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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 ***
+
+  WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT
+
+  OF
+
+  Peter the Great’s Pet Projects,
+
+  ACCORDING TO
+
+  His Last Will and Testament.
+
+
+  AMERICAN INVENTION
+
+  AS AN
+
+  AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP
+
+  ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.
+
+  BY W. GANNON.
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,
+  15 WHITEHALL STREET.
+  1889.
+
+
+
+
+  PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA
+
+  ON THE
+
+  March to Constantinople.
+
+  AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.
+
+
+Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest
+civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing
+his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of
+the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling
+innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must
+have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been
+born a despot.
+
+Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by
+his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling
+though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly
+diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full
+meaning.
+
+And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and
+constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming
+the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future,
+somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great
+Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that
+Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and
+arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative
+has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in
+the neighborhood of Esquimault.
+
+As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York
+_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand
+Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and
+China:
+
+    “SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.
+
+    “The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks
+    another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was
+    the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and
+    the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan
+    and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters,
+    with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the
+    condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually
+    converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China.
+    An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand,
+    already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually
+    approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now
+    in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885
+    miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge
+    system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of
+    the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on
+    the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military
+    operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line
+    running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation
+    and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series
+    of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already
+    rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during
+    the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of
+    his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An
+    imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate
+    the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty
+    years in overrunning Asia.
+
+    “The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is
+    now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk
+    line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.
+    Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk,
+    and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock,
+    on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach
+    to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the
+    Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the
+    Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from
+    Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within
+    five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be
+    accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication
+    with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can
+    then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened
+    to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian
+    commerce and intercourse will be effected.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a
+sequel to the above:
+
+    “The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is
+    to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches
+    to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every
+    branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add
+    materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to
+    build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to
+    Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand
+    to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road
+    would give direct communication with both the great rivers that
+    flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and
+    would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian.
+    Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those
+    of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus
+    promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military
+    strategy.”
+
+
+THE FIRST STEP.
+
+The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem
+most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and
+means to navigate the Aral Sea—the first thought being to transport
+machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the
+mountains—a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable.
+
+But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the
+construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American,
+through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory
+established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its
+system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government
+to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of
+Bengal—Moorshedaba.
+
+As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the
+class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be
+mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was
+President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as
+an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital
+and membership of the Company belonged in London—Liverpool simply
+being selected as a factory site.
+
+The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and
+200 feet long, built on the new system of
+
+
+CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,
+
+three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight
+of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in
+proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the
+corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which
+corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing
+the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing
+her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode
+of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several
+supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the
+Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous
+purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that
+they could be
+
+
+DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,
+
+being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the
+utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding
+or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship
+construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and
+justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service,
+for which, at a late day, he received the
+
+
+THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.
+
+Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its
+value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and
+German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country,
+where he was received by the Emperor.
+
+In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered
+by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of
+construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral
+Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed
+in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the
+Admiral’s Report, as follows:
+
+    “LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860.
+
+    “HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the
+    Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October,
+    for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning
+    the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein
+    contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our
+    rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there
+    cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the
+    discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the
+    trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory.
+
+    “The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to
+    you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are
+    riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon
+    corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in.
+
+    “It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted
+    lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction
+    of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a
+    riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this),
+    three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and
+    three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on
+    it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each
+    weighing thirty-one pounds English.
+
+    “The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon
+    it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three
+    tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed
+    upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over
+    three tons) had been placed upon it.
+
+    “Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not
+    corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs
+    had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the
+    question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts
+    to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels.
+
+    “With sincere regard,
+
+    (Signed.)     “ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF.
+
+    “To ADMIRAL ARKASS.”
+
+
+[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL
+BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.]
+
+On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted
+photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool
+Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke
+Constantine.
+
+After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red
+tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and
+Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers,
+to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that,
+ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for
+service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again
+for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on
+similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the
+steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory,
+they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock
+and machinery, when they were ready for
+
+
+THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.
+
+From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh—thence to Moscow—on
+to Nijni Novgorod—across the Volga—over the Ural Mountains—to the
+Aral Sea, in Asia—where they were at length unboxed, the sections once
+again put together and, lo, a
+
+
+PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,
+
+upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s
+grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier,
+and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the
+inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in
+Nature’s fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels
+in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable
+would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard,
+in full view of an alert and suspicious people.
+
+Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which
+are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of
+the preceding statements.
+
+    “_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_:
+
+    “I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of
+    the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool
+    for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A.
+    Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy.
+
+    “The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are
+    finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool
+    March 25 (13th).
+
+
+    “Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant,
+
+    (Signed.)                   “JOSEPH FRANCIS.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    “MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. }
+
+                        March 31, 1861—No. 189. }
+
+    “_To Mr. Joseph Francis_:
+
+    “The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand
+    Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented
+    to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers,
+    has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the
+    Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his
+    thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof.
+
+    “Manager, BELLARMSKY.             “THE PRESIDENT.
+
+    (Signed.)              Major-General CHERNOFSKY.”
+
+
+(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)
+
+    “FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862.
+
+    “DEAR MR. FRANCIS—The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at
+    Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in
+    about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty
+    of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before
+    the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to
+    employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon
+    the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about
+    the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter.
+
+    “With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your
+    northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.
+
+    “I remain, yours most truly,
+
+    (Signed.)      “A. BOUTAKOFF.”
+
+
+On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis
+on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that
+barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening
+an avenue to increased Empire.
+
+After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the
+construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the
+shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of
+Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished.
+
+In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused
+Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint
+Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty.
+Following is a copy of the parchment:
+
+
+    “We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and
+    Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of
+    Finland, etc., etc., etc.
+
+    “_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_:
+
+    “The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular
+    services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight
+    of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of
+    7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that
+    they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward
+    to you the insignia of the Order.
+
+    “ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860.
+
+                   _The Vice-President_,         COUNT BORCH
+    [SEAL.]        _Lieut.-General_,             L'ECESUJSECETZ.
+                   _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO.
+                   _Member_,                     KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL.,
+
+    No. 5,756.”
+
+
+Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis
+disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin,
+Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and
+Don.
+
+After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the
+Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made,
+as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of
+its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a
+
+
+RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES
+
+and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting
+commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to
+the Pacific Coast.
+
+A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of
+the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen
+were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at
+Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the
+family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one
+of America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another
+instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world,
+through the lives of unassuming and patient workers.
+
+From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the
+outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved
+the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few
+years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction
+under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread
+uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown.
+Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and
+railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which
+the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those
+to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was
+the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong,
+light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s
+hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in
+the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has
+been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about
+to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the
+gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of
+this chosen body of representatives of the people.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix.
+
+WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.
+
+
+The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the
+first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law
+of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited
+in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in
+1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the
+diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived:
+
+
+THE WILL.
+
+PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
+
+In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter,
+the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our
+descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian
+nation:
+
+God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown,
+having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by
+His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called
+upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking
+is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old
+age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it:
+naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a
+people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall
+have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future
+invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a
+periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner,
+regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations
+of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain
+periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its
+deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors
+will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished
+lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing
+dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct
+its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions.
+I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave
+the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.
+
+
+I.
+
+Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the
+soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the
+finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose
+the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war
+even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future
+aggrandizement of Russia.
+
+
+II.
+
+Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring
+civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men
+in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed
+by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own
+self-respect.
+
+
+III.
+
+On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe;
+above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more
+immediately concerns us.
+
+
+IV.
+
+Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by
+bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election
+of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn
+there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently
+established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties,
+appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can
+retake in detail all that has been ceded.
+
+
+V.
+
+Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked
+by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this,
+sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping
+up their rivalries.
+
+
+VI.
+
+Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so
+as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and,
+by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.
+
+
+VII.
+
+England—requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that
+can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with
+her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions
+of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her
+sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting
+the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward
+the South by the Black Sea.
+
+
+IX.
+
+Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts.
+He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world.
+Consequently, be continually at war—sometimes with the Turks,
+sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get
+entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being
+necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of
+Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the
+ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the
+Indies—they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do
+without the gold of England.
+
+
+X.
+
+Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce,
+apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time
+clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring
+provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one
+and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the
+country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter.
+
+
+XI.
+
+Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the
+Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the
+conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the
+ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will
+take back at a future period.
+
+
+XII.
+
+Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks,
+as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in
+Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres,
+their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by
+establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic
+Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst
+your enemies.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our
+armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you
+must make propositions separately and discreetly—first to the Court of
+Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of
+the Universe.
+
+If one of them accept—and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter
+their pride and ambition—make use of it to crush the other—then
+crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a
+death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia
+possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+If—which is not likely—both refuse the propositions of Russia, you
+must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one
+another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down
+her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable
+fleets will set out—the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the
+port of Archangel—loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of
+the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the
+Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one
+side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These
+countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the
+yoke, without striking a single blow.
+
+
+XV.
+
+Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.
+
+
+  PETER I.,
+
+  AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS.
+
+
+Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its
+author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot
+he was also a Patriot—and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian.
+This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same
+man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen
+overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above
+and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and
+Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the
+Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. Gannon
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 ***</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center f15">WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT</p>
+
+<p class="center f85">OF</p>
+
+<h1>Peter the Great’s Pet Projects,</h1>
+
+<p class="center f85">ACCORDING TO</p>
+
+<p class="center">His Last Will and Testament.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center f12">AMERICAN INVENTION</p>
+
+<p class="center f85">AS AN</p>
+
+<p class="center f12">AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP</p>
+
+<p class="center f12">ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center f85"><span class="smcap">By W. Gannon.</span></p>
+<hr class="small" />
+
+<p class="center f85"><br /><br />NEW YORK:<br />
+THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,<br />
+<span class="smcap">15 Whitehall Street</span>.<br />
+1889.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h2>PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA</h2>
+
+<p class="center f85">ON THE</p>
+
+<p class="center f15">March to Constantinople.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest civilizer
+of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing his country and inaugurating
+vast industries, through the medium of the Ship. So far in advance
+of his time was he that his startling innovations and wonderful discounting
+of the arts of diplomacy must have endangered his head had he not been
+fortunate enough to have been born a despot.</p>
+
+<p>Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by his
+successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling though its
+terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly diplomatic that his successors
+have religiously lived up to their full meaning.</p>
+
+<p>And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and constantly-tightening
+grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming the Governments of the
+Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, somewhat concern ourselves.
+The Canadian Government is now urging Great Britain to erect defences on
+the Pacific Coast, for the reason that Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar
+policy, is enlarging her works and arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+Columbia; and the initiative has already been taken by Great Britain in the
+erection of batteries in the neighborhood of Esquimault.</p>
+
+<p>As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York
+<i>Tribune</i> contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand Trunk
+Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and China:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">“SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.</p>
+
+<p>“The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks
+another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was the objective
+point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and the sea of Aral,
+which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan and the establishment of
+Tashkend as the military headquarters, with railway connections northward.
+Bokhara was reduced to the condition of a protected province and Samarcand
+was virtually converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China.
+An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, already
+within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually approached from the
+Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now in operation from Michailovsk
+to Samarcand, a distance of 885 miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and
+Bokhara. This narrow-gauge system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives
+Russia control of the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of
+conquest on the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military
+operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line running from
+Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation and supplies. Meanwhile,
+it binds together a straggling series of conquests separated by broad
+reaches of desert. It is already rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends
+to visit during the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the
+valor of his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An imperial
+journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate the wonderful progress
+made by the Russians during the last twenty years in overrunning
+Asia.</p>
+
+<p>“The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is
+now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk line
+through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. Surveys have
+already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, and this line when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian
+now makes a close approach to Western China, the Siberian will complete
+the circuit of the Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent
+of the Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from
+Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within five
+years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be accomplished and St.
+Petersburgh brought into direct communication with Vladivostock. The
+journey from the capital to the Pacific can then be made in a fortnight; and
+if Chinese markets can be opened to Russian traders, a marvelous change in
+the conditions of Asian commerce and intercourse will be effected.”</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a
+sequel to the above:</p><blockquote>
+
+<p>“The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is to be
+greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches to Samarkand
+and already more than pays working expenses. Every branch or further extension
+of the main line will, of course, add materially to its traffic and its
+profits. It is now proposed to build a branch from the main line at Chardjui,
+on the Oxus, to Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward
+from Samarcand to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and
+thus the road would give direct communication with both the great rivers
+that flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and
+would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. Just beyond
+Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those of Siberia, whither
+Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus promises to be of equal
+importance to commerce and to military strategy.”</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE FIRST STEP.</p>
+
+<p>The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem
+most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and
+means to navigate the Aral Sea&mdash;the first thought being to transport machinery
+and material for the construction of steamers over the mountains&mdash;a project
+which was at length abandoned as impracticable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the
+construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American,
+through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory established
+at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its system of
+construction, secured a contract with the British Government to construct a
+number of steamers for the East India Company of Bengal&mdash;Moorshedaba.</p>
+
+<p>As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the class
+of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be mentioned that
+Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was President, while
+such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the Institution of Civil
+Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as an eminent engineer,
+were members and stockholders. The entire capital and membership of the
+Company belonged in London&mdash;Liverpool simply being selected as a factory
+site.</p>
+
+<p>The steamers under course of construction by this Company were
+150 and 200 feet long, built on the new system of</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,</p>
+
+<p>three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight of hull
+of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in proportion, while
+the strength was increased two-fold by means of the corrugations covering
+the entire outer surface of the hull, which corrugations take the place of
+<i>frames</i> or <i>timbers</i>, thus increasing the interior capacity of a boat of given
+draft while vastly increasing her strength. The great utility and superior
+qualities of this mode of construction was fully demonstrated by the building
+of several supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for
+the Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous
+purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that they
+could be</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,</p>
+
+<p>being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the utmost
+celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding or mechani<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>cal
+knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship construction was
+invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and justly celebrated as
+founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, for which, at a late day, he
+received the</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.</p>
+
+<p>Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its value
+had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and German
+Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, where he
+was received by the Emperor.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered
+by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of construction,
+with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral Sea,
+in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed in possession of
+the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the Admiral’s Report, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right padr1 padt1">“<span class="smcap">Liverpool</span>, 15th November, 1860.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Honored Sir</span>: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the
+Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, for publication
+in a marine journal, a short article concerning the corrugated iron
+steamers. In addition to information therein contained, I would state that it
+is my conviction that for our rivers, which are from year to year getting more
+shallow, there cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In
+the discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the trials which
+have been made at the Liverpool factory.</p>
+
+<p>“The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to you,
+crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are riveted together
+by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon corrugation, and a double
+row of rivets put in.</p>
+
+<p>“It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted lap to
+a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction of the steamers. For
+that purpose we placed upon two blocks a riveted sheet <i>a a</i> (as marked in
+the diagram accompanying this), three feet ten inches in length by two feet
+six inches wide and three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+laying on it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, <i>b b</i>, each weighing
+thirty-one pounds English.</p>
+
+<p>“The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon it 188
+slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three tons); after this
+test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed upon the blocks, and it
+bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over three tons) had been placed upon it.</p>
+
+<p>“Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not corrugated,
+and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs had been placed
+upon it. I believe that such results settle the question in regard to the
+local strength which corrugation imparts to iron and its adaptation in the
+construction of vessels.</p>
+
+<p class="center">“With sincere regard,</p>
+
+<p class="right padr2"><span style="margin-right: 5em;">(Signed.)</span><span style="margin-right: 5em;">“ALEXANDER&nbsp;BOUTAKOFF.</span></p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">To Admiral Arkass</span>.”</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/test.jpg" width="500" height="215" alt="TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY
+ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N." />
+<p class="center">TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY<br />
+ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.<br /><br /></p></div>
+
+
+<p>On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted photographs
+and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool Company,
+addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke Constantine.</p>
+
+<p>After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red
+tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, to be
+pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, ere the year
+1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for service, were erected
+at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again for shipment. These vessels
+were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on similar lines to vessels already constructed
+by the Company. When the steamers had been put together,
+tested and again set up at the factory, they were boxed for shipment, in sections,
+both hulls, floating dock and machinery, when they were ready for</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.</p>
+
+<p>From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh&mdash;thence to Moscow&mdash;on
+to Nijni Novgorod&mdash;across the Volga&mdash;over the Ural Mountains&mdash;to the
+Aral Sea, in Asia&mdash;where they were at length unboxed, the sections once
+again put together and, lo, a</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,</p>
+
+<p>upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s grandest
+Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, and swooped
+down like things of life on the insulated sea, the inhabitants of whose
+shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in Nature’s fastness. Impossible
+would it have been to transport vessels in their entirety over the rugged
+heights, and deadly impracticable would it have been to attempt their
+construction on the Aral seaboard, in full view of an alert and suspicious
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which are
+in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of the preceding
+statements.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“<i>To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine</i>:</p>
+
+<p>“I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of the
+two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool for the Syr
+Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. Boutakoff, of the Russian
+Imperial Navy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>“The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are
+finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool March
+25 (13th).</p>
+
+<p class="right padr4">“Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“JOSEPH&nbsp;FRANCIS.”</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table width="100%" summary="address"><tr>
+<td class="tdr">“<span class="smcap">Marine Ministry of the Shipbuilding Dep’t.</span></td>
+<td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:200%;font-weight:lighter;margin:0;line-height:1em;text-indent:0;"> } </span></td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdr padr2">March 31, 1861&mdash;No. 189.</td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p>“<i>To Mr. Joseph Francis</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand
+Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented to His
+Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, has been sent
+to this committee, with a resolution from the Ministry of Marine, stating that
+His Imperial Highness desired his thanks to you. The committee has the
+honor to inform you thereof.</p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">“Manager,&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Bellarmsky</span><span style="margin-left: 8em;">“THE PRESIDENT.</span></p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 8em;">“Major-General&nbsp;CHERNOFSKY.”</span><br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">“Fort No. 1, Syr Dariah</span>, July 2, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Francis</span>&mdash;The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your
+works at Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in
+about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty of transporting
+them across the Desert, will not arrive before the middle of August, so
+that I shall not have sufficient time to employ the new steamers this year,
+but will give them a trial upon the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon
+dock will be here about the end of August, giving us time to put them together
+next winter.</p>
+
+<p>“With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your
+northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.</p>
+
+<p class="right padr3">“I remain, yours most truly,</p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“A.&nbsp;BOUTAKOFF.”</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr.
+Francis on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening an
+avenue to increased Empire.</p>
+
+<p>After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the construction
+of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the shores of
+that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of Asia was, to all intents
+and purposes, accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused
+Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus,
+one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. Following is a copy
+of the parchment:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">“We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and Autocrat of
+all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc.,
+etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>
+“<i>To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America</i>:
+</p>
+
+<p>“The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular services, we
+have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight of our Imperial and
+Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of 7th November, 1860, given to
+our Chapter of Orders, to the end that they do sign and seal this Diploma in
+witness thereof, and forward to you the insignia of the Order.</p>
+
+<p class="left padl3">“<span class="smcap">St. Petersburg</span>, this 10th day of November, 1860.</p>
+
+<table summary="signatures"><tr>
+<td class="tdc padr1" rowspan="4">[<span class="smcap">SEAL.</span>]</td>
+<td class="tdl"><i>The Vice-President</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Count Borch</span>.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdl"><i>Lieut.-General</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">L’Ecesujsecetz</span>.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdl padr1"><i>Grand&nbsp;Master&nbsp;of&nbsp;Ceremonies</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Rhitrovo</span>.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdl"><i>Member</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Ku,&nbsp;uyey5Eyuivel</span>.,</td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p>No.&nbsp;5,756.”</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis disposed
+of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, Chamberlain
+to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and Don.</p>
+
+<p>After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the
+Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, as
+little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of its shallow
+water and isolated position, no one supposing that a</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES</p>
+
+<p>and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting commerce
+with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to the
+Pacific Coast.</p>
+
+<p>A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of
+the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen were
+sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at Greenpoint,
+Brooklyn, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the
+family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one of
+America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another instance of
+the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, through the lives of
+unassuming and patient workers.</p>
+
+<p>From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the
+outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved the
+value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few years, spread
+all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction under the corrugated
+system, was merely the germ of the widespread uses to which the system
+was and is applicable, as has been shown. Steamships, floating docks, pontoon
+bridges, military wagons and railway cars are only a few among the many constructions
+to which the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him
+and those to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then,
+was the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, light-draft
+ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s hands, of
+working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in the brain of man.
+Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has been honored beyond
+most men by foreign potentates, and now is about to receive what he
+holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the gold medal awarded
+him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of this chosen body of
+representatives of the people.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>Appendix.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.</p>
+
+
+<p>The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the
+first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law of
+Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited in the hands
+of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1757, and also in those
+of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the diplomatic archives of
+France, from which this translation is derived:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE WILL.</p>
+
+<p class="center f85 padb1">PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.</p>
+
+<p>In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, the
+First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our descendants
+and successors to the throne and government of the Russian nation:</p>
+
+<p>God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our
+crown, having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by
+His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called upon hereafter
+to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking is, that the
+European nations have mostly reached a state of old age, bordering upon
+imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: naturally, then, they will be
+easily and indubitably conquered by a people strong in youth and vigor,
+especially when this latter shall have attained its full strength and power.
+I look on the future invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the
+North as a periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like
+manner, regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations
+of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain
+periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its deposit.
+I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors will make of it a
+large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished lands of Europe, and its
+waters will overflow, in spite of imposing dams erected by weak hands, if our
+descendants only know how to direct its course. This is the reason I leave
+them the following instructions. I give those countries to their watchfulness
+and care, as Moses gave the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">I.</p>
+
+<p>Keep the Russian nation in a <span class="smcap">STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR</span>: so as to
+have the soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when
+the finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose the
+best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war even
+in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future aggrandizement of
+Russia.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">II.</p>
+
+<p>Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring
+civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men in times
+of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed by other
+countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own self-respect.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">III.</p>
+
+<p>On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe;
+above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more immediately
+concerns us.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">IV.</p>
+
+<p>Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by
+bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election of Kings,
+get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn there Muscovite
+troops, until such time as they can be permanently established there. If the
+neighboring powers start difficulties, appease them for a time by parceling
+out the country, until you can retake in detail all that has been ceded.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">V.</p>
+
+<p>Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked
+by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this,
+sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping
+up their rivalries.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">VI.</p>
+
+<p>Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so
+as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, by propagating
+our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">VII.</p>
+
+<p>England&mdash;requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that
+can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with her, in
+preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions of our
+land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her sailors and ours
+a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting the Russian fleet for navigation
+and commerce.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">VIII.</p>
+
+<p>Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward
+the South by the Black Sea.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">IX.</p>
+
+<p>Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. He
+who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. Consequently,
+be continually at war&mdash;sometimes with the Turks, sometimes with Persia.
+Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get entire possession of it by degrees,
+also of the Baltic Sea; this being necessary to the accomplishment of the
+plan. Hasten the decline of Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish,
+if possible, the ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and
+make your way to the Indies&mdash;they are the emporium of the world. Once
+there, you can do without the gold of England.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">X.</p>
+
+<p>Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, apparently,
+in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time clandestinely
+exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring provinces. Endeavor
+that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one and the other, so
+that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the country, you prepare a
+way for governing hereafter.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XI.</p>
+
+<p>Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the
+Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the conquest
+of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the ancient states of
+Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will take back at a future
+period.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XII.</p>
+
+<p>Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, as
+also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in Hungary,
+Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, their chief
+support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by establishing a
+kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic Greeks will be so
+many friends that you will have scattered amongst your enemies.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIII.</p>
+
+<p>Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our
+armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you must
+make propositions separately and discreetly&mdash;first to the Court of Versailles,
+then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of the Universe.</p>
+
+<p>If one of them accept&mdash;and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter
+their pride and ambition&mdash;make use of it to crush the other&mdash;then crush, in
+its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a death-struggle; the issue
+of which cannot be doubtful, Russia possessing already all the East and a
+great part of Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIV.</p>
+
+<p>If&mdash;which is not likely&mdash;both refuse the propositions of Russia, you must
+manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one another; then
+profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down her assembled troops
+on Germany; at the same time, two considerable fleets will set out&mdash;the one
+from the Sea of Azov, the other from the port of Archangel&mdash;loaded with
+Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of the armed fleets from the Black Sea and
+the Baltic; advancing by the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they
+will invade France on one side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded
+on the other. These countries conquered, the rest of Europe will
+easily pass under the yoke, without striking a single blow.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XV.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PETER I.,</p>
+<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">Autocrat of All the Russias</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Lest the reader of this <span class="smcap">WILL</span> may form an opinion antagonistic to its
+author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot he
+was also a Patriot&mdash;and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. This
+man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same man who
+yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen overboard in the
+ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above and beyond all,
+a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and Progenerator of the
+Russian Life-Saving Service.</p>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44345 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #44345 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44345)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's
+Pet Projects, according to His Last Will a, by W. Gannon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament.
+       American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory.
+
+Author: W. Gannon
+
+Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT
+
+  OF
+
+  Peter the Great’s Pet Projects,
+
+  ACCORDING TO
+
+  His Last Will and Testament.
+
+
+  AMERICAN INVENTION
+
+  AS AN
+
+  AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP
+
+  ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.
+
+  BY W. GANNON.
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,
+  15 WHITEHALL STREET.
+  1889.
+
+
+
+
+  PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA
+
+  ON THE
+
+  March to Constantinople.
+
+  AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.
+
+
+Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest
+civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing
+his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of
+the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling
+innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must
+have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been
+born a despot.
+
+Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by
+his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling
+though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly
+diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full
+meaning.
+
+And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and
+constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming
+the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future,
+somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great
+Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that
+Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and
+arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative
+has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in
+the neighborhood of Esquimault.
+
+As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York
+_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand
+Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and
+China:
+
+    “SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.
+
+    “The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks
+    another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was
+    the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and
+    the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan
+    and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters,
+    with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the
+    condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually
+    converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China.
+    An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand,
+    already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually
+    approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now
+    in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885
+    miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge
+    system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of
+    the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on
+    the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military
+    operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line
+    running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation
+    and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series
+    of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already
+    rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during
+    the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of
+    his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An
+    imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate
+    the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty
+    years in overrunning Asia.
+
+    “The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is
+    now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk
+    line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.
+    Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk,
+    and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock,
+    on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach
+    to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the
+    Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the
+    Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from
+    Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within
+    five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be
+    accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication
+    with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can
+    then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened
+    to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian
+    commerce and intercourse will be effected.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a
+sequel to the above:
+
+    “The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is
+    to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches
+    to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every
+    branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add
+    materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to
+    build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to
+    Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand
+    to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road
+    would give direct communication with both the great rivers that
+    flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and
+    would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian.
+    Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those
+    of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus
+    promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military
+    strategy.”
+
+
+THE FIRST STEP.
+
+The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem
+most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and
+means to navigate the Aral Sea—the first thought being to transport
+machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the
+mountains—a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable.
+
+But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the
+construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American,
+through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory
+established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its
+system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government
+to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of
+Bengal—Moorshedaba.
+
+As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the
+class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be
+mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was
+President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as
+an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital
+and membership of the Company belonged in London—Liverpool simply
+being selected as a factory site.
+
+The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and
+200 feet long, built on the new system of
+
+
+CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,
+
+three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight
+of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in
+proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the
+corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which
+corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing
+the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing
+her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode
+of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several
+supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the
+Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous
+purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that
+they could be
+
+
+DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,
+
+being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the
+utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding
+or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship
+construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and
+justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service,
+for which, at a late day, he received the
+
+
+THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.
+
+Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its
+value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and
+German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country,
+where he was received by the Emperor.
+
+In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered
+by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of
+construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral
+Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed
+in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the
+Admiral’s Report, as follows:
+
+    “LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860.
+
+    “HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the
+    Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October,
+    for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning
+    the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein
+    contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our
+    rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there
+    cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the
+    discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the
+    trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory.
+
+    “The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to
+    you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are
+    riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon
+    corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in.
+
+    “It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted
+    lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction
+    of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a
+    riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this),
+    three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and
+    three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on
+    it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each
+    weighing thirty-one pounds English.
+
+    “The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon
+    it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three
+    tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed
+    upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over
+    three tons) had been placed upon it.
+
+    “Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not
+    corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs
+    had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the
+    question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts
+    to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels.
+
+    “With sincere regard,
+
+    (Signed.)     “ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF.
+
+    “To ADMIRAL ARKASS.”
+
+
+[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL
+BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.]
+
+On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted
+photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool
+Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke
+Constantine.
+
+After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red
+tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and
+Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers,
+to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that,
+ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for
+service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again
+for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on
+similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the
+steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory,
+they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock
+and machinery, when they were ready for
+
+
+THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.
+
+From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh—thence to Moscow—on
+to Nijni Novgorod—across the Volga—over the Ural Mountains—to the
+Aral Sea, in Asia—where they were at length unboxed, the sections once
+again put together and, lo, a
+
+
+PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,
+
+upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s
+grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier,
+and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the
+inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in
+Nature’s fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels
+in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable
+would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard,
+in full view of an alert and suspicious people.
+
+Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which
+are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of
+the preceding statements.
+
+    “_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_:
+
+    “I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of
+    the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool
+    for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A.
+    Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy.
+
+    “The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are
+    finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool
+    March 25 (13th).
+
+
+    “Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant,
+
+    (Signed.)                   “JOSEPH FRANCIS.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    “MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. }
+
+                        March 31, 1861—No. 189. }
+
+    “_To Mr. Joseph Francis_:
+
+    “The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand
+    Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented
+    to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers,
+    has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the
+    Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his
+    thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof.
+
+    “Manager, BELLARMSKY.             “THE PRESIDENT.
+
+    (Signed.)              Major-General CHERNOFSKY.”
+
+
+(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)
+
+    “FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862.
+
+    “DEAR MR. FRANCIS—The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at
+    Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in
+    about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty
+    of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before
+    the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to
+    employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon
+    the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about
+    the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter.
+
+    “With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your
+    northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.
+
+    “I remain, yours most truly,
+
+    (Signed.)      “A. BOUTAKOFF.”
+
+
+On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis
+on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that
+barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening
+an avenue to increased Empire.
+
+After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the
+construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the
+shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of
+Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished.
+
+In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused
+Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint
+Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty.
+Following is a copy of the parchment:
+
+
+    “We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and
+    Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of
+    Finland, etc., etc., etc.
+
+    “_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_:
+
+    “The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular
+    services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight
+    of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of
+    7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that
+    they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward
+    to you the insignia of the Order.
+
+    “ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860.
+
+                   _The Vice-President_,         COUNT BORCH
+    [SEAL.]        _Lieut.-General_,             L'ECESUJSECETZ.
+                   _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO.
+                   _Member_,                     KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL.,
+
+    No. 5,756.”
+
+
+Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis
+disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin,
+Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and
+Don.
+
+After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the
+Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made,
+as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of
+its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a
+
+
+RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES
+
+and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting
+commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to
+the Pacific Coast.
+
+A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of
+the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen
+were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at
+Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the
+family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one
+of America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another
+instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world,
+through the lives of unassuming and patient workers.
+
+From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the
+outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved
+the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few
+years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction
+under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread
+uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown.
+Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and
+railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which
+the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those
+to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was
+the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong,
+light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s
+hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in
+the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has
+been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about
+to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the
+gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of
+this chosen body of representatives of the people.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix.
+
+WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.
+
+
+The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the
+first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law
+of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited
+in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in
+1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the
+diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived:
+
+
+THE WILL.
+
+PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
+
+In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter,
+the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our
+descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian
+nation:
+
+God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown,
+having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by
+His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called
+upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking
+is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old
+age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it:
+naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a
+people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall
+have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future
+invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a
+periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner,
+regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations
+of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain
+periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its
+deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors
+will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished
+lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing
+dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct
+its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions.
+I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave
+the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.
+
+
+I.
+
+Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the
+soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the
+finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose
+the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war
+even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future
+aggrandizement of Russia.
+
+
+II.
+
+Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring
+civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men
+in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed
+by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own
+self-respect.
+
+
+III.
+
+On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe;
+above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more
+immediately concerns us.
+
+
+IV.
+
+Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by
+bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election
+of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn
+there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently
+established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties,
+appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can
+retake in detail all that has been ceded.
+
+
+V.
+
+Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked
+by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this,
+sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping
+up their rivalries.
+
+
+VI.
+
+Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so
+as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and,
+by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.
+
+
+VII.
+
+England—requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that
+can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with
+her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions
+of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her
+sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting
+the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward
+the South by the Black Sea.
+
+
+IX.
+
+Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts.
+He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world.
+Consequently, be continually at war—sometimes with the Turks,
+sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get
+entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being
+necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of
+Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the
+ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the
+Indies—they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do
+without the gold of England.
+
+
+X.
+
+Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce,
+apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time
+clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring
+provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one
+and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the
+country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter.
+
+
+XI.
+
+Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the
+Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the
+conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the
+ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will
+take back at a future period.
+
+
+XII.
+
+Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks,
+as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in
+Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres,
+their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by
+establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic
+Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst
+your enemies.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our
+armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you
+must make propositions separately and discreetly—first to the Court of
+Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of
+the Universe.
+
+If one of them accept—and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter
+their pride and ambition—make use of it to crush the other—then
+crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a
+death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia
+possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+If—which is not likely—both refuse the propositions of Russia, you
+must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one
+another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down
+her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable
+fleets will set out—the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the
+port of Archangel—loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of
+the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the
+Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one
+side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These
+countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the
+yoke, without striking a single blow.
+
+
+XV.
+
+Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.
+
+
+  PETER I.,
+
+  AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS.
+
+
+Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its
+author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot
+he was also a Patriot—and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian.
+This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same
+man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen
+overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above
+and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and
+Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the
+Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. Gannon
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's
+Pet Projects, according to His Last Will a, by W. Gannon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament.
+       American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory.
+
+Author: W. Gannon
+
+Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT
+
+  OF
+
+  Peter the Great's Pet Projects,
+
+  ACCORDING TO
+
+  His Last Will and Testament.
+
+
+  AMERICAN INVENTION
+
+  AS AN
+
+  AID TO RUSSIA'S GRASP
+
+  ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.
+
+  BY W. GANNON.
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,
+  15 WHITEHALL STREET.
+  1889.
+
+
+
+
+  PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA
+
+  ON THE
+
+  March to Constantinople.
+
+  AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.
+
+
+Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest
+civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing
+his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of
+the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling
+innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must
+have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been
+born a despot.
+
+Peter's last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by
+his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling
+though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly
+diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full
+meaning.
+
+And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and
+constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming
+the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future,
+somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great
+Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that
+Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and
+arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative
+has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in
+the neighborhood of Esquimault.
+
+As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York
+_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand
+Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and
+China:
+
+    "SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.
+
+    "The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks
+    another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was
+    the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and
+    the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan
+    and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters,
+    with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the
+    condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually
+    converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China.
+    An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand,
+    already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually
+    approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now
+    in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885
+    miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge
+    system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of
+    the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on
+    the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military
+    operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line
+    running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation
+    and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series
+    of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already
+    rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during
+    the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of
+    his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An
+    imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate
+    the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty
+    years in overrunning Asia.
+
+    "The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is
+    now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk
+    line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.
+    Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk,
+    and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock,
+    on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach
+    to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the
+    Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the
+    Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from
+    Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within
+    five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be
+    accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication
+    with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can
+    then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened
+    to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian
+    commerce and intercourse will be effected."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a
+sequel to the above:
+
+    "The announcement that Russia's Central Asia railroad system is
+    to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches
+    to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every
+    branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add
+    materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to
+    build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to
+    Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand
+    to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road
+    would give direct communication with both the great rivers that
+    flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and
+    would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian.
+    Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those
+    of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus
+    promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military
+    strategy."
+
+
+THE FIRST STEP.
+
+The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem
+most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and
+means to navigate the Aral Sea--the first thought being to transport
+machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the
+mountains--a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable.
+
+But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the
+construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American,
+through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory
+established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its
+system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government
+to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of
+Bengal--Moorshedaba.
+
+As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the
+class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be
+mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was
+President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as
+an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital
+and membership of the Company belonged in London--Liverpool simply
+being selected as a factory site.
+
+The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and
+200 feet long, built on the new system of
+
+
+CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,
+
+three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight
+of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in
+proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the
+corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which
+corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing
+the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing
+her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode
+of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several
+supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the
+Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous
+purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that
+they could be
+
+
+DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,
+
+being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the
+utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding
+or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship
+construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and
+justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service,
+for which, at a late day, he received the
+
+
+THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.
+
+Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its
+value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and
+German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country,
+where he was received by the Emperor.
+
+In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered
+by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of
+construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral
+Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed
+in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the
+Admiral's Report, as follows:
+
+    "LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860.
+
+    "HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the
+    Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October,
+    for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning
+    the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein
+    contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our
+    rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there
+    cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the
+    discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the
+    trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory.
+
+    "The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to
+    you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are
+    riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon
+    corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in.
+
+    "It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted
+    lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction
+    of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a
+    riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this),
+    three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and
+    three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on
+    it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each
+    weighing thirty-one pounds English.
+
+    "The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon
+    it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three
+    tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed
+    upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over
+    three tons) had been placed upon it.
+
+    "Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not
+    corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs
+    had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the
+    question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts
+    to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels.
+
+    "With sincere regard,
+
+    (Signed.)     "ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF.
+
+    "To ADMIRAL ARKASS."
+
+
+[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL
+BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.]
+
+On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted
+photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool
+Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke
+Constantine.
+
+After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red
+tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and
+Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers,
+to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that,
+ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for
+service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again
+for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on
+similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the
+steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory,
+they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock
+and machinery, when they were ready for
+
+
+THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.
+
+From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh--thence to Moscow--on
+to Nijni Novgorod--across the Volga--over the Ural Mountains--to the
+Aral Sea, in Asia--where they were at length unboxed, the sections once
+again put together and, lo, a
+
+
+PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,
+
+upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia's
+grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier,
+and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the
+inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in
+Nature's fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels
+in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable
+would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard,
+in full view of an alert and suspicious people.
+
+Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which
+are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of
+the preceding statements.
+
+    "_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_:
+
+    "I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of
+    the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool
+    for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A.
+    Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy.
+
+    "The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are
+    finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool
+    March 25 (13th).
+
+
+    "Your Imperial Highness' humble servant,
+
+    (Signed.)                   "JOSEPH FRANCIS."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. }
+
+                        March 31, 1861--No. 189. }
+
+    "_To Mr. Joseph Francis_:
+
+    "The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand
+    Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented
+    to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers,
+    has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the
+    Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his
+    thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof.
+
+    "Manager, BELLARMSKY.             "THE PRESIDENT.
+
+    (Signed.)              Major-General CHERNOFSKY."
+
+
+(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)
+
+    "FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862.
+
+    "DEAR MR. FRANCIS--The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at
+    Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in
+    about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty
+    of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before
+    the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to
+    employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon
+    the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about
+    the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter.
+
+    "With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your
+    northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.
+
+    "I remain, yours most truly,
+
+    (Signed.)      "A. BOUTAKOFF."
+
+
+On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis
+on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that
+barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening
+an avenue to increased Empire.
+
+After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the
+construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the
+shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of
+Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished.
+
+In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused
+Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint
+Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty.
+Following is a copy of the parchment:
+
+
+    "We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and
+    Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of
+    Finland, etc., etc., etc.
+
+    "_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_:
+
+    "The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular
+    services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight
+    of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of
+    7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that
+    they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward
+    to you the insignia of the Order.
+
+    "ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860.
+
+                   _The Vice-President_,         COUNT BORCH
+    [SEAL.]        _Lieut.-General_,             L'ECESUJSECETZ.
+                   _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO.
+                   _Member_,                     KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL.,
+
+    No. 5,756."
+
+
+Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis
+disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin,
+Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and
+Don.
+
+After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the
+Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made,
+as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of
+its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a
+
+
+RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES
+
+and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting
+commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to
+the Pacific Coast.
+
+A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of
+the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen
+were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at
+Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This brief account of Russia's struggle for supremacy among the
+family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one
+of America's foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another
+instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world,
+through the lives of unassuming and patient workers.
+
+From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the
+outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved
+the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few
+years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction
+under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread
+uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown.
+Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and
+railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which
+the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those
+to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was
+the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong,
+light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia's
+hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in
+the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has
+been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about
+to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the
+gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of
+this chosen body of representatives of the people.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix.
+
+WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.
+
+
+The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the
+first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law
+of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited
+in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in
+1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the
+diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived:
+
+
+THE WILL.
+
+PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
+
+In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter,
+the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our
+descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian
+nation:
+
+God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown,
+having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by
+His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called
+upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking
+is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old
+age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it:
+naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a
+people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall
+have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future
+invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a
+periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner,
+regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations
+of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain
+periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its
+deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors
+will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished
+lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing
+dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct
+its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions.
+I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave
+the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.
+
+
+I.
+
+Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the
+soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the
+finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose
+the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war
+even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future
+aggrandizement of Russia.
+
+
+II.
+
+Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring
+civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men
+in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed
+by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own
+self-respect.
+
+
+III.
+
+On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe;
+above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more
+immediately concerns us.
+
+
+IV.
+
+Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by
+bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election
+of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn
+there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently
+established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties,
+appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can
+retake in detail all that has been ceded.
+
+
+V.
+
+Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked
+by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this,
+sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping
+up their rivalries.
+
+
+VI.
+
+Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so
+as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and,
+by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.
+
+
+VII.
+
+England--requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that
+can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with
+her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions
+of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her
+sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting
+the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward
+the South by the Black Sea.
+
+
+IX.
+
+Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts.
+He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world.
+Consequently, be continually at war--sometimes with the Turks,
+sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get
+entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being
+necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of
+Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the
+ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the
+Indies--they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do
+without the gold of England.
+
+
+X.
+
+Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce,
+apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time
+clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring
+provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one
+and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the
+country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter.
+
+
+XI.
+
+Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the
+Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the
+conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the
+ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will
+take back at a future period.
+
+
+XII.
+
+Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks,
+as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in
+Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres,
+their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by
+establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic
+Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst
+your enemies.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our
+armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you
+must make propositions separately and discreetly--first to the Court of
+Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of
+the Universe.
+
+If one of them accept--and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter
+their pride and ambition--make use of it to crush the other--then
+crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a
+death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia
+possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+If--which is not likely--both refuse the propositions of Russia, you
+must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one
+another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down
+her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable
+fleets will set out--the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the
+port of Archangel--loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of
+the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the
+Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one
+side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These
+countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the
+yoke, without striking a single blow.
+
+
+XV.
+
+Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.
+
+
+  PETER I.,
+
+  AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS.
+
+
+Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its
+author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot
+he was also a Patriot--and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian.
+This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same
+man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen
+overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above
+and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and
+Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the
+Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. Gannon
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's
+Pet Projects, according to His Last Will a, by W. Gannon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament.
+       American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory.
+
+Author: W. Gannon
+
+Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center f15">WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT</p>
+
+<p class="center f85">OF</p>
+
+<h1>Peter the Great’s Pet Projects,</h1>
+
+<p class="center f85">ACCORDING TO</p>
+
+<p class="center">His Last Will and Testament.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center f12">AMERICAN INVENTION</p>
+
+<p class="center f85">AS AN</p>
+
+<p class="center f12">AID TO RUSSIA’S GRASP</p>
+
+<p class="center f12">ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr class="small" />
+<p class="center f85"><span class="smcap">By W. Gannon.</span></p>
+<hr class="small" />
+
+<p class="center f85"><br /><br />NEW YORK:<br />
+THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,<br />
+<span class="smcap">15 Whitehall Street</span>.<br />
+1889.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h2>PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA</h2>
+
+<p class="center f85">ON THE</p>
+
+<p class="center f15">March to Constantinople.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest civilizer
+of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing his country and inaugurating
+vast industries, through the medium of the Ship. So far in advance
+of his time was he that his startling innovations and wonderful discounting
+of the arts of diplomacy must have endangered his head had he not been
+fortunate enough to have been born a despot.</p>
+
+<p>Peter’s last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by his
+successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling though its
+terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly diplomatic that his successors
+have religiously lived up to their full meaning.</p>
+
+<p>And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and constantly-tightening
+grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming the Governments of the
+Old World and may, indeed, in the near future, somewhat concern ourselves.
+The Canadian Government is now urging Great Britain to erect defences on
+the Pacific Coast, for the reason that Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar
+policy, is enlarging her works and arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+Columbia; and the initiative has already been taken by Great Britain in the
+erection of batteries in the neighborhood of Esquimault.</p>
+
+<p>As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York
+<i>Tribune</i> contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand Trunk
+Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and China:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">“SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.</p>
+
+<p>“The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks
+another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was the objective
+point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and the sea of Aral,
+which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan and the establishment of
+Tashkend as the military headquarters, with railway connections northward.
+Bokhara was reduced to the condition of a protected province and Samarcand
+was virtually converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China.
+An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand, already
+within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually approached from the
+Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now in operation from Michailovsk
+to Samarcand, a distance of 885 miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and
+Bokhara. This narrow-gauge system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives
+Russia control of the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of
+conquest on the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military
+operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line running from
+Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation and supplies. Meanwhile,
+it binds together a straggling series of conquests separated by broad
+reaches of desert. It is already rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends
+to visit during the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the
+valor of his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An imperial
+journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate the wonderful progress
+made by the Russians during the last twenty years in overrunning
+Asia.</p>
+
+<p>“The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is
+now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk line
+through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. Surveys have
+already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk, and this line when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+finished is to be extended to Vladivostock, on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian
+now makes a close approach to Western China, the Siberian will complete
+the circuit of the Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent
+of the Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from
+Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within five
+years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be accomplished and St.
+Petersburgh brought into direct communication with Vladivostock. The
+journey from the capital to the Pacific can then be made in a fortnight; and
+if Chinese markets can be opened to Russian traders, a marvelous change in
+the conditions of Asian commerce and intercourse will be effected.”</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a
+sequel to the above:</p><blockquote>
+
+<p>“The announcement that Russia’s Central Asia railroad system is to be
+greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches to Samarkand
+and already more than pays working expenses. Every branch or further extension
+of the main line will, of course, add materially to its traffic and its
+profits. It is now proposed to build a branch from the main line at Chardjui,
+on the Oxus, to Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward
+from Samarcand to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and
+thus the road would give direct communication with both the great rivers
+that flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and
+would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian. Just beyond
+Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those of Siberia, whither
+Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus promises to be of equal
+importance to commerce and to military strategy.”</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE FIRST STEP.</p>
+
+<p>The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem
+most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and
+means to navigate the Aral Sea&mdash;the first thought being to transport machinery
+and material for the construction of steamers over the mountains&mdash;a project
+which was at length abandoned as impracticable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the
+construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American,
+through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory established
+at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its system of
+construction, secured a contract with the British Government to construct a
+number of steamers for the East India Company of Bengal&mdash;Moorshedaba.</p>
+
+<p>As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the class
+of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be mentioned that
+Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was President, while
+such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the Institution of Civil
+Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as an eminent engineer,
+were members and stockholders. The entire capital and membership of the
+Company belonged in London&mdash;Liverpool simply being selected as a factory
+site.</p>
+
+<p>The steamers under course of construction by this Company were
+150 and 200 feet long, built on the new system of</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,</p>
+
+<p>three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight of hull
+of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in proportion, while
+the strength was increased two-fold by means of the corrugations covering
+the entire outer surface of the hull, which corrugations take the place of
+<i>frames</i> or <i>timbers</i>, thus increasing the interior capacity of a boat of given
+draft while vastly increasing her strength. The great utility and superior
+qualities of this mode of construction was fully demonstrated by the building
+of several supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for
+the Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous
+purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that they
+could be</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,</p>
+
+<p>being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the utmost
+celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding or mechani<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>cal
+knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship construction was
+invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and justly celebrated as
+founder of the United States Life-Saving Service, for which, at a late day, he
+received the</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.</p>
+
+<p>Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its value
+had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and German
+Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country, where he
+was received by the Emperor.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered
+by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of construction,
+with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral Sea,
+in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed in possession of
+the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the Admiral’s Report, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right padr1 padt1">“<span class="smcap">Liverpool</span>, 15th November, 1860.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Honored Sir</span>: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the
+Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October, for publication
+in a marine journal, a short article concerning the corrugated iron
+steamers. In addition to information therein contained, I would state that it
+is my conviction that for our rivers, which are from year to year getting more
+shallow, there cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In
+the discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the trials which
+have been made at the Liverpool factory.</p>
+
+<p>“The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to you,
+crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are riveted together
+by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon corrugation, and a double
+row of rivets put in.</p>
+
+<p>“It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted lap to
+a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction of the steamers. For
+that purpose we placed upon two blocks a riveted sheet <i>a a</i> (as marked in
+the diagram accompanying this), three feet ten inches in length by two feet
+six inches wide and three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+laying on it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, <i>b b</i>, each weighing
+thirty-one pounds English.</p>
+
+<p>“The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon it 188
+slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three tons); after this
+test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed upon the blocks, and it
+bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over three tons) had been placed upon it.</p>
+
+<p>“Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not corrugated,
+and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs had been placed
+upon it. I believe that such results settle the question in regard to the
+local strength which corrugation imparts to iron and its adaptation in the
+construction of vessels.</p>
+
+<p class="center">“With sincere regard,</p>
+
+<p class="right padr2"><span style="margin-right: 5em;">(Signed.)</span><span style="margin-right: 5em;">“ALEXANDER&nbsp;BOUTAKOFF.</span></p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">To Admiral Arkass</span>.”</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/test.jpg" width="500" height="215" alt="TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY
+ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N." />
+<p class="center">TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY<br />
+ADMIRAL BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.<br /><br /></p></div>
+
+
+<p>On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted photographs
+and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool Company,
+addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke Constantine.</p>
+
+<p>After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red
+tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers, to be
+pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that, ere the year
+1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for service, were erected
+at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again for shipment. These vessels
+were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on similar lines to vessels already constructed
+by the Company. When the steamers had been put together,
+tested and again set up at the factory, they were boxed for shipment, in sections,
+both hulls, floating dock and machinery, when they were ready for</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.</p>
+
+<p>From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh&mdash;thence to Moscow&mdash;on
+to Nijni Novgorod&mdash;across the Volga&mdash;over the Ural Mountains&mdash;to the
+Aral Sea, in Asia&mdash;where they were at length unboxed, the sections once
+again put together and, lo, a</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,</p>
+
+<p>upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia’s grandest
+Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier, and swooped
+down like things of life on the insulated sea, the inhabitants of whose
+shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in Nature’s fastness. Impossible
+would it have been to transport vessels in their entirety over the rugged
+heights, and deadly impracticable would it have been to attempt their
+construction on the Aral seaboard, in full view of an alert and suspicious
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which are
+in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of the preceding
+statements.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>“<i>To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine</i>:</p>
+
+<p>“I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of the
+two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool for the Syr
+Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A. Boutakoff, of the Russian
+Imperial Navy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>“The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are
+finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool March
+25 (13th).</p>
+
+<p class="right padr4">“Your Imperial Highness’ humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“JOSEPH&nbsp;FRANCIS.”</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<table width="100%" summary="address"><tr>
+<td class="tdr">“<span class="smcap">Marine Ministry of the Shipbuilding Dep’t.</span></td>
+<td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:200%;font-weight:lighter;margin:0;line-height:1em;text-indent:0;"> } </span></td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdr padr2">March 31, 1861&mdash;No. 189.</td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p>“<i>To Mr. Joseph Francis</i>:<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand
+Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented to His
+Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers, has been sent
+to this committee, with a resolution from the Ministry of Marine, stating that
+His Imperial Highness desired his thanks to you. The committee has the
+honor to inform you thereof.</p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">“Manager,&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Bellarmsky</span><span style="margin-left: 8em;">“THE PRESIDENT.</span></p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 8em;">“Major-General&nbsp;CHERNOFSKY.”</span><br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">“Fort No. 1, Syr Dariah</span>, July 2, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Francis</span>&mdash;The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your
+works at Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in
+about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty of transporting
+them across the Desert, will not arrive before the middle of August, so
+that I shall not have sufficient time to employ the new steamers this year,
+but will give them a trial upon the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon
+dock will be here about the end of August, giving us time to put them together
+next winter.</p>
+
+<p>“With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your
+northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.</p>
+
+<p class="right padr3">“I remain, yours most truly,</p>
+
+<p class="right padr1">(Signed.)<span style="margin-left: 9em;">“A.&nbsp;BOUTAKOFF.”</span></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr.
+Francis on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening an
+avenue to increased Empire.</p>
+
+<p>After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the construction
+of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the shores of
+that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of Asia was, to all intents
+and purposes, accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused
+Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus,
+one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty. Following is a copy
+of the parchment:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">“We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and Autocrat of
+all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc.,
+etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>
+“<i>To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America</i>:
+</p>
+
+<p>“The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular services, we
+have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight of our Imperial and
+Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of 7th November, 1860, given to
+our Chapter of Orders, to the end that they do sign and seal this Diploma in
+witness thereof, and forward to you the insignia of the Order.</p>
+
+<p class="left padl3">“<span class="smcap">St. Petersburg</span>, this 10th day of November, 1860.</p>
+
+<table summary="signatures"><tr>
+<td class="tdc padr1" rowspan="4">[<span class="smcap">SEAL.</span>]</td>
+<td class="tdl"><i>The Vice-President</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Count Borch</span>.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdl"><i>Lieut.-General</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">L’Ecesujsecetz</span>.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdl padr1"><i>Grand&nbsp;Master&nbsp;of&nbsp;Ceremonies</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Rhitrovo</span>.</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td class="tdl"><i>Member</i>,</td>
+<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Ku,&nbsp;uyey5Eyuivel</span>.,</td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p>No.&nbsp;5,756.”</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis disposed
+of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin, Chamberlain
+to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and Don.</p>
+
+<p>After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the
+Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made, as
+little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of its shallow
+water and isolated position, no one supposing that a</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES</p>
+
+<p>and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting commerce
+with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to the
+Pacific Coast.</p>
+
+<p>A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of
+the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen were
+sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at Greenpoint,
+Brooklyn, New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>This brief account of Russia’s struggle for supremacy among the
+family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one of
+America’s foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another instance of
+the Providence that rules the destinies of the world, through the lives of
+unassuming and patient workers.</p>
+
+<p>From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the
+outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved the
+value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few years, spread
+all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction under the corrugated
+system, was merely the germ of the widespread uses to which the system
+was and is applicable, as has been shown. Steamships, floating docks, pontoon
+bridges, military wagons and railway cars are only a few among the many constructions
+to which the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him
+and those to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then,
+was the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong, light-draft
+ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia’s hands, of
+working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in the brain of man.
+Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has been honored beyond
+most men by foreign potentates, and now is about to receive what he
+holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the gold medal awarded
+him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of this chosen body of
+representatives of the people.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>Appendix.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.</p>
+
+
+<p>The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the
+first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law of
+Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited in the hands
+of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1757, and also in those
+of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the diplomatic archives of
+France, from which this translation is derived:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">THE WILL.</p>
+
+<p class="center f85 padb1">PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.</p>
+
+<p>In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter, the
+First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our descendants
+and successors to the throne and government of the Russian nation:</p>
+
+<p>God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our
+crown, having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by
+His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called upon hereafter
+to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking is, that the
+European nations have mostly reached a state of old age, bordering upon
+imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it: naturally, then, they will be
+easily and indubitably conquered by a people strong in youth and vigor,
+especially when this latter shall have attained its full strength and power.
+I look on the future invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the
+North as a periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like
+manner, regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations
+of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain
+periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its deposit.
+I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors will make of it a
+large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished lands of Europe, and its
+waters will overflow, in spite of imposing dams erected by weak hands, if our
+descendants only know how to direct its course. This is the reason I leave
+them the following instructions. I give those countries to their watchfulness
+and care, as Moses gave the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">I.</p>
+
+<p>Keep the Russian nation in a <span class="smcap">STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR</span>: so as to
+have the soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when
+the finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose the
+best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war even
+in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future aggrandizement of
+Russia.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">II.</p>
+
+<p>Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring
+civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men in times
+of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed by other
+countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own self-respect.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">III.</p>
+
+<p>On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe;
+above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more immediately
+concerns us.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">IV.</p>
+
+<p>Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by
+bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election of Kings,
+get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn there Muscovite
+troops, until such time as they can be permanently established there. If the
+neighboring powers start difficulties, appease them for a time by parceling
+out the country, until you can retake in detail all that has been ceded.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">V.</p>
+
+<p>Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked
+by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this,
+sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping
+up their rivalries.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">VI.</p>
+
+<p>Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so
+as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and, by propagating
+our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">VII.</p>
+
+<p>England&mdash;requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that
+can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with her, in
+preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions of our
+land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her sailors and ours
+a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting the Russian fleet for navigation
+and commerce.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">VIII.</p>
+
+<p>Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward
+the South by the Black Sea.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">IX.</p>
+
+<p>Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts. He
+who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world. Consequently,
+be continually at war&mdash;sometimes with the Turks, sometimes with Persia.
+Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get entire possession of it by degrees,
+also of the Baltic Sea; this being necessary to the accomplishment of the
+plan. Hasten the decline of Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish,
+if possible, the ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and
+make your way to the Indies&mdash;they are the emporium of the world. Once
+there, you can do without the gold of England.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">X.</p>
+
+<p>Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce, apparently,
+in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time clandestinely
+exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring provinces. Endeavor
+that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one and the other, so
+that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the country, you prepare a
+way for governing hereafter.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XI.</p>
+
+<p>Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the
+Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the conquest
+of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the ancient states of
+Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will take back at a future
+period.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XII.</p>
+
+<p>Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks, as
+also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in Hungary,
+Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres, their chief
+support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by establishing a
+kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic Greeks will be so
+many friends that you will have scattered amongst your enemies.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIII.</p>
+
+<p>Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our
+armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you must
+make propositions separately and discreetly&mdash;first to the Court of Versailles,
+then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of the Universe.</p>
+
+<p>If one of them accept&mdash;and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter
+their pride and ambition&mdash;make use of it to crush the other&mdash;then crush, in
+its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a death-struggle; the issue
+of which cannot be doubtful, Russia possessing already all the East and a
+great part of Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XIV.</p>
+
+<p>If&mdash;which is not likely&mdash;both refuse the propositions of Russia, you must
+manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one another; then
+profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down her assembled troops
+on Germany; at the same time, two considerable fleets will set out&mdash;the one
+from the Sea of Azov, the other from the port of Archangel&mdash;loaded with
+Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of the armed fleets from the Black Sea and
+the Baltic; advancing by the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they
+will invade France on one side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded
+on the other. These countries conquered, the rest of Europe will
+easily pass under the yoke, without striking a single blow.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center padb1 padt1">XV.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PETER I.,</p>
+<p class="right padr1"><span class="smcap">Autocrat of All the Russias</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Lest the reader of this <span class="smcap">WILL</span> may form an opinion antagonistic to its
+author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot he
+was also a Patriot&mdash;and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian. This
+man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same man who
+yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen overboard in the
+ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above and beyond all,
+a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and Progenerator of the
+Russian Life-Saving Service.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the
+Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. Gannon
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's
+Pet Projects, according to His Last Will a, by W. Gannon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Wonderful Development of Peter the Great's Pet Projects, according to His Last Will and Testament.
+       American Invention as an Aid to Russia's Grasp on Asiatic Territory.
+
+Author: W. Gannon
+
+Release Date: December 4, 2013 [EBook #44345]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT
+
+  OF
+
+  Peter the Great's Pet Projects,
+
+  ACCORDING TO
+
+  His Last Will and Testament.
+
+
+  AMERICAN INVENTION
+
+  AS AN
+
+  AID TO RUSSIA'S GRASP
+
+  ON ASIATIC TERRITORY.
+
+  BY W. GANNON.
+
+  NEW YORK:
+  THE MARITIME REPORTER PUBLISHING CO.,
+  15 WHITEHALL STREET.
+  1889.
+
+
+
+
+  PROGRESSIVE RUSSIA
+
+  ON THE
+
+  March to Constantinople.
+
+  AN AMERICAN INVENTOR THE ALLY OF THE MUSCOVITE.
+
+
+Peter the Great may justly be credited with having been the greatest
+civilizer of his race. To him is due the credit of nationalizing
+his country and inaugurating vast industries, through the medium of
+the Ship. So far in advance of his time was he that his startling
+innovations and wonderful discounting of the arts of diplomacy must
+have endangered his head had he not been fortunate enough to have been
+born a despot.
+
+Peter's last will and testament outlined the policy to be pursued by
+his successors, looking to the aggrandizement of Russia, and startling
+though its terms are in their selfishness, they are so thoroughly
+diplomatic that his successors have religiously lived up to their full
+meaning.
+
+And so it comes to pass that the ever-advancing and
+constantly-tightening grasp of Russia on adjacent territory is alarming
+the Governments of the Old World and may, indeed, in the near future,
+somewhat concern ourselves. The Canadian Government is now urging Great
+Britain to erect defences on the Pacific Coast, for the reason that
+Russia, in pursuance of her peculiar policy, is enlarging her works and
+arsenal at Vladivostock, opposite British Columbia; and the initiative
+has already been taken by Great Britain in the erection of batteries in
+the neighborhood of Esquimault.
+
+As early as last May the St. Petersburgh correspondent of the New York
+_Tribune_ contributed the following report of the progress of the Grand
+Trunk Railway through Central Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and
+China:
+
+    "SIGNS OF RUSSIAN PROGRESS.
+
+    "The completion of the Trans-Caspian Railway to Samarcand marks
+    another stage in the Russian occupation of Asia. That city was
+    the objective point of the earlier campaigns from Orenburg and
+    the sea of Aral, which ended in the conquest of Khiva and Kokan
+    and the establishment of Tashkend as the military headquarters,
+    with railway connections northward. Bokhara was reduced to the
+    condition of a protected province and Samarcand was virtually
+    converted into a Russian centre of trade on the border of China.
+    An interval of twelve years has elapsed, during which Samarcand,
+    already within easy reach from Tashkend, has been gradually
+    approached from the Caspian Sea. The Trans-Caspian Railway is now
+    in operation from Michailovsk to Samarcand, a distance of 885
+    miles, by way of Askabad, Merv and Bokhara. This narrow-gauge
+    system, built at a cost of $21,000,000, gives Russia control of
+    the commerce of Turkestan and completes the circuit of conquest on
+    the borders of China, Afghanistan and Persia. In future military
+    operations in Central Asia this railway, with the northern line
+    running from Tashkend, will be a most useful base of transportation
+    and supplies. Meanwhile, it binds together a straggling series
+    of conquests separated by broad reaches of desert. It is already
+    rumored in St. Petersburg that the Czar intends to visit during
+    the summer the great Empire in Central Asia which the valor of
+    his soldiers and the skill of his engineers have created. An
+    imperial journey to Merv, Bokhara and Samarcand will illustrate
+    the wonderful progress made by the Russians during the last twenty
+    years in overrunning Asia.
+
+    "The Russian engineer who has completed the Trans-Caspian system is
+    now to undertake a new and colossal undertaking. This is the trunk
+    line through Central and Southern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.
+    Surveys have already been made for a railway from Tomsk to Irkutsk,
+    and this line when finished is to be extended to Vladivostock,
+    on the coast. As the Trans-Caspian now makes a close approach
+    to Western China, the Siberian will complete the circuit of the
+    Celestial Empire on its northern border. If the consent of the
+    Chinese Government can be obtained, branches will be built from
+    Irkutsk to Pekin, Shanghai, and other centres of population. Within
+    five years it is expected that this gigantic enterprise will be
+    accomplished and St. Petersburgh brought into direct communication
+    with Vladivostock. The journey from the capital to the Pacific can
+    then be made in a fortnight; and if Chinese markets can be opened
+    to Russian traders, a marvelous change in the conditions of Asian
+    commerce and intercourse will be effected."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And only a few weeks ago the same journal printed the following, as a
+sequel to the above:
+
+    "The announcement that Russia's Central Asia railroad system is
+    to be greatly extended was to be expected. At present it reaches
+    to Samarkand and already more than pays working expenses. Every
+    branch or further extension of the main line will, of course, add
+    materially to its traffic and its profits. It is now proposed to
+    build a branch from the main line at Chardjui, on the Oxus, to
+    Chamiab, and also to continue the main line onward from Samarcand
+    to Tashkend. The latter would cross the Jaxartes; and thus the road
+    would give direct communication with both the great rivers that
+    flow into the Aral Sea, just at the head of navigation on them, and
+    would connect the commerce of the Aral with that of the Caspian.
+    Just beyond Tashkend begins a series of steppes adjoining those
+    of Siberia, whither Russian colonists are flocking. The road thus
+    promises to be of equal importance to commerce and to military
+    strategy."
+
+
+THE FIRST STEP.
+
+The occupation of Asia, so long determined on by Russia, was a problem
+most difficult of solution. Many years were spent in devising ways and
+means to navigate the Aral Sea--the first thought being to transport
+machinery and material for the construction of steamers over the
+mountains--a project which was at length abandoned as impracticable.
+
+But a solution was at hand. In the year 1860 a novel system for the
+construction of vessels was introduced in Great Britain by an American,
+through whose efforts a Company was formed and an extensive factory
+established at Liverpool. This Company, on proof of the value of its
+system of construction, secured a contract with the British Government
+to construct a number of steamers for the East India Company of
+Bengal--Moorshedaba.
+
+As an evidence of the financial solidity of this company, and the
+class of men who invested their capital in that concern, it may be
+mentioned that Sir Charles Manby, the great English civil engineer, was
+President, while such men as Sir Robert Stephenson, President of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers, and John Hamilton, also well-known as
+an eminent engineer, were members and stockholders. The entire capital
+and membership of the Company belonged in London--Liverpool simply
+being selected as a factory site.
+
+The steamers under course of construction by this Company were 150 and
+200 feet long, built on the new system of
+
+
+CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON,
+
+three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. By this system the weight
+of hull of a vessel was reduced one-third and the draft reduced in
+proportion, while the strength was increased two-fold by means of the
+corrugations covering the entire outer surface of the hull, which
+corrugations take the place of _frames_ or _timbers_, thus increasing
+the interior capacity of a boat of given draft while vastly increasing
+her strength. The great utility and superior qualities of this mode
+of construction was fully demonstrated by the building of several
+supply boats for the British Navy, as well as military wagons for the
+Army, and other constructions on the same principle for miscellaneous
+purposes. The steamers built by this company were so constructed that
+they could be
+
+
+DISJOINTED AND TRANSPORTED IN SECTIONS,
+
+being so arranged that they could be set up and taken apart with the
+utmost celerity, and without the aid of more than passable shipbuilding
+or mechanical knowledge. This unique and valuable system of ship
+construction was invented by Joseph Francis, an American born, and
+justly celebrated as founder of the United States Life-Saving Service,
+for which, at a late day, he received the
+
+
+THANKS OF CONGRESS AND IS TO RECEIVE A GOLD MEDAL.
+
+Information of this system of construction reached Russia after its
+value had been proved by the American, English, French, Austrian and
+German Governments, and Mr. Francis was invited to visit that country,
+where he was received by the Emperor.
+
+In 1860, Admiral Boutakoff, of the Imperial Russian Navy, was ordered
+by the Emperor to proceed to Liverpool and examine the system of
+construction, with a view to its applicability to service on the Aral
+Sea, in Asia, and report as to its utility. From documents placed
+in possession of the writer, he is enabled to present a copy of the
+Admiral's Report, as follows:
+
+    "LIVERPOOL, 15th November, 1860.
+
+    "HONORED SIR: I have sent to the Scientific Committee of the
+    Marine Ministry, with my reports of the 15th and 17th of October,
+    for publication in a marine journal, a short article concerning
+    the corrugated iron steamers. In addition to information therein
+    contained, I would state that it is my conviction that for our
+    rivers, which are from year to year getting more shallow, there
+    cannot be built a more suitable steamer than the above. In the
+    discharge of my duty, I communicate to you the result of the
+    trials which have been made at the Liverpool factory.
+
+    "The corrugation of sheets of iron is effected, as may be known to
+    you, crosswise and not lengthwise, and the sheets of the hull are
+    riveted together by lapping one upon the other, corrugation upon
+    corrugation, and a double row of rivets put in.
+
+    "It was important to ascertain the relative strength of the riveted
+    lap to a whole sheet before proceeding with the construction
+    of the steamers. For that purpose we placed upon two blocks a
+    riveted sheet _a a_ (as marked in the diagram accompanying this),
+    three feet ten inches in length by two feet six inches wide and
+    three-sixteenths of an inch thick. We then began by laying on
+    it, directly over the line of the rivets, zinc slabs, _b b_, each
+    weighing thirty-one pounds English.
+
+    "The sheet broke at one row of rivets after having placed upon
+    it 188 slabs, or 160 poods of fourteen pounds each (nearly three
+    tons); after this test a whole sheet of the same measure was placed
+    upon the blocks, and it bent after 199 slabs or 170 poods, (over
+    three tons) had been placed upon it.
+
+    "Finally we took a plain sheet of iron the same measure, not
+    corrugated, and it bent and fell from the blocks after ten slabs
+    had been placed upon it. I believe that such results settle the
+    question in regard to the local strength which corrugation imparts
+    to iron and its adaptation in the construction of vessels.
+
+    "With sincere regard,
+
+    (Signed.)     "ALEXANDER BOUTAKOFF.
+
+    "To ADMIRAL ARKASS."
+
+
+[Illustration: TEST OF CORRUGATED IRON LAP MADE IN LIVERPOOL BY ADMIRAL
+BOUTAKOFF, R. I. N.]
+
+On a call from the Russian Government, the inventor submitted
+photographs and drawings of the steamers constructed by the Liverpool
+Company, addressed, according to instructions, to the Grand Duke
+Constantine.
+
+After some little necessary correspondence, shorn of all diplomatic red
+tape, a contract was entered into between the Imperial Government and
+Mr. Francis, for the construction of a fleet of light-draft steamers,
+to be pushed to completion rapidly as possible. The result was that,
+ere the year 1862 had passed, steamers, fully engined, and ready for
+service, were erected at the Liverpool factory, and taken apart again
+for shipment. These vessels were 150 to 200 feet in length, built on
+similar lines to vessels already constructed by the Company. When the
+steamers had been put together, tested and again set up at the factory,
+they were boxed for shipment, in sections, both hulls, floating dock
+and machinery, when they were ready for
+
+
+THE STRANGEST ROUTE EVER TRAVERSED BY SHIP.
+
+From Liverpool they went first to St. Petersburgh--thence to Moscow--on
+to Nijni Novgorod--across the Volga--over the Ural Mountains--to the
+Aral Sea, in Asia--where they were at length unboxed, the sections once
+again put together and, lo, a
+
+
+PROUD FLOTILLA GRACED THE ARAL,
+
+upreared as if by magic hands. This was the initiative in Russia's
+grandest Dream of Empire. These vessels had crossed the Aral barrier,
+and swooped down like things of life on the insulated sea, the
+inhabitants of whose shores fondly dreamed they dwelt secure in
+Nature's fastness. Impossible would it have been to transport vessels
+in their entirety over the rugged heights, and deadly impracticable
+would it have been to attempt their construction on the Aral seaboard,
+in full view of an alert and suspicious people.
+
+Here it may be well to introduce three letters, the originals of which
+are in possession of the writer, and which are fully corroborative of
+the preceding statements.
+
+    "_To His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantine_:
+
+    "I beg leave to present to Your Imperial Highness lithographs of
+    the two corrugated galvanized iron steamers, built at Liverpool
+    for the Syr Dariah River, under the supervision of Captain A.
+    Boutakoff, of the Russian Imperial Navy.
+
+    "The two steamers, together with one barge and a lifting dock, are
+    finished, ready for shipment. Captain Boutakoff left Liverpool
+    March 25 (13th).
+
+
+    "Your Imperial Highness' humble servant,
+
+    (Signed.)                   "JOSEPH FRANCIS."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "MARINE MINISTRY OF THE SHIPBUILDING DEP'T. }
+
+                        March 31, 1861--No. 189. }
+
+    "_To Mr. Joseph Francis_:
+
+    "The letter which you addressed to His Imperial Highness the Grand
+    Duke, General Admiral, on the 25th March, with which you presented
+    to His Imperial Highness two drawings of corrugated iron steamers,
+    has been sent to this committee, with a resolution from the
+    Ministry of Marine, stating that His Imperial Highness desired his
+    thanks to you. The committee has the honor to inform you thereof.
+
+    "Manager, BELLARMSKY.             "THE PRESIDENT.
+
+    (Signed.)              Major-General CHERNOFSKY."
+
+
+(Letter from Admiral Boutakoff to Mr. Francis.)
+
+    "FORT NO. 1, SYR DARIAH, July 2, 1862.
+
+    "DEAR MR. FRANCIS--The new steamers of my flotilla, built at your works at
+    Liverpool, are not yet launched, but I hope to accomplish it in
+    about a month. The boilers, on account of the great difficulty
+    of transporting them across the Desert, will not arrive before
+    the middle of August, so that I shall not have sufficient time to
+    employ the new steamers this year, but will give them a trial upon
+    the Syr Dariah. The parts of the pontoon dock will be here about
+    the end of August, giving us time to put them together next winter.
+
+    "With a hearty shake hands, and my sincere sympathies with your
+    northern countrymen, of whose victories I congratulate you.
+
+    "I remain, yours most truly,
+
+    (Signed.)      "A. BOUTAKOFF."
+
+
+On the launching of the steamers, the Emperor congratulated Mr. Francis
+on the success of the invention by which the first obstacle that
+barred the way to the conquest of a vast territory was removed, opening
+an avenue to increased Empire.
+
+After the survey of the Aral, only rendered possible by the
+construction of these vessels, fortifications were constructed on the
+shores of that sea, and the long-deferred conquest of that section of
+Asia was, to all intents and purposes, accomplished.
+
+In order to still further emphasize his gratitude, the Emperor caused
+Mr. Francis to be created a Knight of the Royal Order of Saint
+Stanislaus, one of the richest decorations in the gift of royalty.
+Following is a copy of the parchment:
+
+
+    "We, by the grace of God, Alexander the Second, Emperor and
+    Autocrat of all the Russians, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of
+    Finland, etc., etc., etc.
+
+    "_To Joseph Francis, Citizen of the United States of North America_:
+
+    "The Ministry of Marine having testified to your particular
+    services, we have graciously been pleased to nominate you a Knight
+    of our Imperial and Royal Order of Saint Stanislaus by an Ukaz of
+    7th November, 1860, given to our Chapter of Orders, to the end that
+    they do sign and seal this Diploma in witness thereof, and forward
+    to you the insignia of the Order.
+
+    "ST. PETERSBURG, this 10th day of November, 1860.
+
+                   _The Vice-President_,         COUNT BORCH
+    [SEAL.]        _Lieut.-General_,             L'ECESUJSECETZ.
+                   _Grand Master of Ceremonies_, RHITROVO.
+                   _Member_,                     KU, UYEY5EYUIVEL.,
+
+    No. 5,756."
+
+
+Shortly after the securing of his patents in Russia Mr. Francis
+disposed of a portion of his corrugated system patent to Baron Rumin,
+Chamberlain to the Emperor, covering Moscow and the Rivers Volga and
+Don.
+
+After the contract was drawn, a request was made on the part of the
+Baron to include the Caspian Sea, and to which no objection was made,
+as little value was placed on the Caspian at that time, on account of
+its shallow water and isolated position, no one supposing that a
+
+
+RAILWAY WOULD EVER CROSS THE JAXARTES
+
+and join both the great rivers that flow into the Aral Sea, connecting
+commerce with the Aral and Caspian, as well as China, and so onward to
+the Pacific Coast.
+
+A factory was eventually established by Baron Rumin, on the Banks of
+the Volga, for the construction of steamers, and practical workmen
+were sent to this factory from the establishment of Mr. Francis, at
+Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This brief account of Russia's struggle for supremacy among the
+family of nations, so intimately interwoven with the history of one
+of America's foremost inventors in the life-saving field, is another
+instance of the Providence that rules the destinies of the world,
+through the lives of unassuming and patient workers.
+
+From experiment came invention. The Life-Car, in this instance the
+outcome of extended experiment on the part of Joseph Francis, proved
+the value of the corrugating system, the fame of which, within a few
+years, spread all over the world. The Life-Car, the first construction
+under the corrugated system, was merely the germ of the widespread
+uses to which the system was and is applicable, as has been shown.
+Steamships, floating docks, pontoon bridges, military wagons and
+railway cars are only a few among the many constructions to which
+the Francis system of corrugated iron was applied by him and those
+to whom he sold the right to manufacture. The Life-Car, then, was
+the suggestion that led to the construction of the portable, strong,
+light-draft ship, which proved the most powerful implement, in Russia's
+hands, of working out the vastest scheme of empire ever conceived in
+the brain of man. Mr. Francis, successful in all his inventions, has
+been honored beyond most men by foreign potentates, and now is about
+to receive what he holds to be the crowning honor, the bestowal of the
+gold medal awarded him by two Congresses, with the double thanks of
+this chosen body of representatives of the people.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix.
+
+WILL OF PETER THE GREAT, FATHER OF RUSSIAN SHIP-BUILDING.
+
+
+The following is an authentic copy of the Will of Peter the Great, the
+first Emperor of Russia. This will is the supreme foundation and law
+of Russian politics, since his time, and was confidentially deposited
+in the hands of the Abbe de Bervis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in
+1757, and also in those of Louis XV. A copy is also to be found in the
+diplomatic archives of France, from which this translation is derived:
+
+
+THE WILL.
+
+PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
+
+In the name of the most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, we, Peter,
+the First Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, etc., to all our
+descendants and successors to the throne and government of the Russian
+nation:
+
+God, from whom we derive our existence, and to whom we owe our crown,
+having constantly enlightened us by His spirit, and sustained us by
+His Divine help, allow us to look on the Russian people as called
+upon hereafter to hold sway over Europe. My reason for thus thinking
+is, that the European nations have mostly reached a state of old
+age, bordering upon imbecility, or they are rapidly approaching it:
+naturally, then, they will be easily and indubitably conquered by a
+people strong in youth and vigor, especially when this latter shall
+have attained its full strength and power. I look on the future
+invasion of the Eastern and Western countries by the North as a
+periodical movement ordained by Providence, who, in a like manner,
+regenerated the Russian nation by barbarian invasion. These emigrations
+of men from the North are as the reflux of the Nile, which, at certain
+periods comes to fertilize the impoverished lands of Egypt by its
+deposit. I found Russia as a rivulet, I leave it a river: my successors
+will make of it a large sea, destined to fertilize the impoverished
+lands of Europe, and its waters will overflow, in spite of imposing
+dams erected by weak hands, if our descendants only know how to direct
+its course. This is the reason I leave them the following instructions.
+I give those countries to their watchfulness and care, as Moses gave
+the Tables of the Law to the Jewish people.
+
+
+I.
+
+Keep the Russian nation in a STATE OF CONTINUAL WAR: so as to have the
+soldier always under arms, and ready for action, excepting when the
+finances of the State will not allow it. Keep up the forces; choose
+the best moments for attack. By these means you will be ready for war
+even in time of peace. This is for the interest of the future
+aggrandizement of Russia.
+
+
+II.
+
+Endeavor by every possible means to bring in from the neighboring
+civilized countries of Europe officers in times of war, and learned men
+in times of peace; thus giving the Russian people the advanges enjoyed
+by other countries, without allowing them to lose any of their own
+self-respect.
+
+
+III.
+
+On every occasion take a part in the affairs and quarrels of Europe;
+above all, in those of Germany, which country, being the nearest, more
+immediately concerns us.
+
+
+IV.
+
+Divide Poland, exciting civil discord there; win over the nobility by
+bribery, corrupt the diets, so as to have influence on the election
+of Kings, get partisans into office, protect them, bring to sojourn
+there Muscovite troops, until such time as they can be permanently
+established there. If the neighboring powers start difficulties,
+appease them for a time by parceling out the country, until you can
+retake in detail all that has been ceded.
+
+
+V.
+
+Take as much as you can from Sweden, and cause yourself to be attacked
+by her, so as to have a pretext for subduing her. To accomplish this,
+sever Denmark from Sweden, and Sweden from Denmark, carefully keeping
+up their rivalries.
+
+
+VI.
+
+Always choose, as wives for the Russian princes, German princesses, so
+as to increase family alliances, to draw mutual interests closer, and,
+by propagating our principles in Germany, to enlist her in our cause.
+
+
+VII.
+
+England--requiring us for her navy, and she being the only power that
+can aid in the development of ours, seek a commercial alliance with
+her, in preference to any other. Exchange our wood, and the productions
+of our land for her gold, and establish between her merchants, her
+sailors and ours a continual intercourse; this will aid in perfecting
+the Russian fleet for navigation and commerce.
+
+
+VIII.
+
+Extend your possessions toward the North, along the Baltic, and toward
+the South by the Black Sea.
+
+
+IX.
+
+Approach as near as possible to Constantinople and its outskirts.
+He who shall reign there will be the true sovereign of the world.
+Consequently, be continually at war--sometimes with the Turks,
+sometimes with Persia. Establish dock yards on the Black Sea, get
+entire possession of it by degrees, also of the Baltic Sea; this being
+necessary to the accomplishment of the plan. Hasten the decline of
+Persia; penetrate to the Persian Gulf; re-establish, if possible, the
+ancient commerce of the Levant through Syria, and make your way to the
+Indies--they are the emporium of the world. Once there, you can do
+without the gold of England.
+
+
+X.
+
+Seek, and carefully keep up an alliance with Austria; acquiesce,
+apparently, in her ideas of dominating over Germany, at the same time
+clandestinely exciting against her the jealousy of the neighboring
+provinces. Endeavor that the aid of Russia should be called for, by one
+and the other, so that by exercising a kind of guardianship over the
+country, you prepare a way for governing hereafter.
+
+
+XI.
+
+Give the House of Austria an interest, for joining in banishing the
+Turks from Europe; defraud her of her share of the booty, at the
+conquest of Constantinople, either by raising a war for her with the
+ancient states of Europe, or by giving her a portion, which you will
+take back at a future period.
+
+
+XII.
+
+Attach to yourselves, and assemble around you, all the united Greeks,
+as also the disunited or schismatics, who are scattered either in
+Hungary, Turkey, or the south of Poland. Make yourselves their centres,
+their chief support, and lay the foundation for universal supremacy, by
+establishing a kind of royalty or sacerdotal government; the Slavonic
+Greeks will be so many friends that you will have scattered amongst
+your enemies.
+
+
+XIII.
+
+Sweden severed, Persia and Turkey conquered, Poland subjugated, our
+armies united, the Black and Baltic Seas guarded by our vessels, you
+must make propositions separately and discreetly--first to the Court of
+Versailles, then to that of Vienna, to share with them the Empire of
+the Universe.
+
+If one of them accept--and it cannot be otherwise, so as you flatter
+their pride and ambition--make use of it to crush the other--then
+crush, in its turn, the surviving one, by engaging with it in a
+death-struggle; the issue of which cannot be doubtful, Russia
+possessing already all the East and a great part of Europe.
+
+
+XIV.
+
+If--which is not likely--both refuse the propositions of Russia, you
+must manage to raise quarrels for them, and make them exhaust one
+another; then profiting by a decisive moment, Russia will bring down
+her assembled troops on Germany; at the same time, two considerable
+fleets will set out--the one from the Sea of Azov, the other from the
+port of Archangel--loaded with Asiatic hordes, under the convoy of
+the armed fleets from the Black Sea and the Baltic; advancing by the
+Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, they will invade France on one
+side, whilst Germany will already have been invaded on the other. These
+countries conquered, the rest of Europe will easily pass under the
+yoke, without striking a single blow.
+
+
+XV.
+
+Thus Europe can, and ought, to be subdued.
+
+
+  PETER I.,
+
+  AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS.
+
+
+Lest the reader of this WILL may form an opinion antagonistic to its
+author, it may be well to state that while Peter the Great was a Despot
+he was also a Patriot--and while a Tyrant he was yet a Humanitarian.
+This man, who could icily command death by the knout was the same
+man who yielded up his own life in rescuing a sailor who had fallen
+overboard in the ice-laden waters of the Neva. And Peter was, above
+and beyond all, a Statesman, an Inventor, a finished Mechanic and
+Progenerator of the Russian Life-Saving Service.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wonderful Development of Peter the
+Great's Pet Projects, according to, by W. Gannon
+
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