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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/44345-0.txt b/44345-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1940d65 --- /dev/null +++ b/44345-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,657 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 *** + + WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT + + OF + + Peter the Great’s Pet Projects, + + ACCORDING TO + + His Last Will and Testament. + + + AMERICAN INVENTION + + AS AN + + AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP + + ON ASIATIC TERRITORY. + + BY W. GANNON. + + NEW YORK: + THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO., + 15 WHITEHALL STREET. + 1889. + + + + + PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA + + ON THE + + March to Constantinople. + + AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE. + + +Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest +civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing +his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of +the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling +innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must +have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been +born a despot. + +Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by +his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling +though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly +diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full +meaning. + +And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and +constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming +the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, +somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great +Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that +Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and +arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative +has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in +the neighborhood of Esquimault. + +As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York +_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand +Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and +China: + + “SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS. + + “The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks + another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was + the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and + the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan + and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters, + with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the + condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually + converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China. + An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, + already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually + approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now + in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885 + miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge + system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of + the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on + the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military + operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line + running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation + and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series + of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already + rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during + the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of + his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An + imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate + the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty + years in overrunning Asia. + + “The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is + now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk + line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. + Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, + and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, + on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach + to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the + Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the + Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from + Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within + five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be + accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication + with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can + then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened + to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian + commerce and intercourse will be effected.” + + * * * * * + +And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a +sequel to the above: + + “The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is + to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches + to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every + branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add + materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to + build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to + Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand + to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road + would give direct communication with both the great rivers that + flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and + would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. + Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those + of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus + promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military + strategy.” + + +THE FIRST STEP. + +The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem +most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and +means to navigate the Aral Sea—the first thought being to transport +machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the +mountains—a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable. + +But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the +construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American, +through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory +established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its +system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government +to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of +Bengal—Moorshedaba. + +As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the +class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be +mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was +President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the +Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as +an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital +and membership of the Company belonged in London—Liverpool simply +being selected as a factory site. + +The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and +200 feet long, built on the new system of + + +CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON, + +three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight +of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in +proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the +corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which +corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing +the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing +her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode +of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several +supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the +Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous +purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that +they could be + + +DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS, + +being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the +utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding +or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship +construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and +justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, +for which, at a late day, he received the + + +THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL. + +Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its +value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and +German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, +where he was received by the Emperor. + +In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered +by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of +construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral +Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed +in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the +Admiral’s Report, as follows: + + “LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860. + + “HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the + Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, + for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning + the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein + contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our + rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there + cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the + discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the + trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory. + + “The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to + you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are + riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon + corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in. + + “It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted + lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction + of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a + riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this), + three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and + three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on + it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each + weighing thirty-one pounds English. + + “The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon + it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three + tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed + upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over + three tons) had been placed upon it. + + “Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not + corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs + had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the + question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts + to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels. + + “With sincere regard, + + (Signed.) “ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF. + + “To ADMIRAL ARKASS.” + + +[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL +BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.] + +On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted +photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool +Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke +Constantine. + +After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red +tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and +Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, +to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, +ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for +service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again +for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on +similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the +steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory, +they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock +and machinery, when they were ready for + + +THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP. + +From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh—thence to Moscow—on +to Nijni Novgorod—across the Volga—over the Ural Mountains—to the +Aral Sea, in Asia—where they were at length unboxed, the sections once +again put together and, lo, a + + +PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL, + +upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s +grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, +and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the +inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in +Nature’s fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels +in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable +would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard, +in full view of an alert and suspicious people. + +Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which +are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of +the preceding statements. + + “_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_: + + “I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of + the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool + for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. + Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy. + + “The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are + finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool + March 25 (13th). + + + “Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant, + + (Signed.) “JOSEPH FRANCIS.” + + * * * * * + + “MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. } + + March 31, 1861—No. 189. } + + “_To Mr. Joseph Francis_: + + “The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand + Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented + to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, + has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the + Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his + thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof. + + “Manager, BELLARMSKY. “THE PRESIDENT. + + (Signed.) Major-General CHERNOFSKY.” + + +(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.) + + “FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862. + + “DEAR MR. FRANCIS—The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at + Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in + about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty + of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before + the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to + employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon + the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about + the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter. + + “With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your + northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you. + + “I remain, yours most truly, + + (Signed.) “A. BOUTAKOFF.” + + +On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis +on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that +barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening +an avenue to increased Empire. + +After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the +construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the +shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of +Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished. + +In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused +Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint +Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. +Following is a copy of the parchment: + + + “We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and + Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of + Finland, etc., etc., etc. + + “_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_: + + “The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular + services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight + of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of + 7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that + they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward + to you the insignia of the Order. + + “ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860. + + _The Vice-President_, COUNT BORCH + [SEAL.] _Lieut.-General_, L'ECESUJSECETZ. + _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO. + _Member_, KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL., + + No. 5,756.” + + +Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis +disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, +Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and +Don. + +After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the +Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, +as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of +its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a + + +RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES + +and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting +commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to +the Pacific Coast. + +A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of +the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen +were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at +Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York. + + * * * * * + +This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the +family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one +of America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another +instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, +through the lives of unassuming and patient workers. + +From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the +outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved +the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few +years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction +under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread +uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown. +Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and +railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which +the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those +to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was +the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, +light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s +hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in +the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has +been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about +to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the +gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of +this chosen body of representatives of the people. + + + + +Appendix. + +WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING. + + +The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the +first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law +of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited +in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in +1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the +diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived: + + +THE WILL. + +PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. + +In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, +the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our +descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian +nation: + +God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown, +having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by +His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called +upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking +is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old +age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: +naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a +people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall +have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future +invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a +periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner, +regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations +of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain +periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its +deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors +will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished +lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing +dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct +its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions. +I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave +the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people. + + +I. + +Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the +soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the +finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose +the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war +even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future +aggrandizement of Russia. + + +II. + +Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring +civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men +in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed +by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own +self-respect. + + +III. + +On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe; +above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more +immediately concerns us. + + +IV. + +Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by +bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election +of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn +there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently +established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties, +appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can +retake in detail all that has been ceded. + + +V. + +Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked +by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this, +sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping +up their rivalries. + + +VI. + +Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so +as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, +by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause. + + +VII. + +England—requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that +can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with +her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions +of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her +sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting +the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce. + + +VIII. + +Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward +the South by the Black Sea. + + +IX. + +Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. +He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. +Consequently, be continually at war—sometimes with the Turks, +sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get +entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being +necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of +Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the +ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the +Indies—they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do +without the gold of England. + + +X. + +Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, +apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time +clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring +provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one +and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the +country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter. + + +XI. + +Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the +Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the +conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the +ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will +take back at a future period. + + +XII. + +Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, +as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in +Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, +their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by +establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic +Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst +your enemies. + + +XIII. + +Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our +armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you +must make propositions separately and discreetly—first to the Court of +Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of +the Universe. + +If one of them accept—and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter +their pride and ambition—make use of it to crush the other—then +crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a +death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia +possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe. + + +XIV. + +If—which is not likely—both refuse the propositions of Russia, you +must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one +another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down +her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable +fleets will set out—the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the +port of Archangel—loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of +the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the +Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one +side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These +countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the +yoke, without striking a single blow. + + +XV. + +Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued. + + + PETER I., + + AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. + + +Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its +author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot +he was also a Patriot—and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. +This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same +man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen +overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above +and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and +Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the +Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. Gannon + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 *** diff --git a/44345-h/44345-h.htm b/44345-h/44345-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..414f230 --- /dev/null +++ b/44345-h/44345-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,783 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Peter the Great’s Pet Projects, by W. Gannon. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; font-weight: normal; +} +.h {visibility: hidden;} +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} +p.center { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} +p.indent { + margin-top: .51em; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; + text-align: left; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} +p.left { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: left; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} +p.right { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: right; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +blockquote {margin-left: 7%; margin-right: 5%; } + +.padt1 {padding-top: .5em;} +.padb1 {padding-bottom: .5em;} +.padr1 {padding-right: 1em;} +.padr2 {padding-right: 2em;} +.padr3 {padding-right: 3em;} +.padr4 {padding-right: 4em;} +.padl3 {padding-left: 3em;} +.f85 {font-size: .85em;} +.f12 {font-size: 1.2em;} + +.f15 {font-size: 1.5em;} + +hr { + width: 20%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +hr.small {width: 10%; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-top: .5em; } + + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + + .tdl {text-align: left;} + .tdr {text-align: right;} + .tdc {text-align: center;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + + + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + + + + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + </style> +<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> + </head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 ***</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center f15">WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT</p> + +<p class="center f85">OF</p> + +<h1>Peter the Great’s Pet Projects,</h1> + +<p class="center f85">ACCORDING TO</p> + +<p class="center">His Last Will and Testament.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center f12">AMERICAN INVENTION</p> + +<p class="center f85">AS AN</p> + +<p class="center f12">AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP</p> + +<p class="center f12">ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.<br /><br /></p> + +<hr class="small" /> +<p class="center f85"><span class="smcap">By W. Gannon.</span></p> +<hr class="small" /> + +<p class="center f85"><br /><br />NEW YORK:<br /> +THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,<br /> +<span class="smcap">15 Whitehall Street</span>.<br /> +1889.<br /><br /></p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA</h2> + +<p class="center f85">ON THE</p> + +<p class="center f15">March to Constantinople.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest civilizer +of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing his country and inaugurating +vast industries, through the medium of the Ship. So far in advance +of his time was he that his startling innovations and wonderful discounting +of the arts of diplomacy must have endangered his head had he not been +fortunate enough to have been born a despot.</p> + +<p>Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by his +successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling though its +terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly diplomatic that his successors +have religiously lived up to their full meaning.</p> + +<p>And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and constantly-tightening +grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming the Governments of the +Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, somewhat concern ourselves. +The Canadian Government is now urging Great Britain to erect defences on +the Pacific Coast, for the reason that Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar +policy, is enlarging her works and arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +Columbia; and the initiative has already been taken by Great Britain in the +erection of batteries in the neighborhood of Esquimault.</p> + +<p>As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York +<i>Tribune</i> contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand Trunk +Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and China:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">“SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.</p> + +<p>“The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks +another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was the objective +point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and the sea of Aral, +which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan and the establishment of +Tashkend as the military headquarters, with railway connections northward. +Bokhara was reduced to the condition of a protected province and Samarcand +was virtually converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China. +An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, already +within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually approached from the +Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now in operation from Michailovsk +to Samarcand, a distance of 885 miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and +Bokhara. This narrow-gauge system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives +Russia control of the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of +conquest on the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military +operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line running from +Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation and supplies. Meanwhile, +it binds together a straggling series of conquests separated by broad +reaches of desert. It is already rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends +to visit during the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the +valor of his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An imperial +journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate the wonderful progress +made by the Russians during the last twenty years in overrunning +Asia.</p> + +<p>“The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is +now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk line +through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. Surveys have +already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, and this line when +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian +now makes a close approach to Western China, the Siberian will complete +the circuit of the Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent +of the Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from +Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within five +years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be accomplished and St. +Petersburgh brought into direct communication with Vladivostock. The +journey from the capital to the Pacific can then be made in a fortnight; and +if Chinese markets can be opened to Russian traders, a marvelous change in +the conditions of Asian commerce and intercourse will be effected.”</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p>And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a +sequel to the above:</p><blockquote> + +<p>“The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is to be +greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches to Samarkand +and already more than pays working expenses. Every branch or further extension +of the main line will, of course, add materially to its traffic and its +profits. It is now proposed to build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, +on the Oxus, to Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward +from Samarcand to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and +thus the road would give direct communication with both the great rivers +that flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and +would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. Just beyond +Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those of Siberia, whither +Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus promises to be of equal +importance to commerce and to military strategy.”</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE FIRST STEP.</p> + +<p>The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem +most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and +means to navigate the Aral Sea—the first thought being to transport machinery +and material for the construction of steamers over the mountains—a project +which was at length abandoned as impracticable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p>But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the +construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American, +through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory established +at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its system of +construction, secured a contract with the British Government to construct a +number of steamers for the East India Company of Bengal—Moorshedaba.</p> + +<p>As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the class +of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be mentioned that +Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was President, while +such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the Institution of Civil +Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as an eminent engineer, +were members and stockholders. The entire capital and membership of the +Company belonged in London—Liverpool simply being selected as a factory +site.</p> + +<p>The steamers under course of construction by this Company were +150 and 200 feet long, built on the new system of</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,</p> + +<p>three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight of hull +of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in proportion, while +the strength was increased two-fold by means of the corrugations covering +the entire outer surface of the hull, which corrugations take the place of +<i>frames</i> or <i>timbers</i>, thus increasing the interior capacity of a boat of given +draft while vastly increasing her strength. The great utility and superior +qualities of this mode of construction was fully demonstrated by the building +of several supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for +the Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous +purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that they +could be</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,</p> + +<p>being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the utmost +celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding or mechani<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>cal +knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship construction was +invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and justly celebrated as +founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, for which, at a late day, he +received the</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.</p> + +<p>Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its value +had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and German +Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, where he +was received by the Emperor.</p> + +<p>In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered +by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of construction, +with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral Sea, +in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed in possession of +the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the Admiral’s Report, as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="right padr1 padt1">“<span class="smcap">Liverpool</span>, 15th November, 1860.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Honored Sir</span>: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the +Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, for publication +in a marine journal, a short article concerning the corrugated iron +steamers. In addition to information therein contained, I would state that it +is my conviction that for our rivers, which are from year to year getting more +shallow, there cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In +the discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the trials which +have been made at the Liverpool factory.</p> + +<p>“The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to you, +crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are riveted together +by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon corrugation, and a double +row of rivets put in.</p> + +<p>“It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted lap to +a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction of the steamers. For +that purpose we placed upon two blocks a riveted sheet <i>a a</i> (as marked in +the diagram accompanying this), three feet ten inches in length by two feet +six inches wide and three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +laying on it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, <i>b b</i>, each weighing +thirty-one pounds English.</p> + +<p>“The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon it 188 +slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three tons); after this +test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed upon the blocks, and it +bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over three tons) had been placed upon it.</p> + +<p>“Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not corrugated, +and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs had been placed +upon it. I believe that such results settle the question in regard to the +local strength which corrugation imparts to iron and its adaptation in the +construction of vessels.</p> + +<p class="center">“With sincere regard,</p> + +<p class="right padr2"><span style="margin-right: 5em;">(Signed.)</span><span style="margin-right: 5em;">“ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF.</span></p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">To Admiral Arkass</span>.”</p> +</blockquote> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/test.jpg" width="500" height="215" alt="TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY +ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N." /> +<p class="center">TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY<br /> +ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.<br /><br /></p></div> + + +<p>On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted photographs +and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool Company, +addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke Constantine.</p> + +<p>After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red +tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, to be +pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, ere the year +1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for service, were erected +at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again for shipment. These vessels +were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on similar lines to vessels already constructed +by the Company. When the steamers had been put together, +tested and again set up at the factory, they were boxed for shipment, in sections, +both hulls, floating dock and machinery, when they were ready for</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.</p> + +<p>From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh—thence to Moscow—on +to Nijni Novgorod—across the Volga—over the Ural Mountains—to the +Aral Sea, in Asia—where they were at length unboxed, the sections once +again put together and, lo, a</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,</p> + +<p>upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s grandest +Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, and swooped +down like things of life on the insulated sea, the inhabitants of whose +shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in Nature’s fastness. Impossible +would it have been to transport vessels in their entirety over the rugged +heights, and deadly impracticable would it have been to attempt their +construction on the Aral seaboard, in full view of an alert and suspicious +people.</p> + +<p>Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which are +in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of the preceding +statements.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“<i>To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine</i>:</p> + +<p>“I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of the +two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool for the Syr +Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. Boutakoff, of the Russian +Imperial Navy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + + + +<p>“The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are +finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool March +25 (13th).</p> + +<p class="right padr4">“Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant,</p> + +<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“JOSEPH FRANCIS.”</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<table width="100%" summary="address"><tr> +<td class="tdr">“<span class="smcap">Marine Ministry of the Shipbuilding Dep’t.</span></td> +<td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:200%;font-weight:lighter;margin:0;line-height:1em;text-indent:0;"> } </span></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdr padr2">March 31, 1861—No. 189.</td> +</tr></table> + +<p>“<i>To Mr. Joseph Francis</i>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>“The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand +Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented to His +Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, has been sent +to this committee, with a resolution from the Ministry of Marine, stating that +His Imperial Highness desired his thanks to you. The committee has the +honor to inform you thereof.</p> + +<p class="right padr1">“Manager, <span class="smcap">Bellarmsky</span><span style="margin-left: 8em;">“THE PRESIDENT.</span></p> + +<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 8em;">“Major-General CHERNOFSKY.”</span><br /> +</p></blockquote> + + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">“Fort No. 1, Syr Dariah</span>, July 2, 1862.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Francis</span>—The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your +works at Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in +about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty of transporting +them across the Desert, will not arrive before the middle of August, so +that I shall not have sufficient time to employ the new steamers this year, +but will give them a trial upon the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon +dock will be here about the end of August, giving us time to put them together +next winter.</p> + +<p>“With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your +northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.</p> + +<p class="right padr3">“I remain, yours most truly,</p> + +<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“A. BOUTAKOFF.”</span></p></blockquote> + +<p>On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. +Francis on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening an +avenue to increased Empire.</p> + +<p>After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the construction +of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the shores of +that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of Asia was, to all intents +and purposes, accomplished.</p> + +<p>In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused +Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus, +one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. Following is a copy +of the parchment:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="indent">“We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and Autocrat of +all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc., +etc., etc.</p> + +<p> +“<i>To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America</i>: +</p> + +<p>“The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular services, we +have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight of our Imperial and +Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of 7th November, 1860, given to +our Chapter of Orders, to the end that they do sign and seal this Diploma in +witness thereof, and forward to you the insignia of the Order.</p> + +<p class="left padl3">“<span class="smcap">St. Petersburg</span>, this 10th day of November, 1860.</p> + +<table summary="signatures"><tr> +<td class="tdc padr1" rowspan="4">[<span class="smcap">SEAL.</span>]</td> +<td class="tdl"><i>The Vice-President</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Count Borch</span>.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Lieut.-General</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">L’Ecesujsecetz</span>.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdl padr1"><i>Grand Master of Ceremonies</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Rhitrovo</span>.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Member</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Ku, uyey5Eyuivel</span>.,</td> +</tr></table> + +<p>No. 5,756.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis disposed +of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, Chamberlain +to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and Don.</p> + +<p>After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the +Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, as +little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of its shallow +water and isolated position, no one supposing that a</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES</p> + +<p>and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting commerce +with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to the +Pacific Coast.</p> + +<p>A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of +the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen were +sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at Greenpoint, +Brooklyn, New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the +family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one of +America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another instance of +the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, through the lives of +unassuming and patient workers.</p> + +<p>From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the +outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved the +value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few years, spread +all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction under the corrugated +system, was merely the germ of the widespread uses to which the system +was and is applicable, as has been shown. Steamships, floating docks, pontoon +bridges, military wagons and railway cars are only a few among the many constructions +to which the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him +and those to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, +was the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, light-draft +ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s hands, of +working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in the brain of man. +Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has been honored beyond +most men by foreign potentates, and now is about to receive what he +holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the gold medal awarded +him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of this chosen body of +representatives of the people.</p> + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<h2>Appendix.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.</p> + + +<p>The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the +first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law of +Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited in the hands +of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1757, and also in those +of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the diplomatic archives of +France, from which this translation is derived:</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE WILL.</p> + +<p class="center f85 padb1">PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.</p> + +<p>In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, the +First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our descendants +and successors to the throne and government of the Russian nation:</p> + +<p>God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our +crown, having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by +His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called upon hereafter +to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking is, that the +European nations have mostly reached a state of old age, bordering upon +imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: naturally, then, they will be +easily and indubitably conquered by a people strong in youth and vigor, +especially when this latter shall have attained its full strength and power. +I look on the future invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the +North as a periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like +manner, regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations +of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain +periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its deposit. +I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors will make of it a +large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished lands of Europe, and its +waters will overflow, in spite of imposing dams erected by weak hands, if our +descendants only know how to direct its course. This is the reason I leave +them the following instructions. I give those countries to their watchfulness +and care, as Moses gave the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">I.</p> + +<p>Keep the Russian nation in a <span class="smcap">STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR</span>: so as to +have the soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when +the finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose the +best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war even +in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future aggrandizement of +Russia.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">II.</p> + +<p>Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring +civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men in times +of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed by other +countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own self-respect.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">III.</p> + +<p>On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe; +above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more immediately +concerns us.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">IV.</p> + +<p>Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by +bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election of Kings, +get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn there Muscovite +troops, until such time as they can be permanently established there. If the +neighboring powers start difficulties, appease them for a time by parceling +out the country, until you can retake in detail all that has been ceded.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">V.</p> + +<p>Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked +by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this, +sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping +up their rivalries.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">VI.</p> + +<p>Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so +as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, by propagating +our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">VII.</p> + +<p>England—requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that +can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with her, in +preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions of our +land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her sailors and ours +a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting the Russian fleet for navigation +and commerce.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">VIII.</p> + +<p>Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward +the South by the Black Sea.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">IX.</p> + +<p>Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. He +who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. Consequently, +be continually at war—sometimes with the Turks, sometimes with Persia. +Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get entire possession of it by degrees, +also of the Baltic Sea; this being necessary to the accomplishment of the +plan. Hasten the decline of Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, +if possible, the ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and +make your way to the Indies—they are the emporium of the world. Once +there, you can do without the gold of England.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">X.</p> + +<p>Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, apparently, +in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time clandestinely +exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring provinces. Endeavor +that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one and the other, so +that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the country, you prepare a +way for governing hereafter.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XI.</p> + +<p>Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the +Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the conquest +of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the ancient states of +Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will take back at a future +period.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XII.</p> + +<p>Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, as +also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in Hungary, +Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, their chief +support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by establishing a +kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic Greeks will be so +many friends that you will have scattered amongst your enemies.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIII.</p> + +<p>Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our +armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you must +make propositions separately and discreetly—first to the Court of Versailles, +then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of the Universe.</p> + +<p>If one of them accept—and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter +their pride and ambition—make use of it to crush the other—then crush, in +its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a death-struggle; the issue +of which cannot be doubtful, Russia possessing already all the East and a +great part of Europe.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIV.</p> + +<p>If—which is not likely—both refuse the propositions of Russia, you must +manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one another; then +profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down her assembled troops +on Germany; at the same time, two considerable fleets will set out—the one +from the Sea of Azov, the other from the port of Archangel—loaded with +Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of the armed fleets from the Black Sea and +the Baltic; advancing by the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they +will invade France on one side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded +on the other. These countries conquered, the rest of Europe will +easily pass under the yoke, without striking a single blow.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XV.</p> + +<p>Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.</p> + +<p class="center">PETER I.,</p> +<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">Autocrat of All the Russias</span>.<br /> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>Lest the reader of this <span class="smcap">WILL</span> may form an opinion antagonistic to its +author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot he +was also a Patriot—and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. This +man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same man who +yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen overboard in the +ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above and beyond all, +a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and Progenerator of the +Russian Life-Saving Service.</p> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/44345-h/images/cover.jpg b/44345-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c281ab --- /dev/null +++ b/44345-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/44345-h/images/test.jpg b/44345-h/images/test.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..243f85f --- /dev/null +++ b/44345-h/images/test.jpg diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b522d1a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #44345 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44345) diff --git a/old/44345-0.txt b/old/44345-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..459297a --- /dev/null +++ b/old/44345-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1055 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's +Pet Projects, according to His Last Will a, by W. Gannon + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament. + American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory. + +Author: W. Gannon + +Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + + + + + WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT + + OF + + Peter the Great’s Pet Projects, + + ACCORDING TO + + His Last Will and Testament. + + + AMERICAN INVENTION + + AS AN + + AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP + + ON ASIATIC TERRITORY. + + BY W. GANNON. + + NEW YORK: + THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO., + 15 WHITEHALL STREET. + 1889. + + + + + PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA + + ON THE + + March to Constantinople. + + AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE. + + +Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest +civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing +his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of +the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling +innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must +have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been +born a despot. + +Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by +his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling +though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly +diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full +meaning. + +And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and +constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming +the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, +somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great +Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that +Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and +arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative +has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in +the neighborhood of Esquimault. + +As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York +_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand +Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and +China: + + “SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS. + + “The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks + another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was + the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and + the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan + and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters, + with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the + condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually + converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China. + An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, + already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually + approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now + in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885 + miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge + system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of + the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on + the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military + operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line + running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation + and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series + of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already + rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during + the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of + his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An + imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate + the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty + years in overrunning Asia. + + “The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is + now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk + line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. + Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, + and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, + on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach + to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the + Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the + Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from + Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within + five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be + accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication + with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can + then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened + to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian + commerce and intercourse will be effected.” + + * * * * * + +And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a +sequel to the above: + + “The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is + to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches + to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every + branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add + materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to + build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to + Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand + to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road + would give direct communication with both the great rivers that + flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and + would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. + Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those + of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus + promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military + strategy.” + + +THE FIRST STEP. + +The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem +most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and +means to navigate the Aral Sea—the first thought being to transport +machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the +mountains—a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable. + +But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the +construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American, +through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory +established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its +system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government +to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of +Bengal—Moorshedaba. + +As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the +class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be +mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was +President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the +Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as +an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital +and membership of the Company belonged in London—Liverpool simply +being selected as a factory site. + +The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and +200 feet long, built on the new system of + + +CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON, + +three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight +of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in +proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the +corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which +corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing +the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing +her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode +of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several +supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the +Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous +purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that +they could be + + +DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS, + +being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the +utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding +or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship +construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and +justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, +for which, at a late day, he received the + + +THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL. + +Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its +value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and +German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, +where he was received by the Emperor. + +In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered +by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of +construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral +Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed +in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the +Admiral’s Report, as follows: + + “LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860. + + “HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the + Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, + for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning + the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein + contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our + rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there + cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the + discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the + trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory. + + “The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to + you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are + riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon + corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in. + + “It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted + lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction + of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a + riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this), + three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and + three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on + it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each + weighing thirty-one pounds English. + + “The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon + it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three + tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed + upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over + three tons) had been placed upon it. + + “Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not + corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs + had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the + question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts + to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels. + + “With sincere regard, + + (Signed.) “ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF. + + “To ADMIRAL ARKASS.” + + +[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL +BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.] + +On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted +photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool +Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke +Constantine. + +After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red +tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and +Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, +to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, +ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for +service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again +for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on +similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the +steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory, +they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock +and machinery, when they were ready for + + +THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP. + +From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh—thence to Moscow—on +to Nijni Novgorod—across the Volga—over the Ural Mountains—to the +Aral Sea, in Asia—where they were at length unboxed, the sections once +again put together and, lo, a + + +PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL, + +upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s +grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, +and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the +inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in +Nature’s fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels +in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable +would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard, +in full view of an alert and suspicious people. + +Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which +are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of +the preceding statements. + + “_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_: + + “I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of + the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool + for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. + Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy. + + “The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are + finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool + March 25 (13th). + + + “Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant, + + (Signed.) “JOSEPH FRANCIS.” + + * * * * * + + “MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. } + + March 31, 1861—No. 189. } + + “_To Mr. Joseph Francis_: + + “The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand + Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented + to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, + has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the + Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his + thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof. + + “Manager, BELLARMSKY. “THE PRESIDENT. + + (Signed.) Major-General CHERNOFSKY.” + + +(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.) + + “FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862. + + “DEAR MR. FRANCIS—The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at + Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in + about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty + of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before + the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to + employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon + the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about + the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter. + + “With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your + northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you. + + “I remain, yours most truly, + + (Signed.) “A. BOUTAKOFF.” + + +On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis +on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that +barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening +an avenue to increased Empire. + +After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the +construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the +shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of +Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished. + +In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused +Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint +Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. +Following is a copy of the parchment: + + + “We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and + Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of + Finland, etc., etc., etc. + + “_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_: + + “The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular + services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight + of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of + 7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that + they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward + to you the insignia of the Order. + + “ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860. + + _The Vice-President_, COUNT BORCH + [SEAL.] _Lieut.-General_, L'ECESUJSECETZ. + _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO. + _Member_, KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL., + + No. 5,756.” + + +Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis +disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, +Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and +Don. + +After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the +Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, +as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of +its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a + + +RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES + +and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting +commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to +the Pacific Coast. + +A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of +the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen +were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at +Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York. + + * * * * * + +This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the +family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one +of America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another +instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, +through the lives of unassuming and patient workers. + +From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the +outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved +the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few +years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction +under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread +uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown. +Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and +railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which +the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those +to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was +the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, +light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s +hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in +the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has +been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about +to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the +gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of +this chosen body of representatives of the people. + + + + +Appendix. + +WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING. + + +The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the +first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law +of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited +in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in +1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the +diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived: + + +THE WILL. + +PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. + +In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, +the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our +descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian +nation: + +God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown, +having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by +His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called +upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking +is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old +age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: +naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a +people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall +have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future +invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a +periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner, +regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations +of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain +periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its +deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors +will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished +lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing +dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct +its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions. +I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave +the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people. + + +I. + +Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the +soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the +finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose +the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war +even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future +aggrandizement of Russia. + + +II. + +Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring +civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men +in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed +by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own +self-respect. + + +III. + +On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe; +above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more +immediately concerns us. + + +IV. + +Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by +bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election +of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn +there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently +established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties, +appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can +retake in detail all that has been ceded. + + +V. + +Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked +by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this, +sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping +up their rivalries. + + +VI. + +Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so +as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, +by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause. + + +VII. + +England—requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that +can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with +her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions +of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her +sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting +the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce. + + +VIII. + +Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward +the South by the Black Sea. + + +IX. + +Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. +He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. +Consequently, be continually at war—sometimes with the Turks, +sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get +entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being +necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of +Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the +ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the +Indies—they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do +without the gold of England. + + +X. + +Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, +apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time +clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring +provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one +and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the +country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter. + + +XI. + +Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the +Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the +conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the +ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will +take back at a future period. + + +XII. + +Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, +as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in +Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, +their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by +establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic +Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst +your enemies. + + +XIII. + +Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our +armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you +must make propositions separately and discreetly—first to the Court of +Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of +the Universe. + +If one of them accept—and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter +their pride and ambition—make use of it to crush the other—then +crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a +death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia +possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe. + + +XIV. + +If—which is not likely—both refuse the propositions of Russia, you +must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one +another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down +her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable +fleets will set out—the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the +port of Archangel—loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of +the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the +Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one +side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These +countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the +yoke, without striking a single blow. + + +XV. + +Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued. + + + PETER I., + + AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. + + +Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its +author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot +he was also a Patriot—and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. +This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same +man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen +overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above +and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and +Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the +Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament. + American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory. + +Author: W. Gannon + +Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + + + + + WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT + + OF + + Peter the Great's Pet Projects, + + ACCORDING TO + + His Last Will and Testament. + + + AMERICAN INVENTION + + AS AN + + AID TO RUSSIA'S GRASP + + ON ASIATIC TERRITORY. + + BY W. GANNON. + + NEW YORK: + THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO., + 15 WHITEHALL STREET. + 1889. + + + + + PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA + + ON THE + + March to Constantinople. + + AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE. + + +Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest +civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing +his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of +the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling +innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must +have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been +born a despot. + +Peter's last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by +his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling +though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly +diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full +meaning. + +And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and +constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming +the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, +somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great +Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that +Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and +arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative +has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in +the neighborhood of Esquimault. + +As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York +_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand +Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and +China: + + "SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS. + + "The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks + another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was + the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and + the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan + and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters, + with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the + condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually + converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China. + An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, + already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually + approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now + in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885 + miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge + system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of + the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on + the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military + operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line + running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation + and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series + of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already + rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during + the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of + his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An + imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate + the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty + years in overrunning Asia. + + "The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is + now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk + line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. + Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, + and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, + on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach + to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the + Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the + Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from + Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within + five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be + accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication + with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can + then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened + to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian + commerce and intercourse will be effected." + + * * * * * + +And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a +sequel to the above: + + "The announcement that Russia's Central Asia railroad system is + to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches + to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every + branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add + materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to + build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to + Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand + to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road + would give direct communication with both the great rivers that + flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and + would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. + Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those + of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus + promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military + strategy." + + +THE FIRST STEP. + +The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem +most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and +means to navigate the Aral Sea--the first thought being to transport +machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the +mountains--a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable. + +But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the +construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American, +through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory +established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its +system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government +to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of +Bengal--Moorshedaba. + +As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the +class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be +mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was +President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the +Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as +an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital +and membership of the Company belonged in London--Liverpool simply +being selected as a factory site. + +The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and +200 feet long, built on the new system of + + +CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON, + +three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight +of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in +proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the +corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which +corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing +the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing +her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode +of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several +supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the +Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous +purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that +they could be + + +DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS, + +being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the +utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding +or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship +construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and +justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, +for which, at a late day, he received the + + +THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL. + +Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its +value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and +German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, +where he was received by the Emperor. + +In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered +by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of +construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral +Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed +in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the +Admiral's Report, as follows: + + "LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860. + + "HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the + Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, + for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning + the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein + contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our + rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there + cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the + discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the + trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory. + + "The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to + you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are + riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon + corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in. + + "It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted + lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction + of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a + riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this), + three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and + three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on + it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each + weighing thirty-one pounds English. + + "The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon + it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three + tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed + upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over + three tons) had been placed upon it. + + "Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not + corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs + had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the + question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts + to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels. + + "With sincere regard, + + (Signed.) "ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF. + + "To ADMIRAL ARKASS." + + +[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL +BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.] + +On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted +photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool +Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke +Constantine. + +After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red +tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and +Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, +to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, +ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for +service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again +for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on +similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the +steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory, +they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock +and machinery, when they were ready for + + +THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP. + +From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh--thence to Moscow--on +to Nijni Novgorod--across the Volga--over the Ural Mountains--to the +Aral Sea, in Asia--where they were at length unboxed, the sections once +again put together and, lo, a + + +PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL, + +upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia's +grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, +and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the +inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in +Nature's fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels +in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable +would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard, +in full view of an alert and suspicious people. + +Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which +are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of +the preceding statements. + + "_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_: + + "I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of + the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool + for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. + Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy. + + "The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are + finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool + March 25 (13th). + + + "Your Imperial Highness' humble servant, + + (Signed.) "JOSEPH FRANCIS." + + * * * * * + + "MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. } + + March 31, 1861--No. 189. } + + "_To Mr. Joseph Francis_: + + "The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand + Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented + to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, + has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the + Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his + thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof. + + "Manager, BELLARMSKY. "THE PRESIDENT. + + (Signed.) Major-General CHERNOFSKY." + + +(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.) + + "FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862. + + "DEAR MR. FRANCIS--The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at + Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in + about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty + of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before + the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to + employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon + the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about + the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter. + + "With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your + northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you. + + "I remain, yours most truly, + + (Signed.) "A. BOUTAKOFF." + + +On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis +on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that +barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening +an avenue to increased Empire. + +After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the +construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the +shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of +Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished. + +In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused +Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint +Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. +Following is a copy of the parchment: + + + "We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and + Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of + Finland, etc., etc., etc. + + "_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_: + + "The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular + services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight + of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of + 7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that + they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward + to you the insignia of the Order. + + "ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860. + + _The Vice-President_, COUNT BORCH + [SEAL.] _Lieut.-General_, L'ECESUJSECETZ. + _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO. + _Member_, KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL., + + No. 5,756." + + +Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis +disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, +Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and +Don. + +After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the +Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, +as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of +its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a + + +RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES + +and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting +commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to +the Pacific Coast. + +A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of +the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen +were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at +Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York. + + * * * * * + +This brief account of Russia's struggle for supremacy among the +family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one +of America's foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another +instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, +through the lives of unassuming and patient workers. + +From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the +outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved +the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few +years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction +under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread +uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown. +Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and +railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which +the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those +to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was +the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, +light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia's +hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in +the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has +been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about +to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the +gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of +this chosen body of representatives of the people. + + + + +Appendix. + +WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING. + + +The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the +first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law +of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited +in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in +1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the +diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived: + + +THE WILL. + +PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. + +In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, +the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our +descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian +nation: + +God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown, +having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by +His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called +upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking +is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old +age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: +naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a +people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall +have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future +invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a +periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner, +regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations +of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain +periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its +deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors +will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished +lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing +dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct +its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions. +I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave +the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people. + + +I. + +Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the +soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the +finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose +the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war +even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future +aggrandizement of Russia. + + +II. + +Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring +civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men +in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed +by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own +self-respect. + + +III. + +On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe; +above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more +immediately concerns us. + + +IV. + +Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by +bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election +of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn +there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently +established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties, +appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can +retake in detail all that has been ceded. + + +V. + +Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked +by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this, +sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping +up their rivalries. + + +VI. + +Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so +as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, +by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause. + + +VII. + +England--requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that +can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with +her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions +of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her +sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting +the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce. + + +VIII. + +Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward +the South by the Black Sea. + + +IX. + +Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. +He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. +Consequently, be continually at war--sometimes with the Turks, +sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get +entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being +necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of +Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the +ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the +Indies--they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do +without the gold of England. + + +X. + +Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, +apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time +clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring +provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one +and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the +country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter. + + +XI. + +Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the +Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the +conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the +ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will +take back at a future period. + + +XII. + +Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, +as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in +Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, +their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by +establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic +Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst +your enemies. + + +XIII. + +Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our +armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you +must make propositions separately and discreetly--first to the Court of +Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of +the Universe. + +If one of them accept--and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter +their pride and ambition--make use of it to crush the other--then +crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a +death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia +possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe. + + +XIV. + +If--which is not likely--both refuse the propositions of Russia, you +must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one +another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down +her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable +fleets will set out--the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the +port of Archangel--loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of +the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the +Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one +side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These +countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the +yoke, without striking a single blow. + + +XV. + +Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued. + + + PETER I., + + AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. + + +Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its +author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot +he was also a Patriot--and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. +This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same +man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen +overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above +and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and +Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the +Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. 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Gannon + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament. + American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory. + +Author: W. Gannon + +Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center f15">WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT</p> + +<p class="center f85">OF</p> + +<h1>Peter the Great’s Pet Projects,</h1> + +<p class="center f85">ACCORDING TO</p> + +<p class="center">His Last Will and Testament.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center f12">AMERICAN INVENTION</p> + +<p class="center f85">AS AN</p> + +<p class="center f12">AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP</p> + +<p class="center f12">ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.<br /><br /></p> + +<hr class="small" /> +<p class="center f85"><span class="smcap">By W. Gannon.</span></p> +<hr class="small" /> + +<p class="center f85"><br /><br />NEW YORK:<br /> +THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,<br /> +<span class="smcap">15 Whitehall Street</span>.<br /> +1889.<br /><br /></p> + +<hr /> + + +<h2>PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA</h2> + +<p class="center f85">ON THE</p> + +<p class="center f15">March to Constantinople.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest civilizer +of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing his country and inaugurating +vast industries, through the medium of the Ship. So far in advance +of his time was he that his startling innovations and wonderful discounting +of the arts of diplomacy must have endangered his head had he not been +fortunate enough to have been born a despot.</p> + +<p>Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by his +successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling though its +terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly diplomatic that his successors +have religiously lived up to their full meaning.</p> + +<p>And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and constantly-tightening +grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming the Governments of the +Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, somewhat concern ourselves. +The Canadian Government is now urging Great Britain to erect defences on +the Pacific Coast, for the reason that Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar +policy, is enlarging her works and arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +Columbia; and the initiative has already been taken by Great Britain in the +erection of batteries in the neighborhood of Esquimault.</p> + +<p>As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York +<i>Tribune</i> contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand Trunk +Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and China:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">“SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.</p> + +<p>“The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks +another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was the objective +point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and the sea of Aral, +which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan and the establishment of +Tashkend as the military headquarters, with railway connections northward. +Bokhara was reduced to the condition of a protected province and Samarcand +was virtually converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China. +An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, already +within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually approached from the +Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now in operation from Michailovsk +to Samarcand, a distance of 885 miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and +Bokhara. This narrow-gauge system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives +Russia control of the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of +conquest on the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military +operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line running from +Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation and supplies. Meanwhile, +it binds together a straggling series of conquests separated by broad +reaches of desert. It is already rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends +to visit during the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the +valor of his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An imperial +journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate the wonderful progress +made by the Russians during the last twenty years in overrunning +Asia.</p> + +<p>“The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is +now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk line +through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. Surveys have +already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, and this line when +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian +now makes a close approach to Western China, the Siberian will complete +the circuit of the Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent +of the Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from +Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within five +years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be accomplished and St. +Petersburgh brought into direct communication with Vladivostock. The +journey from the capital to the Pacific can then be made in a fortnight; and +if Chinese markets can be opened to Russian traders, a marvelous change in +the conditions of Asian commerce and intercourse will be effected.”</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p>And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a +sequel to the above:</p><blockquote> + +<p>“The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is to be +greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches to Samarkand +and already more than pays working expenses. Every branch or further extension +of the main line will, of course, add materially to its traffic and its +profits. It is now proposed to build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, +on the Oxus, to Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward +from Samarcand to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and +thus the road would give direct communication with both the great rivers +that flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and +would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. Just beyond +Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those of Siberia, whither +Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus promises to be of equal +importance to commerce and to military strategy.”</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE FIRST STEP.</p> + +<p>The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem +most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and +means to navigate the Aral Sea—the first thought being to transport machinery +and material for the construction of steamers over the mountains—a project +which was at length abandoned as impracticable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p>But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the +construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American, +through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory established +at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its system of +construction, secured a contract with the British Government to construct a +number of steamers for the East India Company of Bengal—Moorshedaba.</p> + +<p>As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the class +of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be mentioned that +Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was President, while +such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the Institution of Civil +Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as an eminent engineer, +were members and stockholders. The entire capital and membership of the +Company belonged in London—Liverpool simply being selected as a factory +site.</p> + +<p>The steamers under course of construction by this Company were +150 and 200 feet long, built on the new system of</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,</p> + +<p>three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight of hull +of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in proportion, while +the strength was increased two-fold by means of the corrugations covering +the entire outer surface of the hull, which corrugations take the place of +<i>frames</i> or <i>timbers</i>, thus increasing the interior capacity of a boat of given +draft while vastly increasing her strength. The great utility and superior +qualities of this mode of construction was fully demonstrated by the building +of several supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for +the Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous +purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that they +could be</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,</p> + +<p>being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the utmost +celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding or mechani<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>cal +knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship construction was +invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and justly celebrated as +founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, for which, at a late day, he +received the</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.</p> + +<p>Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its value +had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and German +Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, where he +was received by the Emperor.</p> + +<p>In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered +by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of construction, +with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral Sea, +in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed in possession of +the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the Admiral’s Report, as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="right padr1 padt1">“<span class="smcap">Liverpool</span>, 15th November, 1860.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Honored Sir</span>: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the +Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, for publication +in a marine journal, a short article concerning the corrugated iron +steamers. In addition to information therein contained, I would state that it +is my conviction that for our rivers, which are from year to year getting more +shallow, there cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In +the discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the trials which +have been made at the Liverpool factory.</p> + +<p>“The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to you, +crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are riveted together +by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon corrugation, and a double +row of rivets put in.</p> + +<p>“It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted lap to +a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction of the steamers. For +that purpose we placed upon two blocks a riveted sheet <i>a a</i> (as marked in +the diagram accompanying this), three feet ten inches in length by two feet +six inches wide and three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +laying on it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, <i>b b</i>, each weighing +thirty-one pounds English.</p> + +<p>“The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon it 188 +slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three tons); after this +test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed upon the blocks, and it +bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over three tons) had been placed upon it.</p> + +<p>“Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not corrugated, +and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs had been placed +upon it. I believe that such results settle the question in regard to the +local strength which corrugation imparts to iron and its adaptation in the +construction of vessels.</p> + +<p class="center">“With sincere regard,</p> + +<p class="right padr2"><span style="margin-right: 5em;">(Signed.)</span><span style="margin-right: 5em;">“ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF.</span></p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">To Admiral Arkass</span>.”</p> +</blockquote> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/test.jpg" width="500" height="215" alt="TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY +ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N." /> +<p class="center">TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY<br /> +ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.<br /><br /></p></div> + + +<p>On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted photographs +and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool Company, +addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke Constantine.</p> + +<p>After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red +tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, to be +pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, ere the year +1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for service, were erected +at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again for shipment. These vessels +were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on similar lines to vessels already constructed +by the Company. When the steamers had been put together, +tested and again set up at the factory, they were boxed for shipment, in sections, +both hulls, floating dock and machinery, when they were ready for</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.</p> + +<p>From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh—thence to Moscow—on +to Nijni Novgorod—across the Volga—over the Ural Mountains—to the +Aral Sea, in Asia—where they were at length unboxed, the sections once +again put together and, lo, a</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,</p> + +<p>upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s grandest +Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, and swooped +down like things of life on the insulated sea, the inhabitants of whose +shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in Nature’s fastness. Impossible +would it have been to transport vessels in their entirety over the rugged +heights, and deadly impracticable would it have been to attempt their +construction on the Aral seaboard, in full view of an alert and suspicious +people.</p> + +<p>Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which are +in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of the preceding +statements.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“<i>To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine</i>:</p> + +<p>“I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of the +two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool for the Syr +Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. Boutakoff, of the Russian +Imperial Navy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + + + +<p>“The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are +finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool March +25 (13th).</p> + +<p class="right padr4">“Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant,</p> + +<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“JOSEPH FRANCIS.”</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<table width="100%" summary="address"><tr> +<td class="tdr">“<span class="smcap">Marine Ministry of the Shipbuilding Dep’t.</span></td> +<td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:200%;font-weight:lighter;margin:0;line-height:1em;text-indent:0;"> } </span></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdr padr2">March 31, 1861—No. 189.</td> +</tr></table> + +<p>“<i>To Mr. Joseph Francis</i>:<br /> +</p> + +<p>“The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand +Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented to His +Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, has been sent +to this committee, with a resolution from the Ministry of Marine, stating that +His Imperial Highness desired his thanks to you. The committee has the +honor to inform you thereof.</p> + +<p class="right padr1">“Manager, <span class="smcap">Bellarmsky</span><span style="margin-left: 8em;">“THE PRESIDENT.</span></p> + +<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 8em;">“Major-General CHERNOFSKY.”</span><br /> +</p></blockquote> + + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">“Fort No. 1, Syr Dariah</span>, July 2, 1862.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Francis</span>—The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your +works at Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in +about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty of transporting +them across the Desert, will not arrive before the middle of August, so +that I shall not have sufficient time to employ the new steamers this year, +but will give them a trial upon the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon +dock will be here about the end of August, giving us time to put them together +next winter.</p> + +<p>“With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your +northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.</p> + +<p class="right padr3">“I remain, yours most truly,</p> + +<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“A. BOUTAKOFF.”</span></p></blockquote> + +<p>On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. +Francis on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening an +avenue to increased Empire.</p> + +<p>After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the construction +of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the shores of +that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of Asia was, to all intents +and purposes, accomplished.</p> + +<p>In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused +Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus, +one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. Following is a copy +of the parchment:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="indent">“We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and Autocrat of +all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc., +etc., etc.</p> + +<p> +“<i>To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America</i>: +</p> + +<p>“The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular services, we +have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight of our Imperial and +Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of 7th November, 1860, given to +our Chapter of Orders, to the end that they do sign and seal this Diploma in +witness thereof, and forward to you the insignia of the Order.</p> + +<p class="left padl3">“<span class="smcap">St. Petersburg</span>, this 10th day of November, 1860.</p> + +<table summary="signatures"><tr> +<td class="tdc padr1" rowspan="4">[<span class="smcap">SEAL.</span>]</td> +<td class="tdl"><i>The Vice-President</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Count Borch</span>.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Lieut.-General</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">L’Ecesujsecetz</span>.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdl padr1"><i>Grand Master of Ceremonies</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Rhitrovo</span>.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Member</i>,</td> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Ku, uyey5Eyuivel</span>.,</td> +</tr></table> + +<p>No. 5,756.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis disposed +of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, Chamberlain +to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and Don.</p> + +<p>After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the +Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, as +little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of its shallow +water and isolated position, no one supposing that a</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES</p> + +<p>and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting commerce +with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to the +Pacific Coast.</p> + +<p>A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of +the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen were +sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at Greenpoint, +Brooklyn, New York.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the +family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one of +America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another instance of +the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, through the lives of +unassuming and patient workers.</p> + +<p>From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the +outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved the +value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few years, spread +all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction under the corrugated +system, was merely the germ of the widespread uses to which the system +was and is applicable, as has been shown. Steamships, floating docks, pontoon +bridges, military wagons and railway cars are only a few among the many constructions +to which the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him +and those to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, +was the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, light-draft +ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s hands, of +working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in the brain of man. +Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has been honored beyond +most men by foreign potentates, and now is about to receive what he +holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the gold medal awarded +him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of this chosen body of +representatives of the people.</p> + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<h2>Appendix.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.</p> + + +<p>The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the +first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law of +Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited in the hands +of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1757, and also in those +of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the diplomatic archives of +France, from which this translation is derived:</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE WILL.</p> + +<p class="center f85 padb1">PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.</p> + +<p>In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, the +First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our descendants +and successors to the throne and government of the Russian nation:</p> + +<p>God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our +crown, having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by +His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called upon hereafter +to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking is, that the +European nations have mostly reached a state of old age, bordering upon +imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: naturally, then, they will be +easily and indubitably conquered by a people strong in youth and vigor, +especially when this latter shall have attained its full strength and power. +I look on the future invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the +North as a periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like +manner, regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations +of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain +periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its deposit. +I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors will make of it a +large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished lands of Europe, and its +waters will overflow, in spite of imposing dams erected by weak hands, if our +descendants only know how to direct its course. This is the reason I leave +them the following instructions. I give those countries to their watchfulness +and care, as Moses gave the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">I.</p> + +<p>Keep the Russian nation in a <span class="smcap">STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR</span>: so as to +have the soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when +the finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose the +best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war even +in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future aggrandizement of +Russia.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">II.</p> + +<p>Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring +civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men in times +of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed by other +countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own self-respect.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">III.</p> + +<p>On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe; +above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more immediately +concerns us.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">IV.</p> + +<p>Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by +bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election of Kings, +get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn there Muscovite +troops, until such time as they can be permanently established there. If the +neighboring powers start difficulties, appease them for a time by parceling +out the country, until you can retake in detail all that has been ceded.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">V.</p> + +<p>Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked +by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this, +sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping +up their rivalries.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">VI.</p> + +<p>Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so +as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, by propagating +our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">VII.</p> + +<p>England—requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that +can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with her, in +preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions of our +land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her sailors and ours +a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting the Russian fleet for navigation +and commerce.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">VIII.</p> + +<p>Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward +the South by the Black Sea.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">IX.</p> + +<p>Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. He +who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. Consequently, +be continually at war—sometimes with the Turks, sometimes with Persia. +Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get entire possession of it by degrees, +also of the Baltic Sea; this being necessary to the accomplishment of the +plan. Hasten the decline of Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, +if possible, the ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and +make your way to the Indies—they are the emporium of the world. Once +there, you can do without the gold of England.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">X.</p> + +<p>Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, apparently, +in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time clandestinely +exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring provinces. Endeavor +that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one and the other, so +that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the country, you prepare a +way for governing hereafter.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XI.</p> + +<p>Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the +Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the conquest +of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the ancient states of +Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will take back at a future +period.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XII.</p> + +<p>Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, as +also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in Hungary, +Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, their chief +support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by establishing a +kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic Greeks will be so +many friends that you will have scattered amongst your enemies.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIII.</p> + +<p>Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our +armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you must +make propositions separately and discreetly—first to the Court of Versailles, +then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of the Universe.</p> + +<p>If one of them accept—and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter +their pride and ambition—make use of it to crush the other—then crush, in +its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a death-struggle; the issue +of which cannot be doubtful, Russia possessing already all the East and a +great part of Europe.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIV.</p> + +<p>If—which is not likely—both refuse the propositions of Russia, you must +manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one another; then +profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down her assembled troops +on Germany; at the same time, two considerable fleets will set out—the one +from the Sea of Azov, the other from the port of Archangel—loaded with +Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of the armed fleets from the Black Sea and +the Baltic; advancing by the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they +will invade France on one side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded +on the other. These countries conquered, the rest of Europe will +easily pass under the yoke, without striking a single blow.</p> + + +<p class="center padb1 padt1">XV.</p> + +<p>Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.</p> + +<p class="center">PETER I.,</p> +<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">Autocrat of All the Russias</span>.<br /> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>Lest the reader of this <span class="smcap">WILL</span> may form an opinion antagonistic to its +author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot he +was also a Patriot—and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. This +man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same man who +yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen overboard in the +ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above and beyond all, +a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and Progenerator of the +Russian Life-Saving Service.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the +Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. 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Gannon + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament. + American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory. + +Author: W. Gannon + +Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + + + + + WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT + + OF + + Peter the Great's Pet Projects, + + ACCORDING TO + + His Last Will and Testament. + + + AMERICAN INVENTION + + AS AN + + AID TO RUSSIA'S GRASP + + ON ASIATIC TERRITORY. + + BY W. GANNON. + + NEW YORK: + THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO., + 15 WHITEHALL STREET. + 1889. + + + + + PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA + + ON THE + + March to Constantinople. + + AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE. + + +Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest +civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing +his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of +the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling +innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must +have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been +born a despot. + +Peter's last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by +his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling +though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly +diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full +meaning. + +And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and +constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming +the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, +somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great +Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that +Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and +arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative +has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in +the neighborhood of Esquimault. + +As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York +_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand +Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and +China: + + "SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS. + + "The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks + another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was + the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and + the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan + and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters, + with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the + condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually + converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China. + An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, + already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually + approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now + in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885 + miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge + system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of + the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on + the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military + operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line + running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation + and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series + of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already + rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during + the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of + his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An + imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate + the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty + years in overrunning Asia. + + "The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is + now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk + line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. + Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, + and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, + on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach + to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the + Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the + Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from + Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within + five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be + accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication + with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can + then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened + to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian + commerce and intercourse will be effected." + + * * * * * + +And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a +sequel to the above: + + "The announcement that Russia's Central Asia railroad system is + to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches + to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every + branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add + materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to + build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to + Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand + to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road + would give direct communication with both the great rivers that + flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and + would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. + Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those + of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus + promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military + strategy." + + +THE FIRST STEP. + +The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem +most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and +means to navigate the Aral Sea--the first thought being to transport +machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the +mountains--a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable. + +But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the +construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American, +through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory +established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its +system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government +to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of +Bengal--Moorshedaba. + +As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the +class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be +mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was +President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the +Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as +an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital +and membership of the Company belonged in London--Liverpool simply +being selected as a factory site. + +The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and +200 feet long, built on the new system of + + +CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON, + +three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight +of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in +proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the +corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which +corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing +the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing +her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode +of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several +supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the +Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous +purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that +they could be + + +DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS, + +being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the +utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding +or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship +construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and +justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, +for which, at a late day, he received the + + +THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL. + +Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its +value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and +German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, +where he was received by the Emperor. + +In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered +by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of +construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral +Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed +in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the +Admiral's Report, as follows: + + "LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860. + + "HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the + Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, + for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning + the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein + contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our + rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there + cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the + discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the + trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory. + + "The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to + you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are + riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon + corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in. + + "It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted + lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction + of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a + riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this), + three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and + three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on + it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each + weighing thirty-one pounds English. + + "The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon + it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three + tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed + upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over + three tons) had been placed upon it. + + "Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not + corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs + had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the + question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts + to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels. + + "With sincere regard, + + (Signed.) "ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF. + + "To ADMIRAL ARKASS." + + +[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL +BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.] + +On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted +photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool +Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke +Constantine. + +After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red +tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and +Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, +to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, +ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for +service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again +for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on +similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the +steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory, +they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock +and machinery, when they were ready for + + +THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP. + +From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh--thence to Moscow--on +to Nijni Novgorod--across the Volga--over the Ural Mountains--to the +Aral Sea, in Asia--where they were at length unboxed, the sections once +again put together and, lo, a + + +PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL, + +upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia's +grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, +and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the +inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in +Nature's fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels +in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable +would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard, +in full view of an alert and suspicious people. + +Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which +are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of +the preceding statements. + + "_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_: + + "I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of + the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool + for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. + Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy. + + "The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are + finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool + March 25 (13th). + + + "Your Imperial Highness' humble servant, + + (Signed.) "JOSEPH FRANCIS." + + * * * * * + + "MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. } + + March 31, 1861--No. 189. } + + "_To Mr. Joseph Francis_: + + "The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand + Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented + to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, + has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the + Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his + thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof. + + "Manager, BELLARMSKY. "THE PRESIDENT. + + (Signed.) Major-General CHERNOFSKY." + + +(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.) + + "FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862. + + "DEAR MR. FRANCIS--The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at + Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in + about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty + of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before + the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to + employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon + the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about + the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter. + + "With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your + northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you. + + "I remain, yours most truly, + + (Signed.) "A. BOUTAKOFF." + + +On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis +on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that +barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening +an avenue to increased Empire. + +After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the +construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the +shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of +Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished. + +In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused +Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint +Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. +Following is a copy of the parchment: + + + "We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and + Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of + Finland, etc., etc., etc. + + "_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_: + + "The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular + services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight + of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of + 7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that + they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward + to you the insignia of the Order. + + "ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860. + + _The Vice-President_, COUNT BORCH + [SEAL.] _Lieut.-General_, L'ECESUJSECETZ. + _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO. + _Member_, KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL., + + No. 5,756." + + +Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis +disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, +Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and +Don. + +After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the +Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, +as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of +its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a + + +RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES + +and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting +commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to +the Pacific Coast. + +A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of +the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen +were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at +Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York. + + * * * * * + +This brief account of Russia's struggle for supremacy among the +family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one +of America's foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another +instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, +through the lives of unassuming and patient workers. + +From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the +outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved +the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few +years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction +under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread +uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown. +Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and +railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which +the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those +to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was +the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, +light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia's +hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in +the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has +been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about +to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the +gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of +this chosen body of representatives of the people. + + + + +Appendix. + +WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING. + + +The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the +first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law +of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited +in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in +1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the +diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived: + + +THE WILL. + +PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. + +In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, +the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our +descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian +nation: + +God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown, +having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by +His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called +upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking +is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old +age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: +naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a +people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall +have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future +invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a +periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner, +regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations +of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain +periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its +deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors +will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished +lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing +dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct +its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions. +I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave +the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people. + + +I. + +Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the +soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the +finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose +the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war +even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future +aggrandizement of Russia. + + +II. + +Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring +civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men +in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed +by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own +self-respect. + + +III. + +On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe; +above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more +immediately concerns us. + + +IV. + +Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by +bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election +of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn +there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently +established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties, +appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can +retake in detail all that has been ceded. + + +V. + +Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked +by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this, +sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping +up their rivalries. + + +VI. + +Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so +as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, +by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause. + + +VII. + +England--requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that +can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with +her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions +of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her +sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting +the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce. + + +VIII. + +Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward +the South by the Black Sea. + + +IX. + +Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. +He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. +Consequently, be continually at war--sometimes with the Turks, +sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get +entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being +necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of +Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the +ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the +Indies--they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do +without the gold of England. + + +X. + +Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, +apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time +clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring +provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one +and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the +country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter. + + +XI. + +Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the +Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the +conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the +ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will +take back at a future period. + + +XII. + +Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, +as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in +Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, +their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by +establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic +Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst +your enemies. + + +XIII. + +Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our +armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you +must make propositions separately and discreetly--first to the Court of +Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of +the Universe. + +If one of them accept--and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter +their pride and ambition--make use of it to crush the other--then +crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a +death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia +possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe. + + +XIV. + +If--which is not likely--both refuse the propositions of Russia, you +must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one +another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down +her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable +fleets will set out--the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the +port of Archangel--loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of +the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the +Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one +side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These +countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the +yoke, without striking a single blow. + + +XV. + +Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued. + + + PETER I., + + AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. + + +Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its +author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot +he was also a Patriot--and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. +This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same +man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen +overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above +and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and +Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the +Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. 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