cathedral of
+Monza, where she was buried, was hung with costly black stuff, and the body of the Empress
+was exhibited under a magnificent catafalque, surrounded with lights, and was visited by
+pilgrims from all parts of Lombardy. Many hundreds of masses were said for her in all the
+churches, and all day the great bells of the cathedral and of the various monastic establishments
+tolled dolefully. At the end of the week the body of the illustrious Empress was placed in
+the vault under the high altar, where it remains to this day; and above it was a shrine filled
+with extraordinary relics, many of which still subsist, as, for instance, her celebrated "Hen and
+Chickens"&mdash;a plateau or tray of silver gilt with some gold chickens with ruby eyes upon it&mdash;and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+the famous iron crown, which is, indeed, of gold, having one of the nails said to have
+been used at the Crucifixion beaten in a single band round the inside. Napoleon I. crowned
+himself, at Milan, King of Italy, with this singular relic.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i023.jpg" width="400" height="638" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span>&mdash;<em>An Anglo-Saxon Priest wearing a black Dalmatic, edged with fur, ready to say a Requiem Mass.</em>&mdash;From
+an early MS., 10th Century.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Our Catholic ancestors spent large sums of money upon their funerals. The pious practice
+of praying for the dead, which they doubtless derived from the Hebrews, induced them to
+secure the future exertions of their friends, by building chanteries and special chapels in the
+churches, with a view of reminding the survivors of their demise. Guilds, which by the
+way, still exist, were created for the purpose of binding people together in a holy league
+of prayer for the souls of the faithful departed. We find in the laws established for the
+Guild of Abbotsbury, the following regulations:&mdash;"If any one belonging to the association
+chance to die, each member shall pay a penny for the good of the soul, before the body
+be laid in the grave. If he die in the neighbourhood, the steward (secretary) shall enquire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+when he is to be interred, and shall summon as many members as he can, to assemble and
+carry the corpse in as honourable a manner as possible to the grave or minster, and there
+pray devoutly for his soul's rest." With the same view, our ancestors were ever anxious to
+obtain a place of sepulchre in the most frequented churches. The monuments raised over
+their remains, whilst keeping them safe from profanation, recalled them to memory, and solicited
+on their behalf the charity of the faithful. The usual inscription on the earlier Christian
+tombs in this country was the pathetic "Of your charity, pray for me." In the Guild of All
+Souls, in London, when any member died, it was the custom of the survivors to give the poor
+a loaf for the good of the soul; and the writer can perfectly remember, that some thirty years
+since, in remote parts of Norfolk, when anybody died, it was the fashion to distribute loaves of
+bread in the church porch as a dole. The funeral of an Anglo-Saxon was thus conducted:&mdash;The
+body of the deceased was placed on a bier or in a hearse. On it lay the book of the
+gospels, the code of his or her belief, and the cross, the signal of hope. A pall of silk or
+linen was thrown over it till it reached the place of interment. The friends were summoned,
+and strangers deemed it a duty to join the funeral procession. The clergy walked before or
+on each side, bearing lighted tapers in their hands, and chanting a portion of the psalter.
+If it were in the evening, the night was passed in exercises of devotion. In the morning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+mass was sung and the body deposited with solemnity in the grave, the sawlshot paid, and
+a liberal donation distributed to the poor. Before the Reformation, it was the excellent custom
+for all persons who met a funeral to uncover and stand reverentially still until it had
+passed. The pious turned back, and accompanied the mourners a part of the way to the
+grave. It is pleasant to notice that this essentially humane habit of taking off the hat and
+behaving gravely as a funeral goes by, which is universal upon the Continent, is at last
+becoming more and more general here. The homage of the living to the mortal remains of
+even the humblest is excellent, and one which should be earnestly encouraged, being far
+more beneficial in its results than the heaping of costly flowers upon a hearse, which no one
+notices as it passes, laden with its ephemeral offerings, to the cemetery.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="500" height="306" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl"><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of St. Edward the Confessor, January 5th, 1066. The body, covered with a silken
+pall adorned with crosses, is carried by eight men, and followed by many priests, to Westminster
+Abbey, which he had founded. Under the bier are seen two small figures ringing bells.</em>&mdash;From
+the Bayeux Tapestry, worked by Matilda of Flanders, Queen of William the Conqueror, and
+preserved in the Cathedral at Bayeux&mdash;11th Century.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The funeral of Edward the Confessor was exceedingly magnificent, and the shrine built
+over his relics, behind the high altar of the glorious abbey which he founded, is still an
+object of reverence with our Roman Catholic fellow-citizens, who, on St. Edward's Day, are
+permitted by a tolerant age to offer their devotions before the resting-place of the last of our
+Saxon Kings. But our first Norman King was buried with scant ceremony. He died 1087,
+at Hermentrude, a village near Rouen, having been taken suddenly ill on his way to England.
+No sooner was the illustrious king deceased, than his servants plundered the house and even
+the corpse, flinging it naked upon the floor. Herleadin, a peasant, undertook at last to convey
+the body to Caen, where it was to be buried in the Abbey of St. Stephen, Prince Henry and
+the monks being present. Scarcely, however, was the mass of requiem begun, when the
+church took fire, and everybody fled, leaving William the Conqueror's hearse neglected
+in the centre of the transept. At last the flames were extinguished, the interrupted
+service finished, and the funeral sermon preached. Just, however, as the coffin was about to
+be lowered into the vault, Anselm Fitz-Arthur, a Norman gentleman, stood forth and forbade
+the interment. "This spot," cried he, "is the site of my father's house, which this dead man
+burnt to ashes. On the ground it occupied I built this church, and William's body shall not
+desecrate it." After much ado, however, Fitz-Arthur was prevailed upon by Prince Henry to
+allow the body to be buried, on the payment of sixty shillings as the price of the grave. In
+the 17th Century the Calvinists ravaged the tomb and broke the monument. It was restored
+in 1642, but finally swept away, together with that of Queen Matilda, in the Revolution of 1793.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_025.jpg" width="200" height="29" alt="illustration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_026.jpg" width="500" height="706" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>&mdash;<em>The Shrine of the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_028.jpg" width="500" height="267" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 14.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of an Abbess&mdash;10th Century.</em>&mdash;From a MS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterp.jpg" width="100" height="104" alt="P" class="floatl" />
+ERHAPS the most curious funeral on record occurred just at the dawn of the
+<span class="err" title="original: Rennaissance">Renaissance</span>&mdash;that of the ill-fated Inez de Castro&mdash;"the Queen crowned
+after death"&mdash;who was murdered in the 14th Century by three assassins in
+her own apartment at Coimbra. "Being conveyed," says the Chronicle of
+Fray Jao das Reglas, "to the chapel of the neighbouring convent, her
+body was arrayed in spotless white and decked with roses. The nuns surrounded the
+bier, and the Queen-mother of Portugal, Brittes, sat in state&mdash;her crown upon her head
+and her royal robes flowing around her&mdash;as chief mourner, having given an order that
+the body should not be buried until after the return of her son Don Pedro. When he did
+come back, he was transported with grief and anger at the foul murder of his consort; and,
+throwing himself upon the corpse, clasped it to his heart, covered its pale lips, its hands,
+its feet with kisses, and, refusing all consolation, remained for thirty hours with the body clasped
+in his embrace! At last, being overcome with fatigue, the unhappy Prince was carried away
+senseless from the piteous remains of his most dear Inez, and they were consigned to the
+grave. It was his father who had instigated the murderers to commit their foul deed, and
+this determined Pedro to take up arms against him; and Portugal was desolated by civil war.
+Eventually the reasoning of the Queen (Brittes) prevailed, and peace was restored. Pedro,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+however, never spoke to his father again until the hour of his death, when he forgave the
+great wrong he had done him. He now ascended the throne, and his first act was to
+hunt down the three murderers, two of whom were put to death, with tortures too awful
+to describe, and the other escaped into France, where he died a beggar. After this
+retributive act, Don Pedro assembled the Cortes at Cantandes, and,
+in the presence of the Pope's Nuncio, solemnly swore that he had
+secretly married Inez de Castro at Braganza, in the presence of the
+bishop and of other witnesses." "Then occurred an event unique in
+history," continues this naive contemporary chronicle. "The body of
+Inez was lifted from the grave, placed on a magnificent throne, and
+crowned Queen of Portugal. The clergy, the nobility, and the
+people did homage to her corpse, and kissed the bones of her
+hands. There sat the dead Queen, with her yellow hair hanging like
+a veil round her ghastly form. One fleshless hand held the sceptre,
+and the other the orb of royalty. At night, after the coronation
+ceremony, a procession was formed of all the clergy and nobility,
+the religious orders and confraternities&mdash;which extended over many
+miles&mdash;each person holding a flaring torch in his hand, and thus
+walked from Coimbra to Alcoba&ccedil;a, escorting the crowned corpse
+to that royal abbey for interment. The dead Queen lay in her
+rich robes upon a chariot drawn by black mules and lighted up by
+hundreds of lights."</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="200" height="517" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 15.</span>&mdash;<em>Bird's-eye view of the
+Monument (restored) of the
+Queen Inez of Castro, Abbey
+of Alcoba&ccedil;a, Portugal.</em> </p>
+</div>
+<p> The scene must indeed have been a weird one. The sable
+costumes of the bishops and priests, the incense issuing from
+innumerable censers, the friars in their quaint garments, and the
+fantastically-attired members of the various hermandades, or brotherhoods&mdash;some
+of whom were dressed from head to foot entirely in scarlet, or blue, or black,
+or in white&mdash;with their countenances masked and their eyes glittering through small openings
+in their cowls; but above all, the spectre-like corpse of the Queen, on its car, and the
+grief-stricken King, who led the train&mdash;when seen by the flickering light of countless torches,
+with its solemn dirge music, passing through many a mile of open country in the midnight
+hours&mdash;was a vision so unreal that the chronicler describes it as "rather a phantasmagoria
+than a reality." In the magnificent abbey of Alcoba&ccedil;a the <em>requiem</em> mass was sung, and the
+corpse finally laid to rest.</p>
+
+<p>The monument still exists, with the statue, with its royal diadem and mantle, lying
+thereon. The tomb of Don Pedro is placed foot to foot with that of Inez, so&mdash;the legend
+runs&mdash;that at the Judgment Day they may rise together and stand face to face.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+
+In 1810 the bodies of Don Pedro I. and Dona Inez de Castro were disturbed by the
+French, at the sack of Alcoba&ccedil;a. The skeleton of Inez was discovered to be in a singular
+state of preservation&mdash;the hair exceedingly long and glossy, and the head bound with a
+golden crown set with jewels of price. Singularly enough, this crown, although very valuable,
+was kicked about by the men as a toy and thrown behind the high altar, whence, as soon as
+the troops evacuated the monastery, it was carefully taken and laid aside by the Abbot.
+Shortly afterwards it again encircled the unhappy Queen's head, when, by order of the
+Duke of Wellington, the remains were once more replaced in the tomb, with military
+honours.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="496" height="521" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Service, in which are shown the Candelabra and
+Incense Vessels which were deposited in the coffin.</em>&mdash;Drawing of
+the 14th Century&mdash;Collection of the Rev. Father <span class="smcap">Cochet</span>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_030b.jpg" width="500" height="438" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span>&mdash;<em>Angels praying over a Skull.</em>&mdash;Bas-relief of 16th Century.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterf.jpg" width="100" height="102" alt="F" class="floatl" />
+UNERAL services of great magnificence entered largely into the customs of
+this pageantic epoch; and to this day, in Catholic countries, no religious
+ceremonies are conducted with more pomp than those intended to commemorate
+the departed. Besides the religious orders, there were numerous
+confraternities, guilds, and brotherhoods devoted to the burying and praying
+for the deceased. As no newspapers existed in those days, when a person of distinction
+died, the "Death Crier,"&mdash;in some parts of England called the "Death Watch,"&mdash;dressed in
+black, with a death's-head and cross-bones painted on the back and front of his gown, and
+armed with a bell, went the round of the town or village, as the case might be, shouting
+"Of your charity, good people, pray for the soul of our dear brother, [or sister] who
+departed this life at such and such an hour." Upon this the windows and doors of the
+houses were opened, and the "good people" said an ave or a pater for the "rest" of the
+dead, and at the same time the passing bell was tolled. In London, when the King or
+Queen died, the crier, or "Death Watch," who paraded our principal thoroughfares was,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+of course, a very important personage. Attended by the whole brotherhood, or guild,
+of the Holy Souls, with cross-bearer, each carrying a lighted candle, he proceeded
+processionally through the streets, notably up and down Cheapside and the Strand, solemnly
+ringing his bell, and crying out in a lugubrious voice his sad news. These criers, both in
+England and France, were paid, as officials, by the civic corporation so much per day, and were
+obliged, in addition to their usual mournful occupation, to inspect and report on the condition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+of low taverns and places of ill-fame. In the course of time they added to their "cry" news
+of a more miscellaneous character, and after the Reformation, became, we may well imagine,
+those rather musty folks the "Watch," who only disappeared from our midst as late as the early
+half of this century.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_031.jpg" width="500" height="310" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Figs. 18 &amp; 19.</span>&mdash;<em>Death Criers</em>&mdash;<em>French costumes of 17th Century. The English dress was almost identical.</em>&mdash;From a
+rare print in the collection of Mr. <span class="smcap">Richard Davey</span>. Engraved expressly for this publication.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i032.jpg" width="495" height="679" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 20.</span>&mdash;<em>Pall from the Church
+of Folleville, France, now in the Museum at Amiens. It is of black
+velvet, with stripes of white silk let in, embroidered with black and
+gold thread. It was placed over the coffin. Similar palls existed
+in England, and one or two are still preserved in our national
+collections.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="large" />
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_033.jpg" width="500" height="460" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span>&mdash;<em>Scene from Richard III.</em>&mdash;<em>The body of Henry VI. being by chance met
+by Richard on its way to Chertsey, he orders the bearers to set it down,
+and then pleads his cause to the Lady Anne.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Shakespeare, whose knowledge of Catholicism of course came to him from immediate
+tradition, possibly remembered a very ancient custom when, in <em>Richard III.</em>, he makes the
+Duke of Glo'ster command the attendants who follow the body of Henry VI. to set it
+down,&mdash;an order which they obey reluctantly enough,&mdash;thereby giving him an opportunity to
+make love to Lady Anne in the presence of her murdered father-in-law's remains. In
+Catholic times the streets were adorned not only by many fine crosses, such as those at
+Charing and Cheapside, but also by numerous chapels and wayside shrines. Funerals, when
+they passed these, were in the habit of stopping, and the assistants, kneeling, prayed for the
+dead person whom they were carrying to the grave. They likewise stopped, also, and very
+frequently too, at certain well-known public-houses or taverns, the members of the family of
+the deceased being obliged by custom to "wet the lips" of the "thirsty souls" who carried<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+the corpse. Sometimes very disorderly scenes ensued. The hired mourners and more unruly
+members of the guilds got drunk; and it is on record that on more than one occasion the
+body was pulled out of its coffin by these rascals and outraged, to the horror and indignation of
+honest people. It has frequently occurred to the writer, that if the attendants in the curious
+scene in the tragedy just mentioned, were to convey the body of the dead King to the side
+or back of the stage, in front of some shrine or cross, and occupy themselves with prayer,
+they would render the astonishing dialogue between Glo'ster and Lady Anne much more
+intelligible than when we hear it spoken, as is usually the case, before a number of persons
+for whose ears it was certainly never intended.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_034.jpg" width="500" height="387" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 22.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of King Richard II., showing his waxen effigy.</em>&mdash;From an early MS. of <span class="smcap">Froissart</span>.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letteri.jpg" width="100" height="215" alt="I" class="floatl" />
+MPORTANT personages in olden times in this country were usually embalmed.
+The poor, on the contrary, were rarely furnished even with a decent coffin,
+but were carried to the grave in a hired one, which, in villages, often did
+duty for many successive years. Once the brief service was said, the pauper's
+body, in its winding-sheet, was placed reverently enough in the earth, and
+covered up&mdash;a fact which doubtless accounts for the numerous village legends
+of ghosts wandering about in winding-sheets. Charitable people paid for
+masses to be said by the friars for their poorer brethren, and the guilds
+paid all expenses of the funeral, which were naturally not very considerable.
+On the other hand, the funeral of great personages, from king to squire,
+was a function which sometimes lasted a week. The bell tolled&mdash;as it still does&mdash;the
+moment the death became known to the bell-ringer. Then the body was washed, embalmed
+with spices and sweet herbs, wrapped in a winding-sheet of fine linen,&mdash;which, by the way, was
+often included among the wedding presents&mdash;and taken down into the hall of the palace or
+manor, which was hung with black, and lighted by many tapers, and even by waxen torches&mdash;sometimes
+as many as 300 and 400 of them&mdash;an immense expense, considering the cost of
+wax in those days. After three days' exposition&mdash;if the body remained incorrupt so long&mdash;the
+corpse was sealed up in a leaden coffin, and taken to the church, where solemn masses
+were sung. The clothes&mdash;we may presume the old and well-worn ones only&mdash;were then
+formally distributed to the poor of the parish. Finally came the funeral banquet of "baked
+meats," to which all those, including the clergy, who had taken part in the funeral service and
+procession were invited.</p>
+
+<p>When the Sovereign or any person of royal rank deceased, a waxen presentment was
+immediately made of him as he was seen in life under the influence of sleep. This figure,
+dressed in the regal robes, was exposed upon the catafalque in the church, instead of the real
+body&mdash;a custom doubtless inspired originally by hygienic motives, for frequently the funeral
+rites of a king or prince of the blood were prolonged for many days. In Westminster
+Abbey there are still several of these grim ancient waxen effigies to be seen, by special
+permission of the Dean, very faded and ghastly, but interesting as likenesses, and for the
+fragments which time has spared of their once gorgeous attire. This custom lasted with us
+until the time of William and Mary. In France it disappeared in the middle of the
+17th Century, the last mention of it being on the occasion of the death of Anne of Austria;
+for we read in a curious letter from Guy Patin to his friend Falconet, "The Queen-Mother
+died to-day [Jan. 21, 1666]. She was immediately embalmed, and by noon her waxen effigy
+was on view at the Louvre. Thousands are pressing in to see it."</p>
+
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_036.jpg" width="500" height="690" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Procession of King Henry V.</em>, <small>A.D.</small> 1422.
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+In France, so long as the wax effigy was exposed in the church or palace, sometimes for
+three weeks, the service of the royal person's table took place as usual. His or her chair of
+state was drawn up to the table, the napkin, knife and fork, spoon and glass, were in their
+usual places, and at the appointed time the dinner was served to the household, and "the
+meats, drinks, and all other goodly things" were offered before the dead prince's chair, as if
+he were still seated therein. When, however, the coffin took the place in the church of
+the wax figure, and the body was put into the grave, then the banqueting-hall was hung
+with black, and for eight days no meals were served in it of any kind.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i038.jpg" width="400" height="583" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 24.</span>&mdash;<em>Queen Katherine de Valois in her Widow's Dress, <small>A.D.</small> 1422. The costume is of
+black brocade elaborately trimmed with black glass beads, and trimmed with white
+fur.</em>&mdash;MS. of the period.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We still possess some curious details concerning the funeral of Henry V., who died at
+Vincennes in 1422. Juvenal des Usines tells us that the body was boiled, so as to be
+converted into a perfect skeleton, for better transportation into England. The bones were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+first taken to Notre Dame, where a superb funeral service was said over them. Just above
+the body they placed a figure made of boiled leather, representing the king's person "as well
+as might be desired," clad in purple, with the imperial diadem on its brow and the sceptre
+in its hand. Thus adorned, the coffin and the effigy were placed on a gorgeous chariot,
+covered with a "coverture" of red velvet beaten with gold. In this manner, followed by
+the King of Scots, as chief mourner, and by all the princes, lords, and knights of his house,
+was the body of the illustrious hero of Agincourt conveyed from town to town, until it
+reached Calais and was embarked for England, where it was finally laid at rest in Westminster
+Abbey, under a new monument erected by Queen Katherine de Valois, who eventually
+caused a silver-plated effigy of her husband, with a solid silver gilt head, to be placed on the
+tomb, which was unfortunately destroyed at the time of the Reformation.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral of Eleanor of Castile, the adored consort of Edward I., was exceptionally
+sumptuous. This amiable Queen died at Hardbey, near Grantham, of "autumnal" fever, on
+November 29, 1290. The pressing affairs of Scotland were obliterated for the time from the
+mind of the great Edward, and he refused to attend to any state duty until his "loved ladye"
+was laid at rest at Westminster. The procession, followed by the King in the bitterest woe,
+took thirteen days to reach London from Grantham. At the end of every stage the royal bier
+surrounded by its attendants, rested in some central place of a great town, till the neighbouring
+ecclesiastics came to meet it in solemn procession, and to place it upon the high altar of the
+principal church. A cross was erected in memory of King Edward's <em>ch&egrave;re reine</em> at every
+one of these resting-places. Thirteen of these monuments once existed; now only two of the
+originals remain, the crosses of Northampton and Waltham. The fac-simile at Charing
+Cross, opposite the Railway Station, though excellent, is of course modern, and does not occupy
+the right spot, which was, it is said on good authority, exactly where now stands the statue of
+Charles II. The Chronicler of Dunstable thus describes the ceremony of marking the sites for
+these crosses: "Her body passed through Dunstable and rested one night, and two precious
+cloths were given us, and eighty pounds of wax. And when the body of Queen Eleanor
+was departing from Dunstable, her bier rested in the centre of the market-place till the King's
+Chancellor and the great men there present had marked a fitting place where they might
+afterwards erect, at the royal expense, a cross of wonderful size,&mdash;our prior being present,
+who sprinkled the spot with holy water."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most magnificent funeral which took place before the Reformation was
+that of Elizabeth of York, consort of Henry VII. It was one of the last great Roman
+Catholic state funerals in England, for the obsequies of Henry VII. himself were conducted on
+a much diminished scale; and those of the wives of Henry VIII., and of that monster
+himself, were not accompanied by so much pomp, owing to the religious troubles of the time.
+Queen Elizabeth of York was the last English Queen who died at the Tower. Her obsequies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+took place in the chapel of St. Mary, which was, until quite lately, the Rolls Office, and which
+was magnificently hung on this occasion with black brocade. The windows were veiled with
+crape. The Queen's body rested on a bed of state, in a <em>chapelle ardente</em>, surrounded by over
+5,000 wax candles. High Mass was said during the earlier hours of the morning, and in the
+afternoon solemn Vespers were sung. When the Queen's body was nailed up in its coffin,
+the usual waxen effigy took its place. The procession left St. Mary's, in the Tower, at noon,
+for Westminster Abbey, and was of exceeding length. At every hundred yards it was met by
+the religious corporations, fraternities, and guilds, and by the children attached to sundry
+monastic and charitable foundations, some of them dressed as angels, with golden wings, and
+all of them singing psalms. There were over 8,000 wax tapers burning between Mark Lane
+and the Temple; and the fronts of all the churches were hung with black, and brilliantly
+illuminated. The people in the streets held candles, and repeated prayers. At Temple Bar
+the body was received by the municipal officers of the City of Westminster, who accompanied
+it to the Abbey, where the Queen's effigy was exhibited with great state for two days, and on
+the morning of the third she was buried in what is since known as "Henry VII.'s Chapel."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i040.jpg" width="400" height="650" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 25.</span>&mdash;<em>Gentleman in Mourning, time of Henry VII. The costume is entirely black, edged
+with black fur.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary MS.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The funeral of the unfortunate Katherine of Arragon took place, as all the world knows,
+in Peterborough Cathedral.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_041.jpg" width="500" height="686" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span>&mdash;<em>Richard I. and his Queen attending the Requiem Mass for the fallen Crusaders, in the
+Cathedral of Rhodes.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a recently discovered contemporary Spanish chronicle, translated by Mr. Martin Sharpe
+Hume, it seems that the servants of the "Blessed lady" (Queen Katherine) were all dressed in
+mourning, and the funeral was a fairly handsome one. More than three hundred masses were
+said during the day at Peterborough, for all the clergy for fifteen miles round came to the
+various services. Chapuy, the Spanish Ambassador to the Court of King Henry, in a
+letter to his master Charles V., however, informs him that the funeral of Queen Katherine was
+mean and shabby in the extreme, quite unworthy even of an ordinary baroness. Jane Seymour
+fared better after death than any other of the wives of Henry VIII., and was buried with considerable
+solemnity at Windsor. The first royal Protestant state funeral mentioned as taking
+place in this country was that of Queen Catherine Parr, at Sudeley Castle. The ceremony was
+of the simplest description: psalms were sung over the remains, and a brief discourse
+pronounced. The Lady Jane Grey was chief mourner.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_042.jpg" width="500" height="753" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 27.</span>&mdash;<em>Lying in State of Queen Elizabeth of York, Consort of Henry VII.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+
+The author of the Spanish chronicle just mentioned, who evidently witnessed the
+interment of Henry VIII., assures us that the waxen effigy of the King was carried in a chair
+to Windsor, and was an astonishing likeness. It was followed by 1,000 gentlemen on horseback,
+the horses all being draped with black velvet. Many masses were said in St. George's Chapel
+for the rest of the King's soul, but the obsequies do not appear to have been exceptionally
+splendid.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral of Anne of Cleves, who had become a Catholic, took place at Westminster,
+under the special supervision of Queen Mary. It was a plain but handsome function,
+conducted with good taste, but without ostentation. The unpopular Mary Tudor's funeral
+was the last Catholic state ceremony of the kind which ever took place in Westminster
+Abbey. Queen Elizabeth attended her sister's funeral, which was a simple one, and
+listened attentively to the funeral oration preached by Dr. White Bailey, of Winchester,
+who, when he spoke of poor Mary's sufferings, wept bitterly, and exclaimed, looking
+significantly at her successor, <em>Melior est canis vivis leone mortuo</em>. Elizabeth understood her
+Latin too well not to be fired with indignation at this elegant simile, which declared a "living
+dog better than a dead lion," and ordered the bishop to be arrested as he descended from
+the pulpit, and a violent scene occurred between him and the Queen, which, Her Majesty
+prudently permitted him to have the best of, by withdrawing with her train from the Abbey.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_043.jpg" width="500" height="529" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 28.</span>&mdash;<em>Tomb of Henry V.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_044.jpg" width="500" height="442" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 29.</span>&mdash;<em>Departure of the body of Queen Elizabeth from Greenwich Palace, for Interment at Westminster.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterq.jpg" width="200" height="157" alt="Q" class="floatl" />
+UEEN ELIZABETH died in the seventieth year of her age and
+the forty-fourth of her reign, March 24, on the eve of the
+festival of the Annunciation, called Lady Day. Among the
+complimentary epitaphs which were composed for her, and
+hung up in many churches, was one ending with the following
+couplet:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="i0">"She is, she was&mdash;what can there be more said?</div>
+<div class="i0">On earth the first, in heaven the second maid."</div>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+<p>It is stated by Lady Southwell that directions were
+left by Elizabeth that she should not be embalmed; but Cecil gave orders to her surgeon to
+open her. "Now, the Queen's body being cered up," continues Lady Southwell, "was brought
+by water to Whitehall, where, being watched every night by six several ladies, myself that
+night watching as one of them, and being all in our places about the corpse, which was fast
+nailed up in a board coffin, with leaves of lead covered with velvet, her body burst with such
+a crack that it splitted the wood, lead, and cere-cloth; whereupon, the next day she was fain
+to be new trimmed up."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+
+Elizabeth was most royally interred in Westminster Abbey on the 28th of April, 1603.
+We subjoin a rare contemporary engraving of the funeral procession, by which it will be seen
+with what pomp and ceremony the remains of the great Queen were escorted to their last
+resting-place. "The city of Westminster," says Stow, "was surcharged with multitudes of all
+sorts of people, in the streets, houses, windows, leads, and gutters, who came to see the
+obsequy. And when they beheld her statue, or effigy, lying on the coffin, set forth in royal
+robes, having a crown upon the head thereof, and a ball and a sceptre in either hand, there
+was such a general sighing, groaning, and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known
+in the memory of man; neither doth any history mention any people, time, or state to make
+such lamentation for the death of a sovereign." The funereal effigy which, by its close resemblance
+to their deceased sovereign, moved the sensibility of the loyal and excitable portion of the
+spectators at her obsequies in this powerful manner, was no other than the faded waxwork
+effigy of Queen Elizabeth preserved in Westminster Abbey.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_045.jpg" width="500" height="300" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 30.</span>&mdash;<em>A memento mori, or death's-head timepiece, in solid silver, lately exhibited at the Stuart
+Exhibition, 1888-9. On the forehead is a figure of Death standing between a palace and
+a cottage: around is this legend from Horace,</em> "Pallida mors equo pulsat pede
+pauperum tabernas Regum que turres." <em>On the hind part of the skull is a figure
+of Time, with another legend from Ovid:</em> "Tempus Edax Rerum tuque Mirdiosa
+Vetustas." <em>The upper part of the skull bears representations of Adam and Eve and
+the Crucifixion; between these scenes is open work to let out the sound when the watch
+strikes the hour upon a silver bell which fills the hollow of the skull and receives the
+works within it when the watch is shut. On the edge is inscribed:</em> "Sicut meis sic
+et omnibus idem." <em>It bears the maker's name, Moysart &agrave; Blois. Belonged formerly
+to Mary Queen of Scots, and by her was given to the Seton family, and inherited thence
+by its actual owner, Sir T. W. Dick Lauder.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Elizabeth was interred in the same grave with her sister and predecessor in regal office,
+Mary Tudor. Her successor, James I., has left a lasting evidence of his good feeling and good
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>taste in the noble monument he erected to her memory in the Abbey, and she was the last
+sovereign of this country to whom a monument has been given.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i046.jpg" width="600" height="679" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 31.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Queen
+Elizabeth, 18th of April, 1603.</em>&mdash;From a very rare
+contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly, and for the first time,
+for this work, by M. Badoureau, of Paris. No. 1 represents the wax
+effigy of the Queen lying on her coffin; gentlemen pensioners carrying
+the banners. The chariot is drawn by four horses. 2. Kings at Arms. 3.
+Noblemen. 4. The Archbishop of Canterbury. 5. The French Ambassador and
+his train-bearer. 6. The great Standard of England, carried by the Earl
+of Pembroke. 7. The Master of the Horse. 8. The Lady Marchioness of
+Northampton, grand mourner, and the ladies in attendance on the Queen.
+9. Captain of the Guard. 10. Lord Clanricarde carrying the Standard of
+Ireland. 11. Standard of Wales, borne by Viscount Bindon, followed by
+the Lord Mayor. 12. Gentlemen of the Chapels Royal; children of the
+Chapels. 13. Trumpeters. 14. Standard of the Lion. 15. Standard of the
+Greyhound. 16. The Queens Horse. 17. Poor Women to the number of 266.
+18. The Banner of Cornwall. The Aldermen, Recorders, Town Clerks, etc.
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We have very minute details of how royal personages were buried in France, in a curious
+book published in the 17th Century, from a MS. of the time of Louis XI. In it we learn
+that King Louis XI. wore scarlet for mourning on the death of his father, Charles VII. Up
+to the time of Louis XIV. the Queens of France, if they became widowed, wore white; and
+this is the reason that Mary Tudor was called "<em>La Reine Blanche</em>," when she clandestinely
+married the Duke of Suffolk in the chapel of that most interesting place, the Maison Cluny,
+now a museum, which still retains its name of <em>La Reine Blanche</em>. The Queen had been but a
+very short time the widow of Charles VIII., and still wore her weeds when she gave her hand
+to the lusty English duke. Mary Stuart wore white for her husband, Francis II. of France; and
+when she arrived in Scotland she still retained, for some months, her white robes, and was
+called the "White Queen" in consequence. But this illustrious and ill-fated princess throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+the greater part of her life wore black, and we have many minute details of her dresses,
+especially of the stately one she wore on the day of her execution, which was of brocaded
+satin, having a train of great length; a ruffle of white lawn, edged with lace; and a veil (which
+still exists) made of drawn threads, in a check-board pattern, and edged with Flemish lace.
+From her girdle was suspended a rosary, and in her hand she carried a crucifix. Her under
+garments, we know, were scarlet; for, when she removed her dress upon the scaffold, the
+bodice at least, all contemporaries agree, was flame-coloured. Queen Elizabeth ordered her
+Court to go into mourning for the Queen of Scots, whose sad and "accidental" death she
+hypocritically decreed should be regarded as a very great misfortune.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i047.jpg" width="400" height="498" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 32.</span>&mdash;<em>French Lady of the 16th Century in Widow's Weeds. This costume is identical
+with that worn by Mary Stuart as widow of the Dauphin, only her dress was
+perfectly white.</em>&mdash;From <span class="smcap">Pietro Vercellio's</span> famous work on Costume, engraved
+expressly for this publication.
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>King James ordered the deepest mourning to be worn for his royal mother&mdash;a requisition
+with which all his nobles complied, except the Earl of Sinclair, who appeared before him clad
+in steel. The King frowned, and inquired if he had not seen the order for a general
+mourning. "Yes," was the noble's reply; "this is the proper mourning for the Queen of
+Scotland." James, however, whatever his inclinations might have been, was unprovided with
+the means of levying war against England, and his Ministers were entirely under the control
+of the English faction, and, after maintaining a resentful attitude for a time, he was at length
+obliged to accept Elizabeth's "explanation" of the murder of his mother.</p>
+
+<p>Early in March, 1587, the obsequies of Mary Stuart were solemnised by the King,
+nobles, and people of France, with great pomp, in the Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, and
+a passionately eloquent funeral oration was pronounced by Renauld de Beaulue, Archbishop
+of Bourges and Patriarch of Acquitaine, which brought tears to the eyes of every person in
+the congregation.</p>
+
+<p>After Mary's body had remained for nearly six months apparently forgotten by her
+murderers, Elizabeth considered it necessary, in consequence of the urgent and pathetic
+memorials of the afflicted servants of the unfortunate princess and the remonstrances of her
+royal son, to accord it not only Christian burial, but a pompous state funeral. This she
+appointed to take place in Peterborough Cathedral, and, three or four days before, sent some
+officials to make the necessary arrangements for the solemnity. The place selected for the
+interment was at the entrance of the choir from the south aisle. The grave was dug by the
+centogenarian sexton, Scarlett. Heralds and officers of the wardrobe were also sent to
+Fotheringay Castle to make arrangements for the removal of the royal body, and to prepare
+mourning for all the servants of the murdered Queen. Moreover, as their head-dresses were
+not of the approved fashion for mourning in England, Elizabeth sent a milliner on purpose to
+make others, in the orthodox mode, proper to be worn at the funeral, and to be theirs
+afterwards. However, these true mourners coldly, but firmly declined availing themselves of
+these gifts and attentions, declaring "that they would wear their own dresses, such as they had
+got made for mourning immediately after the loss of their beloved Queen and mistress."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+
+On the evening of Sunday, July 30, Garter King of Arms arrived at Fotheringay Castle,
+with five other heralds and forty horsemen, to receive and escort the remains of Mary Stuart to
+Peterborough Cathedral, having brought with them a royal funereal car for that purpose, covered
+with black velvet, elaborately set forth with escutcheons of the arms of Scotland, and little
+pennons round about it, drawn by four richly-caparisoned horses. The body, being enclosed in
+lead within an outer coffin, was reverently put into the car, and the heralds, having assumed
+their coats and tabards, brought the same forth from the castle, bare-headed, by torchlight,
+about ten o'clock at night, followed by all her sorrowful servants.</p>
+
+<p>The procession arrived at Peterborough between one and two o'clock on the morning of
+July 30, and was received ceremoniously at the minster door by the bishop and clergy,
+where, in the presence of her faithful Scotch attendants, she was laid in the vault prepared for
+her, without singing or saying&mdash;the grand ceremonial being appointed for August 1. The
+reason for depositing the royal body previously in the vault was, because it was too heavy to
+be carried in the procession, weighing, with the lead and outer coffin, nearly nine hundredweight.
+On Monday, the 31st, arrived the ceremonial mourners from London, escorting the
+Countess of Bedford, who was to represent Elizabeth in the mockery of acting as chief mourner
+to the poor victim. At eight in the morning of Tuesday the solemnities commenced. First,
+the Countess of Bedford was escorted in state to the great hall of the bishop's palace, where
+a representation of Mary's corpse lay on a royal bier. Thence she was followed into the
+church by a great number of English peers, peeresses, knights, ladies, and gentlemen, in
+mourning. All Mary's servants, both male and female, walked in the procession, according to
+their degree&mdash;among them her almoner, De Pr&eacute;au, bearing a large silver cross. The
+representation of the corpse being received without the Cathedral gate by the bishops and
+clergy, it was borne in solemn procession and set down within the royal hearse, which had
+been prepared for it, over the grave where the remains of the Queen had been silently
+deposited by torchlight on the Monday morning. The hearse was 20 feet square, and 27 feet
+high. On the coffin&mdash;which was covered with a pall of black velvet&mdash;lay a crown of gold,
+set with stones, resting on a purple velvet cushion, fringed and tasselled with gold.</p>
+
+<p>All the Scotch Queen's train&mdash;both men and women, with the exception of Sir Andrew
+Melville and the two Mowbrays, who were members of the Reformed Church&mdash;departed,
+and would not tarry for sermon or prayers. This greatly offended the English portion
+of the congregation, who called after them and wanted to force them to remain. After
+the prayer and a funeral service, every officer broke his staff over his head and threw the
+pieces into the vault upon the coffin. The procession returned in the same order to the
+bishop's palace, where Mary's servants were invited to partake of the banquet which was
+provided for all the mourners; but they declined doing so, saying that "their hearts were
+too sad to feast."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_050.jpg" width="500" height="651" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 33.</span>&mdash;<em>Shakespeare's Tomb before the present restoration.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But let us turn aside from the pageants of kings and queens, and direct our attention
+for a few moments towards Stratford-upon-Avon, where, on April 23, 1616, the greatest of all
+Englishmen breathed his last. A vague tradition tells us that, being in the company of
+Drayton and Ben Johnson, Shakespeare partook too freely of the cup, and expired soon
+after. This may be a calumny; and, if it were not, it would not diminish our gratitude and
+reverence for the highest intellect our race has produced. It, however, leads us to think and
+hope, that at the modest funeral of the "great Bard of Avon" the illustrious Ben Johnson as
+well as Drayton were present with his sorrowing relatives and fellow-citizens. His remains rest
+under the famous slab which bears the inscription due, it is said, to his own immortal pen:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="i0">"Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbeare</div>
+<div class="i2">To digg T&mdash;E dust encloased here:</div>
+<div class="i0">Blessed be T&mdash;E Man
+<span class="combination">
+<span class="abovei0">T</span>
+<span class="belowi0">y</span></span> spares T&mdash;ES Stones,</div>
+<div class="i2">And curst be He
+<span class="combination">
+<span class="above">T</span>
+<span class="below">y</span></span> moves my bones."</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+If his contemporaries have forgotten to give us details of that memorable funeral, and if
+for nearly two centuries his modest grave was almost neglected, ample reparation has been
+made to his memory in this enlightened age, and Shakespeare's tomb has become a
+shrine visited by countless pilgrims from all parts of the earth; and a glorious monument,
+more beautiful than has been generally admitted, stands not far from the church, erected to
+Shakespeare only last year by a nobleman, Lord Ronald Gower, whose taste and culture would
+have done honour to the epoch which produced not Shakespeare alone, but Sydney and
+Raleigh.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_051.jpg" width="500" height="463" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 34.</span>&mdash;<em>Stratford-on-Avon Church.</em>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If we could discover all the particulars respecting Shakespeare's burial, we should possibly
+find that, being a "gentleman," he was wrapped in his coffin in "wool," for which privilege
+his survivors paid a tax of 10s. This curious habit, which we derived from our Norman
+ancestors, endured until the first few years of this century. By "wool" we should read flannel.
+Almost all the old parish registers in the country make a point of informing us that "the
+body" was buried in wool, and the "usual tax paid." The Normans, and their descendants in
+Normandy to this day, had some curious superstitions connected with "flannel," which even the
+industrious bibliophile Jacob has failed to discover. This custom they introduced into England,
+and it lasted for hundreds of years. I believe the coffin was also frequently filled up with fine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+sheep's wool. Another curious custom, which is now obsolete, was to put cloves, spikenard,
+fine herbs, and twigs of various aromatic shrubs into the coffin, in memory of the embalming
+of our Lord. Young girls and unmarried women were buried in white, and had their coffins
+covered with white flowers. All the people who accompanied the funeral wore white scarves,
+and before the Reformation, white dresses, and the way was strewn with box leaves, grass, and
+flowers. The porch of the deceased's house was decked with flowers and garlands, and
+especially with dog-roses and daisies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_052.jpg" width="400" height="519" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 35.</span>&mdash;<em>Seal of an imaginary Bull of Pope Lucifer.</em>&mdash;From the
+<em>Roi Modus</em>, a MS. of the 15th Century, Royal Library,
+Brussels. The inscription is evidently cabalistic and
+unintelligible.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_053.jpg" width="500" height="374" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 36.</span>&mdash;<em>The Funeral of Juliet</em> ("Romeo and Juliet").&mdash;This charming engraving
+from <span class="smcap">Knight's</span> splendid edition of Shakespeare gives a very fair idea
+of a grand funeral procession in the 16th Century.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE funeral ceremonies of the French kings and princes of the blood during
+the Middle Ages and the period of the Renaissance, were, as may well be
+imagined, exceedingly magnificent. As already related, the death criers
+announced the decease of the sovereign in the usual manner, shouting out,
+"<em>Oyez! bonnes gens de Paris</em>&mdash;listen, good people of Paris: the most high
+and mighty, excellent and powerful King, our sovereign Master, by the grace of God King of
+France, the most Christian of Princes, most clement and pious, died last night. Pray for the
+repose of his soul."</p>
+
+<p>The first part of the ceremony took place at Notre Dame, where what is known as the
+lying-in-state was conducted with appropriate splendour. The procession, after a solemn mass,
+formed on the <em>Pavis</em>, or square, round the Cathedral, and began to move slowly over the
+bridge and through the Marais to St. Denis, some miles distant from Paris. There was a
+halt, however, at the convent of St. Lazaire (now covered by the railway station), and the
+gentlemen in attendance mounted their horses. Before the Revolution of '93, fifteen beautiful
+wayside crosses, or <em>montjoies</em>, as they were called, stood on the roadside between the Porte St.
+Denis and the Abbey. At each of these prayers were said and the coffin rested. Sometimes,
+as in the case of Charles VIII., the coffin and its waxen effigy were carried on the shoulders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+of a number of noblemen; but usually, since their feet were hidden by heavy black velvet
+draperies, very common men were charged with the "honourable burden." After the first half
+of the 16th Century, the royal body was conducted to the grave in a chariot drawn sometimes
+by as many as four-and-twenty black horses. If I err not, the last King of France whose
+coffin was carried by men was Francis I., whose gentlemen of the bedchamber performed
+this office, having each a halter round his neck, and a cord or rope.</p>
+
+<p>At St. Denis the ceremonies were very imposing. High Mass of Requiem being over, the
+body was removed from the catafalque and lowered into the vaults under the altar. The Grand
+Almoner of France recited the <em>De profundis</em>, all kneeling. Suddenly a voice, that of the
+Herald-at-Arms, was heard, crying out from the vault below, "Kings-at-Arms, come do your
+duty." The grand officers were now summoned by name, thus: "Monsieur le duc de Bourbon,
+bring your staff of command over the hundred Archers of the Guard, and break it and
+throw it into the grave." "Monsieur le comte de Lorges, bring your staff of office as
+commander of the Scotch Guard, and break it and throw it into the grave," and so forth,
+until some fifty of the grand dignitaries of the Court had in turn performed this lengthy
+ceremony. The last time it occurred was in 1824, on the occasion of the funeral of Louis
+XVIII., when each detail of the ancient ceremonial was punctually followed. Every staff of
+office was broken and thrown into the King's grave, except the banner of France, which was
+merely inclined three times to the very edge of the crypt.</p>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of this rather tedious ceremony, everybody knelt down, and the herald
+shouted, "The King is dead; pray for his soul." A moment of silence ensued, which was
+eventually broken by a blast of trumpets. Then the organ played a lively strain, and the
+Herald proclaimed, "<em>Le roi est mort, vive le roi</em>&mdash;long live the King!" The banners waved,
+the cannon boomed, the bells pealed forth joyously, and the procession reformed, whilst the
+officiating clergy sang the <cite>Te Deum</cite>. As almost all the Kings and Queens of France, with not
+more than half a dozen exceptions, from the time of Clovis to that of Louis XVIII., were
+buried at St. Denis, the funeral rites were rarely if ever altered. But with us, although so many
+of our most illustrious princes are interred at Westminster, still not a few were buried at
+St. Paul's; many at Blackfriars and at Greyfriars, two glorious churches destroyed in the 17th
+Century, at Windsor, and in various Cathedrals; so that our royal funereal ceremonies were not
+always conducted with such punctual etiquette as were those of our neighbours.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/054.jpg" width="100" height="25" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE minute details of the funeral of Mary Stuart, at Westminster Abbey, prove
+that it was conducted on the same scale and with the same ceremonies
+as the one which preceded it by many years at Peterborough. King
+James, her son, was present, and shortly afterwards the sumptuous monument
+which we still admire marked the place where her mutilated remains,
+translated from Peterborough, found a permanent place of rest.</p>
+
+<p>The great changes in religion which occurred at the time of the Reformation, although
+they took much longer to permeate the habits and customs of the people than is usually
+imagined, nevertheless were so radical, that of the ancient ritual little soon remained, and the
+beautiful funeral service of the Church of England, which is so full of faith and hope, and
+mainly selected from passages of Holy Scripture adapted to the requirements of a religion
+which abolished belief in an intermediary state, and therefore in the necessity of prayers for
+the dead, was introduced, and little by little the pompous ceremonies of the Roman Church
+were forgotten. The lying-in-state of the corpse, for instance, which up to the close of the
+reign of Mary was general, even with poor people, was now only in use among those of
+the very highest rank. The increase in the use of carriages, too, and of course the abolition
+of the monastic orders and brotherhoods, diminished the splendour of the street processions
+which used to follow the bier. Still, much that was quaint remained in fashion, and it is
+only, as already said, a few years since that ladies ceased wearing a scarf and hood of black
+silk, and gentlemen "weepers" on their hats and arms, which were black or white according
+to the sex of the deceased. In Norfolk, until the end of the first quarter of the present
+century, it was the custom to give the mourners at a funeral black gloves, scarves, and
+bunches of herbs. Indeed, it is but a short time since a very old lady told me that so rich,
+broad, and beautiful was the silk of the scarves presented to each lady at a funeral, when she
+was a girl, that ladies were wont to keep the pieces by them until they were sufficient in
+number to form a dress. A bill of the funeral expenses of a very rich gentleman who died
+at Brandon Hall, in Norfolk, early in this century,&mdash;Mr. Denn, of Norwich,&mdash;and who left
+over half a million of money, enables us to form some idea of the expense to which our
+grandfathers of the upper class were put in order to be buried with what they considered
+proper respect. It would seem that in those days the hearse and funeral carriages had to be
+hired from London, and they took three days to perform the journey from the metropolis&mdash;a
+distance of about three hours by rail. No fewer than 40 persons figure as accompanying
+these vehicles, and as they had to be put up at inns along the road, going both to and from
+London to Brandon Hall, their expenses were &pound;180. The hire of horses and carriages was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+&pound;106, and what with the distribution of loaves to the poor at the grave, and the expense of
+bringing relatives from far parts of the country, and of providing them with silk scarves,
+gloves, etc., and the housing and entertaining of them all, the worthy Mr. Denn's funeral cost
+his survivors not less than &pound;775.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_056.jpg" width="500" height="357" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 37.</span>&mdash;<em>Interment in a Church in the first quarter of the 18th Century.</em>&mdash;From <span class="smcap">Picard's</span>
+great work on the Religions of all Nations.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Picard, there is a very beautiful engraving by Schley, representing a funeral procession
+in 1735, entering the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. It occurs by night, and a number
+of pages in black velvet walk in it, carrying lighted three-branched silver candlesticks. It
+seems that until 1775 women in England only attended the funerals of their own sex, and
+that men in the same manner only followed men to the grave. Possibly as a disinfectant
+against the plague, at all English funerals a branch of rosemary was handed to all who
+attended, which they threw into the open grave. This fashion endured, to the writer's
+knowledge, in Norfolk up to 1856.</p>
+
+<p>The French Revolution cannot be described as an unmitigated blessing&mdash;far from it; but
+it certainly did away with many superstitious practices, and shed a flood of light upon civilisation.
+Before that event it was the universal custom throughout Europe to bury in churches,
+a practice which was most detrimental to health. By one of the earliest decrees passed by the
+Convention of Paris, 1794, intramural interments were abolished, although, to be sure,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+cemeteries already existed of considerable extent, possibly suggested by those which for ages
+the Mahometans have used in all the principal cities of Asia and Asiatic Europe. That of
+P&egrave;re la Chaise, so called after the confessor of Madame de Maintenon, who founded it, is one
+of the earliest. With the counter-Reformation, as the movement is called in history, the
+ceremonial of the Roman Church became, on the Continent, even more elaborate than
+heretofore, and nothing can be imagined more theatrically splendid than the church decorations
+on occasions of funerals of eminent personages.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_057.jpg" width="500" height="482" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 38.</span>&mdash;<em>The Cemetery of P&egrave;re la Chaise, Paris.</em></p>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_058.jpg" width="500" height="287" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig.
+39.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Grand Duke Albert VII., surnamed
+"the Pious," Archduke of Austria, at Brussels, 11th March, 1622.
+The coffin, covered with a pall of cloth of gold, is carried under
+a canopy by the Ambassador of his Catholic Majesty, by the Duke
+d'Aumale, the Marquis of Baden, and other great nobles, followed
+by the Archbishop of Patras and two Cardinals. The horse of the
+deceased is seen led immediately behind, by grooms and officers of
+the household.</em>&mdash;From the exceedingly rare work by <span
+class="smcap">Francquart</span>, printed at Antwerp in 1623. (From
+the collection of Mr. <span class="smcap">Richard Davey</span>, and
+engraved expressly for this publication.)</p> </div>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+From the last half of the 16th Century down to the Revolution of 1789, possibly the most
+extraordinary funeral recorded in history was that of the Emperor Charles V. It was
+celebrated with almost identical pomp simultaneously, at Madrid and at Brussels. The
+procession at Brussels took six hours to pass any one point, and it is estimated that 80,000
+persons walked in it, the participants being supplied from every city of Belgium and Holland.
+In this extraordinary function figured cars on floats, representing certain striking events in
+the life of the Emperor, and one of these we reproduce, since it will best afford an idea of
+the supreme magnificence of the spectacle. It represents a ship, and is intended to illustrate
+the maritime progress made in the reign of this enterprising monarch. The float on which
+this clever model of a vessel of the period was arranged was dragged through the streets by
+24 black horses, covered with black velvet, and followed by representatives of the navies both
+of Belgium and Spain, and by some 300 lads dressed as sailors of all nations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i060.jpg" width="600" height="448" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 40.</span>&mdash;<em>Float carried in the Funeral Procession of Charles V. at Brussels, December 29, 1558,
+and intended to illustrate his maritime greatness. The vessel was the size of a real
+ship, and the persons who appear upon its deck were living.</em>&mdash;From the "Magnificent
+and Sumptuous Funeral of the Very Great Emperor Charles V." (Antwerp,
+published by Plantin, 1559.) Collection of <span class="smcap">M. Ruggieri</span>, Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We also reproduce a little sketch from the funeral procession of Philip II., son of
+Charles V., which gives us an excellent idea of the costumes worn on such an important
+occasion. The large full-page engraving represents a portion of the funeral procession which
+took place at Brussels, of the Archduke Albert VII. of Austria, surnamed "the Pious." It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+was almost as sumptuous as that of Charles V., and, fortunately a complete record of it has
+been preserved by Francovoart, who published a book in the following year, containing no
+less than 49 plates illustrating this pageantic procession, which was of enormous length, and
+must have cost a great sum of money. The great engraver Cochin has left us one of his most
+beautiful plates, representing the interior of the Church of Notre Dame as arranged for the
+funeral of the Infanta Theresa of Spain, Dauphiness of France, in 1746. It gives us rather
+the idea of a scene in a court ball-room than of a grave ceremony. Literally, thousands of
+lights blazed in all directions, and there was nothing of a sombre character present, excepting
+the catafalque, which was of black velvet, and in a certain sense produced an admirable
+effect by showing off to still greater advantage the illuminations. The funeral of Louis XIV.,
+was fabulously gorgeous, and so complete an apotheosis of that vain monarch, it brought about
+a sort of reaction, and made most persons observe that it was of little use praying for the soul
+of one who evidently must already be in glory. In order to put some bounds to these
+extravagant services, many people of a devout character have in all ages prayed in their wills
+that they should be carried to the grave in the simplest manner, sometimes in the habit of
+a Franciscan, or mendicant friar, and that only a few pounds should be expended upon their
+burial.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i061.jpg" width="1000" height="355" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 41.</span>&mdash;<em>Costumes worn by King Philip II. of Spain and his attendants in the funeral
+procession of his father, Charles V. The group consists of the King; the Herald of Spain,
+of the Order of the Golden Fleece, who walks in front; of the Duke of Brunswick, the
+Duke of Arcos, Don Ruy Gomez, Count of Milito, and finally the Duke Emmanuel
+Philibert of Savoy. Mark that the hood was only worn by the heirs of the deceased.</em>&mdash;From
+the "Sumptuous Funeral of Charles V. at Brussels." (Antwerp, 1559.)
+Collection of <span class="smcap">M. Ruggieri</span>, Paris.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_062.jpg" width="500" height="724" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 42.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Infanta Theresa of Spain, Dauphiness of France, at Notre Dame, 1746.</em>&mdash;From
+the original engraving of <span class="smcap">Cochin</span>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>The Italians, and especially the Venetians, spent enormous sums upon their funeral
+services, which were exceedingly picturesque; but as the members of the brotherhoods who
+
+<span class="pagenum">
+<a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>walked in the procession wore pointed hoods and masks, so that, by the glare of the torches,
+only their eyes could be seen glittering, and as it was the custom, also, for the funeral to take
+place at night, the body being exposed upon an open bier, in full dress, the scene was
+sufficiently weird to attract the attention of travellers, perhaps more so than anything else which
+they saw in the land <em>par excellence</em> of pageant. Horace Mann, in one of his letters, thus
+amusingly describes the funeral of the daughter of Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"There was nothing extraordinary in the funeral last night. All the magnificence
+consisted in a prodigious number of torches carried by the different orders of priests, the
+expense of which in lights, they say, amounted to 12,000 crowns. The body was in a sort of
+a coach quite open, with a canopy over her head; two other coaches followed with her ladies.
+As soon as the procession was passed by Madame Suares's, I went a back way to St. Laurence,
+where I had been invited by the master of the ceremonies; here was nothing very particular
+but my being placed next to Lady Walpole, who is so angry with me that she would not
+even give me the opportunity of making her a bow, which for the future, since I see it will
+be disagreeable to her, I will never offer to do again."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_063.jpg" width="500" height="137" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span>
+<img src="images/lettern.jpg" width="100" height="105" alt="N" class="floatl" />
+OTHING could be imagined more picturesque than a Venetian funeral in
+bygone days. The state gondola of the family, containing the body, and also
+the attendant priests and friars, was covered with black velvet, and blazed
+with candelabra full of lighted candles; and from the stern of the boat hung
+an immense train of black velvet, which was permitted to touch the water,
+but prevented from sinking underneath it by golden tassels, which were held by members of
+the family in the gondolas which followed close behind. All those persons who took part
+in the funeral of course carried lights in their hands. If the individual happened to belong
+to one of the numerous confraternities, or <em>scuole</em>, which existed in Venice up to the end of the
+last century, a grand musical mass was celebrated in the chapel belonging to the order; and
+on these occasions some of the finest music ever composed was heard for the first time, such,
+for instance, as Paesiello's Requiem, an infinitely beautiful one by Marcello, and the majestic
+mass for four voices, by Lotti.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_064.jpg" width="500" height="577" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 43.</span>&mdash;<em>Tomb of Hamlet.</em></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i065.jpg" width="400" height="428" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 44.</span>&mdash;<em>Death devouring Man and Beast. A singular, illuminated document on parchment, of
+the 12th Century, measuring over fifty feet by one yard wide. The figure above is
+intended to represent the letter T.</em>&mdash;From the Mortuary Roll of the Abbey of Savingy,
+Avranches, France. The original is preserved among the French National Archives.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />HE funeral of a Pope is attended by many curious ceremonies, not the least
+remarkable of which is, that so soon as His Holiness' death is thoroughly
+assured, the eldest Cardinal goes up to the body, and strikes it three times
+gently on the breast, saying in Latin, as he does so, "The Holy Father has
+passed away." The body is then lowered into the Church of St. Peter's,
+where it is exhibited&mdash;as was the case when Pope Pius IX. died in '78&mdash;for three days to the
+veneration of the faithful, after which it is conveyed in great state to the church which the
+Pope has selected for his burial-place. As it passed along the streets of Rome in the good
+old times, the members of the nobility assembled at the entrance of their houses, each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+carrying a lighted taper in his hand, and answering back the prayers of the friars and clergy
+in the procession. It will be remembered that it was this sort of spontaneous illumination
+which so offended a rabble of freethinkers, on the occasion of the funeral of the late
+Pope, that they stoned the coffin, and created a riot of a most disgraceful character. After
+the Pope is buried, it is usual for his successor or his family to build a stately monument
+over his remains, and this custom accounts for the amazing number of fine Papal monuments
+in the Roman basilicas and churches.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_066.jpg" width="500" height="461" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 45.</span>&mdash;<em>Lying-in-State of Pope Pius IX.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At a time when everybody is talking about the Stuart dynasty, owing to the great success<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span>
+of the recent exhibition of their relics (1888-9), the following curious account of the interment
+of the Old Pretender will prove of interest:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"On the 6th of January, <span class="err" title="read: 1766">1756</span>, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was conveyed in great
+state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles," says a correspondent from Rome of that
+date, "preceded by four servants carrying torches, two detachments of soldiers; and by the
+side of the bier walked twenty-four grooms of the stable with wax candles; the body of the
+deceased was dressed royally, and borne by nobles of his household, with an ivory sceptre at
+its side, and the Orders of SS. George and Andrew on the breast.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 7th, the first funeral service took place, in the Church of the Twelve Apostles.
+The <em>fa&ccedil;ade</em> of the church was hung with black cloth, lace, and golden fringe, in the centre of
+which was a medallion, supported by skeletons with cypress branches in their hands, and
+bearing the following inscription:</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>'Clemens XIII. Pont. Max.</li>
+<li>Jacobo III.</li>
+<li>M. Britanni&aelig;, Franci&aelig;, et Hiberni&aelig; Regi.</li>
+<li>Catholic&aelig; fidei Defensori,</li>
+<li>Omnium urbis ordinum</li>
+<li>Frequentia funere honestato.</li>
+<li>Suprema pietatis officia</li>
+<li>Solemni ritu Persolvit.'</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>"On entering the church, another great inscription to the same purport was to be seen;
+the building inside was draped in the deepest black, and on the bier, covered with cloth of
+gold, lay the corpse, before which was written in large letters:</p>
+
+<ul class="center">
+<li>'Jacobus III. Magn&aelig; Britanni&aelig; Rex.</li>
+<li>Anno <span class="smcap">MDCCLXVI</span>.'</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>"On either side stood four silver skeletons on pedestals, draped in black cloth, and holding
+large branch candlesticks, each with three lights. At either corner stood a golden perfume
+box, decorated with death's-heads, leaves and festoons of cypress. The steps to the bier were
+painted in imitation marble, and had pictures upon them representing the virtues of the
+deceased. Over the whole was a canopy ornamented with crowns, banners, death's-heads,
+gilded lilies, etc.; and behind, a great cloth of peacock colour with golden embroidery, and
+ermine upon it, hung down to the ground. Over each of the heavily draped arches down the
+nave of the church were medallions with death's-head supporters, and crowns above them,
+representing the various British orders and the three kingdoms of England, Ireland, and
+Scotland; and on the pilasters were other medallions, supported by cherubs, expressing virtues
+attributed to the deceased, each with an inscription, of which the following is an instance:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>'Rex Jacobus III. vere dignus imperio, quia natus ad imperandum: dignus quia ipso regnante
+virtutes imperassent: dignissimus quia sibi imperavit.'</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>"On the top of the bier, in the nave, lay the body, dressed in royal garb of gold brocade,
+with a mantle of crimson velvet, lined and edged with ermine, a crown on his head, a sceptre
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>in his right hand, an orb in his left. The two Orders of SS. George and Andrew were
+fastened to his breast.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_068.jpg" width="500" height="391" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 46.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of his late Holiness Pope Pius IX., Feb.</em> 13, 1878. <em>The lowering of the body into St. Peter's.</em></p>
+</div></div>
+<p>"Pope Clement regretted his inability to attend the funeral, owing to the coldness of the
+morning, but he sent twenty-two cardinals to sing mass, besides numerous church dignitaries.</p>
+
+<p>"After the celebration of the mass, Monsignor Orazio Matteo recited a funeral oration of
+great length, recapitulating the virtues of the deceased, and the incidents of the life of exile
+and privation that he had led. After which, the customary <em>requiem</em> for the soul of the
+departed was sung, and they then proceeded to convey his deceased Majesty's body to the
+Basilica of St. Peter.</p>
+
+<p>"The procession which accompanied it was one of those gorgeous spectacles in which the
+popes and their cardinals loved to indulge. Every citizen came to see it, and crowds poured
+in to the Eternal City from the neighbouring towns and villages, as they were wont to do for
+the festivals at Easter, of Corpus Domini.</p>
+
+<p>"All the orders and confraternities to be found in Rome went in front, carrying amongst
+them 500 torches. They marched in rows, four deep; and after them came the pupils of the
+English, Scotch, and Irish College in Rome, in their surplices, and with more torches.</p>
+
+<p>"Then followed the bier, around which were the gaudy Swiss Papal Guards. The four
+corners of the pall were held up by four of the most distinguished members of the Stuart
+household.</p>
+
+<p>"Then came singers, porters carrying two large umbrellas, such as the Pope would have
+at his coronation, and all the servants of the royal household, in deep mourning, and on foot.
+After them followed the papal household; and twelve mourning coaches closed the procession.</p>
+
+<p>"The body was placed in the chapel of the choir of St. Peter's, and after the absolution,
+which Monsignor Lascaris pronounced, it was put into a cypress-wood case, in presence of the
+major-domo of the Vatican, who made a formal consignment of it to the Chapter of St. Peter's,
+in the presence of the notary of the 'Sacred Apostolic Palace,' who witnessed the consignment,
+whilst the notary of the Chapter of St. Peter's gave him a formal receipt.</p>
+
+<p>"The second funeral was fixed for the following day, when everything was done to make
+the choir of St. Peter's look gorgeous. A large catafalque was raised in the midst, on the
+top of which, on a cushion of black velvet embroidered with gold, lay the royal crown and
+sceptre, under a canopy adorned with ermine; 250 candles burnt around, and the inscription
+over the catafalque ran as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>'Memori&aelig; &aelig;tern&aelig; Jacobi III., Magn&aelig; Britanni&aelig; Franci&aelig; et Hyber, regis Parentis optimii
+Henricus Card. Dux Eboracensis m&oelig;rens justa persolvit.'</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>"Then the cardinals held service, thirteen of whom were then assembled; after which, the
+Chapter of St. Peter's and the Vatican clergy, with all the Court of the defunct king who had
+assisted at the mass, accompanied the body to the subterranean vaults beneath St. Peter's, where
+the bier was laid aside until such times and seasons as a fitting memorial could be placed over it."</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterasecond.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="A" class="floatl" />
+MONG the Jews, according to Buxtorf (who published, in the 17th Century,
+perhaps the most valuable work upon the Jewish ceremonies which still
+existed in various parts of Europe in his time, many of which have been
+modified or have entirely disappeared since), it was the fashion when a person
+died, after having closed the eyes and mouth, to twist the thumb of the
+right hand inward, and to tie it with a string of the <em>taled</em>, or veil, which covered the face, and
+was invariably buried with the corpse. The reason for this doubling of the thumb was that,
+when it was thus turned inward, it represented the figure Schaddai, which is one of the names
+of God. Otherwise, the fingers were stretched out so as to show that the deceased had given
+up all the goods of this world. The body was most carefully washed, to indicate that the dead
+was purified by repentance. Buxtorf tells us that in Holland, with the old-fashioned Jews, it
+was the custom to break an egg into a glass of wine, and to wash the face therewith. The
+more devout persons were dressed in the same garments that they wore on the last feast of
+the Passover. When the body is placed in the coffin, it is the habit even now, among the
+Polish and Oriental Jews, for ten members of the family, or very old friends, to walk processionally
+round it, saying prayers for the repose of the soul. In olden times, for three days
+after the death, the family sat at home in a darkened room and received their friends, who
+were indeed Job's comforters; for they sought to afflict them in every way by recalling the
+virtues of the dead person, and exaggerating the misery into which they were thrown by his
+or her departure. Seven days afterwards, they were employed in a less rigorous form of
+mourning, at the end of which the family again went to the synagogue and offered up prayers,
+after which they followed the customs of the country in which they lived, retaining their
+mourning only so long as accorded with the prevailing fashion of the day.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_071.jpg" width="200" height="96" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_072.jpg" width="500" height="652" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="captionl">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 47.</span>&mdash;<em>The Knight of Death on a
+White Horse</em>&mdash;After <span class="smcap">Albert Durer</span>.
+From a fac-simile of the original engraving, dated 1513, by one of the
+Wiericx (1564). This famous engraving, which so perfectly characterises
+the weird genius of the Middle Ages, passing into the Renaissance,
+represents a knight armed, going to the wars, accompanied by terrible
+thoughts of Death and Sin, whose incarnations follow him on his dismal
+journey.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettero.jpg" width="100" height="110" alt="O" class="floatl" />
+NE of the saddest, and certainly the simplest of royal funerals, was that of
+King Charles I. After his lamentable execution, his body lay at Whitehall
+from January 28, 1649, to the following February 7, when it was conveyed
+to Windsor, placed in the vault of St. George's Chapel, near the coffins of
+Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. The day had been very snowy, and the
+snow rested thick on the coffin and on the cloaks and hats of the mourners. The remains
+were deposited without any service whatever, and left inscriptionless, save for the words
+"Charles Rex, 1649," the letters of which were cut out of a band of lead by the gentlemen
+present, with their penknives, and the lead fastened round the coffin. In this state it
+remained until the year 1813, when George IV. caused it to be more fittingly interred.
+In striking contrast were the obsequies of the unfortunate King's great rival and enemy,
+Cromwell, "who lay in glorious state" at Somerset House, all the ceremonial being copied
+from that of the interment of Philip II. of Spain. The rooms were hung with black cloth,
+and in the principal saloon was an effigy of the Protector, with a royal crown upon his head
+and a sceptre in his hand, stretched upon a bed of state erected over his coffin. Crowds
+of people of all ranks went daily during eight weeks to see it, the place being illuminated by
+hundreds of candles. The wax cast of the face of Cromwell after death is still preserved in
+the British Museum. His body, however, was carried away secretly, and at night, and buried
+privately at Westminster, for fear of trouble. Later, in 1660, the remains of the great Protector,
+and those of his friends Ireton and Bradshaw, were sacrilegiously taken from their graves,
+dragged with ignominy through the streets, and hanged at Tyburn, to the apparent satisfaction
+of Mrs. Pepys and her friend Lady Batten, and all and sundry in London, as is recorded in
+the "immortal diary." By the way, Mr. Pepys himself, who died in 1703, was buried with
+much state and circumstance in Crutched Friars Church, but at night, the service being said
+by Dr. Hickes, the author of the <em>Thesaurus</em>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_074.jpg" width="200" height="77" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/letterp.jpg" width="100" height="104" alt="P" class="floatl" />
+
+ERHAPS the strangest funeral recorded in modern history was that of the
+translation of the remains of Voltaire, popularly known as his "apotheosis."
+The National Assembly in May, 1791, decreed that the bones of the poet
+should be brought from the Abbey of Scelli&egrave;res, and carried in state to the
+Pantheon. In Voltaire's lifetime it was boasted that he had buried the
+priests and the Christian religion, but now the priests were going to bury him, having very
+little of Christian religion left amongst them. The day of the procession was fixed for July
+10; but the 10th was a deluging, rainy day, and the ceremony was postponed to the next
+day, or till the weather should be fine. The next day was as wet, and the Assembly was
+about to renew the postponement, when about two o'clock it cleared up. The coffin was
+placed on a car of the classic form, and was borne first to the spot on which the Bastille had
+stood, where it was placed on a platform, being covered with myrtles, roses, and wild flowers,
+and bearing the following inscriptions:&mdash;"If a man is born free, he ought to govern himself."
+"If a man has tyrants placed over him, he ought to dethrone them." Besides these, there
+were numerous other inscriptions in different parts of the area, including one on a huge block
+of stone: "Receive, O Voltaire! on this spot, where despotism once held thee in chains, the
+honours thy country renders thee!"</p>
+
+<p>From the Bastille to the Pantheon all Paris seemed to be following the procession, which
+consisted of soldiers, lawyers, doctors, municipal bodies, a crowd of poets, literary men, and
+artists carrying a gilded chest containing the seventy volumes of Voltaire's works; men who
+had taken part in the demolition of the Bastille, bearing chains, fetters, and cuirasses found in
+the prison; a bust of Voltaire, surrounded by those of Rousseau, Mirabeau, and Montaigne, borne
+by the actors from the different theatres, in ancient costume; and lastly came the funeral car,
+now surmounted by a statue of the philosopher, which France was crowning with a wreath of
+immortelles. The immense procession halted at various places for the effigy to receive particular
+honours. At the opera houses the actors and actresses were waiting to present a laurel crown
+and to sing to Voltaire's glory; at the house of M. Villette&mdash;where was yet deposited the
+heart of the great man, previous to being sent to Fernay&mdash;four tall poplars were planted, and
+adorned with wreaths and festoons of flowers, and on the front of the house was written in
+large letters: "His genius is everywhere, and his heart is here." Near this was raised a sort
+of amphitheatre, on which were seated a crowd of young girls in white dresses with blue
+sashes, crowned with roses, and holding wreaths in honour of the poet in their hands. The
+names of all Voltaire's works were written on the front of the Theatre Fran&ccedil;ais. The next
+halt was made on the site of the Com&eacute;die Fran&ccedil;aise, and a statue of the poet was there
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span>
+crowned by actors costumed as Tragedy and Comedy. Thence the procession wended its way
+to the Pantheon, where the mouldering remains of Voltaire were placed beside those of Descartes
+and Mirabeau. All Paris that evening was one festal scene; illuminations blazing on the
+busts and figures of the patriot of equality.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_076.jpg" width="600" height="262" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 48.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Car of Nelson.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The obsequies in England of Lord Nelson, which took place on January 9, 1806, were
+extremely imposing. I transcribe from a contemporary and inedited private letter the
+following account of it:&mdash;"I have just returned from such a sight as will never be seen in
+London again. I managed at an inconveniently early hour to get me down into the Strand,
+and so down Norfolk Street to a house overlooking the river. Every post of vantage
+wherever the procession could be seen was swarming with living beings, all wearing mourning,
+the very beggars having a bit of crape on their arms. The third barge, which contained the
+body, was covered with black velvet and adorned with black feathers. In the centre was a
+viscount's coronet, and three bannerols were affixed to the outside of the barge. In the
+steerage were six lieutenants of the navy and six trumpets. Clarencieux, King-at-Arms, sat at
+the head of the coffin, bearing a viscount's coronet on a black velvet cushion. The Royal
+Standard was at the head of the barge, which was rowed by forty-six seamen from the
+'Victory.' The other barges in the cortege were rowed by Greenwich pensioners. The fourth
+barge contained Admiral Sir Peter Parker, the chief mourner, and other admirals, vice-admirals,
+and rear-admirals; whilst the Lords of the Admiralty, the Lord Mayor of London,
+members of the various worshipful Companies, and other distinguished mourners occupied
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+the remaining barges, which were seventeen in number, and were flanked by row-boats, with
+river fencibles, harbour marines, etc., etc. All, of course, had their colours half-mast high.
+On the following morning, the 9th, the land procession, which I also contrived to see, started
+from the Admiralty to pass through the streets of London to St. Paul's, between dense crowds
+all along the route. This procession was of great length, and included Greenwich pensioners,
+sailors of the 'Victory,' watermen, judges and other dignitaries of the law, many members of
+the nobility, public officers, and officers of the army and navy; whilst in it were carried
+conspicuously the great banner, gauntlets, helmet, sword, etc., of the deceased. The pall was
+supported by four admirals. Nearly 10,000 military were assembled on this occasion, and these
+consisted chiefly of the regiments that had fought in Egypt, and participated with the deceased
+in delivering that country from the power of France. The car in which the body was conveyed
+was peculiarly magnificent. It was decorated with a carved resemblance of the head and stern
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+of the 'Victory,' surrounded with escutcheons of the arms of the deceased, and adorned with
+appropriate mottoes and emblematical devices, under an elevated canopy, in the form of the
+upper part of a sarcophagus, with six sable plumes, and a viscount's coronet in the centre,
+supported by four columns, representing palm trees, entwined with wreaths of natural laurel
+and cypress. As it passed, all uncovered, and many wept. I heard a great deal said among
+the people about 'poor Emma' (Emma, Lady Hamilton), and some wonder whether she will
+get a pension or not. On the whole, the processions were most imposing, and I am very
+glad I saw it all, although I am much fatigued at it, from standing about so much and
+pushing in the crowd, and faint from the difficulty of getting food, every eating-place being so
+full of people; and surely, though a nation must mourn, equally certain is it that it must
+also eat."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_077.jpg" width="500" height="362" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 49.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Car of Lord Nelson.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly
+for this publication.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="large" />
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_078.jpg" width="500" height="657" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 50.</span>&mdash;<em>An Old Market Cross, Rouen.</em></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_079.jpg" width="500" height="351" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 51.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral Procession of the
+Emperor Napoleon I., December</em> 15, 1840. <em>The Cort&eacute;ge descending
+the Champs &Eacute;lys&eacute;es.</em>&mdash;From a contemporary engraving.</p>
+</div>
+<p>
+<img src="images/letterlsecond.jpg" width="100" height="114" alt="L" class="floatl" />
+OUIS PHILLIPPE, who, by the way, had neglected no opportunity
+to render justice to the genius of Napoleon, obtained, in 1840, the
+permission of the British Government to remove his body from St. Helena;
+and on December 15 it was solemnly interred in the gorgeous chapel
+designed by Visconti, at the Invalides. The Prince de Joinville had the
+honour of escorting the remains of the Emperor from the lonely island in the Indian Ocean
+to Paris. Words cannot paint the emotion of the inhabitants of the French capital, as the
+superb procession descended the long avenue of the Champs &Eacute;lys&eacute;es, or that of the privileged
+company which witnessed the striking scene in the chapel itself, as the Prince de Joinville
+formally consigned the body to the King, his father, saying, as he did so, "Sire, I deliver
+over into your charge the corpse of Napoleon." To which the King replied, "I receive it in
+the name of France," and then taking the sword of the victor of Austerlitz, he handed it to
+General Bertrand, who, in his turn, laid it on the coffin. Many years later, when another
+Napoleon reigned in France, a Lady who had not yet reached the <em>mezzo camin di nostra vita</em>,
+stood silently, with bowed head, before the grave of the mighty enemy of the glorious empire
+over which she rules, and it was observed that there were tears in the eyes of Queen Victoria
+when she quietly left the chapel.</p>
+
+<div class="page">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_080.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 52.</span>&mdash;<em>The Tomb of Napoleon I. at the Invalides, Paris.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span>
+The earliest year of the last half of this century witnessed another funeral of much
+magnificence, that of the great Duke of Wellington. It was determined that a public funeral
+should mark the sense of the people's reverence for the memory of the illustrious deceased,
+and of their grief for his loss. The body was enclosed in a shell, and remained for a
+time at Walmer Castle, where the Iron Duke died. A guard of honour, composed of men
+of his own rifle regiment, did duty over it, and the castle flag was hoisted daily half-mast high.
+On the evening of the 10th of November, 1852, the body was placed upon a hearse and
+conveyed, by torchlight, to the railway station, the batteries at Walmer and Deal Castles firing
+minute-guns, whilst Sandown Castle took up the melancholy salute as the train with its burden
+swept by. Arrived at London, the procession re-formed, and by torchlight marched through
+the silent streets, reaching Chelsea about three o'clock in the morning, when the coffin
+containing the body was carried into the hall of the Royal Military Hospital. Life Guardsmen,
+with arms reversed, lined the apartment, which was hung with black and lighted by waxen
+tapers. The coffin rested upon an elevated platform at the end of the hall, over which was
+suspended a cloud-like canopy or veil. The coffin itself was covered with red velvet; and at
+the foot stood a table on which all the decorations of the deceased were laid out. Thither,
+day by day, in a constant stream, crowds of men, women, and children repaired, all dressed
+in deep mourning. The first of these visitors was the Queen, accompanied by her children;
+but so deeply was she affected that she never got beyond the centre of the hall, where her
+feelings quite overcame her, and she was led, weeping bitterly, back to her carriage.</p>
+
+<p>The public funeral took place on the 18th of November, and was attended by the Prince
+Consort and all the chief officers of State. The body was removed by torchlight, on the
+evening previous, to the Horse Guards, under an escort of cavalry. At dawn on the 18th the
+solemn ceremony began. From St. Paul's Cathedral, down Fleet Street, along the Strand, by
+Charing Cross and Pall Mall, to St. James's Park, troops lined both sides of the streets; while
+in the park itself, columns of infantry, cavalry, and artillery were formed ready to fall into
+their proper places in the procession, of which we publish two interesting engravings. How
+it was conducted&mdash;with what respectful interest watched by high and low&mdash;how solemn the
+notes of the bands, as one after another they took up and entoned the "Dead March in
+Saul"&mdash;how grand, yet how touching the scene in the interior of St. Paul's&mdash;none but those
+who can remember it can realise.</p>
+<div class="page">
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="500" height="377" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 53.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November</em> 18, 1852. <em>The Procession passing Apsley House.</em>&mdash;From
+an original sketch, reproduced expressly for this publication.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="large" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span>
+<img src="images/i84.jpg" width="500" height="419" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 54.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November</em> 18, 1852. <em>Scene inside St. Paul's.</em>&mdash;Reproduced
+from an original sketch, expressly for this publication.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A man of genius in France is rightly placed on a kind of throne, and considered a "king of
+thought;" so the obsequies of so truly illustrious a poet as Victor Hugo, which took place in
+Paris, June 1, 1885, assumed proportions rarely accorded even to the mightiest sovereigns.
+Unfortunately, it was marred by the desecration of a noted church, the Pantheon; for it
+pleased a political party in power to make out that Hugo had denied even the existence of
+God, and this notwithstanding the fact that every page of his works is a testimony to his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+ardent creed in the Almighty and his hope in the life to come. The lying-in-state took
+place under the Arch of Triumph, which was decorated with much taste by a huge black veil
+draped across it. Flaring torches lighted up the architectural features of the monument,
+and also the tremendous throng of spectators. The arch looked solemn enough, but the
+behaviour of the people who surrounded it was the reverse, especially at night. On
+Thursday, June 1, early in the day, which was intensely hot, the procession began to
+move from the Arc de Triomphe to the Pantheon, and presented a scene never to be
+forgotten. The coffin was a very simple one, in accordance with the poet's wishes to be
+buried like a pauper; but what proved the chief charm of this really poetical spectacle
+was the amazing number of huge wreaths carried by the countless deputations from all
+parts of France, and sent from every city of Europe and America. There were some 15,000
+wreaths of foliage and flowers carried in this strange procession, many of which were of
+colossal dimensions, so that when one beheld the cort&eacute;ge from the bottom of the
+Champs &Eacute;lys&eacute;es, for instance, it looked like a huge floral snake meandering along. The
+bearers of the wreaths were hidden beneath them, and these exquisite trophies of early
+summer flowers, combined with the glittering helmets of the Guards, the bright costumes
+of the students, and, above all, with the veritable walls of human beings towering up on all
+sides, filling balconies and windows, covering roofs and every spot wherever even a glimpse
+of the pageant could be obtained, created a spectacle as unique as it was picturesque.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_085.jpg" width="300" height="92" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_086.jpg" width="500" height="690" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 55.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Victor Hugo, Paris, June</em> 1, 1885.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_087.jpg" width="500" height="679" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 56.</span>&mdash;<em>Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Frederick of Germany, Princess Royal of Great Britain.</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE solemn but exceedingly simple obsequies of that much regretted and most
+able man His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, took place at Windsor
+on the 23rd December, 1861. At his frequently expressed desire it was
+of a private character; but all the chief men of the state attended the
+obsequies in the Royal Chapel. The weather was cold and damp, the
+sky dull and heavy. There was a procession of state carriages to St. George's Chapel, at
+the door of which the Prince of Wales and the other royal mourners were assembled to receive
+the corpse. The grief of the poor children was very affecting, little Prince Arthur especially,
+sobbing as if his heart were breaking. When all was over, and the last of the long, lingering
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>train of mourners had departed, the attendants descended into the vault with lights, and moved
+the bier and coffin along the narrow passage to the royal vault. The day was observed
+throughout the realm as one of mourning. The bells of all the churches were tolled,
+and in many of them special services were held. In the towns the shops were closed,
+and the window blinds of private residences were drawn down. No respectable people appeared
+abroad except in mourning, and in seaport towns the flags were hoisted half-mast high. The
+words of the Poet Laureate were scarcely too strong:</p>
+<div class="center">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div class="i0">"The shadow of his loss moved like eclipse,</div>
+<div class="i0">Darkening the world. We have lost him; he is gone;</div>
+<div class="i0">We know him now; all narrow jealousies</div>
+<div class="i0">Are silent; and we see him as he moved,</div>
+<div class="i0">How modest, kindly, all-accomplished, wise;</div>
+<div class="i0">With what sublime repression of himself,</div>
+<div class="i0">And in what limits, and how tenderly;</div>
+<div class="i0">Not swaying to this faction or to that;</div>
+<div class="i0">Not making his high place the lawless perch</div>
+<div class="i0">Of wing'd ambitions, nor a vantage ground</div>
+<div class="i0">For pleasure; but thro' all this tract of years</div>
+<div class="i0">Wearing the white flower of a blameless life,</div>
+<div class="i0">Before a thousand peering littlenesses,</div>
+<div class="i0">In that fierce light which beats upon a throne,</div>
+<div class="i0">And blackens every blot; for where is he</div>
+<div class="i0">Who dares foreshadow for an only son</div>
+<div class="i0">A lovelier life, a more unstained than his?"</div>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="page">
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_088.jpg" width="500" height="710"
+alt="Illustration" /> <p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Fig.
+57.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,
+at Windsor, December</em> 23, 1861.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Her Majesty became a widow, she slightly modified the
+conventional English widow's cap, by indenting it over the forehead
+<em>&agrave; la</em> Marie Stuart, thereby imparting to it a certain
+picturesqueness which was quite lacking in the former head-dress. This
+<span class="err" title="original: coifure">coiffure</span> has been
+not only adopted by her subjects, but also by royal widows abroad.
+The etiquette of the Imperial House of Germany obliges the Empress
+Frederick to introduce into her costume two special features during
+the earlier twelve months of her widowhood. The first concerns the
+cap, which is black, having a Marie Stuart point over the centre of
+the forehead, and a long veil of black crape falling like a mantle
+behind to the ground. The second peculiarity of this stately costume
+is that the orthodox white batiste collar has two narrow white bands
+falling straight from head to foot. This costume has been very slightly
+modified from what it was three centuries ago, when a Princess of the
+House of Hohenzollern lost her husband.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_089.jpg" width="200" height="38" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i090.jpg" width="500" height="692" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 58.</span>&mdash;HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><em>From a Photograph by Messrs. W. &amp; D. Downey.</em></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span>
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+
+HE first general mourning ever proclaimed in America was on the occasion
+of the death of Benjamin Franklin, in 1791, and the next on that of
+Washington, in 1799. The deep and wide-spread grief occasioned by the
+melancholy death of the first President, assembled a great concourse of
+people for the purpose of paying him the last tribute of respect, and on
+Wednesday, December 18, 1799, attended by military honours and the simplest but grandest
+ceremonies of religion, his body was deposited in the family vault at Mount Vernon. Never
+in the history of America did a blow fall with more terrible earnestness than the news of the
+assassination of President Lincoln on April 14, 1865. All party feeling was forgotten, and sorrow
+was universal. The obsequies were on an exceedingly elaborate scale, and a generous people
+paid a grateful and sincere tribute to a humane and patriotic chieftain. After an impressive
+service, the embalmed body was laid in state in the Capitol at Washington, guarded by
+officers with drawn swords, and afterwards the coffin was closed for removal to Springfield, the
+home of the late President, a distance of about 1,700 miles. It took twelve days to accomplish
+the journey. The car which conveyed the remains was completely draped in black, the
+mourning outside being festooned in two rows above and below the windows, while each
+window had a strip of mourning connecting the upper with the lower row. Six other cars,
+all draped in black, were attached to the train, and contained the escort, whilst the engine
+was covered with crape and its flags draped. At several cities <em>en route</em> a halt was made, in
+order to permit people to pay tributes of respect to the deceased, and several times the body
+was removed from the train, so that funeral services might be held. At last, on the 3rd of
+May, the train reached Springfield, and after a brief delay the procession moved with befitting
+ceremony to Oak Ridge Cemetery, President Lincoln's final resting-place. During the period
+intervening between President Lincoln's death and his interment, every city and town in the
+United States testified the greatest grief, and public expressions of mourning were universal.
+To take New York, as an instance, that city presented a singularly striking appearance. Scarce a
+house in it but was not draped in the deepest mourning, long festoons of black and white muslin
+drooped sadly everywhere, and even the gay show-cases outside the shop doors were dressed
+with funereal rosettes. The gloom which prevailed was intense. In many places, however, the
+decorations, though sombre, were exceedingly picturesque, the dark tones being relieved by
+the bright red and blue of the national colours, entwined with crape.</p>
+
+<p>Scarcely less magnificent were the obsequies accorded by the people of America to
+General Grant. Funeral services were observed in towns and cities of every state and territory
+of the Union, amidst a display of mourning emblems unparallelled. In New York, for two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span>
+weeks previous to the funeral ceremony, preparations of the most elaborate description were
+going on, and the best part of the city was densely draped. The route of the procession to
+the tomb was 9 miles long, and it is estimated that three million persons saw the cortege, in
+which over 50,000 people joined, including 30,000 soldiers. Some further idea of the magnitude
+of this solemn procession can be <span class="err" title="original: ormed">formed</span> when it is stated that its head reached the
+grave three hours and a half before the funeral car arrived. This car was exceptionally
+imposing, inasmuch as it was drawn by 24 black horses, each one led by a coloured servant,
+and each covered with sable trappings which swept the street.</p>
+
+<p>Another imposing funeral, which many who are still young can remember, was that of
+his Majesty Victor Emmanuel, the first King of United Italy, who died in Rome early in
+1878. His obsequies were conducted with all the pomp of the Roman Catholic religion, and
+the catafalque, erected in the centre of the Pantheon, was supremely imposing. We give an
+engraving of it, which will afford an excellent idea of its great magnificence.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_093.jpg" width="400" height="112" alt="Illustration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_094.jpg" width="500" height="377" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 59.</span>&mdash;<em>The Catafalque erected for the Funeral Service of His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel, in the Pantheon, Rome.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE ingenious idea of the <em>Magasin de Deuil</em>, or establishment exclusively
+devoted to the sale of mourning costumes and of the paraphernalia necessary
+for a funeral, has long been held to be exclusively French; but our quick-witted
+neighbours have, to speak the truth, originated very few things; for
+was not the father of French cookery a German physician in attendance on
+Francis I., assisted by an Italian cardinal, Campeggio, who, by the way, came to England on
+the occasion of the negotiations in connection with the divorce of Queen Catherine of
+Arragon. The <em>Magasin de Deuil</em> is but a brilliant and elaborate adaptation of the old <em>Mercerie
+de lutto</em> which has existed for centuries, and still exists, in every Italian city, where people in
+the haste of grief can obtain in a few hours all that the etiquette of civilisation requires for
+mourning in a country whose climate renders speedy interment absolutely necessary. Continental
+ideas are slow to reach this country, but when they do find acceptance with us, they
+rarely fail to attain that vast extension so characteristic of English commerce. Such development
+could scarcely be exhibited in a more marked manner than in Jay's London General
+Mourning Warehouse, Regent Street, an establishment which dates from the year 1841,
+and which during that period has never ceased to increase its resources and to complete
+its organisation, until it has become, of its kind, a mart unique both for the quality and
+the nature of its attributes. Of late years the business and enterprise of this firm has
+enormously increased, and it includes not only all that is necessary for mourning, but also
+departments devoted to dresses of a more general description, although the colours are
+confined to such as could be worn for either full or half mourning. Black silks, however,
+are pre-eminently a speciality of this house, and the Continental journals frequently announce
+that "<em>la maison Jay de Londres a fait de forts achats</em>." Their system is one from which
+they never swerve. It is to buy the commodity direct from the manufacturers, and to
+supply it to their patrons at the very smallest modicum of profit compatible with the
+legitimate course of trade. The materials for mourning costumes must always virtually,
+remain unchangeable, and few additions can be made to the list of silks, crapes, paramattas,
+cashmeres, <em>grenadines</em>, and <em>tulles</em> as fabrics. They and their modifications must be ever in
+fashion so long as it continues fashionable to wear mourning at all; but fashion in design,
+construction, and embellishment may be said to change, not only every month, but well-nigh
+every week.</p>
+
+<p>The fame of a great house of business like this rests more upon its integrity and the
+expedition with which commands are executed than anything else. To secure the very best
+goods, and to have them made up in the best taste and in the latest fashion, is one of the
+principal aims of the firm, which is not unmindful of legitimate economy. For this purpose, every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>
+season competent buyers visit the principal silk marts of Europe, such as Lyons, Genoa, and
+Milan, for the purpose of purchasing all that is best in quality and pattern. Immediate
+communication with the leading designers of fashions in Paris has not been neglected; and it
+may be safely said of this great house of business, that if it is modelled on a medi&aelig;val
+Italian principle, it has missed no opportunity to assimilate to itself every modern improvement.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_097.jpg" width="500" height="347" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 60.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Earl Palmerston, in Westminster Abbey, Oct.</em> 27, 1865.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Private mourning in modern times, like everything else, has been greatly altered and
+modified, to suit an age of rapid transit and travel. Men no longer make a point of wearing
+full black for a fixed number of months after the decease of a near relation, and even content
+themselves with a black hat-band and dark-coloured garments. Funeral ceremonies, too, are
+less elaborate, although during the past few years a growing tendency to send flowers to the
+grave has increased in every class of the community. The ceremonial which attends our State
+funerals is so well known that it were needless to describe them. We, however, give, as
+"records," illustrations of the funerals of Lord Palmerston, Lord Beaconsfield, Mr. Darwin, and
+of the much-regretted Emperor Frederick of Germany, a function which was extremely imposing,
+as the etiquette of the German Court still retains many curious relics of bygone times.</p>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_098.jpg" width="500" height="381" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 61.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of the Right
+Honourable the Earl of Beaconsfield, in Hughenden Church, April</em> 26,
+1881.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+<img src="images/letterg.jpg" width="100" height="107" alt="G"  class="floatl" />
+ENERAL Court mourning in this country is regulated by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, but exclusively Court mourning for the Royal
+Family by the Lord Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p>The order for Court mourning to be observed for the death of a foreign
+sovereign is issued by the Foreign Office, and transmitted thence to the
+Lord Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the form of the order for general mourning to be worn on the occasion of the
+death of the Prince Consort:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+
+<span class="smcap">College of Arms</span>, Dec. 16, 1866.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Deputy Earl Marshal's Order for a General Mourning for His late Royal Highness
+the Prince Consort.</em></p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of Her Majesty's commands, this is to give public notice that, upon the melancholy
+occasion of the death of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, it is expected that all persons do
+forthwith put themselves into decent mourning.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Edward C. F. Howard</span>, D.E.M.
+
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The order to the army is published from the War Office:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+
+<span class="smcap">Horse Guards</span>, Dec. 18, 1861.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<em>Orders for the Mourning of the Army for His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort.</em></p>
+
+<p>The General commanding-in-chief has received Her Majesty's commands to direct, on the present
+melancholy occasion of the death of H.R.H. the Prince Consort, that the officers of the army be
+required to wear, when in uniform, black crape over the ornamental part of the cap or hat, over the
+sword-knot, and on the left arm;&mdash;with black gloves, and a black crape scarf over the sash. The
+drums are to be covered with black, and black crape is to hang from the head of the colour-staff of
+the infantry, and from the standard-staff of cavalry. When officers appear at Court in uniform, they
+are to wear black crape over the ornamental part of the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the
+left arm;&mdash;with black gloves and a black crape scarf.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A like order was issued by the Admiralty, addressed to the officers and men of the
+Royal Navy.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center">FIRST NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+
+<span class="smcap">Lord Chamberlain's Office</span>, December 16, 1861.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Orders for the Court to go into Mourning for His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort.</em></p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> attending Court to wear black woollen Stuffs, trimmed with Crape, plain Linen, black
+Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> attending Court to wear black Cloth, plain Linen, Crape Hatbands, and black
+Swords and Buckles.</p>
+
+<p>The Mourning to commence from the date of this Order.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span>
+
+SECOND NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Lord Chamberlain's Office</span>,
+December 31, 1861.
+</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>Orders for the Court's change of Mourning, on
+Monday, the 27th January next, for His late Royal Highness the Prince
+Consort, viz.</em>:</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> to wear black Silk Dresses,
+trimmed with Crape, and black Shoes and Gloves, black Fans, Feathers,
+and Ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> to wear black Court Dress,
+with black Swords and Buckles, and plain Linen.</p>
+
+<p><em>The Court further to change the Mourning on Monday the 17th of
+February next, viz.</em>:</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> to wear black Dresses, with
+white Gloves, black or white Shoes, Fans, and Feathers, and Pearls,
+Diamonds, or plain Gold or Silver Ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> to wear black Court Dress,
+with black Swords and Buckles.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><em>And on Monday the 10th of March next, the Court
+to go out of Mourning.</em></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center">FIRST NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Lord Chamberlain's Office</span>,
+November 7, 1817.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><em>Orders for the Court's going into Mourning on Sunday next, the 9th instant, for Her late Royal
+Highness the Princess Charlotte Augusta, Daughter of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent,
+and Consort of His Serene Highness the Prince Leopold Saxe-Cobourg, viz.</em>:</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Ladies</span> to wear black Bombazines, plain Muslin, or long Lawn Crape Hoods, Shamoy Shoes
+and Gloves, and Crape Fans.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;Dark Norwich Crape.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span> to wear black cloth without buttons on the Sleeves or Pockets, plain Muslin, or
+long Lawn Cravats and Weepers, Shamoy Shoes and Gloves, Crape Hatbands and black Swords and
+Buckles.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;Dark Grey Frocks.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">For <span class="smcap">Ladies</span>, black Silk, fringed or plain Linen, white Gloves, black Shoes, Fans, and Tippets,
+white Necklaces and Earrings.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;White or grey Lustrings, Tabbies, or Damasks.</p>
+
+<p>For <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>, to continue in black, full trimmed, fringed or plain Linen, black Swords and
+Buckles.</p>
+
+<p>Undress:&mdash;Grey Coats.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">For <span class="smcap">Ladies</span>, black silk or velvet coloured Ribbons, Fans, and Tippets, or plain white, or white
+and gold, or white and silver Stuffs, with black Ribbons.</p>
+
+<p>For <span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>, black Coats and black or plain white, or white and gold, or white and silver
+stuffed Waistcoats, coloured Waistcoats and Buckles.</p></blockquote>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_102.jpg" width="500" height="279" alt="Illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 62.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of Charles
+Darwin, Esq., in Westminster Abbey.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+HE Register of "Notices" preserved at the Lord Chamberlain's Offices date
+back from 1773 to 1840. They are written in chronological order from the
+first folio (9th March, 1773) to folio 16 (28th Nov., 1785). After this
+date a number of papers are missing, and, curious to relate, the next entry is
+Oct. 24, 1793, and orders the Court to go into mourning for ten days for
+Her late Majesty Marie Antoinette, Queen of France.</p>
+
+<p>On the margin of the one for mourning for Louis XVIII., is written a note to the effect
+that the "King this day, Sep. 18, 1824, orders three weeks' mourning for the late King of
+France." At about this time, too, the word "the ladies to wear bombazine gowns" disappears,
+and is replaced by "woolen stuffs."</p>
+
+<p>Our military etiquette connected with mourning was really modelled on that in use in the
+army of Louis XIV., as is proved by a rather singular fact. In 1737 George II. died, and an
+order was issued commanding the officers and troopers in the British army to wear black crape
+bands and black buttons and epaulettes. Very shortly afterwards the French Government
+issued a decree to the effect that, as the English army had "slavishly imitated the French
+in the matter of wearing mourning, henceforth the officers of the French army should
+make no change in their uniform, and only wear a black band round the arm." Oddly
+enough, at the present moment both the French and the English armies wear precisely the
+same "badge of grief," a black band of crape on the left arm above the elbow.</p>
+
+<p>The Sovereign can prolong, out of marked respect for the person to be mourned, the
+duration of the period for general and Court mourning.</p>
+
+<p>The following are regulations for Court mourning, according to the register at the Lord
+Chamberlain's office:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>For the King or Queen&mdash;full mourning, eight weeks; mourning, two weeks; and half-mourning,
+two weeks: in all, three full months.</p>
+
+<p>For the son or daughter of the Sovereign&mdash;Full mourning, four weeks; mourning, one
+week; and half-mourning, one week: total, six weeks.</p>
+
+<p>For the brother or sister of the Sovereign&mdash;full mourning, two weeks; mourning, four
+days; and half-mourning, two days: total, three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Nephew or niece&mdash;full mourning, one week; half-mourning, one week: total, two weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle or aunt&mdash;same as above.</p>
+
+<p>Cousin, ten days; second cousin, seven days.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span>
+
+<img src="images/lettert.jpg" width="100" height="106" alt="T" class="floatl" />
+
+HE following are the accepted reasons for the selection of various colours for
+mourning in different parts of the world:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><em>Black</em> expresses the privation of light and joy, the midnight gloom of
+sorrow for the loss sustained. It is the prevailing colour of mourning in
+Europe, and it was also the colour selected in ancient Greece and in the
+Roman Empire.</p>
+
+<p><em>Black and white striped</em> expresses sorrow and hope, and is the mourning of the South
+Sea Islanders.</p>
+
+<p><em>Greyish brown</em>&mdash;the colour of the earth, to which the dead return. It is the colour of
+mourning in Ethiopia and Abyssinia.</p>
+
+<p><em>Pale brown</em>&mdash;the colour of withered leaves&mdash;is the mourning of Persia.</p>
+
+<p><em>Sky-blue</em> expresses the assured hope that the deceased is gone to heaven, and is the colour
+of mourning in Syria, Cappadocia, and Armenia.</p>
+
+<p><em>Deep-blue</em> in Bokhara is the colour of mourning; whilst the Romans in the days of the
+Republic also wore very dark blue for mourning.</p>
+
+<p><em>Purple and violet</em>&mdash;to express royalty, "Kings and priests of God." It is the colour of
+mourning of Cardinals and of the Kings of France. The colour of mourning in Turkey is violet.</p>
+
+<p><em>White</em>&mdash;emblem of "white-handed hope." The colour of mourning in China. The ladies
+of ancient Rome and Sparta sometimes wore white mourning, which was also the colour for
+mourning in Spain until 1498. In England it is still customary, in several of the provinces,
+to wear white silk hat-bands for the unmarried.</p>
+
+<p><em>Yellow</em>&mdash;the sear and yellow leaf. The colour of mourning in Egypt and Burmah. In
+Brittany widows' caps among the peasants are yellow. Anne Boleyn wore yellow mourning for
+Catherine of Arragon, but as a sign of joy.</p>
+
+<p><em>Scarlet</em> is also a mourning colour, and was occasionally worn by the French Kings,
+notably so by Louis XI.</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_105.jpg" width="200" height="80" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_106.jpg" width="500" height="349" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 63.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of His Imperial Majesty Frederick the Noble, Emperor of Germany. The Funeral Service in the Imperial Chapel.</em>
+
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="page">
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span>
+<img src="images/i_108.jpg" width="500" height="356" alt="illustration" />
+<p class="caption">
+
+<span class="smcap">Fig. 64.</span>&mdash;<em>Funeral of His Majesty
+the Emperor of Germany. The Procession leaving the Palace.</em></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span></p>
+<h2>NOTES.</h2>
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/110.jpg" width="200" height="47" alt="Notes" />
+</div>
+
+<p>(<em>a</em>) In the 18th Century, the undertaker issued his handbills&mdash;gruesome things, with
+grinning skulls and shroud-clad corpses, thigh bones, mattocks and pickaxes, hearses, etc.:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"These are to notice that Mr. John Elphick, Woollen Draper, over against St Michael's Church, in Lewes,
+hath a good Hearse, a Velvet Pall, Mourning Cloaks, and Black Hangings for Rooms, to be lett at Reasonable
+Rates.</p>
+
+<p>"He also sells all sorts of Mourning and Half Mourning, all sorts of Black Cyprus for Scarfs and Hatbands,
+and White Silks for Scarfs and Hoods at Funerals; Gloves of all sorts, and Burying Cloaths for the
+Dead."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Again:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"Eleazar Malory, Joiner at the Coffin in White Chapel, near Red
+Lion Street end, maketh Coffins, Shrouds, letteth Palls, Cloaks,
+and Furnisheth with all the other things necessary for Funerals at
+Reasonable Rates."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>b</em>) The dead were formerly buried in woollen, which was rendered compulsory by the
+Acts 30 Car. ii. c. 3 and 36 Ejusdem c. i., the first of which was for "lessening the
+importation of Linen from beyond the seas, and the encouragement of the Woollen and Paper
+Manufactures of the Kingdome." It prescribed that the curate of every parish shall keep a
+register, to be provided at the charge of the parish, wherein to enter all burials and affidavits
+of persons being buried in woollen. No affidavit was necessary for a person dying of the plague,
+but for every infringement a fine of &pound;5 was imposed, one half to go to the informer, and the
+other half to the poor of the parish. This Act was only repealed in 1815. The material used
+was flannel, and such interments are frequently mentioned in the literature of the time.</p>
+
+<p>(<em>c</em>) Misson throws some light on the custom of using flannel for enveloping the dead,
+but I fancy that it is of much greater antiquity than he imagined. However, he asserts:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"There is an Act of Parliament which ordains, That the Dead shall be
+bury'd in a Woollen Stuff, which is a kind of a thin Bays, which they
+call Flannel; nor is it lawful to use the least Needleful of Thread or
+Silk. This Shift is always White; but there are different Sorts of it
+as to Fineness, and consequently of different Prices. To make these
+dresses is a particular Trade, and there are many that sell nothing
+else; so that these Habits for the Dead are always to be had ready
+made, of what Size or Price you please, for People of Every Age and
+Sex. After they had washed the Body thoroughly clean, and shav'd it, if
+it be a Man, and his Beard be grown during his Sickness, they put it on
+a Flannel Shirt, which has commonly a sleeve purfled about the Wrists,
+and the Slit of the Shirt down the Breast done in the same Manner. When
+these Ornaments are not of Woollen Lace, they are at least edg'd, and
+sometimes embroider'd with black Thread. The Shirt shou'd be at least
+half a Foot longer than the Body, that the feet of the Deceas'd may be
+wrapped in it as in a Bag. When they have thus folded the end of the
+Shirt close to the Feet, they tye the Part that is folded down with a
+piece of Woollen Thread, as we do our stockings; so that the end of the
+Shirt is done into a kind of Tuft. Upon the Head they put a Cap, which
+they fasten with a very broad Chin Cloth, with Gloves on the Hands,
+and a Cravat round the Neck, all of Woollen. That the Body may ly the
+softer, some put a Lay of Bran, about four inches thick, at the Bottom
+of the Coffin. Instead of a Cap, the Women have a kind of Head Dress,
+with a Forehead Cloth."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+
+Funeral invitations of a ghastly kind were sent out, and Elegies, laudatory of the deceased,
+were sometimes printed and sent to friends. These were got up in the same charnel-house
+style, and embellished with skulls, human bones, and skeletons. Hat-bands were costly items.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"For the encouragement of our English silk, called a la modes, His Royal Highness the Prince of
+Denmark, the Nobility, and other persons of quality, appear in Mourning Hatbands made of that silk, to bring
+the same in fashion, in the place of Crapes, which are made in the Pope's Country where we send our money
+for them."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>d</em>) The poor in Anne's time had already started Burial Clubs and Societies, and very
+cheap they seem to have been.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"This is to give notice that the office of Society for Burials, by mutual contribution of a Halfpenny or
+Farthing towards a Burial, erected upon Wapping Wall, is now removed into Katherine Wheel Alley,
+in White Chappel, near Justice Smiths, where subscriptions are taken to compleat the number, as also at the
+Ram in Crucifix Lane in Barnaby Street, Southwark, to which places notice is to be given of the death of
+any Member, and where any person may have the printed Articles after Monday next. And this Thursday
+evening about 7 o'clock will be Buried by the Undertakers, the Corpse of J. S., a Glover, over against the Sun
+Brewhouse, in Golden Lane; as also a child from the corner of Acorn Alley, in Bishopsgate Street, and
+another child from the Great Maze Pond, Southwark."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>e</em>) Undertakers liked to arrange for a Funeral to take place on an evening in winter, as
+the costs were thereby increased, for then the Mourners were furnished with wax candles. These
+were heavy, and sometimes were made of four tapers twisted at the stem and then branching
+out. That these wax candles were expensive enough to excite the thievish cupidity of a band
+of roughs, the following advertisement will show:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"Riots and Robberies&mdash;Committed in and about Stepney Church Yard, at a Funeral Solemnity, on
+Wednesday, the 23rd day of September; and whereas many persons, who being appointed to attend the same
+Funeral with white wax lights of a considerable value, were assaulted in a most violent manner, and the said
+white wax lights taken from them. Whoever shall discover any of the Persons, guilty of the said crimes, so
+as they may be convicted of the same, shall receive of Mr. William Prince, Wax Chandler in the Poultry,
+London, Ten Shillings for each Person so discovered."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(<em>f</em>) We get a curious glimpse of the paraphernalia of a funeral in the Life of a notorious
+cheat, "The German Princess," who lived, and was hanged, in the latter part of the 17th
+Century, and the same funeral customs therein described obtained in Queen Anne's time. She
+took a lodging at a house, in a good position, and told the landlady that a friend of hers, a
+stranger to London, had just died, and was lying at "a pitiful Alehouse," and might she, for
+convenience sake, bring his corpse there, ready for burial on the morrow.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>"The landlady consented, and that evening the Corps in a very handsome Coffin was brought in a Coach,
+and placed in the Chamber, which was the Room one pair of Stairs next the Street, and had a Balcony. The
+Coffin being covered only with an ordinary black Cloth, our Counterfeit seems much to dislike it; the
+Landlady tells her that for 20s. she might have the use of a Velvet Pall, with which being well pleas'd, she
+desir'd the Landlady to send for the Pall, and withal accommodate the Room with her best Furniture, for the
+next day but one he should be bury'd; thus the Landlady performed, setting the Velvet Pall, and placing on
+a Side Board Table 2 Silver Candlesticks, a Silver Flaggon, 2 Standing Gilt Bowls, and several other
+pieces of Plate; but the Night before the intended Burial, our Counterfeit Lady and her Maid within the
+House, handed to their comrades without, all the Plate, Velvet Pall, and other Furniture of the Chamber that
+was Portable and of Value, leaving the Coffin and the supposed Corps, she and her Woman descended from
+the Balcony by help of a Ladder, which her comrades had brought her."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+
+It is needless to say that the coffin contained only brickbats and hay, and a sad sequel
+to this story is that the undertaker sued the landlady for the loss of his pall, which had
+lately cost him &pound;40.</p>
+
+<p>According to a request in the will of one Mr. Benjamin Dodd, a Roman Catholic, "Citizen
+and Linnen Draper, who fell from his horse and died soon after," four and twenty persons
+were at his burial, to each of whom he gave a pair of white gloves, a ring of 10s. value, a
+bottle of wine, and half-a-crown to be spent on their return that night, "to drink his Soul's
+Health, then on her Journey for Purification in order to Eternal Rest." He also appointed
+his "Corps" to be carried in a hearse drawn by six white horses, with white feathers, and
+followed by six coaches, with six horses to each coach, and commanded that "no Presbyterian,
+Moderate Low Churchmen, or Occasional Conformists, be at or have anything to do with his
+Funeral."</p>
+
+<p>(<em>g</em>) Parisian funerals at the present day present many features common to those celebrated
+in England in the last century. The church, for instance, is elaborately decorated in black
+for a married man or woman, but in white for a <span class="err" title="original: spinister">spinster</span>, youth, or child.
+The costumes of the hired attendants, and these are numerous&mdash;I counted one day, quite recently, no less than
+twenty-four, two to each coach, all handsomely dressed in black velvet&mdash;are of the time of
+Louis XV. I am assured that the expenses of a first-class funeral in Paris, in this year of
+Grace 1889, sometimes exceeds several hundred pounds.</p>
+
+
+<p>The <em>lettre de faire part</em>, as it is called, is also a curious feature in the funeral rites of our
+neighbours. It is an elaborate document in the form of a printed letter, deeply edged with
+black, and informs that all the members, near and distant, of the deceased's family&mdash;they are
+each mentioned by name and title&mdash;request you, not only to attend the funeral, but to pray
+for his or her soul.</p>
+
+<p>The fashion of sending costly wreaths to cover the coffin is recent, and was quite as
+unknown in Paris twenty years ago as it was in this country until about the same period.
+Wreaths of <em>immortelles</em>, sometimes dyed black, were, however, sent to funerals in France in
+the Middle Ages. In Brittany, the "wake" is almost as common as it is in Ireland, and quite
+as frequently degenerates into an unedifying spectacle. Like the Irish custom, it originated
+in the early Christian practice of keeping a light burning by the corpse, and in praying for
+the repose of the soul, <em>coram</em> the corpse prior to its final removal to the church and grave,
+certain pagan customs, the distribution of wine and bread, having been introduced, at first
+possibly from a sense of hospitality, and finally as means of carousal.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+RICHARD DAVEY.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+
+<img src="images/i_113.jpg" width="400" height="238" alt="Finis" />
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/i_back_cover.jpg" width="500" height="628" alt="back cover" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2>Transcriber's Note.</h2>
+
+<p>Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained.</p>
+
+<p>Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Some illustrations have been moved from their original position so as not
+to interrupt the text.</p>
+
+<h3><a id="Corrections"></a>Corrections.</h3>
+
+<p>The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.</p>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>:</p>
+<ul><li>In these, bassirilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,</li>
+
+<li>In these, <span class="u">bassorilievi</span> and figures in terra-cotta have been found,</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>at the dawn of the
+Rennaissance</li>
+
+<li>at the dawn of the
+<span class="u">Renaissance</span></li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>This coifure has</li>
+
+<li>This <span class="u">coiffure</span> has</li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>of this solemn procession can be ormed</li>
+
+<li>of this solemn procession can be <span class="u">formed</span></li>
+</ul>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>but in white for a spinister</li>
+
+<li>but in white for a <span class="u">spinster</span></li></ul>
+<h3>Errata.</h3>
+<p>The first line indicates the original, the second how it should read.</p>
+<p>p. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>:</p>
+<ul><li>"On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was conveyed in great
+state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"</li>
+<li>"On the 6th of January, <span class="u">1766</span>, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was conveyed in great
+state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"</li></ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="pg" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MOURNING***</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,3288 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Mourning, by Richard Davey
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A History of Mourning
+
+
+Author: Richard Davey
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 7, 2013  [eBook #44379]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MOURNING***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Eleni Christofaki, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
+generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 44379-h.htm or 44379-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44379/44379-h/44379-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44379/44379-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/historyofmournin00daveuoft
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS,
+_As Widow of Francis II. of France, a facsimile of the original drawing
+by Clouet, preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris._--Reproduced
+expressly for this Publication.]
+
+
+A HISTORY OF MOURNING.
+
+by
+
+RICHARD DAVEY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Jay's,
+Regent Street, W.
+
+_Wreath composed of the flowers mentioned in Shakespeare's dirges._
+
+
+Entered at Stationers' Hall.]        [Copyright.
+
+Published at Jay's, Regent Street, W.
+
+London
+McCorquodale & Co., Limited
+Cardington Street, N.W.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A HISTORY OF MOURNING.
+
+BY RICHARD DAVEY.]
+
+
+ALTHOUGH tradition has not informed us whether our first parents made
+any marked change in their scanty garments on the death of their near
+relatives, it is certain that the fashion of wearing mourning and the
+institution of funereal ceremonies and rites are of the most remote
+antiquity. Herodotus tells us that the Egyptians over 3,000 years
+ago selected yellow as the colour which denoted that a kinsman was
+lately deceased. They, moreover, shaved their eyebrows when a relative
+died; but the death of a dog or a cat, regarded as divinities by this
+curious people, was a matter of much greater importance to them, for
+then they not only shaved their eyebrows, but every hair on their
+bodies was plucked out; and doubtless this explains the reason why so
+many elaborate wigs are to be seen in the various museums devoted to
+Egyptian antiquities. It would require a volume to give an idea of
+the singular funereal ceremonials of this people, with whom death was
+regarded, so to speak, as a "speciality;" for their religion was mainly
+devoted to the _cultus_ of the departed, and consequently innumerable
+monumental tombs still exist all over Egypt, the majority of which are
+full of mummies, whose painted cases are most artistic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_An Egyptian Lady preparing to go into Mourning
+for the death of her pet Cat._--From a picture by J. R. WEGUELIN.]
+
+The cat was worshipped as a divinity by the Egyptians. Magnificent
+tombs were erected in its honour, sacrifices and devotions were offered
+to it; and, as has already been said, it was customary for the
+people of the house to shave their heads and eyebrows whenever Pussy
+departed the family circle. Possibly it was their exalted position in
+Egypt which eventually led to cats being considered the "familiars"
+of witches in the Middle Ages, and even in our own time, for belief
+in witchcraft is not extinct. The kindly Egyptians made mummies of
+their cats and dogs, and it is presumable that, since Egypt is a corn
+growing, and hence a rat and mouse producing country, both dogs and
+cats, as killers of these vermin, were regarded with extreme veneration
+on account of their exterminating qualities. Their mummies are often
+both curious and comical, for the poor beast's quaint figure and face
+are frequently preserved with an indescribably grim realism, after the
+lapse of many ages.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_Egyptian Maiden presenting Incense to the
+new-made Mummy of a Cat._]
+
+The funeral processions of the Egyptians were magnificent; for with the
+principal members of the family of the deceased, if he chanced to be
+of royal or patrician rank, walked in stately file numerous priests,
+priestesses, and officials wearing mourning robes, and, together with
+professional mourners, filling the air with horrible howls and cries.
+Their descendants still produce these strident and dismal lamentations
+on similar occasions.
+
+
+
+
+THE Egyptian Pyramids, which were included among the seven wonders of
+the world, are seventy in number, and are masses of stone or brick,
+with square bases and triangular sides. Although various opinions have
+prevailed as to their use, as that they were erected for astronomical
+purposes, for resisting the encroachment of the sand of the desert, for
+granaries, reservoirs, or sepulchres, the last-mentioned hypothesis has
+been proved to be correct, in recent times, by the excavations of Vyse,
+who expended nearly L10,000 in investigating their object. They were
+the tombs of monarchs of Egypt who flourished from the Fourth to the
+Twelfth Dynasty, none having been constructed later than that time; the
+subsequent kings being buried at Abydos, Thebes, and other places, in
+tombs of a very different character.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_The Pyramids and Great Sphinx._--From a
+pen-and-ink sketch by HORACE VERNET.]
+
+The first, or Great Pyramid, was the sepulchre of the Cheops of
+Herodotus, the Chembes, or Chemmis, of Diodorus, and the Suphis of
+Manetho and Eratosthenes. Its height was 480 feet 9 inches, and its
+base 764 feet square. In other words, it was higher than St. Paul's
+Cathedral, and built on an area the size of Lincoln's Inn Fields. It
+has been, however, much spoiled, and stripped of its exterior blocks
+for the building of Cairo. The original sepulchral chamber, called
+the Subterranean Apartment, 46 feet by 27 feet, and 11 feet 6 inches
+high, has been hewn in the solid rock, and was reached by the original
+passage of 320 feet long, which descended to it by an entrance at
+the foot of the pyramid. A second chamber, with a triangular roof,
+17 feet by 18 feet 9 inches, and 20 feet 3 inches high, was entered
+by a passage rising to an inclination of 26 deg. 18', terminating in a
+horizontal passage. It is called the Queen's Chamber, and occupies a
+position nearly in the centre of the pyramid. The monument--probably
+owing to the long life attained by the monarch--still progressing,
+a third chamber, called the King's, was finally constructed, by
+prolonging the ascending passage of the Queen's Chamber for 150 feet
+farther into the very centre of the pyramid, and, after a short
+horizontal passage, making a room 17 feet 1 inch by 34 feet 3 inches,
+and 19 feet 1 inch high. The changes which took place in this pyramid
+gave rise to various traditions, even in the days of Herodotus, Cheops
+being reported to lie buried in a chamber surrounded by the waters of
+the Nile. It took a long time for its construction--100,000 men being
+employed on it probably for above half a century, the duration of the
+reign of Cheops. The operations in this pyramid by General Vyse gave
+rise to the discovery of marks scrawled in red ochre in a kind of
+cursive hieroglyph, on the blocks brought from the quarries of Tourah.
+These contained the name and titles of Khufu (the hieroglyphic form of
+Cheops); numerals and directions for the position of materials, etc.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--_Mummies of Cats and Dogs._--British Museum and
+Museum of the Louvre.]
+
+The second Pyramid was built by Suphis II., or Kephren, who reigned
+66 years, according to Manethro, and who appears to have attained a
+great age. It has two sepulchral chambers, and must have been broken
+into by the Calif Alaziz Othman Ben-Yousouf, A.D. 1196. Subsequently
+it was opened by Belzoni. The masonry is inferior to that of the first
+Pyramid, but it was anciently cased below with red granite.
+
+The third Pyramid, built by Menkara, who reigned 63 years, is much
+smaller than the other two, and has also two sepulchral chambers, both
+in the solid rock. The lower chamber, which held a sarcophagus of
+rectangular shape of whinstone, had a pointed roof, cut like an arch
+inside; but the cedar coffin, in shape of a mummy, had been removed
+to the upper or large apartment, and its contents there rifled.
+Amongst the debris of the coffin and in the chambers were found the
+legs and part of the trunk of a body with linen wrapper, supposed by
+some to belong to the monarch, but by others to an Arab, on account
+of the anchylosed right knee. This body and fragments of the coffin
+were brought to the British Museum; but the stone sarcophagus was
+unfortunately lost off Carthagena, by the sinking of the vessel in
+which it was being transported to England.
+
+There are six other Pyramids of inferior size and interest at Gizeh;
+one at Abou Rouash, which is ruined, but of large dimensions; another
+at Zowyet El Arrian, still more ruined; another at Reegah, a spot in
+the vicinity of Abooseer, also much dilapidated, and built for the
+monarch User-en-Ra, by some supposed to be Busiris. There are five
+of these monuments at Abooseer, one with a name supposed to be that
+of a monarch of the Third Dynasty; and another with that of the king
+Sahura. A group of eleven Pyramids remains at Sakkara, and five other
+Pyramids are at Dashour, the northernmost of which, built of brick, is
+supposed to be that of the king Asychis of Herodotus, and has a name of
+a king apparently about the Twelfth Dynasty. Others are at Meydoon and
+Illahoon, Biahmo and Medinat El Fyoum, apparently the sepulchres of the
+last kings of the Twelfth Dynasty.
+
+In Nubia, the ancient Aethiopia, are several Pyramids, the tombs of the
+monarchs of Meroe and of some of the Ethiopian conquerors of Egypt.
+They are taller in proportion to their base than the Egyptian Pyramids,
+and generally have a sepulchral hall, or propylon, with sculptures,
+which faces the east. The principal groups of these Pyramids are at
+Bege Rauie, or Begromi, 17 deg. N. lat., in one of which, gold rings
+and other objects of late art, resembling that of the Ptolemaic period,
+were found.
+
+The numerous Pyramids of Mexico are of vast size and importance, but
+their purpose is not yet fully ascertained. Completely covered as they
+are with dense vegetation, filled with venomous reptiles, they are
+difficult to investigate, but they were evidently much the same in
+shape and structure as the Egyptian, and their entrances were richly
+sculptured.
+
+The art of preserving the body after death by embalming was invented
+by the Egyptians, whose prepared bodies are known by the name of
+mummies. This art seems to have derived its origin from the idea that
+the preservation of the body was necessary for the return of the
+soul to the human form after it had completed its cycle of existence
+of three or ten thousand years. Physical and sanitary reasons may
+also have induced the ancient Egyptians; and the legend of Osiris,
+whose body, destroyed by Typhon, was found by Isis, and embalmed by
+his son Anubis, gave a religious sanction to the rite, all deceased
+persons being supposed to be embalmed after the model of Osiris in the
+_abuton_ of Philae. One of the earliest embalmments on record is that
+of the patriarch Jacob; and the body of Joseph was thus prepared, and
+transported out of Egypt. The following seems to have been the usual
+rule observed after death. The relations of the deceased went through
+the city chanting a wail for the dead. The corpse of a male was at
+once committed into the charge of undertakers; if a female, it was
+detained at home until decomposition had begun. The _paraschistes_,
+or flank-inciser of the district, a person of low class, conveyed
+the corpse home. A scribe marked with a reed-pen a line on the left
+side beneath the ribs, down which line the paraschistes made a deep
+incision with a rude knife of stone, or probably flint. He was then
+pelted by those around with stones, and pursued with curses. Then the
+_taricheutes_, or preparer, proceeded to arrange the corpse for the
+reception of the salts and spices necessary for its preservation,
+and the future operations depended on the sum to be expended upon
+the task. When Herodotus visited Egypt, three methods prevailed: the
+first, accessible only to the wealthy, consisted in passing peculiar
+drugs through the nostrils, into the cavities of the skull, rinsing
+the body in palm wine, and filling it with resins, cassia, and other
+substances, and stitching up the incision in the left flank. The
+mummy was then steeped in natron for 70 days, and wrapped up in linen
+cemented by gums, and set upright in a wooden coffin against the walls
+of the house or tomb. This process cost what would now amount in our
+money to about L725. The second process consisted in injecting into the
+body cedar oil, soaking it in a solution of natron for 70 days, which
+eventually destroyed everything but the skin and bones. The expense was
+a _mina_, relatively, about L243. In the third process, used for the
+poorer classes, the corpse was simply washed in myrrh, and salted for
+70 days. When thus prepared the bodies were ready for sepulture, but
+they were often kept some time before burial--often at home--and were
+even produced at festive entertainments, to recall to the guests the
+transient lot of humanity. All classes were embalmed, even malefactors;
+and those who were drowned in the Nile or killed by crocodiles received
+an embalmment from the city nearest to which the accident occurred.
+
+The Ethiopians used similar means of embalming to preserve the dead,
+and other less successful means were used by nations of antiquity.
+The Persians employed wax, the Assyrians, honey; the Jews embalmed
+their monarchs with spices, with which the body of Our Lord was also
+anointed; Alexander the Great was preserved in wax and honey, and
+some Roman bodies have been found thus embalmed. The Guanches, or
+ancient inhabitants of the Canary Isles, used an elaborate process
+like the Egyptian; and dessicated bodies, preserved by atmospheric or
+other circumstances for centuries, have been found in France, Sicily,
+England, and America, especially in Central America, and Peru. The art
+of embalming was probably never lost in Europe, and De Bils, Ruysch,
+Swammerdam, and Clauderus boast of great success in it. During the
+present century it has been almost entirely discarded, except under
+very exceptional circumstances.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--_Tomb of Runjeet Singh at Lahore._]
+
+LEAVING the Oriental and remotely ancient nations aside, we will now
+consider the history of mourning as it was used by those peoples from
+whom we immediately derive our funereal customs. In ancient times,
+even amongst the Greeks and Romans, it was the custom to immolate
+victims--either slaves or captives--on the tomb of the departed, in
+order to appease the spirit, or that the soul might be accompanied by
+spirits of inferior persons to the realms of eternal bliss; and in
+India we have some difficulty even now in preventing the burning of a
+widow on the funeral pyre of her husband, instances of this barbarous
+custom occurring almost every year, notwithstanding the vigilance of
+our Government.
+
+It would be extremely interesting to trace to their sources all the
+various rites and ceremonies connected with our principal subject,
+of every nation, savage or civilised, ancient or modern; but the
+task would be quite beyond my limits. A thorough investigation of the
+matter, assisted very materially by a systematic investigation of that
+mine of curious information, Picard's famous "_Ceremonies et coutumes
+religieuses de tous les peuples_", which contains so many original
+letters from missionaries of the 16th and 17th Centuries, obliges me to
+come to the conclusion that there is, after all, not so much variety
+in the funereal ceremonies of the world as we imagine. Those of the
+Chinese and Japanese resemble in many ways, very strikingly too, the
+ceremonies which the Roman Catholics employ to this day: there are the
+same long processions of priests and officials; and Picard shows us a
+sketch of a very grand burial at Pekin, in 1675, in which we behold the
+body of the Emperor of the Celestials stretched upon a bier covered
+with deep violet satin, and surrounded by many lighted candles; prayers
+were said for the repose of the soul; and, as all the world knows,
+the costumes of the priests of Buddha are supposed to have undergone,
+together with their creed and ritual, a great change in the early part
+of the 17th Century, owing to the extraordinary influence of the Jesuit
+missionaries who followed St. Francis Xavier into India and Japan.
+The Japanese cremated their dead and preserved the ashes; the Chinese
+buried theirs; but the Cingalese, after burning the body, scattered the
+ashes to the winds; whilst a sect of Persians exposed their dead upon
+the top of high towers, and permitted the birds of prey to perform the
+duty which we assign to the gravedigger.
+
+Cemeteries existed in the East at a remote epoch, and were rendered
+so beautiful with handsome mausoleums, groves of stately cypresses
+and avenues of lovely rose bushes, that they are now used as public
+promenades. On certain days of the year multitudes resort to them for
+purposes of prayer, and the Armenian Christians illuminate theirs
+with lamps and tapers on the annual feast of the commemoration of
+the departed. Perhaps India possesses the most elegant tombs in the
+world, mainly built by the sovereigns of the Mongol dynasty. None
+among them is so sumptuous as the mausoleum of Taj Mahal, situated
+about a mile outside the port of Agra. It was built by Shah Jehan for
+himself and his wife Arjimand Banoo, surnamed Mumtaz Mahal; 20,000
+men were employed for 20 years erecting it. It is constructed of the
+purest white marble, relieved with precious stones. In the interior
+is the sepulchral apartment, which is chiefly decorated with lapis
+lazuli. The tombs of the Emperor and Empress, which stand under the
+dome, are covered with costly Indian shawls of green cashmere, heavily
+embroidered with gold.
+
+Another most beautiful specimen of Mahometan sepulchral architecture is
+the tomb of Runjeet Singh, near Lahore, which, though less known, is
+externally as magnificent as the mausoleum above described.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+MOSES prohibited the immolation of human victims on the tombs of the
+dead, and decreed that relatives should signify their sorrow by the
+manner in which they tore their garments. They rent them according
+to the degrees of affinity and parentage. Sometimes the tears were
+horizontal, and this indicated that a father, mother, wife, brother,
+or sister had died; but if the tear was longitudinal, it signified
+that some person had departed who was not a blood relation. An idea
+can be formed of the appalling destruction of clothing which must
+have occurred on certain occasions amongst the ancient Jews, when we
+remember that on the death of a king everybody was expected to tear
+their garments longitudinally, and to go about with them in tatters for
+nine days. This curious custom possibly explains Solomon's proverb,
+"There is a time to rend and a time to mend."
+
+The High Priest among the Jews was exempted from wearing mourning. The
+French, when they embraced Christianity, added many Jewish customs
+to their own: up to the time of the Revolution of 1789, their Grand
+Chancellor, or Chief Magistrate, was not bound to wear mourning even
+for his own father.
+
+The Greeks, doubtless, derived their funereal ceremonies from the
+Egyptians, and it is from this ancient people that we obtain the
+custom of wearing black as mourning. When a person in Greece was
+dangerously ill and not expected to recover, branches of _laurestinus_
+and _achanthus_ were hung up over the door, and the relatives hurried
+round the bed and prayed to Mercury, as the conductor of souls, to have
+mercy upon the invalid, and either to cure him completely or else help
+his soul to cross the river Styx. If the death really occurred, then
+the house was filled with cries and lamentations. The body was washed
+and perfumed, and covered with rich robes; a garland of flowers was
+placed on its head, and in its hand a cake made of wheat and honey,
+to appease Cerberus, the porter of Hell; and in the mouth a purse of
+money, in order to defray the expenses of Charon, the ferryman of Styx.
+In this state the deceased was exposed for two days in the vestibule of
+the house. At the door was a vase full of water, destined to purify the
+hands of those who touched the corpse.
+
+Visitors to Paris will remember how often they have seen a coffin
+exhibited in the doorway of a house, elaborately covered with flowers,
+having at its head a crucifix, and many lights surrounding it,
+everybody as they passed saluting it--the men by taking off their
+hats, and the women by making the sign of the cross, often using for
+this purpose holy water offered to them on a brush by an acolyte.
+Now, the Greeks used blessed water when they exposed their dead in
+front of their dwellings; possibly the French custom is derived from
+the Grecian. The funeral in Greece took place three days after the
+exhibition of the remains, and usually occurred before sunrise, so
+as to avoid ostentation. Many women surrounded the bier, weeping and
+howling, and not a few, being professionals, were paid for their
+trouble. The corpse was placed on a chariot, in a coffin made of
+cypress wood. The male relatives walked behind, those who were of
+close kinship having their heads shaved. They usually cast down their
+eyes, and were invariably dressed in black. A choir of musicians came
+next, singing doleful tunes. The procession, as a rule, had not far
+to go, for the body of a wealthy person was usually buried in his
+garden--if his city house did not possess one, in that of his villa
+residence.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--_A Greek Tomb: the Monument of Themistocles,
+Athens._]
+
+The Greeks, it will thus be seen, buried their dead, and did not
+cremate them as did the Romans; but in the latter years of the Republic
+both forms of disposing of the body were common. After the burial,
+libations of wine were poured over the grave, and all objects of
+clothing which had belonged to the deceased were solemnly burnt. The
+ninth and fourteenth days after the funeral, the parents, dressed in
+white, visited the grave, and a ceremony was gone through for the
+repose of the soul. The anniversary of the death was also observed,
+and the Greeks, moreover, had a general commemoration of the dead in
+the month of March. And here let us make a digression to see how very
+closely the Greeks must have influenced the early Christians, and
+consequently their more immediate descendants, the Roman Catholics, in
+the matter of religious ceremonies; for it is usual among Catholics to
+hear a Mass for the Dead a week after the death, and also another on
+the anniversary. The universal feast of the dead is observed by them,
+however, not in the month of March, but in that of November. People
+who have lived in Paris will know how very largely these funereal
+ceremonies enter into the manners and customs of that gay city, so
+that it is not unfrequent for foreign residents to observe that their
+time is passed in perpetually going to funerals; for, if you have a
+large acquaintance, you are sure to receive at least twenty or thirty
+invitations to funerals and funereal commemorations in the course of
+the year. Of course, everybody will remember how on the Continent
+the first day of November is devoted to visiting the cemeteries and
+decorating the tombs of relatives and friends.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--_Gallo-Roman bas-relief--found in Paris about
+fifty years ago--representing a family surrounding the body of a woman
+who has recently died._--Museum of the Louvre.]
+
+To return to the Greeks, it should be observed that their respect
+for the dead was remarkable, even amongst the ancients. If a man
+accidentally found a body on the high-road, he was obliged to turn
+aside and bury it. When the people saw a funeral procession pass, they
+uncovered their heads and murmured a prayer. The laws against the
+violation of the sepulchres of the dead were most severe, and any one
+who was caught damaging a tomb was usually flogged for his trouble, but
+if he overthrew it and disturbed the body, he was burnt alive.
+
+If a person died at sea, all the people on board the ship assembled at
+sunset, and cried out three times the name of the departed, who was
+usually thrown overboard. In the morning they repeated these calls, and
+so forth until the ship entered port. This was done in order to recall
+the names of the deceased, or at any rate to keep them propitious.
+
+When an illustrious person died in Greece, the ceremonies were on a
+most elaborate scale, and even accompanied by games, which lasted for
+many days. Readers of Homer's "Iliad" will remember his magnificent
+description of the death and funeral of Patroclus.
+
+Among the Romans the men were not obliged to wear mourning, but it was
+the fashion for women to do so. Very wisely, children under three years
+of age were not forced to put on black, even for their parents, and
+after that age, only for as many months as they had lived years.
+
+The Roman ladies only wore mourning for their parents for one year. Men
+were expected to wear it for the same period in the case of the death
+of a father, mother, wife, sister, or brother. Numa fixed the period
+of wearing deep mourning for the nearest of kin as ten months. People,
+however, were not obliged to wear mourning for any of their relatives
+who had been in prison, were bankrupt, or in any way outlawed. Numa
+published a minute series of laws regulating the mourning of his
+people. A very odd item in these included an order that women should
+not scratch their faces, or make an exceptional fuss at a public
+funeral. This was possibly decreed to put some stop to abuses which the
+hired mourners had occasioned: scratching their faces, for instance,
+so as to injure themselves, and making an over-dismal wail which was
+offensive to the genuine mourners.
+
+For freedmen and slaves among the Romans, the greatest mark of respect
+was the erection of a monument or inscription in the tomb reserved
+for the family they had served. Thousands of these inscriptions to
+slaves and faithful servants still exist, and lead us to hope that the
+hardships of slavery in ancient Rome were often softened by mutual
+kindness and respect. One of the most touching of these is in a tomb on
+the Appian Road, which is supposed to have belonged to the attendants
+of Livia, the illustrious consort of Augustus. It runs:--
+
+"To my beloved Julia, my slave-woman, whose last illness I have watched
+and attended as if it had been that of my own mother."
+
+Tombs of slaves who were martyrs to the Christian religion are very
+frequent, and their inscriptions are usually of a most pathetic
+description.
+
+The ashes of the dead, after the solemn burning of the body, were
+carefully gathered together and placed in an often very beautifully
+painted urn, and taken to the family tomb on the Appian Way, where
+an appropriate inscription was affixed to the wall under the niche
+containing the vase or urn. Little glass bottles, said to be filled
+with the tears of the nearest relations, were likewise enclosed in the
+urn, or else hung up beside it. Thousands of these, brilliant, after
+ages, with iridescent colours, are still found in the Roman tombs.
+
+It was not imperative for a man in old Rome to wear mourning at all;
+but it was considered very bad taste for a male not to show some
+external sign of respect for his dead. With women, on the other hand,
+it was obligatory.
+
+On great occasions, such as the death of an Emperor or a defeat of
+the army in foreign parts, the Senate, the Knights, and the whole
+Roman people assumed mourning; and the same ceremony was observed when
+any general of the Roman army was slain in battle. When Manlius was
+precipitated from the Tarpeian rock, half the people put on mourning.
+The defeat at Cannae, the conspiracy of Catilina, and the death of
+Julius Caesar were also events celebrated in Rome with public mourning;
+but during the whole period of the Republic it was not compulsory for
+people to notice death, either publicly or privately.
+
+The first public mourning recorded as being observed throughout the
+entire Roman Empire was that for Augustus. It lasted for fifty days
+for the men, and the whole year for women. The next public event which
+called forth a decree commanding that the entire people of Rome and
+the Empire should wear mourning, was the death of Livia, mother of
+Tiberius. The same thing occurred at the death of Drusus; and Caligula
+followed the example, and ordered general mourning on the death of
+Drusilla.
+
+Private mourning, which was among the Romans, as we have already
+intimated, not at all compulsory, could be broken by events such as the
+birth of a son or daughter, the marriage of a child, and the return
+of a prisoner of war. Men wore lighter mourning than women, but were
+expected to absent themselves from places of public amusement.
+
+The usual colour adopted by women for mourning, under the Roman Empire,
+was a peculiar blue-black serge, and an absolutely black veil. As with
+us, occasionally, the wearing of mourning brought forth some sharp
+remarks from the satirical poets. Thus, Macrobius tells us, in his
+Saturnalia, that Croesus on one occasion went to the Senate wearing the
+deepest mourning for the largest lamprey in his tank, which had died.
+
+Women were not allowed to remarry within the year of their husband's
+death. Imperial permission, however, might smooth this difficulty.
+
+
+
+
+AMONG the early Christians the sincerest respect for the memory of
+their dead was paid; for most of them, in the first centuries of the
+Church, were either martyrs or near connections of such as had suffered
+for the faith. The Catacombs are covered with inscriptions recording
+the deaths of martyrs; and many of these memorials are exceedingly
+pathetic, testifying to the fortitude with which the first Christians
+endured any manner of torture rather than deny the new faith which
+had been imparted to them by Divine revelation. The remains of the
+martyrs, however mangled they might be, were gathered together with the
+greatest reverence, and their blood placed in little phials of glass,
+which were considered relics of a most precious nature. The Catacombs,
+which served the first Christians as churches as well as places of
+burial, are called after the most distinguished martyrs who were buried
+therein. In that of St. Calixtus, for instance--where that early and
+martyred Pope was interred--about two centuries ago was found the body
+of Saint Cecilia, "the sweet patroness of music." With such precaution
+had her remains been transported to their place of interment, that
+Bernini, the most eminent sculptor of the 17th Century, was able to
+take a cast of them, which he subsequently worked into a lovely statue,
+representing the saint in the graceful and modest attitude in which it
+is said her body was found after the lapse of a thousand years. This
+exquisite work of art is to be seen in the church which bears Saint
+Cecilia's name, in the Trastevere; and a fine replica of it is in the
+chapel of St. Cecilia, in the Oratory, Brompton.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Divine Service in the Catacombs of St.
+Calixtus_, A.D. 50.]
+
+The Catacombs are subterraneous chambers and passages usually formed
+in the rock, which is soft and easily excavated, and are to be found
+in almost every country in which such rocks exist. In most cases,
+probably, they originated in mere quarries, which afterwards came to be
+used either as places of sepulchre for the dead, or as hiding-places
+for the persecuted living. The most celebrated Catacombs in existence
+are those on the Via Appia, at a short distance from Rome. To these
+dreary crypts the early Christians were in the habit of retiring, in
+order to celebrate Divine worship in times of persecution, and in them
+were buried many of the saints, the early Popes, and martyrs. They
+consist of long narrow galleries, usually about eight feet high and
+five wide, which twist and turn in all directions. The graves were
+constructed by hollowing out a portion of the rock, at the side of
+the gallery, large enough to contain the body. The entrance was then
+built up with stones, on which usually the letters D. M. (Deo Maximo),
+or [CHR], the first two letters of the Greek name of Christ, were
+inscribed. Though latterly devoted to purposes of Christian interment
+exclusively, it is believed that the Catacombs were at one time used
+as burying-places for Pagans also, and there are one or two which were
+evidently entirely devoted to the Jews. At irregular intervals, these
+galleries expand into wide and lofty vaulted chambers, in which the
+service of the Church was no doubt celebrated, and which still have
+the appearance of chapels. The original extent of the Catacombs is
+uncertain, the guides maintaining that they have a length of twenty
+miles, whereas about six only can now be ascertained to exist, and of
+these, many portions have either fallen in or become dangerous. When
+Rome was besieged by the Lombards in the 8th Century, several of the
+Catacombs were destroyed, and the Popes afterwards caused the remains
+of many of the saints and martyrs to be removed and buried in the
+churches. The Catacombs at Naples, cut into the Capo di Monte, resemble
+those at Rome, and evidently were used for the same purposes, being
+partially covered with remarkable Christian symbols. At Palermo and
+Syracuse, there are similar Catacombs, and they are also to be found
+in Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and Egypt. At Milo, one of the
+Cyclades, there is a hill which is honeycombed with a labyrinth of
+tombs running in every direction. In these, bassorilievi and figures
+in terra-cotta have been found, which prove them to be long anterior
+to the Christian era. In Peru and other parts of South America,
+ancient Catacombs still exist. The Catacombs of Paris are a species of
+charnel-house, into which the contents of such burying-places as were
+found to be pestilential, and the bodies of some of the victims of the
+Revolution, were cast by a decree of the Government. The skulls are
+arranged in curious forms, and a visit to these weird galleries is one
+of the sights of Paris, which few strangers, however, are privileged
+to study. The Capuchin monks have frequently attached to their
+monasteries, a cloister filled with earth brought from the Holy Land.
+In this the monks are buried for a time, until their bones are quite
+fleshless, when they are arranged in surprising groups in the long
+corridors of a series of galleries, and produce sometimes the reverse
+of a solemn effect.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--_Crypt of a Chapel in the Catacomb of St.
+Agnes, without the walls of Rome (restored), showing the manner in
+which the bodies of the early Christians were arranged one above the
+other. The front of each tomb was of course walled up._--From the work
+on the Catacombs of Rome, by M. PERRET.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--_An Anglo-Saxon Widow Lady. The upper garment
+is of black cloth, edged with fur, and a veil of black gauze hangs from
+the head._--9th Century MS., National Library, Paris.]
+
+AS the Church emerged from the Catacombs, and was enabled to take her
+position in the world, her funereal ceremonies became more elaborate
+and costly. Masses for the dead were offered up in the churches, to
+the accompaniment of music and singing; and the funereal ceremonies
+which attended the burial of the Empress Theodolinda, A.D. 595, the
+friend and correspondent of Pope St. Gregory the Great, lasted for
+over a week. The Cathedral of Monza, where she was buried, was hung
+with costly black stuff, and the body of the Empress was exhibited
+under a magnificent catafalque, surrounded with lights, and was visited
+by pilgrims from all parts of Lombardy. Many hundreds of masses were
+said for her in all the churches, and all day the great bells of the
+cathedral and of the various monastic establishments tolled dolefully.
+At the end of the week the body of the illustrious Empress was placed
+in the vault under the high altar, where it remains to this day; and
+above it was a shrine filled with extraordinary relics, many of which
+still subsist, as, for instance, her celebrated "Hen and Chickens"--a
+plateau or tray of silver gilt with some gold chickens with ruby eyes
+upon it--and the famous iron crown, which is, indeed, of gold, having
+one of the nails said to have been used at the Crucifixion beaten in a
+single band round the inside. Napoleon I. crowned himself, at Milan,
+King of Italy, with this singular relic.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--_An Anglo-Saxon Priest wearing a black
+Dalmatic, edged with fur, ready to say a Requiem Mass._--From an early
+MS., 10th Century.]
+
+Our Catholic ancestors spent large sums of money upon their funerals.
+The pious practice of praying for the dead, which they doubtless
+derived from the Hebrews, induced them to secure the future exertions
+of their friends, by building chanteries and special chapels in the
+churches, with a view of reminding the survivors of their demise.
+Guilds, which by the way, still exist, were created for the purpose of
+binding people together in a holy league of prayer for the souls of the
+faithful departed. We find in the laws established for the Guild of
+Abbotsbury, the following regulations:--"If any one belonging to the
+association chance to die, each member shall pay a penny for the good
+of the soul, before the body be laid in the grave. If he die in the
+neighbourhood, the steward (secretary) shall enquire when he is to be
+interred, and shall summon as many members as he can, to assemble and
+carry the corpse in as honourable a manner as possible to the grave or
+minster, and there pray devoutly for his soul's rest." With the same
+view, our ancestors were ever anxious to obtain a place of sepulchre in
+the most frequented churches. The monuments raised over their remains,
+whilst keeping them safe from profanation, recalled them to memory,
+and solicited on their behalf the charity of the faithful. The usual
+inscription on the earlier Christian tombs in this country was the
+pathetic "Of your charity, pray for me." In the Guild of All Souls,
+in London, when any member died, it was the custom of the survivors
+to give the poor a loaf for the good of the soul; and the writer can
+perfectly remember, that some thirty years since, in remote parts of
+Norfolk, when anybody died, it was the fashion to distribute loaves
+of bread in the church porch as a dole. The funeral of an Anglo-Saxon
+was thus conducted:--The body of the deceased was placed on a bier or
+in a hearse. On it lay the book of the gospels, the code of his or her
+belief, and the cross, the signal of hope. A pall of silk or linen was
+thrown over it till it reached the place of interment. The friends
+were summoned, and strangers deemed it a duty to join the funeral
+procession. The clergy walked before or on each side, bearing lighted
+tapers in their hands, and chanting a portion of the psalter. If it
+were in the evening, the night was passed in exercises of devotion.
+In the morning, mass was sung and the body deposited with solemnity
+in the grave, the sawlshot paid, and a liberal donation distributed
+to the poor. Before the Reformation, it was the excellent custom for
+all persons who met a funeral to uncover and stand reverentially
+still until it had passed. The pious turned back, and accompanied the
+mourners a part of the way to the grave. It is pleasant to notice
+that this essentially humane habit of taking off the hat and behaving
+gravely as a funeral goes by, which is universal upon the Continent,
+is at last becoming more and more general here. The homage of the
+living to the mortal remains of even the humblest is excellent, and
+one which should be earnestly encouraged, being far more beneficial in
+its results than the heaping of costly flowers upon a hearse, which no
+one notices as it passes, laden with its ephemeral offerings, to the
+cemetery.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_Funeral of St. Edward the Confessor, January
+5th, 1066. The body, covered with a silken pall adorned with crosses,
+is carried by eight men, and followed by many priests, to Westminster
+Abbey, which he had founded. Under the bier are seen two small
+figures ringing bells._--From the Bayeux Tapestry, worked by Matilda
+of Flanders, Queen of William the Conqueror, and preserved in the
+Cathedral at Bayeux--11th Century.]
+
+The funeral of Edward the Confessor was exceedingly magnificent, and
+the shrine built over his relics, behind the high altar of the glorious
+abbey which he founded, is still an object of reverence with our Roman
+Catholic fellow-citizens, who, on St. Edward's Day, are permitted by
+a tolerant age to offer their devotions before the resting-place of
+the last of our Saxon Kings. But our first Norman King was buried with
+scant ceremony. He died 1087, at Hermentrude, a village near Rouen,
+having been taken suddenly ill on his way to England. No sooner was
+the illustrious king deceased, than his servants plundered the house
+and even the corpse, flinging it naked upon the floor. Herleadin, a
+peasant, undertook at last to convey the body to Caen, where it was to
+be buried in the Abbey of St. Stephen, Prince Henry and the monks being
+present. Scarcely, however, was the mass of requiem begun, when the
+church took fire, and everybody fled, leaving William the Conqueror's
+hearse neglected in the centre of the transept. At last the flames were
+extinguished, the interrupted service finished, and the funeral sermon
+preached. Just, however, as the coffin was about to be lowered into the
+vault, Anselm Fitz-Arthur, a Norman gentleman, stood forth and forbade
+the interment. "This spot," cried he, "is the site of my father's
+house, which this dead man burnt to ashes. On the ground it occupied I
+built this church, and William's body shall not desecrate it." After
+much ado, however, Fitz-Arthur was prevailed upon by Prince Henry to
+allow the body to be buried, on the payment of sixty shillings as the
+price of the grave. In the 17th Century the Calvinists ravaged the tomb
+and broke the monument. It was restored in 1642, but finally swept
+away, together with that of Queen Matilda, in the Revolution of 1793.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_The Shrine of the Confessor, in Westminster
+Abbey._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Funeral of an Abbess--10th Century._--From a
+MS.]
+
+PERHAPS the most curious funeral on record occurred just at the dawn
+of the Renaissance--that of the ill-fated Inez de Castro--"the Queen
+crowned after death"--who was murdered in the 14th Century by three
+assassins in her own apartment at Coimbra. "Being conveyed," says the
+Chronicle of Fray Jao das Reglas, "to the chapel of the neighbouring
+convent, her body was arrayed in spotless white and decked with roses.
+The nuns surrounded the bier, and the Queen-mother of Portugal,
+Brittes, sat in state--her crown upon her head and her royal robes
+flowing around her--as chief mourner, having given an order that the
+body should not be buried until after the return of her son Don Pedro.
+When he did come back, he was transported with grief and anger at the
+foul murder of his consort; and, throwing himself upon the corpse,
+clasped it to his heart, covered its pale lips, its hands, its feet
+with kisses, and, refusing all consolation, remained for thirty hours
+with the body clasped in his embrace! At last, being overcome with
+fatigue, the unhappy Prince was carried away senseless from the piteous
+remains of his most dear Inez, and they were consigned to the grave.
+It was his father who had instigated the murderers to commit their
+foul deed, and this determined Pedro to take up arms against him; and
+Portugal was desolated by civil war. Eventually the reasoning of the
+Queen (Brittes) prevailed, and peace was restored. Pedro, however,
+never spoke to his father again until the hour of his death, when he
+forgave the great wrong he had done him. He now ascended the throne,
+and his first act was to hunt down the three murderers, two of whom
+were put to death, with tortures too awful to describe, and the other
+escaped into France, where he died a beggar. After this retributive
+act, Don Pedro assembled the Cortes at Cantandes, and, in the presence
+of the Pope's Nuncio, solemnly swore that he had secretly married Inez
+de Castro at Braganza, in the presence of the bishop and of other
+witnesses." "Then occurred an event unique in history," continues this
+naive contemporary chronicle. "The body of Inez was lifted from the
+grave, placed on a magnificent throne, and crowned Queen of Portugal.
+The clergy, the nobility, and the people did homage to her corpse,
+and kissed the bones of her hands. There sat the dead Queen, with her
+yellow hair hanging like a veil round her ghastly form. One fleshless
+hand held the sceptre, and the other the orb of royalty. At night,
+after the coronation ceremony, a procession was formed of all the
+clergy and nobility, the religious orders and confraternities--which
+extended over many miles--each person holding a flaring torch in his
+hand, and thus walked from Coimbra to Alcobaca, escorting the crowned
+corpse to that royal abbey for interment. The dead Queen lay in her
+rich robes upon a chariot drawn by black mules and lighted up by
+hundreds of lights."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Bird's-eye view of the Monument (restored) of
+the Queen Inez of Castro, Abbey of Alcobaca, Portugal._]
+
+The scene must indeed have been a weird one. The sable costumes of the
+bishops and priests, the incense issuing from innumerable censers,
+the friars in their quaint garments, and the fantastically-attired
+members of the various hermandades, or brotherhoods--some of whom were
+dressed from head to foot entirely in scarlet, or blue, or black, or in
+white--with their countenances masked and their eyes glittering through
+small openings in their cowls; but above all, the spectre-like corpse
+of the Queen, on its car, and the grief-stricken King, who led the
+train--when seen by the flickering light of countless torches, with its
+solemn dirge music, passing through many a mile of open country in the
+midnight hours--was a vision so unreal that the chronicler describes it
+as "rather a phantasmagoria than a reality." In the magnificent abbey
+of Alcobaca the _requiem_ mass was sung, and the corpse finally laid to
+rest.
+
+The monument still exists, with the statue, with its royal diadem and
+mantle, lying thereon. The tomb of Don Pedro is placed foot to foot
+with that of Inez, so--the legend runs--that at the Judgment Day they
+may rise together and stand face to face.
+
+In 1810 the bodies of Don Pedro I. and Dona Inez de Castro were
+disturbed by the French, at the sack of Alcobaca. The skeleton of Inez
+was discovered to be in a singular state of preservation--the hair
+exceedingly long and glossy, and the head bound with a golden crown
+set with jewels of price. Singularly enough, this crown, although very
+valuable, was kicked about by the men as a toy and thrown behind the
+high altar, whence, as soon as the troops evacuated the monastery, it
+was carefully taken and laid aside by the Abbot. Shortly afterwards it
+again encircled the unhappy Queen's head, when, by order of the Duke
+of Wellington, the remains were once more replaced in the tomb, with
+military honours.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.--_Funeral Service, in which are shown
+the Candelabra and Incense Vessels which were deposited in the
+coffin._--Drawing of the 14th Century--Collection of the Rev. Father
+COCHET.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Angels praying over a Skull._--Bas-relief of
+16th Century.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIGS. 18 & 19.--_Death Criers_--_French costumes of 17th
+Century. The English dress was almost identical._--From a rare print
+in the collection of Mr. RICHARD DAVEY. Engraved expressly for this
+publication.]
+
+FUNERAL services of great magnificence entered largely into the customs
+of this pageantic epoch; and to this day, in Catholic countries, no
+religious ceremonies are conducted with more pomp than those intended
+to commemorate the departed. Besides the religious orders, there were
+numerous confraternities, guilds, and brotherhoods devoted to the
+burying and praying for the deceased. As no newspapers existed in those
+days, when a person of distinction died, the "Death Crier,"--in some
+parts of England called the "Death Watch,"--dressed in black, with a
+death's-head and cross-bones painted on the back and front of his gown,
+and armed with a bell, went the round of the town or village, as the
+case might be, shouting "Of your charity, good people, pray for the
+soul of our dear brother, [or sister] who departed this life at such
+and such an hour." Upon this the windows and doors of the houses were
+opened, and the "good people" said an ave or a pater for the "rest"
+of the dead, and at the same time the passing bell was tolled. In
+London, when the King or Queen died, the crier, or "Death Watch," who
+paraded our principal thoroughfares was, of course, a very important
+personage. Attended by the whole brotherhood, or guild, of the Holy
+Souls, with cross-bearer, each carrying a lighted candle, he proceeded
+processionally through the streets, notably up and down Cheapside and
+the Strand, solemnly ringing his bell, and crying out in a lugubrious
+voice his sad news. These criers, both in England and France, were
+paid, as officials, by the civic corporation so much per day, and were
+obliged, in addition to their usual mournful occupation, to inspect and
+report on the condition of low taverns and places of ill-fame. In the
+course of time they added to their "cry" news of a more miscellaneous
+character, and after the Reformation, became, we may well imagine,
+those rather musty folks the "Watch," who only disappeared from our
+midst as late as the early half of this century.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.--_Pall from the Church of Folleville, France,
+now in the Museum at Amiens. It is of black velvet, with stripes of
+white silk let in, embroidered with black and gold thread. It was
+placed over the coffin. Similar palls existed in England, and one or
+two are still preserved in our national collections._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.--_Scene from Richard III._--_The body of Henry
+VI. being by chance met by Richard on its way to Chertsey, he orders
+the bearers to set it down, and then pleads his cause to the Lady
+Anne._]
+
+Shakespeare, whose knowledge of Catholicism of course came to him from
+immediate tradition, possibly remembered a very ancient custom when, in
+_Richard III._, he makes the Duke of Glo'ster command the attendants
+who follow the body of Henry VI. to set it down,--an order which they
+obey reluctantly enough,--thereby giving him an opportunity to make
+love to Lady Anne in the presence of her murdered father-in-law's
+remains. In Catholic times the streets were adorned not only by many
+fine crosses, such as those at Charing and Cheapside, but also by
+numerous chapels and wayside shrines. Funerals, when they passed
+these, were in the habit of stopping, and the assistants, kneeling,
+prayed for the dead person whom they were carrying to the grave. They
+likewise stopped, also, and very frequently too, at certain well-known
+public-houses or taverns, the members of the family of the deceased
+being obliged by custom to "wet the lips" of the "thirsty souls" who
+carried the corpse. Sometimes very disorderly scenes ensued. The hired
+mourners and more unruly members of the guilds got drunk; and it is on
+record that on more than one occasion the body was pulled out of its
+coffin by these rascals and outraged, to the horror and indignation of
+honest people. It has frequently occurred to the writer, that if the
+attendants in the curious scene in the tragedy just mentioned, were to
+convey the body of the dead King to the side or back of the stage, in
+front of some shrine or cross, and occupy themselves with prayer, they
+would render the astonishing dialogue between Glo'ster and Lady Anne
+much more intelligible than when we hear it spoken, as is usually the
+case, before a number of persons for whose ears it was certainly never
+intended.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--_Funeral of King Richard II., showing his
+waxen effigy._--From an early MS. of FROISSART.]
+
+
+
+
+IMPORTANT personages in olden times in this country were usually
+embalmed. The poor, on the contrary, were rarely furnished even with
+a decent coffin, but were carried to the grave in a hired one, which,
+in villages, often did duty for many successive years. Once the brief
+service was said, the pauper's body, in its winding-sheet, was placed
+reverently enough in the earth, and covered up--a fact which doubtless
+accounts for the numerous village legends of ghosts wandering about in
+winding-sheets. Charitable people paid for masses to be said by the
+friars for their poorer brethren, and the guilds paid all expenses of
+the funeral, which were naturally not very considerable. On the other
+hand, the funeral of great personages, from king to squire, was a
+function which sometimes lasted a week. The bell tolled--as it still
+does--the moment the death became known to the bell-ringer. Then the
+body was washed, embalmed with spices and sweet herbs, wrapped in a
+winding-sheet of fine linen,--which, by the way, was often included
+among the wedding presents--and taken down into the hall of the palace
+or manor, which was hung with black, and lighted by many tapers, and
+even by waxen torches--sometimes as many as 300 and 400 of them--an
+immense expense, considering the cost of wax in those days. After three
+days' exposition--if the body remained incorrupt so long--the corpse
+was sealed up in a leaden coffin, and taken to the church, where solemn
+masses were sung. The clothes--we may presume the old and well-worn
+ones only--were then formally distributed to the poor of the parish.
+Finally came the funeral banquet of "baked meats," to which all those,
+including the clergy, who had taken part in the funeral service and
+procession were invited.
+
+When the Sovereign or any person of royal rank deceased, a waxen
+presentment was immediately made of him as he was seen in life under
+the influence of sleep. This figure, dressed in the regal robes,
+was exposed upon the catafalque in the church, instead of the real
+body--a custom doubtless inspired originally by hygienic motives, for
+frequently the funeral rites of a king or prince of the blood were
+prolonged for many days. In Westminster Abbey there are still several
+of these grim ancient waxen effigies to be seen, by special permission
+of the Dean, very faded and ghastly, but interesting as likenesses,
+and for the fragments which time has spared of their once gorgeous
+attire. This custom lasted with us until the time of William and Mary.
+In France it disappeared in the middle of the 17th Century, the last
+mention of it being on the occasion of the death of Anne of Austria;
+for we read in a curious letter from Guy Patin to his friend Falconet,
+"The Queen-Mother died to-day [Jan. 21, 1666]. She was immediately
+embalmed, and by noon her waxen effigy was on view at the Louvre.
+Thousands are pressing in to see it."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.--_Funeral Procession of King Henry V._, A.D.
+1422.]
+
+In France, so long as the wax effigy was exposed in the church or
+palace, sometimes for three weeks, the service of the royal person's
+table took place as usual. His or her chair of state was drawn up to
+the table, the napkin, knife and fork, spoon and glass, were in their
+usual places, and at the appointed time the dinner was served to the
+household, and "the meats, drinks, and all other goodly things" were
+offered before the dead prince's chair, as if he were still seated
+therein. When, however, the coffin took the place in the church
+of the wax figure, and the body was put into the grave, then the
+banqueting-hall was hung with black, and for eight days no meals were
+served in it of any kind.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.--_Queen Katherine de Valois in her Widow's
+Dress, A.D. 1422. The costume is of black brocade elaborately trimmed
+with black glass beads, and trimmed with white fur._--MS. of the
+period.]
+
+We still possess some curious details concerning the funeral of Henry
+V., who died at Vincennes in 1422. Juvenal des Usines tells us that
+the body was boiled, so as to be converted into a perfect skeleton,
+for better transportation into England. The bones were first taken
+to Notre Dame, where a superb funeral service was said over them.
+Just above the body they placed a figure made of boiled leather,
+representing the king's person "as well as might be desired," clad in
+purple, with the imperial diadem on its brow and the sceptre in its
+hand. Thus adorned, the coffin and the effigy were placed on a gorgeous
+chariot, covered with a "coverture" of red velvet beaten with gold.
+In this manner, followed by the King of Scots, as chief mourner, and
+by all the princes, lords, and knights of his house, was the body of
+the illustrious hero of Agincourt conveyed from town to town, until it
+reached Calais and was embarked for England, where it was finally laid
+at rest in Westminster Abbey, under a new monument erected by Queen
+Katherine de Valois, who eventually caused a silver-plated effigy of
+her husband, with a solid silver gilt head, to be placed on the tomb,
+which was unfortunately destroyed at the time of the Reformation.
+
+The funeral of Eleanor of Castile, the adored consort of Edward I.,
+was exceptionally sumptuous. This amiable Queen died at Hardbey, near
+Grantham, of "autumnal" fever, on November 29, 1290. The pressing
+affairs of Scotland were obliterated for the time from the mind of the
+great Edward, and he refused to attend to any state duty until his
+"loved ladye" was laid at rest at Westminster. The procession, followed
+by the King in the bitterest woe, took thirteen days to reach London
+from Grantham. At the end of every stage the royal bier surrounded by
+its attendants, rested in some central place of a great town, till the
+neighbouring ecclesiastics came to meet it in solemn procession, and
+to place it upon the high altar of the principal church. A cross was
+erected in memory of King Edward's _chere reine_ at every one of these
+resting-places. Thirteen of these monuments once existed; now only
+two of the originals remain, the crosses of Northampton and Waltham.
+The fac-simile at Charing Cross, opposite the Railway Station, though
+excellent, is of course modern, and does not occupy the right spot,
+which was, it is said on good authority, exactly where now stands the
+statue of Charles II. The Chronicler of Dunstable thus describes the
+ceremony of marking the sites for these crosses: "Her body passed
+through Dunstable and rested one night, and two precious cloths were
+given us, and eighty pounds of wax. And when the body of Queen Eleanor
+was departing from Dunstable, her bier rested in the centre of the
+market-place till the King's Chancellor and the great men there present
+had marked a fitting place where they might afterwards erect, at the
+royal expense, a cross of wonderful size,--our prior being present, who
+sprinkled the spot with holy water."
+
+Perhaps the most magnificent funeral which took place before the
+Reformation was that of Elizabeth of York, consort of Henry VII. It
+was one of the last great Roman Catholic state funerals in England,
+for the obsequies of Henry VII. himself were conducted on a much
+diminished scale; and those of the wives of Henry VIII., and of that
+monster himself, were not accompanied by so much pomp, owing to the
+religious troubles of the time. Queen Elizabeth of York was the last
+English Queen who died at the Tower. Her obsequies took place in the
+chapel of St. Mary, which was, until quite lately, the Rolls Office,
+and which was magnificently hung on this occasion with black brocade.
+The windows were veiled with crape. The Queen's body rested on a bed of
+state, in a _chapelle ardente_, surrounded by over 5,000 wax candles.
+High Mass was said during the earlier hours of the morning, and in the
+afternoon solemn Vespers were sung. When the Queen's body was nailed up
+in its coffin, the usual waxen effigy took its place. The procession
+left St. Mary's, in the Tower, at noon, for Westminster Abbey, and was
+of exceeding length. At every hundred yards it was met by the religious
+corporations, fraternities, and guilds, and by the children attached
+to sundry monastic and charitable foundations, some of them dressed as
+angels, with golden wings, and all of them singing psalms. There were
+over 8,000 wax tapers burning between Mark Lane and the Temple; and
+the fronts of all the churches were hung with black, and brilliantly
+illuminated. The people in the streets held candles, and repeated
+prayers. At Temple Bar the body was received by the municipal officers
+of the City of Westminster, who accompanied it to the Abbey, where the
+Queen's effigy was exhibited with great state for two days, and on the
+morning of the third she was buried in what is since known as "Henry
+VII.'s Chapel."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.--_Gentleman in Mourning, time of Henry VII. The
+costume is entirely black, edged with black fur._--From a contemporary
+MS.]
+
+The funeral of the unfortunate Katherine of Arragon took place, as all
+the world knows, in Peterborough Cathedral.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.--_Richard I. and his Queen attending the
+Requiem Mass for the fallen Crusaders, in the Cathedral of Rhodes._]
+
+In a recently discovered contemporary Spanish chronicle, translated
+by Mr. Martin Sharpe Hume, it seems that the servants of the "Blessed
+lady" (Queen Katherine) were all dressed in mourning, and the funeral
+was a fairly handsome one. More than three hundred masses were said
+during the day at Peterborough, for all the clergy for fifteen miles
+round came to the various services. Chapuy, the Spanish Ambassador to
+the Court of King Henry, in a letter to his master Charles V., however,
+informs him that the funeral of Queen Katherine was mean and shabby in
+the extreme, quite unworthy even of an ordinary baroness. Jane Seymour
+fared better after death than any other of the wives of Henry VIII.,
+and was buried with considerable solemnity at Windsor. The first royal
+Protestant state funeral mentioned as taking place in this country
+was that of Queen Catherine Parr, at Sudeley Castle. The ceremony was
+of the simplest description: psalms were sung over the remains, and a
+brief discourse pronounced. The Lady Jane Grey was chief mourner.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.--_Lying in State of Queen Elizabeth of York,
+Consort of Henry VII._]
+
+The author of the Spanish chronicle just mentioned, who evidently
+witnessed the interment of Henry VIII., assures us that the waxen
+effigy of the King was carried in a chair to Windsor, and was an
+astonishing likeness. It was followed by 1,000 gentlemen on horseback,
+the horses all being draped with black velvet. Many masses were said in
+St. George's Chapel for the rest of the King's soul, but the obsequies
+do not appear to have been exceptionally splendid.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Tomb of Henry V._]
+
+The funeral of Anne of Cleves, who had become a Catholic, took place
+at Westminster, under the special supervision of Queen Mary. It was a
+plain but handsome function, conducted with good taste, but without
+ostentation. The unpopular Mary Tudor's funeral was the last Catholic
+state ceremony of the kind which ever took place in Westminster Abbey.
+Queen Elizabeth attended her sister's funeral, which was a simple one,
+and listened attentively to the funeral oration preached by Dr. White
+Bailey, of Winchester, who, when he spoke of poor Mary's sufferings,
+wept bitterly, and exclaimed, looking significantly at her successor,
+_Melior est canis vivis leone mortuo_. Elizabeth understood her Latin
+too well not to be fired with indignation at this elegant simile,
+which declared a "living dog better than a dead lion," and ordered the
+bishop to be arrested as he descended from the pulpit, and a violent
+scene occurred between him and the Queen, which, Her Majesty prudently
+permitted him to have the best of, by withdrawing with her train from
+the Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Departure of the body of Queen Elizabeth from
+Greenwich Palace, for Interment at Westminster._]
+
+QUEEN ELIZABETH died in the seventieth year of her age and the
+forty-fourth of her reign, March 24, on the eve of the festival of the
+Annunciation, called Lady Day. Among the complimentary epitaphs which
+were composed for her, and hung up in many churches, was one ending
+with the following couplet:--
+
+    "She is, she was--what can there be more said?
+    On earth the first, in heaven the second maid."
+
+It is stated by Lady Southwell that directions were left by Elizabeth
+that she should not be embalmed; but Cecil gave orders to her surgeon
+to open her. "Now, the Queen's body being cered up," continues Lady
+Southwell, "was brought by water to Whitehall, where, being watched
+every night by six several ladies, myself that night watching as one
+of them, and being all in our places about the corpse, which was fast
+nailed up in a board coffin, with leaves of lead covered with velvet,
+her body burst with such a crack that it splitted the wood, lead, and
+cere-cloth; whereupon, the next day she was fain to be new trimmed up."
+
+Elizabeth was most royally interred in Westminster Abbey on the 28th of
+April, 1603. We subjoin a rare contemporary engraving of the funeral
+procession, by which it will be seen with what pomp and ceremony the
+remains of the great Queen were escorted to their last resting-place.
+"The city of Westminster," says Stow, "was surcharged with multitudes
+of all sorts of people, in the streets, houses, windows, leads, and
+gutters, who came to see the obsequy. And when they beheld her statue,
+or effigy, lying on the coffin, set forth in royal robes, having a
+crown upon the head thereof, and a ball and a sceptre in either hand,
+there was such a general sighing, groaning, and weeping as the like
+hath not been seen or known in the memory of man; neither doth any
+history mention any people, time, or state to make such lamentation
+for the death of a sovereign." The funereal effigy which, by its close
+resemblance to their deceased sovereign, moved the sensibility of the
+loyal and excitable portion of the spectators at her obsequies in this
+powerful manner, was no other than the faded waxwork effigy of Queen
+Elizabeth preserved in Westminster Abbey.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.--_A memento mori, or death's-head timepiece,
+in solid silver, lately exhibited at the Stuart Exhibition, 1888-9.
+On the forehead is a figure of Death standing between a palace and a
+cottage: around is this legend from Horace,_ "Pallida mors equo pulsat
+pede pauperum tabernas Regum que turres." _On the hind part of the
+skull is a figure of Time, with another legend from Ovid:_ "Tempus
+Edax Rerum tuque Mirdiosa Vetustas." _The upper part of the skull
+bears representations of Adam and Eve and the Crucifixion; between
+these scenes is open work to let out the sound when the watch strikes
+the hour upon a silver bell which fills the hollow of the skull and
+receives the works within it when the watch is shut. On the edge is
+inscribed:_ "Sicut meis sic et omnibus idem." _It bears the maker's
+name, Moysart a Blois. Belonged formerly to Mary Queen of Scots, and by
+her was given to the Seton family, and inherited thence by its actual
+owner, Sir T. W. Dick Lauder._]
+
+Elizabeth was interred in the same grave with her sister and
+predecessor in regal office, Mary Tudor. Her successor, James I., has
+left a lasting evidence of his good feeling and good taste in the
+noble monument he erected to her memory in the Abbey, and she was the
+last sovereign of this country to whom a monument has been given.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.--_Funeral of Queen Elizabeth, 18th of April,
+1603._--From a very rare contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly,
+and for the first time, for this work, by M. Badoureau, of Paris. No. 1
+represents the wax effigy of the Queen lying on her coffin; gentlemen
+pensioners carrying the banners. The chariot is drawn by four horses.
+2. Kings at Arms. 3. Noblemen. 4. The Archbishop of Canterbury. 5.
+The French Ambassador and his train-bearer. 6. The great Standard
+of England, carried by the Earl of Pembroke. 7. The Master of the
+Horse. 8. The Lady Marchioness of Northampton, grand mourner, and the
+ladies in attendance on the Queen. 9. Captain of the Guard. 10. Lord
+Clanricarde carrying the Standard of Ireland. 11. Standard of Wales,
+borne by Viscount Bindon, followed by the Lord Mayor. 12. Gentlemen
+of the Chapels Royal; children of the Chapels. 13. Trumpeters. 14.
+Standard of the Lion. 15. Standard of the Greyhound. 16. The Queens
+Horse. 17. Poor Women to the number of 266. 18. The Banner of Cornwall.
+The Aldermen, Recorders, Town Clerks, etc.]
+
+We have very minute details of how royal personages were buried in
+France, in a curious book published in the 17th Century, from a MS. of
+the time of Louis XI. In it we learn that King Louis XI. wore scarlet
+for mourning on the death of his father, Charles VII. Up to the time of
+Louis XIV. the Queens of France, if they became widowed, wore white;
+and this is the reason that Mary Tudor was called "_La Reine Blanche_,"
+when she clandestinely married the Duke of Suffolk in the chapel of
+that most interesting place, the Maison Cluny, now a museum, which
+still retains its name of _La Reine Blanche_. The Queen had been but a
+very short time the widow of Charles VIII., and still wore her weeds
+when she gave her hand to the lusty English duke. Mary Stuart wore
+white for her husband, Francis II. of France; and when she arrived in
+Scotland she still retained, for some months, her white robes, and
+was called the "White Queen" in consequence. But this illustrious and
+ill-fated princess throughout the greater part of her life wore black,
+and we have many minute details of her dresses, especially of the
+stately one she wore on the day of her execution, which was of brocaded
+satin, having a train of great length; a ruffle of white lawn, edged
+with lace; and a veil (which still exists) made of drawn threads, in
+a check-board pattern, and edged with Flemish lace. From her girdle
+was suspended a rosary, and in her hand she carried a crucifix. Her
+under garments, we know, were scarlet; for, when she removed her dress
+upon the scaffold, the bodice at least, all contemporaries agree,
+was flame-coloured. Queen Elizabeth ordered her Court to go into
+mourning for the Queen of Scots, whose sad and "accidental" death she
+hypocritically decreed should be regarded as a very great misfortune.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.--_French Lady of the 16th Century in Widow's
+Weeds. This costume is identical with that worn by Mary Stuart as
+widow of the Dauphin, only her dress was perfectly white._--From
+PIETRO VERCELLIO'S famous work on Costume, engraved expressly for this
+publication.]
+
+King James ordered the deepest mourning to be worn for his royal
+mother--a requisition with which all his nobles complied, except the
+Earl of Sinclair, who appeared before him clad in steel. The King
+frowned, and inquired if he had not seen the order for a general
+mourning. "Yes," was the noble's reply; "this is the proper mourning
+for the Queen of Scotland." James, however, whatever his inclinations
+might have been, was unprovided with the means of levying war against
+England, and his Ministers were entirely under the control of the
+English faction, and, after maintaining a resentful attitude for a
+time, he was at length obliged to accept Elizabeth's "explanation" of
+the murder of his mother.
+
+Early in March, 1587, the obsequies of Mary Stuart were solemnised
+by the King, nobles, and people of France, with great pomp, in the
+Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, and a passionately eloquent funeral
+oration was pronounced by Renauld de Beaulue, Archbishop of Bourges
+and Patriarch of Acquitaine, which brought tears to the eyes of every
+person in the congregation.
+
+After Mary's body had remained for nearly six months apparently
+forgotten by her murderers, Elizabeth considered it necessary, in
+consequence of the urgent and pathetic memorials of the afflicted
+servants of the unfortunate princess and the remonstrances of her
+royal son, to accord it not only Christian burial, but a pompous state
+funeral. This she appointed to take place in Peterborough Cathedral,
+and, three or four days before, sent some officials to make the
+necessary arrangements for the solemnity. The place selected for the
+interment was at the entrance of the choir from the south aisle. The
+grave was dug by the centogenarian sexton, Scarlett. Heralds and
+officers of the wardrobe were also sent to Fotheringay Castle to
+make arrangements for the removal of the royal body, and to prepare
+mourning for all the servants of the murdered Queen. Moreover, as
+their head-dresses were not of the approved fashion for mourning in
+England, Elizabeth sent a milliner on purpose to make others, in the
+orthodox mode, proper to be worn at the funeral, and to be theirs
+afterwards. However, these true mourners coldly, but firmly declined
+availing themselves of these gifts and attentions, declaring "that they
+would wear their own dresses, such as they had got made for mourning
+immediately after the loss of their beloved Queen and mistress."
+
+On the evening of Sunday, July 30, Garter King of Arms arrived at
+Fotheringay Castle, with five other heralds and forty horsemen,
+to receive and escort the remains of Mary Stuart to Peterborough
+Cathedral, having brought with them a royal funereal car for that
+purpose, covered with black velvet, elaborately set forth with
+escutcheons of the arms of Scotland, and little pennons round about
+it, drawn by four richly-caparisoned horses. The body, being enclosed
+in lead within an outer coffin, was reverently put into the car, and
+the heralds, having assumed their coats and tabards, brought the same
+forth from the castle, bare-headed, by torchlight, about ten o'clock at
+night, followed by all her sorrowful servants.
+
+The procession arrived at Peterborough between one and two o'clock on
+the morning of July 30, and was received ceremoniously at the minster
+door by the bishop and clergy, where, in the presence of her faithful
+Scotch attendants, she was laid in the vault prepared for her, without
+singing or saying--the grand ceremonial being appointed for August 1.
+The reason for depositing the royal body previously in the vault was,
+because it was too heavy to be carried in the procession, weighing,
+with the lead and outer coffin, nearly nine hundredweight. On Monday,
+the 31st, arrived the ceremonial mourners from London, escorting the
+Countess of Bedford, who was to represent Elizabeth in the mockery of
+acting as chief mourner to the poor victim. At eight in the morning
+of Tuesday the solemnities commenced. First, the Countess of Bedford
+was escorted in state to the great hall of the bishop's palace, where
+a representation of Mary's corpse lay on a royal bier. Thence she was
+followed into the church by a great number of English peers, peeresses,
+knights, ladies, and gentlemen, in mourning. All Mary's servants,
+both male and female, walked in the procession, according to their
+degree--among them her almoner, De Preau, bearing a large silver cross.
+The representation of the corpse being received without the Cathedral
+gate by the bishops and clergy, it was borne in solemn procession and
+set down within the royal hearse, which had been prepared for it, over
+the grave where the remains of the Queen had been silently deposited by
+torchlight on the Monday morning. The hearse was 20 feet square, and
+27 feet high. On the coffin--which was covered with a pall of black
+velvet--lay a crown of gold, set with stones, resting on a purple
+velvet cushion, fringed and tasselled with gold.
+
+All the Scotch Queen's train--both men and women, with the exception
+of Sir Andrew Melville and the two Mowbrays, who were members of the
+Reformed Church--departed, and would not tarry for sermon or prayers.
+This greatly offended the English portion of the congregation, who
+called after them and wanted to force them to remain. After the prayer
+and a funeral service, every officer broke his staff over his head
+and threw the pieces into the vault upon the coffin. The procession
+returned in the same order to the bishop's palace, where Mary's
+servants were invited to partake of the banquet which was provided for
+all the mourners; but they declined doing so, saying that "their hearts
+were too sad to feast."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.--_Shakespeare's Tomb before the present
+restoration._]
+
+But let us turn aside from the pageants of kings and queens, and direct
+our attention for a few moments towards Stratford-upon-Avon, where,
+on April 23, 1616, the greatest of all Englishmen breathed his last.
+A vague tradition tells us that, being in the company of Drayton and
+Ben Johnson, Shakespeare partook too freely of the cup, and expired
+soon after. This may be a calumny; and, if it were not, it would not
+diminish our gratitude and reverence for the highest intellect our
+race has produced. It, however, leads us to think and hope, that at
+the modest funeral of the "great Bard of Avon" the illustrious Ben
+Johnson as well as Drayton were present with his sorrowing relatives
+and fellow-citizens. His remains rest under the famous slab which bears
+the inscription due, it is said, to his own immortal pen:
+
+    "Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbeare
+      To digg T--E dust encloased here:
+    Blessed be T--E Man T/y spares T--ES Stones,
+      And curst be He T/y moves my bones."
+
+If his contemporaries have forgotten to give us details of that
+memorable funeral, and if for nearly two centuries his modest grave was
+almost neglected, ample reparation has been made to his memory in this
+enlightened age, and Shakespeare's tomb has become a shrine visited
+by countless pilgrims from all parts of the earth; and a glorious
+monument, more beautiful than has been generally admitted, stands
+not far from the church, erected to Shakespeare only last year by a
+nobleman, Lord Ronald Gower, whose taste and culture would have done
+honour to the epoch which produced not Shakespeare alone, but Sydney
+and Raleigh.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.--_Stratford-on-Avon Church._]
+
+If we could discover all the particulars respecting Shakespeare's
+burial, we should possibly find that, being a "gentleman," he was
+wrapped in his coffin in "wool," for which privilege his survivors
+paid a tax of 10s. This curious habit, which we derived from our
+Norman ancestors, endured until the first few years of this century.
+By "wool" we should read flannel. Almost all the old parish registers
+in the country make a point of informing us that "the body" was buried
+in wool, and the "usual tax paid." The Normans, and their descendants
+in Normandy to this day, had some curious superstitions connected with
+"flannel," which even the industrious bibliophile Jacob has failed to
+discover. This custom they introduced into England, and it lasted for
+hundreds of years. I believe the coffin was also frequently filled up
+with fine sheep's wool. Another curious custom, which is now obsolete,
+was to put cloves, spikenard, fine herbs, and twigs of various aromatic
+shrubs into the coffin, in memory of the embalming of our Lord. Young
+girls and unmarried women were buried in white, and had their coffins
+covered with white flowers. All the people who accompanied the funeral
+wore white scarves, and before the Reformation, white dresses, and the
+way was strewn with box leaves, grass, and flowers. The porch of the
+deceased's house was decked with flowers and garlands, and especially
+with dog-roses and daisies.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.--_Seal of an imaginary Bull of Pope
+Lucifer._--From the _Roi Modus_, a MS. of the 15th Century, Royal
+Library, Brussels. The inscription is evidently cabalistic and
+unintelligible.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.--_The Funeral of Juliet_ ("Romeo and
+Juliet").--This charming engraving from KNIGHT'S splendid edition of
+Shakespeare gives a very fair idea of a grand funeral procession in the
+16th Century.]
+
+THE funeral ceremonies of the French kings and princes of the blood
+during the Middle Ages and the period of the Renaissance, were, as
+may well be imagined, exceedingly magnificent. As already related,
+the death criers announced the decease of the sovereign in the usual
+manner, shouting out, "_Oyez! bonnes gens de Paris_--listen, good
+people of Paris: the most high and mighty, excellent and powerful King,
+our sovereign Master, by the grace of God King of France, the most
+Christian of Princes, most clement and pious, died last night. Pray for
+the repose of his soul."
+
+The first part of the ceremony took place at Notre Dame, where what is
+known as the lying-in-state was conducted with appropriate splendour.
+The procession, after a solemn mass, formed on the _Pavis_, or square,
+round the Cathedral, and began to move slowly over the bridge and
+through the Marais to St. Denis, some miles distant from Paris. There
+was a halt, however, at the convent of St. Lazaire (now covered by the
+railway station), and the gentlemen in attendance mounted their horses.
+Before the Revolution of '93, fifteen beautiful wayside crosses, or
+_montjoies_, as they were called, stood on the roadside between the
+Porte St. Denis and the Abbey. At each of these prayers were said and
+the coffin rested. Sometimes, as in the case of Charles VIII., the
+coffin and its waxen effigy were carried on the shoulders of a number
+of noblemen; but usually, since their feet were hidden by heavy black
+velvet draperies, very common men were charged with the "honourable
+burden." After the first half of the 16th Century, the royal body was
+conducted to the grave in a chariot drawn sometimes by as many as
+four-and-twenty black horses. If I err not, the last King of France
+whose coffin was carried by men was Francis I., whose gentlemen of the
+bedchamber performed this office, having each a halter round his neck,
+and a cord or rope.
+
+At St. Denis the ceremonies were very imposing. High Mass of Requiem
+being over, the body was removed from the catafalque and lowered into
+the vaults under the altar. The Grand Almoner of France recited the _De
+profundis_, all kneeling. Suddenly a voice, that of the Herald-at-Arms,
+was heard, crying out from the vault below, "Kings-at-Arms, come
+do your duty." The grand officers were now summoned by name, thus:
+"Monsieur le duc de Bourbon, bring your staff of command over the
+hundred Archers of the Guard, and break it and throw it into the
+grave." "Monsieur le comte de Lorges, bring your staff of office as
+commander of the Scotch Guard, and break it and throw it into the
+grave," and so forth, until some fifty of the grand dignitaries of the
+Court had in turn performed this lengthy ceremony. The last time it
+occurred was in 1824, on the occasion of the funeral of Louis XVIII.,
+when each detail of the ancient ceremonial was punctually followed.
+Every staff of office was broken and thrown into the King's grave,
+except the banner of France, which was merely inclined three times to
+the very edge of the crypt.
+
+At the conclusion of this rather tedious ceremony, everybody knelt
+down, and the herald shouted, "The King is dead; pray for his soul."
+A moment of silence ensued, which was eventually broken by a blast
+of trumpets. Then the organ played a lively strain, and the Herald
+proclaimed, "_Le roi est mort, vive le roi_--long live the King!" The
+banners waved, the cannon boomed, the bells pealed forth joyously, and
+the procession reformed, whilst the officiating clergy sang the _Te
+Deum_. As almost all the Kings and Queens of France, with not more
+than half a dozen exceptions, from the time of Clovis to that of Louis
+XVIII., were buried at St. Denis, the funeral rites were rarely if ever
+altered. But with us, although so many of our most illustrious princes
+are interred at Westminster, still not a few were buried at St. Paul's;
+many at Blackfriars and at Greyfriars, two glorious churches destroyed
+in the 17th Century, at Windsor, and in various Cathedrals; so that our
+royal funereal ceremonies were not always conducted with such punctual
+etiquette as were those of our neighbours.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+THE minute details of the funeral of Mary Stuart, at Westminster
+Abbey, prove that it was conducted on the same scale and with the same
+ceremonies as the one which preceded it by many years at Peterborough.
+King James, her son, was present, and shortly afterwards the sumptuous
+monument which we still admire marked the place where her mutilated
+remains, translated from Peterborough, found a permanent place of rest.
+
+The great changes in religion which occurred at the time of the
+Reformation, although they took much longer to permeate the habits
+and customs of the people than is usually imagined, nevertheless were
+so radical, that of the ancient ritual little soon remained, and the
+beautiful funeral service of the Church of England, which is so full
+of faith and hope, and mainly selected from passages of Holy Scripture
+adapted to the requirements of a religion which abolished belief in
+an intermediary state, and therefore in the necessity of prayers for
+the dead, was introduced, and little by little the pompous ceremonies
+of the Roman Church were forgotten. The lying-in-state of the corpse,
+for instance, which up to the close of the reign of Mary was general,
+even with poor people, was now only in use among those of the very
+highest rank. The increase in the use of carriages, too, and of course
+the abolition of the monastic orders and brotherhoods, diminished the
+splendour of the street processions which used to follow the bier.
+Still, much that was quaint remained in fashion, and it is only, as
+already said, a few years since that ladies ceased wearing a scarf and
+hood of black silk, and gentlemen "weepers" on their hats and arms,
+which were black or white according to the sex of the deceased. In
+Norfolk, until the end of the first quarter of the present century,
+it was the custom to give the mourners at a funeral black gloves,
+scarves, and bunches of herbs. Indeed, it is but a short time since a
+very old lady told me that so rich, broad, and beautiful was the silk
+of the scarves presented to each lady at a funeral, when she was a
+girl, that ladies were wont to keep the pieces by them until they were
+sufficient in number to form a dress. A bill of the funeral expenses of
+a very rich gentleman who died at Brandon Hall, in Norfolk, early in
+this century,--Mr. Denn, of Norwich,--and who left over half a million
+of money, enables us to form some idea of the expense to which our
+grandfathers of the upper class were put in order to be buried with
+what they considered proper respect. It would seem that in those days
+the hearse and funeral carriages had to be hired from London, and they
+took three days to perform the journey from the metropolis--a distance
+of about three hours by rail. No fewer than 40 persons figure as
+accompanying these vehicles, and as they had to be put up at inns along
+the road, going both to and from London to Brandon Hall, their expenses
+were L180. The hire of horses and carriages was L106, and what with
+the distribution of loaves to the poor at the grave, and the expense
+of bringing relatives from far parts of the country, and of providing
+them with silk scarves, gloves, etc., and the housing and entertaining
+of them all, the worthy Mr. Denn's funeral cost his survivors not less
+than L775.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.--_Interment in a Church in the first quarter of
+the 18th Century._--From PICARD'S great work on the Religions of all
+Nations.]
+
+In Picard, there is a very beautiful engraving by Schley, representing
+a funeral procession in 1735, entering the church of St. Paul's, Covent
+Garden. It occurs by night, and a number of pages in black velvet walk
+in it, carrying lighted three-branched silver candlesticks. It seems
+that until 1775 women in England only attended the funerals of their
+own sex, and that men in the same manner only followed men to the
+grave. Possibly as a disinfectant against the plague, at all English
+funerals a branch of rosemary was handed to all who attended, which
+they threw into the open grave. This fashion endured, to the writer's
+knowledge, in Norfolk up to 1856.
+
+The French Revolution cannot be described as an unmitigated
+blessing--far from it; but it certainly did away with many
+superstitious practices, and shed a flood of light upon civilisation.
+Before that event it was the universal custom throughout Europe to
+bury in churches, a practice which was most detrimental to health. By
+one of the earliest decrees passed by the Convention of Paris, 1794,
+intramural interments were abolished, although, to be sure, cemeteries
+already existed of considerable extent, possibly suggested by those
+which for ages the Mahometans have used in all the principal cities
+of Asia and Asiatic Europe. That of Pere la Chaise, so called after
+the confessor of Madame de Maintenon, who founded it, is one of the
+earliest. With the counter-Reformation, as the movement is called in
+history, the ceremonial of the Roman Church became, on the Continent,
+even more elaborate than heretofore, and nothing can be imagined more
+theatrically splendid than the church decorations on occasions of
+funerals of eminent personages.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.--_The Cemetery of Pere la Chaise, Paris._]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.--_Funeral of the Grand Duke Albert VII.,
+surnamed "the Pious," Archduke of Austria, at Brussels, 11th March,
+1622. The coffin, covered with a pall of cloth of gold, is carried
+under a canopy by the Ambassador of his Catholic Majesty, by the Duke
+d'Aumale, the Marquis of Baden, and other great nobles, followed
+by the Archbishop of Patras and two Cardinals. The horse of the
+deceased is seen led immediately behind, by grooms and officers of the
+household._--From the exceedingly rare work by FRANCQUART, printed
+at Antwerp in 1623. (From the collection of Mr. RICHARD DAVEY, and
+engraved expressly for this publication.)]
+
+From the last half of the 16th Century down to the Revolution of 1789,
+possibly the most extraordinary funeral recorded in history was that
+of the Emperor Charles V. It was celebrated with almost identical pomp
+simultaneously, at Madrid and at Brussels. The procession at Brussels
+took six hours to pass any one point, and it is estimated that 80,000
+persons walked in it, the participants being supplied from every city
+of Belgium and Holland. In this extraordinary function figured cars
+on floats, representing certain striking events in the life of the
+Emperor, and one of these we reproduce, since it will best afford an
+idea of the supreme magnificence of the spectacle. It represents a
+ship, and is intended to illustrate the maritime progress made in the
+reign of this enterprising monarch. The float on which this clever
+model of a vessel of the period was arranged was dragged through the
+streets by 24 black horses, covered with black velvet, and followed by
+representatives of the navies both of Belgium and Spain, and by some
+300 lads dressed as sailors of all nations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.--_Float carried in the Funeral Procession of
+Charles V. at Brussels, December 29, 1558, and intended to illustrate
+his maritime greatness. The vessel was the size of a real ship, and the
+persons who appear upon its deck were living._--From the "Magnificent
+and Sumptuous Funeral of the Very Great Emperor Charles V." (Antwerp,
+published by Plantin, 1559.) Collection of M. RUGGIERI, Paris.]
+
+We also reproduce a little sketch from the funeral procession of
+Philip II., son of Charles V., which gives us an excellent idea of
+the costumes worn on such an important occasion. The large full-page
+engraving represents a portion of the funeral procession which took
+place at Brussels, of the Archduke Albert VII. of Austria, surnamed
+"the Pious." It was almost as sumptuous as that of Charles V., and,
+fortunately a complete record of it has been preserved by Francovoart,
+who published a book in the following year, containing no less than 49
+plates illustrating this pageantic procession, which was of enormous
+length, and must have cost a great sum of money. The great engraver
+Cochin has left us one of his most beautiful plates, representing the
+interior of the Church of Notre Dame as arranged for the funeral of
+the Infanta Theresa of Spain, Dauphiness of France, in 1746. It gives
+us rather the idea of a scene in a court ball-room than of a grave
+ceremony. Literally, thousands of lights blazed in all directions,
+and there was nothing of a sombre character present, excepting the
+catafalque, which was of black velvet, and in a certain sense produced
+an admirable effect by showing off to still greater advantage the
+illuminations. The funeral of Louis XIV., was fabulously gorgeous, and
+so complete an apotheosis of that vain monarch, it brought about a sort
+of reaction, and made most persons observe that it was of little use
+praying for the soul of one who evidently must already be in glory. In
+order to put some bounds to these extravagant services, many people of
+a devout character have in all ages prayed in their wills that they
+should be carried to the grave in the simplest manner, sometimes in the
+habit of a Franciscan, or mendicant friar, and that only a few pounds
+should be expended upon their burial.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.--_Costumes worn by King Philip II. of Spain and
+his attendants in the funeral procession of his father, Charles V. The
+group consists of the King; the Herald of Spain, of the Order of the
+Golden Fleece, who walks in front; of the Duke of Brunswick, the Duke
+of Arcos, Don Ruy Gomez, Count of Milito, and finally the Duke Emmanuel
+Philibert of Savoy. Mark that the hood was only worn by the heirs of
+the deceased._--From the "Sumptuous Funeral of Charles V. at Brussels."
+(Antwerp, 1559.) Collection of M. RUGGIERI, Paris.]
+
+The Italians, and especially the Venetians, spent enormous sums upon
+their funeral services, which were exceedingly picturesque; but as the
+members of the brotherhoods who walked in the procession wore pointed
+hoods and masks, so that, by the glare of the torches, only their eyes
+could be seen glittering, and as it was the custom, also, for the
+funeral to take place at night, the body being exposed upon an open
+bier, in full dress, the scene was sufficiently weird to attract the
+attention of travellers, perhaps more so than anything else which they
+saw in the land _par excellence_ of pageant. Horace Mann, in one of his
+letters, thus amusingly describes the funeral of the daughter of Cosmo
+III., Grand Duke of Tuscany:--
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.--_Funeral of the Infanta Theresa of Spain,
+Dauphiness of France, at Notre Dame, 1746._--From the original
+engraving of COCHIN.]
+
+"There was nothing extraordinary in the funeral last night. All the
+magnificence consisted in a prodigious number of torches carried by
+the different orders of priests, the expense of which in lights, they
+say, amounted to 12,000 crowns. The body was in a sort of a coach quite
+open, with a canopy over her head; two other coaches followed with her
+ladies. As soon as the procession was passed by Madame Suares's, I went
+a back way to St. Laurence, where I had been invited by the master of
+the ceremonies; here was nothing very particular but my being placed
+next to Lady Walpole, who is so angry with me that she would not even
+give me the opportunity of making her a bow, which for the future,
+since I see it will be disagreeable to her, I will never offer to do
+again."
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+NOTHING could be imagined more picturesque than a Venetian funeral in
+bygone days. The state gondola of the family, containing the body, and
+also the attendant priests and friars, was covered with black velvet,
+and blazed with candelabra full of lighted candles; and from the stern
+of the boat hung an immense train of black velvet, which was permitted
+to touch the water, but prevented from sinking underneath it by golden
+tassels, which were held by members of the family in the gondolas which
+followed close behind. All those persons who took part in the funeral
+of course carried lights in their hands. If the individual happened
+to belong to one of the numerous confraternities, or _scuole_, which
+existed in Venice up to the end of the last century, a grand musical
+mass was celebrated in the chapel belonging to the order; and on these
+occasions some of the finest music ever composed was heard for the
+first time, such, for instance, as Paesiello's Requiem, an infinitely
+beautiful one by Marcello, and the majestic mass for four voices, by
+Lotti.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.--_Tomb of Hamlet._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.--_Death devouring Man and Beast. A singular,
+illuminated document on parchment, of the 12th Century, measuring over
+fifty feet by one yard wide. The figure above is intended to represent
+the letter T._--From the Mortuary Roll of the Abbey of Savingy,
+Avranches, France. The original is preserved among the French National
+Archives.]
+
+THE funeral of a Pope is attended by many curious ceremonies, not the
+least remarkable of which is, that so soon as His Holiness' death
+is thoroughly assured, the eldest Cardinal goes up to the body, and
+strikes it three times gently on the breast, saying in Latin, as he
+does so, "The Holy Father has passed away." The body is then lowered
+into the Church of St. Peter's, where it is exhibited--as was the case
+when Pope Pius IX. died in '78--for three days to the veneration of
+the faithful, after which it is conveyed in great state to the church
+which the Pope has selected for his burial-place. As it passed along
+the streets of Rome in the good old times, the members of the nobility
+assembled at the entrance of their houses, each carrying a lighted
+taper in his hand, and answering back the prayers of the friars and
+clergy in the procession. It will be remembered that it was this sort
+of spontaneous illumination which so offended a rabble of freethinkers,
+on the occasion of the funeral of the late Pope, that they stoned the
+coffin, and created a riot of a most disgraceful character. After the
+Pope is buried, it is usual for his successor or his family to build
+a stately monument over his remains, and this custom accounts for the
+amazing number of fine Papal monuments in the Roman basilicas and
+churches.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.--_Lying-in-State of Pope Pius IX._]
+
+At a time when everybody is talking about the Stuart dynasty, owing to
+the great success of the recent exhibition of their relics (1888-9),
+the following curious account of the interment of the Old Pretender
+will prove of interest:--
+
+"On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+says a correspondent from Rome of that date, "preceded by four servants
+carrying torches, two detachments of soldiers; and by the side of the
+bier walked twenty-four grooms of the stable with wax candles; the
+body of the deceased was dressed royally, and borne by nobles of his
+household, with an ivory sceptre at its side, and the Orders of SS.
+George and Andrew on the breast.
+
+"On the 7th, the first funeral service took place, in the Church of
+the Twelve Apostles. The _facade_ of the church was hung with black
+cloth, lace, and golden fringe, in the centre of which was a medallion,
+supported by skeletons with cypress branches in their hands, and
+bearing the following inscription:
+
+        'Clemens XIII. Pont. Max.
+                  Jacobo III.
+  M. Britanniae, Franciae, et Hiberniae Regi.
+        Catholicae fidei Defensori,
+          Omnium urbis ordinum
+        Frequentia funere honestato.
+          Suprema pietatis officia
+          Solemni ritu Persolvit.'
+
+"On entering the church, another great inscription to the same purport
+was to be seen; the building inside was draped in the deepest black,
+and on the bier, covered with cloth of gold, lay the corpse, before
+which was written in large letters:
+
+  'Jacobus III. Magnae Britanniae Rex.
+          Anno MDCCLXVI.'
+
+"On either side stood four silver skeletons on pedestals, draped in
+black cloth, and holding large branch candlesticks, each with three
+lights. At either corner stood a golden perfume box, decorated with
+death's-heads, leaves and festoons of cypress. The steps to the
+bier were painted in imitation marble, and had pictures upon them
+representing the virtues of the deceased. Over the whole was a canopy
+ornamented with crowns, banners, death's-heads, gilded lilies, etc.;
+and behind, a great cloth of peacock colour with golden embroidery,
+and ermine upon it, hung down to the ground. Over each of the heavily
+draped arches down the nave of the church were medallions with
+death's-head supporters, and crowns above them, representing the
+various British orders and the three kingdoms of England, Ireland, and
+Scotland; and on the pilasters were other medallions, supported by
+cherubs, expressing virtues attributed to the deceased, each with an
+inscription, of which the following is an instance:
+
+    'Rex Jacobus III. vere dignus imperio, quia natus ad imperandum:
+    dignus quia ipso regnante virtutes imperassent: dignissimus quia
+    sibi imperavit.'
+
+"On the top of the bier, in the nave, lay the body, dressed in royal
+garb of gold brocade, with a mantle of crimson velvet, lined and edged
+with ermine, a crown on his head, a sceptre in his right hand, an
+orb in his left. The two Orders of SS. George and Andrew were fastened
+to his breast.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.--_Funeral of his late Holiness Pope Pius IX.,
+Feb._ 13, 1878. _The lowering of the body into St. Peter's._]
+
+"Pope Clement regretted his inability to attend the funeral, owing to
+the coldness of the morning, but he sent twenty-two cardinals to sing
+mass, besides numerous church dignitaries.
+
+"After the celebration of the mass, Monsignor Orazio Matteo recited
+a funeral oration of great length, recapitulating the virtues of the
+deceased, and the incidents of the life of exile and privation that
+he had led. After which, the customary _requiem_ for the soul of the
+departed was sung, and they then proceeded to convey his deceased
+Majesty's body to the Basilica of St. Peter.
+
+"The procession which accompanied it was one of those gorgeous
+spectacles in which the popes and their cardinals loved to indulge.
+Every citizen came to see it, and crowds poured in to the Eternal City
+from the neighbouring towns and villages, as they were wont to do for
+the festivals at Easter, of Corpus Domini.
+
+"All the orders and confraternities to be found in Rome went in front,
+carrying amongst them 500 torches. They marched in rows, four deep; and
+after them came the pupils of the English, Scotch, and Irish College in
+Rome, in their surplices, and with more torches.
+
+"Then followed the bier, around which were the gaudy Swiss Papal
+Guards. The four corners of the pall were held up by four of the most
+distinguished members of the Stuart household.
+
+"Then came singers, porters carrying two large umbrellas, such as the
+Pope would have at his coronation, and all the servants of the royal
+household, in deep mourning, and on foot. After them followed the papal
+household; and twelve mourning coaches closed the procession.
+
+"The body was placed in the chapel of the choir of St. Peter's, and
+after the absolution, which Monsignor Lascaris pronounced, it was put
+into a cypress-wood case, in presence of the major-domo of the Vatican,
+who made a formal consignment of it to the Chapter of St. Peter's,
+in the presence of the notary of the 'Sacred Apostolic Palace,' who
+witnessed the consignment, whilst the notary of the Chapter of St.
+Peter's gave him a formal receipt.
+
+"The second funeral was fixed for the following day, when everything
+was done to make the choir of St. Peter's look gorgeous. A large
+catafalque was raised in the midst, on the top of which, on a cushion
+of black velvet embroidered with gold, lay the royal crown and sceptre,
+under a canopy adorned with ermine; 250 candles burnt around, and the
+inscription over the catafalque ran as follows:
+
+    'Memoriae aeternae Jacobi III., Magnae Britanniae Franciae et Hyber,
+    regis Parentis optimii Henricus Card. Dux Eboracensis moerens justa
+    persolvit.'
+
+"Then the cardinals held service, thirteen of whom were then assembled;
+after which, the Chapter of St. Peter's and the Vatican clergy, with
+all the Court of the defunct king who had assisted at the mass,
+accompanied the body to the subterranean vaults beneath St. Peter's,
+where the bier was laid aside until such times and seasons as a fitting
+memorial could be placed over it."
+
+
+
+
+AMONG the Jews, according to Buxtorf (who published, in the 17th
+Century, perhaps the most valuable work upon the Jewish ceremonies
+which still existed in various parts of Europe in his time, many of
+which have been modified or have entirely disappeared since), it was
+the fashion when a person died, after having closed the eyes and
+mouth, to twist the thumb of the right hand inward, and to tie it
+with a string of the _taled_, or veil, which covered the face, and
+was invariably buried with the corpse. The reason for this doubling
+of the thumb was that, when it was thus turned inward, it represented
+the figure Schaddai, which is one of the names of God. Otherwise, the
+fingers were stretched out so as to show that the deceased had given
+up all the goods of this world. The body was most carefully washed,
+to indicate that the dead was purified by repentance. Buxtorf tells
+us that in Holland, with the old-fashioned Jews, it was the custom to
+break an egg into a glass of wine, and to wash the face therewith. The
+more devout persons were dressed in the same garments that they wore on
+the last feast of the Passover. When the body is placed in the coffin,
+it is the habit even now, among the Polish and Oriental Jews, for ten
+members of the family, or very old friends, to walk processionally
+round it, saying prayers for the repose of the soul. In olden times,
+for three days after the death, the family sat at home in a darkened
+room and received their friends, who were indeed Job's comforters;
+for they sought to afflict them in every way by recalling the virtues
+of the dead person, and exaggerating the misery into which they were
+thrown by his or her departure. Seven days afterwards, they were
+employed in a less rigorous form of mourning, at the end of which the
+family again went to the synagogue and offered up prayers, after which
+they followed the customs of the country in which they lived, retaining
+their mourning only so long as accorded with the prevailing fashion of
+the day.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.--_The Knight of Death on a White Horse_--After
+ALBERT DURER. From a fac-simile of the original engraving, dated 1513,
+by one of the Wiericx (1564). This famous engraving, which so perfectly
+characterises the weird genius of the Middle Ages, passing into the
+Renaissance, represents a knight armed, going to the wars, accompanied
+by terrible thoughts of Death and Sin, whose incarnations follow him on
+his dismal journey.]
+
+
+
+
+ONE of the saddest, and certainly the simplest of royal funerals,
+was that of King Charles I. After his lamentable execution, his body
+lay at Whitehall from January 28, 1649, to the following February 7,
+when it was conveyed to Windsor, placed in the vault of St. George's
+Chapel, near the coffins of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour. The day had
+been very snowy, and the snow rested thick on the coffin and on the
+cloaks and hats of the mourners. The remains were deposited without any
+service whatever, and left inscriptionless, save for the words "Charles
+Rex, 1649," the letters of which were cut out of a band of lead by
+the gentlemen present, with their penknives, and the lead fastened
+round the coffin. In this state it remained until the year 1813,
+when George IV. caused it to be more fittingly interred. In striking
+contrast were the obsequies of the unfortunate King's great rival and
+enemy, Cromwell, "who lay in glorious state" at Somerset House, all
+the ceremonial being copied from that of the interment of Philip II.
+of Spain. The rooms were hung with black cloth, and in the principal
+saloon was an effigy of the Protector, with a royal crown upon his head
+and a sceptre in his hand, stretched upon a bed of state erected over
+his coffin. Crowds of people of all ranks went daily during eight weeks
+to see it, the place being illuminated by hundreds of candles. The wax
+cast of the face of Cromwell after death is still preserved in the
+British Museum. His body, however, was carried away secretly, and at
+night, and buried privately at Westminster, for fear of trouble. Later,
+in 1660, the remains of the great Protector, and those of his friends
+Ireton and Bradshaw, were sacrilegiously taken from their graves,
+dragged with ignominy through the streets, and hanged at Tyburn, to the
+apparent satisfaction of Mrs. Pepys and her friend Lady Batten, and all
+and sundry in London, as is recorded in the "immortal diary." By the
+way, Mr. Pepys himself, who died in 1703, was buried with much state
+and circumstance in Crutched Friars Church, but at night, the service
+being said by Dr. Hickes, the author of the _Thesaurus_.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+PERHAPS the strangest funeral recorded in modern history was that of
+the translation of the remains of Voltaire, popularly known as his
+"apotheosis." The National Assembly in May, 1791, decreed that the
+bones of the poet should be brought from the Abbey of Scellieres, and
+carried in state to the Pantheon. In Voltaire's lifetime it was boasted
+that he had buried the priests and the Christian religion, but now
+the priests were going to bury him, having very little of Christian
+religion left amongst them. The day of the procession was fixed for
+July 10; but the 10th was a deluging, rainy day, and the ceremony was
+postponed to the next day, or till the weather should be fine. The next
+day was as wet, and the Assembly was about to renew the postponement,
+when about two o'clock it cleared up. The coffin was placed on a car
+of the classic form, and was borne first to the spot on which the
+Bastille had stood, where it was placed on a platform, being covered
+with myrtles, roses, and wild flowers, and bearing the following
+inscriptions:--"If a man is born free, he ought to govern himself." "If
+a man has tyrants placed over him, he ought to dethrone them." Besides
+these, there were numerous other inscriptions in different parts of the
+area, including one on a huge block of stone: "Receive, O Voltaire! on
+this spot, where despotism once held thee in chains, the honours thy
+country renders thee!"
+
+From the Bastille to the Pantheon all Paris seemed to be following the
+procession, which consisted of soldiers, lawyers, doctors, municipal
+bodies, a crowd of poets, literary men, and artists carrying a gilded
+chest containing the seventy volumes of Voltaire's works; men who had
+taken part in the demolition of the Bastille, bearing chains, fetters,
+and cuirasses found in the prison; a bust of Voltaire, surrounded by
+those of Rousseau, Mirabeau, and Montaigne, borne by the actors from
+the different theatres, in ancient costume; and lastly came the funeral
+car, now surmounted by a statue of the philosopher, which France was
+crowning with a wreath of immortelles. The immense procession halted
+at various places for the effigy to receive particular honours. At
+the opera houses the actors and actresses were waiting to present
+a laurel crown and to sing to Voltaire's glory; at the house of M.
+Villette--where was yet deposited the heart of the great man, previous
+to being sent to Fernay--four tall poplars were planted, and adorned
+with wreaths and festoons of flowers, and on the front of the house
+was written in large letters: "His genius is everywhere, and his
+heart is here." Near this was raised a sort of amphitheatre, on which
+were seated a crowd of young girls in white dresses with blue sashes,
+crowned with roses, and holding wreaths in honour of the poet in their
+hands. The names of all Voltaire's works were written on the front of
+the Theatre Francais. The next halt was made on the site of the Comedie
+Francaise, and a statue of the poet was there crowned by actors
+costumed as Tragedy and Comedy. Thence the procession wended its way
+to the Pantheon, where the mouldering remains of Voltaire were placed
+beside those of Descartes and Mirabeau. All Paris that evening was one
+festal scene; illuminations blazing on the busts and figures of the
+patriot of equality.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.--_Funeral Car of Nelson._--From a contemporary
+engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+The obsequies in England of Lord Nelson, which took place on January
+9, 1806, were extremely imposing. I transcribe from a contemporary and
+inedited private letter the following account of it:--"I have just
+returned from such a sight as will never be seen in London again. I
+managed at an inconveniently early hour to get me down into the Strand,
+and so down Norfolk Street to a house overlooking the river. Every
+post of vantage wherever the procession could be seen was swarming
+with living beings, all wearing mourning, the very beggars having a
+bit of crape on their arms. The third barge, which contained the body,
+was covered with black velvet and adorned with black feathers. In the
+centre was a viscount's coronet, and three bannerols were affixed
+to the outside of the barge. In the steerage were six lieutenants
+of the navy and six trumpets. Clarencieux, King-at-Arms, sat at the
+head of the coffin, bearing a viscount's coronet on a black velvet
+cushion. The Royal Standard was at the head of the barge, which was
+rowed by forty-six seamen from the 'Victory.' The other barges in the
+cortege were rowed by Greenwich pensioners. The fourth barge contained
+Admiral Sir Peter Parker, the chief mourner, and other admirals,
+vice-admirals, and rear-admirals; whilst the Lords of the Admiralty,
+the Lord Mayor of London, members of the various worshipful Companies,
+and other distinguished mourners occupied the remaining barges, which
+were seventeen in number, and were flanked by row-boats, with river
+fencibles, harbour marines, etc., etc. All, of course, had their
+colours half-mast high. On the following morning, the 9th, the land
+procession, which I also contrived to see, started from the Admiralty
+to pass through the streets of London to St. Paul's, between dense
+crowds all along the route. This procession was of great length, and
+included Greenwich pensioners, sailors of the 'Victory,' watermen,
+judges and other dignitaries of the law, many members of the nobility,
+public officers, and officers of the army and navy; whilst in it were
+carried conspicuously the great banner, gauntlets, helmet, sword,
+etc., of the deceased. The pall was supported by four admirals. Nearly
+10,000 military were assembled on this occasion, and these consisted
+chiefly of the regiments that had fought in Egypt, and participated
+with the deceased in delivering that country from the power of France.
+The car in which the body was conveyed was peculiarly magnificent. It
+was decorated with a carved resemblance of the head and stern of the
+'Victory,' surrounded with escutcheons of the arms of the deceased, and
+adorned with appropriate mottoes and emblematical devices, under an
+elevated canopy, in the form of the upper part of a sarcophagus, with
+six sable plumes, and a viscount's coronet in the centre, supported
+by four columns, representing palm trees, entwined with wreaths of
+natural laurel and cypress. As it passed, all uncovered, and many wept.
+I heard a great deal said among the people about 'poor Emma' (Emma,
+Lady Hamilton), and some wonder whether she will get a pension or not.
+On the whole, the processions were most imposing, and I am very glad I
+saw it all, although I am much fatigued at it, from standing about so
+much and pushing in the crowd, and faint from the difficulty of getting
+food, every eating-place being so full of people; and surely, though a
+nation must mourn, equally certain is it that it must also eat."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.--_Funeral Car of Lord Nelson._--From a
+contemporary engraving, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.--_An Old Market Cross, Rouen._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.--_Funeral Procession of the Emperor
+Napoleon I., December_ 15, 1840. _The Cortege descending the Champs
+Elysees._--From a contemporary engraving.]
+
+LOUIS PHILLIPPE, who, by the way, had neglected no opportunity to
+render justice to the genius of Napoleon, obtained, in 1840, the
+permission of the British Government to remove his body from St.
+Helena; and on December 15 it was solemnly interred in the gorgeous
+chapel designed by Visconti, at the Invalides. The Prince de Joinville
+had the honour of escorting the remains of the Emperor from the lonely
+island in the Indian Ocean to Paris. Words cannot paint the emotion
+of the inhabitants of the French capital, as the superb procession
+descended the long avenue of the Champs Elysees, or that of the
+privileged company which witnessed the striking scene in the chapel
+itself, as the Prince de Joinville formally consigned the body to the
+King, his father, saying, as he did so, "Sire, I deliver over into your
+charge the corpse of Napoleon." To which the King replied, "I receive
+it in the name of France," and then taking the sword of the victor of
+Austerlitz, he handed it to General Bertrand, who, in his turn, laid
+it on the coffin. Many years later, when another Napoleon reigned in
+France, a Lady who had not yet reached the _mezzo camin di nostra
+vita_, stood silently, with bowed head, before the grave of the mighty
+enemy of the glorious empire over which she rules, and it was observed
+that there were tears in the eyes of Queen Victoria when she quietly
+left the chapel.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.--_The Tomb of Napoleon I. at the Invalides,
+Paris._]
+
+The earliest year of the last half of this century witnessed another
+funeral of much magnificence, that of the great Duke of Wellington.
+It was determined that a public funeral should mark the sense of the
+people's reverence for the memory of the illustrious deceased, and
+of their grief for his loss. The body was enclosed in a shell, and
+remained for a time at Walmer Castle, where the Iron Duke died. A guard
+of honour, composed of men of his own rifle regiment, did duty over it,
+and the castle flag was hoisted daily half-mast high. On the evening
+of the 10th of November, 1852, the body was placed upon a hearse and
+conveyed, by torchlight, to the railway station, the batteries at
+Walmer and Deal Castles firing minute-guns, whilst Sandown Castle
+took up the melancholy salute as the train with its burden swept by.
+Arrived at London, the procession re-formed, and by torchlight marched
+through the silent streets, reaching Chelsea about three o'clock in the
+morning, when the coffin containing the body was carried into the hall
+of the Royal Military Hospital. Life Guardsmen, with arms reversed,
+lined the apartment, which was hung with black and lighted by waxen
+tapers. The coffin rested upon an elevated platform at the end of the
+hall, over which was suspended a cloud-like canopy or veil. The coffin
+itself was covered with red velvet; and at the foot stood a table on
+which all the decorations of the deceased were laid out. Thither,
+day by day, in a constant stream, crowds of men, women, and children
+repaired, all dressed in deep mourning. The first of these visitors was
+the Queen, accompanied by her children; but so deeply was she affected
+that she never got beyond the centre of the hall, where her feelings
+quite overcame her, and she was led, weeping bitterly, back to her
+carriage.
+
+The public funeral took place on the 18th of November, and was attended
+by the Prince Consort and all the chief officers of State. The body
+was removed by torchlight, on the evening previous, to the Horse
+Guards, under an escort of cavalry. At dawn on the 18th the solemn
+ceremony began. From St. Paul's Cathedral, down Fleet Street, along the
+Strand, by Charing Cross and Pall Mall, to St. James's Park, troops
+lined both sides of the streets; while in the park itself, columns of
+infantry, cavalry, and artillery were formed ready to fall into their
+proper places in the procession, of which we publish two interesting
+engravings. How it was conducted--with what respectful interest watched
+by high and low--how solemn the notes of the bands, as one after
+another they took up and entoned the "Dead March in Saul"--how grand,
+yet how touching the scene in the interior of St. Paul's--none but
+those who can remember it can realise.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.--_Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November_
+18, 1852. _The Procession passing Apsley House._--From an original
+sketch, reproduced expressly for this publication.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 54.--_Funeral of the Duke of Wellington, November_
+18, 1852. _Scene inside St. Paul's._--Reproduced from an original
+sketch, expressly for this publication.]
+
+A man of genius in France is rightly placed on a kind of throne,
+and considered a "king of thought;" so the obsequies of so truly
+illustrious a poet as Victor Hugo, which took place in Paris, June 1,
+1885, assumed proportions rarely accorded even to the mightiest
+sovereigns. Unfortunately, it was marred by the desecration of a noted
+church, the Pantheon; for it pleased a political party in power to
+make out that Hugo had denied even the existence of God, and this
+notwithstanding the fact that every page of his works is a testimony
+to his ardent creed in the Almighty and his hope in the life to
+come. The lying-in-state took place under the Arch of Triumph, which
+was decorated with much taste by a huge black veil draped across it.
+Flaring torches lighted up the architectural features of the monument,
+and also the tremendous throng of spectators. The arch looked solemn
+enough, but the behaviour of the people who surrounded it was the
+reverse, especially at night. On Thursday, June 1, early in the day,
+which was intensely hot, the procession began to move from the Arc de
+Triomphe to the Pantheon, and presented a scene never to be forgotten.
+The coffin was a very simple one, in accordance with the poet's wishes
+to be buried like a pauper; but what proved the chief charm of this
+really poetical spectacle was the amazing number of huge wreaths
+carried by the countless deputations from all parts of France, and
+sent from every city of Europe and America. There were some 15,000
+wreaths of foliage and flowers carried in this strange procession,
+many of which were of colossal dimensions, so that when one beheld the
+cortege from the bottom of the Champs Elysees, for instance, it looked
+like a huge floral snake meandering along. The bearers of the wreaths
+were hidden beneath them, and these exquisite trophies of early summer
+flowers, combined with the glittering helmets of the Guards, the bright
+costumes of the students, and, above all, with the veritable walls of
+human beings towering up on all sides, filling balconies and windows,
+covering roofs and every spot wherever even a glimpse of the pageant
+could be obtained, created a spectacle as unique as it was picturesque.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 55.--_Funeral of Victor Hugo, Paris, June_ 1, 1885.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 56.--_Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Frederick of
+Germany, Princess Royal of Great Britain._]
+
+THE solemn but exceedingly simple obsequies of that much regretted and
+most able man His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, took place at
+Windsor on the 23rd December, 1861. At his frequently expressed desire
+it was of a private character; but all the chief men of the state
+attended the obsequies in the Royal Chapel. The weather was cold and
+damp, the sky dull and heavy. There was a procession of state carriages
+to St. George's Chapel, at the door of which the Prince of Wales and
+the other royal mourners were assembled to receive the corpse. The
+grief of the poor children was very affecting, little Prince Arthur
+especially, sobbing as if his heart were breaking. When all was over,
+and the last of the long, lingering train of mourners had departed,
+the attendants descended into the vault with lights, and moved the
+bier and coffin along the narrow passage to the royal vault. The day
+was observed throughout the realm as one of mourning. The bells of
+all the churches were tolled, and in many of them special services
+were held. In the towns the shops were closed, and the window blinds
+of private residences were drawn down. No respectable people appeared
+abroad except in mourning, and in seaport towns the flags were hoisted
+half-mast high. The words of the Poet Laureate were scarcely too strong:
+
+    "The shadow of his loss moved like eclipse,
+    Darkening the world. We have lost him; he is gone;
+    We know him now; all narrow jealousies
+    Are silent; and we see him as he moved,
+    How modest, kindly, all-accomplished, wise;
+    With what sublime repression of himself,
+    And in what limits, and how tenderly;
+    Not swaying to this faction or to that;
+    Not making his high place the lawless perch
+    Of wing'd ambitions, nor a vantage ground
+    For pleasure; but thro' all this tract of years
+    Wearing the white flower of a blameless life,
+    Before a thousand peering littlenesses,
+    In that fierce light which beats upon a throne,
+    And blackens every blot; for where is he
+    Who dares foreshadow for an only son
+    A lovelier life, a more unstained than his?"
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Funeral of His Royal Highness the Prince
+Consort, at Windsor, December_ 23, 1861.]
+
+When Her Majesty became a widow, she slightly modified the conventional
+English widow's cap, by indenting it over the forehead _a la_ Marie
+Stuart, thereby imparting to it a certain picturesqueness which was
+quite lacking in the former head-dress. This coiffure has been not only
+adopted by her subjects, but also by royal widows abroad. The etiquette
+of the Imperial House of Germany obliges the Empress Frederick to
+introduce into her costume two special features during the earlier
+twelve months of her widowhood. The first concerns the cap, which is
+black, having a Marie Stuart point over the centre of the forehead, and
+a long veil of black crape falling like a mantle behind to the ground.
+The second peculiarity of this stately costume is that the orthodox
+white batiste collar has two narrow white bands falling straight from
+head to foot. This costume has been very slightly modified from what it
+was three centuries ago, when a Princess of the House of Hohenzollern
+lost her husband.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 58.--HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN. _From a
+Photograph by Messrs. W. & D. Downey._]
+
+
+
+
+THE first general mourning ever proclaimed in America was on the
+occasion of the death of Benjamin Franklin, in 1791, and the next on
+that of Washington, in 1799. The deep and wide-spread grief occasioned
+by the melancholy death of the first President, assembled a great
+concourse of people for the purpose of paying him the last tribute of
+respect, and on Wednesday, December 18, 1799, attended by military
+honours and the simplest but grandest ceremonies of religion, his body
+was deposited in the family vault at Mount Vernon. Never in the history
+of America did a blow fall with more terrible earnestness than the
+news of the assassination of President Lincoln on April 14, 1865. All
+party feeling was forgotten, and sorrow was universal. The obsequies
+were on an exceedingly elaborate scale, and a generous people paid
+a grateful and sincere tribute to a humane and patriotic chieftain.
+After an impressive service, the embalmed body was laid in state in
+the Capitol at Washington, guarded by officers with drawn swords, and
+afterwards the coffin was closed for removal to Springfield, the home
+of the late President, a distance of about 1,700 miles. It took twelve
+days to accomplish the journey. The car which conveyed the remains was
+completely draped in black, the mourning outside being festooned in
+two rows above and below the windows, while each window had a strip of
+mourning connecting the upper with the lower row. Six other cars, all
+draped in black, were attached to the train, and contained the escort,
+whilst the engine was covered with crape and its flags draped. At
+several cities _en route_ a halt was made, in order to permit people
+to pay tributes of respect to the deceased, and several times the body
+was removed from the train, so that funeral services might be held. At
+last, on the 3rd of May, the train reached Springfield, and after a
+brief delay the procession moved with befitting ceremony to Oak Ridge
+Cemetery, President Lincoln's final resting-place. During the period
+intervening between President Lincoln's death and his interment, every
+city and town in the United States testified the greatest grief, and
+public expressions of mourning were universal. To take New York, as an
+instance, that city presented a singularly striking appearance. Scarce
+a house in it but was not draped in the deepest mourning, long festoons
+of black and white muslin drooped sadly everywhere, and even the gay
+show-cases outside the shop doors were dressed with funereal rosettes.
+The gloom which prevailed was intense. In many places, however, the
+decorations, though sombre, were exceedingly picturesque, the dark
+tones being relieved by the bright red and blue of the national
+colours, entwined with crape.
+
+Scarcely less magnificent were the obsequies accorded by the people of
+America to General Grant. Funeral services were observed in towns and
+cities of every state and territory of the Union, amidst a display of
+mourning emblems unparallelled. In New York, for two weeks previous to
+the funeral ceremony, preparations of the most elaborate description
+were going on, and the best part of the city was densely draped.
+The route of the procession to the tomb was 9 miles long, and it is
+estimated that three million persons saw the cortege, in which over
+50,000 people joined, including 30,000 soldiers. Some further idea
+of the magnitude of this solemn procession can be formed when it is
+stated that its head reached the grave three hours and a half before
+the funeral car arrived. This car was exceptionally imposing, inasmuch
+as it was drawn by 24 black horses, each one led by a coloured servant,
+and each covered with sable trappings which swept the street.
+
+Another imposing funeral, which many who are still young can remember,
+was that of his Majesty Victor Emmanuel, the first King of United
+Italy, who died in Rome early in 1878. His obsequies were conducted
+with all the pomp of the Roman Catholic religion, and the catafalque,
+erected in the centre of the Pantheon, was supremely imposing. We give
+an engraving of it, which will afford an excellent idea of its great
+magnificence.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 59.--_The Catafalque erected for the Funeral
+Service of His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel, in the Pantheon, Rome._]
+
+
+
+
+THE ingenious idea of the _Magasin de Deuil_, or establishment
+exclusively devoted to the sale of mourning costumes and of the
+paraphernalia necessary for a funeral, has long been held to be
+exclusively French; but our quick-witted neighbours have, to speak the
+truth, originated very few things; for was not the father of French
+cookery a German physician in attendance on Francis I., assisted by an
+Italian cardinal, Campeggio, who, by the way, came to England on the
+occasion of the negotiations in connection with the divorce of Queen
+Catherine of Arragon. The _Magasin de Deuil_ is but a brilliant and
+elaborate adaptation of the old _Mercerie de lutto_ which has existed
+for centuries, and still exists, in every Italian city, where people in
+the haste of grief can obtain in a few hours all that the etiquette of
+civilisation requires for mourning in a country whose climate renders
+speedy interment absolutely necessary. Continental ideas are slow to
+reach this country, but when they do find acceptance with us, they
+rarely fail to attain that vast extension so characteristic of English
+commerce. Such development could scarcely be exhibited in a more marked
+manner than in Jay's London General Mourning Warehouse, Regent Street,
+an establishment which dates from the year 1841, and which during that
+period has never ceased to increase its resources and to complete its
+organisation, until it has become, of its kind, a mart unique both
+for the quality and the nature of its attributes. Of late years the
+business and enterprise of this firm has enormously increased, and
+it includes not only all that is necessary for mourning, but also
+departments devoted to dresses of a more general description, although
+the colours are confined to such as could be worn for either full or
+half mourning. Black silks, however, are pre-eminently a speciality
+of this house, and the Continental journals frequently announce that
+"_la maison Jay de Londres a fait de forts achats_." Their system is
+one from which they never swerve. It is to buy the commodity direct
+from the manufacturers, and to supply it to their patrons at the very
+smallest modicum of profit compatible with the legitimate course of
+trade. The materials for mourning costumes must always virtually,
+remain unchangeable, and few additions can be made to the list of
+silks, crapes, paramattas, cashmeres, _grenadines_, and _tulles_ as
+fabrics. They and their modifications must be ever in fashion so long
+as it continues fashionable to wear mourning at all; but fashion in
+design, construction, and embellishment may be said to change, not only
+every month, but well-nigh every week.
+
+The fame of a great house of business like this rests more upon its
+integrity and the expedition with which commands are executed than
+anything else. To secure the very best goods, and to have them made up
+in the best taste and in the latest fashion, is one of the principal
+aims of the firm, which is not unmindful of legitimate economy. For
+this purpose, every season competent buyers visit the principal silk
+marts of Europe, such as Lyons, Genoa, and Milan, for the purpose
+of purchasing all that is best in quality and pattern. Immediate
+communication with the leading designers of fashions in Paris has
+not been neglected; and it may be safely said of this great house of
+business, that if it is modelled on a mediaeval Italian principle,
+it has missed no opportunity to assimilate to itself every modern
+improvement.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 60.--_Funeral of Earl Palmerston, in Westminster
+Abbey, Oct._ 27, 1865.]
+
+Private mourning in modern times, like everything else, has been
+greatly altered and modified, to suit an age of rapid transit and
+travel. Men no longer make a point of wearing full black for a fixed
+number of months after the decease of a near relation, and even content
+themselves with a black hat-band and dark-coloured garments. Funeral
+ceremonies, too, are less elaborate, although during the past few
+years a growing tendency to send flowers to the grave has increased in
+every class of the community. The ceremonial which attends our State
+funerals is so well known that it were needless to describe them. We,
+however, give, as "records," illustrations of the funerals of Lord
+Palmerston, Lord Beaconsfield, Mr. Darwin, and of the much-regretted
+Emperor Frederick of Germany, a function which was extremely imposing,
+as the etiquette of the German Court still retains many curious relics
+of bygone times.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 61.--_Funeral of the Right Honourable the Earl of
+Beaconsfield, in Hughenden Church, April_ 26, 1881.]
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL Court mourning in this country is regulated by the Duke of
+Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, but exclusively Court mourning for the Royal
+Family by the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+The order for Court mourning to be observed for the death of a foreign
+sovereign is issued by the Foreign Office, and transmitted thence to
+the Lord Chamberlain.
+
+Here is the form of the order for general mourning to be worn on the
+occasion of the death of the Prince Consort:
+
+  COLLEGE OF ARMS, Dec. 16, 1866.
+
+    _Deputy Earl Marshal's Order for a General Mourning for His late
+    Royal Highness the Prince Consort._
+
+    In pursuance of Her Majesty's commands, this is to give public
+    notice that, upon the melancholy occasion of the death of His Royal
+    Highness the Prince Consort, it is expected that all persons do
+    forthwith put themselves into decent mourning.
+
+  EDWARD C. F. HOWARD, D.E.M.
+
+The order to the army is published from the War Office:
+
+  HORSE GUARDS, Dec. 18, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Mourning of the Army for His late Royal Highness
+    the Prince Consort._
+
+    The General commanding-in-chief has received Her Majesty's commands
+    to direct, on the present melancholy occasion of the death of
+    H.R.H. the Prince Consort, that the officers of the army be
+    required to wear, when in uniform, black crape over the ornamental
+    part of the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the left
+    arm;--with black gloves, and a black crape scarf over the sash.
+    The drums are to be covered with black, and black crape is to
+    hang from the head of the colour-staff of the infantry, and from
+    the standard-staff of cavalry. When officers appear at Court in
+    uniform, they are to wear black crape over the ornamental part of
+    the cap or hat, over the sword-knot, and on the left arm;--with
+    black gloves and a black crape scarf.
+
+
+A like order was issued by the Admiralty, addressed to the officers and
+men of the Royal Navy.
+
+FIRST NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       December 16, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Court to go into Mourning for His late Royal
+    Highness the Prince Consort._
+
+    The LADIES attending Court to wear black woollen Stuffs, trimmed
+    with Crape, plain Linen, black Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN attending Court to wear black Cloth, plain Linen,
+    Crape Hatbands, and black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    The Mourning to commence from the date of this Order.
+
+
+SECOND NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       December 31, 1861.
+
+    _Orders for the Court's change of Mourning, on Monday, the 27th
+      January next, for His late Royal Highness the Prince Consort,
+      viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Silk Dresses, trimmed with Crape, and
+    black Shoes and Gloves, black Fans, Feathers, and Ornaments.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black Court Dress, with black Swords and
+    Buckles, and plain Linen.
+
+    _The Court further to change the Mourning on Monday the 17th of
+    February next, viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Dresses, with white Gloves, black or white
+    Shoes, Fans, and Feathers, and Pearls, Diamonds, or plain Gold or
+    Silver Ornaments.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black Court Dress, with black Swords and
+    Buckles.
+
+    _And on Monday the 10th of March next, the Court to go out of
+    Mourning._
+
+             *       *       *       *       *
+
+FIRST NOTICE.
+
+  LORD CHAMBERLAIN'S OFFICE,
+       November 7, 1817.
+
+    _Orders for the Court's going into Mourning on Sunday next, the
+      9th instant, for Her late Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte
+      Augusta, Daughter of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, and
+      Consort of His Serene Highness the Prince Leopold Saxe-Cobourg,
+      viz._:
+
+    The LADIES to wear black Bombazines, plain Muslin, or long Lawn
+    Crape Hoods, Shamoy Shoes and Gloves, and Crape Fans.
+
+    Undress:--Dark Norwich Crape.
+
+    The GENTLEMEN to wear black cloth without buttons on the Sleeves
+    or Pockets, plain Muslin, or long Lawn Cravats and Weepers, Shamoy
+    Shoes and Gloves, Crape Hatbands and black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    Undress:--Dark Grey Frocks.
+
+    For LADIES, black Silk, fringed or plain Linen, white Gloves, black
+    Shoes, Fans, and Tippets, white Necklaces and Earrings.
+
+    Undress:--White or grey Lustrings, Tabbies, or Damasks.
+
+    For GENTLEMEN, to continue in black, full trimmed, fringed or plain
+    Linen, black Swords and Buckles.
+
+    Undress:--Grey Coats.
+
+    For LADIES, black silk or velvet coloured Ribbons, Fans, and
+    Tippets, or plain white, or white and gold, or white and silver
+    Stuffs, with black Ribbons.
+
+    For GENTLEMEN, black Coats and black or plain white, or white and
+    gold, or white and silver stuffed Waistcoats, coloured Waistcoats
+    and Buckles.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Funeral of Charles Darwin, Esq., in
+Westminster Abbey._]
+
+
+
+
+THE Register of "Notices" preserved at the Lord Chamberlain's Offices
+date back from 1773 to 1840. They are written in chronological order
+from the first folio (9th March, 1773) to folio 16 (28th Nov., 1785).
+After this date a number of papers are missing, and, curious to relate,
+the next entry is Oct. 24, 1793, and orders the Court to go into
+mourning for ten days for Her late Majesty Marie Antoinette, Queen of
+France.
+
+On the margin of the one for mourning for Louis XVIII., is written
+a note to the effect that the "King this day, Sep. 18, 1824, orders
+three weeks' mourning for the late King of France." At about this time,
+too, the word "the ladies to wear bombazine gowns" disappears, and is
+replaced by "woolen stuffs."
+
+Our military etiquette connected with mourning was really modelled
+on that in use in the army of Louis XIV., as is proved by a rather
+singular fact. In 1737 George II. died, and an order was issued
+commanding the officers and troopers in the British army to wear
+black crape bands and black buttons and epaulettes. Very shortly
+afterwards the French Government issued a decree to the effect that,
+as the English army had "slavishly imitated the French in the matter
+of wearing mourning, henceforth the officers of the French army should
+make no change in their uniform, and only wear a black band round the
+arm." Oddly enough, at the present moment both the French and the
+English armies wear precisely the same "badge of grief," a black band
+of crape on the left arm above the elbow.
+
+The Sovereign can prolong, out of marked respect for the person to be
+mourned, the duration of the period for general and Court mourning.
+
+The following are regulations for Court mourning, according to the
+register at the Lord Chamberlain's office:--
+
+For the King or Queen--full mourning, eight weeks; mourning, two weeks;
+and half-mourning, two weeks: in all, three full months.
+
+For the son or daughter of the Sovereign--Full mourning, four weeks;
+mourning, one week; and half-mourning, one week: total, six weeks.
+
+For the brother or sister of the Sovereign--full mourning, two weeks;
+mourning, four days; and half-mourning, two days: total, three weeks.
+
+Nephew or niece--full mourning, one week; half-mourning, one week:
+total, two weeks.
+
+Uncle or aunt--same as above.
+
+Cousin, ten days; second cousin, seven days.
+
+
+
+
+THE following are the accepted reasons for the selection of various
+colours for mourning in different parts of the world:--
+
+_Black_ expresses the privation of light and joy, the midnight gloom of
+sorrow for the loss sustained. It is the prevailing colour of mourning
+in Europe, and it was also the colour selected in ancient Greece and in
+the Roman Empire.
+
+_Black and white striped_ expresses sorrow and hope, and is the
+mourning of the South Sea Islanders.
+
+_Greyish brown_--the colour of the earth, to which the dead return. It
+is the colour of mourning in Ethiopia and Abyssinia.
+
+_Pale brown_--the colour of withered leaves--is the mourning of Persia.
+
+_Sky-blue_ expresses the assured hope that the deceased is gone to
+heaven, and is the colour of mourning in Syria, Cappadocia, and Armenia.
+
+_Deep-blue_ in Bokhara is the colour of mourning; whilst the Romans in
+the days of the Republic also wore very dark blue for mourning.
+
+_Purple and violet_--to express royalty, "Kings and priests of God." It
+is the colour of mourning of Cardinals and of the Kings of France. The
+colour of mourning in Turkey is violet.
+
+_White_--emblem of "white-handed hope." The colour of mourning in
+China. The ladies of ancient Rome and Sparta sometimes wore white
+mourning, which was also the colour for mourning in Spain until 1498.
+In England it is still customary, in several of the provinces, to wear
+white silk hat-bands for the unmarried.
+
+_Yellow_--the sear and yellow leaf. The colour of mourning in Egypt and
+Burmah. In Brittany widows' caps among the peasants are yellow. Anne
+Boleyn wore yellow mourning for Catherine of Arragon, but as a sign of
+joy.
+
+_Scarlet_ is also a mourning colour, and was occasionally worn by the
+French Kings, notably so by Louis XI.
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 63.--_Funeral of His Imperial Majesty Frederick
+the Noble, Emperor of Germany. The Funeral Service in the Imperial
+Chapel._]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 64.--_Funeral of His Majesty the Emperor of
+Germany. The Procession leaving the Palace._]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+(_a_) In the 18th Century, the undertaker issued his
+handbills--gruesome things, with grinning skulls and shroud-clad
+corpses, thigh bones, mattocks and pickaxes, hearses, etc.:
+
+    "These are to notice that Mr. John Elphick, Woollen Draper, over
+    against St Michael's Church, in Lewes, hath a good Hearse, a Velvet
+    Pall, Mourning Cloaks, and Black Hangings for Rooms, to be lett at
+    Reasonable Rates.
+
+    "He also sells all sorts of Mourning and Half Mourning, all sorts
+    of Black Cyprus for Scarfs and Hatbands, and White Silks for Scarfs
+    and Hoods at Funerals; Gloves of all sorts, and Burying Cloaths for
+    the Dead."
+
+Again:--
+
+    "Eleazar Malory, Joiner at the Coffin in White Chapel, near Red
+    Lion Street end, maketh Coffins, Shrouds, letteth Palls, Cloaks,
+    and Furnisheth with all the other things necessary for Funerals at
+    Reasonable Rates."
+
+(_b_) The dead were formerly buried in woollen, which was rendered
+compulsory by the Acts 30 Car. ii. c. 3 and 36 Ejusdem c. i., the first
+of which was for "lessening the importation of Linen from beyond the
+seas, and the encouragement of the Woollen and Paper Manufactures of
+the Kingdome." It prescribed that the curate of every parish shall keep
+a register, to be provided at the charge of the parish, wherein to
+enter all burials and affidavits of persons being buried in woollen. No
+affidavit was necessary for a person dying of the plague, but for every
+infringement a fine of L5 was imposed, one half to go to the informer,
+and the other half to the poor of the parish. This Act was only
+repealed in 1815. The material used was flannel, and such interments
+are frequently mentioned in the literature of the time.
+
+(_c_) Misson throws some light on the custom of using flannel for
+enveloping the dead, but I fancy that it is of much greater antiquity
+than he imagined. However, he asserts:--
+
+    "There is an Act of Parliament which ordains, That the Dead shall
+    be bury'd in a Woollen Stuff, which is a kind of a thin Bays, which
+    they call Flannel; nor is it lawful to use the least Needleful of
+    Thread or Silk. This Shift is always White; but there are different
+    Sorts of it as to Fineness, and consequently of different Prices.
+    To make these dresses is a particular Trade, and there are many
+    that sell nothing else; so that these Habits for the Dead are
+    always to be had ready made, of what Size or Price you please,
+    for People of Every Age and Sex. After they had washed the Body
+    thoroughly clean, and shav'd it, if it be a Man, and his Beard be
+    grown during his Sickness, they put it on a Flannel Shirt, which
+    has commonly a sleeve purfled about the Wrists, and the Slit of the
+    Shirt down the Breast done in the same Manner. When these Ornaments
+    are not of Woollen Lace, they are at least edg'd, and sometimes
+    embroider'd with black Thread. The Shirt shou'd be at least half
+    a Foot longer than the Body, that the feet of the Deceas'd may be
+    wrapped in it as in a Bag. When they have thus folded the end of
+    the Shirt close to the Feet, they tye the Part that is folded down
+    with a piece of Woollen Thread, as we do our stockings; so that the
+    end of the Shirt is done into a kind of Tuft. Upon the Head they
+    put a Cap, which they fasten with a very broad Chin Cloth, with
+    Gloves on the Hands, and a Cravat round the Neck, all of Woollen.
+    That the Body may ly the softer, some put a Lay of Bran, about four
+    inches thick, at the Bottom of the Coffin. Instead of a Cap, the
+    Women have a kind of Head Dress, with a Forehead Cloth."
+
+Funeral invitations of a ghastly kind were sent out, and Elegies,
+laudatory of the deceased, were sometimes printed and sent to friends.
+These were got up in the same charnel-house style, and embellished with
+skulls, human bones, and skeletons. Hat-bands were costly items.
+
+    "For the encouragement of our English silk, called a la modes,
+    His Royal Highness the Prince of Denmark, the Nobility, and other
+    persons of quality, appear in Mourning Hatbands made of that silk,
+    to bring the same in fashion, in the place of Crapes, which are
+    made in the Pope's Country where we send our money for them."
+
+(_d_) The poor in Anne's time had already started Burial Clubs and
+Societies, and very cheap they seem to have been.
+
+    "This is to give notice that the office of Society for Burials, by
+    mutual contribution of a Halfpenny or Farthing towards a Burial,
+    erected upon Wapping Wall, is now removed into Katherine Wheel
+    Alley, in White Chappel, near Justice Smiths, where subscriptions
+    are taken to compleat the number, as also at the Ram in Crucifix
+    Lane in Barnaby Street, Southwark, to which places notice is to be
+    given of the death of any Member, and where any person may have the
+    printed Articles after Monday next. And this Thursday evening about
+    7 o'clock will be Buried by the Undertakers, the Corpse of J. S.,
+    a Glover, over against the Sun Brewhouse, in Golden Lane; as also
+    a child from the corner of Acorn Alley, in Bishopsgate Street, and
+    another child from the Great Maze Pond, Southwark."
+
+(_e_) Undertakers liked to arrange for a Funeral to take place on
+an evening in winter, as the costs were thereby increased, for then
+the Mourners were furnished with wax candles. These were heavy, and
+sometimes were made of four tapers twisted at the stem and then
+branching out. That these wax candles were expensive enough to excite
+the thievish cupidity of a band of roughs, the following advertisement
+will show:--
+
+    "Riots and Robberies--Committed in and about Stepney Church Yard,
+    at a Funeral Solemnity, on Wednesday, the 23rd day of September;
+    and whereas many persons, who being appointed to attend the same
+    Funeral with white wax lights of a considerable value, were
+    assaulted in a most violent manner, and the said white wax lights
+    taken from them. Whoever shall discover any of the Persons, guilty
+    of the said crimes, so as they may be convicted of the same, shall
+    receive of Mr. William Prince, Wax Chandler in the Poultry, London,
+    Ten Shillings for each Person so discovered."
+
+(_f_) We get a curious glimpse of the paraphernalia of a funeral in the
+Life of a notorious cheat, "The German Princess," who lived, and was
+hanged, in the latter part of the 17th Century, and the same funeral
+customs therein described obtained in Queen Anne's time. She took a
+lodging at a house, in a good position, and told the landlady that a
+friend of hers, a stranger to London, had just died, and was lying at
+"a pitiful Alehouse," and might she, for convenience sake, bring his
+corpse there, ready for burial on the morrow.
+
+    "The landlady consented, and that evening the Corps in a very
+    handsome Coffin was brought in a Coach, and placed in the Chamber,
+    which was the Room one pair of Stairs next the Street, and had
+    a Balcony. The Coffin being covered only with an ordinary black
+    Cloth, our Counterfeit seems much to dislike it; the Landlady tells
+    her that for 20s. she might have the use of a Velvet Pall, with
+    which being well pleas'd, she desir'd the Landlady to send for the
+    Pall, and withal accommodate the Room with her best Furniture,
+    for the next day but one he should be bury'd; thus the Landlady
+    performed, setting the Velvet Pall, and placing on a Side Board
+    Table 2 Silver Candlesticks, a Silver Flaggon, 2 Standing Gilt
+    Bowls, and several other pieces of Plate; but the Night before
+    the intended Burial, our Counterfeit Lady and her Maid within the
+    House, handed to their comrades without, all the Plate, Velvet
+    Pall, and other Furniture of the Chamber that was Portable and of
+    Value, leaving the Coffin and the supposed Corps, she and her Woman
+    descended from the Balcony by help of a Ladder, which her comrades
+    had brought her."
+
+It is needless to say that the coffin contained only brickbats and hay,
+and a sad sequel to this story is that the undertaker sued the landlady
+for the loss of his pall, which had lately cost him L40.
+
+According to a request in the will of one Mr. Benjamin Dodd, a Roman
+Catholic, "Citizen and Linnen Draper, who fell from his horse and died
+soon after," four and twenty persons were at his burial, to each of
+whom he gave a pair of white gloves, a ring of 10s. value, a bottle
+of wine, and half-a-crown to be spent on their return that night, "to
+drink his Soul's Health, then on her Journey for Purification in order
+to Eternal Rest." He also appointed his "Corps" to be carried in a
+hearse drawn by six white horses, with white feathers, and followed
+by six coaches, with six horses to each coach, and commanded that "no
+Presbyterian, Moderate Low Churchmen, or Occasional Conformists, be at
+or have anything to do with his Funeral."
+
+(_g_) Parisian funerals at the present day present many features common
+to those celebrated in England in the last century. The church, for
+instance, is elaborately decorated in black for a married man or woman,
+but in white for a spinster, youth, or child. The costumes of the hired
+attendants, and these are numerous--I counted one day, quite recently,
+no less than twenty-four, two to each coach, all handsomely dressed
+in black velvet--are of the time of Louis XV. I am assured that the
+expenses of a first-class funeral in Paris, in this year of Grace 1889,
+sometimes exceeds several hundred pounds.
+
+The _lettre de faire part_, as it is called, is also a curious feature
+in the funeral rites of our neighbours. It is an elaborate document in
+the form of a printed letter, deeply edged with black, and informs that
+all the members, near and distant, of the deceased's family--they are
+each mentioned by name and title--request you, not only to attend the
+funeral, but to pray for his or her soul.
+
+The fashion of sending costly wreaths to cover the coffin is recent,
+and was quite as unknown in Paris twenty years ago as it was in
+this country until about the same period. Wreaths of _immortelles_,
+sometimes dyed black, were, however, sent to funerals in France in
+the Middle Ages. In Brittany, the "wake" is almost as common as it is
+in Ireland, and quite as frequently degenerates into an unedifying
+spectacle. Like the Irish custom, it originated in the early Christian
+practice of keeping a light burning by the corpse, and in praying for
+the repose of the soul, _coram_ the corpse prior to its final removal
+to the church and grave, certain pagan customs, the distribution of
+wine and bread, having been introduced, at first possibly from a sense
+of hospitality, and finally as means of carousal.
+
+  RICHARD DAVEY.
+
+
+
+
+[Decoration]
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained.
+
+Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently corrected.
+
+Some illustrations have been moved from their original position
+so as not to interrupt the text.
+
+
+Corrections.
+
+The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
+
+p. 20:
+
+  In these, bassirilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,
+  In these, bassorilievi and figures in terra-cotta have been found,
+
+
+p. 27:
+
+  at the dawn of the Rennaissance
+  at the dawn of the Renaissance
+
+p. 88:
+
+  This coifure has
+  This coiffure has
+
+p. 91:
+
+  of this solemn procession can be ormed
+  of this solemn procession can be formed
+
+p. 111:
+
+  but in white for a spinister
+  but in white for a spinster
+
+
+Errata.
+
+The first line indicates the original, the second how it should read.
+
+p. 66:
+
+  "On the 6th of January, 1756, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+  conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+
+  "On the 6th of January, 1766, the body of his 'Britannic Majesty' was
+  conveyed in great state to the said Church of the Twelve Apostles,"
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF MOURNING***
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