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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44240 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 44240-h.htm or 44240-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44240/44240-h/44240-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44240/44240-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/oldtavernsofnewy00bayl
+
+
+
+
+
+OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK
+
+by
+
+W. HARRISON BAYLES
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Frank Allaben Genealogical Company
+Forty-Second Street Building, New York
+
+Copyright, 1915, by Frank Allaben Genealogical Company
+
+
+
+
+Old Taverns of New York
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+                                                                      Page
+
+  PREFACE                                                               xv
+
+  I DUTCH TAVERNS                                                        1
+
+    Indian Trade--First Settlement--Purchase of Manhattan
+    Island--Popular Taverns in New Amsterdam--Sunday Closing
+    Under Stuyvesant--Dutch Festivities
+
+  II NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES                                           37
+
+    The English Conquest--Horse Races--Regulations for
+    Innkeepers--First Merchants' Exchange--Famous Taverns of
+    the Period--Early Buccaneers and Their Relations with
+    Government Officials--Efforts of the Earl of Bellomont to
+    Restrain Piracy
+
+  III THE COFFEE HOUSE                                                  65
+
+    An Exciting Election in 1701--Popularity of the Coffee
+    House--Aftermath of the Leisler Troubles--Political
+    Agitation under Lord Cornbury--Trials of Nicholas Bayard
+    and Roger Baker--Conferences at the Coffee House--Festivals
+    under the English Rule--Official Meetings in Taverns and
+    Coffee Houses
+
+  IV THE BLACK HORSE                                                    91
+
+    The Black Horse Tavern, Scene of Many Political Conferences
+    in the Early Eighteenth Century--Rip Van Dam and Governor
+    Cosby--Lewis Morris' Campaign--Zenger's Victory for Liberty
+    of the Press--Old New York Inns--Privateering--The Negro
+    Plot
+
+  V THE MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE                                        127
+
+    The Slave Market, Later the Meal Market--The Merchants'
+    Coffee House, Famous for More than Half a Century--Clubs of
+    Colonial New York--The Merchants' Exchange--Charter of
+    King's College, Now Columbia University--French and Indian
+    War--The Assembly Balls--The Press Gang--Some Old
+    Inns--Surrender of Fort Washington
+
+  VI TAVERN SIGNS                                                      167
+
+    Doctor Johnson on the Comforts of an Inn--Landlords of the
+    Olden Time--Some Curious Tavern Signs--Intemperance in the
+    Eighteenth Century--Sports and Amusements
+
+  VII THE KING'S ARMS                                                  191
+
+    The Crown and Thistle, Meeting Place of St. Andrew's
+    Society and Later Called the King's Head--The King's Arms,
+    Formerly the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen's
+    Coffee House--Broadway of the Eighteenth Century--The Stamp
+    Act and the Non-Importation Agreement--The Liberty
+    Pole--Recreation Gardens
+
+  VIII HAMPDEN HALL                                                    227
+
+    The Queen's Head Tavern, Where Was Organized the New York
+    Chamber of Commerce--Pre-Revolutionary Excitement--Battle
+    of Golden Hill--Hampden Hall, Meeting Place of the Sons of
+    Liberty and Attacked by the British--List of Members of the
+    Social Club, 1775--Other Clubs and Societies of the
+    Period--The Moot, a Lawyers' Club and Its Charter
+    Members--The Tax on Tea, Committee of Correspondence and
+    Outbreak of the Revolution
+
+  IX THE PROVINCE ARMS                                                 271
+
+    The Continental Congress--Marinus Willett's Seizure of
+    Arms--Flight of the Tories--Happenings at the Coffee
+    House--The Province Arms, Resort of British Officers--Other
+    Taverns--The Theatre Royal--Sports--The Refugee
+    Club--Social Affairs Under the British Occupation
+
+  X FRAUNCES' TAVERN                                                   307
+
+    The Treaty of Peace--Celebration Dinners at Sam Fraunces'
+    House and Other Taverns--Evacuation of New
+    York--Washington's Farewell to His Officers, at Fraunces'
+    Tavern, 1783--First New York Bank--Re-organization of
+    Chamber of Commerce--Social, Philanthropic, and Learned
+    Societies of the Day--The Cincinnati--The New
+    Constitution--Washington's Inauguration--Sam Fraunces,
+    Steward of the President
+
+  XI THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE                                          351
+
+    The Tammany Society--Tontine Coffee House Founded by
+    Prominent New York Merchants--New York Stock Exchange in
+    the Tontine--Marriner's Tavern, Later Called the Roger
+    Morris House and the Jumel Mansion--The Tammany
+    Wigwam--Brillât-Savarin in New York
+
+  XII THE CITY HOTEL                                                   385
+
+    Club Life After the Revolution--The City Hotel and the
+    Assembly Balls--Musical Societies--Second Hudson
+    Centennial, 1809--St. Andrew's Society Dinners and Other
+    Feasts--Tea Gardens--The Embargo of 1807--Society of
+    Mechanics and Tradesmen--New England Society--Political
+    Associations--Tammany Hall--The Battery--The Ugly Club
+
+  XIII THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN                                          417
+
+    The War of 1812--Dinner to Naval Victors at the City
+    Hotel--Dinners to Captain Lawrence, General Harrison,
+    Commodores Bainbridge and Perry--News of Peace--The
+    Shakespeare Tavern, a Musical and Literary Centre--Cradle
+    of the Seventh Regiment--A New York Inn Comparable to
+    London's "Mermaid Tavern" and "Turk's Head"--Visits of
+    Monroe and Jackson--The Erie Canal--First New York Savings
+    Bank--The Price-Wilson Duel
+
+  XIV ROAD HOUSES                                                      445
+
+    Prejudice Against Dancing--Balls--Debates and Lectures--The
+    City Hotel--Niblo's Garden--Road Houses--Trotting
+    Matches--Upper Third Avenue--Suburban Drives and
+    Taverns--Lafayette's Visit--Clubs--End of City Hotel--Era
+    of Hotels
+
+  INDEX                                                                481
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+
+                                                                      Page
+
+  "Beer Was the Dutchman's Drink"                                        5
+
+  The City Tavern from the Justin Dancker's View, 1650                  15
+
+  The White Horse Tavern                                                18
+
+  The Damen House                                                       19
+
+  Water Gate, Foot of Wall Street                                       24
+
+  "They Had Discovered the Toothsome Terrapin"                          31
+
+  "The Man of the Knight of St. George"                                 38
+
+  The Earl of Bellomont                                                 56
+
+  "As Genuine Pirates as Ever Sailed the Sea"                           57
+
+  Captain Tew                                                           59
+
+  The Bayard Punch Bowl                                                 74
+
+  Viscount Cornbury                                                     78
+
+  Old Tankard                                                           80
+
+  The Black Horse Tavern                                                90
+
+  Rip Van Dam                                                           93
+
+  Governor Cosby                                                        94
+
+  Lewis Morris                                                          95
+
+  Fac-Simile News Item from the New York Weekly Journal, November
+  5, 1733                                                               99
+
+  Andrew Hamilton                                                      102
+
+  The Ball at the Black Horse                                          107
+
+  "Which Were All Drank in Bumpers"                                    109
+
+  "The Violin and Flute, by 'Private Hands'"                           111
+
+  House at 122 William Street                                          117
+
+  The Royal Exchange                                                   136
+
+  Sir Danvers Osborne, Governor of New York                            139
+
+  "The Drumbeat Was Constantly Heard in the Streets"                   145
+
+  Sir Charles Hardy, Governor of New York                              147
+
+  Colonel Peter Schuyler                                               150
+
+  The Press Gang                                                       153
+
+  The Bull's Head Tavern                                               157
+
+  The Roger Morris House                                               160
+
+  The Blue Bell Tavern                                                 161
+
+  The Old Time Landlord                                                169
+
+  "Hard Drinking Prevailed"                                            171
+
+  Good Old Madeira                                                     173
+
+  A Racing Trophy                                                      180
+
+  Bull Baiting, From an Old Advertisement                              184
+
+  The Bowling Green, From Lyne's Map                                   186
+
+  William Alexander, Earl of Stirling                                  192
+
+  House Built by Cornelis Steenwyck                                    197
+
+  The De Lancey House                                                  201
+
+  Liberty Boys                                                         214
+
+  At Ranelagh                                                          220
+
+  Corner of Broadway and Murray Street, 1816                           235
+
+  Captain A. McDougall                                                 241
+
+  Merchants' Coffee House and Coffee House Slip                        254
+
+  Marinus Willett Stopping the Transfer of Arms                        274
+
+  Baroness De Riedesel                                                 298
+
+  In the Coffee House                                                  318
+
+  "Gambling With Cards Was Pretty General"                             339
+
+  Simmons' Tavern                                                      342
+
+  Fac-Simile Receipt of Sam Fraunces, as Washington's Steward          343
+
+  The Bowery Theatre                                                   348
+
+  Tontine Coffee House                                                 356
+
+  Old Sleigh                                                           365
+
+  The City Hotel                                                       373
+
+  Martling's Tavern                                                    376
+
+  Belvedere Club House                                                 382
+
+  Fac-Simile Bill of the City Hotel, 1807                              384
+
+  Anthelme Brillât-Savarin                                             387
+
+  White Conduit House                                                  398
+
+  Robert R. Livingston                                                 404
+
+  Washington Hall                                                      409
+
+  Tammany Hall                                                         411
+
+  Fraunces' Tavern About 1830                                          412
+
+  The Great Naval Dinner at the City Hotel, December 29, 1812          416
+
+  Commodore Stephen Decatur                                            418
+
+  Commodore Isaac Hull                                                 420
+
+  Captain James Lawrence                                               421
+
+  The Shakespeare Tavern                                               429
+
+  "As Choice Spirits as Ever Supped at the Turk's Head"                431
+
+  De Witt Clinton                                                      438
+
+  Contoit's Garden                                                     454
+
+  Niblo's Garden                                                       457
+
+  Reynolds' Beer House                                                 459
+
+  Cato's House                                                         461
+
+  The Old Hazzard House                                                462
+
+  Burnham's Mansion House                                              464
+
+  Fitz-Greene Halleck                                                  470
+
+  J. Fenimore Cooper                                                   472
+
+  Bunker's Mansion House                                               477
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Much has been written about the old taverns of New York in a disconnected
+way, but heretofore there has been no connected story linking them with
+the current events of the early history of the city. This story I have
+attempted to tell from the Dutch settlement down to the early part of the
+last century, when the growth of the city and extensive travel entirely
+changed their character. In doing this I have found myself at issue with
+many writers on the subject. In every such case the conclusions set down
+in this book rest I believe upon unquestionable documentary evidence, in
+part referred to in the text.
+
+Before any newspapers appeared the tavern was a very important institution
+in the community. It was the medium of all news both political and social,
+the one place where people of all kinds met to exchange views on every
+subject of interest to the general public. In this way it exercised an
+influence second only to the church.
+
+The connection of the taverns with the history of the city was very close.
+There was hardly an event of importance but had its inception in the
+taverns, where all questions of interest to the public were discussed as
+in no other place. They were frequented by all classes and the influence
+of each one of them on the community depended entirely on the character of
+those who patronized it. The merchants, the politicians and the men of
+letters each had their places of rendezvous.
+
+Following the history of the city chronologically I have endeavored to
+link with it the influence of the taverns on current events, and at the
+same time show up the interesting features of tavern life by details of
+happenings at these places. I have made no attempt to increase interest by
+any means except the plain, unvarnished truth, which I have considered
+sufficiently attractive. Tales of the old taverns are enhanced in interest
+by a glamour of antiquity surrounding the subject by which few can fail to
+be charmed.
+
+Nothing exists at the present day in any way resembling an old tavern of
+the first class in colonial times. It was the place for political
+discussion, for social clubs and for meetings of all kinds. Every one went
+to the tavern and from no other source could a person gain so much
+knowledge of public affairs.
+
+W. Harrison Bayles
+
+
+
+
+OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+DUTCH TAVERNS
+
+
+[Sidenote: Trading with the Indians]
+
+On the return of Hendrick Hudson from his voyage of discovery in 1609, his
+reports were so favorable, especially, as to the abundance of valuable
+furs which were to be had at very little cost, that several merchants of
+Amsterdam, without delay, fitted out trading vessels and sent them to
+trade with the Indians in the territory he had visited. The returns were
+satisfactory, and they formed themselves into a company under the name of
+the United Netherland Company and established a trading post on the
+southern part of Manhattan Island. The exclusive privilege of trade, which
+had been granted them by Holland, expired in the year 1618, and they
+endeavored to have the grant renewed or extended, but succeeded only in
+obtaining a special license, expiring yearly, which they held for two or
+three years longer.
+
+In the meantime a more extensive association had been formed by some
+merchants and capitalists of Holland, who in the year 1621 received a
+charter under the title of the West India Company, which gave to them the
+exclusive privilege of trade on the whole Atlantic coast, so far as the
+jurisdiction of Holland extended. Powers of government were conferred upon
+the company and the right to make treaties with the Indians.
+
+In 1623, they sent out a vessel which carried thirty families to begin the
+colony. The vessel landed her passengers and freight near the present site
+of Albany and a settlement was there established. The return cargo of
+skins and other freight was valued at about twelve thousand dollars.
+
+[Sidenote: First Settlement]
+
+It having been determined to fix the headquarters of the company in New
+Netherland on Manhattan Island, two ships cleared from Holland in 1625
+with a large number of settlers for this place. With these was sent out
+Peter Minuit, as Director-General, to superintend the interests of the
+company. On board the vessels were carried more than a hundred head of
+cattle, besides other domestic animals, such as would be needed by the
+people in a permanent settlement. This was the first real settlement on
+Manhattan Island. The few huts and storehouses, surrounded by a stockade
+for protection against the Indians, although it appears they were very
+friendly, which had been located here for many years, was not a
+settlement; it was only a trading post; no attempt had been made to
+cultivate the land.
+
+Unlike the New England settlers and the Swedes upon the Delaware the Dutch
+did not make use of the log house, so well adapted by economy, ease of
+construction and comfort, as a temporary home. It is said that Dutch
+traders built huts very much like those of the Indian tribes of the
+neighborhood.
+
+The Indian house or hut was made by placing in the ground two parallel
+rows of upright saplings adjoining each other and bringing their tops
+together, lapping them over each other in a curve. On this were fastened
+boughs and reeds, as a protection against wind and rain, the inside being
+lined with bark nicely joined together. If such skill were used in joining
+the bark on the inside as is displayed by some of the North American
+Indians in building their canoes, it must have presented a very neat and
+smooth appearance. There was no floor, the fire, in winter, being built
+upon the ground, the smoke escaping through an opening in the roof. The
+width of the house was invariably twenty feet, the length being regulated
+by the number of families occupying it.
+
+If the Dutch traders used such huts they undoubtedly modified them
+somewhat as to fireplace and chimney and probably made many other
+improvements to suit their needs.
+
+[Sidenote: Manhattan Island Purchased]
+
+Peter Minuit, the Director-General, to obtain title to the island,
+purchased it from the Indian proprietors, and the settlers commenced their
+town by staking out a fort, under the direction of Kryn Frederick, an
+engineer sent out for that purpose, and set about the erection of their
+temporary homes, which were little better than those of their
+predecessors, the traders. The next year, 1626, the machinery for a saw
+mill arrived from Holland and a mill worked by wind power was erected on
+what is now Governor's Island, which was then covered with a fine growth
+of forest trees, which after being cut up, could be easily floated to the
+little town. The settlers were thus supplied with lumber which enabled
+them to erect buildings more conformable to their needs. They built, as a
+rule, houses of only one story in height, with two rooms on the ground
+floor and a garret above. The roof was reed or straw thatch, and this
+material continued to be so used for about thirty years after the first
+settlement of New Amsterdam. The fireplace was built of stone to the
+height of about six feet, having an oven of the same material by the side
+of it, extending beyond the rear of the house. The chimney above the stone
+work was made of boards plastered inside with mortar. The average value of
+these houses was about one hundred and fifty dollars.
+
+The Dutchman did not come to America for the sake of religious or
+political freedom or to escape persecution. He was lured by the profits
+of trade and the prospect of finding a better and more extensive home for
+himself and for his children. In the little village or town that had been
+formed by the first settlers on the southern point of Manhattan Island no
+Puritanical laws or regulations prevented him from dealing in beer or
+strong drink, or in drinking as much as he had a mind to. Beer was the
+Dutchman's drink, and the West India Company very early erected the
+Company's Brewery on the north side of Bridge Street, between the present
+Whitehall and Broad Streets, to supply the little town with its usual
+beverage.
+
+[Illustration: "BEER WAS THE DUTCHMAN'S DRINK"]
+
+The Dutch trader bartered with the Indians for furs, and as the little
+cluster of houses near the fort grew in population some of the traders
+also sold, when they could, a little beer and other strong drink which
+their furs enabled them to obtain from the ships coming into port. For
+many years, except with the Indians, there does not appear to have been
+any restraint on this trade in liquor, but, although there were many
+houses where it was kept on tap for sale, no provision seems to have been
+made for the lodging of strangers.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Tavern]
+
+The Dutch from up the river or from the nearby settlements, which were
+very scanty until the time of Stuyvesant, were, no doubt, always able to
+find relatives or friends with whom they could lodge; but the English
+skippers who stopped over on their trips between Virginia and the New
+England colonies were not only strangers but spoke a strange language,
+unknown to most of the inhabitants, and it is not difficult to understand
+the reluctance of having them as guests in the small houses where the
+accommodations were very limited. Governor Kieft says that he was put to
+great inconvenience in taking care of them, and so, in 1641 built a large
+stone house to accommodate and care for them and other strangers, which
+was known as the Stadt Herbergh or City Tavern. There must have been
+urgent need for such a house, for it was the most costly building that had
+been erected up to this time. The expenditure was much greater than for
+the building of a new and substantial church in the fort, a short time
+after. It was, no doubt, intended to impress and increase the respect of
+strangers and was an object of the admiration and pride of the citizens of
+New Amsterdam. It was located in a very conspicuous place, with one of its
+sides facing the East River, apart from the other houses of the town. It
+was two stories high with a basement underneath and spacious lofts above.
+In the rear was an extension or addition, a long, narrow structure which
+was apparently used for kitchen purposes and probably for other uses.
+
+Early in the year 1643 the Stadt Herbergh, or City Tavern, was leased to
+Philip Gerritsen, its first landlord, at a rental of three hundred
+guilders, or about one hundred and twenty dollars, per annum and opened
+for the entertainment of the public; afterwards to Adriaen Gerritsen, down
+to the beginning of the year 1652, when the tavern was being conducted by
+Abraham Delanoy. According to agreement, Gerritsen was to sell the
+Company's wine, brandy and beer, and no other, the Company agreeing not to
+allow any wine to be sold out of their cellar to the injury of the lessee.
+The Director-General also promised that a well should be dug near the
+house and that a brew-house should be erected in the rear or that
+Gerritsen should be permitted the use of the Company's brew-house.
+
+Shortly after the opening of the tavern it was put to good use in
+sheltering the fugitives who came to it for protection. Among these were
+the settlers from Achter Col, across the Kills from Staten Island, on the
+mainland, who, driven from their homes, which were destroyed by the
+Indians, were lodged for a time at the City Tavern, at the expense of the
+West India Company.
+
+The tavern seems to have been in frequent use as a place of detention of
+persons obnoxious to the Director and his Council and of persons suspected
+of offenses against the orders of the Director-General, and it is probable
+that some part of the building was set apart for that purpose. Sometimes
+the prisoners were quite numerous, as when, in 1651, the crew of the ship
+"Nieuw Nederlandsche Fortuyn" were quartered here, and also when in 1656,
+after it had become the City Hall, were brought here the twenty-three
+Englishmen who had attempted to make a settlement in the present
+Westchester, hostile to the Dutch claim. Notwithstanding this, the tavern
+came to be patronized by many of the best people of the place and by the
+officers of the West India Company. It became a place where a great deal
+of business was transacted, both public and private, and was one of the
+places where all public notices were posted, the others being the fort and
+the barn of the West India Company. It was, too, before it became the City
+Hall, the place where the court frequently sat for the trial of minor
+cases. Here was held in the fall and winter of 1653 the Landtdag, or Diet,
+consisting of representatives from each of the Dutch towns, for the
+purpose of providing means of defence against the Indians. This was the
+most important popular convention that had ever been held in New
+Amsterdam.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Tavern Becomes the City Hall]
+
+In 1652 New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city under the government of a
+schout, two burgomasters and five schepens, and was allowed a separate
+magistracy, although not independent of Governor and Council. This made it
+necessary to have a city hall or town house, and soon after the City
+Tavern was ceded to the city and henceforth was known as the "stadt huys"
+or city hall.
+
+[Sidenote: Captain Underhill Makes Trouble]
+
+In the first settlement of New England the laws and regulations as to the
+sale of strong drink and as to restraint in indulgence were very rigid,
+but afterwards much relaxed. In New Amsterdam there was little restraint;
+so that when the notorious Puritan Captain John Underhill came down to New
+Amsterdam, however exemplary may have been his behavior while at home
+among his New England friends (although there had been some complaint), he
+let himself loose and became, as some would say, "gloriously drunk." On
+the night of the 15th of March, 1644, in the parlor of Philip Gerritsen
+of the City Tavern, Doctor Hans Kiersted, Dominie Bogardus, Gysbert Opdyck
+and several others, with their wives, were having a supper and spending an
+agreeable evening. Some time after the supper, while they were enjoying
+themselves, Captain Underhill, with Lieutenant Baxter and a drummer, who
+had evidently made the rounds of the town and were in an advanced state of
+intoxication, appeared at the door. Gerritsen could not forbid entrance to
+the worthy captain, but told him that he was entertaining a party of
+friends with their wives and requested him to take a separate room where
+he would serve them. They were finally induced to do this after much talk.
+They invited some of the company to drink with them and they complied.
+Baxter invited Opdyck to join them but he refused. Thereupon Underhill and
+his companions drew their swords and cut in pieces the cans on the shelves
+in the tavern, hacked the door-posts and endeavored by force to get into
+the room where the supper party was. This was for some time resisted by
+the landlady with a leaden bolt and by the landlord trying to keep the
+door closed; but, in spite of all opposition, they succeeded in forcing
+their way in. Underhill was in such a state that it was quite uncertain at
+what moment he might take a notion to flesh his sword in any Dutchman who
+stood in his way. With his sword half drawn he cried: "Clear out of here,
+for I shall strike at random." The fiscal and a guard from the fort were
+sent for, but they did not succeed in quieting the drunken Englishmen. In
+reply to some remarks of the Dominie, who suggested that the
+Director-General himself be sent for, Underhill said, as deposed by
+witnesses: "If the Director come here, 'tis well. I had rather speak to a
+wise man than a fool." To prevent further and more serious mischief,
+fearing that at any moment Underhill might pink the Dominie, the supper
+party withdrew, leaving Underhill in possession of the field. Thus the
+gallant Captain scored another victory.
+
+When Wouter Van Twiller came out, in 1633, as Director-General, the
+pressing claims of England to the control of the whole territory on the
+Atlantic Coast, induced the West India Company to send out with him a
+military force of one hundred and four soldiers to garrison the fort.
+These were the first that had been sent over.
+
+[Sidenote: Sergeant Peter Cock's Tavern]
+
+Among the soldiers, some years later, was a man by the name of Peter Cock,
+who held the rank of sergeant. He built, or had constructed for him, a
+little house, such as were being put up at that time, northwest from the
+fort, on ground now occupied by No. 1 Broadway. It was very likely the
+first house built on that side of the fort and was used as a tavern. It
+was no doubt more patronized by the soldiers than any other.
+
+Sergeant Cock was in command of several regular soldiers under La Montagne
+in the expedition against the Indians on Staten Island in 1643. On their
+return to New Amsterdam, they were all immediately sent out to Greenwich
+and Stamford, where they scoured the country in search of the Indians. In
+November of the same year Governor Kieft dispatched one hundred and twenty
+men, under the command of Dr. La Montagne, Cock and Underhill, to
+exterminate the Canarsee Indians. They brought back from this expedition
+some prisoners, who were afterwards barbarously treated, inhumanly
+tortured and finally killed in the public streets of New Amsterdam.
+
+At Sergeant Cock's tavern the details of these expeditions and the part
+taken in them by each individual were, doubtless, thoroughly discussed by
+the soldiers as they drank their beer or other beverages served out to
+them. They talked over the quarrels of the Dominie and the
+Director-General and the last sermon in which the Dominie fulminated his
+biting diatribes against the Director; how the drummer beat up the drum
+and the gunner touched off one of the big guns when the Dominie was in the
+midst of one of his harangues, which distracted the congregation and
+almost threw them into a panic.
+
+Next to the lot on which Sergeant Cock had built his house Martin Crigier
+obtained the grant of a lot in 1643, on which a house appears to have
+already been built, probably by himself. Crigier is said to have come out
+in the service of the West India Company when a young man, after his
+separation or release from which he had engaged in the business of trader
+and sloop captain on the North River and became an active and conspicuous
+citizen. He was certainly a doughty Dutchman, his name occupying a
+prominent place in the military annals of New Amsterdam.
+
+The military expeditions in which he was engaged were numerous. In 1657 he
+went out in command of forty men to settle difficulties on the Delaware.
+In 1659 he commanded a force of sixty men, sent out to the same region to
+repel a threatened invasion of the English. In 1663 he was in command of
+the force sent to Esopus to punish the savages for their massacre of the
+Dutch, and in this expedition he seems to have had the complete confidence
+of Governor Stuyvesant, himself a valiant soldier. With Cornelis Van
+Tienhoven he was sent to New Haven to treat with the English and he was
+Burgomaster of New Amsterdam in 1653, 1654, 1659, 1660 and 1663.
+
+[Sidenote: Burgomaster Martin Crigier, Tavern-Keeper]
+
+He was an innkeeper and we can easily imagine that his house must have
+been the resort of all the Dutch politicians of his day, where were
+discussed not only plans of attack and defence, but also the policies of
+the little town in all its various aspects, both internally and in
+relation to the Indians and the English. The English, no doubt, were
+thoroughly discussed, for there was constant trouble with them at this
+time.
+
+The house was near the fort, on ground now occupied by No. 3 Broadway, and
+looked out on the open ground of the present Bowling Green, which was then
+the parade of the soldiers, being in front of the gate of the fort, the
+eastern side of it being used as a market field on appointed days, where
+were displayed all kinds of country produce brought in from the
+surrounding country. Here, also, in this open space, in 1656 and
+subsequent years, was held, in the latter part of October and all through
+November, the cattle market for store and fat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs,
+bucks, and such like. It was promised that stalls and other conveniences
+would be erected for those who brought such animals to market. This
+cattle-market, notice of which, by letter, had been sent out to the Dutch
+and English of Connecticut and Long Island, no doubt brought to New
+Amsterdam a great many from the surrounding country, even as far away as
+New Haven. The taverns were full and the life and activity of the city was
+much increased. The young men drank in the conversations of the city
+burghers at the taverns, discussed with them the price of beaver skins and
+other articles of trade with the Indians, and in turn told of the arts of
+the trapper and hunter, as well as adventures with the Indians and with
+the wild animals of the forest. These visitors, for a time, made the
+taverns gay and lively, and sometimes there were, no doubt, heated talks
+and even quarrels and personal encounters.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY TAVERN FROM THE JUSTIN DANCKER'S VIEW, 1650]
+
+In front of the taverns of Captain Crigier and Sergeant Cock groups of men
+could be seen at such times bargaining and discussing prices and the news
+of the day. Beer was to be had and there was plenty of talk, for the
+outlying settlers brought in the news of their own sections and were very
+anxious to learn all the news of the city and still more anxious to get
+news from the fatherland.
+
+Those who visited the city to bring in cattle and attend this market made
+of it a pleasure trip long to be remembered. Although New Amsterdam could
+not furnish any amusement that would intoxicate a modern New Yorker yet,
+to those who were passing their days in isolated homes, the gaiety of the
+little city was a source of great enjoyment; and in returning to their
+quiet homes they carried back with them all the little luxuries which they
+could afford and which the city could supply. They had also a great deal
+to tell their relatives and friends.
+
+There is no doubt that when Peter Cock and Martin Crigier built their
+taverns to catch the patronage of the soldiers at the fort, the ground in
+the neighborhood to the west of the fort and along the river was in a
+perfect state of nature, untouched by the hand of man. The authorities
+kept the space in front of the fort clear of building; which, without any
+preconceived plan or intention on their part, resulted in leaving a
+triangular open space, which became the parade for the soldiers, the
+market place for cattle, and, afterwards, in the time of the English, the
+Bowling Green.
+
+In September, 1659, transfer was made of a lot on the west side of the
+Heere Straat (Broadway), which was described as bounded on the south by
+the _newly-built house and lot of Burgomaster Martin Crigier_. It was
+about this time that improvements and a great advance were being made in
+the style of building, and as Crigier was at this time and had been some
+years previous a burgomaster, and was besides a conspicuous man in the
+community, it is natural to suppose that he would put up a good and
+substantial house.
+
+On the other side of the fort, close under the shelter of its eastern
+wall, at the corner of the present Whitehall and Stone Streets, where the
+Produce Exchange now stands, was a little tavern which had been built in
+the most economical manner in 1641, and was kept by a Frenchman, Philip
+Gerard, called by the Dutch Geraerdy, who had left the gay city of Paris
+for life among the Dutch of New Amsterdam. Geraerdy probably had good
+reasons for the change; perhaps it was to escape conscription in the wars
+then raging in Europe. Riding the wooden horse in the fort was a common
+punishment of the soldiers, and Philip Geraerdy, we presume from a sense
+of humor, or for some other good reason, called his house the Wooden
+Horse, or at least it is so called in the Dutch records. The soldiers no
+doubt much preferred the wooden horse (or bench) in Philip's tavern to
+that in the fort. Philip was himself at one time a soldier, and had ridden
+the wooden horse, for May 27, 1642, "Philip Geraerdy, a soldier, for
+having been absent from the guard without leave," was sentenced to ride
+the wooden horse during parade, with a pitcher in one hand and a drawn
+sword in the other.
+
+[Sidenote: The White Horse Tavern]
+
+After a few years the name of Philip's house underwent a change. This may
+have been the result of a sort of evolutionary process, induced by Philip,
+who erected in front of his house a sign on which was painted a white
+horse on a dark background, very conspicuous. The house became known as
+the Sign of the White Horse or the White Horse Tavern.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HORSE TAVERN]
+
+Some lively scenes were connected with the little tavern. One dark night
+in the spring of 1643, farmer Jan Damen, whose house was just beyond the
+present Wall Street near Broadway, drank deep in Philip's house, and was
+in such a condition that Geraerdy thought it prudent to guide him home,
+which act of benevolence cost him dearly. Damen must have been in a mood
+that threatened trouble, for Geraerdy had taken the precaution to draw his
+sword from its scabbard and carry it himself. At the house Damen's serving
+man, armed with a long knife, resisted his master's entrance. Damen used
+the scabbard as a weapon and also secured a knife, and in the fight which
+ensued Geraerdy was, as the surgeon declared, dangerously wounded, Damen
+having struck him in the dark under the shoulder blade.
+
+[Illustration: THE DAMEN HOUSE]
+
+It was a dramatic and semi-tragic scene when "Black John," who hailed from
+the seaport town of Monnikendam, near Amsterdam, one morning, as they were
+at the house of Philip Geraerdy, addressed Ensign Hendrick Van Dyck,
+saying: "Brother, my service to you," to which the ensign answered:
+"Brother, I thank you." "Black John" did not hand over the can, but
+instead struck the ensign with it on his forehead so that blood flowed,
+saying that that was his Monnikendam fashion, and threw him over on his
+back. This, it is related, was done without having words or dispute of any
+kind.
+
+Geraerdy became a sergeant in the burgher troops, and while keeping a
+tavern was also a trader and a man of business. Besides his own language
+he could speak both Dutch and English, acting occasionally as an
+interpreter. He succeeded so well that in a few years he built for himself
+a substantial house on that part of his lot fifty or sixty feet down from
+the corner on Stone Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Taverns Regulated]
+
+When Governor Peter Stuyvesant arrived, in May, 1647, he found New
+Amsterdam, to use an expression of the present day, "a wide open town."
+Before the close of the month he issued an order requiring that all places
+where liquor was sold should remain closed on Sunday before two o'clock
+in the afternoon, and, in case of preaching in the fort, until four
+o'clock,--this, under penalty of the owners being deprived of their
+occupation, and besides being fined six Carolus guilders for each person
+who should be found drinking wine or beer within the stated time,
+excepting only travellers and those who were daily customers, fetching the
+drinks to their own homes; and that all such places should be closed every
+night at the ringing of the bell about nine o'clock. In issuing this order
+he says: "Whereas we have experienced the violence of our inhabitants,
+when drunk, their quarrelling, fighting and hitting each other, even on
+the Lord's day of rest, of which we have ourselves witnessed the painful
+example last Sunday, in contravention of law, to the contempt and disgrace
+of our person and office, to the annoyance of our neighbors, and to the
+disregard and contempt of God's holy laws and ordinances," etc.
+
+In March, 1648, he found that further action was necessary. He declared
+that one-fourth of the houses had been turned into taverns for the sale of
+brandy, tobacco and beer, and that they were detrimental to the welfare of
+the community; he therefore issued a set of rules for their regulation. No
+new tap-houses should be opened without the unanimous vote of the Director
+and Council. Those who had been tapsters could continue as such for four
+years at least, but in the meantime, should seek some other means of
+livelihood, so as not to be dependent on it. Orders as to closing at nine
+o'clock every night and on Sundays were repeated. Tapsters were to report
+all fights or disorderly conduct in their places, and physicians were to
+report all cases where they were called on to dress wounds received in
+such disturbances. This does not necessarily indicate that New Amsterdam
+was at this time a disorderly place, for like New York of the present day,
+it was a cosmopolitan city. The population at that time was not over five
+hundred souls, and it has been declared that eighteen different languages
+were spoken by the inhabitants.
+
+[Sidenote: Litschoe's Tavern]
+
+Some time previous to the year 1648 Daniel Litschoe established an inn on
+what is now Pearl Street in the outskirts of the town, which became the
+resort of the country people coming in from Long Island. Litschoe came out
+to New Amsterdam with the earliest settlers as ensign in the military
+service of the Dutch. He was with Stuyvesant at Beverwyck and on his order
+hauled down the lord's colors. He also went out with Stuyvesant in the
+expedition against the Swedes on the Delaware as lieutenant.
+
+The tavern seems to have been a good-sized building, for it is spoken of
+as "the great house," but this is to be taken as in comparison with its
+neighbors. It had at least a quarter of an acre of ground attached to it,
+and stood back some little distance from the street. A part of the lot is
+now covered by No. 125 Pearl Street. In the spring of 1651, Litschoe
+leased this house to Andries Jochemsen, who kept it as a tavern or ale
+house for many years and had lots of trouble with the authorities. He
+would tap on Sundays and after nine o'clock, and his house was the resort
+of disorderly persons. After keeping tavern for some years in a house
+which he had built just outside the city wall, Litschoe purchased a lot
+inside the wall between it and the house he had resided in some years
+before, and here he, and after his death in 1662, his wife, Annetje, kept
+a tavern for many years.
+
+When Sir Henry Moody came from Virginia in 1660 to exchange ratifications
+of the treaty to regulate commerce between that colony and New Netherland
+he was received with all the usual diplomatic honors. Two members of the
+council, under escort of halberdiers, were sent "to compliment him in his
+lodgings," and Moody, appearing in the fort, presented his credentials. He
+resided a considerable time at the house of Daniel Litschoe and when he
+left the city he failed to settle his score, for which his library left at
+the house was sold. More people came into the city over the river road
+from the Long Island ferry than from any other direction, and Litschoe's
+tavern near the city gate was an inviting resting place. It was one of the
+stations where fire-buckets were kept for use in cases of emergency.
+
+[Illustration: WATER GATE, FOOT OF WALL STREET]
+
+The city wall, above mentioned, was a line of palisades straight across
+the island along the northerly side of the present Wall Street, passing
+through the present Trinity Churchyard. On the inside of the palisades was
+an embankment and a ditch. It was built in the year 1653, when England and
+Holland were at war and New Amsterdam was threatened by the New England
+colonists. Through this line of defence there were two gates, the
+land-gate at the present junction of Broadway and Wall Street and the
+water-gate at the river road or present Pearl Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Peter Cock's Troubles to Obtain a Wife]
+
+Peter Cock added much to the piquancy of the gossip of the taverns and the
+town when, in 1653, probably no longer a soldier, he brought suit against
+Annetje Cornelissen Van Vorst, claiming the fulfillment of a promise of
+marriage. The case occupied the time and attention of the Court of
+Burgomasters and Schepens at a great many sessions, statements and
+counter-statements being presented to the Court, who, considering the case
+too large for them, sent it, with the papers, to the Director and Council
+for their decision. It was sent back to the Court of Burgomasters and
+Schepens, with a recommendation to appoint a committee to examine the
+papers and report. The final decision, pronounced May 18, 1654, was that
+the promise was a binding contract. From this decision Annetje appealed,
+but it was confirmed. In some way Annetje obtained a release, at any rate,
+she married November 11, 1656, Claes Jansen Van Purmerendt, a tobacco
+planter of Paulus Hook. Peter consoled himself with another Annetje, for
+on June 13, 1657, he married Annetje Dirks, of Amsterdam.
+
+In 1661 Annetje Cock was a widow and in control of the tavern which Peter
+Cock had left. She asked permission to build a new house on the southeast
+corner of the lot, which request was refused, as it would be too near the
+fort. Her husband had contracted for the building of a house on the lot,
+which she claimed was voided by his death, and wished to make a new
+contract with others, but the court decided that the old contract was
+binding. A new house was built which was kept by her as a tavern for many
+years.
+
+[Sidenote: A Dutch Tavern]
+
+The taverns of New Amsterdam were probably modeled somewhat after those of
+Holland, for the Dutch were a people who stuck to the customs of the
+fatherland. The description of a Dutch tavern, from the journal of one of
+our citizens who visited a part of the Netherlands where customs have not
+changed for centuries is here given.
+
+"It was the business of the good vrow or her maid to show up the
+traveller, and open the doors in the smooth partition of the box which was
+to receive his weary limbs for the night, and which otherwise he might not
+be able to discover, and after he crept into it, to come back again and
+blow out the candle, and in the morning to draw the curtains of the
+windows at the hour he fixed to rise. There was generally one room in
+which all the guests were received, and where there was a pleasant reunion
+in the evening, and all the visitors ate, drank and smoked. It had, in one
+corner, a closet, which, when opened (and, honestly, it was not
+unfrequently opened), disclosed sundry decanters, glasses and black
+bottles; and, on one side of the room, a rack in which were suspended by
+their bowls a score or two of very long pipes, each one inscribed with
+the name of a neighbor or owner. This was the room of Mynheer the
+landlord. He had no care beyond this; mevrow was the head of the house;
+she attended to all the wants of the guests, and gave them the information
+which they might desire. She was always on the spot as when, with a 'wet
+te rusten,' like a good mother, she bade you good night, and when, with a
+'hoo-y-reis,' like an old friend, she bade you good-by."
+
+In the contract for building the ferry house on the Long Island side of
+the East River for Egbert Van Borsum in 1655, provision was made for
+bedsteads to be built in the walls as described above. Thus an apartment
+could be made to accommodate several travellers at night and yet, in day
+time, present a neat appearance and be used as a public room. Provision
+was also made for the closet or pantry, for it was a source of profit.
+
+A few years later the Ferry Tavern of Van Borsum had acquired such a
+reputation, to which the culinary art of Annetje, his wife, greatly
+contributed, that it became the resort of the best citizens when they
+wished for something extra good, and of the officials of government, as we
+find that a bill rendered by Van Borsum in February, 1658, for wine and
+liquor furnished the Director and other officers was ordered to be paid.
+
+[Sidenote: A Grand Dinner]
+
+When, in 1658, Captain Beaulieu wished to give a fine dinner to his
+friends, he did not go to the tavern of the Worshipful Burgomaster Martin
+Crigier nor to that of Lieutenant Litschoe, who entertained the English
+Ambassador a few years later, nor yet to the popular tavern of Metje
+Wessels; but was influenced, for some good reason, to go to the house of
+Egbert Van Borsum, the Ferry Tavern on the Long Island side of the river.
+Here the Captain and his thirteen friends sat down to a dinner for which
+Van Borsum, if the record is correct, charged him three hundred and ten
+florins, or at the rate of nine dollars per plate; and it appears that it
+was worth the price, for although Beaulieu was sued by Van Borsum for the
+bill, his defence was that he was to pay only one-half of the expense, the
+other half to be paid by a few of the other guests. No complaint was made
+that the amount charged was excessive. Annetje Van Borsum testified before
+the Court that she made the arrangement and bargain with Beaulieu alone
+and looked to him for payment. The Court took this view and gave a verdict
+against Beaulieu for the full amount. Annetje Van Borsum must certainly
+have been a fine cook, and the dinner must have been served with some
+expensive accessories, of the nature of which we can hardly surmise. It
+serves to show that New Amsterdam, even at this early period, was not
+entirely devoid of expensive luxuries (for such must have been the case).
+After the death of Egbert Van Borsum, his widow, Annetje, continued the
+business for several years, she herself managing the tavern, and her son,
+Hermanus, attending to the ferry. In her declining years she retired to
+the city of New Amsterdam where she died at a green old age.
+
+In 1655 Solomon Peterson La Chair, a gentleman of the legal profession,
+made his appearance in New Amsterdam, and, as there was not a promising
+prospect in that line of business, he rented the house of Teunis Kray, on
+the Graft, and petitioned the Burgomasters and Schepens for permission to
+keep it as a tavern, which could be managed by his wife in his absence on
+legal business, and would be of great assistance to him in gaining a
+livelihood. Permission was granted. He afterwards bought the house of
+Kray, agreeing to pay for it in instalments; but as Kray had formerly sued
+him for the rent he had now to sue him for the very first instalment; and
+he never succeeded in paying for it, the money, even when he had it ready,
+as he says, slipping through his fingers. He did not pay anyone he owed
+until forced to. He used every means which his learning in the law and his
+own ingenuity could devise to avoid paying his just debts. He was
+impecunious and improvident and constantly in trouble; yet he was a man of
+considerable learning and ability, as evinced by his register of business
+as a notary, a volume of some three hundred pages, which was discovered in
+the county clerk's office some years ago. He obtained a license to
+practice as a notary in 1661. La Chair, defaulting in payment, Kray came
+again in possession of the house he had sold, and La Chair moved to a
+house in Hough Street, where he continued to keep a tavern until his
+death, a few years later. There was much discussion in the little town on
+political matters, and La Chair, as a man versed in the law, could
+probably attract many to his house, where, no doubt, such subjects were
+thoroughly discussed.
+
+November 26, 1656, a petition was presented to the Burgomasters and
+Schepens from Metje Wessels, requesting permission "to follow the trade of
+an eating house and to bring in and tap out wine and beer," which was
+granted.
+
+[Sidenote: Metje Wessels' Tavern]
+
+Metje Wessels' house was situated on The Water, which was what is now the
+north side of Pearl Street, between Whitehall and Broad Streets, in the
+busiest part of the little city, and not far from the City Hall. It became
+a noted place for Burgomasters' dinners, and was a popular place for
+festivities of all kinds, characteristic of the taverns of this period.
+The Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam had discovered the
+toothsome terrapin, for which their successors, the aldermen of New York
+City, were, years ago, known to be particularly partial, and their
+dinners at the widow's tavern were no doubt supplied with this delicious
+viand. Van der Donck, writing in 1656, says: "Some persons prepare
+delicious dishes from the water terrapin which is luscious food." Here men
+went on the arrival of a ship, to meet the skipper and hear the news from
+the fatherland or from other foreign ports. Here were discussed the
+tidings from up the river, where many young men were making adventurous
+excursions among the Indians, in the far-off northern wilderness, in the
+profitable business of gathering furs. The trade in furs, the Indian
+troubles, the military expeditions, the Dominie's sermons and the
+Director-General's proclamations,--these, and a great many more, both
+public and personal matters--were talked over. It was a sort of business
+and social exchange where were gathered and distributed news and gossip of
+all kinds.
+
+[Illustration: "THEY HAD DISCOVERED THE TOOTHSOME TERRAPIN"]
+
+[Sidenote: Dutch Festivities]
+
+The Dutch of New Amsterdam had a large capacity for enjoyment and in their
+holiday season of Christmas and New Year, gave themselves up to every kind
+of festivity and sport that the place could afford. We find from records
+that some of these were firing of guns, beating of drums, dancing, playing
+of tick-tack, bowling, playing of ninepins, sleighing parties or wagon
+rides, etc. The taverns and taprooms were full of life and there were
+likewise many family festivities and amusements, where the tables were
+loaded with all the good things to eat and drink that were obtainable. Not
+only was it the season of the delight and enjoyment of the young and gay,
+but the older and graver citizens joined in the sports with enthusiasm and
+encouragement. Even the Burgomasters and Schepens, with the other
+officials, when the season of festivity approached, closed the public
+offices temporarily. "Whereas," it is recorded, "the winter festivals are
+at hand, it is found good, that between this date and three weeks after
+Christmas the ordinary meetings of the Court shall be dispensed with."
+
+Gathered together to celebrate one of the anniversaries of the festive
+season, the flickering lights from oil lamps and tallow candles, reflected
+from the whitewashed walls of Madame Wessels' assembly room, shone on as
+happy and gay hearted a gathering as is found in the magnificent and
+brilliantly lighted halls of our present grand city. They shone on "fair
+women and brave men." Notwithstanding the humorous caricatures of
+Washington Irving, the women were comely and the men were a sturdy and
+adventurous lot. Here was the government official, with his sword at his
+side. Here was the prosperous trader or merchant in his silk or velvet
+breeches and coat flowered with silver lace, with gold or silver buttons,
+lace neck cloth and silk stockings. He also wore a sword. The common
+burgher in his homespun breeches and Kersey coat also took a part.
+Handsome dresses, displayed on female forms were not numerous but there
+were some that indicated the success and prosperity of the heads of the
+families represented by the wearers. Gowns of thick embroidered silk and
+petticoats of cloth and quilted silk graced the festive dance.
+
+May-day was also celebrated with great spirit and on this occasion the
+people were accorded by the city magistrates the greatest license. It was
+announced that "any damage which may come from the general rejoicing
+within the city on May-day shall be made known to the Burgomasters at the
+City Hall immediately thereafter when means shall be taken to furnish
+reparation."
+
+But Governor Stuyvesant had no sympathy for such "unprofitable customs,"
+and such "unnecessary waste of powder." He forbade on New Year and
+May-days, the firing of guns, the beating of drums or the planting of
+May-poles, and ordered that at these times there shall not be "any wines,
+brandy-wines or beer dealt out." It is supposed that this ordinance was
+not strictly enforced and that its restrictions were little observed.
+
+Stuyvesant also, in February, 1658, forbade the farmers and their servants
+to "ride the goose" at the feast of Bacchus and Shrovetide, which brought
+a protest from the Burgomasters and Schepens, who felt aggrieved that the
+Director General and Council should have done so without their knowledge
+and consent. "Riding the goose," or "pulling the goose," was a cruel
+sport, but it was not the fate of the goose that moved the tender heart of
+Stuyvesant. He says in response to the protest that "in their time it has
+never been practiced here, and yet, notwithstanding the same may in some
+place of the fatherland _be tolerated and looked at through the fingers_,
+it is altogether unprofitable, unnecessary and criminal for subjects and
+neighbors to celebrate such pagan and Popish feasts, and to practice such
+evil customs." He then gives the Burgomasters and Schepens a sound
+scolding for their presumption, and informs them "that the _institution of
+a little bench of Justice under the title of Schout, Burgomasters and
+Commissioners_ does in no wise interfere with or diminish aught of the
+power and authority of the Director General and Councellors in the
+enacting of any ordinance or making any particular interdict, especially
+such as tend to the glory of God and the best interests of the
+Inhabitants."
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES
+
+
+[Sidenote: The English in New York]
+
+When the English captured New Amsterdam, the heart of the British soldier
+was no doubt cheered and gladdened by the sight of the Sign of Saint
+George and the Dragon, which was boldly hung out in front of the house
+looking out on the river on the west side of the present Pearl Street just
+above Maiden Lane, kept by James Webb, from London. It was a stone house
+which had been built more than fifteen years before by Sander Leendertsen
+(Alexander Lindsay), upon the site of the present 211 Pearl Street. When
+in March, 1665, the citizens were called upon to state how many soldiers
+they could lodge, the entry is made in the records that "The Man of the
+Knight of St. George will take one," which undoubtedly refers to the
+landlord of this house. Webb, in 1665, married Margaret Radel, a widow,
+and probably kept the house for some years. It was on the road leading to
+the Long Island ferry, a favorite location for taverns.
+
+Although Colonel Nicolls, the first deputy Governor for his Royal
+Highness, James, Duke of York, is said to have filled his purse from the
+proceeds of land grants and by compelling the holders of old grants to pay
+him for confirmation, and to have been active in adding to his profits in
+many other ways, and, although he was given despotic power, yet his rule
+was characterized by so much leniency and moderation, compared with the
+paternal, though arbitrary, rule of Peter Stuyvesant, that he became as
+popular with the inhabitants as, under the circumstances, could be
+expected. When, at the end of four years, he solicited and obtained his
+recall, a grand dinner was given him at the house of Cornelis Steenwyck,
+one of the most prominent Dutch merchants of the city, and two militia
+companies, the Dutch officers of which had received their commissions from
+him, escorted him to the ship which was to bear him to England.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAN OF THE KNIGHT OF ST. GEORGE"]
+
+The English officials were naturally desirous of introducing English ways
+and customs. Moved by this spirit, Governor Nicolls, to encourage the
+English sport of horse-racing, established a race-course at Hempstead,
+Long Island, which was continued and kept up by his successors, who issued
+proclamations, directed to the justices, that races should be held in the
+month of May.
+
+New York, when it came into the hands of the English, was thoroughly
+Dutch, and the Englishman was not pleased by the ways and customs of the
+Dutch in tavern life, so different from the English. In a tavern conducted
+in the Dutch way, where the landlord and all the attendants spoke the
+Dutch language, the government officials and the English officers did not
+feel that ease and comfort that they would in a truly English inn.
+
+The prominent Dutch taverns continued to flourish, but in the course of
+time, there was a gradual change, produced by the English influence. The
+Dutch tavern keeper differed much from the inn-keeper of England, and the
+newcomers, assuming the airs of conquerors, accustomed to the warm welcome
+of an English inn, chafed under the restrains which they found or fancied,
+and many broils occurred between the landlords and their Dutch countrymen
+on one side and the English soldiers and sailors on the other.
+
+[Sidenote: The Governor Builds a Tavern]
+
+Although previous to this time and some years subsequent, the records of
+public business transacted at taverns are numerous, for a long time after
+the English came into control, there is no indication that the taverns
+were thus much used by the English officials. The want of a tavern truly
+English, that would satisfy the officers of the government, may have been
+the cause which led Governor Lovelace to build, in 1672, on his own
+account, an inn or ordinary right next to the City Hall, and to ask the
+magistrates for permission to connect the upper story of the house with
+the City Hall by a door opening into the Court's Chambers. The
+proposition was agreed to by the magistrates, leaving it to the governor
+to pay what he thought fit for "the vacant strooke of ground" lying
+between the buildings and "not to cut off the entrance into the prison
+doore or common gaol."
+
+This door connecting the City Hall and the tavern was meant to serve, in
+its way, a very useful purpose, but lacking reliable data in reference to
+the part it played in facilitating communication between the tavern
+taproom and the halls of justice, we leave each reader to supply the
+deficiency by his own opinions on the subject.
+
+[Sidenote: Tavern Regulations]
+
+It was a uniform custom in the English colonies to make provision for the
+care of strangers and to regulate by law the taverns and the sale of
+strong drink. By the duke's laws, which were enacted, or rather accepted,
+by representatives of the people at the Hempstead convention, in 1665,
+inn-keepers were not allowed to charge "above eight pence a meal with
+small beer," and were required to always have on hand a supply of "strong
+and wholesome" malted liquor.
+
+In January, 1676, it was ordered that "all persons who keep publick houses
+shall sell beere as well as wyn and other liquors and keep lodgings for
+strangers." It was proposed to the governor by the mayor and aldermen that
+six houses be appointed to sell "all sorts of wine, brandy and rum and
+lodgings," and eight to "sell beere, syder, mum and rum and to provide for
+strangers as the law directs," that two of "the wine houses be ordinaryes,
+and four of the beere-houses." Prices were fixed at which the tapsters
+should sell. French wines and Madeira were from one and three pence to two
+shillings per quart; brandy at six pence and rum at three pence per gill;
+beer and cider were three and four pence per quart. In the ordinary at the
+wine house the meal was one shilling and in that at the beer house it was
+eight pence; lodging at the wine house was four pence per night, and at
+the beer house it was three pence. Thus a sharp distinction was drawn
+between the two classes of houses and there was in all probability as
+great a difference in their keepers.
+
+[Sidenote: First Merchants' Exchange]
+
+Broad Street had become a desirable place of residence and many citizens
+of the better class made it their home. The canal or ditch through the
+middle of it, from the present Exchange Place to the river, would never
+have been there if New York had not been originally a Dutch town. Across
+the canal, near the river, between the present Stone and Bridge Streets,
+was a bridge. This was a favorite lounging place for idlers, where,
+leaning over the railing of the bridge, they could watch the ebb and flow
+of the tide and the various small boats which went a little way up the
+canal to discharge their cargoes of oysters, fish and country produce
+brought over from Long Island or other nearby points. It was the center
+of probably more stir and activity than any other place in the little
+city. Here the merchants had become accustomed to meet for trade and the
+transaction of business of various kinds. This induced Governor Lovelace,
+March 24, 1669-70, to issue an order establishing a sort of business
+exchange. This order specified that the meeting of the merchants should be
+between the hours of eleven and twelve on Friday mornings, at present near
+the bridge, and the mayor was directed to take care that they should not
+be disturbed. The time of meeting and dispersing was to be announced by
+the ringing of a bell. It was the beginning of the merchants' exchange.
+This continued to be the meeting place of the merchants, and near this
+spot a building called the Exchange was subsequently built.
+
+Not far away, on the present northwesterly corner of Broad and Pearl
+Streets, stood the tavern of James Matthews, who, besides keeping a
+tavern, was a merchant and a man of considerable means. The meeting place
+for merchants being almost in front of his door his house was a very
+convenient place for them to retire to, to consummate their bargains over
+a social glass. In 1678 and in 1685 he was one of the farmers of the
+excise. He died in the latter part of the year 1685, or early in 1686, and
+his widow continued to keep the house for about two years, when she also
+died. The executors of her estate petitioned, in March, 1688, for an
+abatement of £20 excise money.
+
+In September, 1676, Abraham Corbett, "driven with his family from his home
+eastward of New England," petitioned for a license to distill strong
+liquors, which was granted him. He became a lieutenant in the militia in
+1684; and was one of the farmers of the excise in 1688, which indicates
+that he was a man of respectability and deserving of public confidence. He
+was also a tavern keeper. When Samuel Leete, clerk of the Court of Mayor
+and Aldermen, and an Alderman of the city, died in 1679, he left to
+Abraham Corbett, "all my household goods in part payment of what I owe him
+for meat and drink." By Governor Dongan's Charter of 1686, Abraham Corbett
+was appointed an Assistant Alderman. In 1680 he purchased for sixty pounds
+sterling a house and lot on the east side of Broadway, two or three doors
+south of the present Exchange Place, and some years later on this lot he
+erected a fine tavern, which he called the "Royal Oak," where he spent his
+declining years in its management. Considering the position which Corbett
+held in the esteem of the people there is no doubt that his house received
+the patronage of the best class of the community.
+
+In these early days there were no parks, but the open country was near at
+hand with all the charms of nature. Just south of the present Trinity
+Churchyard was the Governor's Garden. A large gateway led to it and to a
+charming spot--a piece of elevated ground covered with natural
+forest--called the "Locust Trees," which was a resort for those who
+enjoyed the open air, where they could look out on the broad expanse of
+the Hudson. It was not then covered with that panorama of moving craft
+which it now presents. It was the same majestic river as now, but its
+surface was unbroken except by a lonely canoe or a small sail or two
+lazily drifting up or down the stream, with the green shores of Staten
+Island and Pavonia in the distance.
+
+The road along the East River, beyond the "water gate," had a number of
+dwellings on its upper side. On the way to the ferry a road joined it
+called the "Maadge poadge," or Maiden Lane, and a little way further
+another, the present John Street, led up to Vandercliff's Orchard, which
+is said to have been a place of public resort, owned and kept by Dirck
+Vandercliff, who was also a merchant, and in 1687 was an assistant
+alderman.
+
+A singular incident occurred at this place in 1682. James Graham, who was
+an alderman of the city in 1681, recorder in 1683, and afterwards
+attorney-general, had, according to evidence, expressed a desire to make
+the acquaintance of Captain Baxter, an English officer recently arrived in
+the Province, and accordingly a party of several friends, including Graham
+and Baxter, met at the tavern of Dirck Vandercliff in "The Orchard," to
+spend a social afternoon and evening. About nine o'clock, as the company
+was about to break up, Graham, after paying the reckoning, was called
+aside by Baxter, but not out of the sight of the company. Those present
+saw Baxter act as if to kiss Graham, when the latter called out that he
+had been stabbed. He had been struck with a knife under the collar bone,
+the wound being about four inches deep. Baxter was arrested and bound over
+to await his trial in case of Graham's death, but the wound did not prove
+to be mortal.
+
+[Sidenote: Wolfert Webber's Tavern]
+
+On the hillside at the present Chatham Square, near the Collect or fresh
+water pond and the sparkling stream that fed it with the purest water on
+Manhattan Island, in a charming retreat, then considered far beyond the
+city wall, stood the tavern of Wolfert Webber, built in the time of the
+Dutch, and for a long time the farthest outlying dwelling on the eastern
+side. We find in the record that in 1655, a daughter of Wolfert Webber,
+tavernkeeper, had been returned to him from her captivity among the
+Indians. Notwithstanding the danger from attacks of the Indians, Webber
+continued to keep this house, and it was probably patronized by people who
+wished to enjoy the pleasures of the quiet and beautiful spot where it was
+located. In the marshes or swamps to the northwest, called the Kripple
+Bush, the sportsman could, in season, find woodcock in abundance, or he
+could enjoy the more gentle sport of angling in the Collect. Although the
+eastern side of the Collect was very attractive, the western side, at one
+time, was the residence of the very poorest class of people, and, on
+account of the stagnant water of the nearby swamps, considered very
+unhealthy.
+
+When the Dutch were in possession of the city for the second time and
+called it New Orange, Wolfert Webber was made a magistrate for the Outside
+People, or those beyond the Fresh Water, and under the English he was
+appointed by the Dongan Charter of 1686 an assistant alderman. He
+represented the Out Ward as assistant Alderman in 1688, 1689, 1706 and
+1707, and was still keeping the tavern at this same place. In April, 1715,
+"enjoying yet good health, but being ancient," he made his will, and died
+a year or two after.
+
+In 1660, on account of the repeated attacks of the Indians on the outside
+settlements, an order was issued requiring the abandonment of isolated
+habitations, and the gathering of the people in hamlets or villages for
+mutual protection. In response to this order there came a petition from
+those living beyond the fresh water stream asking that their houses might
+be permitted to remain, and that encouragement be held out to others to
+build near them so as to form a village. This request was granted and a
+village was established near the bowery of Governor Stuyvesant. A tavern,
+a blacksmith shop and a few other buildings formed the settlement to which
+was added shortly after a small church, erected by the governor on a part
+of his farm. To this farm or bowery Stuyvesant retired when the English
+had relieved him of the cares of office. The road leading to this village
+became known as the Bowery Road or Lane.
+
+For a time this was the end of the road, but when the English came into
+possession of the city, they soon sought to open communication with the
+New England colonies by land and with the recently made settlement of New
+Harlem. A road was laid out which, in time, was extended through the whole
+length of the island to King's Bridge, and became the highway of travel
+for all going to the north or east.
+
+[Sidenote: The Two-Mile Tavern]
+
+The tavern which had been set up at the village, as travel increased
+became known as the two-mile stopping place, and is said to have been a
+famous place of resort. Its situation was admirable, for the purpose, and
+it was, no doubt, visited by those making excursions of pleasure from the
+city, especially sleighing parties. At this time and for a great many
+years this was the only road of any great length on which such a sport
+could be enjoyed. For a long time the tavern was occupied by Adriaen
+Cornelissen, who was farmer and tavern-keeper. He was living here in 1674,
+when the Dutch for the second time were in possession of New Amsterdam,
+which they then called New Orange, and was appointed one of the schepens
+or magistrates for the outside people or those beyond the wall. Under the
+English rule he was Assistant Alderman in 1684 and in 1687. In 1689 he was
+made a captain of militia, his commission bearing date, December 16th of
+that year.
+
+When, in 1690, commissioners came down from the New England colonies to
+confer with those of New York and deliberate on proper steps to be taken
+against the French and Indians, they declined to enter the city on account
+of the prevalence of small-pox, and Governor Leisler fixed upon this house
+as the place of meeting, describing it as a good, neat house, about two
+miles from the city, and kept by Captain Arian Cornelis. Here the
+commissioners met on the 1st of May, 1690.
+
+[Sidenote: John Clapp Tavern-Keeper]
+
+A few years later the landlord of this tavern was John Clapp, the maker
+and publisher of the first almanac by a resident of New York City, which
+he says was "the product of my many spare Minnits." It was not the first
+printed in New York, for Bradford had, for several years, printed Leed's
+Almanac. Clapp claims to have been the first person in New York to set up
+a hackney coach, and announces in his almanac that "about two miles
+without the City of New York, at the place called the Bowery, any
+Gentlemen Travellers that are strangers to the City, may have very good
+Entertainment, for themselves and Horses, where there is also a Hackney
+Coach and good Saddle Horses to be hired." He was a promoter of social
+festivities, which well became him as a genial landlord. In the Almanac,
+under June, is found the following:
+
+"The 24th of this month is celebrated the Feast of St. John Baptist, in
+commemoration of which (and to keep up a happy union and lasting
+friendship by the sweet harmony of good society), a feast is held by the
+_Johns_ of this city, at John Clapp's in the Bowery, where any Gentleman
+whose Christian name is John may find a hearty wellcome to joyn in consort
+with his namesakes." He notes that John Clapp's in the Bowery, two miles
+from the postoffice, is generally the baiting place where gentlemen take
+leave of their Friends going on a long journey, "where a parting glass or
+two of generous Wine,
+
+  If well apply'd, makes the dull Horses feel,
+  One Spur i' th' Head is worth two in the heel."
+
+Seven miles from Clapp's was the half way house, nine miles further was
+King's Bridge, and from King's Bridge to Old Shute's, at East Chester, was
+six miles.
+
+Excepting that of the governor, it is doubtful if there was a single
+equipage for pleasure in the City of New York at this time, and the ease
+with which a sled or sleigh could be constructed, which would smoothly
+and silently glide over the snow, made sleigh-riding a great sport during
+the period when it could be enjoyed. That John Clapp's house, at the two
+mile station, was a great place of resort at such times, is no mere
+supposition. We have the testimony of Madam Sarah Knight, who was in New
+York in 1704, that this was so. She had come from Boston to New York on
+horseback, and the quaint and humorous way in which she has told the story
+of her travels has made her little book a gem for the antiquarian. She
+says of the New Yorkers: "Their diversion in the winter is riding sleys
+about three miles out of town, where they have houses of entertainment at
+a place called the Bowery." On an excursion with Mr. Burroughs, she says
+that she believes that she met that day as many as fifty or sixty "sleys,"
+which, she says, "fly with great swiftness, and some are so furious that
+they'll turn out of the path for none but a Loden cart," which surely
+indicates the enthusiasm with which the sport was enjoyed, and John Clapp,
+at such times, was, no doubt, a very busy man.
+
+John Clapp seems to have received an education which made him a prominent
+man among the settlers. In the time of Governor Leisler he was a resident
+of Flushing, when, "at a town meeting upon Long Island where divers of the
+freeholders of the Towns of Hamsted, Jamaica, Flushing and Newtown wer
+mett and assembled, to consult on the lamentable state and condition that
+Theire Maj'ties liege subjects lay under; by the severe oppressions and
+Tyranical usurpations of Jacob Leisler and his accomplices, it was desired
+by the freeholders aforesaid that Capt. John Clapp should write an humble
+letter to Their Maj'ties Secr'ty of Stat in all there behalves and signify
+to there Maj'ties in what a sad condition we are all in.--Nov. 7th, 1690."
+This is followed by a long letter.
+
+He was clerk of the New York Assembly, in session in New York during the
+year 1692. He was also a tavern keeper at that time, and must have been a
+man to win the esteem and good will of those who became his guests. Lucas
+Santen, who was at one time collector of the port of New York, and a
+member of Governor Dongan's Council, when he died, in 1692, left "to my
+landlord, Captain John Clapp, £40 to buy him a mourning ring, in
+consideration of the trouble I have given him." The next year Clapp
+succeeded Cornelissen as landlord of the tavern in the Bowery village.
+Here all the travel to the north and east passed his door and we can
+hardly believe that any traveler would, without stopping, pass the door of
+such a genial and jovial landlord as we are convinced was John Clapp, and
+we have reason to believe that his house was a favorite resort for the
+people in the city. He was undoubtedly residing here in 1703, and at some
+time between this date and 1710 removed to Rye, in Westchester county, for
+in the latter year John Clapp made returns of the names of men from 16 to
+60 in the County of Westchester, and he was interested there in large
+grants of land.
+
+Towards the close of the seventeenth century there were two features in
+the local history of New York City which attract attention. For many years
+before the close of the century it was regarded by the maritime countries
+of Europe as a protecting port for pirates, and the political disturbances
+which resulted in the execution of Jacob Leisler and Jacob Minhorne
+continued to divide the community into two contending factions composed of
+many bitter partisans.
+
+[Sidenote: Trade With Pirates]
+
+Respected merchants from New York sent out ships to the coast of Africa
+for slaves, loaded with liquors, arms, ammunition and other articles, just
+such as would be desired by pirates, which they exchanged at tremendous
+advance in prices for the plunder of these robbers of the seas, and
+returned to New York with slaves and the valuable goods they had thus
+obtained. One successful voyage was often sufficient to make the owners of
+the vessel wealthy, and they claimed that they were doing nothing wrong;
+that they had a perfect right to buy goods of any kind wherever they could
+purchase them to the best advantage. With some this trade in the plunder
+of pirates was, no doubt, incidental, but it was profitable, although
+they ran the risk of being the victims of pirates themselves.
+
+Pirates came into port and were received not only in a friendly manner,
+but were even honored by unusual attentions from the governor, who was
+apparently interested in their ventures.
+
+William Mason went out of the harbor of New York in 1689 with a commission
+as a privateer. He turned pirate, made war on East India commerce, and
+reaped a rich harvest of gold and East India goods, with which he filled
+his ship. When the ship returned under the command of Edward Coats, she
+put in on the east end of Long Island, where Coats and his crew found a
+friendly reception, and learning that they might be favorably received in
+New York, came into this port. Coats and his crew, by making valuable
+presents to the Governor and his family, and also to members of the
+Council, were unmolested. The ship was presented to the Governor, who sold
+it for £800. Coats said that his exemption from prosecution cost him
+£1,800.
+
+Captain Thomas Tew, who was known as a pirate, and had been the subject of
+complaint from the East India Company, came to New York in November, 1694,
+and was received by Governor Fletcher on terms of intimate companionship;
+was invited to his table, and rode by his side in his coach and six. He
+gave elegant presents to the Governor and his family, and left with a
+commission as privateer against the French, agreeing to discharge his
+cargo in this port. He went directly to his former field of activity and
+made his name still more notorious by his depredations upon the East India
+commerce.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellomont's Difficulties]
+
+About this time, John Hoare came to New York and received the usual
+commission from Governor Fletcher to act against the French. He openly
+avowed that his destination was for the African coast and recruited for
+that purpose. From the sequel we can not avoid the conclusion that there
+was some kind of an understanding with some of the merchants of New York,
+for after he had been absent about a year they sent out the ship Fortune
+to Madagascar, loaded with goods suitable for pirates, where she was met
+by Hoare's ship, filled with valuable plunder. The goods were transferred
+to the Fortune, and with a part of Hoare's crew she returned to New York.
+At this time Governor Fletcher, whose dealings with pirates had been
+brought to the attention of the British government, had been superseded by
+the Earl of Bellomont, whose instructions were to put a stop to this
+illegal trade. The cargo of the Fortune, when she arrived in New York, was
+secretly gotten ashore in the night, and stored. By order of Bellomont the
+goods were seized and officers were about to remove them, when a large
+number of merchants interfered to prevent them from doing it, using
+violence and locking the officers in the house, who, after three hours,
+were only released by the appearance of the lieutenant-governor and three
+files of men. The ship Fortune was forfeited.
+
+[Illustration: Bellomont]
+
+Frederick Phillipse, one of the Governor's Council, and reported the
+richest man in New York, expected a ship from Madagascar and to prevent
+her arrival in the port of New York with goods that might subject her to
+forfeiture, sent out his son Adolphus, on a vessel ostensibly bound for
+Virginia, which laid off the port until the expected vessel arrived, when
+the East India goods on board were transferred to her and carried to the
+Delaware, leaving the Madagascar ship to enter with only slaves as her
+cargo. The East India goods were sent to Hamburg, where they were seized.
+
+[Illustration: "AS GENUINE PIRATES AS EVER SAILED THE SEA"]
+
+In taverns of medium and even in some of the better class, could have been
+met at this period men who had taken part in captures on the African
+coast, and who, over their mugs of ale, entertained their companions with
+stories of their adventures, modified somewhat as suggested by prudence.
+They were not men of swarthy complexion and ferocious features, with knife
+and pistol in belt, as pictured by the imagination of writers of tales of
+the sea, yet they were, nevertheless, as genuine pirates as ever sailed
+the sea.
+
+For some time, in the latter part of the year 1694, Thomas Tew, the
+notorious pirate, was a well known and picturesque figure on the streets
+and in the taverns of New York, where he spent money lavishly, ordering
+brandy, ale and other beverages for whoever would drink with him. He was a
+man about forty years of age, of slight figure and dark complexion; richly
+and strikingly dressed. He wore a blue cap with a band of cloth of silver,
+and a blue jacket bordered with gold lace and ornamented with large pearl
+buttons. Loose trunks of white linen extended to his knees, where they
+were joined by curiously worked stockings. From his neck hung a rich chain
+of gold, and in his belt, curiously knit, he carried a dagger, its hilt
+set with the rarest gems.
+
+The exciting events of the Leisler period had left in the body politic a
+festering sore that would not heal. The Leislerians believed that the
+execution of Jacob Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Minhorne, had been
+nothing less than murder, and their relatives and friends were active in
+England in endeavors to revive the honor of their names and to reverse the
+attainder of their estates. In this situation of affairs it can readily be
+seen that there was much uneasiness and excitement in the community, and
+the taverns were the centers of all this boiling and agitated disturbance
+in the mercantile and political life of New York.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN TEW]
+
+The bitter opposition which Bellomont received from the merchants and the
+wealthiest of the people of New York compelled him to look to the
+Leislerians for support and to appoint to office members of that party. He
+seems besides to have been moved to take this step from a conviction that
+great injustice had been done. A few extracts from his letters will tend
+to show the situation as he viewed it.
+
+From a letter of the Earl of Bellomont to the Board of Trade, dated
+September 21, 1698:
+
+"The Jacobite party in this towne have a clubb commonly every Saturday
+(which was Colonel Fletcher's clubb day). Last Saturday was seaven night,
+there mett twenty seaven of them, their ringleaders are Colonel Bayard,
+Colonel Minviele, both of the Councill, Mr. Nicolls, late of the Councill,
+and Wilson, late Sheriff of this towne; there is so great a rancor and
+inveterancy in these people that I think it by no means proper for me to
+leave this province till I have your Lordship's orders upon the
+representations I made to your Lordships by the Richmond Frigatt, and
+since by Mr. Weaver; for I do verily believe if I should goe from hence,
+the people would fall together by the ears, besides, should I goe away, it
+would give the faction great advantage, and would tend very much to the
+revenue ceasing, and the measures I have proposed to myself for the
+obtaining the continuance of this present revenue would be thereby
+frustrated. This the Faction know very well, and therefore are very free
+in their wishes that I were gone to my other governments."
+
+To Mr. Popple, Secretary of the Board of Trade, he writes:
+
+"This day another instance happen'd of the brutishness of some of the
+people here. The Master of the ship that carries this packet, was with me
+last Tuesday and promised to call on me on Thursday for the King's
+packetts, but it seems intended to disappoint me and leave my letters
+behind and begon his voyage. I refer you for an account of this man's
+behavior to the inclosed certificate and warrant, only this I must tell
+you, I sent yesterday the Commissioner of the Customes Mr. Hungerford to
+pray him to come to me and receive the King's packetts, and he swore he
+would not for all the Governours in Christendom, and he would not be Post
+Boy to carry letters for any body; which refusal of his made me send a
+warrant to bring him by force. The angry merchants of this town had
+without doubt encouraged this man to be thus insolent, or he durst not
+have refused to carry the letters, after promising me faithfully, he
+would call for and carry them. This is another specimen of the rage and
+malice of these people, who I am satisfied nothing but fear keeps from
+rebelling against the Government; unlawful trade and Arabian gold brought
+in by Pirat ships from the Red Sea are the things they thirst after."
+
+On October 18, 1700, he wrote to Secretary Vernon, as follows:
+
+"The Lords of the Councill of Trade direct me to make an experiment in
+working some navall Stores here, with the soldiers. I cannot go about it
+with such Officers who I believe would rather traverse me in such a design
+than further it; and would I fear stir up a mutiny among the sould'rs, if
+I should propose to 'em the working of Navall Stores for the King. I am
+not for breaking those Lieut's, but exchanging them for honest, good
+Lieut's in some of the Regiments in England. My first Lieut's name is
+Peter Matthews, bred up from a child with Coll. Fletcher & 'tis at his
+house that the angry people of this Town have a Club and hold their
+cabals; my second Lieut's is John Buckley; there is also another Lieut, in
+Maj'r Ingoldesby's Company whose name is Matthew Shank, a most sad drunken
+sott, and under no good character for manhood. I desire also he may be
+exchanged for a better man from England."
+
+Colonel Fletcher, on his return to England, asked for an examination,
+which was accorded him by the Lords of Trade. Plausible explanations were
+made of his conduct, but they were not convincing, and the Lords of Trade
+recommended that the charges be referred to the Attorney-General for
+further action. The King, however, seems to have interposed, as there is
+no evidence of further proceedings against him. Of his subsequent career
+nothing is known.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: An Exciting Election]
+
+In September, 1701, a very exciting election took place in the city.
+Thomas Noell, the mayor, was commissioned and sworn into office on the
+14th day of October, 1701. The returns of the election for aldermen and
+assistant aldermen, which gave the Leislerians a majority in the board,
+were contested in some of the wards and a scrutiny was ordered by the
+mayor, who appointed committees, composed of members of both parties, to
+examine the votes in the contested wards. Some of the Leislerians, who
+were appointed on these committees, refused to serve, claiming that it was
+irregular; nevertheless, the scrutiny was completed, and those declared
+elected, after much excitement and disturbance, finally took their seats
+at the board. Among those who were declared elected was John Hutchins,
+landlord of the Coffee House or King's Arms, situated on the west side of
+Broadway, next above Trinity Churchyard, where the Trinity Building now
+stands. He had represented the West Ward as alderman in 1697. In 1698 he
+was returned as elected, but his election was contested, and his
+opponent, Robert Walters, was declared elected. He was now again alderman
+of the West Ward. He had come out with Governor Sloughter as a lieutenant
+in the regular service and had since then, for the most part of the time,
+made his residence in New York City. He was one of the signers of a
+petition stating grievances at New York in 1692 and 1693, during
+Fletcher's rule. In this paper it is stated that Lieut. John Hutchins was
+imprisoned at Albany and sent to New York, and coming before Governor
+Fletcher, was suspended and kept out of his pay, because he had favored
+the cause of Leisler, and had endeavored to persuade Governor Sloughter
+not to order the execution of Leisler and Minhorne, it being contrary to
+his letter to the King for their reprieve and contrary to his commission
+from his majesty.
+
+After being thus deprived by Fletcher of his pay as an officer, he had to
+seek some means of livelihood and he turned to the occupation of keeping a
+tavern. Previous to 1696 he was keeping a house on the southwest corner of
+Broad and Wall Streets. In this year he purchased a lot on the west side
+of Broadway, the deed bearing date, October 1, 1696, which is described as
+"lying and being next and adjoining to the North side of ye Buriall
+without the North Gate of the City." It had a frontage of sixty feet on
+Broadway. At the western end of this lot, one hundred and thirty-five feet
+from Broadway was a street running from the churchyard to Crown Street
+(now Cedar Street), called Temple Street, a portion of which has since
+been vacated. Farther down, about ninety feet, was Lombard Street, where
+is now Trinity Place. The lot of land inclosed by Temple Street, Crown
+Street, Lombard Street and the churchyard, about ninety by one hundred and
+sixty feet, was also conveyed to Hutchins in the deed.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Arms Tavern]
+
+On the Broadway lot Hutchins erected a house, which he opened as the
+King's Arms, more generally known as the Coffee House. It was not large,
+but for a time it was the most fashionable public house in the city, and
+was considered the headquarters of the anti-Leislerians party. Upon the
+roof was a balcony, arranged with seats, commanding a beautiful view of
+the bay, the river and the city. North of the tavern there were only a few
+scattered buildings on Broadway, the principal of which was the store of
+Alderman Jacob Boelen, north of Liberty Street. The extent of Broadway was
+only to the present postoffice, the road thence continuing on the present
+line of Park Row, then the post road. The Commons or the Fields,
+originally the pasture ground for the cows of the Dutch settlers, was at
+first nearly square, and this road cut off a triangular piece of land on
+the east side, a part of which, before the charter gave to the city all
+"waste, vacant and unpatented lands" on the island, was selected and
+appropriated by Governor Dongan to his own use, on which he built a
+house, with an extensive garden attached to it. This place, embracing
+about two acres of land, became known as the "Governor's Garden." After
+the Governor left the province it is said to have been converted into a
+place of public resort, and became known as the "Vineyard." We can find no
+record of details of any particular interest connected with it.
+
+During the latter part of the seventeenth century the use of coffee as a
+beverage had been introduced into England and on the continent of Europe.
+The first coffee-house in Paris was opened in 1672. Previous to this time
+coffee-houses had been opened in London, and in 1663 they were placed on
+the footing of taverns and a statute of Charles II of that year required
+that they should be licensed. In the English coffee-house the guest paid a
+penny for a cup of coffee. This gave him the privilege of sitting by the
+fire and reading the journals of the day, which the coffee-houses made a
+point of keeping on hand as one of their attractions, and he had also the
+opportunity of hearing discussions on political topics or to take part in
+them, if so disposed, or if he could find listeners. The sober, religious
+Puritan resorted to them in preference to the tavern. In the time of
+Charles II, they were places of political agitation-to such an extent that
+in 1675, the King, by proclamation, ordered that they should all be closed
+as "seminaries of sedition," but the order was a few days later
+rescinded.
+
+[Sidenote: The Coffee House]
+
+When John Hutchins came to New York coffee-houses had become very popular
+and numerous in London and he was, no doubt, familiar with the way in
+which they were conducted, so that when he built his new house on
+Broadway, in addition to its designation as the King's Arms, he called it
+the Coffee House. As it was the first and, in its day, the only
+coffee-house in New York, it had no distinguishing title, but was simply
+called the Coffee House. In the bar-room was a range of small boxes,
+screened with green curtains, where guests could sip their coffee or enjoy
+their chops and ale or Madeira in comparative seclusion. The upper rooms
+were used for special meetings.
+
+Although Hutchins had been favorable to the Leislerians in Fletcher's
+time, he seems to have gone over to the anti-Leislerians, and had been
+elected alderman by the votes of that party. He had borrowed money from
+both Gabriel Minvielle and Nicholas Bayard, having mortgaged his house and
+lot in Broad Street to Minvielle and his house and lot on Broadway to
+Bayard. These two men are named by Bellomont as ringleaders in the party
+opposed to him. The mortgage to Bayard covered also the lot of ground
+between Temple and Lombard Streets, and the whole property subsequently
+came into the possession of Bayard, although, no doubt, Hutchins
+continued in charge of the house until his death or removal from the city.
+
+[Sidenote: Two Rival Taverns]
+
+In the election for aldermen there was great excitement in the East Ward,
+the returns of which were contested. In this ward Roger Baker was well
+known as the landlord of the King's Head, and Gabriel Thompson was equally
+well known as the landlord of the White Lion. As revealed by the scrutiny
+of the votes, Baker and Thompson were on opposite sides. Baker voted for
+William Morris, the anti-Leislerian candidate for alderman, and Thompson
+voted for Johannes DePeyster, who was the Leislerian candidate. Baker had
+been commissioned by Bellomont a lieutenant of militia and Thompson had
+also been an officer in the militia. In 1664, Gabriel Thompson, as master
+of the sloop, Hopewell, cleared from New York for places up the river
+seven times during the year. He was an ensign at Albany in 1685, and a
+captain in the expedition against the French and Indians in Leisler's
+time, and since then had probably been a resident of New York City, where
+he had kept a tavern. He petitioned, in 1693, that the sub-collector repay
+to him £36 excise money, which indicated that he was a tavern-keeper, but
+where his house was then located we do not know. He was one of the signers
+of the petition showing to the home government the grievances existing in
+New York in 1692 and 1693.
+
+These were exciting times and the citizens who gathered at these two
+taverns in all probability had not a few hot discussions over the
+political situation. On August 29, 1701, a committee of the council was
+appointed to meet in conference a committee of the assembly at three
+o'clock in the afternoon at Roger Baker's, at the sign of the King's Head.
+The conference accordingly met, and from thence adjourned to Gabriel
+Thompson's at the White Lion.
+
+During the months of September and October, 1701, many conference
+committees of the council and the assembly met at the White Lion, the
+house of Gabriel Thompson. There was a conference meeting here on
+September 4th and on September 11th we find record of another. On
+September 28, 1701, we find the following record in the Journal of the
+House:
+
+"A message was sent to this House from the Council, that a Conference is
+desired by the Council, with a committee of this House at 3 of the Clock
+in the Afternoon, at Gabriel Thompson's, at the White Lion,
+
+Which was agreed to and,
+
+Ordered, That Capt. Provoost, Col. Rutsen, Mr. Hanjen, Mr. Sebring and Mr.
+Veghte, be a Committee of this House, to confer with a Committee of
+Council this Afternoon."
+
+A deed bearing date November 23, 1701, shows that Gabriel Thompson,
+tavern-keeper, purchased from Nicholas Bayard and Abraham De Peyster the
+lot on the northwest corner of the present Wall and William Streets, but
+whether or not he ever kept a tavern here we have not been able to
+determine. Maps of this locality, of subsequent date, show no building
+between the City Hall and Bayard's sugar house. Thompson's house was
+undoubtedly in this neighborhood and probably not far from the City Hall,
+where the assembly held their sessions.
+
+It has been stated by some writers that the King's Head, the house of
+Roger Baker, was at the corner of Pearl Street and Maiden Lane. Henry
+Coleman, butcher, mortgaged this property in February, 1701, to Roger
+Baker, vintner, for a loan of £348 10s. Baker may have eventually come
+into possession of it, and he may have kept a tavern here, but we can find
+no evidence of it. In the mortgage deed it is described as _lying without
+the fortifications_ on the north side of a street called Queen Street and
+bounded on the east side by a street which leads to Green Lane.
+
+After the death of Bellomont, during the brief rule of Lieutenant-Governor
+Nanfan, who was a relative of the Earl, the political agitation was active
+and aggressive. As soon as it became known in New York that Lord Cornbury
+had been appointed to succeed the Earl of Bellomont as governor of the
+province, measures were taken to secure the favor of that corrupt
+individual by the anti-Leislerian party. In this procedure Nicholas Bayard
+took the lead, and procured addresses to be signed to the King, to
+parliament and to Cornbury. To Cornbury, a man very susceptible to
+flattery, they were profuse in their congratulations and in assertions
+calculated to prejudice him against those who had supported Bellomont and
+to gain his favor for themselves, that they might again become the
+dominant party. Not only were reflections freely cast on the Earl of
+Bellomont, but Nanfan, the lieutenant-governor, was accused of bribing
+members of the house of assembly.
+
+[Sidenote: The Addresses Signed at the Coffee House]
+
+The addresses were signed at the Coffee House, kept by John Hutchins, and
+as soon as it was known, Hutchins was summoned to appear before the
+lieutenant-governor and the council and ordered to produce the addresses.
+This he could not or would not do, and on the 19th of January, 1702, was
+arrested and committed to jail. Two days after, Bayard was also arrested
+and committed to prison on a warrant as a traitor. Nanfan was aware that
+Bayard had dug a pit for others that might be used for his own
+destruction. He had procured the passage of a law in 1691, when he was
+striving and hoping for the ruin of Leisler and his friends, by which,
+"whatsoever person or persons shall, by any manner of ways, or upon any
+pretence whatsoever, endeavor, by force of arms or otherwise, to disturb
+the peace, good and quiet of their majesties' government, as it is now
+established, shall be deemed and esteemed as rebels and traitors unto
+their majesties, and incur the pains, penalties and forfeitures as the
+laws of England have for such offences, made and provided." The trial of
+Bayard was hastened that it might be concluded before the arrival of
+Cornbury. The prisoners petitioned that they might not be tried until the
+usual sitting of the Supreme Court. This, of course, was refused. All
+objections were overruled and Bayard was ordered for trial on Monday, the
+2d of March. He was convicted and sentenced to death, and Hutchins was
+tried and condemned in like manner. Bayard was granted a reprieve until
+her majesty's pleasure might be known. Hutchins was released on bail.
+Bayard was held in confinement until the arrival of Cornbury, when all was
+reversed. Not very long after, by order of the government, Bayard and
+Hutchins were reinstated in all honor and estate, "as if no such trial had
+been."
+
+[Illustration: THE BAYARD PUNCH BOWL]
+
+In the trial of Bayard, testimony was given that the addresses were
+signed in an upper room in the Coffee House, and that Nicholas Bayard was
+present, "smoaking a pipe of tobacco." One of the signers was Peter
+Matthews, who was a lieutenant in the service, and the landlord of the
+tavern where Bellomont declared the club met which was composed of men
+opposed to his administration. Lieutenant Matthews had come out with
+Governor Fletcher in 1692. He had previously been one of the household of
+the Governor, and by him had been made a lieutenant in the garrison at the
+fort. He subsequently rose to the rank of colonel and was one of the
+commissioners of Indian affairs in 1715. In 1703 his house was in the
+south ward. Soon after, he removed to Orange County, where he held a large
+grant of land.
+
+[Sidenote: Trial of Roger Baker]
+
+Another tavern-keeper who became entangled in the meshes of the law and
+suffered from his boldness in expressing his opinions was Roger Baker, the
+landlord of the King's Head. We give an account of his trial taken from a
+letter from New York, May 4, 1702, which is probably not altogether
+impartial.
+
+"The Grand Jury brought in presentments.--* * * One against Roger Baker
+saying the 5 November last the King was made a nose of wax and no longer
+King than the English please. * * * Roger Baker came upon tryal with a
+packt petty Jury according to custome, whereof four happening to be
+absent, a tales was ordered, and although there were then spectators in
+Court above 30 Englishmen and he told so, yet the Sheriffe went out and
+brought in three Dutch men of their party, and finding no more he was
+forced to take one John Ellis an Englishman then in court. Three witnesses
+were sworn the first said, he Baker spoke the words; but that they were
+all very drunk it being Holy-day. The other two said they were always
+present with them, but heard no such words nor nothing like it, that they
+were all drunk but the other witness to that degree he could not stand.
+Judge Atwood gave charge to the Jury to bring Baker in Guilty; the Jury
+went out and stayed all night then came into Court and deliver'd their
+verdict Not Guilty; at which Judge Atwood was very angry refusing to the
+Verdict, sent them out again, when after 6 hours they returned again with
+Not Guilty. At which the Judge grew very passionate, and threatening them
+several times. They were sent out three several times more and persisted
+in Not Guilty. Upon which the Judge threatened to imprison and fine them.
+That so scared the 11 Dutch, that in Open Court being sent for (it being
+about an hour before the Court was to determine), were demanded why they
+were not agreed and who it was that would not agree to find Guilty. Answer
+was made John Ellis upon which the Judge fell upon him with such menacing
+language in open Court and a considerable time hectoring and threatening
+him, he so managed him too that at last he gave his consent in open Court
+where Baker was recorded Guilty and fined 400 pieces of Eight and to
+remain in Custody of the Sheriffe till his fine was paid and after that
+until he made such acknowledgments as the Governor should think fit."
+
+[Sidenote: Conferences at The Coffee House]
+
+Conferences of committees of the council and of the assembly were
+appointed at taverns during the years 1701-2-3, or at the great room in
+the fort, but after the passage of an act in 1703, declaring the
+proceedings against Colonel Bayard and Alderman Hutchins, for pretended
+high treason illegal, and the judgments null and void, the Coffee House or
+the King's Arms, kept by John Hutchins, became the place appointed for
+these conferences and they continued to be held here for several years.
+The Coffee House was the public house patronized by the wealthier class of
+citizens and by those in official life as well as by the military
+officers.
+
+Lord Cornbury, at this time governor of New York, is described by Macauley
+as "a young man of slender abilities, loose principles and violent temper.
+He had been early taught to consider his relationship to the Princess Anne
+as the ground work of his fortunes, and had been exhorted to pay her
+assiduous court." He was cousin to the Queen, and believing that he
+resembled her in features, was led by his vanity, it is thought, to dress
+in women's clothes and appear publicly on the ramparts of the fort and
+even in the street in that neighborhood. Lord Stanhope says that when Lord
+Cornbury was appointed governor of New York, and told that he should
+represent the Queen he fancied that it was necessary to dress himself as a
+woman. Still another reason is assigned for this silly behavior. It is
+said that in consequence of a vow he obliged himself for a month in every
+year to wear every day women's clothes. He otherwise prided himself on his
+erratic doings, and the town was, at times, amused and entertained, or
+shocked by the pranks of this kinsman of the Queen. It is said that he
+once rode on horseback through the spacious front door of the Coffee
+House, and was thus served with a drink at the bar. It is easy to credit
+this of such a man.
+
+[Illustration: VISCOUNT CORNBURY]
+
+In the early part of the year 1709 there were several conferences held at
+the Coffee House by committees from the council and assembly. On September
+22d of that year a conference was appointed at the _New Coffee House_.
+What was meant by the New Coffee House, or where it was situated we are
+unable to state. The Coffee House as a place of conference does not appear
+in the journal of the assembly again for many years.
+
+The conferences of the committees of the council and assembly were, no
+doubt, held at the best taverns in the city, at those frequented by the
+members, where at other times they talked of the affairs of state over
+their wine and spent a pleasant evening in social converse, changes being
+made as the quality of the taverns changed. At this period there were no
+clubs, such as exist today, no theatre, no newspaper. There was hardly a
+man in the community who did not habitually visit some tavern, where he
+met his friends and neighbors to talk over the news of the town. It was
+the place where he obtained all the knowledge he possessed of what was
+taking place in the world around him. The political unrest of the period
+made the taverns more particularly places of life and excitement.
+
+[Illustration: OLD TANKARD]
+
+The history of a people consists not only in their wars and treaties with
+foreign nations, and in the political disturbances and struggles within;
+the manner in which they lived, and what were their interests and
+pleasures, are likely to interest us quite as much. If we can succeed in
+picturing them in our imagination, put ourselves in contact with them in
+their everyday walks, it is a matter of great satisfaction. The life and
+activities of the early colonial days, before there were any newspapers,
+were reflected in the tavern as in no other place in the community. Here
+all classes met, and the good listener, could, by the conversations and
+talks of travelers and other visitors, gain more knowledge of the
+political and social condition of the neighboring country than in any
+other way.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Lord Lovelace]
+
+In September, 1708, Henry Swift was a tavern-keeper in New York and
+rendered a bill to the authorities for boarding the French captain and
+company who came down from Albany. He was one of a number of men who came
+out with Lord Cornbury and by order of the common council were made
+freeman of the city gratis. His house was on Broadway, near the Fort. When
+Lord Lovelace arrived as governor of the province a grand dinner was
+served in the Fort, which was provided by Henry Swift at a charge of £40,
+7s, 6d. Almost four years afterwards he was still petitioning for the
+payment of this bill. On the 13th of November, 1707, the corporation gave
+a dinner "as a treat to his Excellency the Governor on his arrival here
+from his other government of New Jersey." It was provided by Henry Swift
+and the wine and dinner cost the corporation £8, 5s.
+
+In 1710, Henry Swift was made collector of customs for Perth Amboy,
+although Governor Hunter was much opposed to the appointment. Conference
+committees of the council and of the assembly met at his house on
+September 23, 1710; and again, on November 17 and 18, 1710, conference
+committees of the two houses were appointed to meet here. Mrs. Swift kept
+the house after her husband's death. It was owned by Arent Schuyler, of
+New Barbadoes, New Jersey, and when he died, by will dated December 17,
+1724, he left the house and two lots of ground to his daughters, Eva and
+Cornelia. Mrs. Swift was then living in the house, as stated in the will.
+
+[Sidenote: Festivals]
+
+From the time of the English occupation, feast days and anniversaries had
+been observed with more or less spirit and display, which increased as the
+population of the city increased. The birthdays of the King and members of
+the royal family and the anniversaries of the coronation and the gunpowder
+plot were generally observed, and a new governor was always received with
+more or less enthusiasm, and his entry into the city was attended with
+imposing formalities. When Governor Andros came to New York, in 1688, he
+was accompanied by a large and brilliant retinue, and was received with
+great ceremony and escorted to the fort by the city guard--a regiment of
+foot and a troop of horse, in showy uniforms--where his commission was
+published, and later at the City Hall.
+
+In August, 1692, the common council resolved that "a treat be made to
+welcome his Excellency, Benjamin Fletcher, now arrived in this city to the
+value of £20 or thereabouts," and in December, 1697, they ordered that
+four barrels of powder be provided for saluting the Earl of Bellomont on
+his arrival; and after his arrival in the city, it was resolved by the
+common council that a dinner be given at the charge of the corporation
+for the entertainment of his Excellency, Earl of Bellomont,
+captain-general, etc., etc.; that a committee be appointed to make a bill
+of fare (two aldermen and two assistants), "and that for the effectual
+doing thereof, they call to their assistance such cooks as they shall
+think necessary to advise."
+
+On the 15th of February, 1703, the treasurer of the city was ordered to
+repay to the mayor £9 10s 3d, which he had expended for a bonfire, beer
+and wine, on her majesty's birthday, the 6th of February, and on the 24th
+of this same month the common council ordered that a public bonfire be
+made at the usual place, and that ten gallons of wine and a barrel of beer
+be provided, at the expense of the city, to celebrate the success of her
+majesty's arms at Vigo and in Flanders, and the housekeepers were ordered
+to illuminate.
+
+Much more deference was paid to the dignity of office two hundred years
+ago than at the present time. Not only were governors received with great
+honor at their appearance to assume the office, but often, when they left
+the city to visit Albany or New Jersey, they were, on their return,
+entertained by the corporation. In November, 1704, Lord Cornbury, on his
+return from his other government of New Jersey, was entertained at a
+dinner given by the corporation at the house of Richard Harris, which
+cost the city £10 18s 6d. This is the bill rendered, and which was
+ordered paid:
+
+  1704. The Mayor, Aldermen, &c., Dr.
+
+                                               £  s d
+  Dec. 19. To a piece of beef and cabbage         7 6
+           To a dish of tripe and cow-heel        6 0
+           To a leg of pork and turnips           8 3
+           To 2 puddings                         14 6
+           To a surloin of beef                  13 6
+           To a turkey and onions                 9 0
+           To a leg of mutton and pickles         6 0
+           To a dish of chickens                 10 6
+           To minced pyes                      1  4 0
+           To fruit, cheese, bread, &c.           7 6
+           To butter for sauce                    7 9
+           To hire 2 negroes to assist            6 0
+           To dressing dinner, &c.             1  4 0
+           To 31 bottles wine                  3  2 0
+           To beer and syder                     12 0
+                                              -------
+                                              10 18 6
+
+Richard Harris married the widow of Roger Baker, who had been the landlord
+of the well known King's Head, not long after the latter's death, which
+occurred in 1702, and he may have continued this tavern, which is very
+likely, as it was probably being conducted by the widow when he married
+her. The year after his marriage, he was elected assistant alderman, and
+his house for many years was patronized by the officials of the province
+and the city. He was assistant alderman for several years. In 1707 he was
+one of a committee for leasing the Long Island ferry. On the 10th of
+October, of that year, the committee met at his house for that purpose,
+and for their expenses he was paid by the city £1 12s. Five years after
+this, when he was no longer a member of the common council, the lease
+being about to expire, the committee for leasing the ferry met at his
+house on the 17th of December, 1712, and this time he charged the
+corporation £7 10s 9d. Conference committees from the council and assembly
+met at his house several times in November, 1710, and in 1712. On the 6th
+of October, 1714, the governor gave notice of the death of Queen Anne, and
+on the 11th, King George was proclaimed in the city. The common council
+ordered seven or eight cords of wood for a bonfire and twenty gallons of
+wine for the people. The expenses of the common council on this occasion
+at the house of Richard Harris amounted to £8 4s, which was ordered to be
+paid.
+
+On November 7, 1717, the council requested a conference at the house of
+John Parmyter on the subject matter of the bill for letting to farm the
+excise, and on October 20th of the same year a bonfire was ordered and a
+dinner was given by the corporation at his house in celebration of the
+anniversary of his majesty's coronation. The aldermen seem to have been
+ever ready to celebrate any of the usual anniversaries by eating a good
+dinner and drinking good wine. The bill for this dinner was as follows:
+
+         Corporation of New York, Dr.
+  1717         To John Parmyter
+
+                                  £  s d
+  Oct. 20 To 32 bottles of wine   3 14 0
+       To beer and cyder             5 3
+       To eating                  1 12 0
+       To dressing supper            6
+                                  ------
+                                  5 17 3
+
+As on most occasions a large portion consisted of liquor exhilarants.
+
+John Parmyter had been a resident of New York since the time of Bellomont
+and probably had been a tavern-keeper for some years previous to the date
+of this dinner. His house was on or near the corner of Beaver and New
+Streets. In 1712 an act was passed by the legislature of the province
+prohibiting all but John Parmyter to make lamp-black, for five years,
+"this to encourage the first to set up that manufacture." He no doubt
+continued to keep tavern and had the monopoly of the manufacture of
+lamp-black until his death, and it also appears that his widow continued
+to carry on both lines of business. An act to prohibit all persons but
+Susannah Parmyter, widow, and her assigns, to make lamp-black during the
+space of ten years, was passed by the legislature in 1724. She continued
+to keep the tavern and rendered a bill to the authorities in August, 1727,
+for the "board of the Governor of Canada (sic) and fourteen men and wine."
+
+The custom of meeting in conference at the taverns continued and the names
+of the keepers of these houses are given in the journal of the assembly.
+In 1713 conference committees met several times at the house of Bernard
+Hardenbrook and in 1718, at the house of Elizabeth Jourdain, who was the
+widow of Henry Jourdain, captain of the sloop Dolphin, who died at sea in
+the latter part of the year 1702. The Dolphin was probably a slaver, for
+Henry Jourdain, in his will, evidently made at sea, directs that sixty-one
+elephants' teeth marked _H. J._, and some gold in bulk should be delivered
+to his wife in New York, which indicates that he had visited the African
+coast. His entire estate amounted to £426, which enabled his widow to set
+up a public house, where she entertained the committees from the council
+and assembly and "lodged his majesty's soldiers."
+
+[Sidenote: The Tavern of the Widow Post]
+
+The house of the widow Post appears to have been a favorite place for
+members of assembly, where according to Mr. Isaac Robin, secretary of
+council, they discussed matters of state over their wine, and committees
+met on business of various kinds. The popularity of her house seems to
+have continued for several years. In November, 1721, we have record of the
+examination of Vincent Pelow before the council at the house of the widow
+Post, in relation to the small pox raging in Boston, and on November 9,
+1726, the assembly, "taking in Consideration the Conveniency and
+Accommodation, which the Members of this House have every Sessions, as
+well at the Meeting of Committees as otherwise, at the House of the Widow
+Post, and that the Trouble and Expense, which is occasioned to her on such
+Occasions far exceeds her Gains. It is the Opinion of this House that she
+ought to be exempted from paying any Excise, from this Time until the
+first Day of November next," and it was ordered that the commissioners for
+letting to farm the excise take notice thereof accordingly.
+
+Obadiah Hunt was a tavern-keeper whose house seems to have been used both
+by the provincial and city officers as a place for conference on
+consultation. He was a member of the common council for several years,
+which may have been one cause of his house being used by that body. It was
+situated on Dock Street between Whitehall and Broad Street, next door to
+the custom house. He owned the house and appears to have been a man of
+some property, but of little education. He was a popular landlord. In
+January, 1718, the corporation paid Obadiah Hunt £4 6s 9d, for expenses at
+his house by the corporation on the anniversary of the coronation,
+October 26th last, and on the anniversary of Gunpowder Treason Day,
+November 5th. The dinner, wine, beer, cider and other expenses at the
+house of Obadiah Hunt on the occasion of the entertainment given to
+Governor Burnet, on September 20, 1720, shortly after his arrival in the
+province, cost the corporation £21 8s 6d. Meetings were held at his house
+for the transaction of business of various kinds connected with the city,
+such as auditing accounts, leasing the ferry, leasing the docks and slips,
+etc., and on the arrival of a new governor, in April, 1728, his house was
+again the scene of an entertainment in his honor, which cost the city £15
+6s 6d.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+THE BLACK HORSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Horse Tavern]
+
+In the early part of the eighteenth century, there stood on the southern
+corner of Smith and Garden Streets, the present William Street and
+Exchange Place, the Black Horse Tavern, kept by John DeHoneur, who seems
+to have been its landlord for many years. John or Johannes DeHoneur was
+recommended for the office of captain of militia in June, 1709. Whether he
+was a tavern-keeper at this time, or how soon after he became one, we do
+not know, but on October 18, 1727, the assembly directed that the
+Committee on Grievances meet every Tuesday and Friday, during the
+sessions, at five o'clock in the afternoon, at the house of John DeHoneur,
+and that the first meeting be on Friday next. The next year the Committee
+on Grievances requested permission to meet at other place and time than at
+the place and time appointed for their meeting, and they were allowed by
+the assembly to meet at such other times and places as they should judge
+necessary, but they, nevertheless, must meet every Thursday evening at the
+house of John DeHoneur. It continued to be the meeting place of
+committees, and ten years after, in 1737, it was the meeting place, by
+appointment of the assembly, of the Committee of Privileges and Elections.
+In the record it is sometimes named as the house of John DeHoneur, and at
+other times as the Black Horse Tavern. In the contest between Cornelius
+Van Horne and Adolph Phillipse, they were ordered to exchange lists at the
+house of John DeHoneur.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLACK HORSE TAVERN]
+
+The assembly, like the common council, were inclined to meet at taverns
+for the transaction of public business, where they were evidently
+surrounded by a more cheerful atmosphere than in the cold halls of
+legislation and justice. Where the room was warmed by a large and lively
+fire in the spacious fireplace, and the inner man warmed and exhilarated
+by good old wine, business was transacted with more cheerfulness and
+alacrity. The Black Horse Tavern was the scene of many such meetings, and,
+no doubt, of some very exciting ones. In the contest over the votes for
+Van Horne and Phillipse there were, very likely, some lively discussions.
+The Black Horse was for many years one of the most prominent taverns in
+the city.
+
+Governor Montgomerie, after being governor of New York about two years,
+died on the 1st of July, 1731, and Rip Van Dam, as senior member of the
+council, and president of that body, became, _ex officio_, acting
+governor of the province.
+
+[Illustration: Rip van Dam]
+
+Governor Cosby was appointed to succeed Montgomerie, but did not arrive
+until the 1st of August, 1732, so that Van Dam was acting governor for a
+period of thirteen months. He had been invested with all the powers,
+duties, and rights of the office, and had been allowed to draw the full
+amount of the salary from the public funds. Governor Cosby, like almost
+all the governors sent out to the provinces, had a sharp eye to his own
+profit, and had obtained, before he left England, an order on Van Dam for
+one-half of the salary, emoluments and perquisites of the office during
+the time that the latter had exercised the chief authority; and,
+accordingly, made demand shortly after his arrival. Van Dam was willing to
+surrender one-half of the salary which he had received if Cosby would pay
+to him one-half of the receipts, other than salary, and not otherwise, Van
+Dam resisting, Cosby instituted suit by way of information in the equity
+side of the court of exchequer, where he was confident of a decision in
+his favor. The counsel for Van Dam excepted to the jurisdiction of the
+court as being illegal. Great excitement ensued in consequence of a
+division in the court itself. Chief Justice Morris supported the
+exception, the two associate judges, DeLancey and Phillipse, voting
+against the plea. The decision of Chief Justice Morris annoyed the
+governor, who demanded a copy of it. Morris, to prevent misrepresentation,
+had it printed and sent it to the governor with a letter. Both the
+decision and the letter were published in the Gazette. This exasperated
+the governor beyond all bounds, and almost immediately Morris was removed
+from the bench. Shortly after James DeLancey, who afterwards became
+prominent, was appointed chief justice in his place.
+
+[Illustration: W. Cosby]
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Morris]
+
+The contest between Cosby and Van Dam, at first personal, soon involved
+the people, and divided them into two parties. Those in office, and their
+following, supported the governor, while the party of the people,
+especially after the removal of the chief justice, were violently opposed
+to the arbitrary act of the governor in removing a judge because his
+decision was not as he wished, and to the favoritism which could, by an
+_ex post facto_ order, divest any of the colonial officers of salary
+earned and appropriated to individual use, and direct the amount to be
+paid to a stranger who had performed no service for it. If this were
+conceded, there would be little stability in the rights of British
+subjects.
+
+In the fall of 1733, Lewis Morris, being removed from the office of chief
+justice, offered himself as a candidate for representative for the county
+of Westchester in the assembly. Opposed to him was William Forster,
+supported by the chief justice, James DeLancey, and the second judge,
+Frederick Phillipse, who both appeared in person on the ground, and
+exerted their influence to the utmost to defeat the election of Morris.
+The account of this election, as told in the first number of the New York
+Weekly Journal, reads like a page from the history of feudal times, when
+the lords appeared upon the scene, followed by their retainers, ready for
+contests in the lists or on the field of battle.
+
+The high sheriff of the county, having, by papers affixed to the church of
+East Chester and other public places, given notice of the day and place,
+without stating any time of day when the election was to take place, the
+electors for Morris were very suspicious of some intended fraud. To
+prevent this, about fifty of them kept watch upon and about the Green at
+East Chester, the place of election, from twelve o'clock the night before
+until the morning of the appointed day.
+
+The electors of the eastern part of the county began to move on Sunday
+afternoon and evening, so as to be at New Rochelle by midnight. On their
+way through Harrison's Purchase, the inhabitants provided for their
+entertainment, there being a table at each house plentifully provided for
+that purpose. About midnight they all met at the home of William LeCount,
+at New Rochelle, whose house not being large enough to entertain so many,
+a large fire was made in the street, at which they sat till daylight, when
+they again began to move. On the hill, at the east end of town, they were
+joined by about seventy horsemen, electors of the lower part of the
+county, and then proceeded to the place of election in the following
+order: First, rode two trumpeters and three violinists; next, four of the
+principal freeholders, one of whom carried a banner, on one side of which
+was affixed in golden capitals, KING GEORGE, and on the other side, in
+like golden capitals, LIBERTY & LAW; next followed the candidate, Lewis
+Morris, formerly chief justice of the province; then two colors. Thus, at
+sunrise, they entered the Green of East Chester, the place of election,
+followed by about three hundred horsemen, the principal freeholders of the
+county (a greater number than had appeared for one man since the
+settlement of the county). After riding three times around the Green, they
+went to the houses of Joseph Fowler and Mr. Child, who were well prepared
+for their reception.
+
+About eleven o'clock appeared William Forster, the candidate of the other
+side; after him came two _ensigns_, borne by two of the freeholders; then
+came the Honorable James DeLancey, chief justice of the province of New
+York, and the Honorable Frederick Phillipse, second judge of the province
+and Baron of the Exchequer, attended by about one hundred and seventy
+horsemen, freeholders, and friends of Forster. They entered the Green on
+the east side and rode round it twice. As they passed, the second judge
+very civilly saluted the former chief justice by taking off his hat, a
+salutation which the former judge returned in the same manner. After this,
+they retired to the house of Mr. Baker, who was prepared to receive and
+entertain them.
+
+About an hour after this the high sheriff came to town, finely mounted,
+with housings and holster caps of scarlet, richly laced with silver. Upon
+his appearance the electors on both sides went into the Green. After
+reading his majesty's writ the sheriff directed the electors to proceed to
+their choice, which they then did, a great majority appearing for Morris.
+A poll was demanded and the sheriff insisted that a poll must be taken. A
+poll was taken, and did not close until about eleven o'clock at night.
+Morris, although the votes cast for him by thirty-eight Quakers were
+rejected, because they would not take the oath, was elected by a large
+majority.
+
+The indentures being sealed, the whole body of electors waited on the new
+representative, at his lodgings, with trumpets sounding and violins
+playing and then took leave of him.
+
+The foregoing follows the account which appeared in the New York Weekly
+Journal, which was friendly to Morris. In the same number of this paper
+the only item of local news is the following, which we reproduce in
+fac-simile.
+
+[Illustration: _NEW-YORK, Nov. 5._ On _Wednesday_ the 31st of _October_,
+the late Chief Justice, but new Representative for the County of
+_Westchester_, landed in this City, about 5 o'Clock in the Evening, at the
+Ferry-stairs: On His landing He was saluted by a general Fire of the Guns
+from the Merchants Vessels lying in the Road; and was receiv'd by great
+Numbers of the most considerable Merchants and Inhabitants of this City,
+and by them with loud Aclamations of the People as he walk'd the Streets,
+conducted to the _Black Horse_ Tavern, where a handsome Entertainment was
+prepar'd for Him, at the Charge of the Gentlemen who received Him; and in
+the Middle of one Side of the Room, was fix'd a Tabulet with golden
+Capitals, KING GEORGE, LIBERTY and LAW.
+
+On Thursday last the House of Representatives were adjourned to the third
+Teusday in _April_ next.]
+
+Thus the Black Horse Tavern had become the rallying place and rendezvous
+for the party of the people, and was, from this time, we have every reason
+to believe, the place where they continued to meet to concert on measures
+against prerogative and favoritism and against the arrogance and arbitrary
+acts of the governor and his supporters. These sentiments were not new to
+the people, but had been lying dormant, like smoldering embers, which
+needed only a slight agitation to fan them into a flame. Not since the
+time of Bellomont had there been so much bitterness displayed in party
+strife.
+
+Since 1725, a newspaper had been printed in New York, but William
+Bradford, its printer, was in the pay of the government, and no item in
+opposition to the governor or his friends was to be found in its pages. In
+November, 1733, appeared the first number of the New York Weekly Journal,
+printed by John Peter Zenger, and devoted to the support of the party of
+the people, at the head of which were Lewis Morris and Rip Van Dam. It
+soon began to make itself felt. It was eagerly read, its sarcastic,
+reflections on the government, and its biting criticisms, furnishing a
+weekly entertainment to the public, which drove the governor and his
+friends almost to madness. Its effect was so keenly felt that it was
+resolved, in council, that Zenger's papers, Nos. 7, 47, 48 and 49, and
+also two certain printed ballads, as containing many things tending to
+sedition and faction, to bring his majesty's government into contempt, and
+to disturb the peace thereof, should be burned by the common hangman or
+whipper, and that the mayor and magistrates should attend the ceremony.
+This they refused to do and forbade the whipper, who was in the employ of
+the city, to obey the order. His place was supplied by a negro slave of
+the sheriff. Attempts were made to have Zenger indicted, but the grand
+jury refused to bring in a bill.
+
+In November, 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned, by order of the
+council, for printing seditious libels, and, for a time, was denied the
+use of pen, ink and paper. In January, 1735, the grand jury not having
+indicted him, the attorney-general filed an information against him. In
+the meantime he was editing his paper through a hole in the door of his
+cell. At the April term of court his counsel, James Alexander and
+William Smith, the two ablest lawyers of New York, filed exceptions to the
+legality of the commissions of the two judges. For this they were
+silenced, and John Chambers was appointed by the court counsel for Zenger.
+
+[Illustration: A. Hamilton]
+
+[Sidenote: Trial of John Peter Zenger]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at The Black Horse]
+
+When the trial came on, in July, 1735, Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, a
+lawyer of great reputation, who had been secretly engaged, unexpectedly
+appeared by the side of the prisoner. He was capable, eloquent and
+audacious, and, in conjunction with Chambers, managed the case with so
+much ability and skill that the jury, after being out only ten minutes,
+returned with a verdict of _Not Guilty_, which was received with shouts
+and cheers. The judges threatened the leaders of the tumult with
+imprisonment, when a son of Admiral Norris, who was also a son-in-law of
+Lewis Morris, declared himself the leader and invited a repetition of the
+cheers, which were instantly repeated. Andrew Hamilton was hailed as the
+champion of liberty. The corporation of New York shortly presented him
+with the freedom of the city in a gold box, "for his learned and generous
+defence of the rights of mankind and the liberty of the press." Zenger was
+released from prison, after having been confined for more than eight
+months. After the trial was concluded, the enthusiasm and demonstrations
+of satisfaction centered at the Black Horse Tavern, where a splendid
+dinner was given to Andrew Hamilton in celebration of his great victory.
+At his departure, next day, "he was saluted with the great Guns of several
+Ships in the Harbour as a public Testimony of the glorious Defence he made
+in the Cause of Liberty in this Province." Governeur Morris stated to Dr.
+John W. Francis his belief that "the trial of Zenger, in 1735, was the
+germ of American freedom--the morning star of that liberty which
+subsequently revolutionized America." The Black Horse Tavern, therefore,
+if it was not the cradle of liberty, was certainly the nursery of those
+sentiments which ripened into the Declaration of Independence. No spot in
+New York is so closely identified with this victory for the rights of free
+speech and for the liberty of the press, as the site of the Black Horse
+Tavern, which is now occupied by an office building called Lord's Court.
+
+Lewis Morris at this time was in London, where he had gone to lay his
+grievances before the home government. His case came before the Committee
+of the Council in November, 1735, "when the Lords gave it as their opinion
+that the Governor's Reasons for Removing him were not sufficient." He was
+not, however, restored to the office of chief justice, but was appointed
+governor of New Jersey, where he had large interests, and where the people
+had long desired to have a government separate and distinct from New
+York.
+
+Many writers have erroneously asserted that the Black Horse Tavern was the
+resort of the friends of the governor, where balls were given by the
+aristocratic members of society, and that Robert Todd was its landlord;
+but all that is necessary to clear up this mistake is to pay careful
+attention to the files of the two rival newspapers of that day, Bradford's
+Gazette and Zenger's Journal.
+
+On Broad Street, near the corner of Dock Street (the present Pearl
+Street), Robert Todd, vintner, kept his house, which became, indeed, the
+favorite place for the balls and entertainments of the governor's party,
+as was the Black Horse Tavern for the party of the people. On October 9,
+1735, the governor was invited "to a very splendid entertainment provided
+for him at Mr. Todd's in order to Congratulate his Excellency upon his
+safe Return from Albany, where he had been to renew the Treaty of Peace
+and Friendship with the Six Nations of Indians." After dinner they drank
+the healths of the different members of the royal family and the health of
+his excellency and prosperity to his administration--"the music playing
+all the while." "His Excellency was also pleased to Drink Prosperity to
+Trade, and at the same time, in a very obliging manner, assured the
+Gentlemen there, That if they could think of any Methods to Promote and
+Encourage the Trade and Welfare of this Province, he would heartily
+contribute every Thing in his Power thereto." In the evening the house was
+illuminated.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary of the Coronation]
+
+Two days after this, on the 11th of October, the anniversary of the
+coronation was celebrated at the Fort, when the healths of the King and
+Queen and the other members of the royal family were drank under the
+discharge of cannon, "the two Independent Companies posted there, being
+under arms all the time." In the evening the governor and his friends were
+entertained at the house of Mr. Freeman, which was handsomely illuminated.
+"The whole was concluded with Dancing and all the Demonstrations of Joy
+suitable to the Day." Mr. Thomas Freeman was the son-in-law of Governor
+Cosby.
+
+At the same time, at the Black Horse Tavern, the house of John DeHoneur,
+was made "a very handsome Entertainment in Honour of the Day for Rip Van
+Dam Esq. President of His Majesty's Council. Matthias Norris Esq.
+Commander of His Majesty's Ship, _Tartar_, and Capt. Compton, Commander of
+His Majesty's Ship _Seaforth_." Thus we see that the commanders of the two
+men-of-war lying in the harbor, honored with their presence and were
+honored by the party of the people at the Black Horse Tavern; and this
+accounts for the salutes given by the guns of the ships in the harbor to
+honor Andrew Hamilton on his departure from the city the previous August.
+"At Noon the Company met, and while the great Guns of his Majesty's Ship
+Tartar were Firing they Drank the following Healths, the King, the Queen,
+the Prince, Duke and Royal Family, the Prince and Princess of Orange, the
+Glorious and immortal Memory of King William the third, Success to Coll.
+Morris, in his Undertaking, to the speedy Election of a new Assembly,
+Prosperity to the Corporation, my Lord Wiloughton, Duke of Dorset, Sir
+John Norris and General Compton, and then the Company Din'd, in the
+Evening the City was Illuminated, the Afternoon and Evening were spent
+with all the Joy and Dancing suitable to the Occasion."
+
+[Illustration: THE BALL AT THE BLACK HORSE]
+
+The account of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation at the
+Fort is found in the New York Gazette, which makes no mention of the
+celebration at the Black Horse Tavern. The New York Weekly Journal gives
+an account of the celebration at the Black Horse Tavern, but makes no
+mention of any celebration at the Fort. In the same way, the account of
+the celebration of the birthday of the Prince of Wales, by the party of
+the people, is given by the New York Weekly Journal of January 26, 1736,
+as follows:
+
+"The 19th instant being his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales's Birthday.
+It was celebrated at the Black Horse in a most elegant and genteel manner.
+There was a most magnificent Appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies. The Ball
+began with French Dances. And then the Company proceeded to Country
+Dances, upon which Mrs. Norris led up two new Country Dances upon the
+Occasion; the first of which was called _The Prince of Wales_, and the
+second, The Princess of Saxe-Gotha, in Honour of the Day. There was a most
+sumptuous Entertainment afterward. At the conclusion of which the
+Honourable Rip Van Dam Esq., President of His Majesty's Council, began the
+Royal Healths, which were all drank in Bumpers. The whole was conducted
+with the utmost Decency, Mirth and Cheerfulness."
+
+[Illustration: "WHICH WERE ALL DRANK IN BUMPERS"]
+
+No mention is made of any celebration at the Fort. The New York Gazette
+has the following account of the celebration of the governor's party:
+
+"On the 20th Instant, being the Anniversary of His Royal Highness the
+Prince of Wales's Birthday, the Royal Healths were drank at the Fort, by
+the Gentlemen of the Council, and the Principal Merchants and Gentlemen of
+the Place. The Continuance of the Governour's Indisposition hinder'd the
+Celebration of the day with the usual solemnity at the Fort; However there
+was a Ball in the Evening at Mr. Todd's, at which there was a very great
+appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies, and an Elegant Entertainment made by
+the Gentlemen, in honour of the Day."
+
+[Illustration: "THE VIOLIN AND THE GERMAN FLUTE BY 'PRIVATE HANDS'"]
+
+At the Black Horse, committees of the assembly met for the transaction of
+public business, but the conferences of committees of the two houses were
+held at the house of Robert Todd. Here, on the 4th of November, 1736, a
+conference was held of committees from the council and assembly, to
+prepare an address to his majesty on the nuptials of his Royal Highness
+the Prince of Wales. It seems also to have been a place for public
+entertainments. A concert of vocal and instrumental music was given here,
+January 21, 1736, for the benefit of Mr. Pachelbell, the harpsicord part
+performed by himself, the songs, violin and German flutes by "private
+hands." Again on the 9th of March, 1736, this was repeated, when it was
+announced that tickets could be had at the Coffee House, at the Black
+Horse and at Mr. Todd's; at 4 shillings each. Mr. Pachelbell was probably
+the music teacher, and was assisted in the concert by his pupils or
+friends. On the evening of January 6, 1745, a concert was given at the
+house of Robert Todd, for the benefit of Mr. Rice, which the newspaper
+affirms was "thought by all competent judges to exceed anything of the
+kind ever done here before."
+
+When Samuel Bayard died, in 1745, he left the house on Broad Street next
+adjoining the DeLancey house, which afterwards became the noted Fraunces
+Tavern, to his son, Nicholas, which he states in his will, was in the
+tenure of Robert Todd. It had been occupied by him for at least eight
+years; earlier, his house is described as next to the Exchange Coffee
+House.
+
+Among the last acts of Governor Cosby was that declaring Rip Van Dam
+suspended from the council. This was to prevent Van Dam, as senior member
+of the council, from succeeding him and again becoming acting governor.
+After the death of Cosby, Van Dam and his friends declared this
+suspension illegal, and Van Dam made an effort to obtain control, but
+George Clarke, next in order, was supported by the council and also by the
+assembly, when it convened, and in the course of a few months received his
+commission from England as lieutenant-governor, which put an end to the
+claims of Van Dam. Clarke received from Cosby a legacy of trouble, but he
+was an astute politician and a much abler man than Cosby. He is credited
+with the policy of making it appear that the governorship of New York was
+not a desirable post, and by this means held his office for many years,
+and then retired to England with a competency. The community continued to
+be divided by party strife. The government party were, in derision, called
+"courtiers," and they in turn characterized the opposition as a Dutch mob.
+A visitor to New York in 1739 describes the different parties as
+courtiers, Zengerites, the prudents and the no-party-men; and states that
+there was much bitterness displayed, and that the women were as zealous
+politicians as the men.
+
+[Sidenote: Exchange Coffee House]
+
+From the time of the establishment of a coffee house on Broadway, in 1696,
+until about 1738, there had been but one coffee house in New York, so far
+as we can ascertain. The first coffee house, called also the King's Arms
+Tavern, disappears from our view in 1709, and we hear no more of any
+coffee house until 1729, when we find that there was then a coffee house
+also called the King's Arms supposed to be situated in Broad Street near
+the exchange, and called the Exchange Coffee House. It had probably had a
+continued existence during this interval. During the time of political
+excitement preceding and following the trial of Zenger, it appears to have
+been, with the house of Robert Todd, the resort of the "courtiers," as the
+supporters of the governor and his party were called. In March, 1731,
+there was a sale of several lots of land by auction at this house, and
+after the death of Governor Montgomerie, his library, a collection of
+valuable books, was announced to be sold on the 1st of June, 1732, and
+notice was given that a catalogue of the books and conditions of sale
+might be seen at the Coffee House. In October, 1732, the late governor's
+barge, which he had used in making visits to his government of New Jersey,
+with awning, damask curtains, two sets of oars, sails and everything
+necessary for her, were sold by auction at the Coffee House. It seems at
+this time to have become a place for public sales of all kinds and for the
+transaction of all kinds of business.
+
+In 1747 it was on the corner of Broad and Dock (now Pearl) Streets and its
+landlord was David Cox, who gave it up in 1749, when Andrew Ramsay, who
+was then the landlord of a tavern in Dock Street, announced that he had
+opened the Exchange Coffee House next door to where Mr. Cox lately kept
+it. This was the house known some years before as the Fighting Cocks. When
+Ramsay purchased the unexpired part of the lease of the Long Island ferry,
+in 1750, and moved to the ferry house on the Long Island side of the
+river, he was succeeded by Richard Clarke Cooke, who describes his house
+as the Gentlemen's and Exchange Coffee House and Tavern at the Sign of the
+King's Arms. His occupancy was of short duration. Anne Stockton made an
+attempt to establish an ordinary in it, but at the end of about a month
+she gave notice that she "has declined, and is advised to teach young
+Ladies to sew and embroider and Millinery."
+
+George Burns then became the landlord of the King's Arms, which appears no
+longer to be known as a coffee house, and which was brought back to its
+former location on the corner. Benjamin Pain appropriated the name of
+"Gentlemen's Coffee House"--and carried it to Broadway, where he opened a
+house in April, 1751.
+
+In January, 1753, a committee of the common council met at the house of
+George Burns, the King's Arms, for the purpose of letting to farm the
+ferry between New York City and Long Island, when they were furnished with
+the usual entertainment provided for such occasions.
+
+On Monday, the 25th of June, 1753, in celebration of the anniversary of
+the festival of St. John the Baptist, "the Ancient and Right Worship
+Society of FREE and Accepted MASONS of this City assembled at the Spring
+Garden, and being properly cloathed made a regular Procession in due Form
+to the King's Arms Tavern in Broad Street, near the Long Bridge, where an
+elegant Entertainment was provided." Here, they drank his majesty's health
+and many other loyal healths and concluded the day in the most social and
+satisfactory manner. The King's Arms Tavern continued on or near the
+corner of Broad and Dock Streets for many years and was a well known
+tavern under various landlords.
+
+In 1696, what was called the Shoemakers' Pasture was divided into building
+lots, and soon after on lot number 58, of the map of this property, on the
+southeast side of the present William Street, about midway between John
+and Fulton Streets, was built a house which became a prominent and much
+frequented tavern, from its sign, known as the Horse and Cart. The part of
+William Street near this tavern became known as Horse and Cart Street. It
+has been said that this house was a tavern in the time of Captain Kidd,
+and that he was a frequent visitor to it before he went on his fateful
+voyage. This may be a mere tradition, but if true, the house, which is
+still standing, at No. 122 William Street, must be over two hundred years
+old. It is, at any rate, we think, the oldest house now standing on
+Manhattan Island. In October, 1733, it was advertised as the meeting place
+of the proprietors of a tract of 50,000 acres of land, "for concerting
+matters necessary for their mutual defence in law," and again, in 1737, a
+meeting of these proprietors or their proxies was called at the same
+house.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE AT 122 WILLIAM STREET]
+
+George Burns, who in 1750 was keeping a tavern opposite the Merchants
+Coffee House, moved to the noted sign of the Horse and Cart, where he
+announced that "to gratify his Customers he takes in the Boston,
+Philadelphia and New York papers." He soon gave place to Captain George
+Edmonds. It seems to have been a tavern that was patronized by travelers,
+especially those coming in from the north and east and was a favorite of
+the New England people, as is shown by the announcement made by Captain
+Edmonds when its landlord in 1751, that it had "lately been very much
+balked, to the great Disappointment of Numbers of Persons from New England
+that used to frequent that House." Notice was given in March, 1752, that
+"the once noted Horse and Cart Inn, in the City of New York, is now
+revived by Edward Willett." Thus there are indications that the house had
+lost the popularity which it once enjoyed. Throughout all its many
+vicissitudes it retained its name for a great many years. Landlords came
+and landlords went, but the sign of the Horse and Cart remained, and was
+well known as a landmark by which the locations of other houses and places
+were designated. The house was still known as the Horse and Cart as late
+as 1765. The old sign was probably taken down about this time, or a little
+later, and during the decade preceding the Revolution the house was known
+as the Golden Hill Inn.
+
+In 1733 there was a tavern on Broadway that hung out the sign of the Coach
+and Horses, kept by Thomas Welch, from London, where, it was announced,
+could be had "very good Entertainment for Man and Horse," and where were
+"also Horses to be let or stand at Livery."
+
+In 1738 Captain Norris, commander of the ship Tartar, then lying in the
+harbor of New York, was in need of men and made application to the mayor
+for permission to impress thirty seamen to man his ship. The governor and
+council ordered the mayor to comply with this request, but the mayor
+pre-emptorily refused to obey the order, and the governor and council
+prudently refrained from taking further action. Thus it seems that it was
+difficult at that time to obtain a crew for a man-of-war in New York
+harbor, but a year or two later there was no difficulty in obtaining
+volunteers for privateering.
+
+[Sidenote: Privateering]
+
+As soon as England had declared war with Spain the adventurous merchants
+of New York commenced fitting out privateers to prey upon the commerce of
+the enemy, and the taverns along the East River shore were all bustle and
+excitement. Many of them became headquarters for recruiting seamen for
+these adventurous expeditions. The vessels were commanded and manned in
+part by young men of the best families of New York, who left off
+cock-fighting and horse-racing to go a-privateering. The appeals for
+volunteers to join these expeditions were made to "Gentlemen Sailors" and
+to "Gentlemen Adventurers." Samuel Bayard went out in the sloop Ranger as
+its commander and soon returned with two prizes, taken at St. Jago, in
+the West Indies. These were offered to be sold, in June, 1740, and notice
+was given that the inventory could be seen at the Coffee House. He seems
+to have been a successful commander and brought in other prizes.
+
+The sign of the Pine Apple on the New Dock, kept by Benjamin Kierstede,
+was a place for recruiting seamen and also for enlisting men in the
+military companies then organizing to go out against the Spanish colonies
+in the West Indies. Another place of the same kind was the tavern at the
+sign of the Jamaica Arms, on Cruger's Wharf, kept by Benjamin Pain. At
+both of these places there was great activity in making up crews for
+privateers about to sail. Here the "articles" could be seen, and men were
+engaged. Here also prizes and cargoes were sold.
+
+In August, 1740, five companies of soldiers had been enlisted, commanded
+by Captains Clarke, Cosby, Provost, Cuyler and Stevens, and were encamped
+on the Common. In September the companies raised in Rhode Island were
+expected to join them. The New York Weekly Journal of August 4, 1740,
+contains the following:
+
+"An express arrived a few days since from the Earl of Waldegrave which
+Occasioned the holding of a Council which sat till 2 the next Morning. The
+Dispatch brought by the Courier occasions great Matter of Speculation
+among the Coffee House Politicians and some since talk of Peace while
+others say the French will no longer remain Neuter."
+
+When, in 1744, war was declared with France an additional impulse was
+given to the privateering business. For the five years preceding 1748 no
+less than thirty-one vessels, each carrying from ten to twenty-four guns,
+are named in the newspapers, and there is continually mention made of
+prizes being brought in, of cases before the court of admiralty, of sales
+of the captured ships and their cargoes and of the adjustments of disputes
+over the division of the spoils. In 1745, we find that arbitrators were to
+meet at the house of Robert Todd every Friday evening "for settling the
+Differences between the four Privateers formerly arrived here with six
+French Prizes." This continued from January to May. In September, 1744, a
+New York newspaper stated that, "'tis computed there will be before winter
+113 Sail of Privateers at Sea, from the British American Colonies, mostly
+stout Vessels and well manned. A Naval Force equal (some say) to that of
+Great Britain in the Time of Queen Elizabeth." In 1745 it was stated that
+at that time there were thirteen privateers at sea from the port of New
+York. The men for these vessels were not all supplied by New York City.
+The alluring promises of gain drew volunteers from all the neighboring
+country. Governor Hamilton, of New Jersey, complained that the
+privateers-men were sweeping into their ranks the flower of the youth of
+his province.
+
+In 1745 Captain Bevan, of the privateer sloop Clinton, brought into the
+port of New York a French prize, which he had taken after a short
+engagement, without the loss of a man. Her cargo, consisting of sugar,
+indigo and cotton, was valued at £40,000, and each man of the crew
+received £160 prize money. As a reward for complying with his request not
+to plunder the passengers, officers and sailors of the captured ship,
+Captain Bevan gave his crew a handsome treat of a hogshead of punch and an
+ox roasted whole in the fields at Dominie's Hook, which was quite handsome
+in Captain Bevan. The cargo of the prize ship Le Pomone (La Pomme),
+brought in by Captain Bevan, was sold at the house of widow Thomas. The
+prize ship Joseph of Egypt and cargo were sold in April, 1746, at the
+house of the widow Susannah Lawrence, on the Dock, near the Meal Market,
+at the lower end of Wall Street.
+
+When news came of the capture of Louisburg the common council, to
+celebrate the victory, ordered that Mr. DeJancourt, whose house was near
+the Meal Market, be directed to prepare a handsome dinner for the board
+and that the governor, the members of the council, the assembly members of
+the city, with the field officers, be invited to dine with them and that a
+bonfire be made "without the Spring Garden" in the evening. They also
+ordered that twenty gallons of good wine be sent to the bonfire for the
+people.
+
+[Sidenote: The Negro Plot]
+
+In 1741, during the Spanish war, New York City was thrown into a panic of
+excitement by the so-called negro plot. Each week the newspapers gave
+accounts of the numerous executions and of the trials resulting from the
+confessions of the victims, each one of whom was induced to accuse another
+in order to save himself. It seems to have seized on the inhabitants of
+New York in the same way that witchcraft overwhelmed the people of Salem,
+Massachusetts. In the intense excitement persons of better and better
+standing in the community were being accused until a halt was found
+necessary. Thomas Croker, at this time, was landlord of the Fighting Cocks
+in Dock Street, and it was at his house that John Ury, who was tried for
+complicity in the plot, lodged. Although Ury, the most prominent victim,
+was, no doubt, innocent of any criminal act, he was, nevertheless,
+convicted on the evidence of those who had been urged to accuse somebody
+to save themselves or to gain a reward. He was a stranger and fell a
+victim to the panic which pervaded the community.
+
+The sign of the Fighting Cocks had hung in Dock Street, next door to the
+corner of Broad Street, for many years. In 1736, the tavern was kept by
+Edward Eastham, who met with the loss of a silver quart tankard, marked
+on the handle with an E, taken from his house, for the recovery of which
+he offered a reward of three pounds. The next year a silver watch was
+taken from this house, "of a size rather larger than midling, Regmaiden at
+Dublin the Maker," for the return of which a reward of ten shillings was
+offered, "and no questions asked." Although though the Fighting Cocks
+Tavern, as its name implies, may have been the scene of many cock-fights,
+we do not think that at that time this would detract from its standing and
+respectability.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Birthday]
+
+In March, 1748, in celebration of the King's birthday, it is stated that a
+Jack was displayed all day from the flagstaff on the southwest bastion of
+Fort George. The city regiment of militia and troops were under arms and
+were reviewed by the governor from the piazza of the City Hall, as they
+passed from Broadway, where they had been drawn up, and, it is said, made
+a very handsome appearance. The governor and some of the gentlemen of the
+council who attended him were entertained by the mayor, corporation, and
+officers of the militia with some extraordinary wine ("such as is rare to
+be met with in any private house") from Hugh Crawford's, ford's, near at
+hand, and there they drank the health of his majesty and other royal
+healths under the discharge of twenty-one guns at the Fort.
+
+In honor of the day there were two halls, one at the Fort and another at
+Ramsay's tavern in Dock Street. We give an account of these two balls as
+it appeared in a newspaper of that period.
+
+"In the evening there was a private entertainment and ball at his
+Excellency's, consisting of a snug select company of the _choicest fruits_
+of the town, that were particularly invited for that purpose, the only
+entertainment of the kind that His Excellency's leisure has admitted of
+upon such public occasions during his administration; the company was very
+sociable, and the night concluded there as usual.
+
+"The gentlemen that had not the honour to be invited to His Excellency's
+ball resolved not to be behindhand in their demonstrations of loyalty on
+this occasion, and therefore ordered a public entertainment to be provided
+against the evening at Mr. Ramsay's tavern, where there was a very
+splendid and beautiful appearance of ladies, such as would have graced an
+Assembly in England. There were several gentlemen of Council and
+Corporation, and most of the principal merchants and other gentlemen in
+the city, that made up a gay and numerous assembly.
+
+"The ball was opened about six o'clock, the city being illuminated from
+one end to the other, the supper was served up about ten and
+notwithstanding the short warning given, there was the greatest variety
+this town or country could produce, and the tables were decorated in so
+neat and elegant a manner as raised a general admiration and 'twas
+declared by good judges that never was a more magnificent entertainment in
+this country. The whole tables were taken up with ladies the length of two
+rooms laid into one, that the gentlemen's time was generally employed in
+waiting on them, and when they were done the gentlemen supplied their
+places. After supper, His Majesty's, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and
+the other Royal Healths were drank, and then prosperity to the province, a
+speedy exportation of its enemies, etc.
+
+"The whole affair was conducted with the utmost decency and decorum; there
+was the greatest gaiety, cheerfulness and complacency in every
+countenance. The ball was concluded about 5 A. M. and the night was passed
+in the general satisfaction, without the least incivility offered or
+offence taken by any one, which is scarce to be said on the like
+occasions. We are told this was distinguished by the title of the Country
+Ball."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Meal Market]
+
+Trade had extended its territory along the East River shore until about
+the beginning of the eighteenth century it had reached and taken in Wall
+Street. In 1709 the first slave market was erected at the foot of this
+street, on the site of the Half Moon Battery and block house of the Dutch
+era, and for many years continued to be the established place where slaves
+were offered for sale and "stood for hire." A market house had been built,
+and in January, 1726-7, it was ordained by the common council of the city
+of New York that the market house at the lower end of Wall Street be
+appointed a public market for the sale of all sorts of corn, grain and
+meal, and a penalty was fixed for selling such in any public market
+elsewhere. From this time it was known as the Meal Market.
+
+In the course of time several taverns had been opened in the neighborhood
+of the market, and it had become the center of considerable business. In
+1726 the only newspaper in New York gave notice of servants to be sold by
+John Dunks at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat, on the Dock. In 1750
+the following appeared in the New York Gazette or Weekly Post Boy: "Just
+imported, a parcel of likely negros, to be sold at public vendue to-morrow
+at Ten o'clock at the Merchants' Coffee House."
+
+The tavern at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat stood on the northwest
+corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, then Wall and Burnet
+Streets. Francis Child, a wigmaker, owned it and advertised it for sale in
+1736 and 1737, when he described it as the corner house near the Meal
+Market, "a well frequented tavern for several years past" and in good
+repair.
+
+Daniel Bloom, mariner, who as captain of the Turtle Dove had met with a
+very unfortunate experience in the West Indies, his brig and all on board
+being stript of everything even to the clothing they wore, and who had
+lately arrived rived in New York, purchased the house and lot, in June,
+1738, the consideration mentioned in the deed being five hundred pounds
+(£500). Bloom was landlord of the house for more than a dozen years. While
+living here he, in December, 1747, took the lease of the ferry between the
+city and Nassau (Long) Island for the term of five years, for which he
+agreed to pay the sum of four hundred and fifty-five pounds (£455) per
+annum, to be paid in quarterly installments, and the common council
+ordered that the neighborhood of the Meal Market have leave, at their own
+expense, to make and erect a dock and stairs, for the convenience of the
+ferry boat which was to land there, in such manner as shall be directed
+by the committee appointed for that purpose. Bloom ran the ferry for about
+three years, when, in September, 1750, by permission of the common
+council, he transferred the lease to Andrew Ramsay, who at this time was
+the landlord of the Exchange Coffee House, from which he moved to the
+ferry house on the Long Island side of the river. Soon after this Bloom
+died. At the time of his death he was still indebted to the city for a
+portion of the rent of the ferry, and the corporation, in June, 1751,
+offered to take from the executors of his estate fifty pounds (£50) in
+settlement of all arrears due.
+
+[Sidenote: The Merchants' Coffee House]
+
+Long before Daniel Bloom purchased the house that hung out the sign of the
+Jamaica Pilot Boat, it had been kept by John Dunks. Bloom did not retain
+the sign, for we find that a few years later, it was used by the widow of
+John Dunks, who kept a house a little further up near the Fly Market.
+Bloom had seen considerable of the world, and appears to have been a man
+of some property, owning real estate in the city and in Westchester
+County. He probably had an acquaintance among the merchants, as sea
+captains generally had, and was able to make his house a resort for them.
+He called it the Merchants' Coffee House, and he was no doubt the first
+landlord of the house by that name, which, for more than half a century,
+was one of the most prominent houses of the city. As its name implies, it
+gradually became the place where the merchants of the city met and
+transacted business, and it became also the place where auctions, or
+vendues, as they were called, were held, especially such as were connected
+with the shipping business. The year after Bloom's death, its landlord was
+Captain James Ackland.
+
+The price paid for the lease of the ferry indicates that there must have
+been considerable travel over it and that the house at the landing place
+should have been a profitable one. On the next corner below, on Burnet's
+Key and Wall Street Slip, was the tavern of Widow Susannah Lawrence, which
+at one time was called the Red Lion, and on the opposite side of Wall
+Street stood, in 1735, St. George and the Dragon, which in 1750 was
+occupied by Thomas Leppers, from London, who hung out the sign of the Duke
+of Cumberland. He had succeeded George Burns, who became prominent as a
+tavern-keeper and was in turn the landlord of many well known houses. In
+May, 1750, announcement was made that "Thomas Leppers, living at the sign
+of the Duke of Cumberland, opposite the Merchants' Coffee House, proposes
+to open an Ordinary To-morrow, Dinner will be ready at half an Hour after
+One," and a few days later he gave notice that "Whereas, I have often
+heard Gentlemen Strangers and single Gentlemen of this City wish for a
+Regular Ordinary and since my removal to the Duke of Cumberland, opposite
+the Merchants' Coffee House, I have been frequently advised by Gentlemen
+my friends to keep one. These are to give Notice That I began to do so on
+Tuesday last, which shall be continued every Day. Dinner shall be ready at
+One o'clock. Per Thomas Leppers from London."
+
+[Sidenote: An Affair at Leppers' Tavern]
+
+In August, 1750, this house was the scene of a disturbance which must have
+caused much talk in the town, as an account of the affair occupies a whole
+page in one of the issues of the New York Gazette Revived in the Weekly
+Post Boy, a very unusual attention given any local news. It was claimed
+that the article had been written by spectators of the affair to set to
+right reports that were current in the town. On Tuesday evening, the 28th
+of August, several persons met as a club at Leppers' tavern, and one or
+two of the company, signifying a desire to have Mr. James Porterfield join
+them, one of the members went out and in a short time returned and
+introduced him to the company, who, it seems, were mostly physicians or
+interested in that profession. After supper he begged the attention of the
+club, and stated that he had received many civilities from the gentlemen
+of the club, for which he returned them thanks; but a friend had told him
+that having lately asked a member if Mr. Porterfield were admitted to it,
+the answer was, that he was not, and that his loquacity was the cause of
+it. He said that he submitted to the judgment of the club whether he had
+ever behaved in such a manner at the club as to deserve that reflection.
+The members of the club declined to pass judgment upon the question,
+stating that as he was not a member, it would be to no purpose to give any
+judgment about it, since if they thought him too talkative it was not in
+their power to prevent it as his conduct could not be regulated by any of
+their rules. Notwithstanding this definite answer, he still persisted in
+claiming a judgment whether he was faulty in being too talkative or not.
+The members of the club maintained their first position and begged him not
+to insist any further, as he was defeating the original intention of the
+meeting. He became violent, but was prevailed at length to be quiet while
+a paper was being read by one of the members. He seems to have worked
+himself up to a high state of resentment for he sneered and interrupted
+the reading, and after it was finished became so uncontrollable and
+insulting that he was threatened with expulsion. He then threw his glove
+upon the table as a challenge, and although no other person was armed,
+drew his sword. At this point the member, who had threatened to turn him
+out, took up the glove and threw it in his face, and being seated at the
+opposite side of a long table went round to him, and, with the assistance
+of some of the other members, disarmed him and broke his sword. They
+forced him to the door, but he used his cane, which was also broken by the
+company, who now went to another room, leaving him alone. He went down
+stairs and on his way out told Mr. Loppers that he would get another sword
+and return and run some of the members upstairs through the body, but Mr.
+Loppers told him that he could not again enter his house that night. He
+thereupon seated himself at the door with the stump of his sword in his
+hand waiting for revenge, but was induced by the member of the club who
+had introduced him to retire to his lodgings.
+
+This was not the end, for the next evening Mr. Porterfield came down to
+the Merchants' Coffee House, and at sight of Doctor Ayscough, drew his
+sword and shook it at the Doctor, who stood in the door, calling him
+villain and scoundrel and challenging him to fight. After some abuse of
+this kind Doctor Ayscough seized a cane from a bystander and struck
+Porterfield on the head, who immediately rushed towards him and made a
+pass at him. Doctor Ayscough, in retreating, fell down and Porterfield,
+thinking that he had pricked him, very quickly and prudently disappeared,
+as the resentment of the spectators was apparent. Doctor Ayscough was not
+injured.
+
+[Sidenote: Clubs]
+
+It seems to have been quite usual at this period for men of like tastes
+and inclinations to form themselves into clubs. A writer, describing New
+York and its people in 1756, states that, "New York is one of the most
+social places on the continent. The men collect themselves into weekly
+evening clubs. The ladies, in winter, are frequently entertained either at
+concerts of music or assemblies, and make a very good appearance." The
+clubs, as well as the assemblies for dancing, were held at the taverns.
+The first club in the colony of New York, of which we have any knowledge,
+was formed at the instance of Governor Lovelace, in the winter of 1668-69,
+composed of ten French and Dutch and six English families, to meet at each
+other's houses twice a week in winter and once a week in summer, from six
+to nine in the evening. It is said that the Governor was generally present
+and made himself agreeable. This, no doubt, was a select circle, and the
+enjoyment derived consisted of the social pleasures and the good things to
+eat and drink, the beverages being Madeira wine and rum and brandy punch
+served up in silver tankards. Governor Bellomont speaks of the men who
+were opposed to him meeting as a club and of Governor Fletcher's club
+night, which was Saturday. The club opposed to Bellomont met at the tavern
+of Lieutenant Matthews, which was in the South Ward. In 1734 there was a
+club in New York called the Hum Drum Club, which appears to have been
+honored by the presence of the Governor on two succeeding Saturdays. As
+we approach the period of the Revolution, we find the number of clubs
+increasing; they were organized with different objects in view. There was
+the purely social club, the political club, the club for the lawyer and
+the club for the physician, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Merchants' Exchange]
+
+The growing commercial importance of New York induced the building of a
+new Exchange for merchants in the middle of Broad Street, near the East
+River, which was commenced in 1752, on or near the site of one which had
+stood there since 1690. In June, permission for erecting it was given by
+the city and one hundred pounds appropriated towards its erection. The
+original intention was probably to build it like the old one, which was
+simply an open structure with nothing but roof above; but, in August, the
+corporation resolved that they would at their own expense, build or cause
+to be built a room twelve feet high over the Exchange, for which an
+appropriation was made of twelve hundred pounds (£1,200). A cupola was
+erected on it, but it had no bell until 1769, when one was provided. The
+large room in the upper story was for many years used by societies for
+their annual meetings and elections, for concerts and for dinners and
+entertainments to persons of distinction, and by the Common Council for
+their regular meetings while the City Hall was being repaired. It was
+leased to Oliver De Lancey for one year, from February 1, 1754. The next
+year it was let to Keen and Lightfoot, who opened in one end of it a
+coffee-room called the Exchange Coffee Room, which was continued for many
+years. In March, 1756, a show was given here called the microcosm, or the
+world in miniature. In 1756 the partnership of Keen and Lightfoot was
+broken up. Lightfoot continued the coffee room and Keen opened a tavern
+nearby which he called the Fountain Inn. Upon the death of Lightfoot, in
+1757, his widow, Sarah, obtained a renewal of the lease and continued the
+business, but the following year, the rent being raised, it passed into
+the hands of Roper Dawson, and was opened as a mercantile store.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL EXCHANGE]
+
+Business at the Merchants' Coffee House continually increased. It became
+the recognized place for public vendues or auctions of real estate,
+merchandise, negroes, horses, or any other article of sale. Several sales
+of vessels, dining the year 1753, were made here, where the inventories
+were posted. In May the sloop, Sea Flower, late commanded by Evert
+Evertson, and one-fourth part of the ship John, Richard Coffee, master,
+were offered for sale; in August the sloop, Catherine; and in September
+one-third part of the ship, Fame, Captain Seymour. When the sloop
+Catharine was offered for sale, notice was given that she could be seen in
+Rotten Row, almost opposite the Merchants' Coffee House. Rotten Row was a
+place on the East River shore which the extension of the dock to the north
+of Wall Street, and that at Cruger's Wharf, made into a sort of cove where
+the shipping received some protection. Between these two points the river
+came up to the southeast side of the present Water Street, and the dock
+was known as Hunter's Keys. The New York _Gazette_ of January 6, 1752,
+stated that the river was then full of ice and that many vessels had been
+detained from sailing, and, "with the rest of our shipping, squeezed into
+Rotten Row for Shelter. It was a happy Turn the Corporation acted with
+that Prudence in not consenting to the Views of a few self-interested
+People, to get the only Place for Shelter of our shipping fill'd up."
+
+In 1753 Governor Clinton, who had had a long fight with the assembly
+during his administration, retired from the office of Governor to a
+sinecure provided for him in England. He had accomplished the object of
+his mission as to his personal interests, and at his recommendation Sir
+Danvers Osborne became his successor.
+
+On Saturday, the 6th of October, 1753, the ship Arundal, Captain Lloyd,
+arrived at Sandy Hook, with Sir Danvers Osborne on board. He came up to
+the city the next day in the ship's barge, and landed at the Whitehall
+Slip, where he was received by the members of the Council, the Mayor and
+Aldermen, the officers of the militia and most of the principal gentlemen
+of the city. Governor Clinton being at his country seat at Flushing, Long
+Island, Osborne was escorted to the Governor's house in Fort George, where
+an elegant entertainment was prepared for his reception, when the healths
+of his majesty and of all the members of the royal family were drank, as
+was usual on such occasions. On Monday Governor Clinton came in from his
+country seat and Sir Danvers Osborne was elegantly entertained at a public
+dinner given by the gentlemen of the Council, and on Tuesday the
+corporation voted him the freedom of the city, presented to him in a
+golden box. On Wednesday the commission of Sir Danvers Osborne was first
+published in Council, and while the usual oaths were being taken, the
+corporation, the city representatives, the militia officers, the clergy
+and all the principal inhabitants assembled in the parade and, together
+with the Council, wailed on his excellency, attended by a company of foot
+and a vast concourse of people, to the City Hall, where his commission was
+a second time published. He then, amidst the shouts and acclamations of
+the people, attended in like manner, returned to the fort, where the usual
+royal healths were drank, the guns in the common and harbor firing, and
+the bells of all the churches of the city ringing. The corporation then
+waited on Sir Danvers with an address, to which he gave a short and
+agreeable reply.
+
+[Illustration: Danvers Osborn]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the New Governor]
+
+At the tavern of George Burns, opposite the Long Bridge, a grand dinner
+was ordered by the corporation. A committee had been appointed with
+instructions to invite his majesty's Council, such members of the Assembly
+as should be in town, the captain of the man-of-war, with such gentlemen
+as came over with the Governor, the treasurer of the colony, the King's
+attorney, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Penn and Mr. Oliver De Lancey to
+dine with his Excellency, Sir Danvers Osborn, Bart. The committee were,
+besides, instructed to provide for a bonfire on the common near the
+workhouse, and to procure three dozen of wine to be sent to the fire, that
+the City Hall, the Alms-House and the Ferry-House should be illuminated
+and that a half-barrel of cannon-powder be provided to discharge the
+cannon on the Common near the bonfire. The newspapers state that the
+dinner was "an elegant and splendid entertainment. In the evening two and
+forty cannon were discharged in the Common. Two large bonfires were
+erected. Some thousands of the populace crowded the Common and the whole
+town was for several hours most bountifully illuminated." Notwithstanding
+all this rejoicing, and the enthusiasm with which he was received, the new
+Governor became despondent and, on the morning of Friday, the 12th of
+October, his body was found hanging to the garden fence of Mr. Murray, at
+whose house he was staying. He had committed suicide.
+
+From the very fact that the house of George Burns was selected as the
+place for the dinner given to the new Governor, we may very confidently
+conclude that it was considered the best tavern in New York at that time.
+George Burns was the landlord of the King's Arms, which, until about this
+time, had also been called the Exchange Coffee House. The coffee house of
+this period was generally considered to be more a meeting place for the
+transaction of business than the tavern and until the Merchants' Coffee
+House was established the Exchange Coffee House had been the resort of
+merchants and the place where business transactions were made and where
+auctions were held for the sale of merchandise of all kinds.
+
+[Sidenote: The Province Arms]
+
+Before the year 1754 there had been no one tavern that had stood at the
+head and maintained a leading position for any length of time; but in this
+year Edward Willett, well known in New York as the landlord, at different
+times, of many prominent houses, opened a tavern in the house of James De
+Lancey on Broadway which from this time became the most prominent tavern
+in the city and so continued until after the Revolution, when on the same
+site was built in 1794 the City Hotel, which also for a long time held the
+lead as a public house. Willett moved into it from the Horse and Cart and
+described it as "the house of the honorable James De Lancey, Esq.,
+Lieutenant Governor, at the sign of the Province Arms in Broadway, near
+Oswego Market."
+
+While Willett was keeping the Horse and Cart, on Thursday, October 25,
+1753, the last day of the sitting of the Supreme Court, the justices of
+the court, the attorney-general, and the counsellors and attorneys
+attending the court, marched in a procession from the City Hall to the
+house of the Lieutenant Governor and presented him with an address, after
+which, accompanied by the Lieutenant Governor, they all marched to the
+house of Edward Willett, where a grand dinner was served to them.
+
+The house that Willett opened on Broadway at the Province Arms, or the New
+York Arms, as it was sometimes called, was one of the largest and finest
+in the city, and from the time it was opened as a tavern was patronized by
+the public societies and was the recognized place for giving all public
+entertainments of importance. It had been built by Stephen De Lancey about
+the year 1730 and, subsequently, came into the possession of his son,
+James De Lancey, the Lieutenant Governor. It was two stories high, with
+windows opening to the floor. It stood on the west side of Broadway,
+between the present Thames and Cedar Streets, commanding from its windows
+a beautiful view of the bay, the river and the opposite shores. Somewhat
+retired from the busy parts of the city, it was a beautiful and agreeable
+spot for a first-class public house. Broadway was becoming the favorite
+promenade. The church walk, in front of Trinity, near by, was the resort
+of the fashion of the town for the afternoon.
+
+On Tuesday, April 29, 1755, soon after Lieutenant Governor De Lancey had
+returned from a trip to the more southern colonies, where he had been
+received with all the honors due to his official station, and where he had
+met the other governors in consultation as to the situation on the French
+and Indian frontier, Governor William Shirley, of Massachusetts, and
+Governor Robert Hunter Morris, of Pennsylvania, arrived in New York from
+the westward and were welcomed to the city with great formality. On
+landing at Whitehall Slip they were saluted by a discharge of cannon from
+Fort George, and welcomed ashore by Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, members
+of his majesty's council and many of the principal gentlemen of the city.
+The city militia had been ordered to muster and were drawn up so as to
+line the street as the gentlemen passed on to the fort, where they drank
+his majesty's and all the loyal healths with success to the
+English-American enterprises. They then proceeded through the lines still
+formed by the militia to the New York Arms, on Broadway. Here a handsome
+entertainment was provided where the healths of his majesty and the royal
+family were repeated with "cheerfulness and alacrity." The newspaper
+account states that the doors, windows, balconies and the tops of the
+houses were decorated, red cloaks being largely used to brighten the scene
+and give it life and color.
+
+[Sidenote: Charter of King's College]
+
+On Wednesday, the 7th of May, 1755, the gentlemen who had been appointed
+governors of the College of the Province of New York (afterwards called
+King's College) met at the house of Edward Willett, at the sign of the New
+York Arms, "when the Deputy Secretary attended with his Majesty's Royal
+Charter of Incorporation." Lieutenant Governor De Lancey was pleased to
+order the charter read, and "after addressing himself to the governors in
+a very affectionate, genteel and suitable manner," delivered to them the
+Charter, and they were qualified to exercise the important trust reposed
+in them by taking the oaths (to the government and that of office), and
+subscribing the declaration as prescribed by the charter. This was the
+birth of King's College, now Columbia University. The next Tuesday, the
+13th of May, being the day appointed by the charter for the annual meeting
+of the governors, they accordingly met at the New York Arms to proceed
+upon business, and the meetings of the governors of the college continued
+to be held here for many years.
+
+[Sidenote: French and Indian War]
+
+The year 1755 was a sad one in the English colonies. The defeat of
+Braddock filled the land with gloom and depression which was only
+partially dispelled by the repulse of the French at Lake George and the
+capture of their commander, Dieskau. New York City was roused to exertion
+and the spirit of the colony rose to occasion. Troops of soldiers were
+passing through to the seat of war, the drumbeat was constantly heard in
+the streets, recruiting offices were opened at the taverns, and the
+prominent citizens met at their usual resorts to discuss the news of war.
+No formal declaration of war had been made by either England or France,
+yet war, in its most distressing forms, was raging on all the frontiers of
+the English colonies.
+
+[Illustration: "THE DRUMBEAT WAS CONSTANTLY HEARD IN THE STREETS"]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at the New York Arms]
+
+In the midst of this excitement his majesty's ship, The Sphinx, arrived
+with the new governor, Sir Charles Hardy. About ten o'clock on the morning
+of September 3, 1755, the people of New York heard the booming of cannon
+from The Sphinx, which had arrived the night before and was lying in the
+harbor. Sir Charles was on his way to the city in the ship's barge and the
+discharge of cannon was in his honor on his leaving the ship. This was
+soon answered from Fort George, when Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, the
+members of the council and the assembly, the mayor and aldermen, the
+clergy and the principal gentlemen of the city, at the Whitehall Stairs,
+welcomed him to the province, and through lines of militia, mustered for
+the occasion, escorted him to the Fort. After going through the usual
+ceremonies he was conducted to the City Hall, where his commission was
+published. He then returned to the Fort to receive the congratulations of
+the officials and the public. The new governor was then conducted to the
+New York Arms, where, by invitation of Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, he
+dined with the council and the assembly, and many other gentlemen, "and
+where repeated Healths of Loyalty, Success to His Majesty's Arms, both in
+Europe and America, Prosperity to the English-American Colonies, a speedy
+Defeat of the French from off the borders, and a total Extinction of their
+very name in America went round with great Unanimity and Dispatch." The
+newspapers state that "at night the Windows in the city were ornamented
+with lights and two large bonfires were erected on the Common where
+several hampers of good old Madeira (which proved brisker than bottled
+Ale) were given to the Populace and where Sir Charles' Presence, about
+eight o'clock in the Evening closed the joyful and merry Proceeding." The
+Sphinx not only brought to the province a new governor but she brought
+also something that was very acceptable and very much needed, good hard
+money to the amount of twenty thousand pounds for the use of the forces in
+America.
+
+[Illustration: Chas. Hardy]
+
+[Sidenote: The Assembly Balls]
+
+While Willett was landlord of the New York Arms, the dancing assemblies,
+which for a great many years were a feature of the life of the city, were
+commenced at this house. These were not new, for meetings for dancing had
+been customary for many years, but no tavern before had been able to
+afford a room so well suited for the purpose. These assemblies were held
+fortnightly on Thursday, during the winter season, and the subscription to
+each meeting was eight shillings. The ball was opened at eight o'clock and
+closed at midnight. In 1759 the managers were Messrs. Duane, Walton,
+McEvers and Banyer, names which convey to us the conviction that the
+company was quite select. Notice was given that "Strangers will not be
+admitted unless they apply for tickets before 5 o'clock of every assembly
+night at the Directors Houses."
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of Colonel Peter Schuyler]
+
+Colonel Peter Schuyler, of New Jersey, who was taken prisoner at Oswego,
+had distinguished himself by his generosity to his fellow prisoners in
+Canada and by his kindness and assistance to all of his countrymen in
+distress, making no distinction between Jerseymen and those from other
+provinces, spending money freely, which his captors were willing to supply
+on his personal drafts, knowing him to be wealthy. He had been released at
+Montreal on his parole to return in six months, unless an exchange had in
+the meantime been settled for him. Making his way through the forests to
+Fort Edward and thence to Albany, he arrived in New York on Saturday
+afternoon, November 19, 1757. He had many relatives and friends in the
+city and the people were so sensible of the services which he had rendered
+to the province of New York that, to honor him, the public buildings and
+most of the houses in town were illuminated, a bonfire was made on the
+Common and at the King's Arms Tavern an elegant entertainment was given in
+celebration of his return from captivity and there was great rejoicing
+at his safe arrival.
+
+[Illustration: Peter Schuyler]
+
+[Sidenote: Privateers]
+
+The profitable business of privateering, broken up by the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, was resumed with renewed vigor by the adventurous
+merchants and ship-owners of New York at the commencement of the war. The
+whole coast, from Maine to Georgia, was soon alive with daring,
+adventurous, some among them, no doubt, unscrupulous privateers, who,
+failing of success against the enemy did not hesitate, when a good
+opportunity offered, to plunder the vessels of friendly nations. In 1756
+there were over twenty ships from the port of New York carrying nearly two
+hundred and fifty guns and manned by nearly two thousand men scouring the
+seas, and before January, 1758, they had brought into New York fifty-nine
+prizes, besides those taken into other ports for adjudication. So popular
+was this business that Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, in 1758, complained
+"that men would no longer enlist in the army," and "that the country was
+drained of many able-bodied men by almost a kind of madness to go
+a-privateering." The old captains of the previous war again hoisted their
+flags and were joined by many younger men. Alexander McDougal and Isaac
+Sears, whose names became prominent in the history of the city, commanded
+the Tiger and Decoy and Thomas Doran, who kept a tavern at the Fly Market,
+in the fast-sailing pilot-boat, Flying Harlequin, with fourteen guns, and
+armed to the teeth, made rapid and successful trips.
+
+[Sidenote: The Press Gang]
+
+Much more dreaded than the enemy by the privateersmen were the press gangs
+sent out by the men-of-war. The captain of a British man-of-war did not
+hesitate, when in need of men, to board colonial vessels and take any
+number required or even to kidnap them from the city for service in the
+British navy. The privateersman was pressed with peculiar satisfaction.
+Attempts at impressment resulted in several bloody encounters. In 1760,
+the crew of the Sampson of Bristol, who had fired on the barge of H. M. S.
+Winchester, on attempting to board her, killing a number of men, were
+protected and concealed by the people from the reach of the sheriff and
+the militia ordered to his assistance. On July 10, 1764, four fishermen
+were taken from their vessel in the harbor and carried on board the tender
+of a man-of-war. The next day, when the captain of the tender came on
+shore, his boat was seized by a number of men, and with great shouting
+dragged through the streets to the middle of the green in the Fields,
+where they burned and destroyed her and then quickly dispersed. Meanwhile
+the captain publicly declared that he was not responsible for the seizure
+of the men, and, going into the Coffee House, wrote an order for their
+release. The order was carried on board the tender and the fishermen
+brought ashore. The magistrates, as soon as they had notice of the affair,
+sent out men to disperse the mob and secure the boat, but the mischief had
+been done. The court met in the afternoon, but were unable to discover any
+person concerned in the business, and the probability is that there was no
+great effort or desire to do so.
+
+[Illustration: THE PRESS GANG]
+
+[Sidenote: Sales of Prizes]
+
+We find continuously in the newspapers issued during the war notices of
+sales of prize ships and cargoes at the taverns, at the Coffee House and
+on the wharves near by. The Merchants' Coffee House, where the inventories
+were posted, had become the recognized place with the merchants for the
+transaction of all kinds of business, and many sales of ships and prizes
+taken by the privateers were made here. It had become a sort of maritime
+exchange. In 1758 Luke Roome was its landlord, and was also the owner of
+the house, which he offered for sale. It was purchased by Doctor Charles
+Arding, who retained possession of it until 1792, when it was acquired by
+the Tontine Association, who built on it and other contiguous lots the
+Tontine Coffee House. Luke Roome was afterwards assistant alderman and for
+several years leased the docks and slips of the city. How long he was
+landlord of the Merchants' Coffee House we do not know.
+
+It was customary in colonial times and even a good deal later to build
+market houses in the middle of streets. For a great many years in the
+middle of Wall Street, between Queen Street or Hanover Square and the
+river, had stood the Meal Market. In the course of time, as the building
+grew old, the merchants and those living in the neighborhood came to
+consider it as a nuisance, and in 1762 petitioned the authorities for its
+removal. They say in their petition: "It greatly obstructs the agreeable
+prospect of the East River, which those that live in Wall Street would
+otherwise enjoy; and, furthermore, occasions a dirty street, offensive to
+the inhabitants on each side and disagreeable to those who pass to and
+from the coffe-house, a place of great resort." Garrat Noel, the most
+prominent bookseller in New York, moved his store in 1757 and, in his
+announcements in the newspapers, gives its location as next door to the
+Merchants' Coffee House, opposite the Meal Market; but, in July, 1762, he
+announces his store as "next door to the Merchants' Coffee House, near
+where the Meal Market stood." This is pretty good evidence that it had
+been taken down very soon after the petition was presented for its
+removal.
+
+[Sidenote: The Crown and Thistle]
+
+Down near the water at Whitehall Slip stood the Crown and Thistle, a
+tavern kept by John Thompson, who preferred the cognomen of Scotch Johnny,
+by which he was familiarly known. Here good dinners were served to
+merchants, travellers and army officers, and here travellers could make
+arrangements for transportation in Captain O'Brien's stage-boat to Perth
+Amboy on their way to Philadelphia or by boat to Staten Island or
+Elizabethtown Point, which was the route taken by a large majority of
+travellers going south. Those landed on Staten Island passed along on the
+north shore to a point opposite Elizabethtown Point, where they crossed
+the Kills to that place by ferry. Scotch Johnny was not only the landlord
+of the Crown and Thistle and lodged and entertained travellers who landed
+near his house or waited there for boats to carry them across the bay, but
+was himself, in 1755, interested in transportation of travellers to Staten
+Island, and the next year to Perth Amboy, on their way to the south. On
+November 30, 1753, the anniversary of St. Andrew was celebrated at the
+Crown and Thistle by the gentlemen of the Scots' Society, where an elegant
+dinner was provided, the colors being displayed on the ships in the
+harbor, particularly the ship Prince William.
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Horse]
+
+All the travel to the north and east went out of the city over Bowery Lane
+to Harlem or King's Bridge. This was the Boston post road. In 1750, at the
+upper end of Queen Street, near Alderman Benson's, stood the Black Horse
+Tavern, kept by Jonathan Ogden, "where the Boston post puts up." This
+tavern in the suburbs was a convenient and suitable place for taking a
+parting glass with friends about to set out on a journey and wishing them
+godspeed, as was then the custom. Ogden and his successor, besides
+furnishing entertainment for travellers and stabling for horses, made it
+their business to supply travellers with horses, chairs, harness, saddles,
+etc., either for short drives on the island or for more extensive trips.
+In 1753, after the death of Ogden, John Halstead became the landlord of
+the Black Horse. At the public vendue of the household goods belonging to
+the estate of Ogden, there was offered for sale an article called a
+"Messacipia Table." We leave it to the reader to conjecture what it was
+for. In 1756 there was a Black Horse Tavern in Fair (Fulton) Street.
+
+[Illustration: THE BULL'S HEAD TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bull's Head]
+
+Just after entering the Bowery Lane the traveller would come to the Bull's
+Head Tavern, which in 1755 was kept by George Brewitson. This was the
+great resort and stopping place for the farmers and drovers who brought in
+cattle for the city market and where they were met by the butchers who
+purchased their stock. Thus it was not only a tavern but a sort of market
+for live stock or for the meat supply of the city and continued such for
+a great many years. The Bull's Head market survives to the present day,
+only a little further uptown. Three or four miles out was the Union Flag,
+and not far from this was a house which was described as a noted tavern
+where lived John Creiger, four miles from New York and ten miles from
+King's Bridge.
+
+At the northwest corner of the present 66th Street and Third Avenue stood
+the Dove Tavern. From this point the road continued northward for some
+distance, and then to avoid the swamps and inlets, turned to the westward,
+entering the present bounds of Central Park, and ascended the hill at the
+top of which was a large stone tavern. This had been built by Jacob
+Dyckman, Jr., near the year 1750, who, about ten years after, sold it to
+the Widow McGown, who, with the assistance of her son Andrew, kept the
+house, which became known as McGown's Pass Tavern. That the old stone
+tavern was a house of generous capacity is evident from its being selected
+as the place for the meeting of the colonial assembly, while the City Hall
+was being repaired, in October and November, 1752. Just a little south, on
+the opposite side of the road, was a tavern, which, shortly before the
+Revolution, was known as the Black Horse. It is thought to have been the
+headquarters of General Cornwallis during the battle of Harlem Heights.
+Dyckman's or McGown's Pass Tavern was about half way between New York and
+King's Bridge and there was doubtless a natural demand by travellers on
+this part of the road for entertainment, which induced Dyckman to build a
+capacious house. Once a week it received a visit from the post rider going
+out and once a week on his return. It must necessarily have received
+considerable trade from passing travellers, farmers and drovers, for it
+was on the one road which led out of the city, and its capacity to
+entertain attracted many a dinner party of those who followed the hounds,
+for fox-hunting was a sport indulged in by many New Yorkers at that time.
+
+McGown's Pass was the scene of some activity in the first year of the
+Revolution, and was fortified and occupied by the British troops during
+the whole seven years of the war. Early on the morning of September 15,
+1776, the English ships lying in the East River opened fire for the
+purpose of silencing the American battery at Horn's Hook and to cover the
+British landing at Kip's Bay. Washington had a few days previous removed
+his headquarters to the Roger Morris house, from which could be had an
+extensive view to the south, including the East River shores. Warned by
+the bombardment that something important was about to take place,
+Washington, in haste, mounted his horse and dashed down at utmost speed
+over the road past McGown's to the scene of action. This ride was
+something like that celebrated ride of General Phil Sheridan about ninety
+years later, but not with similar results. Before he arrived at Murray
+Hill, the British troops had landed, and the Americans were in full
+retreat. Two months later a sad spectacle was witnessed at McGown's Pass
+as the twenty-eight hundred prisoners taken at the surrender of Fort
+Washington filed down over the hills to New York. Many had been plundered
+by the Hessians, and all of them showed the effects of the desperately
+fought battle through which they had passed. They were on their way to
+years of suffering, many on their way to death in English prisons, which,
+happily for them, they did not then understand.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROGER MORRIS HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Blue Bell]
+
+On the road about a mile further north after leaving McGown's there was a
+tavern standing near where the present St. Nicholas Avenue crosses 126th
+Street, which, about the time of the Revolution and for many years after,
+was known as Day's Tavern; and about three miles further was the Blue
+Bell, which, although a small house, seems to have been well known at a
+very early period and to have continued its existence down to quite recent
+times. From the Blue Bell to King's Bridge was about two and a half miles.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLUE BELL TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: King's Bridge]
+
+At the most northern point of the island was the only place in its whole
+circumference from which, in early days, the mainland could be reached by
+a ford. It was called the Wading Place. Near this a ferry was established,
+but as early as 1680 the governor's council ordered "Spiting Devil" to be
+viewed for a bridge. Action was delayed. Governor Fletcher in 1692
+recommended its construction by the city, but the city declined on account
+of the expense. In January, 1693, Frederick Flypsen offered to build a
+bridge at his own expense, if he were allowed certain "easy and reasonable
+toles," and he was accordingly granted the franchise for ninety-nine
+years. A bridge was constructed by him the same year. It was to be
+twenty-four feet wide, with a draw for the passage of such vessels as
+navigated the stream; to be free for the King's forces and to be named the
+King's Bridge. This bridge was in possession of some member of the
+Philipse family, descendant of Frederick Flypsen, until the Revolutionary
+War, and was, no doubt, before the free bridge was built, a profitable
+investment. A tavern was opened on the northern side for the entertainment
+of travellers. Madam Sarah Knight, in returning to Boston in December,
+1704, set out with her companions "about one afternoon, and about three
+came to half-way house about ten miles out of town, where we Baited and
+went forward, and about 5 come to Spiting Devil, Else King's Bridge, where
+they pay three pence for passing over with a horse, which the man that
+keeps the Gate set up at the end of the Bridge receives." The half-way
+house, spoken of by Madam Knight, stood at the foot of the hill on the
+Kingsbridge Road on a line with the present 109th Street. We find that in
+1746 there was a public vendue of lots of land at the Half-Way House,
+near Harlem, which was very likely the same place.
+
+On account of the barrier gate and the tolls demanded, the King's Bridge,
+as travel increased, became unpopular and, in 1756, a project was set on
+foot for building a free bridge by voluntary subscriptions. When
+sufficient had been secured, Benjamin Palmer, who was active in the
+undertaking, began the work of building the bridge a little below the
+first bridge, from the land of Jacob Dyckman, on the island, to that of
+Thomas Vermilve on the Westchester side. Colonel Phillipse, the owner of
+King's Bridge, tried in every way to prevent its construction. Twice in
+one year he caused Palmer to be impressed "as a soldier to go to Canada,"
+which compelled him to procure and pay for substitutes. Nevertheless, in
+spite of all opposition, the bridge was finished, and the celebration of
+its completion was announced as follows:
+
+"These are to acquaint the public, That to-morrow the Free Bridge, erected
+and built across the Harlem River, will be finished and completed. And on
+the same day there will be a stately Ox roasted whole on the Green, for
+and as a small Entertainment to the Loyal People who come."
+
+[Sidenote: The Best Taverns]
+
+The following memoranda from the manuscript diary of Paymaster General
+Mortier, of the royal navy, indicates the taverns of New York that were
+probably most patronized by the fashionable gentlemen of the day, for the
+few years preceding 1761:
+
+  1758 Jan.  1 At the Assembly                        2. 6
+       Feb. 18 Dinner at the Glass House               3. 5
+       Mar.  1   "    "  Black Sam's                   1.10
+            28   "    "  Scotch Johnny's               5. 6
+            30 Willett's Assembly                      8.
+       June 10 To the Band of Music of the 46th        8.
+            18 Dinner at the Coffee House              5. 6
+  1759 May     Supper at Farrell's                     9.
+               Farrell Wine                         1. 1. 6
+  1760 Jan.    Towards a ball at King's Arms        1. 0.
+               Subscription to the Concert          1.12.
+               Subscription to a ball at Byrnes       12.
+               To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+       Feb.  2 To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+            19 To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+       Mar. 28 Dinner at the Fountain                  8.
+       Apr.  4 Supper at Byrnes'                       8.
+             5   "    "  the Fountain                  6.
+            18   "    "  the Fountain                  8.
+
+The piece of land, now the block inclosed by Broadway, Fulton, Nassau and
+Ann Streets, or nearly so, was, in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, a public resort, and known as Spring Garden. There was a tavern
+or public house on the premises known as Spring Garden House, standing on
+the site of the present St. Paul's Building, corner of Broadway and Ann
+Street, which in 1739 was occupied by Thomas Scurlock, who may have been
+in possession of it for some time. In an administration bond given by him
+in 1718 he is styled _vintner_. Spring Garden House appears to have been a
+well-known landmark, used as such in records and in the newspapers.
+
+After the death of Thomas Scurlock in 1747 the tavern was kept for some
+years by his widow, Eve. When the house was advertised for sale in 1759 it
+was described as "in Broadway at the corner of Spring Garden, now in use
+as a tavern, Sign of the King of Prussia, and next door to Dr. Johnson's"
+(President of King's College). In 1763 the landlord of the house was John
+Elkin. After about 1770 we hear no more of it as a tavern.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+TAVERN SIGNS
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Comforts of a Good Inn]
+
+Samuel Johnson, born in 1709, was in his prime about the middle of the
+eighteen the century. His description of the advantages afforded by a good
+inn has not yet been surpassed. Here it is:
+
+"There is no private house in which people can enjoy themselves so well as
+at a capital tavern. Let there be ever so great plenty of good things,
+ever so much grandeur, ever so much elegance, ever so much desire that
+everybody should be easy, in the nature of things it cannot be; there must
+always be some degree of care and anxiety. The master of the house is
+anxious to entertain his guests; the guests are anxious to be agreeable to
+him; and no man, but a very impudent dog indeed, can freely command what
+is in another man's house as if it were his own. Whereas, at a tavern
+there is general freedom from anxiety. You are sure you are welcome, and
+the more noise you make, the more trouble you give, the more good things
+you call for, the welcomer you are. No servant will attend you with the
+alacrity which waiters do, who are incited by the prospect of an immediate
+reward in proportion as they please. No sir, there is nothing which has
+yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a
+good inn."
+
+Another writer, whose name is unrecorded or lost in the sweep of time, has
+said that the tavern "is the busy man's recreation, the idle man's
+business, the melancholy man's sanctuary, the stranger's welcome."
+
+Samuel Johnson, if in New York, would not have found at any tavern such
+congenial companions as at the Turk's Head, in Soho. New York did not have
+an Oliver Goldsmith, nor a Sir Joshua Reynolds, nor an Edmund Burke,
+nor--but Boswell would have been with him. Barring the companionship of
+such men he could have been made as comfortable at the Queen's Head in
+Dock Street as at his familiar tavern in London. He could have taken his
+cup of tea, his favorite drink, in one of the boxes of the Merchants'
+Coffee House and then strolled into Garrat Noel's bookstore next door
+where he could have found food for his mind after his corporeal needs had
+been supplied. Here was literature of the solid sort, as Noel's
+announcements in the newspapers inform us, and Dr. Johnson might have
+easily imagined himself in the bookstore of Tom Davies--one of his
+familiar haunts.
+
+[Sidenote: The Landlord]
+
+The accomplished tavern-keeper of New York, as well as of London, knew how
+to welcome his guest and from long experience instinctively knew how to
+reach his heart. After receiving him with the most unbounded cordiality,
+occasionally dropping him a piece of news which he knew would interest
+him, or one of his newest jokes, he soon made him feel glad to be in his
+house. When the dinner was ready he was on hand to place the first dish on
+the table and to give him his company if he saw that it was desirable.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD TIME LANDLORD]
+
+In colonial times signs were extensively used. The hardware dealer placed
+above his door a sign of Crossed Daggers, or a Golden Handsaw, or a Golden
+Key; some used the sign of the Crossed Guns. A carriage-maker used the
+sign of the Gilded Wheel, a tailor that of the Hand and Shears. Thus the
+business streets were filled with signs, and a well-known or prominent
+sign was invariably used as a landmark to designate locations of other
+houses. Tavern signs were much used in this way. Houses were not numbered,
+and in the low state of education, numbers as well as worded signs would
+have been of little use. Taverns obtained their names from the signs hung
+out; and the tavern sign had a wider range of diversity than that of any
+other business. It was almost unlimited; but there were certain favorites.
+Sometimes tavern-keepers clung tenaciously to signs which they carried
+with them from place to place--and the tavern-keeper of colonial times
+appears to have been a roving character.
+
+[Illustration: "HARD DRINKING PREVAILED"]
+
+[Sidenote: Hard Drinking Prevailed]
+
+Some features of tavern life and some of the taverns of New York were not
+to be commended. The eighteenth century was a period when hard drinking
+pervaded not only the American colonies but England as well. Even
+preachers of the Gospel drank to excess. They were known to indulge at
+church meetings so as to lose control of both speech and gait. Unable to
+withstand the alluring temptations, they drank to excess without
+forfeiting the respect of their people. The Reverend Jacob G. Green, of
+Morris County, New Jersey, although so pious that he would not allow any
+member of his family to converse on any but religious subjects on a
+Sunday, did not hesitate to engage in the business of manufacturing
+distilled liquor. At funerals, as well as at weddings, wine and rum were
+consumed in excessive quantities, and it is a fact that persons were known
+to stagger in the funeral procession and at the brink of the grave. At the
+funeral of a colonial governor it is said that the minister's nose glowed
+like a coal of fire, and the aged bearers staggered as they bore the
+coffin. The Reverend Samuel Melyen, pastor of the First Church of
+Elizabethtown, was obliged to give up his church on account of
+intemperance; but this did not seem to the people to be a warning example,
+for when his successor, Jonathan Dickinson, a young man of twenty-one, was
+installed, we are told that "great quantities of toddy was consumed." When
+Philip Livingston died in 1749, funerals were held both at his Hudson
+River mansion and at his residence in Broad Street, New York. At each of
+these places a pipe of spiced rum was consumed, and to the eight bearers
+were given gloves, mourning rings, scarfs, handkerchiefs and monkey
+spoons. When intemperance was looked upon with such indulgence it is
+hardly to be expected that the young and gay men of the period would
+exercise much restraint; and many a convivial party at the tavern ended in
+a drinking bout, and sometimes in a riot of drunkenness and debauchery. A
+man in the condition which we of the present day would think quite drunk,
+and a proper subject for the care of his friends or relatives, was at
+that time considered to have taken only a proper modicum of drink. No man
+was looked upon as drunk until he was entirely down and out. The
+prevailing formula was:
+
+  "Not drunk is he who from the floor
+  Can rise again and still drink more,
+  But drunk is he who prostrate lies,
+  Without the power to drink or rise."
+
+[Illustration: GOOD OLD MADEIRA]
+
+In New England rum was so extensively made that the price became as low
+as twenty-five cents per gallon. It was popularly called "Kill-devil." In
+New Jersey large quantities of apple-jack were turned out, which, when
+new, was quite fiery, and this was called "Jersey lightning." Servants
+were not expected to be entirely free from the drinking habit, which,
+within certain bounds, was looked upon by their employers as pardonable.
+Announcement was made in the New York _Gazette_ and _Weekly Mercury_ of
+December 4, 1769, that
+
+    "An Hostler
+
+    That gets drunk no more than 12 times in a year and will bring with
+    him a good Recommendation, is wanted. Such person will meet with
+    encouragement by applying to H. Gaine."
+
+[Sidenote: Sports and Amusements]
+
+In the middle of the eighteenth century we find that New Yorkers were fond
+of all kinds of sports and all kinds of amusements that were available.
+The city was making rapid strides in increase of wealth and population.
+Many of her wealthy merchants had built large and handsome houses and
+there was more gaiety and desire for entertainment among her people. For
+balls, banquets, social clubs and exhibition of all sorts, each tavern of
+importance had, if possible, its "long room." There was no other provision
+or place for public assemblage. Some had delightful gardens attached to
+them, which, in summer evenings, were illuminated and sometimes the
+guests were entertained with music. Boating and fishing were largely
+indulged in and people of means who lived on the waterside had pleasure
+boats. In 1752 John Watson was keeping the Ferry House on Staten Island.
+In December of that year "a Whale 45 feet in length ran ashore at Van
+Buskirk's Point at the entrance of the Kills from our Bay, where, being
+discovered by People from Staten Island, a number of them went off and
+Killed him." Mr. Watson states in an advertisement in the New York
+_Gazette_ of December 11, 1752, that this whale may be seen at his house,
+and doubtless this announcement may have induced many to make the trip
+across the bay to see the whale and add to the profits of John Watson's
+tavern.
+
+The Reverend Mr. Burnaby, who visited the city about 1748, says: "The
+amusements are balls and sleighing expeditions in the winter, and in the
+summer going in parties upon the water and fishing, or making excursions
+into the country. There are several houses, pleasantly situated up the
+East River, near New York, where it is common to have turtle feasts. These
+happen once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies, meet
+and dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish and amuse themselves
+till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises (the fashionable
+carriage in this and most parts of America), a gentleman and lady in each
+chaise." These trips up the East River were made to Turtle Bay. One of
+the houses there about this time, or a little later, was well known as the
+Union Flag, situated on the post road. A lot of about 22 acres of land was
+attached to the tavern, extending to the river, on which was a good wharf
+and landing. Deep drinking and gambling were prevalent among the men,
+although tavern-keepers were forbidden by law from permitting gambling in
+their houses. Cock-fighting was a popular sport. At the sign of the
+Fighting Cocks--an appropriate sign--in Dock Street, "very good cocks"
+could be had, or at the Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot. Steel and silver
+spurs could be purchased in the stores. The loser of a broad cloth coat
+advertises in the newspaper that it was lost on a cockfighting night
+(supposed taken by mistake).
+
+The Common was a place where outdoor games were played in the daytime and
+bonfires built at night on festive occasions. On Monday, April 29, 1751, a
+great match at cricket was played here for a considerable wager by eleven
+Londoners against eleven New Yorkers. The newspaper account states that
+"The Game was play'd according to the London Method; and those who got
+most Notches in two Hands, to be the Winners:--The New Yorkers went in
+first and got 81; Then the Londoners went in and got but 43; Then the New
+Yorkers went in again and got 86; and the Londoners finished the Game with
+getting only 37 more."
+
+The game of bowls seems to have been quite popular in the early part of
+the eighteenth century. It was played upon a smooth, level piece of turf
+from forty to sixty feet square, surrounded by a ditch about six inches
+deep. At the further end of the ground was placed a white ball called the
+jack and the bowlers endeavored, with balls from six to eight inches in
+diameter that were not exactly round but weighted on one side so as to
+roll in a curve, to make their balls lie as near to the jack as possible.
+
+Back-gammon was an evening game at the taverns and at the coffee-house. In
+1734 a partisan of the governor's party, under the nom de plume of Peter
+Scheme wrote in reply to an article in Zenger's Journal: "I also frequent
+the Coffee House, to take a hitt at Back-Gammon, when I have an
+opportunity of hearing the curious sentiments of the Courtiers (since he
+is pleased to call the Gentlemen who frequent that place so) concerning
+his Journal." It is apparent that the popularity of the game continued for
+many years, for Alexander Mackraby, in a letter dated June 13, 1768, says:
+"They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to the city: I mean
+that of playing at back-gammon (a noise I detest), which is going forward
+at the public coffee-houses from morning till night, frequently a dozen
+tables at a time."
+
+[Sidenote: Horse-Racing]
+
+From the very beginning of English rule in New York, horse-racing seems to
+have been a fashionable sport among people of means. It has been stated
+how Governor Nicolls established a race-course on Hempstead Plains, and
+since that time interest in the sport had been kept up, increasing as the
+population and wealth of the city increased. Races were held yearly on the
+Hempstead course and it is more than likely that a course was soon
+established on Manhattan Island. In 1733 we find an announcement in a New
+York newspaper that a race would be run on the 8th of October on the
+course at New York for a purse of upwards of four pounds by any horse,
+mare or gelding carrying twelve stone and paying five shillings entrance,
+the entrance money to go to the second horse if not distanced. There is no
+mention made of the location of the course, but a notice that horses that
+have won plate here are excepted indicates that it was probably a yearly
+event. Three years later we find that a subscription plate of twenty
+pounds' value was to be run for on the course at New York on the 13th of
+October "by any horse, mare or gelding carrying ten stone (saddle and
+bridle included), the best of three heats, two miles each heat. Horses
+intended to Run for this Plate are to be entered the Day before the Race
+with Francis Child on Fresh Water Hill, paying a half Pistole each, or at
+the Post on the Day of Running, paying a Pistole." This course on Fresh
+Water Hill had probably been established for some time and its location
+was very likely near the present Chatham Square. In 1742 there was a
+race-course on the Church Farm in charge of Adam Vandenberg, the lessee of
+the farm, who was landlord of the Drovers' Tavern, which stood on or near
+the site of the present Astor House.
+
+In seeking information from the newspapers of the day in regard to
+horse-racing, we find very little, if any, in the news columns; but more
+is to be found among the advertisements. Thus, in January, 1743-4, it is
+announced that a race would be run on the first day of March "between a
+Mare called Ragged Kate, belonging to Mr. Peter De Lancey, and a Horse
+called Monk, belonging to the Hon. William Montagu, Esq., for £200." It is
+not stated where this race was to take place, but, in all probability, it
+was run either on the Fresh Water Hill course or on the Church Farm. It
+was for an unusually large wager, and, no doubt, attracted a great deal of
+attention. From about this date we hear no more of the race-course on
+Fresh Water Hill. It may have been disturbed by the line of palisades
+which was built across the island during the war with France, crossing the
+hill between the present Duane and Pearl Streets, at which point was a
+large gateway.
+
+In September, 1747, it was announced in the newspapers that a purse of not
+less than ten pistoles would be run for on the Church Farm on the 11th of
+October, two mile heats, horses that had won plate on the island and a
+horse called Parrot excepted, the entrance money to be run for by any of
+the horses entered, except the winner and those distanced. We have every
+reason to suppose that the races were at this period a yearly event on the
+Church Farm, taking place in October. In 1750 it was announced in the New
+York _Gazette_ in August and September that "on the Eleventh of October
+next, the New York Subscription Plate of Twenty Pounds' Value, will be Run
+for by any Horse, Mare or Gelding that never won a Plate before on this
+Island, carrying Ten Stone Weight, Saddle and Bridle included, the best in
+three Heats, two miles in each Heat," etc. A few days after the race the
+New York _Gazette_ announced that on "Thursday last the New York
+Subscription Plate was run for at the Church Farm by five Horses and won
+by a horse belonging to Mr. Lewis Morris, Jun."
+
+[Illustration: A RACING TROPHY]
+
+The next year similar announcements were made of the race, the difference
+being that the horses eligible must have been bred in America and that
+they should carry eight stone weight. The date is the same as that of the
+previous year, October 11. We find no record of this race in the
+newspapers, but the illustration which is given of the trophy won is
+sufficient to indicate the result. Lewis Morris, Jr., appears to have
+carried off the prize a second time. The plate was a silver bowl ten
+inches in diameter and four and one-half inches high, and the winner was a
+horse called Old Tenor. The bowl, represented in the cut, is in the
+possession of Dr. Lewis Morris, U. S. N., a lineal descendant of Lewis
+Morris, the signer of the Declaration of Independence and the owner of Old
+Tenor. The name of the horse was doubtless suggested by certain bills of
+credit then in circulation in New York. In an advertisement of two
+dwelling houses on the Church Farm for sale in April, 1755, notice is
+given that "Old Tenor will be taken in payment."
+
+The great course was on Hempstead Plains. On Friday, June 1, 1750, there
+was a great race here for a considerable wager, which attracted such
+attention that on Thursday, the day before the race, upward of seventy
+chairs and chaises were carried over the Long Island Ferry, besides a far
+greater number of horses, on their way out, and it is stated that the
+number of horses on the plains at the race far exceeded a thousand.
+
+In 1753 we find that the subscription plate, which had become a regular
+event, was run for at Greenwich, on the estate of Sir Peter Warren. Land
+about this time was being taken up on the Church Farm for building
+purposes, and this may have been the reason for the change. In 1754 there
+was a course on the Church Farm in the neighborhood of the present Warren
+Street. An account of a trial of speed and endurance was given on April
+29, 1754. "Tuesday morning last, a considerable sum was depending between
+a number of gentlemen in this city on a horse starting from one of the
+gates of the city to go to Kingsbridge and back again, being fourteen
+miles (each way) in two hours' time; which he performed with one rider in
+1 hr. and 46 min." The owner of this horse was Oliver De Lancey, one of
+the most enthusiastic sportsmen of that period. Members of the families of
+DeLancey and Morris were the most prominent owners of race horses. Other
+owners and breeders were General Monckton, Anthony Rutgers, Michael
+Kearney, Lord Sterling, Timothy Cornell and Roper Dawson. General
+Monckton, who lived for a time at the country seat called "Richmond,"
+owned a fine horse called Smoaker, with which John Leary, one of the best
+known horsemen of the day, won a silver bowl, which he refused to
+surrender to John Watts, the general's friend, even under threat of legal
+process. Several years later he was still holding it.
+
+In January, 1763, A. W. Waters, of Long Island, issued a challenge to all
+America. He says: "Since English Horses have been imported into New York,
+it is the Opinion of some People that they can outrun The True Britton,"
+and he offered to race the latter against any horse that could be produced
+in America for three hundred pounds or more. This challenge does not seem
+to have been taken up until 1765, when the most celebrated race of the
+period was run on the Philadelphia course for stakes of one thousand
+pounds. Samuel Galloway, of Maryland, with his horse, Selim, carried off
+the honors and the purse.
+
+Besides the course on Hempstead Plains, well known through all the
+colonies as well as in England, there was another on Long Island, around
+Beaver Pond, near Jamaica. A subscription plate was run for on this course
+in 1757, which was won by American Childers, belonging to Lewis Morris,
+Jr. There were also courses at Paulus Hook, Perth Amboy, Elizabethtown and
+Morristown, New Jersey, which were all thronged by the sporting gentry of
+New York City. James De Lancey, with his imported horse, Lath, in October,
+1769, won the one hundred pound race on the Centre course at Philadelphia.
+The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York men interested
+in horse-racing who had never met before, and in the few years
+intervening before the Revolution there sprang up a great rivalry between
+the northern and southern colonies.
+
+[Sidenote: Bull Baiting]
+
+The men of New York enjoyed rugged and cruel sports such as would not be
+tolerated at the present time. Among these were bear-baiting and
+bull-baiting. Bear-baiting became rare as the animals disappeared from the
+neighborhood and became scarce. Bulls were baited on Bayard's Hill and on
+the Bowery. A bull was baited in 1763 at the tavern in the Bowery Lane
+known as the sign of the De Lancey Arms. John Cornell, near St. George's
+Ferry, Long Island, gave notice in 1774 that there would be a bull baited
+on Tower Hill at three o'clock every Thursday afternoon during the season.
+
+[Illustration: BULL BAITING, FROM AN OLD ADVERTISEMENT]
+
+[Sidenote: Bowling]
+
+The taverns in the suburbs could, in many cases, have large grounds
+attached to the houses and they took advantage of this to make them
+attractive. From the very earliest period of the city there were places
+near by which were resorted to for pleasure and recreation. One of the
+earliest of these was the Cherry Garden. It was situated on the highest
+part of the road which led to the north--a continuation of the road which
+led to the ferry in the time of the Dutch--at the present junction of
+Pearl and Cherry Streets, and was originally the property of Egbert Van
+Borsum, the ferryman of New Amsterdam, who gave the sea captains such a
+magnificent dinner. In 1672 the seven acres of this property were
+purchased by Captain Delaval for the sum of one hundred and sixty-one
+guilders in beavers, and, after passing through several hands, became the
+property of Richard Sacket, who had settled in the neighborhood, and
+established himself as a maltster. On the land had been planted an orchard
+of cherry trees, which, after attaining moderate dimensions, attracted
+great attention. To turn this to account, a house of entertainment was
+erected and the place was turned into a pleasure resort known as the
+Cherry Garden. There were tables and seats under the trees, and a bowling
+green and other means of diversion attached to the premises. It had seen
+its best days before the end of the seventeenth century.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOWLING GREEN, FROM LYNE'S MAP]
+
+On the borders of the Common, now the City Hall Park, was the Vineyard,
+which is said to have been a popular place of recreation and near the
+junction of what are now Greenwich and Warren Streets was the Bowling
+Green Garden, established there soon after the opening of the eighteenth
+century. It was on a part of the Church Farm, quite out of town, for there
+were no streets then laid out above Crown, now Liberty Street, on the west
+side of the town and none above Frankfort on the east. In 1735 the house
+of the Bowling Green Garden was occupied by John Miller, who was offering
+garden seeds of several sorts for sale. On March 29, 1738, it took fire
+and in a few minutes was completely consumed, Miller, who was then living
+in it, saving himself with difficulty. A new house was erected and the
+place continued to attract visitors. There does not appear to have been
+any public road leading to it, but it was not a long walk or ride from the
+town and was finely situated on a hill near the river. In November, 1759,
+when it was occupied by John Marshall, the militia company of grenadiers
+met here to celebrate the king's birthday, when they roasted an ox and ate
+and drank loyally. Marshall solicited the patronage of ladies and
+gentlemen and proposed to open his house for breakfasting every morning
+during the season. He describes it as "handsomely situated on the North
+River at the place known by the name of the Old Bowling Green but now
+called Mount Pleasant." Some years later it became known as Vauxhall.
+
+Bowling must have had some attraction for the people of New York, for in
+March, 1732-3, the corporation resolved to "lease a piece of land lying at
+the lower end of Broadway fronting the Fort to some of the inhabitants of
+the said Broadway in Order to be Inclosed to make a Bowling Green thereof,
+with Walks therein, for the Beauty & Ornament of the Said Street, as well
+as for the Recreation and Delight of the Inhabitants of this City." In
+October, 1734, it was accordingly leased to Frederick Phillipse, John
+Chambers and John Roosevelt for ten years, for a bowling-green only, at
+the yearly rental of one pepper-corn. In 1742 the lease was renewed for
+eleven years; to commence from the expiration of the first lease, at a
+rental of twenty shillings per annum. In January, 1745, proposals were
+requested for laying it with turf and rendering it fit for bowling, which
+shows that it was then being used for that purpose. It was known as the
+New or Royal Bowlling Green and the one on the Church Farm as the Old
+Bowling Green.
+
+[Sidenote: The Glass House]
+
+Some time about 1754, an attempt was made in New York to make glass
+bottles and other glass ware. Thomas Leppers, who had been a
+tavern-keeper, was storekeeper for the Glass House Company, and advertised
+all sorts of bottles and a variety of glassware "too tedious to mention,
+at reasonable rates." He stated that gentlemen who wished bottles of any
+size with their names on them, "could be supplied with all expedition." A
+few years later, 1758, notice was given by Matthias Ernest that the
+newly-erected Glass House at New Foundland, within four miles of the city,
+was at work and ready to supply bottles, flasks and any sort of glassware.
+Newfoundland was the name of a farm of about thirty-three acres, four
+miles from the city on the North River, extending from the present
+Thirty-fifth Street northward, on which this glass house had been erected.
+It is not unlikely that the Glass House was visited by many persons,
+either on business or from curiosity, and that they were there entertained
+by the owner or manager of the property; at any rate, it seems to have
+acquired a reputation for good dinners. Paymaster General Mortier notes in
+his diary a dinner at the Glass House on February 18, 1758, which cost him
+3s. 6d. The manufacture of glass was not successful, but the place became
+a well-known suburban resort, where good dinners were served to visitors
+from the city. In 1764 the Glass House was kept by Edward Agar, who, in
+addition to serving dinners, could furnish apartments to ladies or
+gentlemen who wished to reside in the country for the benefit of their
+health. In 1768 it was kept by John Taylor, and it was evidently then a
+popular resort, for a stage wagon was advertised to run out to it every
+day, leaving Mr. Vandenberg's, where the Astor House now stands, at three
+o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+THE KING'S ARMS
+
+
+George Burns, as has been stated, was in 1753 keeping one of the best
+taverns in New York. Soon after this he left the city and took charge of
+the tavern at Trenton Ferry, which was on the great post road between New
+York and Philadelphia, over which flowed almost all travel between the two
+cities and to the south. The prospects must have been very enticing.
+Whether they were realized or not, Burns soon became anxious to make a
+change and, returning to New York, became the landlord of a tavern in Wall
+Street near Broadway, opposite the Presbyterian church, which was known as
+the Sign of Admiral Warren. Here he remained until June, 1758, when Scotch
+Johnny, retiring from the tavern near the Whitehall Slip, known as the
+Crown and Thistle, he moved into his house. The house of Scotch Johnny had
+been the meeting place for the St. Andrew's Society while it was kept by
+him and it so continued to be after Burns became landlord.
+
+[Sidenote: King's Head]
+
+Burns retained for a time the old sign of the Crown and Thistle, but some
+time about the middle of the year 1760, took it down and hung out in its
+stead the sign of King George's Head, and the tavern became known as the
+King's Head. It continued to be the meeting place of the Scots' Society.
+They held their anniversary meeting here on St. Andrew's Day, Monday,
+November 30, 1761, and elected the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander,
+president of the society. The members of the society dined together as
+usual and in the evening a splendid ball and entertainment was given,
+which was attended by the principal ladies and gentlemen in the town. It
+was a grand and notable ball. The newspapers state that "The Company was
+very numerous, everything was conducted with the greatest regularity and
+decorum and the whole made a most brilliant and elegant appearance."
+
+[Illustration: Stirling]
+
+In the latter part of the year 1761 the army was coming down from the
+north, there was a large camp of soldiers on Staten Island and New York
+City was full of officers. Burns' house, the King's Head, became the
+headquarters of the Scotch officers of the army when they were in the city
+and their favorite place of rendezvous. The effects of several of the
+Royal Highland officers, who had died, were sold at public vendue at
+Burns' Long Room in November, 1762. There must have been many articles to
+be disposed of, for the sale was to be continued from day to day until all
+were sold. The effects of Lieutenant Neal, late of the 22d Regiment,
+consisting of wearing apparel, etc., etc., etc., etc., were sold at public
+vendue at the same place in December.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Arms]
+
+We have been unable to find any record to establish the fact or even a
+hint to justify a deduction that there ever was at any time in the
+colonial period any house known as Burns' Coffee House. We believe this to
+be entirely a modern creation. The house described and illustrated in
+Valentine's Corporation Manual of 1865 as Burns' Coffee House, or the
+King's Arms Tavern, although the statements concerning it have been
+accepted by many writers, was never occupied by Burns; and the story of
+this house, as related in the Corporation Manual of 1854, is simply a
+strong draft on the imagination of the writer. The tavern which hung out
+the sign of the King's Arms, on the corner of Broad and Dock Streets, had
+been also known as the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen's Coffee
+House, but when Burns moved into it in 1751, he dropped the name Coffee
+House and called it simply the King's Arms. Mrs. Sarah Steel, in 1763,
+carried the sign to Broadway, as appears by the following announcement:
+
+    "Mrs. Steel Takes this Method to acquaint her Friends and Customers,
+    That the King's Arms Tavern, which she formerly kept opposite the
+    Exchange she hath now removed into Broadway (the lower end, opposite
+    the Fort), a more commodious house, where she will not only have it in
+    her power to accommodate Gentlemen with Conveniences requisite to a
+    Tavern, but also with genteel lodging Apartments, which she doubts not
+    will give Satisfaction to every One who will be pleased to give her
+    that Honour."
+
+Mrs. Steel, in February, 1767, advertised that the Broadway house was for
+sale and that the furniture, liquors, etc., would be sold whether the
+house were sold or not. A few months previous to this announcement, Edward
+Bardin, probably anticipating the retirement of Mrs. Steel from business,
+had acquired the sign, which we presume was a favorite one, and had hung
+it out at his house on upper Broadway, opposite the Common. The writer of
+the article in the Corporation Manual gives the following advertisement,
+which appears in Parker's Post Boy of May 27, 1762, as evidence that Burns
+occupied the house before Mrs. Steel moved into it.
+
+    "This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, Lovers and
+    Encouragers of Musick, That this day will be opened by Messrs. Leonard
+    & Dienval, Musick Masters of this city, at Mr. Burnes Room, near the
+    Battery, a public and weekly Concert of Musick. Tickets four
+    Shillings. N. B. The Concert is to begin exactly at 8 o'clock, and end
+    at ten, on account of the coolness of the evening. No Body will be
+    admitted without tickets, nor no mony will be taken at the door."
+
+This concert did not take place in the house on Broadway, but in the house
+of George Burns, the King's Head near the Battery. Burns had succeeded
+Scotch Johnny, and had in his house a long room where societies met and
+where concerts and dinners were given on special occasions. "Burns' Long
+Room" was well known at that time. The following appeared in the New York
+_Journal_ of April 7, 1768:
+
+    "To be let, from the 1st of May next, with or without Furniture, as
+    may suit the tenant, the large corner house wherein Mrs. Steel lately
+    kept the King's Arms Tavern, near the Fort now in the possession of
+    Col. Gabbet."
+
+The next year Col. Gabbet, having moved out, was living next door to the
+house of John Watts, who lived in Pearl Street near Moore. In 1770 Edward
+Bardin announced that he had taken "the large, commodious house known by
+the name of the King's Arms, near Whitehall, long kept by Mrs. Steel,
+which he will again open as a tavern." George Burns succeeded Bardin and
+kept the house for a short time in 1771.
+
+Before the Revolutionary War there was no Whitehall Street. What is now
+Whitehall Street was known as Broadway. There is no doubt about this. In a
+list of retailers of spirituous liquors in the city of New York in April,
+1776, we find one on Broadway near Pearl Street, one on Broadway near the
+Lower Barracks, another on Broadway opposite the Fort and two others on
+Broadway near the Breastworks. These were all on the present Whitehall
+Street. In Mrs. Steel's announcement she states that the King's Arms
+Tavern was on Broadway (the lower end opposite the Fort), that is, on the
+present Whitehall Street. As the house was on a corner, its location was
+probably the corner of the present Bridge and Whitehall Streets. If there
+were left any doubt about this, it should be thoroughly dissipated by the
+advertisement, December 30, 1765, of Hetty Hayes, who made and sold
+pickles in her home, which she states was on Wynkoop (now Bridge) Street,
+near the King's Arms Tavern. Notwithstanding the many statements to the
+contrary, no house known as the King's Arms Tavern or Burns' Coffee House
+ever stood on the west side of Broadway opposite the Bowling Green.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE BUILT BY CORNELIS STEENWYCK]
+
+Some time after the middle of the seventeenth century Cornelis Steenwyck
+built a fine house on the southeast corner of the present Whitehall and
+Bridge Streets, and it was here no doubt, the grand dinner was given to
+Governor Nicolls on his departure from the province. In an inventory of
+Steenwyck's estate in 1686 the house was valued at seven hundred pounds.
+This indicates that it was a large, and for that time, a very valuable
+dwelling. In the illustration copied from Valentine's Corporation Manual
+of 1864, there is a sign attached to the house. We do not know the source
+from which this illustration was obtained, but the sign we presume to be a
+tavern sign, and we are inclined to think, for various reasons, that this
+house was for many years used as a tavern and that for a time subsequent
+to 1763, it was the King's Arms. It was probably destroyed in the great
+fire of 1776.
+
+About this time a man made his appearance as a tavern-keeper whose name,
+although he was not a hero or a great man, has come down to us, and will
+go down to many future generations in connection with the revolutionary
+history of the city. Samuel Francis was a tavern-keeper without a peer,
+and when the time came to decide, struck for liberty and independence,
+abandoned his property and stuck to his colors like a true patriot. He
+came to New York from the West Indies. Although from the darkness of his
+complexion commonly called Black Sam, he was of French descent.
+
+Previous to 1750 Broadway did not extend to the north beyond the present
+Vesey Street. There was a road, however, following the line of the present
+Broadway, known as the road to Rutger's Farm, the residence of Anthony
+Rutger standing near the corner of the present Broadway and Thomas Street.
+Just subsequent to the year 1750 Trinity Church laid out streets through a
+portion of the Church Farm and leased lots on this road, on which houses
+were built. The first of these, as far as we can ascertain, were built by
+Bell and Brookman, in 1752, on lots just south of the present Murray
+Street, fronting on the Common, which was then an open field without fence
+of any kind. In 1760, Mr. Marschalk, one of the city surveyors, presented
+to the board of aldermen the draft or plan of a road which he had lately
+laid out, "beginning at the Spring Garden House and extending from thence
+north until it comes to the ground of the late widow Rutgers," which was
+approved by the board and ordered to be recorded. Other houses were built
+on the Church Farm, and a few years later we find one of these, situated
+on the north side of Murray Street, fronting the Common, was being used as
+a tavern or mead house, and occupied by San Francis. In 1761 he advertised
+sweatmeats, pickles, portable soups, etc., at the Mason's Arms, near the
+Green in the upper part of the Broadway near the Alms House. He was in New
+York in 1758, and his house at that time was patronized by those who
+frequented only the best taverns in the city.
+
+[Sidenote: The DeLancey House]
+
+The house with which his name is indissoluably connected, the DeLancey
+House, on the corner of the present Broad and Pearl Streets was purchased
+by him in 1762. It was quite a large house and very well suited for a
+tavern, where it was intended that public entertainments should be given,
+as it had a long room that could hardly be surpassed. The lot on which the
+house stood was given by Stephen Van Cortlandt to his son-in-law, Stephen
+DeLancey, in 1700, and it is said that in 1719 Stephen DeLancey built the
+house on it which is still standing.
+
+It was a handsome and conspicuous house for the period, but in the course
+of time DeLancey wished a change of location for his home. When he ceased
+to occupy it as a residence we do not know, probably on the completion of
+his new house on Broadway, which is said to have been built in 1730. Not
+long after this we find that it was being used for public purposes. In
+1737, Henry Holt, the dancing master, announced that a ball would be given
+at the house of Mr. DeLancey, next door to Mr. Todd's, and in February,
+1739, there was given in Holt's Long Room "the new Pantomine
+Entertainment, in Grotesque Characters, called _The Adventures of
+Harlequin and Scaramouch_, or the Spaniard Trick'd. To which will be added
+_An Optick_, wherein will be Represented, in Perspective, several of the
+most noted Cities and Remarkable Places in Europe and America, with a New
+Prologue and Epilogue address'd to the Town." The tickets were sold at
+five shillings each. This clearly shows that the long room, probably just
+as we can see it today, was then used for public entertainments.
+
+[Illustration: THE DELANCEY HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Head]
+
+The house was again used as a residence. Colonel Joseph Robinson was
+living in it in January, 1759, when it was offered for sale, at public
+vendue, at the Merchants' Coffee House. We find no record of transfer,
+but we are inclined to believe that it was purchased by the firm of
+DeLancey, Robinson and Company, dealers in East India goods and army
+supplies, composed of Oliver DeLancey. Beverly Robinson and James Parker,
+for they moved into it shortly after and were the owners of it in 1762,
+when it was purchased by Samuel Francis, the deed bearing date January
+15th of that year and the consideration named being two thousand pounds.
+The co-partnership of DeLancey, Robinson and Company did not expire until
+December, 1762; in all probability they remained in the house until that
+time; at any rate, Francis was in it in April, 1763, when he had hung out
+the sign of Queen Charlotte and opened an ordinary, announcing that dinner
+would be served every day at half past one o'clock. The house thereafter,
+for many years, was known as the Queen's Head.
+
+John Crawley succeeded Willett as landlord of the New York Arms. In 1762
+the Assembly were having their meetings here, in what they designated as
+"Crawley's New Rooms." In April, 1763, Crawley sold out the furnishings of
+the house at public vendue and George Burns moved in from the King's Head
+Tavern, in the Whitehall, who announced that he had "two excellent Grooms
+to attend to his Stables and takes in Travellers and their Horses by the
+Month, Quarter or Year on reasonable Terms." Burns occupied the house
+during the turbulent period of the Stamp Act, and it was the scene of much
+of the excitement incident to those times. In 1764, while Burns was
+keeping the Province Arms, the Paulus Hook Ferry was established and the
+road opened from Bergen to the Hudson River. This enabled the stage wagons
+from Philadelphia to bring their passengers to Paulus Hook, where they
+were taken over the ferry to New York. The opening of the Paulus Hook
+Ferry placed the Province Arms in direct line with travel passing through
+the city between New England and the South, and it became largely a
+traveler's tavern, and in later times the starting point in New York of
+the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia stages.
+
+[Sidenote: The Stamp Act]
+
+The French and Indian War, which had commenced in 1755, resulted in the
+conquest of Canada; and when the British army came down to New York for
+embarkation they met with an enthusiastic reception and the officers were
+entertained by the wealthy merchants in the most hospitable manner. The
+province had suffered from the constant conflict on its borders and the
+prospect of relief from the incursions of the French and the horrible
+terrors of savage warfare which had been instigated by them, was the cause
+for great satisfaction and rejoicing. No longer threatened by the French
+the people were filled with hopes of great prosperity. Trade and commerce
+soon revived and a period of remarkable activity had just opened when all
+the bright hopes of the merchants and of the people of New York were
+turned to gall and wormwood by the unwarrantable acts of Great Britain,
+who, instead of gratitude for the material assistance in the late war, was
+now calculating how much revenue might be counted upon from provinces that
+had shown such energy and such resources. The first important step in this
+direction was the passage of the Stamp Act, which received the King's
+signature on the 22d of March, 1765. It was not unexpected, for the
+colonists had for some time been in a nervous state, with the dread of
+some serious encroachment on their rights and liberties. The news of the
+passage of the act was received in New York in April with great
+indignation. It was distributed through the city with the title of "The
+folly of England, and the ruin of America." By law the act was to take
+effect on the first of November following. In the meantime it was proposed
+that the sense of the colonies should be taken and that they should all
+unite in a common petition to the King and parliament. Accordingly a
+congress of deputies met in New York in the early part of October, 1765,
+in which nine of the colonies were represented. Before this meeting the
+assembly of Massachusetts had denied the right of parliament to tax the
+colonies and Virginia had done the same. The sentiments of the congress
+were embodied in a very dignified and respectfully worded address to the
+King, drawn up by a committee of three, one of whom was Robert R.
+Livingston, of New York. Committees were also appointed to prepare
+petitions to parliament which were reported and agreed to on the 22d of
+October.
+
+[Sidenote: The Non-Importation Agreement]
+
+On the last day of the same month a meeting was held by the merchants of
+New York to consider what should be done with respect to the Stamp Act and
+the melancholy state of the North American commerce, so greatly restricted
+by the Acts of Trade. They resolved not to order any goods shipped from
+Great Britain nor to sell any goods on commission until the Stamp Act
+should be repealed. Two hundred merchants of the city subscribed these
+resolutions and the retailers of the city also agreed not to buy after the
+first of January, 1766, any goods imported from Great Britain, unless the
+Stamp Act should be repealed. This meeting was held at the Province Arms,
+the house of George Burns, and here was signed this celebrated
+non-importation agreement. This was the most important political event of
+this eventful period, and one which, combined with like resolutions made
+by the merchants of Boston and Philadelphia, had more influence in causing
+the repeal than all the addresses, petitions and other influences put
+together.
+
+On October 23d, while the Stamp Act Congress was in session, the ship
+Edward arrived with the obnoxious stamps on board, and was convoyed to
+the Fort by a man-of-war, all the vessels in the harbor lowering their
+colors in sign of mourning, and an excited crowd watching the proceedings
+from the river front. In a few days the stamps were deposited in the Fort.
+During the night after the arrival of the Edward, written notices were
+posted about the city warning any one who should distribute or make use of
+stamped paper, to take care of his house, person or effects. The
+excitement among the people grew more and more intense as the time
+approached for the law to take effect. The morning of November 1st was
+ushered in by the ringing of muffled bells and display of flags at
+half-mast. The magistrates notified Lieutenant-Governor Golden that they
+were apprehensive of a mob that night. The people gathered in the Fields,
+and after parading the streets with effigies of the lieutenant-governor,
+appeared before the Fort and demanded the stamps. They broke open the
+lieutenant-governor's coach-house, took out his coach, sleighs, harness
+and stable fittings and with the effigies burned them on the Bowling Green
+in front of the Fort. The mob then went to Vauxhall, the house of Major
+James, who had made himself very obnoxious by his braggart threats of what
+he would do to enforce the stamp act and stripping the house of all its
+furniture, books, liquors, etc., even to the doors and windows, made a
+bonfire of them.
+
+As the mob passed the Merchants' Coffee House, they were encouraged by
+the approbation of those who frequented that place. During the day there
+had been on view here an open letter addressed to Golden, assuring him of
+his fate if he should persist in trying to put the stamp act in force. It
+also stated--"We have heard of your design or menace to fire upon the town
+in case of disturbance, but assure yourself that if you dare to perpetrate
+any such murderous act you'll bring your gray hairs with sorrow to the
+grave." * * * and "any man who assists you will surely be put to death."
+This letter was delivered at the fort gate in the evening by an unknown
+hand. The next day threatening letters and messages were sent in to
+Governor Colden at the fort and he made a promise not to distribute the
+stamps, but to deliver them to Sir Henry Moore, the newly appointed
+governor, when he arrived. This did not satisfy the people, who demanded
+that they should be delivered out of the Fort and threatened to take them
+by force. It was then agreed that the stamps should be delivered to the
+mayor and deposited in the City Hall. This was done, the mayor giving his
+receipt for them, and tranquillity was restored.
+
+Sir Henry Moore, the new governor, arrived on the 13th of November, and
+was received with all the formalities usual on such an occasion. He
+evidently made a favorable impression. The situation of affairs, however,
+presented for him a difficult problem. His first question to the council
+was, Could the stamps be issued? which was answered unanimously in the
+negative. Business had come to a standstill, and the people were fretting
+under the restraints which the situation imposed. There were two classes;
+the men of property, who could afford to await the issue of conservative
+methods, and the middle and lower classes, who insisted that business
+should go on regardless of the stamps. Livingston says that a meeting of
+the conservatives was held at the Coffee House at ten o'clock in the
+morning and that although "all came prepared to form a Union, few cared
+openly to declare the necessity of it, so intimidated were they at the
+secret unknown party which had threatened such bold things." This secret
+society was known by various names, but in November we find that they had
+adopted the name, "Sons of Liberty," and this name was soon after used in
+the other colonies. The Sons of Liberty presented Sir Henry Moore a
+congratulatory address and on Friday, the 15th of November, met in the
+Fields, erected pyramids and inscriptions in his honor, and one of the
+grandest bonfires ever seen in the city.
+
+On November 25th notices were posted in all parts of the city with the
+heading, "Liberty, Property and no Stamps," inviting a general meeting of
+the inhabitants on the 26th at Burns' City Arms Tavern in order to agree
+upon instructions to their representatives in the general assembly.
+Although opposition to the Stamp Act was unanimous the people were not in
+accord on the means of redress. The notices were twice torn down by those
+who did not know or who were not in sympathy with the objects of the
+meeting, and were as often replaced by the promoters of the meeting. About
+twelve hundred persons assembled.[1] The committee appointed to present
+the instructions was composed of Henry Cruger, John Vanderspiegel, David
+Van Home, James Jauncey, Walter Rutherford, John Alsop, William
+Livingston, William Smith, Jr., Whitehead Hicks, John Morin Scott, James
+DeLancey and John Thurman, Jr., who fairly represented the different
+shades of opinion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sons of Liberty]
+
+Early in January, 1766, the Sons of Liberty threw off the mask of secrecy.
+On the evening of January 7th, a great number of members of the Society
+met at the house of William Howard, the tavern previously occupied by Sam
+Francis and John Jones, in the Fields, which for a time became their
+headquarters. They agreed to a series of resolutions advocating action of
+the most vigorous nature towards all those who "may either carry on their
+business on stamped paper or refuse to carry it on independently of the
+odious act." They adjourned to meet at the same place a fortnight later,
+and continued to meet at regular intervals thereafter. At a regular
+meeting on Tuesday, February 4th, a committee was appointed to correspond
+with the Sons of Liberty in the neighboring colonies, composed of Lamb,
+Sears, Robinson, Wiley and Mott. The next meeting was appointed to be held
+on Tuesday evening the 18th instant.
+
+[Sidenote: Repeal of the Stamp Act]
+
+On March 18, 1766, the King gave his assent to the repeal of the Stamp Act
+"in sorrow and despite." Thereupon there was great rejoicing in the
+English capital. The happy event was celebrated by dinner, bonfires and a
+general display of flags. On the 24th there was a meeting of the principal
+merchants concerned in the American trade, at the King's Head Tavern, in
+Cornhill, to consider an address to the King. They went from this place,
+about eleven o'clock in the morning, in coaches, to the House of Peers to
+pay their duty to his majesty and to express their satisfaction at his
+signing the bill repealing the American Stamp Act. There were upwards of
+fifty coaches in the procession.[2]
+
+On Tuesday, May 20th, the glorious news of the repeal was received in New
+York from different quarters, which was instantly spread throughout the
+city, creating the greatest excitement. All the bells of the different
+churches were rung and joy and satisfaction were on every face. The next
+day the Sons of Liberty caused to be printed and distributed the following
+Hand Bill:
+
+    "THIS DAY
+
+    "On the glorious Occasion of a total Repeal of the Stamp Act there
+    will be a general Meeting and Rejoicing at the House of Mr. Howard,
+    The Lovers of Their Country loyal Subjects of his Majesty, George
+    the Third, King of Great Britain, real Sons of Liberty of all
+    Denominations are hereby cordially invited to partake of the essential
+    and long look'd for Celebration.
+
+    "The city will be illuminated and every decent measure will be
+    observed in demonstrating a sensible Acknowledgement of Gratitude to
+    our illustrious Sovereign, and never to be forgotten Friends at Home
+    and Abroad, particularly the Guardian of America."
+
+Preparations were accordingly made and measures taken for carrying out
+these designs. The Sons of Liberty repaired to the "Field of Liberty," as
+they called the Common, where they had often met, where a royal salute of
+twenty-one guns was fired. Attended by a band of music they then marched
+to their usual resort, which was the house of William Howard, where an
+elegant entertainment had been prepared for them. After they had dined in
+the most social manner they drank cheerfully to twenty-eight toasts, the
+number of the years of the King's age. At the first toast--The King--the
+royal salute was repeated, and each of the following was saluted with
+seven guns. In the evening there were bonfires and a grand illumination.
+Announcement was made in the newspapers that "The Sons of Liberty of New
+York take this early opportunity of most cordially saluting and
+congratulating all their American Brethren on this glorious and happy
+event."
+
+Shortly after this occurred the anniversary of the King's birthday and the
+people were so rejoiced and elated by the repeal that they resolved to
+make of it an opportunity to show their gratitude and thanks, and so great
+preparations were made for the event, which was to be on the 4th of June.
+More extensive preparations were made than for any previous celebration of
+this kind. The day opened with the ringing of the bells of all the
+churches in the city. By seven o'clock preparations began for roasting
+whole, two large, fat oxen, on the Common, where the people soon began to
+gather to gaze at the "mighty roast beef." At 12 o'clock a gun was fired
+from the Fort as a signal for the council, the general, the militia
+officers, the corporation and gentlemen to wait on the governor to drink
+the King's health and never on such an occasion before was the company so
+numerous or splendid. Now the Battery breaks forth in a royal salute and
+the air is filled "with joyful Acclamations of Long Live the King, the
+Darling of the People." Soon after, this salute was answered by the
+men-of-war and the merchant vessels in the harbor, "decked in all the
+Pageantry of Colors." The people were gathered on the Common, where a
+large stage had been erected, on which were twenty-five barrels of strong
+beer, a hogshead of rum, sugar and water to make punch, bread and other
+provisions for the people, and on each side a roasted ox. At one end of
+the Common was a pile of twenty cords of wood, in the midst of which was a
+stout mast with a platform on top of it, on which had been hoisted twelve
+tar and pitch barrels. This was for the magnificent bonfire. At the other
+end of the Common were stationed twenty-five pieces of cannon for the
+salutes, and at the top of the mast which had been erected, was a
+flagstaff with colors displayed. The grand dinner on this unusual occasion
+was served at the New York Arms, the house of George Burns, on Broadway.
+It was prepared by order of the principal citizens and was honored by the
+presence of the governor, the general, the military officers, the clergy,
+the gentlemen of the city, and strangers. "It consisted of many Covers and
+produced near a hundred Dishes."[3] One newspaper states that there were
+about 340 in the company. At the King's health a royal salute was fired by
+the guns on the Common, and at each toast afterward a salute was given up
+to twenty-eight, the number of years of the King's age. The Common was in
+sight so that signals for these could easily be given. The toasts numbered
+forty-one, and are said to have been "respectfully preferred and eagerly
+swallowed." We feel justified in the belief that this was the largest
+dinner and one of the most important that had ever been served in New
+York. In the evening the whole town was illuminated in the grandest manner
+ever seen before, especially the houses of the governor and the general.
+
+[Illustration: LIBERTY BOYS]
+
+The assembly met on June 16th, and on the 23d a large meeting was held at
+the Merchants' Coffee Mouse, where a petition was prepared, addressed to
+the assembly, for the election of a brass statue of Pitt, who was
+considered the great friend of America. On the very day of this meeting
+the house, it appears, made provision for an equestrian statue of the King
+and a brass statue of William Pitt. Tranquillity seems to have been
+restored, but it was not long before new causes of dissatisfaction arose.
+
+[Sidenote: Liberty Pole]
+
+The victory of the colonists in causing the repeal of the Stamp Act could
+not fail to produce some feeling of bitterness in the officers of the
+crown, and there were some who took no pains to conceal their
+dissatisfaction. The soldiers, aware of the feeling of their officers,
+were ready on all occasions to show their hostility. The mast or flagpole
+which had been erected on the north side of the Common, opposite a point
+between Warren and Chambers Streets, on the anniversary of the King's
+birthday, and dedicated to King George, Pitt and Liberty, later called
+Liberty Pole, held by the citizens of New York as the emblem of their
+principles, was, in the night of Sunday, August 10, 1766, cut down by some
+of the soldiers of the 28th regiment, quartered in the barracks, nearby.
+The people considered the destruction of the pole an insult. When a large
+assemblage of two or three thousand people gathered on the Common the
+next day, headed by Isaac Sears, to take measures to replace their
+standard and demand an explanation, the soldiers interfered and a
+disturbance ensued in which the people used stones and brickbats to defend
+themselves and the soldiers used their bayonets. As the unarmed people
+retreated several were wounded with the weapons of the assailants. On the
+12th a new pole was erected on the site of the first. After this
+disturbance, the magistrates of the city and the officers of the regiment
+met in the presence of the governor, and an amicable conclusion was
+reached which it was supposed would prevent further trouble; but
+notwithstanding this the second pole was cut down on Tuesday, September
+23d. On the next day another was erected in its place, without any serious
+disturbance.
+
+The contest over the Liberty Pole continued until the opening of the War
+of the Revolution. It made the place where the pole stood a center of
+disturbance and the taverns on Broadway, near by, places, at times, of
+considerable excitement. On the first anniversary of the repeal
+preparations were made to celebrate the event. The people gathered at the
+Liberty Pole on the 18th of March and at the appointed time met at
+Bardin's King's Arms Tavern to dine and drink toasts appropriate to the
+occasion. This could not justly have given any offense, but such rejoicing
+by the people was unpleasant to the officers of the army, and the soldiers
+looked upon it as a celebration of the defeat of the King and parliament
+whom they served. That night the third pole was cut down by the soldiers,
+who had become excited by what they had seen during the day.
+
+The next day a larger and more substantial pole was erected in place of
+the one cut down, secured with iron to a considerable height above the
+ground. Attempts were made the same night both to cut it down and to
+undermine it, but without effect. On Saturday night, the 21st, there was
+an attempt made to destroy it by boring a hole into it and charging it
+with powder, but this also failed. On Sunday night a strong watch was set
+by the citizens at an adjacent house, probably Bardin's. During the night
+a small company of soldiers appeared with their coats turned, armed with
+bayonets and clubs, but finding that they were watched, after some words,
+retired. On Monday, about six o'clock in the evening, a party of soldiers
+marched past the pole and as they went by the King's Arms fired their
+muskets at the house. One ball passed through the house and another lodged
+in one of the timbers. On Tuesday, about one o'clock in the afternoon, the
+same company of soldiers, as is supposed, took a ladder from a new
+building and were proceeding towards the pole, when they were stopped and
+turned back. The governor, the general and the magistrates then took
+measures to prevent further trouble, and the newspaper states that "we
+hope this matter, in itself trivial and only considered of importance by
+the citizens as it showed an intention to offend and insult them will
+occasion no further difference."
+
+[Sidenote: Vauxhall Garden]
+
+Readers of the literature of the eighteenth century are familiar with the
+names of Ranelagh and Vauxhall, resorts of the idle and gay of London
+society. The success and reputation of these places brought forward
+imitators in all parts of the British dominions; and New York had both a
+Vauxhall and a Ranelagh. Sam Francis obtained possession of the place on
+the Church Farm, which had, early in the century, been known as the
+Bowling Green, later as Mount Pleasant, and opened it as a pleasure
+resort, which he called Vauxhall. A ball, which seems to have been of some
+importance, was given here about the first of June, 1765. Shortly after it
+became the residence of Major James, and was wrecked by the infuriated
+populace on November 1st. In June, 1768, Francis announced that while he
+had been absent from the city the house and garden had been occupied by
+Major James, that they were then in good order, and that he had provided
+everything necessary to accommodate his old friends and customers. The
+next month, still calling the place Vauxhall Garden, he gave notice that
+from eight in the morning till ten at night, at four shillings each
+person, could be seen at the garden a group of magnificent wax figures,
+"Ten in number, rich and elegantly dressed, according to the ancient
+Roman and present Mode; which figures bear the most striking resemblance
+to real life and represent the great Roman general, Publius Scipio, who
+conquered the city of Carthage, standing by his tent pitched in a grove of
+trees." Francis continued in the place, putting forward various
+attractions, until 1774. He appears to have been a man of much business.
+His absence from the city, which he alludes to, may have been caused by
+his interests in Philadelphia, where at that time he had a tavern in Water
+Street, in front of which he hung out the sign of Queen Charlotte, the
+same as at his New York house.
+
+[Sidenote: Ranelagh Garden]
+
+The Ranelagh Garden was opened by John Jones, in June, 1765, for breakfast
+and evening entertainment. It was said that the grounds had been laid out
+at great expense and that it was by far the most rural retreat near the
+city. Music by a complete band was promised for every Monday and Thursday
+evening during the summer season. In the garden was a commodious hall for
+dancing, with drawing rooms neatly fitted up. The very best "alamode
+beef," tarts, cakes, etc., were served, and on notice, dinners or other
+large entertainments would be provided. Mr. Leonard was announced to sing
+a solo and Mr. Jackson was to give three songs. The place had been the old
+homestead of Colonel Anthony Rutgers, where he had lived many years,
+near the present corner of Broadway and Thomas Street. It afterwards
+became the site of the New York Hospital, which stood there for almost a
+century. These summer entertainments were kept up for several years. In
+1768 the garden was opened in the latter part of June, and notice was
+given that there would be performed a concert of vocal and instrumental
+music, the vocal parts by Mr. Woods and Miss Wainright, and by particular
+request, "Thro' the Woods, Laddie," would be sung by Miss Wainright; after
+which would be exhibited some curious fireworks by the two Italian
+brothers, whose performances had given so much satisfaction to the public.
+Tickets to be had at the gate for two shillings.
+
+[Illustration: AT RANELAGH]
+
+When Edward Bardin opened the King's Arms Tavern, on Broadway, in 1766,
+following the example of Jones in his Ranelagh Garden, he opened a concert
+of music for the entertainment of ladies and gentlemen, to be continued on
+every Monday, Wednesday and Friday during the summer season at the King's
+Arms Garden. He gave notice that a convenient room had been filled up in
+the garden for the retreat of the company in unfavorable weather, and he
+stated that the countenance which had been given him warranted him, he
+thought, in expecting a continuance of the public favor. Having in mind
+the prejudice of the community against the theater he stated that he had
+provided an entertainment that would not offend "the most delecate of
+Mankind, as every possible precaution had been taken to prevent disorder
+and irregularity."
+
+During the exciting times following the passage of the Stamp Act there was
+a strong sentiment against the theatre among the people, "who thought it
+highly improper that such entertainments should be exhibited at this time
+of public distress." The managers of the theatre in Chapel Street
+announced in their advertisement that "As the packet is arrived, and has
+been the messenger of good news relative to the Repeal, it is hoped the
+public has no objection to the above performance." Although forewarned,
+the play was attempted and the house was wrecked by a mob. Under such
+circumstances it is not surprising that the people should turn to some
+more sober kind of entertainments. We give below the complete announcement
+of a concert of vocal and instrumental music, given at the New York Arms
+Tavern, in October, 1766, which is interesting in many ways.
+
+"By Particular Desire of a good number of Ladies and Gentlemen of Credit
+and Character in the City.
+
+There will be a Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Music at Mr. Burns' New
+Room, to-morrow being the 28 Instant; to begin at 6 o'clock in the
+Evening. This Concert will consist of nothing but Church Musick, in which
+will be introduced a new Te Deum, Jublate Deo, Cantata Domino and Deus
+Misereatur, with an Anthem (in which there is an Obligato Part for a Harp,
+as there is also in the Cantata Domino), with several other pieces of
+Church Musick intermixed with other Instrumental Performances in order to
+ease the Voices. The whole to conclude with a Martial Psalm, viz. the
+49th. Tate and Brady's Version, accompanied with all the instruments and a
+pair of Drums.
+
+N. B. There will be more than Forty Voices and Instruments in the Chorus.
+
+Tickets to be had of Mr. Tuckey in Pearl Street near the Battery at Four
+Shillings each, who would take it as a great favor of any Gentlemen who
+sing or play on any Instrument to lend him their kind assistance in the
+performance and give him timely notice that there may be a sufficient
+Number of Parts wrote out."
+
+In November, 1766, a call was issued to the merchants announcing that a
+petition to the House of Commons was being prepared, setting forth the
+grievances attending the trade of the colony, requesting redress therein,
+which would be produced at five o'clock on Friday evening, the 28th, at
+Burns' Long Room and publicly read. The merchants and traders of the city
+were requested to attend and subscribed their names, as it was a matter of
+great importance and would probably be productive of good results.[4] We
+can find no further notice of the meeting or the results. The critical
+situation of affairs may have prevented a consummation of the project.
+
+It was about this time that the menacing instructions to the governor in
+regard to compliance with the act for quartering troops arrived. England
+had determined to send troops to America, and required that the expense of
+quartering these troops should be borne by the colonies. The assembly of
+New York, in June, positively refused to comply with the act of parliament
+in this respect, agreeing only to supply barracks, furniture, etc., for
+two batallions of five hundred men each, declaring that they would do no
+more. The governor made his report and new instructions were sent out
+stating that it was the "indispensable duty of his majesty's subjects in
+America to obey the acts of the legislature of Great Britain," and
+requiring cheerful obedience to the act of parliament for quartering the
+King's troops "in the full extent and meaning of the act." The assembly
+did not recede from the stand they had taken at the previous session.
+
+The aspect of affairs grew unpromising and portentious. It seriously
+affected trade. News from England indicated that parliament would take
+measures to enforce the billeting act. When the assembly of New York met
+in the latter part of May, 1767, the house voted a supply for the
+quartering of the King's troops, which came up to the sum which had been
+prescribed by parliament. In the meantime it had been moved and enacted in
+parliament that until New York complied with the billeting act her
+governor should assent to no legislation, and by act of parliament a duty
+was placed on glass, paper, lead, colors and especially on tea. The
+disfranchisement of New York was of no practical effect, but it created
+great uneasiness and alarm in all the colonies.
+
+The position which the Merchants' Coffee House held in the community is
+shown by the fact that when Governor Moore received the news of the result
+of the unprecedented appeal made by Lieutenant-Governor Colden from the
+verdict of a jury in the case of Forsay and Cunningham he transmitted it
+to the people by obligingly sending intelligence to the Coffee House that
+the decision was that there could be no appeal from the verdict of a jury;
+which was very gratifying to the people, who were much stirred up over
+such action on the part of Colden.
+
+The Whitehall Coffee House, opened by Rogers and Humphreys, in 1762, whose
+announcement indicates that they aspired to a prominent place for their
+house, also shows what was the custom of a house of this kind to do for
+its patrons. They gave notice that "a correspondence is settled in London
+and Bristol to remit by every opportunity all the public prints and
+pamphlets as soon as published; and there will be a weekly supply of New
+York, Boston and other American papers." The undertaking was of short
+duration.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+HAMPDEN HALL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Head]
+
+In May, 1767, Bolton and Sigell moved into the house of Samuel Francis,
+near the Exchange, lately kept by John Jones, known as the Queen's Head
+Tavern, and, as strangers, solicited the favor of the public. This tavern
+shortly after, and for some time, was the scene of much of the excitement
+connected with the period.
+
+In January, 1768, the committee appointed at a meeting of the inhabitants
+of the city on the 29th of December just past to consider the expediency
+of entering into measures to promote frugality and industry and employ the
+poor, gave notice that they would be ready to make their report on the
+matter on Monday evening, the 25th, at five o'clock at Bolton and
+Sigell's, and the people were requested to attend in order to receive the
+report and consider the matter. The proposed meeting was adjourned for a
+week, when, on February 2d, the report was delivered, approved, and
+directions given for carrying it into execution.
+
+[Sidenote: Second Non-Importation Agreement]
+
+On March 31, 1768, a meeting was called at Bolton and Sigell's to answer
+letters from the merchants of Boston. This meeting not being well
+attended, a second was called for April 7. This resulted in the second
+non-importation agreement by the merchants of the city who came to "an
+agreement not to import any goods from Great Britain that shall be shipped
+there after the first of October next, until a certain Act of Parliament
+is repealed, provided the Merchants of Philadelphia and Boston come into
+the same Measures."
+
+[Sidenote: Chamber of Commerce New York]
+
+It is more than likely that the merchants of New York had for some time
+been aware of the necessity or advantage of some sort of organization
+among themselves for the benefit of trade. In March, 1764, we find that a
+call was issued, earnestly requesting the merchants of the city to meet at
+the Queen's Head Tavern, near the Exchange, on business of great
+importance to trade; and on May 5, 1766, the merchants of the city were
+requested to meet at the house of George Burns, the New York Arms, at four
+o'clock in the afternoon on business for the good of this province and
+continent in general. Following the Stamp Act and the non-importation
+agreement there was great political excitement; money was scarce; business
+was depressed; and foreign trade was unsettled and uncertain. In this
+situation the merchants of New York, having seen the success of union in
+the non-importation agreement, met in the Long Room of the Queen's Head
+Tavern, kept by Bolton and Sigell on April 8, 1768, and there formed
+themselves into a society which they styled the New York Chamber of
+Commerce, which has been in existence since that date, the oldest
+mercantile organization in America. The twenty-four members who then
+constituted the society elected John Cruger president, Hugh Wallace vice
+president and Elias Desbrosses treasurer.
+
+A meeting of the New York merchants was called at Bolton and Sigell's on
+August 25, 1768, to further consider the non-importation agreement, which
+had been signed very generally in the city, and in November, in
+consequence of reports in circulation, the principal merchants and traders
+of the city were waited on, and report was made that it appeared that they
+had in general inviolably adhered to the true spirit of their agreement in
+making out their orders. The subscribers to the agreement met at Bolton
+and Sigell's on Monday, March 13, 1769, when a "committee was appointed to
+inquire into and inspect all European importations, in order to a strict
+compliance with the said agreement and also to correspond with the other
+colonies." The assembly in April passed a vote of thanks to the merchants
+for their patriotic conduct, and instructed the speaker to signify the
+same to them at their next monthly meeting. John Cruger, the speaker of
+the house, was also president of the Chamber of Commerce, and this vote of
+thanks was delivered to the merchants at the first meeting of the Chamber
+of Commerce in their new quarters, the large room over the Royal Exchange,
+their previous meetings having been held in the Long Room of the Queen's
+Head Tavern.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary of the Repeal]
+
+The second anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated on
+Friday, the 18th of March, by a numerous company of the principal
+merchants and other respectable inhabitants of the city, "Friends to
+Constitutional Liberty and Trade," at Bardin's tavern opposite the Common
+on Broadway and at Jones's tavern which was said to be nearly adjoining.
+The meeting at Jones's was called by the "Friends of Liberty and Trade,"
+who requested those inclined to celebrate the day to give in their names
+by Wednesday at farthest to John Jones inn-holder in the Fields or to the
+printer, and receive tickets for the occasion. There were many who,
+although zealous in every measure for the repeal of the Stamp Act, now
+leaned to the side of moderation. They styled themselves Friends of
+Liberty and Trade, as distinct from the more orthodox or more radical Sons
+of Liberty. The two factions on this occasion seem to have met in perfect
+harmony, although later there appeared considerable feeling between them.
+Union flags were displayed and an elegant dinner was served at each
+place. A band of music was provided for the occasion and in the evening
+some curious fireworks were played off for the entertainment of the
+company. Among the toasts drunk were: "The Spirited Assembly of Virginia
+in 1765," "The Spirited Assembly of Boston" and "Unanimity to the Sons of
+Liberty in America."
+
+[Sidenote: Effigies Burned]
+
+On Monday, November 14, 1768, a report was current in the city that the
+effigies of Bernard, the obnoxious governor of Massachusetts, and
+Greenleaf, the sheriff of Boston, were to be exhibited in the streets that
+evening. At four o'clock in the afternoon the troops in the city appeared
+under arms at the lower barracks, where they remained until about ten
+o'clock at night, during which time parties of them continually patrolled
+the streets, in order, it is supposed, to intimidate the inhabitants and
+prevent the exposing of the effigies. Notwithstanding this vigilance on
+the part of the soldiers, the Sons of Liberty appeared in the streets with
+the effigies hanging on a gallows, between eight and nine o'clock,
+attended by a vast number of spectators, and were saluted with loud huzzas
+at the corner of every street they passed. After exposing the effigies at
+the Coffee House, they were publicly burned amidst the clamor of the
+people, who testified their approbation and then quietly dispersed to
+their homes. The city magistrates had received notice of what was
+intended, and constables were sent out to prevent it, but either deceived
+or by intention they did not reach the scene of action until all was over.
+This seems strange, as the Coffee House was not far from the City Hall,
+and the lime tree in front of it, the scene of the burning, was in full
+view.
+
+[Sidenote: The Boston Letter]
+
+The letter which the assembly of the Massachusetts colony had sent to her
+sister colonies in the early part of the year 1768, inviting united
+measures to obtain redress of grievances, was denounced by the Earl of
+Hillsborough, then lately appointed secretary of state for America, "as of
+a most dangerous and factious tendency." The colonies were forbidden to
+receive or reply to it, and an effort was made to prevent all
+correspondence between them. This was ineffectual. Committees were
+appointed to petition the King and to correspond with Massachusetts and
+Virginia. Some of the assemblies, for refusing to comply with the demands
+of Hillsborough, were prorogued by the governors. A great public meeting
+was called in New York for Thursday, November 24, at which instructions to
+the city members of the assembly were adopted and signed by many of the
+principal citizens. The instructions called for the reading in the
+assembly of the Boston letter, which had fallen under the censure of
+Hillsborough, and to which he had forbidden the colonies to make reply.
+That these instructions were delivered is more than probable. Whether
+influenced by them or not, the assembly, in committee of the whole on
+December 31, declared for "an exact equality of rights among all his
+Majesty's subjects in the several parts of the empire; the right of
+petition, that of internal legislature, and the undoubted right to
+correspond and consult with any of the neighboring colonies or with any
+other of his Majesty's subjects, outside of this colony, whenever they
+conceived the rights, liberties, interests or privileges of this house or
+its constituents to be affected," and appointed a committee of
+correspondence. These resolutions could not be tolerated by Governor
+Moore. He dissolved the assembly. This caused a new election which was
+attended with considerable excitement. It was called for Monday, January
+23, 1769. The Church of England party put up as candidates, James
+DeLancey, Jacob Walton, John Cruger and James Jauncey. These were the
+former members, with the exception of John Cruger, who took the place of
+Philip Livingston, who declined the office. A meeting in the interest of
+the above candidates was called at the house of George Burns, the New York
+Arms, for Saturday, the 21st, at five o'clock in the evening. They were
+elected and on Friday the 27th, after the closing of the polls, they were
+escorted from the City Hall with music playing and colors flying down
+Broadway and through the main street (now Pearl Street) to the Coffee
+House. The windows along the route were filled with ladies and numbers of
+the principal inhabitants graced the procession. It was "one of the
+finest and most agreeable sights ever seen in the city." The four
+gentlemen elected generously gave two hundred pounds for the benefit of
+the poor.
+
+Saturday, March 18, 1769, being the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act, the Liberty Colors, inscribed with "G. R. III, Liberty and Trade,"
+were hoisted on the ancient Liberty Pole, and at the house of Edward
+Smith, on the corner of Broadway and Murray street, the Genuine Sons of
+Liberty dined and drank toasts appropriate to the occasion, one of which
+was to "The ninety-two members of the Massachusetts assembly who voted the
+famous Boston letter." There was another meeting to celebrate the day at
+the house of Vandewater ("otherwise called Catemut's"), which was
+conducted in much the same manner and where similar toasts were drunk.
+
+By common consent the taverns on Broadway, fronting on the Common or
+Fields, near the Liberty Pole, were the places selected for celebrating
+the anniversaries of the important events connected with the stamp act
+period. It was on Wednesday, November 1, 1769, that a number of the Sons
+of Liberty met at the house of Abraham De La Montagnie to celebrate "the
+day on which the inhabitants of this colony nobly determined not to
+surrender their rights to arbitrary power, however august." De La
+Montagnie had succeeded Bardin, and was now the landlord of the house
+which Edward Bardin had occupied for some years, fronting on the Common.
+Here the entertainment was given and after dinner appropriate toasts were
+drank "in festive glasses." Among the first of these was "May the North
+American Colonies fully enjoy the British Constitution."
+
+[Illustration: CORNER OF BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET, 1816]
+
+[Sidenote: Liberty Pole Destroyed]
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Golden Hill]
+
+On the night of January 13, 1770, an attempt was made by the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole by sawing off the spurs or braces around it and
+by exploding gunpowder in a hole bored in the wood in order to split it.
+They were discovered and the attempt was unsuccessful. Exasperated at
+this, they attacked some citizens near, followed them into the house of De
+La Montagnie with drawn swords and bayonets, insulted the company, beat
+the waiter, assaulted the landlord in one of the passages of the house and
+then proceeded to break everything they could conveniently reach, among
+other things eighty-four panes of glass in the windows. Officers
+appearing, they quickly withdrew to their barracks. Three days after this,
+in the night of January 16, the soldiers succeeded in destroying the pole
+completely, which they sawed into pieces and piled before De La
+Montagnie's door. The next day there was a great meeting in the Fields,
+where the pole had stood, when it was resolved by the people that soldiers
+found out of barracks at night after roll-call should be treated as
+enemies of the peace of the city. In reply to these resolves a scurrilous
+placard was printed, signed "The Sixteenth Regiment of Foot," and posted
+through the city. Attempts to prevent this was the cause of several
+serious affrays, the principal one of which took place a little north of
+the present John street, a locality then called Golden Hill, in which one
+citizen was killed and several severely wounded. Many of the soldiers
+were badly beaten. This affair has been called the Battle of Golden Hill,
+and it has been claimed that here was shed the first blood in the cause of
+American Independence.
+
+At the meeting in the Fields on the 17th, a committee had been appointed
+who, as instructed, petitioned the corporation for permission to erect a
+new pole on the spot where the one destroyed had stood or if preferred,
+opposite Mr. Vandenbergh's, near St. Paul's Church, a small distance from
+where the two roads meet. It was stated in the petition that if the
+corporation should not think proper to grant permission for erecting the
+pole, the people were resolved to procure a place for it on private
+ground. The petition was rejected and purchase was made of a piece of
+ground, eleven feet wide and one hundred feet long, very near to the place
+where the former pole had stood. Here a hole was dug twelve feet deep to
+receive the pole which was being prepared at the shipyards. The lower part
+of the mast was covered to a considerable height with iron bars placed
+lengthwise, over which were fastened strong iron hoops. When finished the
+pole was drawn through the streets by six horses, decorated with ribbons
+and flags. Music was supplied by a band of French horns. The pole was
+strongly secured in the earth by timbers and great stones, so as to defy
+all further attempts to prostrate it. On the top was raised a mast
+twenty-two feet in height with a gilt vane and the word Liberty in large
+letters.
+
+[Sidenote: Hampden Hall]
+
+Abraham De La Montagnie had suffered his house to become the resort of
+many who belonged to the moderate party or the Friends of Liberty and
+Trade, who, early in the year 1770, engaged his house for the celebration
+of the anniversary of the repeal. The Sons of Liberty in the early part of
+February invited those who wished to celebrate the anniversary to join
+them at De La Montagnie's tavern, whereupon De La Montagnie issued a card,
+stating that his house had been engaged by a number of gentlemen for that
+purpose, and that he could entertain no others. The indications are that
+this was then the only tavern near the Liberty Pole that was available,
+Jones and Smith having left the neighborhood, but the more radical Sons of
+Liberty, not to be thus frustrated, purchased the house which had been
+formerly occupied by Edward Smith, and gave notice, inviting all those in
+sympathy with them to join them there in the celebration. They called the
+house they had purchased Hampden Hall, and it remained their headquarters
+for some time. It was managed by Henry Bicker as its landlord.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary Dinners]
+
+The 18th of March being Sunday, the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act was celebrated on Monday the 19th. At the tavern of De La Montagnie,
+while the Liberty Colors (ascribed to G. R. III, Liberty and Trade) were
+hoisted on the Liberty Pole, two hundred and thirty citizens, Friends to
+Liberty and Trade, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them.
+Appropriate toasts were drunk, one of which was "Liberty, Unanimity and
+Perseverance to the true Sons of Liberty in America." On the same day "in
+union and friendship" with these a number of gentlemen celebrated the day
+by a dinner at the house of Samuel Waldron, at the ferry on Long Island,
+where, it is said, the toasts drunk were the same as at De La Montagnie's.
+The radical party of the Sons of Liberty celebrated "the repeal of the
+detestable stamp act" at Hampden Hall, on which colors were displayed, as
+well as on the Liberty Pole opposite to it. The company, it is said,
+numbered about three hundred gentlemen, freeholders and freemen of the
+city, who met to celebrate "that memorable deliverance from the chains
+which had been forged for the Americans by a designing and despotic
+Ministry." An elegant dinner had been provided, but before they sat down
+the company "nominated ten of their number to dine with Captain McDougal
+at his chambers in the New-Gaol," where a suitable dinner had also been
+provided. Captain McDougal was being held in jail for libel as the author
+of a paper signed "A Son of Liberty," addressed "to the betrayed
+inhabitants of New York," which reflected the severest criticisms of the
+assembly for voting supplies to the King's troops. This paper was held by
+the assembly to be an infamous and scandalous libel. He was also accused
+of being the author of another paper signed "Legion," describing the
+action of the assembly as "base, inglorious conduct," which the assembly
+resolved was infamous and seditious. After dinner, a committee was
+appointed to send two barrels of beer and what was left of the dinner to
+the poor prisoners in the jail, which were received with great thanks.
+Many appropriate toasts were drunk as usual, and a little before sunset
+the company from Hampden Hall, joined by a number of people in the Fields,
+with music playing and colors flying, marched to the new jail, where they
+saluted Captain McDougal with cheers. He appeared at the grated window of
+the middle story, and in a short address thanked them for this mark of
+their respect. The company then returned to the Liberty Pole and as the
+sun was setting hauled down the flag. They then marched down Chapel Street
+to the Coffee House and back up Broadway to the Liberty Pole and quietly
+dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: A. McDougall]
+
+The celebration of the anniversary of the repeal apparently caused some
+bitterness of feeling between the factions which dined at De La
+Montagnie's and that which dined at Hampden Hall, if it did not previously
+exist. An article appeared in the newspaper declaring that the statement
+that about three hundred persons dined at Hampden Hall was not true, that
+only about one hundred and twenty-six dined there and paid for their
+dinners, including boys, and that the first toast which these _loyal_ Sons
+of Liberty actually drank was not "The King," as reported in the
+newspapers, but "May the American Colonies fully enjoy the British
+Constitution." The writer also took exception to many other statements in
+the account which was given in the papers. A reply was made to this in
+which affidavit was made by Henry Bicker that on the occasion there dined
+at his house, according to the best of his judgment, about three hundred
+persons, and that the assertion that there were no more than about one
+hundred and twenty-six was absolutely false. In the matter of the toasts,
+as showing in a measure how such affairs were conducted, we think it best
+to give the explanation in full as follows: "The truth of the Matter is
+just this. Several Gentlemen drew up a set of Toasts proper for the day,
+and to save the trouble of copying them, got a few printed to serve the
+different tables. When the committee who were appointed to conduct the
+business of the day came to peruse the toasts, they altered the one and
+transposed the one before dinner, and I do assert that they were drank in
+the manner and order they were published in this, Parker's and Gaine's
+papers; for the truth of this I appeal to every gentleman who dined at
+Hampden Hall that day."
+
+The house which Bicker occupied had always been used as a tavern. When the
+lease of the property, having eleven years to run, was offered for sale in
+1761, it was described as "two lots of ground on Trinity Church Farm, on
+which are two tenements fronting Broadway and a small tenement fronting
+Murray Street; the two tenements fronting Broadway may be occupied in one
+for a public house." It was purchased by John Jones, and when he offered
+it for sale in 1765, he stated that there was a very commodious dancing
+room adjoining, forty-five feet long, which was probably in the building
+fronting on Murray Street. Jones moved out of the house in 1766 to the
+Queen's Head, but returned when the Queen's Head was taken by Bolton and
+Sigell, and occupied for a time either a part of the house or the whole.
+It was purchased in 1768 by Roger Morris. When the Sons of Liberty
+purchased the lease, it had only a short time to run, not more than one or
+two years.
+
+[Sidenote: Hampden Hall Attacked by the Soldiers]
+
+About eleven o'clock on Saturday night, the 24th of March, fourteen or
+fifteen soldiers were seen about the Liberty Pole, which one of them had
+ascended in order to take off and carry away the topmast and vane. Finding
+they were discovered they attacked some young men who came up and drove
+them from the green and then retired. Soon after, about forty or fifty of
+them came out armed with cutlasses and attacked a number of people who had
+come up to the pole on the alarm given. A few of these retreated to the
+house of Mr. Bicker, which was soon besieged by the soldiers, who
+endeavored to force an entrance. Bicker, thinking himself and family in
+danger, stood with his bayonet fixed, determined to defend his family and
+his house to the last extremity, declaring that he would shoot the first
+man who should attempt to enter. He succeeded in getting the doors of the
+house closed and barred, when the soldiers tried to break open the front
+windows, one of which they forced open, broke all the glass and hacked
+the sash to pieces. They threatened to burn the house and destroy every
+one in it. Some citizens who had been on the ground, gave the alarm by
+ringing the Chapel bell, upon hearing which, the soldiers retreated
+precipitately. The men of the 16th regiment swore that they would carry
+away with them a part of the pole as a trophy, but a watch was kept by the
+people and they sailed away in a few days for Pensacola, without
+accomplishing their design. This was the last effort of the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole, which remained standing until prostrated by
+order of the notorious Cunningham, Provost Marshal of the British army in
+New York in 1776.
+
+To encourage the home manufacture of woolen cloth the Sons of Liberty met
+on Tuesday, April 6, 1769, at the Province Arms, and unanimously
+subscribed an agreement not to purchase nor eat any lamb in their families
+before the first of August next.
+
+The Freemasons met at Burns' tavern on May 27, 1769, at five o'clock in
+the afternoon, and from thence marched in procession to the John Street
+Theater, to witness the special performance of The Tender Husband, given
+here for the first time.
+
+In March, 1770, the partnership of Bolton and Sigell was dissolved, Bolton
+alone continuing in the Queen's Head, but only for a short time, for in
+May the place of George Burns, as landlord of the Province Arms, was
+taken by Richard Bolton, who moved in from the Queen's Head. Bolton, in
+his announcement, states that the house has been repaired and greatly
+improved and that the stables with stalls for fifty horses are let to
+James Wilkinson, "whose constant attention will be employed to oblige
+gentlemen in that department." These large stables had probably been built
+by the De Lancey family when they occupied the house. Lieutenant Governor
+James De Lancey, who once owned it, supported a coach and four, with
+outriders in handsome livery, and several members of this family became
+widely known as patrons of the turf.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival of the Earl of Dunmore]
+
+On Thursday, October 18, 1770, the Earl of Dunmore, who had been appointed
+by the Crown to succeed Sir Henry Moore, who had died very much lamented
+by the people of New York, arrived in his Majesty's ship, The Tweed, and
+was received on landing and escorted to the Fort with the usual salutes,
+and with all the honors due his station. From the Fort, accompanied by Sir
+William Draper, Lord Drummond, the commander of the Tweed, and Captain
+Foy, his lordship's secretary, his excellency proceeded to the New York
+Arms; and there they were entertained at a dinner given by Lieutenant
+Governor Colden, where the usual numerous toasts were drunk. The next day,
+Friday, after the new governor's commission had been read in council, and
+published at the City Hall, as was the custom, his excellency the
+Governor, General Gage, Sir William Draper, Lord Drummond, the members of
+his majesty's council, the city representatives, the gentlemen of the army
+and navy, the judges of the supreme court, the mayor, recorder, attorney
+general and other public officers, and many of the most respectable
+gentlemen of the city were entertained at another elegant dinner given by
+the lieutenant governor at the New York Arms. In the evening his lordship
+was pleased to favor the gentlemen of the army and navy "with his Company
+at a Ball, which consisted of a splendid and brilliant appearance of
+Gentlemen and Ladies."
+
+While Bolton was in possession of the Province Arms the political
+excitement somewhat abated. The long room in the old tavern continued to
+be the favorite dancing hall of the city, and in many of the notices of
+concerts given here for charity or for the benefit of musicians, etc., are
+announcements that they will be followed by balls. The young people of New
+York at that time must have been extremely fond of dancing.
+
+On Tuesday, April 23, 1771, the anniversary of St. George was celebrated
+with unusual ceremony. "A number of English gentlemen, and descendants of
+English parents, amounting in the whole to upwards of one hundred and
+twenty, had an elegant Entertainment at Bolton's in honor of the Day."
+John Tabor Kempe, Esq., his majesty's attorney general, presided, and the
+guests of honor were the Earl of Dunmore, General Gage, the gentlemen of
+his majesty's council, etc. The company parted early and in high good
+humor.
+
+[Sidenote: The New York Society]
+
+When Richard Bolton left the Queen's Head for the New York Arms, Sam
+Francis came back into his own house. In announcing his return, he states
+that when he formerly kept it, the best clubs met there, and the greatest
+entertainments in the city were given there, and that he flatters himself
+that the public are so well satisfied of his ability to serve them that it
+is useless to go into details. Francis was not only successful as a
+tavern-keeper in satisfying the needs of the public, but he was also
+successful financially, for he was the owner of both the Queen's Head and
+Vauxhall. While he was the landlord of the Queen's Head in 1765, the New
+York Society held their meetings there. It was announced that at a stated
+meeting to be held at the house of Mr. Francis on Monday, the first of
+April, at six o'clock in the evening, after some business before the
+society should be dispatched and the letters and proposals received since
+last meeting examined, the consideration of the questions last proposed on
+the paper currency and the bank statements would be resumed. This
+indicates that this was a society or club for the discussion of financial
+and economic subjects.
+
+[Sidenote: The Social Club]
+
+Francis speaks of his house being the resort of several clubs, but we have
+detailed information of only one; this was the Social Club, the membership
+of which indicates that it must have been one of the best, if not the
+best, in the city. In possession of the New York Historical Society is a
+list of the members of the Social Club which was found among the papers of
+John Moore, a member of the club, and presented to the society by his son,
+Thos. W. C. Moore. It contains remarks about the members which are very
+curious and interesting. We give it in full.
+
+"List of Members of the Social Club, which passed Saturday evenings at Sam
+Francis's, corner of Broad and Dock streets, in winter, and in summer at
+Kip's Bay, where they built a neat, large room, for the Club-house. The
+British landed at this spot the day they took the city, 15th September,
+1776.
+
+Members of this club dispersed in December, 1775, and never afterwards
+assembled.
+
+    John Jay (Disaffected)--Became Member of Congress, a Resident Minister
+    to Spain, Com'r to make peace, Chief Justice, Minister to England, and
+    on his return, Gov'r of N. York--a good and amiable man.
+
+    Gouverneur Morris (Disaffected)--Member of Congress, Minister to
+    France, etc.
+
+    Robt. R. Livingston (Disaffected)--Min'r to France, Chancellor of N.
+    York, etc.
+
+    Egbert Benson (Disaffected)--Dis. Judge, N. York, and in the
+    Legislature--Good man.
+
+    Morgan Lewis (Disaffected)--Gov'r of N. York, and a Gen. in the war of
+    1812.
+
+    Gulian Verplanck (Disaffected, but in Europe, till 1783)--Pres't of
+    New York Bank.
+
+    John Livingston and his brother Henry (Disaffected, but of no
+    political importance).
+
+    James Seagrove (Disaffected)--Went to the southward as a merchant.
+
+    Francis Lewis (Disaffected, but of no political importance).
+
+    John Watts (Doubtful)--During the war Recorder of New York.
+
+    Leonard Lispenard and his brother Anthony (Doubtful, but remained
+    quiet at New York).
+
+    Rich'd Harrison (Loyal, but has since been Recorder of N. York).
+
+    John Hay, Loyal, an officer in British Army--killed in West Indies.
+
+    Peter Van Shaack (Loyal)--A Lawyer, remained quiet at Kinderhook.
+
+    Daniel Ludlow, Loyal during the war--since Pres't of Manhattan Bank.
+
+    Dr. S. Bard, Loyal, tho' in 1775 doubtful, remained in N. York--a good
+    man.
+
+    George Ludlow (Loyal)--Remained on Long Island in quiet--A good man.
+
+    William, his brother, Loyal, or supposed so; remained on L.
+    Island--inoffensive man.
+
+    William Imlay, Loyal at first, but doubtful after 1777.
+
+    Edward Gould (Loyal)--At N. York all the war--a Merchant.
+
+    John Reade (Pro and Con)--W'd have proved loyal, no doubt, had not his
+    wife's family been otherwise.
+
+    J. Stevens (Disaffected).
+
+    Henry Kelly (Loyal)--Went to England, and did not return.
+
+    Stephen Rapelye turned out bad--died in N. York Hospital.
+
+    John Moore (Loyal)--In public life all the war, and from year 1765."
+
+[Sidenote: The Moot]
+
+In the fall of the year 1770, a club was formed by the principal lawyers
+of the city of New York, for the discussion of legal questions, which they
+called _The Moot_. The first meeting was held on Friday, the 23d of
+November. According to their journal, the members, "desirous of forming a
+club for social conservation, and the mutual improvement of each other,
+determined to meet on the evening of the first Friday of every month, at
+Bardin's, or such other place as a majority of the members shall from time
+to time appoint," and for the better regulating the said club agreed to
+certain articles of association, one of which was that "No member shall
+presume upon any pretence to introduce any discourse about the party
+politics of the province, and to persist in such discourse after being
+desired by the president to drop it, on pain of expulsion." William
+Livingston was chosen president and William Smith vice-president. This
+first meeting was, no doubt, held at the King's Arms Tavern on the lower
+part of Broadway, now Whitehall Street, which was in 1770 kept by Edward
+Bardin. From the character of the members their discussions were held in
+great respect. It was said that they even influenced the judgment of the
+Supreme Court, and that a question, connected with the taxation of costs,
+was sent to The Moot by the chief justice expressly for their opinion.
+Some of the members of this club were afterwards among the most prominent
+men of the country.
+
+The articles of association were signed by
+
+  Benjamin Kissam,
+  David Mathews,
+  William Wickham,
+  Thomas Smith,
+  Whitehead Hicks,
+  Rudolphus Ritzema,
+  William Livingston,
+  Richard Morris,
+  Samuel Jones,
+  John Jay,
+  William Smith,
+  John Morine Scott,
+  James Duane,
+  John T. Kempe,
+  Robert R. Livingston, Jr.,
+  Egbert Benson,
+  Peten Van Schaack,
+  Stephen De Lancey.
+
+On March 4, 1774, John Watts, Jr., and Gouverneur Morris were admitted to
+the Society. In the exciting times preceding the Revolution the meetings
+became irregular, and the members of the Moot came together for the last
+time on January 6, 1775.
+
+A number of gentlemen were accustomed to meet as a club at the house of
+Walter Brock, afterwards kept by his widow, familiarly called "Mother
+Brock," on Wall Street near the City Hall. It was probably a social and
+not very formal club. One of the most prominent of its members was William
+Livingston.
+
+In May, 1773, Francis offered Vauxhall for sale, when it was described as
+having an extremely pleasant and healthy situation, commanding an
+extensive prospect up and down the North River. The house, "a capital
+mansion in good repair," had four large rooms on each floor, twelve
+fireplaces and most excellent cellars. Adjoining the house was built a
+room fifty-six feet long and twenty-six feet wide, under which was a
+large, commodious kitchen. There were stables, a coach house and several
+out houses, also two large gardens planted with fruit trees, flowers and
+flowering shrubs in great profusion, one of which was plentifully stocked
+with vegetables of all kinds. The premises, containing twenty-seven and a
+half lots of ground, was a leasehold of Trinity Church, with sixty-one
+years to run. The ground rent was forty pounds per annum. It was purchased
+by Erasmus Williams, who, the next year, having changed the name back,
+"with great propriety," to Mount Pleasant, solicited the patronage of the
+public, particularly gentlemen with their families from the West Indies,
+Carolina, etc., and such as are travelling from distant parts, either on
+business or pleasure.
+
+Francis also offered the Queen's Head for sale in 1775. It was then
+described as three stories high, with a tile and lead roof, having
+fourteen fireplaces and a most excellent large kitchen; a corner house
+very open and airy, and in the most complete repair. Although Francis
+desired to sell his house, he stated that "so far from declining his
+present business he is determined to use every the utmost endeavor to
+carry on the same to the pleasure and satisfaction of his friends and the
+public in general." He did not succeed in selling the house and continued
+as landlord of the Queen's Head until he abandoned it when the British
+army entered the city.
+
+[Illustration: MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE AND COFFEE HOUSE SLIP]
+
+[Sidenote: The Merchants' Coffee House Moves]
+
+On May 1, 1772, Mrs. Ferrari, who had been keeping the Merchants' Coffee
+House on the northwest corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, which
+had been located there and been continuously in use as a coffee house
+since it was opened as such about the year 1738 by Daniel Bloom, removed
+to a new house which had recently been built by William Brownjohn on the
+opposite cross corner, that is, diagonally across to the southeast corner.
+Mrs. Ferrari did not move out of the Merchants' Coffee House, but she took
+it with her with all its patronage and trade. On opening the new house
+she prepared a treat for her old customers. The merchants and gentlemen
+of the city assembled in a numerous company and were regaled with arrack,
+punch, wine, cold ham, tongue, etc. The gentlemen of the two insurance
+companies, who likewise moved from the old to the new coffee house, each
+of them, with equal liberality regaled the company. A few days later the
+newspaper stated that the agreeable situation and the elegance of the new
+house had occasioned a great resort of company to it ever since it was
+opened. The old coffee house which had been occupied by Mrs. Ferrari
+before she moved into the new one was still owned by Dr. Charles Arding,
+who purchased it of Luke Roome in 1758. He offered it for sale in July,
+1771, before Mrs. Ferrari moved out of it and again in May, 1772, after
+she had left, when it was occupied by Mrs. Elizabeth Wragg, but did not
+succeed in making a sale. If it was any longer used as a coffee house, its
+use as such was of short duration. It was soon taken by Nesbitt Deane,
+hatter, who occupied it for many years, offering hats to exceed any "in
+fineness, cut, color or cock." John Austin Stevens, who has written very
+pleasantly and entertainingly of the old coffee houses of New York,
+speaking of the early history of the Merchants' Coffee House, says: "Its
+location, however, is beyond question. It stood on the southeast corner of
+Wall and Queen (now Water) Streets, on a site familiar to New Yorkers as
+that for many years occupied by the Journal of Commerce." Although so
+positive on this point, Stevens was, no doubt, mistaken, as can be easily
+proven by records. However, this was the site occupied by the Merchants'
+Coffee House subsequent to May 1, 1772. Stevens says that Mrs. Ferrari
+moved out of this house into a new house on the opposite cross corner,
+whereas she moved into it from the old coffee house on the opposite cross
+corner, and carried the business of the old house with her.
+
+In the early part of 1772, Robert Hull succeeded Richard Bolton and
+continued in possession of the Province Arms some time after the British
+army entered the city. In the fall of 1772, the two companies of the
+Governor's Guards, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Harris
+Cruger and Major William Walton, dressed in their very handsome uniforms,
+paraded in the Fields, where they were reviewed. They were very much
+admired for their handsome appearance, and received much applause from the
+spectators for the regularity and exactness with which they went through
+the exercises and evolutions. After the parade they spent the evening at
+Hull's Tavern, where a suitable entertainment had been provided.
+
+[Sidenote: Ball on the Governors Departure]
+
+On the King's birthday, Friday, June 4, 1773, the governor gave an elegant
+entertainment in the Fort, as was usual on such occasions, and, in the
+evening, the city was illuminated. General Gage, who was about to sail for
+England, celebrated the day by giving a grand dinner to a great number of
+the merchants and military gentlemen of the city at Hull's Tavern. He had
+been in command for ten years in America, and this dinner was made the
+occasion of a flattering address presented to him by the Corporation of
+the Chamber of Commerce of the City of New York. In February, 1774, a
+grand dinner was given at Hull's Tavern by the members of his majesty's
+council to the members of the assembly of the province, and the next month
+the governor gave a dinner to both the gentlemen of the king's council and
+the gentlemen of the general assembly at the same place. Shortly after
+this, on Monday evening, April 4, there was a grand ball given in Hull's
+assembly room at which there was "a most brilliant appearance of Ladies
+and Gentlemen," the occasion being on account of the departure of the
+governor and Mrs. Tryon for England. The different national societies held
+their anniversary celebrations at Hull's Tavern. The Welsh celebrated St.
+David's day, the Scotch St. Andrew's day, the Irish St. Patrick's day and
+the English St. George's day.
+
+By 1770, the obnoxious duties had been abolished on all articles except
+tea, and soon after the non-importation agreements of the merchants of
+Boston, New York and Philadelphia were discontinued, except as to tea, the
+duty on which had been retained. The New York merchants seem to have been
+the first to propose the discontinuance of the agreement. The Sons of
+Liberty met at Hampden Hall to protest against it; the inhabitants of
+Philadelphia presented their compliments to the inhabitants of New York,
+in a card, and sarcastically begged they would send them their Old Liberty
+Pole, as they imagined, by their late conduct, they could have no further
+use for it; and the Connecticut tavern-keepers, it is said, posted the
+names of the New York importers and determined that they would not
+entertain them nor afford them the least aid or assistance in passing
+through that government. Although Boston and Philadelphia were at first
+very strongly opposed to any relaxation in the agreements, they soon
+joined in terminating them; but the merchants and people alike determined
+that no tea should be imported liable to duty. The captains of ships
+sailing from London refused to carry tea as freight to American ports.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tax on Tea]
+
+On Friday morning, October 15, 1773, a printed handbill was distributed
+through the town calling a meeting of the inhabitants at twelve o'clock
+that day at the Coffee House to consult and agree on some manner of
+expressing the thanks of the people to the captains of the London ships
+trading with the port of New York and the merchants to whom they were
+consigned, for their refusal to take from the East India Company, as
+freight, tea on which a duty had been laid by parliament payable in
+America. At this meeting an address was accordingly drawn up which was
+unanimously approved by those present. In this address it was declared
+that "Stamp Officers and Tea Commissioners will ever be held in equal
+estimation."
+
+For two or three years the political situation had been uneventful, but
+early in the year 1773 it became apparent that an effort was about to be
+made to bring the question of taxation to an issue. The East India
+Company, acting as the instrument of the British parliament, arranged to
+send cargoes of tea to the ports of Boston, Newport, New York,
+Philadelphia and Charleston, at which places they appointed commissioners
+for its sale.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sons of Liberty Again Organize]
+
+The times were portentous. The people realized that Great Britain was
+about to test her power to tax the colonies by forcing the importation of
+tea through the East India Company in order to establish a precedent, and
+preparations were made to resist. The Sons of Liberty again organized in
+November, 1773, and prepared for action. They drew up a number of
+resolutions which expressed their sentiments and which they engaged to
+faithfully observe. The first of these was, "that whoever should aid or
+abet or in any manner assist in the introduction of Tea from any place
+whatsoever into this Colony, while it is subject by a British act of
+parliament to the payment of a duty for the purpose of raising a revenue
+in America, he shall be deemed an enemy to the Liberties of America." On
+the back of a printed copy of these resolutions was written a letter of
+appeal, signed by the committee of the association, addressed to the
+Friends of Liberty and Trade, inviting an union of all classes in a
+determined resistance, and urging harmony.
+
+At a meeting held at the City Hall on the 17th of December by the Sons of
+Liberty to which all friends of liberty and trade of America were
+invited, it was firmly resolved that the tea which was expected should not
+be landed.
+
+In Boston the consignee of the tea refusing to return it to England, the
+vessels were boarded by a number of men disguised as Indians, the chests
+of tea broken open and the contents cast overboard in the water. This
+occurred on the 16th of December, 1773.
+
+At a meeting held at the tavern of Captain Doran a committee was appointed
+to wait on the merchants who had been appointed commissioners for the sale
+of the East India Company's tea and ask their intentions. They replied to
+the committee that, finding that the tea will come liable to American
+duty, they have declined to receive it. Thomas Doran had been captain of a
+small but fast sailing privateer, and did good service in the late French
+war. He had since been keeping a tavern on the new dock near the Fly
+Market. His house had been the usual place of meeting of the Marine
+Society for many years. In May, 1774, notice was given that a committee of
+the Chamber of Commerce would meet at the house of Thomas Doran to receive
+claims for bounty on fish brought into the city markets. The assembly, in
+1773, had granted the sum of five hundred pounds per annum for five years,
+"for the encouragement of fishery on this coast for the better supplying
+of the markets of this city with fish," to be paid to the treasurer of the
+Chamber of Commerce, and the awarding of the premiums was entrusted to
+that association. This was the first distribution of premiums.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tea-Ship Arrives]
+
+The tea-ship for New York, long overdue, was anxiously expected. In March,
+1774, the Sons of Liberty were notified to meet every Thursday night at
+seven o'clock at the house of Jasper Drake till the arrival and departure
+of the tea-ship. The ships for the other ports had arrived at their
+destinations and been disposed of. No tea had been allowed to be sold. The
+ship Nancy, Captain Lockyer, with the tea for New York on board, driven
+off the coast by contrary winds, did not reach the port until April 18th,
+and the pilot, advised of the situation, refused to bring her up to the
+city. The people had resolved that the tea should not be landed. The
+captain was allowed to come up on condition that he would not enter his
+vessel at the custom house. He was received by a committee of the Sons of
+Liberty and conducted to the consignee, who, declining to receive his
+cargo, he at once made preparation to return. On Friday, April 22,
+handbills were distributed, stating that although the sense of the people
+had been signified to Captain Lockyer, nevertheless it was the desire of
+many of the citizens that, at his departure, he should see with his own
+eyes their detestation of the measures pursued by the ministry and the
+East India Company to enslave this country. Accordingly, on Saturday
+morning, about eight o'clock, all the bells in the city rang as a notice
+to the people that the tea which had been brought over in the Nancy was
+about to be sent back without allowing it to be landed. About nine o'clock
+the people assembled at the Coffee House in greater numbers than ever
+before known, Captain Lockyer came out of the Coffee House with the
+committee and was received with cheers, while a band provided for the
+occasion played "God Save the King." He was then conducted to Murray's
+Wharf, at the foot of Wall Street, where, amid the shouts of the people
+and the firing of guns, he was put on board the pilot boat and wished a
+safe passage. He joined his ship, the Nancy, at the Narrows, and the next
+morning put to sea.
+
+[Sidenote: Tea Thrown Overboard]
+
+On Friday, amidst all the excitement, Captain Chambers, who from
+information received from different sources was suspected of having tea on
+board his ship, the London, arrived at the Hook. The pilot asked him if he
+had any tea on board and he declared that he had none. Two of the
+committee of observation went on board, to whom he declared that he had no
+tea. When the ship came to the wharf about four o'clock in the afternoon
+she was boarded by a number of citizens and Captain Chambers was told that
+it was in vain for him to deny having tea on board his ship for there was
+good proof to the contrary, whereupon he confessed that he had on board
+eighteen chests. The owners of the vessel and the committee immediately
+met at Francis' Tavern to deliberate over the matter where Captain
+Chambers was ordered to attend. Here he stated that he was the sole owner
+of the tea. The Mohawks were prepared to do their duty but the people
+became impatient and about eight o'clock a number entered the ship, took
+out the tea, broke open the chests and threw their contents into the
+river. The resentment of the people was so great against Captain Chambers,
+whom they had considered a friend of their rights and deserving of their
+confidence, that it was thought that if he could have been found, his life
+would have been in danger. He was, however, concealed and succeeded the
+next day in getting on board the Nancy with Captain Lockyer and sailed
+away to England.
+
+The news of what had been done by the little tea-party in Boston Harbor,
+December 16, 1773, reached England on the 22d of January, 1774, and
+created intense excitement in London. On March 7 the King sent a special
+message to parliament on the American disturbances and soon after a bill
+was prepared providing for the closing of the port of Boston to all
+commerce on June 1, at the King's pleasure, and ordering indemnification
+to be made to the East India Company for the tea destroyed. This bill
+passed both houses of parliament without a dissenting vote. The news of
+its passage came to New York by the ship Samson, Captain Coupar, which
+arrived May 12, twenty-seven days from London. By the same packet came
+news that General Gage, commissioned governor of Massachusetts, had
+engaged with four regiments to reduce Boston to submission and was to sail
+for his government on April 15.
+
+[Sidenote: Committee of Correspondence]
+
+In consequence of the alarming news from England, a notice was posted at
+the Merchants' Coffee House inviting the merchants to meet at the tavern
+of Samuel Francis on Monday evening, the 16th, to consult on measures
+proper to be taken. Accordingly, a large number of merchants and other
+inhabitants appeared at the appointed place. The object was to appoint a
+committee of correspondence. There appeared some differences of opinion as
+to the number and composition of this committee, but the result was that
+fifty names were nominated, fifteen of the number to be sufficient to do
+business. To confirm the choice of this committee or to choose others, it
+was resolved before adjournment that the inhabitants of the city should be
+requested to meet at the Merchants' Coffee House on Thursday, the 19th, at
+one o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Paul Revere, the Post Rider]
+
+In the interim Paul Revere, the famous post-rider and express, arrived on
+the 17th with a message from the people of Boston, urging a cessation of
+all trade with Great Britain and the West Indies until the port bill
+should be repealed. In the evening of the same day there was a large
+meeting of the mechanics at Bardin's Tavern. Bardin had come to the
+neighborhood where he formerly lived and was keeping the house at one time
+kept by John Jones in the Fields, and known after that as Hampden Hall.
+The mechanics sided with the radical party.
+
+At the meeting called at the Merchants' Coffee House the merchants
+prevailed, as they had done at the previous meeting. The name of Francis
+Lewis was added to the committee and it was known as the committee of
+fifty-one. Gouverneur Morris, writing to Penn, said: "I stood on the
+balcony and on my right hand were ranged all the people of property with
+some few poor dependents, and on the other all the tradesmen, etc., who
+thought it worth their while to leave daily labor for the good of the
+country." There was some opposition to the committee named, but after the
+meeting those who had opposed it, for the sake of union, sent in their
+agreement to the choice. The mechanics also sent a letter to the committee
+concurring in the selection.
+
+[Sidenote: Answer to the Boston Letter]
+
+The committee of fifty-one met at the Merchants' Coffee House on Monday
+morning, the 23d, at ten o'clock for business, and after appointing a
+chairman, secretary and doorkeeper, and agreeing upon sundry rules for the
+conduct of business, the letters from Boston and Philadelphia were read.
+A committee composed of Messrs. MacDougal, Low, Duane and Jay was
+appointed to draw up an answer to the first and report at eight o'clock in
+the evening, to which time the meeting adjourned. At the appointed time
+the committee appointed to draw up an answer to the Boston letter made
+report of a draft of such letter, which was unanimously agreed to and
+ordered to be engrossed and forwarded with the utmost dispatch. On Tuesday
+it was delivered to Paul Revere, the express from Boston, who had been as
+far as Philadelphia and was now on his way back to Boston. He immediately
+set out on his return. A copy was ordered to be transmitted to the
+Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia. "The letter proposed to the
+people of Boston that a Congress of the colonies should be convoked
+without delay to determine and direct the measures to be pursued for
+relief of the town of Boston and the redress of all the American
+grievances," a recommendation which was accepted and resulted in the
+Congress which met at Philadelphia in September.
+
+Monday evening, June 6, the Committee of Correspondence met and read and
+answered the dispatches brought from Boston by the express rider,
+Cornelius Bradford, and on Monday, the 13th, the New York Mercury stated
+that they were to meet again that night, when, it was hoped, their
+proceedings would be made public, saying "the times are critical and big
+with interesting events." On Wednesday, June 15, the day on which the
+harbor of Boston was closed by act of parliament, a great number of the
+friends of American liberty in the city procured effigies of Governor
+Hutchinson, Lord North and Mr. Wedderburn, persons who were considered
+most unfriendly to the rights of America, and after carrying them through
+the principal streets of the city took them to the Coffee House, "where
+they were attended in the evening of that day, it is thought, by the
+greatest concourse of spectators ever seen on a similar occasion, and
+there destroyed by sulphurous Flames."
+
+The Committee of Correspondence held their meetings at the Merchants'
+Coffee House during the summer. It was the center of most of the political
+agitation and unrest which pervaded the community. On the evening of
+Wednesday, July 13, the committee met and drew up a set of resolutions on
+the alarming situation of affairs, which were printed in handbills and
+distributed about the town the next morning, for the approbation of the
+people who were to assemble at the Coffee House at twelve o'clock on the
+19th to approve or disapprove of them. It had been settled that there
+should be a Congress of the colonies, to meet at Philadelphia in
+September, and the people were at the same time to testify their
+approbation of the five gentlemen nominated by the committee to attend as
+delegates. These were James Duane, Philip Livingston, John Alsop, Isaac
+Low and John Jay. There was so much controversy that the men nominated
+declined to accept the trust until confirmed by the people. Accordingly,
+on the 24th an election was ordered in the ordinary manner by a poll in
+the several wards which was held on the 28th, resulting in the unanimous
+choice of the five gentlemen above named as delegates.
+
+[Sidenote: Delegates to Congress]
+
+About the first of September there was much excitement on account of the
+departure of the delegates for Philadelphia and the arrival of delegates
+from the New England colonies, passing through the city. On Monday, the
+29th of August, John Jay quietly set out for Philadelphia to attend the
+congress, and on Thursday, September 1st, the four other delegates left
+the city for the same laudable purpose. Isaac Low, accompanied by his
+wife, who wished to go by way of Paulus Hook, was escorted to the ferry
+stairs at the foot of Cortlandt Street by a large number of citizens, with
+colors flying, and with music. A few accompanied him over the river with
+musicians playing "God Save the King." The people then returned to the
+Coffee House in order to testify the same respect for the other three
+delegates, James Duane, John Alsop and Philip Livingston. The procession
+began about half past nine o'clock. When they arrived at the Royal
+Exchange, near which they embarked, James Duane, in a short speech,
+thanked the people for the honor they had conferred upon them and declared
+for himself and for his fellow delegates "that nothing in their Power
+should be wanting to relieve this once happy but now aggrieved Country."
+As they left the wharf, "they were saluted by several Pieces of Cannon,
+mounted for the occasion, which was answered by a greater Number from St.
+George's Ferry. These Testimonials and three Huzzas bid them go and
+proclaim to all Nations that they, and the virtuous People they represent,
+dare _defend their Rights as Protestant Englishmen_."
+
+The Massachusetts delegates, Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, Robert Treat
+Paine and John Adams, set out on their journey from Boston in one coach on
+the 10th of August and arrived in New York on the 20th. John Adams, in his
+diary, says: "We breakfasted at Day's and arrived in the city of New York
+at ten o'clock, at Hull's, a tavern, the sign of the Bunch of Grapes." The
+arms of the province on the old sign must have been pretty well
+weatherbeaten to have been taken for a bunch of grapes. The best tavern in
+Boston and the best tavern in Hartford each hung out this sign and Adams
+was thus easily led into an error.
+
+[Sidenote: The Congress at Philadelphia]
+
+The congress at Philadelphia passed a non-exportation act to take effect
+on September 15, and a non-importation act to be put in force on December
+1. A committee of observation or inspection was appointed in New York city
+to secure the strict observance of these acts. In the spring of 1775
+deputies were elected in New York to a provincial congress which met on
+April 20, and the next day appointed delegates to represent the province
+in the Continental Congress which was to assemble at Philadelphia in the
+following May. News of the battle of Lexington, forwarded by express
+riders from Watertown, Massachusetts, reached the chambers of the New York
+committee of correspondence at four o'clock in the afternoon of Sunday,
+April 23. It was war. The news reached Williamsburg, Virginia, on April
+28, and on the next day Alexander Purdie published it in an extra of his
+Gazette. In commenting on the situation his closing words were: "The sword
+is now drawn and God knows when it will be sheathed."
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+THE PROVINCE ARMS
+
+
+[Sidenote: Great Excitement in the City]
+
+In the early part of the year 1775 a state of uneasiness and expectancy
+pervaded the community. Trade was prostrate. The merchants met at the
+Exchange or at the Coffee House and nervously talked over the situation,
+for which there seemed to be no remedy; while they looked out on the quiet
+docks, now almost deserted. They were calmly waiting for something to
+happen, and it came in the news of the battle of Lexington. This was the
+crisis which produced a decided change in conditions. The dissatisfied
+people now showed that they had lost all respect for English rule.
+Companies of armed citizens paraded the streets aimlessly, and there was
+great excitement everywhere. The regular soldiers in garrison prudently
+confined themselves to their barracks. The machinery of government was out
+of joint and it was very soon apparent that something should be done to
+maintain order and form some regular plan of government.
+
+A meeting was called at the Merchants' Coffee House when it was agreed
+that the government of the city should be placed in the hands of a
+committee. Isaac Low, chairman of the committee of observation, issued a
+notice stating that the committee were unanimously of opinion that a new
+committee should be elected by the freeholders and freemen for the present
+unhappy exigency of affairs, to consist of one hundred persons,
+thirty-three to be a quorum. It was also recommended that they should at
+the same time choose deputies to represent them in a provincial congress
+which it was considered highly advisable should be summoned. A committee
+such as was recommended was chosen May 1, and, at the same time,
+twenty-one deputies for the city and county of New York, to meet the
+deputies of the other counties in provincial congress May 22.
+
+The excitement had in no wise abated when the eastern delegates to
+congress entered the city, Saturday, May 6, on their way to Philadelphia
+and were received with the greatest enthusiasm. They were met a few miles
+out of town by a great number of the principal gentlemen of the place and
+escorted into the city by near a thousand men under arms. John Adams, in
+his diary, says that from Kingsbridge the number of people continually
+increased, until he thought the whole city had come out to meet them. The
+roads, it is said, were lined with greater numbers of people than were
+known on any occasion before. All the bells of the city rang out a
+welcome. They were conducted to the tavern of Sam Francis, where they
+lodged, and a newspaper states that double sentries were placed at the
+doors of their lodgings, for what special purpose we are not informed,
+probably simply to keep the crowd in check and maintain order.
+
+The British soldiers garrisoned in the city were powerless to maintain the
+authority of the crown and were ordered to join the troops at Boston.
+There were some who advised that they should be made prisoners. The
+committee, however, agreed to let them depart with their arms and
+accoutrements without molestation. They accordingly marched out from the
+barracks to embark about ten o'clock on the morning of June 6, 1775. At
+the time there were at the tavern of Jasper Drake, in Water Street near
+Beekman Slip, a place well known as a rendezvous of the Liberty Boys and
+those opposed to the British measures, about half a dozen men, when word
+came to them that the British soldiers were leaving the barracks to embark
+and were taking with them several carts loaded with chests filled with
+arms.
+
+[Sidenote: Transfer of Arms Stopped]
+
+They immediately decided that these arms should not be taken from the
+city. One of the men was Marinus Willett, and what he did that day has
+become a landmark in the history of the city. They started out on
+different routes to notify their friends and obtain assistance. Willett
+went down Water Street to the Coffee House where he notified those who
+were there of what was to be done and then proceeded down to the Exchange
+at the foot of Broad Street. When he saw the troops and the carts laden
+with arms approaching he went up to meet them, and not hesitating a
+moment, seized the horse drawing the leading cart by the bridle, which
+caused a halt and brought the officer in command to the front. The crowd
+that immediately collected, including the mayor, gave Willett little
+support, but soon John Morin Scott came to his assistance, asserting that
+the committee had given no permission for the removal of the arms. The
+result was that the soldiers made no resistance to the seizure of the arms
+and quietly embarked without them. These arms were used by the first
+troops raised in New York under the orders of Congress.
+
+[Illustration: MARINUS WILLETT STOPPING THE TRANSFER OF ARMS]
+
+[Sidenote: The Coffee House]
+
+Nesbitt Deane, the hatter, whose shop was in the old Coffee House
+building, advertised in 1775, to let the two or three upper stories of the
+house, "being noted for a Notary Public's office these two years past,"
+which he further describes "as being so pleasantly situated that a person
+can see at once the river, shipping, Long Island and all the gentlemen
+resorting to the House on business from the most distant climes." Although
+the Coffee House was generally the resort of strangers as well as
+citizens, yet, in 1775, on account of the stagnation of business caused by
+the cessation of all trade with Great Britain, it was almost deserted.
+This is made plain by an article which appeared in the New York Journal of
+October 19; and as this has some interesting statements about coffee
+houses in general and about the Merchants' Coffee House in particular, we
+have thought it well to reproduce it entirely.
+
+    "TO THE INHABITANTS OF NEW YORK:
+
+    "It gives me concern, in this time of public difficulty and danger, to
+    find we have in this city no place of daily general meeting, where we
+    might hear and communicate intelligence from every quarter and freely
+    confer with one another on every matter that concerns us. Such a place
+    of general meeting is of very great advantage in many respects,
+    especially at such a time as this, besides the satisfaction it affords
+    and the sociable disposition it has a tendency to keep up among us,
+    which was never more wanted than at this time. To answer all these and
+    many other good and useful purposes, Coffee Houses have been
+    universally deemed the most convenient places of resort, because at a
+    small expense of time or money, persons wanted may be found and spoke
+    with, appointments may be made, current news heard, and whatever it
+    most concerns us to know. In all cities, therefore, and large towns
+    that I have seen in the British dominions, sufficient encouragement
+    has been given to support one or more Coffee Houses in a genteel
+    manner. How comes it then that New York, the most central, and one of
+    the largest and most prosperous cities in British America, cannot
+    support one Coffee House? It is a scandal to the city and its
+    inhabitants to be destitute of such a convenience, for want of due
+    encouragement. A coffee house, indeed, here is! a very good and
+    comfortable one, extremely well tended and accommodated, but it is
+    frequented but by an inconsiderable number of people; and I have
+    observed with surprise, that but a small part of those who do frequent
+    it, contribute anything at all to the expense, of it, but come in and
+    go out without calling for or paying anything to the house. In all the
+    Coffee Houses in London, it is customary for every one that comes in,
+    to call for at least a dish of Coffee, or leave the value of one,
+    which is but reasonable, because when the keepers of these houses have
+    been at the expense of setting them up and providing all necessaries
+    for the accommodation of company, every one that comes to receive the
+    benefit of these conveniences ought to contribute something towards
+    the expense of them.
+
+    "To each individual the expense is a trifle quite inconsiderable, but
+    to the keeper of one of these houses it is an article of great
+    importance, and essential to the support and continuance of it. I
+    have, therefore, since I frequented the Coffee House in this city and
+    observed the numbers that come in without spending anything, often
+    wondered how the expense of the house was supported, or what
+    inducement the person who kept it could have to continue it. At the
+    same time I could not help being equally surprised at the disposition
+    of people who acted in this manner; or their thoughtlessness in
+    neglecting to contribute to the support of a house which their
+    business or pleasure induced them to frequent; especially as I have
+    met with no Coffee House in my travels better accommodated with
+    attendance or any liquors that could be expected in a Coffee House.
+
+    "I have of late observed that the house is almost deserted, and don't
+    wonder that fire and candles are not lighted as usual; it is rather
+    surprising they were continued so long. I am convinced the interest of
+    the person who keeps it, must, without a speedy alteration, soon
+    induce her to drop the business and shut up her house; and I cannot
+    help feeling concern that a very useful and worthy person, who has
+    always behaved well in her station, should not be treated with more
+    generosity and kindness by her fellow citizens. I am concerned, too,
+    for my own conveniency and for the honor of the city, to find that it
+    will not support one Coffee House.
+
+    "A FRIEND TO THE CITY."
+
+When the American army came into the city to prepare for its defense Mrs.
+Ferrari was still the landlady of the Merchants' Coffee House, but on May
+1, 1776, it passed into the hands of Cornelius Bradford, who seems to have
+been a man of energy and enterprise. In his announcement in April he
+promised that he would endeavor to give satisfaction, that he would obtain
+all the newspapers for the use of his patrons and render the house as
+useful and convenient as possible. He says: "Interesting intelligence will
+be carefully collected and the greatest attention will be given to the
+arrival of vessels, when trade and navigation shall resume their former
+channels." He evidently was hopeful of better times, although preparations
+for war were being made around him on all sides. Bradford was an ardent
+supporter of the American cause and had been an express rider, carrying
+important confidential messages between New York and Boston and between
+New York and Philadelphia. His tenure of the Merchants' Coffee House at
+this time was of short duration. He abandoned his house and went out of
+the city with the American troops, but returned and took possession of it
+again as its landlord at the close of the war.
+
+[Sidenote: Flight from the City]
+
+The year 1776 was a sad one for New York. Before the first of July great
+numbers of the inhabitants, dreading the impending conflict, had left the
+city to place their families in security. Many loyalists had left to avoid
+military service. A letter written in the city July 30, 1776, says: "You
+would be surprised to see what numbers of empty houses there are in this
+place. Very few of the inhabitants remain in town that are not engaged in
+the service." Another by a physician, under date of August 9, says: "The
+air of the whole city seems infected. In almost every street there is a
+horrid smell--But, duty to my country, and another consideration, require
+that I should not quit my post at this juncture." A British document,
+relating to the commissary department during the war, makes the statement
+that nineteen-twentieths of the inhabitants with their families and
+effects had left the city before the entry of the British troops. Added to
+the calamity of war was a devastating fire which destroyed a large part
+of the city shortly after the British took possession.
+
+After the occupation of the city by the British troops, the Merchants'
+Coffee House evidently soon became a favorite resort of the officers of
+the army. When Captain Alexander Graydon, made prisoner at the battle of
+Fort Washington, was allowed the freedom of the city within certain
+limits, on his parole, he one day saw in the newspaper printed by Hugh
+Gaine something which stirred him with a great desire to write a squib
+addressed "to the officers of the British army," which he and Lieutenant
+Edwards, his fellow prisoner, agreed to endeavor to have placed in some
+conspicuous part of the Coffee House. For the small reward of a quarter of
+a dollar, a black boy succeeded in placing it in one of the boxes. Captain
+Davenport, whom Graydon characterizes as certainly a voluntary captive, if
+not a deserter, called upon them on the following evening and said to
+them: "You are a couple of pretty fellows. You have made a devil of an
+uproar at the Coffee House." Graydon and Edwards admitted nothing, for
+they knew if detected they would get lodgings in the provost prison.
+Captain Davenport was an Irishman who had joined the same regiment as
+Graydon as a lieutenant, afterwards becoming captain. After the retreat
+from Long Island he remained, Graydon says, in New York, sick or
+pretending to be sick, and stayed there until the British look possession
+of it. He called himself a prisoner but there was little doubt that he had
+renounced our cause and made his peace with the enemy. He states that as
+they had no absolute certainty of his baseness they did not think it
+necessary to discard him, for, as he frequented the Coffee House, mixed
+with the British officers and tories, they often received intelligence
+through him that they could get in no other way. Another officer of the
+American army who seemed to have made his peace with the enemy, although
+he called himself a prisoner, was Colonel Houssacker. He claimed that all
+was over, and in his conversation with the officers held as prisoners his
+inference was that they should immediately make their peace. He said to
+some of them: "Why don't you go to the Coffee House and mix with the
+British army as I do? They will use you well;" but he made no proselytes
+to his opinions or principles. Graydon describes him as "a man of no
+country or any country, a citizen of the world, a soldier of fortune and a
+true mercenary."
+
+When Graydon came into possession of his trunk which had been among the
+baggage captured at Fort Washington, stipulated for in its surrender, he
+dressed himself in a good suit of regimentals and hat, and against the
+advice of older officers, sallied forth alone and walked past the Coffee
+House down to the Battery. Finding the gate open, he strolled through it
+from one end to the other, every sentinel, to his great surprise,
+"handling his arms" to him as he passed. Making a considerable circuit in
+another part of the town, he regained his lodgings without the slightest
+molestation. He afterwards learned from Mr. Theophylact Bache that he saw
+him pass the Coffee House, and that he and some other gentlemen had to
+exert themselves to prevent his being insulted.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duel at Hull's]
+
+Hull did not abandon his house as some of the tavern-keepers did who were
+more patriotic, but held his post as keeper of the Province Arms, and his
+tavern soon became the resort of the British officers. It escaped the
+great fire which destroyed a large part of the city, including Trinity
+Church, near by. In September, 1777, a desperate duel took place in one of
+the rooms of Hull's Tavern. This was the encounter between Captain
+Tollemache, of his majesty's ship Zebra, and Captain Pennington, of the
+Guards, who came passenger in the Zebra. They fought with swords. The next
+day the body of Tollemache was placed under the cold sod of Trinity
+Churchyard, and Pennington was struggling for life, having received seven
+wounds. He survived.
+
+The next spring, 1778, Hull gave up the Province Arms and it was rented by
+the attorney of Captain John Peter De Lancey, the owner, to a Mr. Hicks,
+during whose management of the house it was the scene of much activity.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Head Popular]
+
+In March, 1777, the well known tavern on the Dock near the Fly Market,
+which had for many years been kept by Captain Thomas Doran, the usual
+meeting place of the Marine Society, was taken by Loosley and Elms, who
+called it The King's Head. Charles Loosley and Thomas Elms, when the war
+broke out, were paper makers in New York City. Called on to serve in the
+militia, they petitioned the Provincial Congress of New York for relief,
+pleading that they were engaged in a very useful occupation or business,
+which would be ruined if they were called away from its supervision. They
+stated that they had been subjected to several fines, which they had paid,
+and were still, according to the rules and orders, liable to the penalty
+of being advertised and held up as enemies of the country, though they had
+ever been hearty friends to it and were constantly laboring to the utmost
+of their abilities to promote its interests by carrying on and perfecting
+a most useful manufactory to supply the country with an important and
+absolutely necessary article. Another petition was sent in August to the
+convention of representatives of the State of New York, in session at
+Harlem, by Charles Loosley, Thomas Elms and John Holt, the printer,
+praying that an immediate order be issued to prevent the paper-makers from
+being compelled or permitted to go upon military service, as the paper
+they were making was the only supply to every department of business in
+the state, which, without it, would be laid under the most distressing
+difficulties. Loosley and Elms remained in the city, and becoming
+landlords of the King's Head, showed themselves the most pronounced
+loyalists and tried in every way to please the British officers. Their
+house became a favorite and they were very successful in their business.
+The officers of the army and navy and those connected with the service
+were the best customers of the taverns, and the tavern-keepers did
+everything they could to gain their favor. No tavern-keeper could do
+business if not loyal to the crown of England, in appearance, at least.
+
+James Rivington, whose press and type had been destroyed by some of the
+most radical of the Americans in November, 1775, on account of articles
+published in his paper, and the type, it is said, ultimately run into
+bullets, fled to England. Procuring a new outfit, he returned to New York,
+where the loyalists had the pleasure of welcoming him in September, 1777.
+On this occasion the King's Head Tavern of Loosley and Elms "was elegantly
+illuminated, to testify the joy of the true 'Sons of Freedom'." Rivington
+repaid Loosley and Elms for their kindness by a laudatory puff,
+contributed to his paper, which he soon re-established under the name of
+the Royal Gazette. It appeared in the issue of January 24, 1778. It was "a
+description of the grand and elegant illumination of the King's Head
+Tavern in honor of her Majesty's birthday," stating that "it is the desire
+of the public, as Messrs. Loosley and Elms have ever shown their
+attachment to the British Government, and a detestation of the present
+rebellion, that, through the channel of your much-esteemed paper, their
+conduct may be known and approved of in Europe, as well as by the
+loyalists of New York. The tavern was illuminated with upwards of two
+hundred wax-lights." A lengthy description was given of the
+transparencies; the royal arms being in the center, one of these was a
+view of the reduction of Fort Mud; another, the Congress, with the devil
+at the president's elbow telling him to persevere. "The Statue of Mr. Pitt
+without its head was placed near the Congress, as being one of their
+kidney, and gave a hint of what ought, long ago, to have been done. The
+verses over the tavern door were very proper on the occasion, and well
+illuminated. Much is due to Messrs. Loosley and Elms for their patriotic
+spirit, which meets the approbation of every man who is a friend to his
+king and country."
+
+Loosley and Elms gave notice in October, 1779, that the anniversary of
+Saint George's day would be celebrated at their house, the King's Head
+Tavern, on Friday, the 23d of that month, by a dinner, which would be
+served at precisely three o'clock in the afternoon. They promised that a
+good band of music would be provided for the occasion. One of the
+attractions of the house in 1779 was a billiard table.
+
+[Sidenote: The Theatre Royal]
+
+While the British army occupied New York the town, at times, was very gay.
+The John Street Theatre, which had been closed as injuriously affecting
+the morals of the country, was reopened in January, 1777, as the Theatre
+Royal by the Garrison Dramatic Club, composed of some of the brightest men
+in the British army, who managed the theatre and took parts in the
+performances, the proceeds from which were devoted to the care of the
+widows and orphans of soldiers. The orchestra was very good, being
+composed of volunteers from the regimental bands. It is said that the
+gross receipts of the club in one year amounted to nine thousand, five
+hundred pounds.
+
+During the winter of 1777-1778 the British made the staid city of
+Philadelphia also very gay. The grand fete called Meschianza was the
+climax of their efforts and was a great success. When, in the summer of
+1778, they left Philadelphia and came to New York, they added much to the
+gaiety of this city. The unfortunate Major André had taken a prominent
+part in the Meschianza and also became very active in New York in
+promoting every kind of social and dramatic entertainment.
+
+Smith's Tavern, in Water Street between the Coffee House and the Fly
+Market, opposite Commissioner Loring's house, was a public house that
+enjoyed much popularity. Ephraim Smith had kept tavern in Philadelphia and
+states that he had been assistant to the managers of the Meschianza, and
+that he had opened his tavern at the desire of many gentlemen of the royal
+army and navy. He had followed the British troops from Philadelphia to New
+York.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ferry House Tavern]
+
+For some years previous to the Battle of Brooklyn, Adolph Waldron had been
+the landlord of the ferry house on the Long Island side of the East River,
+which had been noted as a tavern for many years. The city of New York had
+renewed the lease to him of the ferry-house, the barns and cattle pen on
+May 1, 1776, for two years. The tavern was a large stone building about
+sixty feet square and two stories high and was known as the Corporation
+House from its being owned by the corporation of the city of New York. It
+was the successor of the ferry-house erected in 1746, and which was burned
+down in 1748, supposed by the people of Brooklyn, who were engaged in
+bitter litigation with the corporation of New York concerning ferry
+rights.
+
+Waldron was a staunch Whig, and had in September, 1775, called a meeting
+of citizens at his house for the purpose of forming a military company for
+defense. He was chosen captain of the troop of horse which the assembled
+citizens voted should be organized. He proved to be a good and efficient
+officer and, with his troop of light horse, was employed in guarding the
+eastern coast of Long Island until relieved by Colonel Hand's regiment of
+riflemen. He, of course, was compelled to abandon his tavern, which, in
+1779, appears to have been in the hands of Captain Benson.
+
+[Sidenote: Horse Racing and Fox Hunting]
+
+In May, 1779, Loosley and Elms saw an opportunity for a larger field of
+operation, so, giving up the tavern on Brownjohn's Wharf, near the Fly
+Market, they took down their sign of the King's Head and carried it over
+the river to Brooklyn, where they established themselves in the old ferry
+house, succeeding Captain Benson. Large numbers of British troops were
+encamped in Brooklyn and vicinity and Loosley and Elms endeavored to get
+the patronage of the army officers. They furnished the house in a superior
+manner and kept it in a way that attracted great attention. They succeeded
+so well in pleasing their military friends and patrons that their house
+became a resort for the officers of the army and also for the fashionable
+people of the city as a place of amusement. They got up bull baitings,
+horse races, fox hunts and other amusements. They generally prefaced their
+announcements of these affairs with the motto "Pro Bono Publico," and
+sometimes closed with the warnings that rebels should not approach nearer
+than a specified spot. Cricket matches were gotten up, and the game of
+golf was indulged in. Rivington, the printer, could furnish "clubs for
+playing golf and the veritable Caledonian Balls."
+
+[Sidenote: Bull-Baiting]
+
+Loosley and Elms having brought over their old sign from New York, hung it
+out and the tavern was renamed the King's Head. It was also sometimes
+called Brooklyn Hall. They gave notice that they had purchased chaises,
+chairs, sulkies and able horses and were prepared to furnish carriages and
+horses to go to any part of Long Island. A cricket match was played here
+on Monday, September 27, 1779, between the Brooklyn and Greenwich clubs
+for fifty guineas. On Monday, July 3, 1780, Loosley and Elms gave notice
+that on Thursday next there would be a bull-baiting at Brooklyn ferry.
+They say: "The bull is remarkably strong and active; the best dogs in the
+country expected, and they that afford the best diversion will be rewarded
+with silver collars." The next year Elms having retired from the business,
+Charles Loosley gave notice that, "This day, being Wednesday, the 20th of
+June, will be exhibited at Brooklyn Ferry a Bull-Baiting after the true
+English manner. Taurus will be brought to the ring at half-past three
+o'clock; some good dogs are already provided, but every assistance of that
+sort will be esteemed a favor. A dinner exactly British will be upon
+Loosley's table at eleven o'clock, after which there is no doubt but that
+the song, 'Oh! the Roast Beef of Old England!' will be sung with harmony
+and glee." On September 20, 1780, notice was given that the "anniversary
+of the Coronation of our ever good and gracious King will be celebrated at
+Loosley's 22 inst. It is expected that no rebels will approach nearer than
+Flatbush wood."
+
+While the British occupied Brooklyn horse-races were more or less
+regularly held on the old course around Beaver Pond near Jamaica, at New
+Lots and at Flatlands, not far from the ferry. They were largely attended
+by the army officers and the people of New York, who crossed the ferry
+and, no doubt, added greatly to the profits of the King's Head.
+Bull-baiting was a cruel sport, but there were others that would hardly be
+tolerated at the present day, the principal object being, no doubt, to
+amuse and entertain the army officers. The Royal Gazette of November 4,
+1780, announced three days' sport at Ascot Heath, formerly Flatlands
+Plains. On the second day the first event was a ladies' subscription purse
+of £50; the second a race by women--quarter-mile heats--best two in three;
+the first to get a Holland smock and chintz gown, full-trimmed, of four
+guineas value, the second a guinea and the third a half-guinea. "If
+stormy, posponed--when notice will be given by Mr. Loosley's Union Flag
+being displayed by 7 o'clock in the morning. Gentlemen fond of fox-hunting
+will meet at Loosley's King's Head Tavern at day-break during the races.
+
+"God Save the King played every hour."
+
+The Royal Gazette of August 8, 1781, contains the following advertisement:
+"Pro Bono Publico,--Gentlemen that are fond of fox-hunting are requested
+to meet at Loosley's Tavern, on Ascot Heath, on Friday morning next,
+between the hours of five and six, as a pack of hounds will be there
+purposely for a trial of their abilities. Breakfasting and Relishes until
+the Races commence. At eleven o'clock will be run for, an elegant saddle,
+etc., value at least twenty pounds, for which upwards of twelve gentlemen
+will ride their own horses. At twelve a match will be rode by two
+gentlemen. Horse for Horse. At one, a match for thirty guineas, by two
+gentlemen, who will also ride their own horses. Dinner will be ready at
+two o'clock, after which and suitable regalements, racing and other
+diversions will be calculated to conclude the day with pleasure and
+harmony. Brooklyn Hall 6th August, 1781."
+
+Again in November: "Brooklyn Hunt.--The hounds will throw off at Denyse
+Ferry at 9, Thursday morning. A guinea or more will be given for a good
+strong bag fox by Charles Loosley." In April, 1782, "A sweepstakes of 300
+guineas was won by Jacob Jackson's mare, Slow and Easy, over Mercury and
+Goldfinder, on Ascot Heath."
+
+Loosley was evidently making it very lively and entertaining for his
+patrons, who seem to have been interested in such sports as were popular
+in England. Lieutenant Anbury, writing to a friend in England under date
+of October 30, 1781, refers thus to Loosley's King's Head Tavern: "On
+crossing the East River from New York, you land at Brooklyn, which is a
+scattered village, consisting of a few houses. At this place is an
+excellent tavern, where parties are made to go and eat fish; the landlord
+of which has saved an immense fortune during this war." Although Loosley
+was supposed to be doing a profitable business, it seems that such was not
+the case, for, in the latter part of the year 1782, notice was given that
+the furniture, etc., of Brooklyn Hall would be offered at public auction
+for the _benefit of the creditors_ of Charles Loosley. Among the articles
+mentioned, which indicate that the house was pretty nicely furnished, are
+mahogany bedsteads; chintz and other curtains; mahogany drawers; dining,
+tea and card tables; an elegant clock in mahogany case; _a curious
+collection of well chosen paintings and pictures_; large pier and other
+looking-glasses, in gilt and plain frames; table and tea sets of china,
+plate, etc.; _a capital well-toned organ_, made by one of the best hands
+in London; _a billiard table_ in thorough repair; wagons, horses, cows,
+etc.; "and several hundred transparent and tin lamps, _fit for
+illuminations_." Loosley had been a great illuminator, but his days for
+illuminations were now over. He went out with other loyalists to Nova
+Scotia, where a few years later he was keeping a tavern.
+
+[Sidenote: Activity at the Merchants' Coffee House]
+
+In 1779 sales of prizes and merchandise were quite numerous at the
+Merchants' Coffee House, indicating that it was a place of great activity.
+Its importance is further indicated by a notice in the newspaper by a
+person who wishes to hire a small dwelling, _not too far from the Coffee
+House_. In a proclamation issued March 6, 1779, Governor Tryon states that
+since September 18th last, the value of prizes brought into the port of
+New York amounted to above six hundred thousand (600,000) pounds. The New
+York Mercury states that in about this period one hundred and sixty-five
+(165) prizes were brought in, and a great deal of this was sold at the
+Coffee House. This same year, encouraged by the governor and the military
+commandant, the members of the Chamber of Commerce, who were in the city,
+met in the upper long room of the Merchants' Coffee House, and resumed
+their sessions, which had been suspended since 1775. They hired the room
+from Mrs. Smith, the landlady, at the rate of fifty pounds per annum and
+continued to meet here until the close of the war.
+
+In the spring of 1781 William Brownjohn, the owner of the Merchants'
+Coffee House, offered it to let, asking for written proposals. It was
+taken by John Strachan, who had succeeded Loosley and Elms in the old
+tavern on Brownjohn's Wharf, which he had kept for two years as the
+Queen's Head. He had opened in it an ordinary and gave turtle dinners and
+in a measure maintained its popularity. The Marine Society met here while
+he was its landlord, as it had done before the war. When Strachan went
+into the Coffee House he promised "to pay attention not only as a Coffee
+House but as a Tavern in the truest sense; and to distinguish the same as
+the City Tavern and Coffee House, with constant and best attendance.
+Breakfast from seven to eleven. Soups and relishes from eleven to
+half-past one. Tea, coffee, etc., in the afternoon as in England." He hung
+up letter-bags for letters to go out to England by the men-of-war,
+charging sixpence for each letter. This raised such a storm of protest
+that he was compelled to apologize in the public prints and to refund what
+he had received, which is said to have amounted to nineteen pounds (£19).
+He continued in the Coffee House until the return of peace. It seems to
+have been the meeting place of fraternal societies, but the cessasion of
+hostilities during the year 1783, the preparations for evacuating the city
+and the uncertainties of the future made times dull and Strachan issued an
+earnest appeal to those in his debt to come forward and settle their
+accounts.
+
+[Sidenote: Refugee Club]
+
+Besides the army, the population of New York had increased in numbers by
+returning loyalists and by refugees from all parts, who had come in
+through the lines. There was a Refugee Club, the members of which had a
+dinner at Hicks' Tavern, the Province Arms, on June 1, 1779, at which
+William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, and the last royal governor of
+New Jersey, presided. The refugees of the province of New York met, in
+August, 1779, at the tavern of John Amory, in the Fields, formerly the
+house of Abraham De La Montagnie and kept just before the war by his
+widow. This place seemed to be their headquarters. There was an
+organization known as the Board of Refugees, which issued a notice under
+date of November 27, 1779, signed by Anthony G. Stewart, President, and J.
+Hepburn, Secretary, stating that "the Representatives of the Loyal
+Refugees from the several Provinces now in rebellion are earnestly
+requested to give their attendance at the Coffee House on Tuesday evening
+at 5 o'clock." The New York refugees had doubtless appointed men to
+represent them in this board, for, on October 18, 1779, notice was given
+that "those gentlemen that were appointed to represent the Loyal Refugees
+of the Province of New York are requested to meet on Wednesday Morning
+next at 10 o'clock at the House commonly called La Montague's, now Mr.
+Amory's." The refugees from the province of Massachusetts Bay were
+requested to meet at Strachan's Tavern, the Queen's Head, on Friday,
+December 24, 1779, at six o'clock, when, it was promised, their committee
+would lay before them sundry matters of importance for their
+consideration. Many of the refugees were destitute and lotteries were
+gotten up for their benefit.
+
+[Sidenote: Gaiety at the Province Arms]
+
+The center of the gaiety of the city and the great resort of the army
+officers was the Province Arms Tavern. In 1779 the walk by the ruins of
+Trinity Church and the churchyard was railed in and the railing painted
+green. Lamps were affixed to the trees, and benches were placed in
+convenient places, so that ladies and gentlemen could walk and sit there
+in the evening. When the commander was present, a band played, and a
+sentry was placed there, so that the common people might not intrude. On
+the opposite side of Broadway was a house for the accommodation of ladies
+and wives of officers, "while," it was said, "many honest people, both of
+the inhabitants and refugees, cannot get a house or lodging to live in, or
+get their living."
+
+[Sidenote: A Grand Ball]
+
+On Tuesday, January 18, 1780, the anniversary of the Queen's birthday was
+celebrated "with uncommon splendor and magnificance." Governor Tryon gave
+a public dinner to General Knyphausen, Major General Phillips, Baron
+Riedesel, commander of the troops of his Serene Highness the Duke of
+Brunswick, Major General Pattison, commandant of the city and the other
+general officers of the garrison. At noon a royal salute was fired from
+Fort George and repeated by his Majesty's ships of war at one o'clock. In
+the evening the Generals were present at the most elegant ball and
+entertainment ever known on this side of the Atlantic, given at the
+Province Arms by the general, field and staff officers of the army, to the
+garrison and principal ladies and gentlemen of the city. The Royal Gazette
+stated that "the Public Rooms were on this occasion entirely newpainted
+and decorated in a Stile which reflects Honor on the Taste of the
+Managers. A Doric pediment was erected near the principal Entrance
+enclosing a transparent Painting of their Majesties at full length, in
+their Royal Robes, over which was an emblematical Piece, encircled with
+the motto of
+
+Britons, Strike Home.
+
+The whole illuminated with a beautiful variety of different colored Lamps.
+The Ball was opened at Eight o'clock by the Baroness De Riedesel and Major
+General Pattison, Commandant of the City and Garrison. Country dances
+commenced at half past Nine, and at Twelve the Company adjourned to
+Supper, prepared in the two Long Rooms. The Tables exhibited a most
+delightful appearance, being ornamented with Parterres and Arbours,
+displaying an elegant Assemblage of natural and artificial Flowers, China
+Images, etc. The Company retired about three in the Morning, highly
+satisfied with the Evening's Entertainment." The ball is said to have cost
+over two thousand (2,000) guineas, and the supper "consisted of three
+hundred and eighty dishes besides the ornamental appendages." Some of the
+wealthiest families of New York had remained loyal to the crown, and there
+was, no doubt, a sufficient number of ladies of these families in the city
+to make a ballroom very gay. The officers of the army, arrayed in all the
+splendor of gold lace and brilliant uniform, added their share to the
+magnificent scene.
+
+[Illustration: de Riedesel née de Masjeur]
+
+In the spring of 1780 General Pattison, the commandant of the city, in the
+most arbitrary and cruel manner and without consulting the owner, at the
+request of Mr. Commissioner Loring, turned Hicks out of the Province Arms,
+and substituted in his place one Roubalet, a dependent and servant of the
+commissioner. According to Jones, Loring obtained his influence through
+his wife, who was playing the part of Cleopatra to Sir Henry Clinton's
+Antony. Hicks applied to General Clinton and to Governor Robertson for
+redress and received fair words, but nothing more. When Pattison sailed
+for England he followed him, with the intention of bringing suit in an
+English court, but died on the passage.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Birthday]
+
+The King's birthday, the 4th of June, was celebrated on Monday, June 5,
+1780. At night there were fireworks on Long Island, and in the city there
+were great festivities. Previous to this the walk by the church yard had
+been widened so that the posts had to be sunk into the graves. The
+orchestra from the play house were seated against the walls of the church,
+and opposite this was erected another place for musicians, probably for
+the military band.
+
+The Dancing Assembly held their meetings at the Province Arms; those
+during the winter of 1779-80 were held on Wednesdays. There was also a
+Card Assembly which met at the Province Arms where they had their Card
+Rooms. It was the temporary home of many of the British officers. Here
+Benedict Arnold lived for a time, and it was from this place that Sergeant
+Champe planned to abduct him.
+
+[Sidenote: Attempt to Capture Arnold]
+
+After the treason of Benedict Arnold and the capture of Major André,
+General Washington was anxious to gain positive information as to whether
+there was any other officers involved, as was by some suspected, and also
+if possible, to get possession of the person of Arnold. To carry out this
+delicate and dangerous enterprise he needed the services of a man who
+would be willing to enter the British lines as a deserter and do the work
+desired. Major Lee, who was to have charge of the undertaking, picked out
+among the men of his command, Sergeant Major Champe, of Loudoun County,
+Virginia, full of courage and perseverance, who was, at first, very
+reluctant to undertake the task, but this reluctance being overcome,
+entered into the project with the greatest enthusiasm. Major Lee and his
+men were in the neighborhood of Tappan and it was not easy to get beyond
+the American lines, for patrols were numerous, and the whole neighborhood
+to the south was covered by scouts.
+
+[Illustration: ESCAPE OF SERGEANT CHAMPE]
+
+To make this desertion appear genuine, Champe could receive no noticeable
+assistance, Major Lee only promising, in case his departure should be soon
+discovered, to delay pursuit as long as possible. This he did, but pursuit
+was made after Champe had been on his way about an hour, a few minutes
+after twelve o'clock. A little after break of day, the pursuing party
+caught sight of Champe in the distance. Once or twice they lost track of
+him. Champe, finding himself hard pressed, resolved to flee to the
+British galleys lying in Newark Bay, and as he dashed along prepared
+himself for the final act. He lashed his valise to his shoulders, divested
+himself of all unnecessary burdens, and when he got abreast of the
+galleys, quickly dismounted and plunged into the water, swimming for the
+boats and calling for help, which was readily given. His pursuers were
+only about two hundred yards behind him. All were convinced that he was a
+genuine deserter. Champe enlisted under Arnold. He soon discovered that
+the suspicion of any other officers being connected with the treason of
+Arnold was groundless; but the plans for the abduction of the arch-traitor
+miscarried. Champe, after suffering many hardships, finally escaped while
+serving under Cornwallis at Petersburg, Virginia. We give his own account
+of the affair, as related after the war to the British officer in whose
+company he served.
+
+"If I were to attempt to make you feel any portion of the excitement under
+which I labored during the period of my sojourn in New York, I should
+utterly waste my labor. My communications with spies were necessarily
+frequent; yet they were carried on with a degree of secrecy and caution
+which not only prevented your people from obtaining any suspicion of them,
+but kept each man from coming to the knowledge that the other was in my
+confidence. Of the political information which I forwarded to Gen.
+Washington, it is needless to say much. It was so complete, that there
+scarcely occurred a conversation over Clinton's dining table there never
+was formed a plan, nor a plan abandoned, of which I did not contrive to
+obtain an accurate report, and to transmit it to headquarters. But it was
+the project for seizing Arnold which most deeply engaged my attention.
+Several schemes were brought forward and rejected for that purpose; till
+at last the following, which but for an accident, must have succeeded, was
+matured.
+
+"The house in which Arnold dwelt, was situated, as you doubtless
+recollect, in one of the principal streets of the city, while its garden
+extended on one side along an obscure lane, from which it was separated by
+a close wooden rail fence. I found that every night, before going to bed,
+Arnold was in the habit of visiting that garden, and I immediately
+resolved what to do. Working after dark, I undid a portion of the fence,
+and placing it up again so nicely, that no cursory examination would have
+sufficed to detect the spot where the breach had been made, I warned my
+associate that he should provide a boat in the Hudson, manned by rowers in
+whom he could trust. I then furnished myself with a gag, and appointed a
+night when my confederate should be admitted within the garden, so that we
+might together seize and secure our prey. Everything was done as I wished.
+Maj. Lee was informed of the state of our preparations, and directed to
+come down with spare horses, and an escort, to a spot on the river which
+I named. How often have I regretted since, that I should set thus
+deliberately about the business! By Heavens! there occurred twenty
+opportunities, of which, had I been less anxious to accomplish my purpose,
+I might have availed myself. But I permitted them to pass, or rather, I
+felt myself unable to take advantage of them, because I had judged it
+imprudent to keep less trusty agents too often on the alert. So, however,
+it was to be.
+
+"Time passed, and now a few hours only intervened between the final
+adjustment of the details of our project and its accomplishment. Lee was
+on the stir--was willing to hazard all--the boat's crew was provided, and
+their station pointed out.
+
+"It was our purpose to seize Arnold unaware, to thrust the gag in his
+mouth, and placing each of us an arm within that of our prisoner, to hurry
+him through the least frequented of the streets towards the quary. We were
+to represent him as a drunken soldier, whom we were conveying to his
+quarters, should any person meet or question us,--and by G--, the deed was
+done, but the traitor's star prevailed. That very morning, an order was
+issued for the immediate embarkation of the legion, and I was hurried on
+board the ship without having had time so much as to warn Maj. Lee that
+the whole arrangement was blown up."
+
+The present Thames Street was undoubtedly the "obscure lane," down which
+Champe intended that he and his assistant should carry Arnold to the boat;
+there is no other that would so well fit into the story told by Champe.
+
+Roubalet retained possession of the Province Arms until near the time of
+the departure of the British troops, and it was at his house that many
+meetings were held by the refugees and loyalists in reference to
+provisions being made for them by grants of land in Nova Scotia.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+FRAUNCES' TAVERN
+
+
+[Sidenote: Return of The Exiles]
+
+News of the signing of the provisional treaty reached this country in
+March, 1783, and the return of peace was celebrated throughout the land in
+April, but the British army remained in possession of New York City until
+the latter part of the following November. During this time they were very
+busy caring for those who had remained loyal to the crown, and now sought
+and claimed its protection. Thousands came into the city, and it is said
+that more than twenty-nine thousand loyalists and refugees (including
+three thousand negroes), left the State of New York for Canada, Nova
+Scotia and other British possessions, during the year. After the news of
+peace, there was little restraint on going in or out of New York, and many
+who had abandoned their homes when the British entered the place, or
+before, now prepared to return, but found when they came into the city
+that they could not obtain possession of their own property. While those
+who had thus abandoned their property in the cause of independence were
+anxious to return, many of those who had remained loyal to the crown were
+preparing to leave the city for new homes to be made on land provided by
+the government; and between these two classes there was no friendly
+feeling. Few, therefore, ventured to bring in their families, or even
+remain themselves, until they could obtain the protection of the American
+army.
+
+General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton met near Tappan in May to arrange
+matters relative to the withdrawals of British troops in the vicinity of
+New York. On this occasion Sam Francis came up from the city to provide
+for the American officers and their British guests, whose bill, says a
+Philadelphia newspaper, amounted to the modest sum of five hundred pounds.
+Francis, after serving in the army, had gone back to New York on the news
+of peace to reclaim his abandoned property. When a dinner was to be served
+to do honor to the cause of liberty, there was no one among all the
+Americans who could so well do it as Sam Francis. He was well known to
+Washington, but whether his aid was sought on this occasion or whether he
+proffered his services we have no means of knowing. At any rate, we are
+confident that the thing was well and properly done. It is said that it
+was through the instrumentality of Francis's daughter, who was housekeeper
+at Richmond Hill, the headquarters of General Washington, that the attempt
+on his life and that of General Putnam, called the Hickey plot, was
+discovered and frustrated. The house of Francis was one of those which
+suffered when H. B. M. S. Asia fired on the city in August, 1775.
+
+Freneau thus speaks of it:
+
+  "Scarce a broadside was ended 'till another began again--
+  By Jove! It was nothing but fire away Flannagan!
+  Some thought him saluting his Sallys and Nancys
+  'Till he drove a round-shot thro' the roof of Sam Francis."
+
+On Tuesday, June 18, 1776, an elegant entertainment was given by the
+provincial congress to General Washington and his suite, the general and
+staff officers and the commanding officers of the different regiments in
+and near the city. The newspapers do not state where this dinner was
+served, but all the circumstances indicate that it was at the house of
+Samuel Francis. At this dinner many toasts were drunk, but instead of
+commencing with a toast to the King, as had formerly been customary, the
+first was Congress, the second, The American Army, the third, The American
+Navy, etc. Independence had not yet been declared. Francis had gone out
+with the defeated army of Washington, and was now returned and making
+preparations to receive the Americans when they should enter the city. He
+was the harbinger of Washington and the returning patriots.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at Orangetown]
+
+On Saturday, the 3d of May, 1783, General Washington and Governor
+Clinton, accompanied by General John Morin Scott, and Lieutenant Colonels
+Trumbull, Cobb, Humphreys and Varick, went down the river from
+headquarters in a large barge, dined with General Knox, in command at West
+Point, lodged at Peekskill and arrived at Tappan Sloat on Sunday morning,
+about ten o'clock. After partaking of a small repast provided by Francis
+they went up to Orangetown, where a dinner was provided for them. Sir Guy
+Carleton came up the river in the Perseverence Frigate, accompanied by
+Lieutenant Governor Andrew Elliot, Chief Justice William Smith, and
+others, but did not arrive till Monday evening. On Tuesday, General
+Washington, attended by two aides-de-camp only (Humphreys and Cobb), went
+down to Onderdonck's in Tappan Bay, met Sir Guy at landing and received
+him in his four horse carriage, which carried them up to Orangetown,
+followed by the other members of the party. Here, after a conference and
+much general conversation on the subject of the treaty and matters
+incident thereto, about four o'clock in the afternoon, a most sumptuous
+dinner was served by Sam Francis to about thirty, who ate and drank "in
+the Peace and good fellowship without drinking any Toasts." On Wednesday
+the Commander in Chief, the Governor, General Scott, Lieutenant Colonels
+Humphreys, Cobb, Trumbull, Smith and Varick, Major Fish, and Messrs. Duer
+and Parker went to dine on the Perseverence. They were received with a
+salute of seventeen guns. "An Elegant Dinner (tho' not equal to the
+American) was prepared," to which they "sat down in perfect Harmony and
+conviviality." Then, after a short conference between the two generals,
+the Americans left the ship, when they were again saluted with seventeen
+guns. "Thus," it is said, "ended that great formal Business." The British
+troops were drawn in from Westchester County on the 14th.
+
+It was about this time that Sam Francis seems to have assumed the name of
+Fraunces. Before the war we do not find other than Francis, and in the
+deed of the De Lancey house to him in 1765, the name is Francis. This
+celebrated old house is known to-day as Fraunces' Tavern.
+
+The celebration of the return of peace was held at Trenton, New Jersey, on
+April 15, 1783. After the governor's proclamation declaring a cessation of
+hostilities had been publicly read in the court house, a dinner was given
+at the house of John Cape, who was then landlord of the French Arms, a
+tavern at this place, and had been a lieutenant in the Continental line.
+Before the evacuation of New York by the British troops, Cape entered the
+city and secured control of the old Province Arms, and was here to welcome
+the army of Washington when they marched in. He took down the old sign
+which had swung in front of the house since 1754, and in its place hung
+out the sign of the Arms of the State of New York. From this time the
+house was known as the State Arms, or more generally as the City Tavern.
+
+A large number of the inhabitants of New York, _lately returned from a
+seven years' exile_, met at Cape's Tavern, Broadway, on Tuesday evening,
+November 18th. At this meeting it was requested that every person present,
+who had remained in the city during the late contest, should leave the
+room forthwith; and it was resolved that no one who had remained or
+returned within the British lines during the war, be admitted to any
+future meetings. They pledged themselves to prevent, to the utmost of
+their power, all disorder and confusion that might follow the evacuation
+of the city by the British troops, and a committee of thirteen was
+appointed to meet at Simmons' Tavern in Wall Street to settle on a badge
+of distinction to be worn on evacuation day, select the place of meeting,
+and agree as to the manner in which they should receive his Excellency,
+the Governor, on that day. This committee was directed to report at the
+next meeting at Cape's on Thursday. At the meeting on Thursday evening,
+Colonel Frederick Weissenfels in the chair, it was agreed that the badge
+of distinction to be worn at the reception of the Governor in the city
+should be "a Union Cockade of black and white ribband on the left breast
+and a Laurel in the Hat." The manner in which Governor Clinton, and
+General Washington, should he accompany him, should be received was
+arranged and a committee of thirteen was appointed to conduct the
+procession, who were directed to meet the next morning at the Coffee
+House. It was resolved that Daniel Green be requested to carry the Colors
+of the United States on this occasion. No loyalist or neutral was to be
+allowed any part or share in the reception.
+
+[Sidenote: The Evacuation]
+
+Tuesday, November 25, 1783, the time appointed for the evacuation of the
+city by the British troops, was a great day for New York. General
+Washington and Governor Clinton were at Day's Tavern on the Kingsbridge
+road, where they had been for three or four days. General Knox, in command
+of the American troops, marched down from McGown's Pass in the morning to
+the upper end of the Bowery, where he held a friendly parley with the
+British officer whose men were resting a little below. It was then about
+one o'clock in the afternoon. The programme of procedure which had been
+arranged was carried out nearly as agreed upon. As the British passed down
+the Bowery and Pearl Street to the river for embarkation, they were
+followed by the American troops, who passed through Chatham Street and
+Broadway to Cape's Tavern, where they formed in line. General Knox, with
+the Main Guard, passed on down to the Fort to take formal possession of
+the city; after which, joined by the citizens who had assembled at the
+Bowling Green, on horseback, each man wearing the Cockade and Laurel, he
+returned to the Bull's Head Tavern in the Bowery, where Washington and
+Clinton were waiting to make their formal entry. Here a civic procession
+was formed which marched down Pearl Street to Wall Street and then up to
+Broadway to Cape's Tavern. General Knox with his men had left the line of
+march, and going through Chatham Street and Broadway was here to receive
+them.
+
+At Cape's they dismounted and an address was presented to General
+Washington from "the Citizens of New York, who have returned from exile,
+in behalf of themselves and their suffering brethren." In it they said:
+"In this place, and at this moment of exultation and triumph, while the
+Ensigns of Slavery still linger in our sight, we look up to you, our
+deliverer, with unusual transports of Gratitude and Joy. Permit us to
+Welcome you to this city, long torn from us by the hand of oppression, but
+now, by your wisdom and energy, under the guidance of Providence, once
+more the seat of Peace and freedom; we forbear to speak our gratitude or
+your Praise--we should but echo the voice of applauding millions." A reply
+was made to this address by Washington. An address was also presented to
+Governor Clinton, which was replied to by him.
+
+After the formalities attending the reception Governor Clinton gave a
+public dinner at Fraunces' Tavern, at which the Commander-in-Chief and
+other general officers were present. After the dinner thirteen toasts were
+drunk; the twelfth was: "May a close Union of the States guard the Temple
+they have erected to Liberty."
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the French Ambassador]
+
+At Cape's Tavern on Friday, November 28th, an elegant entertainment was
+given by the citizens lately returned from exile to the Governor and
+Council for governing the city, to which Washington and the officers of
+the army were invited. On the following Tuesday, December 2d, at the same
+place, another such entertainment was given by Governor Clinton to the
+French Ambassador, Luzerne, to which invitations were also extended to
+Washington and his officers. For this Cape rendered a bill to the State,
+in which he made charge for 120 dinners, 135 bottles of Madeira, 36
+bottles of Port, 60 bottles of English Beer and 30 Bowls of Punch. In
+putting away this liberal supply of drink, they must have had a jolly
+time, and that some of them became very unsteady is indicated by a
+significant charge made by Cape for 60 broken wine glasses and 8 cut glass
+decanters. In the evening there was a grand display of fire works in
+celebration of the Definite Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the
+United States of North America, at the Bowling Green, in Broadway. These,
+it is said, infinitely exceeded every former exhibition of the kind in
+the United States. On the next day, December 3d, Washington wrote to Major
+General Knox, expressing his satisfaction and requesting him to present to
+Captain Price, under whose direction they were prepared, and to the
+officers who assisted him, his thanks for the great skill and attention
+shown on this occasion.
+
+Washington had issued, under date of November 2d, from Rocky Hill, near
+Princeton, New Jersey, his farewell address to the army of the United
+States, and he was now about to bid farewell to his officers. The place
+appointed for this formality was the Long Room of Fraunces' Tavern. It has
+given a celebrity to this house which can never be effaced. The Long Room
+of Fraunces' Tavern had recently been used for the dinner given by
+Governor Clinton on the day the American army entered the city. It was
+thirty-eight feet long and nineteen feet wide, its length extending along
+Broad Street, probably just as it exists to-day in the restored house. On
+the morning of December 4, 1783, Washington and his officers met here for
+the last time as soldiers of the Revolutionary Army. No exact record
+exists as to who were present on this memorable occasion, but it has been
+stated, that there were forty-four. Among these were Generals Greene,
+Knox, Wayne, Steuben, Carroll, Lincoln, Kosciusko, Moultrie, Gates, Lee,
+Putnam, Stark, Hamilton, Governor Clinton, and Colonels Tallmadge,
+Humphreys and Fish.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington's Farewell to his Officers]
+
+They had been assembled but a few minutes, when Washington entered the
+room. His emotion was too strong to be concealed, and was evidently
+reciprocated by all present. Alter partaking of a slight refreshment, and
+after a few moments of silence, the General filled his glass with wine,
+and turning to his officers said: "With a heart full of love and
+gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter
+days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+and honorable." After the officers had responded in a glass of wine, he
+requested that each one of them should come and take him by the hand.
+General Knox, who was nearest him, turned and grasped his hand and they
+embraced each other in silence. In the same affectionate manner every
+officer parted from the Commander-in-Chief, who then left the room without
+a word, and passing through lines of infantry drawn up to receive him,
+walked silently to Whitehall, where a barge was waiting to carry him to
+Paulus Hook. He was on his way to Annapolis, to surrender his commission
+to the Continental Congress, and then to his beloved Mount Vernon.
+
+These were the closing scenes of the war. The first act in the drama of A
+Nation's Growth was ended. After a seven years' struggle of blood and
+suffering a new nation had been born. The curtain drops. _Vivat
+Republica._
+
+[Illustration: IN THE COFFEE HOUSE]
+
+Cornelius Bradford, who had abandoned the Merchants' Coffee House, when
+the British entered the city, and had since been living at Rhinebeck, came
+back in October, and again took possession of it. In his announcement he
+calls it the New York Coffee House, but the name of the Merchants' Coffee
+House clung to it, and it is so spoken of in the public prints. He
+prepared a book in which he proposed to enter the names of vessels on
+their arrival, the ports from which they came and any particular
+occurrences of their voyages, so that merchants and travelers might obtain
+the earliest intelligence. Bradford's Marine List appears in the
+newspapers of that period. He also opened a register of merchants and
+others on which they were requested to enter their names and residences,
+the nearest approach to a city directory that had yet been made. Bradford,
+by his energy and intelligence, revived the good name of the house, and it
+became again the rendezvous of merchants and traders, and the daily scene
+of sales of merchandise of all kinds. The neighborhood again became a
+place of great importance and trade. Near the Coffee House, both sides of
+Wall Street were occupied by auction stores, and received the name of the
+Merchants' Promenade or the Auctioneers' Row.
+
+[Sidenote: A Bank Organized]
+
+New York had hardly been relieved of British control, when a project was
+set on foot to organize a bank. On the 24th of February, 1784, and again
+on the 26th the principal merchants and citizens of New York met at the
+Merchants' Coffee House, in response to a call, for the purpose of
+establishing a bank on liberal principles, the stock to consist of specie
+only. Proposals were made for the establishment of a bank with a capital
+of five hundred thousand dollars in gold or silver, which were
+unanimously agreed to, and a committee was appointed to receive
+subscriptions. When one-half of the stock had been taken, a meeting of the
+stockholders was held at the Coffee House at ten o'clock on the morning of
+Monday, March 15, 1784, when General Alexander McDougal was elected
+president, twelve directors, and William Seton cashier of the bank. Thus
+was organized the Bank of New York, the first bank of deposit in the
+State.
+
+[Sidenote: Chamber of Commerce Reorganized]
+
+The Chamber of Commerce and the Marine Society met regularly at the Coffee
+House. After the war it was held that the Chamber of Commerce had
+forfeited its charter and the State legislature then sitting in New York,
+in response to a petition, granted a new charter, April 13, 1784. The
+signers of the petition met at the Merchants' Coffee House April 20th and
+reorganized under the name of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
+York. By resolution of Congress, New York became the seat of government in
+December, 1784, and shortly after, on January 19, 1785, the Marine
+Society, to animate its members and promote the object of the society,
+provided an elegant dinner at the Merchants' Coffee House, and were
+honored with the company of the President and members of Congress, the
+mayor of the city, Major General McDougal, and a number of other
+gentlemen. In the early part of February the Chamber of Commerce had the
+honor of entertaining the same distinguished guests at a dinner, also
+given at the Merchants' Coffee House.
+
+The society for the promotion of manumission of slaves held its meetings
+at the Coffee House, also the society for promoting useful knowledge. Here
+the Masons had their Grand Lodge Room and here they gathered on the
+anniversary day of St. John the Baptist, in 1784, and marched in
+procession to St. Paul's Church, where a sermon was preached to them by
+the Rev. Samuel Provost. These formalities seem to have been of yearly
+occurrence.
+
+In 1785 the Governor of the State, the Chancellor, the Hon. John Jay and
+other distinguished citizens dined with the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
+at the Coffee House on the anniversary day of their saint, and on November
+30th the St. Andrew's Society of the State held its anniversary meeting
+here. At sunrise the Scottish flag was raised on the Coffee House and at
+twelve o'clock an election of officers was held, when the Hon. Robert R.
+Livingston, Chancellor of the State, was chosen president and Robert
+Lenox, secretary. The society, honored with the company of the Governor of
+the State and the Mayor and Recorder of the city, then sat down to dinner.
+The toasts were truly Scotch; among them a few that need be interpreted to
+us by some antiquarian Scot.
+
+On the 9th of November, 1786, Cornelius Bradford died, much regretted by
+his many friends, at the age of fifty-seven, and his funeral was held at
+four o'clock on the afternoon of the 17th at the Coffee House. He seems to
+have been a man much respected in the community. The New York Packet, in
+an obituary notice, says of him that not only "was he distinguished as a
+steady patriot during the arduous contest for American liberty, but that
+he always discovered a charitable disposition toward those who differed
+from him in sentiment," and adds that "the Coffee House under his
+management, was kept with great dignity, both before and since the war,
+and he revived its credit from the contempt into which it had fallen
+during the war." His widow kept the house after his death until 1792, and
+continued to enjoy the patronage of Bradford's old friends.
+
+Although Sam Fraunces came back to the city after the war and took up his
+old business in the house which had been known as the Queen's Head, he did
+not remain there long, but retired to a country life in New Jersey. He
+sold the house in 1785. The deed is dated April 23d of this year and
+states that "Samuel Fraunces, late of the City of New York, innkeeper, but
+at present of the County of Monmouth, New Jersey, farmer, and Elizabeth,
+his wife," sell to "George Powers, butcher, of Brooklyn," all his dwelling
+house and lot, bounded, etc. The price was £1,950.
+
+[Sidenote: The Assembly Balls Revived]
+
+The dancing assemblies which had been regularly held before the war at
+the Province Arms for many years, were renewed, the first one after the
+close of the Revolution being held at Cape's, or the City Tavern, on the
+evening of Thursday, December 19, 1783. James Rivington, the loyalist, in
+announcing the ball in his paper, added that he had "for sale a supply of
+white dancing gloves for gentlemen, with stockings, dress swords, and
+elegant London cocked hats," which were, no doubt, a part of the stock he
+was carrying during the war to supply the British officers. Mr. Pickens
+and Mr. Griffiths, dancing masters, both gave balls in the assembly room
+of Cape's Tavern. Mr. Griffiths was using the room for his dancing school
+in 1786, and announced that he would give a ball once a fortnight during
+the season. Tickets were six shillings each. A grand ball at the assembly
+rooms in Broadway was announced by Mr. Griffiths, to be held on February
+20, 1786. To insure an attendance of desirable persons it was stated that
+no person would be admitted whose appearance might give umbrage to the
+company. Such balls as those given by the dancing masters were continued
+for many years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cincinnati]
+
+A meeting of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati was called to
+meet at Cape's Tavern on the 2d of February, 1784, in order to frame
+By-Laws for the society and for other important purposes. Benjamin
+Walker, secretary of the society, gave notice "that such persons as are
+entitled to become members of the society and have not yet signed the
+institution, may have an opportunity of doing it by applying to him at
+Cape's Tavern." Major General Alexander McDougal had been elected
+president of the New York society in July, at Fishkill. John Cape, the
+landlord of the City Tavern, was a member of the Cincinnati, and he also
+appears to have been a Mason, for, although the rooms of the Grand Lodge
+were at the Coffee House, notice was given that the members of the Grand
+Lodge were desired to meet "at Brother Cape's Tavern" on Broadway on
+Wednesday evening, March 3, at six o'clock to install the Right Worshipful
+the Hon. Robert Livingston, Grand Master.
+
+In February, 1786, Cape suddenly disappeared, leaving his creditors in the
+lurch. The furniture and all the stock in the tavern were sold out under
+execution by the sheriff, and the house was taken in March by Joseph
+Corré, who opened it as a traveler's house. Having been a professed cook
+he gave notice that "any person wishing to have their servants taught the
+art of cookery may apply to him for terms." Travelers, coming into the
+city from the north and east, put up at the City Tavern, and, on their way
+to the south, crossed the Paulus Hook Ferry from the foot of Cortlandt
+Street, and took the stage coach or wagon on the Jersey side for their
+destination. A line of stages had been established between New York and
+Albany and another between New York and Boston, and announcement was made
+in 1780 that the stage would leave the old City Tavern, kept by Joseph
+Corré, during the six winter months on Monday and Thursday of each week,
+at precisely five o'clock in the morning, for Albany and Boston, and in
+summer on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
+
+Extensive preparations were made to celebrate the anniversary of the
+Independence of the United States on July 4, 1786. The opening of the day
+was announced at sunrise by a salute of thirteen guns and the ringing of
+all the bells in the city. At twelve o'clock a procession started from the
+City Hall, going through Broad Street and down Queen Street to the
+residence of the governor, who, joined by the lieutenant governor, the
+chancellor, the judges of the Supreme Court, and the other state officers,
+with the mayor and aldermen, the Marine Society, and the Chamber of
+Commerce, proceeded to the residence of the President of the United States
+Congress, where they presented to his excellency, the compliments of the
+day. They then proceeded to the City Tavern, attended by numerous
+citizens, and partook of a collation which had been provided by the
+corporation. As the procession moved from the City Hall, all the bells in
+the city commenced to ring, and continued to ring for two hours. As they
+arrived at the City Tavern thirteen guns were discharged, and at sunset
+another discharge of thirteen guns closed the day. Fireworks having been
+prohibited in the city by the common council, some brilliant pieces were
+exhibited on Governor's Island, which entertained a large concourse of
+citizens assembled on the Battery. The anniversary meeting of the Society
+of the Cincinnati, of the State of New York, in commemoration of the day,
+was held at the City Tavern, when the Hon. Baron de Steuben was elected
+president of the Society.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cincinnati]
+
+This year and for many years subsequent the annual meetings of the
+Cincinnati were attended with considerable ceremony. At a meeting of the
+Society held at the Merchants' Coffee House on January 21, 1786, a
+committee, composed of Baron Steuben, Colonel Samuel B. Webb, and David
+Brooks, Assistant Clothier, was appointed to draw up a plan of proper
+ceremonials to be observed in the delivery of diplomas to members of the
+Society, especially to the elected members. The report of this committee,
+made on June 21st, was that the ceremony should be performed in the
+Assembly Room of the City Tavern, and that the outside of the house should
+be decorated with laurel crowns and festoons. Explicit directions were
+given as to how the room for the ceremony should be arranged. The floor
+should be covered with carpet. The Chair of State for the President
+should be placed opposite the door of entrance. Places for the other
+officers and members were designated. The gallery above the door of
+entrance should be decorated and therein stationed kettle-drums and
+trumpets. That there should be,
+
+First. A Chair of State covered with light blue satin with white fringe,
+the carvings on the arms and feet painted white; on the top of the back a
+staff supported by two hands united holding up a Cap of Liberty, grasped
+by a bald eagle (as the order of the Society); below a white fillet with
+the motto
+
+"We Will Defend It."
+
+This chair to be elevated on two semi-circular steps covered on the top
+with light blue cloth and painted with white paint in front.
+
+Second. The Standard of the Society of silk (described).
+
+Third. A small square table covered with blue satin fringed with blue silk
+fringe and tassels.
+
+Fourth. Two Cushions of white satin fringed with blue silk fringe and
+tassels, on one of which the eagles and on the other the diplomas of the
+elected members will be displayed.
+
+The following form of ceremonies was presented and adopted and was first
+used at the annual meeting of the New York Society July 4, 1786. The
+foreign members and members belonging to other State societies, the
+spectators, kettle-drums and trumpets having occupied their places;
+Captain Isaac Guion, the Standard Bearer, escorted by four members, all in
+full uniform, wearing the Order of the Society, carried the Standard into
+the Hall and planted it in front, to the right of the steps of the Chair
+of State. The escort returning, the Society marched in procession into the
+Hall in the following order:
+
+    The Masters of Ceremony (Col. Webb and Maj. Giles).
+
+    The members, by twos.
+
+    The Secretary, carrying the original Institution of the Society, bound
+    in light blue satin, fringed with white (Capt. Robert Pemberton).
+
+    The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer, bearing the cushions containing
+    the eagles and diplomas (Col. Pierre Van Cortlandt and Maj. Richard
+    Platt).
+
+    The Vice-President (Gen. Philip Schuyler).
+
+    The President (Baron Steuben).
+
+On entering the Hall the members filed off to the right and left, and were
+placed by the Masters of Ceremony, and remained standing before their
+seats. The Secretary took his place behind the small table, placed to the
+left in front of the steps of the Chair of State. The Treasurer with the
+gold eagles, took position on the steps, on the right of the President,
+and the Deputy Treasurer, with the diplomas, on the steps to the left of
+the President. The Masters of Ceremony took their places, one on the
+right of the Standard and the other on the left of the Secretary. At the
+entrance of the President the Standard saluted, and the kettle-drums and
+trumpets gave a flourish, until he had taken his seat, then the Standard
+was raised and the members took their seats.
+
+The President then announced he was ready to receive candidates for
+membership and ordered the Masters of Ceremony to introduce the newly
+elected members, who were placed on seats opposite the Chair of State. The
+ceremony of Initiation was opened by an oration delivered by Colonel
+Alexander Hamilton. The Secretary read the Institution. The President,
+seated, addressed the newly elected members.
+
+The President, rising from his seat, put on his hat, when all the members
+of the Society arose at the same time. A Master of Ceremony conducted a
+candidate to the first step before the President, who asked him first
+whether he desired to be received into the Society and if so, to promise a
+strict observance of the Rules and Statutes just read. Upon answering in
+the affirmative, with one hand taking the Standard, he signed the
+Institution with the other.
+
+The President then taking one of the gold eagles from the cushion held by
+the Treasurer, pinned it on the left breast of the candidate, saying:
+"Receive this mark as a recompense for your merit and in remembrance of
+our glorious Independence." The drums and trumpets then gave a flourish.
+
+The President then taking a diploma, with the recipient's name inscribed,
+presented it to him, saying: "This will show your title as a member of our
+Society. Imitate the illustrious hero, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, whom we
+have chosen for our patron. Like him, be the defender of your country and
+a good citizen." Another flourish of drums and trumpets.
+
+The President then grasped the hand of the candidate and congratulated
+him. He was then presented by a Master of Ceremony to the officers of the
+Society and the members who rose and saluted him. He was then assigned to
+a seat provided for him at the upper end of the Hall, taking rank above
+the members of the Society for the day only.
+
+After the Initiation the President removed his hat, and the Society
+proceeded to the Banquet Hall, observing the following order of
+precedence.
+
+    The Masters of Ceremony.
+
+    The members of the Society, two by two.
+
+    The newly elected members.
+
+    The members of other State societies.
+
+    The foreign members.
+
+    The honorary members.
+
+    The Standard Bearer with Standard.
+
+    The Secretary.
+
+    The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer.
+
+    The Vice-President.
+
+    The President.
+
+The President and other officers passed to their places at the banquet
+table between the open lines of members. The President presided at the
+head of the table, surrounded by the foreign and newly elected members.
+After the cloth was removed thirteen toasts were drunk accompanied by a
+salute of thirteen cannon.
+
+On the first day of December the St. Andrew's Society gave a dinner at
+Corré's Tavern, at which his excellency the governor was present. They sat
+down to dinner at four o'clock and after dinner drank thirteen toasts
+which had become the customary number.
+
+The presence in the city of men who had remained loyal to England during
+the war was distasteful to many who had been ardent in the cause of
+Independence. A Whig Society was organized, whose avowed object was to
+obtain the removal of certain influential and offensive Tories from the
+state. Members of the society were men of prominence. Lewis Morris was
+president and John Pintard secretary. Public meetings were held and
+petitions sent to the legislature, but the status of the Tories was not
+materially disturbed. In such circumstances it is not to be wondered at
+that a company of Englishmen, spending the evening in one of the upper
+rooms of the Coffee House in the latter part of the month of June, 1786,
+and "in the height of their mirth and loyalty," breaking out with "Rule
+Britania," should give offense. A newspaper remarks that "if there are
+Englishmen, whose attachment to the laws of Bachus obliges them to make
+frequent meetings over old London porter and Madeira, they should always
+carry with them the reflection that in a republican government there are
+songs which may please their palates and be grating to the ears of
+freemen," and that "Rule Britania" was "a song very rediculous in a
+country like this, where their armies were conquered and their nation
+defeated."
+
+[Sidenote: The New Constitution]
+
+After the formation of the Federal Constitution at Philadelphia in
+September, 1787, there was much discussion in New York over its
+ratification. Although there were in the city some bitter opponents to its
+adoption, the prevailing sentiment was in its favor. When the state of
+Massachusetts ratified the new constitution on the 8th of February, 1788,
+the event was celebrated with much enthusiasm in New York on Saturday,
+February 16th. The flag of the United States was "joined on the Coffee
+House" at sunrise, on which was inscribed "The Constitution, September 17,
+1787," and at noon the old pine tree flag of Massachusetts was hung out,
+with the date of her adhesion. There was a numerous gathering of citizens.
+Several members of Congress and the mayor of the city honored them "by
+partaking of their repast, which (in true republican style), consisted of
+only two dishes--beef and salt fish." After dinner toasts were drunk under
+the fire of six guns to each toast, in honor of those states which had
+adopted the Constitution--Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut,
+Georgia, Massachusetts. The eleventh toast was, "New York, may it soon
+become an additional pillar to the new roof." It was confidently felt that
+the discussion and adoption of the new Constitution by their eastern
+neighbors would exert a strong influence in its favor, and that the
+conduct of Massachusetts would insure its ratification, not only in this
+state but in every other state of the Union.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grand Procession]
+
+As an expression of the intense interest felt in the fate of the new
+constitution, there were processions in different places, notably
+Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston and New York. The New York procession was
+the last and grandest, surpassing anything of its kind ever seen before in
+the country. It was held on July 23d, in honor of the adoption of the
+constitution by ten states, New York not having yet given in her adhesion.
+There were over six thousand in the line. What added greatly to the beauty
+and novelty of the parade was the ship Hamilton, a full-rigged man-of-war,
+carrying thirty guns with a crew of thirty men, complete in all its
+appointments, drawn by twelve horses and under the command of Commodore
+Nicholson. It was in the center of the procession and attracted great
+attention sailing down Broadway, the canvas waves dashing against its
+sides, the wheels of the car being concealed. At ten o'clock in the
+morning, a salute of thirteen guns was fired from the ship, and the
+procession passed down Broadway from the Fields, and then through the
+principal streets into the Bowery to Bayard's grounds, where two oxen
+roasted whole and other viands had been prepared. Tables were set for five
+thousand persons. The entire day was given up to festivities.
+
+[Sidenote: The Eleventh Pillar]
+
+While New York was in intense excitement, produced by these extensive
+demonstrations, news reached the city on Saturday evening about nine
+o'clock that the constitution had been adopted at Poughkeepsie on Friday,
+July 25th. New York was called the "Eleventh Pillar." "The bells in the
+city were immediately set to ringing, and from the Fort and the Federal
+Ship Hamilton were fired several salutes." The merchants at the Coffee
+House testified their joy and satisfaction by repeated cheers. The
+newspapers state that "a general joy ran through the whole city, and
+several of those who were of different sentiments drank freely of the
+Federal Bowl, and declared that they were now perfectly reconciled to the
+new constitution."
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversaries of Two Great Victories]
+
+The surrender of Earl Cornwallis and the army under his command at
+Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781, which marked the close of active
+hostilities, was a notable event in the history of the country, as was
+also the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. The
+anniversaries of these two great victories for the American cause were not
+far apart, and there were many in the city who had taken part in one or
+both of them and were quite willing and anxious for a reunion of their
+companions-in-arms. Accordingly on Monday, October 20, 1788, "a number of
+officers of the late American army and several gentlemen of distinction"
+dined together at the Coffee House in commemoration of these two great
+events. The following are the toasts drunk at this dinner, as reported in
+the newspapers:
+
+    1. The memorable 5th of September, 1774. Meeting of the First
+    Congress.
+
+    2. The memorable 17th of June, 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+    3. The memorable 4th of July, 1776. Declaration of Independence.
+
+    4. The memorable 26th of December, 1776. Battle of Trenton.
+
+    5. The memorable 17th of October, 1777. Capture of Burgoyne.
+
+    6. The memorable 6th of February, 1778. Alliance with France.
+
+    7. The memorable 16th of July, 1779. Stony Point taken by General
+    Wayne.
+
+    8. The memorable 17th of January, 1781. General Morgan defeats
+    Tarleton at Cowpens.
+
+    9. The memorable 19th of October, 1781. Capture of Lord Cornwallis.
+
+    10. The memorable 3d of September, 1783. Definite treaty of peace.
+
+    11. The memorable 25th of November, 1783. Final evacuation of the
+    United States by the British.
+
+    12. The memorable 17th of September, 1787. New Constitution.
+
+    13. General Washington.
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of Washington]
+
+The constitution had been adopted by eleven states. George Washington had
+been elected the first president of the United States and great
+preparations had been made to receive him in New York, then the capital of
+the Nation. On April 23, 1789, a Federal salute announced that he had
+arrived and was coming up the East River in the splendid barge which had
+been built especially for the occasion, accompanied by a large escort of
+boats, to Murray's Wharf, where an ornamented and carpeted stairway had
+been constructed to make his landing easy, safe and comfortable. At the
+City Coffee House, as it is termed in the newspapers, with a salute of
+thirteen guns, he was received by the governor and the officers of the
+state and corporation. The procession then formed and proceeded, with a
+military escort, from the Coffee House into Queen Street and then to the
+house which had been prepared for him. The Daily Advertiser, the next day,
+stated that: "On this great occasion the hand of industry was suspended
+and the various pleasures of the capital were concentrated to a single
+enjoyment." The illumination of the city in the evening was brilliant and
+remarkable. On Saturday, the 25th, the Chamber of Commerce met at the
+Coffee House, and headed by John Broome, Theophylact Bache and John Murray
+proceeded in form to the house of the president-elect to present their
+congratulations.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington at the Ball]
+
+The next regular assembly after the inauguration of the President was held
+at the City Tavern, then under the management of Edward Bardin, on
+Thursday, May 7th, which Washington was requested to honor with his
+presence. He accepted the invitation and was present as was also the
+Vice-President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, most of the
+members of both Houses of Congress, the Governor of New York, the
+Chancellor, the Chief Justice of the State, the Honorable John Jay, the
+Mayor of the city, the French and Spanish Ministers, Baron Steuben, the
+Count de Moustier, Colonel Duer and many other distinguished guests. A
+newspaper account states that "a numerous and brilliant collection of
+ladies graced the room with their appearance." Mrs. Washington had not yet
+arrived in the city. Among those present were Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Hamilton,
+Lady Stirling, Mrs. Watts, Mrs. Duer, Mrs. Peter Van Brugh Livingston,
+Mrs. Clinton, Mrs. Duane, Mrs. James Beekman, Lady Temple, Lady Christina
+Griffin, Mrs. Livingston, wife of the Chancellor, Mrs. Richard Montgomery,
+Mrs. John Langdon, Mrs. Elbridge Gerry, Mrs. Livingston of Clermont, the
+Misses Livingston, Mrs. William S. Smith, daughter of the Vice-President,
+Mrs. Maxwell, Mrs. Edgar, Mrs. McComb, Mrs. Dalton, the Misses Bayard,
+Madame de Brehan, Madame de la Forest and Mrs. Bishop Provost. It was a
+notable gathering of the men and women of the period, then in New York.
+The company numbered about three hundred. Washington was the guest of
+honor. The festivities closed about two o'clock in the morning.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1789, General Malcolm's brigade, under command of
+Colonel Chrystie, paraded on the race-ground early in the morning and on
+their way back to the city passed the house of the President. Washington,
+though ill, appeared at the door in full regimentals. At noon a salute was
+fired from the Fort and at four o'clock the officers dined at the tavern
+of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street. After dinner, at the third toast, to
+the President of the United States, the company rose and gave three cheers
+and the band played General Washington's March. The Society of the
+Cincinnati met at the City Tavern. After the election of officers, a
+committee was appointed to present its congratulations to the President,
+Vice-President and Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Society
+then went in procession, escorted by Bauman's Artillery to St. Paul's
+Chapel, where an eulogium upon General Nathaniel Greene was pronounced by
+Alexander Hamilton. A dinner at the City Tavern and the drinking of
+thirteen toasts closed the Society's celebration of the day.
+
+[Illustration: "GAMBLING WITH CARDS WAS PRETTY GENERAL"]
+
+During the year preceding March 1, 1789, three hundred and thirty tavern
+licenses were granted in the city and gambling with cards and dice was
+pretty general. A game of cards called Pharoah seems to have been one of
+the most popular for that purpose. Other games with cards were whist, loo
+and quadrille. It seems to have been thought necessary to place some
+restraint on gambling, for a law passed in 1788 prescribed the forfeiture
+of five times the amount won for the winner of more than £10 at a sitting.
+Tavern-keepers were subject to fine and imprisonment if they should allow
+cock-fighting, gaming, card-playing, dice, billiard-tables or shuffle
+boards in their houses; but the law was not completely effective.
+Drunkenness was unlawful, but a popular failing.
+
+[Sidenote: Simmons' Tavern]
+
+In Wall Street, on the corner of Nassau Street, was the tavern of John
+Simmons. In this tavern were witnessed the formalities which gave birth to
+the new American city of New York. Here, on the 9th of February, 1784,
+James Duane, at a special meeting of the City Council, having been
+appointed by the governor and board of appointment, was formally installed
+mayor of New York City and took the oath of office in the presence of that
+body and of the governor and lieutenant-governor of the State,
+representing the State Provisional Council, whose duties now ceased, the
+city corporation being now restored in all its forms and offices. The
+Regents of the University of the State met at Simmons' Tavern, at seven
+o'clock in the evening on Monday, August 2, 1790. It is said that Simmons
+was a man of such bulk that at the time of his funeral, the doorway of the
+house had to be enlarged to admit the passage of his coffin. His widow
+continued the business, and was still keeping the house in 1796.
+
+[Illustration: SIMMONS' TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: Sam Fraunces the Steward of Washington]
+
+When the new constitution had been adopted by eleven states and the
+prospect was that New York would, at least for a time, be the seat of
+government with Washington at its head, Sam Fraunces could no longer
+remain in retirement on his Jersey farm. He came to the city and became
+steward in the house of the President. He also opened a tavern in
+Cortlandt Street, which was managed by his wife. This tavern at No. 49
+Cortlandt Street had been kept, some years before, by Talmadge Hall, one
+of the proprietors of the Albany Stages, who was succeeded in 1787 by
+Christopher Beekman from Princeton, New Jersey. Beekman stated that the
+house had been commonly known as the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia Stage
+Office, and that he had agreed with the proprietors of the Albany and
+Boston stages to make his house the public stage house. The Society of
+Mechanics and Tradesmen held its anniversary meeting on the 6th of
+January, 1789, at the tavern of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street, and
+indulged in a dinner at which one of the patriotic toasts was: "A cobweb
+pair of breeches, a porcupine saddle, a trotting horse and a long journey
+to all the enemies of freedom." The election of governor of New York in
+1789 was energetically contested, but George Clinton, who was at the head
+of the party yet strongly opposed to the new constitution, was elected,
+although the vote in New York City was overwhelmingly against him. On the
+5th of June he and his friends held a grand jubilee at Fraunces' Tavern to
+celebrate their success. Sam Fraunces kept the Cortlandt Street house
+until November, 1790, when, as he says, "through the advice of some of his
+particular friends," he removed to a house in Broad Street near the
+Exchange, formerly occupied by the Widow Blaaw, and solicited the
+patronage of his brethren of the Tammany Society, and of the respective
+Lodges of the city. This, as far as we know, was the last place kept by
+Sam Fraunces in New York. He soon bid us a final farewell and left the
+city.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the Judges]
+
+John Francis, who, we have supposed, was a son of Sam Francis, in August,
+1785, opened the True American at No. 3 Great Dock, now Pearl Street. In
+May, 1789, he removed to the historic building now known as Fraunces'
+Tavern, on the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets. On February 2, 1790, the
+Supreme Court of the United States was opened in the city by James Duane,
+Judge of the district of New York, "in the presence of national and city
+dignitaries, of many gentlemen of the bar, members of Congress and a
+number of leading citizens. In the evening the Grand Jury of the United
+States for the district gave a very elegant entertainment in honor of the
+Court at Fraunces' Tavern on Broad Street." Among those present were John
+Jay, of New York, Chief Justice of the United States, William Cushing, of
+Massachusetts, John Rutledge, of South Carolina, James Wilson, of
+Pennsylvania, Robert Harrison, of Maryland, and John Blair, of Virginia,
+Associate Justices, also Edmond Randolph, of Virginia, Attorney-General of
+the United States. It was the first Grand Jury assembled in this state
+under the authority of the United States. In the list of jurors are the
+names of many prominent men.
+
+The promoters of the New York Manufacturing Society, for the encouragement
+of American manufacturers, met at Rawson's Tavern, 82 Water Street, on the
+7th of January, 1789, and chose the officers of the society. Melancthon
+Smith was chosen president. Subscriptions were received for the
+establishment of a woolen factory which was considered a very patriotic
+undertaking. At a meeting held at the Coffee House on the 24th of
+February, Alexander Robertson in the chair, a committee was appointed to
+prepare the draft of a constitution and to report on a plan of operation.
+The society was incorporated on the 16th of March, 1790, and appears to
+have been the owner of a factory and bleaching ground at Second River, New
+Jersey, but the business was not successful. The investment proved a total
+loss.
+
+On the corner of Nassau and George (now Spruce) Streets, was a tavern kept
+by Captain Aaron Aorson, who had seen service during the war and was
+present at the death of General Montgomery at Quebec. He was a member of
+the Society of the Cincinnati. In his house was a long room suitable for
+public gatherings. Notice was given that a lecture would be delivered here
+for charitable purposes October 6, 1789, by a man more than thirty years
+an atheist. Some years later this Long Room became the Wigwam and the
+house the headquarters of the Tammany Society.
+
+There was a tavern on Broadway just above Murray Street which, before the
+Revolution, had played a conspicuous part in the conflicts with the
+British soldiers over the liberty pole. During the latter part of the war
+John Amory had been its landlord. In June, 1785, Henry Kennedy announced
+that he had taken the well known house lately "occupied by Mrs. Montanye,
+the sign of the Two Friendly Brothers," but in 1786 or soon after it again
+passed into the hands of a member of the De La Montagnie family, after
+which we find it at times kept by Mrs. De La Montagnie, Mrs. Amory or
+Jacob De La Montagnie. In the Directory of 1795, Mary Amory and Jacob De
+La Montagnie are both set down as tavern-keepers at 253 Broadway.
+
+In December, 1791, the members of the Mechanics' and Traders' Society were
+notified that the anniversary of the society would be held on the first
+Tuesday of January next at the house of Mrs. De La Montagnie, and that
+members who wished to dine should apply for tickets, and were further
+requested to attend at 9 o'clock in the morning for election. In 1792, the
+house appears to have been kept by Mrs. Amory and known as Mechanics'
+Hall. The Mechanics celebrated Independence Day here that year, and it was
+probably their headquarters. In June, 1793, Mrs. Amory, heading her
+announcement--"Vauxhall, Rural Felicity"--gave notice that on the 25th,
+beginning at five o'clock in the afternoon, would be given a concert of
+instrumental music, consisting of the most favorite overtures and pieces
+from the compositions of Fisher and Handell. The notice states that, "At
+eight o'clock in the evening the garden will be beautifully illuminated,
+in the Chinese style, with upwards of 500 glass lamps," and that "the
+orchestra will be placed in the middle of a large tree elegantly
+illuminated." There was to be tight rope dancing by Mr. Miller, and
+fireworks on the tight rope, to be concluded with an exhibition of
+equilibriums on the slack rope. Tickets for admission were four shillings
+each. The triangular piece of open ground in front of the tavern, called
+the Fields or Common, had been, since the war, enclosed by a post and rail
+fence and had assumed the dignity of a park. The neighborhood was rapidly
+improving.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bull's Head Tavern]
+
+On the post road, in Bowery Lane, stood the Bull's Head Tavern, where the
+Boston and Albany stages picked up passengers as they left the city. This
+had been a well known tavern from a period long before the Revolution,
+much frequented by drovers and butchers as well as travelers. It was a
+market for live stock and stood not far from the slaughter house. Previous
+to 1763, it was kept by Caleb Hyatt, who was succeeded in that year by
+Thomas Bayeaux. From 1770 until the war of the Revolution, Richard Varian
+was its landlord, and also superintendent of the public slaughter house.
+In a petition to the common council after the evacuation, he states that
+he had been engaged in privateering until captured near the end of the
+war, after which, he returned to the city and found his wife in prosperous
+possession of the old tavern. He was the landlord of the house the year of
+Washington's inauguration and we find that in 1796 he was still the tenant
+of the property, then belonging to Henry Ashdor, a well-to-do butcher of
+the Fly Market, who resided a little north of the tavern. As appears by
+petitions to the common council, Henry Ashdor, or Astor, as the name
+sometimes appears, was accustomed to ride out on the post road to meet the
+incoming drovers and purchase their stock, thus securing the best, and
+obliging the other butchers to buy of him at a profit, which was
+characterized by the butchers in their petitions as "pernicious
+practices." The Bull's Head Tavern remained the meeting place of the
+butchers and drovers until 1826, when Henry Astor, associating himself
+with others, pulled it down and erected on its site the New York Theatre,
+since called the Bowery Theatre, the mayor of the city laying the corner
+stone.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOWERY THEATRE]
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Tammany Society]
+
+Long before the Revolution, there had been various societies in New York
+under such names as St. Andrew, St. George, St. David and St. John, all of
+which professed the most fervent loyalty to the King of Great Britain.
+This induced the projectors of a new society, composed of many who had
+belonged to the Sons of Liberty, of Stamp Act and Revolutionary times, to
+select for their patron saint a genuine American guardian, and thus was
+originated the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, in May, 1789. At
+first, it was strictly a national and patriotic society, "to connect in
+indisoluable bonds of friendship American brethren of known attachment to
+the political rights of human nature and the liberties of the country,"
+and it remained so for many years.
+
+Tammany, the celebrated chief of the Delawares, who has been described as
+a chief of great virtue, benevolence and love of country, to whose actual
+history has been added a great deal of legendary and mythical lore, was
+cannonized as a saint and adopted as their guardian spirit. The members
+of the society styled themselves the Sons of St. Tammany, and adopted
+aboriginal forms and customs as well as dress. This was not the first
+society that had claimed the patronage and adopted the name of that famous
+Indian saint, but the new organization proposed a wider scope and added to
+its title also that of "Columbian Order." It was organized also as a
+contrast or offset to the aristocratic and anti-republican principles
+attributed to the Society of the Cincinnati, the membership of which was
+hereditary.
+
+The birth of the new organization is set down as on May 12, 1789, which
+was spent in tents erected on the banks of the Hudson River, about two
+miles from the city, where a large number of members partook of an elegant
+entertainment, "served precisely at three o'clock; after which there was
+singing and smoking and universal expressions of brotherly love." During
+the year 1789 its meetings were held at the tavern of Sam Fraunces.
+
+In the year 1790, the 4th of July falling on Sunday, the anniversary of
+Independence was celebrated on the 5th. The Society of St. Tammany
+assembled early in the day, and, after a short address from the Grand
+Sachem, the Declaration of Independence was read. There was a grand
+military review. Colonel Bauman's regiment of Artillery appeared in their
+usual style as veterans of the war. At one o'clock they fired a federal
+salute and a feu-de-joie on the Battery, after which they escorted the
+Society of the Cincinnati to St. Paul's Church, where an elegant oration
+was delivered by Brockholst Livingston to a large audience, including the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, members of both Houses
+of Congress, and a brilliant assembly of ladies and gentlemen. The Society
+of the Cincinnati dined at Bardin's, the City Tavern, and the Grand Sachem
+and Fathers of the Council of the Society of St. Tammany were honored with
+an invitation to dine with them. After dinner the usual thirteen toasts
+were drunk with all the hilarity and good humor customary on such
+occasions.
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of the Indians by the Tammany Society]
+
+Shortly after this, a most interesting event occurred, which created
+considerable excitement among the people of New York and gave to the
+Tammany Society an opportunity to make an impression on the public mind
+not often presented, and which could not be neglected. Efforts had been
+made by the government of the United States to pacify the Creek Indians of
+the South and to make with them a treaty of peace and friendship. In
+March, 1790, Colonel Marinus Willett was sent out on this mission, and
+early in July news came that he was on his way to New York, accompanied by
+Colonel Alexander McGillivray, their half-breed chief, and about thirty
+warriors of the tribe, traveling northward at public expense and greeted
+at every stage of their journey by vast crowds of people. They arrived on
+the 21st of July. A boat was sent to Elizabethtown Point, under the
+direction of Major Stagg, to convey them to New York and the Tammany
+Society met in their Wigwam to make their preparations. This Wigwam, which
+they used as their headquarters for many years, was the old Exchange
+building at the foot of Broad Street. As the boat passed the Battery about
+two o'clock a Federal salute was fired and when the Indians landed at the
+Coffee House it was repeated. Here they were met by the Tammany Society,
+dressed in full Indian costume, which very much pleased McGillivray and
+his Indian warriors, and by General Malcolm with a military escort. They
+were conducted in procession to the house of General Knox, the Secretary
+of War, after which they had an audience with the President, who received
+them in a very handsome manner. They were also introduced to the Governor
+of the State, who gave them a friendly reception. They were then taken to
+the City Tavern where they dined in company with General Knox, the
+Senators and Representatives of Georgia, General Malcolm, the militia
+officers on duty, and the officers of the Saint Tammany Society. The
+Indians seemed greatly pleased with their friendly reception and a
+newspaper states that "the pleasure was considerably heightened by the
+conviviality and good humor which prevailed at the festive board." The
+usual number of toasts were drunk after the dinner.
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Banquet at the Wigwam]
+
+On the 2d of August the Indians were entertained by the Tammany Society
+with a grand banquet at their Great Wigwam in Broad Street, at which were
+present, the Governor of the State, the Chief Justice of the United
+States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Mayor of the
+City and Colonel Willett. The richly ornamented Calumet of Peace was
+passed around and wine flowed freely. Colonel Willett had delivered his
+big talk and partaken of their _black drink_ on his visit to them, and the
+Indians were now receiving a return of hospitality. Patriotic songs were
+sung by members of the society and the Indians danced. The Indian chief
+conferred on the grand sachem of Tammany the title of "Toliva Mico"--Chief
+of the White Town. The President of the United States was toasted as "The
+Beloved Chieftain of the Thirteen Fires." The President's last visit to
+Federal Hall was to sign a treaty with these Indians, which was attended
+with great ceremony. Tammany had taken the lead in all this Indian
+business and Tammany had made its mark.
+
+[Illustration: TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Tontine Coffee House]
+
+In the year 1791 an association of merchants was organized for the purpose
+of constructing a more commodious Coffee House than the Merchants' Coffee
+House, and to provide a business centre for the mercantile community. The
+company was formed on the Tontine principle of benefit to survivors, and
+the building they erected was called the Tontine Coffee House. Among the
+merchants who were interested in this enterprise were John Broome, John
+Watts, Gulian Verplanck, John Delafield and William Laight. On the 31st of
+January, 1792, these five merchants, as the first board of directors of
+the Tontine Association, purchased from Doctor Charles Arding and
+Abigail, his wife, the house and lot on the northwest corner of Wall and
+Water Streets, for £1,970. This was the house which had been known as the
+Merchants' Coffee House from about 1740, when it was first opened by
+Daniel Bloom until 1772, when its business was carried by Mrs. Ferrari
+diagonally across the street, where it had since remained. It was sold in
+1759, as related in a previous chapter, by Luke Roome, owner and landlord
+of the house, to Doctor Charles Arding, who had ever since been its owner.
+They had already purchased, December 1, 1791, for £2,510, the adjoining
+lot on Wall Street, and shortly after, for £1,000, they purchased the
+adjoining lot on Water Street. On the ground of these three lots the
+Tontine Coffee House was built. Thus the business originated on this spot
+was coming back to its old home.
+
+In January, 1792, "the committee to superintend the business of the
+Tontine Coffee House Institution," gave notice that they would pay a
+premium of ten guineas to the person who should hand in before the 20th of
+February next, the best plan for the proposed building, and a premium of
+five guineas for the second best plan. The objects to be considered in the
+plans were, "Solidity, Neatness and Useful Accommodation"; the building to
+be four stories high and to occupy a space of fifty feet by seventy. The
+plans in competition were to be sent to Mr. David Grim. A petition for the
+privilege of adding to the Tontine Coffee House a piazza to extend over
+the sidewalk, presented by John Watts and others in March, 1792, was
+refused, but, on May 11 permission was given for a piazza to extend six
+feet over the Wall Street sidewalk. The corner-stone of the building was
+laid with considerable ceremony on the 5th of June. The first landlord of
+the house, when completed, was John Hyde.
+
+Just a year later, on Wednesday, June 5, 1793, one hundred and twenty
+gentlemen sat down to a dinner provided by Mr. Hyde at the Tontine Coffee
+House to celebrate the anniversary of the laying of the corner-stone of
+that building. After dinner when fifteen toasts had been drunk, the
+chairman offered an additional toast, which was: "Success to the Tontine
+Coffee House and may it long continue to reflect credit on the
+subscribers."
+
+[Sidenote: The Cap of Liberty]
+
+During the French revolution the sympathies of the people of the United
+States were greatly excited, but many of those who wished success to
+France were filled with disgust and indignation at the behavior of the
+French Minister Genet, and of Bompard, the commander of the French ship,
+L'Ambuscade, who, after landing Genet at Charleston, South Carolina, made
+his way north to Philadelphia, boarding American ships on his way and
+seizing British merchantmen near the coast and even in the very bays of
+the United States. Bompard and his officers were received at Philadelphia
+with great enthusiasm. On the 12th of June, 1793, they arrived in New
+York. Instantly there was great excitement. Those friendly to them carried
+things to extremes. Opposed to them were the supporters of government and
+good order, joined to the strong English faction that had long prevailed.
+Two days after their arrival, the Cap of Liberty was set up in the Tontine
+Coffee House, according to one account, by "the friends of Liberty,
+Equality, and the Rights of Man, amid the acclamations of their fellow
+citizens, in defiance of all despotic tyrants. It was a beautiful crimson
+adorned with a white torsel and supported by a staff." The cap, "Sacred to
+Liberty," was declared to be under the protection of the old Whigs, and
+the aristocrats, as the opposite party was tauntingly called, were defied
+to take it down. This defiance brought forth a threat that it would be
+done, and, in expectation that its removal would be attempted, for several
+days, hundreds of people gathered in front of the house. No attempt, at
+that time, seems to have been made to remove the cap, and the excitement
+gradually subsided.
+
+The Cap of Liberty remained undisturbed in its place for almost two years.
+A newspaper of May 19, 1795, states that "the Liberty Cap having been
+removed from the Barr of the Tontine Coffee House by some unknown person,
+the ceremony of its re-establishment in the Coffee House took place
+yesterday afternoon. A well designed, carved Liberty Cap, suspended on
+the point of an American Tomahawk, and the flags of the Republics of
+America and France, attached on each side, formed a handsome figure." A
+large gathering of people attended "the consecration of the emblem of
+Liberty," and the meeting was highly entertained by numerous patriotic
+songs. Voluntary detachments from several of the Uniform Companies joined
+in the celebration.
+
+On the 22d of May, only four days after being placed in the Coffee House,
+the French flag was removed. An attempt was made to recover it and arrest
+the person who took it down. A boat was dispatched in pursuit of the
+person who was supposed to have taken it, but it returned without success.
+Colonel Walter Bicker, in behalf of a number of citizens of New York,
+offered a reward of one hundred and fifty dollars for the capture of the
+thief who stole the French flag from the Coffee House, with what result is
+unknown.
+
+[Sidenote: New York Stock Exchange]
+
+An English traveler, who visited New York in 1794, writes that: "The
+Tontine Tavern and Coffee House is a handsome, large brick building; you
+ascend six or eight steps under a portico, into a large public room, which
+is the Stock Exchange of New York, where all bargains are made. Here are
+two books kept, as at Lloyd's, of every ship's arrival and clearing out.
+This house was built for the accommodation of the merchants, by Tontine
+shares of two hundred pounds each. It is kept by Mr. Hyde, formerly a
+woolen draper in London. You can lodge and board there at a common table,
+and you pay ten shillings currency a day, whether you dine out or not."
+
+As stated above, the Tontine Coffee House had become the Stock Exchange of
+New York. In the first directory of the city, published in 1786, there is
+only one stock-broker, Archibald Blair. On January 9, 1786, Archibald
+Blair announced that he "has a Broker's Office and Commission Store at 16
+Little Queen Street, where he buys and sells all kinds of public and state
+securities, also old continental money. He has for sale Jamaica rum, loaf
+sugar, bar iron, lumber and dry goods." A few years later several
+announcements of such brokers are found in the newspapers, among others
+the following which appeared in the Daily Advertiser of December 9, 1790.
+
+    "Sworn Stock Broker's Office.
+
+    No. 57 King Street.
+
+    The Subscriber, having opened an office for negociating the funds of
+    the United States of America, has been duly qualified before the Mayor
+    of the City, that he will truly and faithfully execute the duties of a
+
+    Stock Broker,
+
+    and that he will not directly or indirectly interest himself in any
+    purchase or sale of the funds of the United States of America, on his
+    own private account, for the term of six months from the date hereof.
+
+    The opinion of many respectable characters has confirmed his own ideas
+    of the utility of establishing an office in this city upon the
+    principles of a sworn Broker of Europe. The advantages of negociating
+    through the medium of an agent no ways interested in purchases or
+    sales on his own account, is too evident to every person of
+    discernment to need any comment.
+
+    Every business committed to his care shall be executed by the
+    subscriber with diligence, faithfulness and secrecy, and he trusts
+    that his conduct will confirm the confidence, and secure the patronage
+    of his friends and fellow citizens.
+
+    John Pintard."
+
+The first evidence of an approach to anything like organization was an
+announcement made in the early part of March, 1792, that "The Stock
+Exchange Office" would be open at No. 22 Wall Street for the accommodation
+of dealers in stocks, in which public sales would be daily held at noon,
+as usual, in rotation. Soon after this, on Wednesday, March 21st, a
+meeting of merchants and dealers in stocks was held at Corre's Hotel, when
+they came to a resolution that after the 21st of April next, they would
+not attend any sales of stocks at public auction. They appointed a
+committee "to provide a proper room for them to assemble in, and to
+report such regulations relative to the mode of transacting business as in
+their opinion may be proper." This resulted in the first agreement of the
+dealers in securities, the oldest record in the archives of the New York
+Stock Exchange, dated May 17, 1792, fixing the rate of brokerage. It was
+signed by twenty-four brokers for the sale of public stocks. For some time
+the brokers do not appear to have had a settled place of meeting. Their
+favorite place was in the open air in the shadow of a large buttonwood
+tree, which stood on the north side of Wall Street, opposite the division
+line of Nos. 68 and 70. Here they met and transacted business something
+like our curb brokers of to-day, but in a much more leisurely way. When
+the Tontine Coffee House was completed in 1793, it became the Stock
+Exchange of New York and remained so for a great many years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Roger Morris House]
+
+A stage coach line was opened to Boston in 1784 and to Albany the next
+year, when the Roger Morris House on the Kingsbridge road was opened by
+Talmadge Hall as a tavern for the accommodation of the stage coach
+passengers, and was probably the first stopping place going out. It
+continued to be kept as a tavern for many years after this and is said to
+have been a favorite place of resort for pleasure parties from the city.
+It became known as Calumet Hall. Its landlord in 1789 was Captain William
+Marriner. In October, 1789, President Washington visited, by appointment,
+the fruit gardens of Mr. Prince at Flushing, Long Island. He was taken
+over in his barge, accompanied by the Vice-President, the Governor of the
+State, Mr. Izard, Colonel Smith and Major Jackson. On their way back they
+visited the seat of Gouverneur Morris at Morrisania, and then went to
+Harlem, where they met Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith,
+daughter of the Vice-President, dined at Marriner's and came home in the
+evening. In July following a large party was formed to visit Fort
+Washington. Washington, in his diary, does not state that Mrs. Washington
+was of the party, but it is to be presumed that she was; the others,
+beside himself, were "the Vice-President, his Lady, Son and Mrs. Smith;
+the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War and the ladies of the two
+latter; with all the Gentlemen of my family, Mrs. Lear, and the two
+children." This was a notable party. They dined at Marriner's, who, no
+doubt, felt the importance of the occasion and exerted himself
+accordingly.
+
+[Illustration: OLD SLEIGH]
+
+Marriner's Tavern, the Roger Morris house, was situated at such a distance
+from the city, on the only road of any length on the island, as to make it
+a good objective point for pleasure parties. An English traveler who
+visited New York in 1796, writes: "The amusement of which they seem most
+passionately fond is that of riding on the snow in what _you_ would call a
+sledge, drawn by two horses. It is astonishing to see how anxiously
+persons of all ages and both sexes look out for a good fall of snow, that
+they may enjoy their favorite amusement; and when the happy time comes, to
+see how eager they are to engage every sleigh that is to be had. Parties
+of twenty or thirty will sometimes go out of town in these vehicles
+towards evening, about six or eight miles, when, having sent for a
+fiddler, and danced till they are tired, they will return home again by
+moonlight or perhaps more often by daylight. Whilst the snow is on the
+ground no other carriages are made use of, either for pleasure or
+service." Marriner's house was well suited for just such parties of
+pleasure and we can easily imagine that the large octagonal room was about
+this time, of crisp winter nights, the scene of many a merry dance. The
+English traveler is supported in what he says by the announcement of
+Christopher Colles in a New York newspaper in January, 1789, that so long
+as the sleighing lasted he would continue his electrical experiments and
+exhibition of curiosities, at Halsey's celebrated tavern in Harlem. It
+would seem from this that his lectures needed the incentive of a sleigh
+ride to make them more popular.
+
+Captain Marriner was still keeping the house in the summer of 1794 when it
+was visited by an Englishman who thus writes about his visit to the place:
+"Whoever has a vacant day and fine weather, while at New York, let him go
+to Haarlem, eleven miles distant. There is _a pleasant tavern_ on an
+eminence near the church; a branch of the sea, or Eastern River, runs
+close beneath you, where you may have excellent fishing. On the opposite
+side are two pleasant houses, belonging to Colonel Morris, and a Captain
+Lambert, an English gentleman, who retired hither after the war. Mr.
+Marriner, the landlord, is a very intelligent, well educated man; I fished
+with him for an hour and received a great deal of pleasure from his
+conversation." * * * "He pressed me very much to stay at his house for a
+week, and I should pay what I pleased. On our return Mr. L---- and myself
+drank tea and coffee at Brannon's Tea Garden. Here was a good greenhouse,
+with orange and lemon trees, a great quantity of geraniums, aloes and
+other curious shrubs and plants. Iced creams and iced liquors are much
+drank here during the hot weather by parties from New York." Brannon's Tea
+Garden was on the road leading to the village of Greenwich at the present
+junction of Hudson and Spring Streets, and had been there since previous
+to the Revolution.
+
+Captain Marriner is said to have been eccentric, but whether this be so or
+not, he was undoubtedly a brave man and was engaged during the war in
+several daring adventures. He presented a picturesque character in the
+history of that period.
+
+[Sidenote: Capt. Marriner's Raid]
+
+When Captain Marriner was held as a prisoner in the early part of the war,
+on his parole, quartered with Rem Van Pelt, of New Utrecht, Long Island,
+one day at Dr. Van Buren's Tavern in Flatbush, his sarcastic wit brought
+on him abusive language from Major Sherbrook of the British army. When
+Marriner was exchanged, he determined to capture the Major and some
+others. For this purpose he repaired to New Jersey and procured a
+whale-boat, which he manned with a crew of twenty-two well armed
+volunteers, with whom he proceeded to New Utrecht, landing on the beach
+about half-past nine o'clock in the evening. Leaving two men in charge of
+the boat, with the rest he marched unmolested to Flatbush Church, where he
+divided his men into four squads, assigning a house to each party, who,
+provided with a heavy post, were to break in the door when they should
+hear Marriner strike. General Jeremiah Johnson, in his account of the
+affair states that Marriner captured the Major, whom he found hidden
+behind a large chimney in the garret, but the New York newspapers state
+that he carried back with him to New Jersey Major Montcrieffe and Mr.
+Theophylact Bache. On another visit to Long Island, Captain Marriner
+carried off Simon Cortelyou, of New Utrecht, in return for his uncivil
+conduct to the American prisoners. On a large rock in the North River, not
+far from the shore, stood a bath house surmounted by a flagstaff. Noting
+this, Marriner determined to give the English fresh cause for chagrin. He
+accordingly procured the new American flag which had just been adopted,
+and taking with him a few men, boldly rowed into the river one night and
+nailed it to the pole, where it was discovered early next morning.
+Sailors, sent to remove it, were obliged to cut away the pole, amid the
+jeers and protests of the boys gathered on the beach.
+
+Marriner was keeping a tavern in New York City before the war. An
+important meeting was held at Marriner's Tavern at the time of the
+election of delegates to the first Continental Congress, in 1774. After
+the war he returned to the same business, and in 1786 was the landlord of
+a house on the corner of John and Nassau Streets, where he offered to
+serve his customers "in the neatest and most elegant manner," with
+oysters, cooked in a variety of ways, beef steaks, etc., with the very
+best of liquors. He, at one time kept the Ferry House at Harlem, and ran
+the ferry to Morrisania. In the early part of the nineteenth century
+Captain Benson built a large tavern at the junction of the Kingsbridge
+road with the road from Harlem, which was for some years conducted by
+Captain Marriner, who gained great celebrity for the excellent table he
+set, and for the stories of whale-boat exploits during the war, which he
+was never tired of relating.
+
+When the St. Andrew's Society celebrated their anniversary on November 30,
+1790, at the City Tavern, they had as guests at their dinner, Governor
+Clinton, the Mayor of the City, General Horatio Gates and the principal
+officers of the other humane national societies of the city. In an account
+given of the dinner, it is stated that, "A few hours passed happily away,
+divided between the animating tale, the cheerful glass and the heart
+enlivening song."
+
+The annual election of officers of the Society of the Cincinnati was held
+on the 4th of July each year, after which there was a dinner, followed by
+toasts. For several year its meeting place was at Corré's Hotel in
+Broadway. Joseph Corré, at one time landlord of the City Tavern, opened,
+in 1790, a house at No. 24 Broadway, which was for some years one of the
+best and most popular taverns or hotels in the city. Meetings of
+societies, concerts, balls and political meetings were held here.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinners on Evacuation Day]
+
+On Monday, November 25, 1793, the tenth anniversary of the evacuation of
+New York by the British troops, was celebrated in the city with great
+enthusiasm. At sunrise a salute was fired from the Battery followed
+immediately by the ringing of all the bells in the city. This was repeated
+at noon, when the corporation, the officers of the militia, the French
+officers in town and many citizens waited on the Governor to congratulate
+him on the occasion. The militia officers then waited on the mayor of the
+city, the chief justice of the United States and the minister of the
+French Republic. The Ambuscade Frigate was elegantly decorated and at one
+o'clock fired a salute of twenty-one guns. The militia officers, honored
+with the company of the Governor, General Gates and a number of French
+officers, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them at the City
+Tavern, "where they spent the remainder of the day in great spirits and
+good fellowship." Toasts were drunk under the discharge of artillery. The
+gentlemen of the corporation celebrated the day at the Tontine Coffee
+House, where an elegant dinner was served up by Mr. Hyde and patriotic
+toasts were drunk. The Society of Tammany also celebrated the day. At the
+tavern of Robert Hunter, in Wall Street, a dinner was served up to a
+number of citizens in celebration of the day, and the same was done in
+several other of the principal taverns of the city. The dinner on
+Evacuation Day at Bardin's was one of the last notable dinners given in
+the old City Tavern. Preparations were being made to take it down and
+build on its site a fine hotel.
+
+In 1793 the City Tavern was still owned by John Peter De Lancey, son of
+Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, who sold it to the Tontine
+Association, who, taking down the old house, built upon its site the City
+Hotel. In the deed of transfer, dated March 3, 1793, John Peter De Lancey
+and Elizabeth, his wife, for the consideration of six thousand pounds
+(£6,000), lawful money of the State of New York, convey the property to
+Philip Livingston, John Watts, Thomas Buchanan, Gulian Verplanck, James
+Watson, Moses Rogers, James Farquhar, Richard Harrison and Daniel Ludlow,
+all of the city and state of New York, in trust for all the subscribers to
+the New York Tontine Hotel and Assembly Room and their heirs, upon such
+terms, conditions and restrictions, and with such right of survivorship as
+may be hereafter agreed upon and settled by the majority of the said
+subscribers or their representatives.
+
+In November, 1793, Nicholas Cruger, chairman of the committee having the
+business in charge, gave notice that they would pay a premium of twenty
+guineas for the best plan of the building about to be erected, to be
+handed in before the first day of January next, requesting that the plans
+may not be signed, but designated by a private mark, accompanied by a
+letter to the chairman, with the same mark on the outside.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel]
+
+The new house which was erected in the early part of the year 1794 was
+called the Tontine Hotel, but it soon came to be more generally spoken of
+as the City Hotel. Robert Hunter, who had been keeping a tavern in Wall
+Street, became its first landlord. He was in possession of it and meetings
+were being held there in the early part of June, 1794. It was considered
+the largest and finest hotel then in the United States. It became the
+meeting place of societies and associations and of the City Assembly which
+continued to flourish as it had done for many years. On Friday, October 7,
+1796, there was great rejoicing in the city over the French victories,
+news of which had just been received. The church bells were rung from
+twelve to one o'clock, "and in the evening, as it were by patriotic
+sympathy, a hall full of old Whigs and friends to the liberty of Man,
+assembled at Hunter's Hotel, where a number of patriotic songs were sung,
+a cold collation was served up and sixteen toasts were given apropos of
+the news of the day." The nineteenth anniversary of the signing of the
+treaty of alliance between France and the United States was celebrated on
+Monday, February 6, 1797, at Hunter's Hotel by a numerous assembly of
+patriotic citizens. Hunter remained landlord of the City Hotel until 1799,
+when he was succeeded by John Lovett, under whose management the house
+became quite popular.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HOTEL]
+
+Saturday, the 4th of July, 1795, the anniversary of our independence was
+celebrated in the city with more than usual attention, induced probably by
+the political excitement which then prevailed. The ringing of all the
+bells of the city with a Federal Salute from the Battery ushered in the
+day, which was repeated at noon and in the evening. There was a large
+procession, which about eleven o'clock moved from the Battery to the new
+Presbyterian Church where the Declaration of Independence was read by
+Edward Livingston and an elegant and patriotic discourse was delivered by
+the Rev. Mr. Miller. On returning to the Battery, where a feu-de-joie was
+fired the different societies that had taken part separated and at three
+o'clock sat down to entertainments prepared for them at different places
+in the city. After dinner, the Corporation, the Society of the Cincinnati,
+the Militia Officers, the Society of Tammany, the Mechanic and Democratic
+Societies and the Merchants at the Tontine Coffee House sent deputations
+to each other with congratulations upon the return of the day. The
+festivities closed with a beautiful display of fireworks under the
+direction of Colonel Bauman. The merchants, who celebrated the day by a
+dinner at the Tontine Coffee House were honored by the company of Governor
+Jay, Major-General Morris, Judge Iredell, Mr. Reed, Senator in Congress
+from South Carolina, Judge Hobart, Judge Lawrence, Colonel Hamilton, Mr.
+King, the Mayor of the City, Doctor Johnson, the Secretary of the State,
+the Attorney-General of the District, the Treasurer of the State, Captain
+Dennis, Captain Talbot, Captain Thomson. After the dinner toasts were
+drunk as usual.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tammany Wigwam]
+
+For some years the Tammany Society had their anniversary dinners and their
+Fourth of July dinners at Bardin's, the City Tavern. The Great Wigwam of
+the society was in the old Exchange in Broad Street, where it continued to
+be until the building was taken down in 1799. After this the Long Room of
+Abraham B. Martling's Tavern on the corner of Nassau and George (now
+Spruce) Streets, where the American Tract Society Building now stands,
+became the wigwam of the society. During the period of political
+excitement, from 1793 to 1795 and later, the Tammany Society is said to
+have been opposed to radical measures, which might have involved us in
+European difficulties. A toast drunk at one of their festivals was, "The
+hawks of war--may they be harmless." In 1795, during the excitement about
+the Jay treaty, the minority of the United States Senate who voted against
+it were toasted, thus showing that there was then in the society a strong
+anti-federal sentiment. On July 4, 1798, the Tammany Society met in their
+Great Wigwam in the evening, where a newspaper states "they partook of a
+collation and drank toasts which were in unison with their political
+opinions." This was about the beginning of Tammany's political career. The
+principles of Jefferson were in the ascendant; it had become a republican
+society. Martling's Tavern was a low, wooden building, with a very rough
+exterior devoid of paint, having an entrance on Nassau Street. The Long
+Room was in the rear of the house, and its somewhat dilapidated appearance
+caused it to be called the "Pig Pen," by those not friendly to Tammany.
+All the leading republicans of the day attended the meetings held here,
+and although the party was threatened by divisions of the Burrites, the
+Lewisites and the Clintonians, it was held together.
+
+[Illustration: MARTLING'S TAVERN]
+
+During the French Revolution there were many Frenchmen who had been driven
+from France and had taken refuge in New York City. One of these was the
+famous gastronome, Anthelme Brillât-Savarin, author of La Physiologie du
+Gout, who tells us something of the way they enjoyed themselves while
+here. He says: "I sometimes passed the evening in a sort of café-taverne,
+kept by a Mr. Little, where he served in the morning turtle soup, and in
+the evening all the refreshments customary in the United States. I
+generally took with me Vicomte de la Massue and Jean Rodolphe Fehr,
+formerly a mercantile broker at Marseilles, both _emigrés_ like myself. I
+treated them to welch-rabbit, which was washed down with ale or cider, and
+here we passed the evening talking over our misfortunes, our pleasures,
+and our hopes."
+
+[Sidenote: A Drinking Bout]
+
+Michael Little's Tavern, or Porter House, as it was called, was at 56 Pine
+Street, a little below William Street, and it speaks well for the house
+that it should have been selected by Brillât-Savarin and his friends as a
+place for their suppers. Brillât-Savarin spent two years in New York,
+1794-96, supporting himself by giving lessons in the French language and
+playing in the orchestra of the theater. He gives a very amusing account
+of a dinner party at Little's place, of which he and his two friends
+formed a part. He had met there Mr. Wilkinson, an Englishman from Jamaica
+and his friend, whose name he never knew, whom he described as a very
+taciturn man, with a square face, keen eyes, and features as
+expressionless as those of a blind man, who appeared to notice everything
+but never spoke; only, when he heard a witty remark or merry joke, his
+face would expand, his eyes close, and opening a mouth as large as the
+bell of a trumpet, he would send forth a sound between a laugh and a howl
+called by the English, horse laugh; after which he would relapse into his
+habitual taciturnity. Mr. Wilkinson appeared to be about fifty years of
+age, with the manners and all the bearing of a gentleman (_un homme comme
+il faut_).
+
+These two Englishmen, pleased with the society of Brillât-Savarin and his
+friends, had many times partaken of the frugal collation which was offered
+them, when, one evening, Wilkinson took Brillât-Savarin to one side and
+declared his intention of engaging all three of them to dine with him. The
+invitation was accepted and fixed for three o'clock in the afternoon of
+the third day after. As they were about to leave the waiter quietly told
+Brillât-Savarin that the Jamaicans had ordered a good dinner and had given
+directions that the wine and liquor be carefully prepared, because they
+regarded the invitation as a challenge or test of drinking powers, and
+that the man with the big mouth had said that he hoped to put the
+Frenchmen under the table.
+
+For such a drinking bout Brillât-Savarin had no relish, but the Frenchmen
+could not now very well avoid it without being accused of being
+frightened by the Englishmen. Although aware of the danger, following the
+maxim of Marshal de Saxe, "As the wine was drawn they prepared to drink
+it." ("_Le vin etait tiré, nous nous preparâmes à le boire._")
+
+Brillât-Savarin had no fear for himself, but he did not wish to see his
+two friends go down with the others; he wished to make it a national
+victory, and not an individual one. He, therefore, sent for his friends
+and gave them a lecture. He instructed them to restrain their appetites at
+the beginning so as to eat moderately with the wine throughout the whole
+dinner, to drink small draughts and even contrive to get rid of the wine
+sometimes without drinking it. They divided among them a quantity of
+bitter almonds, recommended for such an occasion.
+
+At the appointed time they all met at Little's Tavern, and soon after the
+dinner was served. It consisted of an enormous piece of roast beef, a
+turkey (_dindon cuit dans son jus_), vegetables, a salad and a tart
+(_tarte aux comfitures_). They drank after the French fashion, that is to
+say, the wine was served from the commencement. It was very good claret.
+Mr. Wilkinson did the honors of the table admirably. His friend appeared
+absorbed in his plate and said nothing.
+
+Brillât-Savarin was charmed with his two friends. La Massue, although
+endowed with a sufficiently good appetite, was mincing his food like a
+delicate young lady, and Fehr was adroitly succeeding in passing glasses
+of wine into a beer pot at the end of the table. He himself was holding up
+well against the two Englishmen, and the more the dinner advanced the more
+confident he felt.
+
+After the claret came Port, after Port, Madeira, at which they stuck for a
+long time. On the arrival of the dessert, composed of butter, cheese and
+nuts, was the time for toasts. They drank to the power of kings, the
+liberty of the people and the beauty of women; particularly to the health
+of Mr. Wilkinson's daughter, Mariah, who, he assured his guests, was the
+most beautiful person in all the island of Jamaica.
+
+After the wine came spirits--rum, brandy and whiskey--and with the
+spirits, songs. Brillât-Savarin avoided the spirits and called for punch.
+Little himself brought in a bowl of it, without doubt prepared in advance,
+sufficient for forty persons. No such vessel for drink was ever seen in
+France.
+
+Brillât-Savarin says that he ate five or six slices of buttered toast
+(_roties d'un beurre extremement frais_) and felt his forces revived. He
+then took a survey of the situation, for he was becoming much concerned as
+to how it would all end. His two friends appeared quite fresh and drank as
+they picked the nuts. Wilkinson's face was scarlet, his eyes were troubled
+and he appeared to be giving way. His friend said nothing, but his head
+smoked like a boiling caldron. The catastrophe was approaching.
+
+Suddenly Mr. Wilkinson started to his feet and began to sing Rule
+Britannia, but he could get no farther than these words; his strength
+failed him; he felt himself drop into his chair and from there rolled
+under the table (_coula sous le table_). His friend seeing him in this
+state, emitted one of his noisiest laughs, and stooping to assist him fell
+by his side.
+
+Brillât-Savarin, viewing the scene with considerable satisfaction and
+relief, rang the bell, and when Little came up, after addressing him the
+conventional phrase, "See to it that these gentlemen are properly cared
+for," with his friends drank with him their health in a parting glass of
+punch. The waiter, with his assistants, soon came in and bore away the
+vanquished, whom they carried out, according to the rule, _feet foremost_,
+which expression is used in English to designate those _dead or drunk_,
+Mr. Wilkinson still trying to sing Rule Britannia, his friend remaining
+absolutely motionless.
+
+Next day seeing in the newspapers an account of what had happened, with
+the remark that the Englishmen were ill, Brillât-Savarin went to see them.
+He found the friend suffering from a severe attack of indigestion. Mr.
+Wilkinson was confined to his chair by the gout, brought on probably by
+his late dissipation. He seemed sensible to the attention and said to
+Brillât-Savarin, among other things: "Oh! dear sir, you are very good
+company, indeed, but too hard a drinker for us."
+
+[Illustration: ANTHELME BRILLAT-SAVARIN]
+
+Brillât-Savarin was a convivial soul, a lover of good cheer and openhanded
+hospitality. The time passed so pleasantly and he was so comfortable while
+in New York City, that on taking his departure for France, in 1796, he
+declared that all he asked of Heaven was, never to know greater sorrow in
+the Old World that he had known in the New. He settled in Paris, and after
+holding several offices under the Directory, became a judge in the Cour de
+Cassation, the French court of last resort, where he remained until his
+death, in 1826. While without special reputation as a jurist, as a judge
+and expounder of gastronomic excellence, his name has become immortalized.
+
+On the 16th of December, 1796, "the young men of the city who were willing
+to contribute to the preservation of the Public Safety, at that critical
+juncture," were invited to attend a meeting "at Mr. Little's Porter House
+in Pine Street that evening at seven o'clock in order to form an
+association for that laudable purpose." Soon after this Little moved to
+No. 42 Broad Street, the old Fraunces' Tavern. At this place, on
+Wednesday, July 28, 1802, the two friends of De Witt Clinton and Colonel
+John Swartwout met to make arrangements for the duel which took place at
+Hoboken on Saturday, July 31st. A meeting of the gentlemen of the bar of
+the City of New York was held here February 11, 1802.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+THE CITY HOTEL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Friars]
+
+The social ties that had existed before the Revolution were all broken up,
+and new connections had to be formed. Societies, like the St. Andrew and
+St. George, were revived, and patriotic societies, such as the Cincinnati
+and the Tammany were formed. The first purely social club after the war,
+of which we have any knowledge, was the Black Friars, founded November 10,
+1784, the officers of which were a Father, Chancellor, Cardinals and
+Priors. On May 9, 1789, the society held a festival at the Friary, dinner
+being served at half-past four, and on November 10th of the same year
+celebrated its anniversary, an oration being delivered by Dr. Tillery.
+After dinner, eleven toasts were drunk, only eleven states having then
+come into the union. One of these toasts was: "The Fair Daughters of
+Columbia, may they ever find a friend in a Friar." The society was
+charitable as well as social, and met twice a month at the Friary, No. 56
+Pine Street. Among its members at this time were Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+Benjamin Graves, John Stagg, Dr. James Tillery, Bernard Hart, Dr. Benjamin
+Kissam, Richard Harwood, John Fisher and Oliver Glean. In 1802 the Friary
+was at the hotel of John Adams, Jr., 68 William Street. Its meetings were
+also held at the Merchants' Coffee House; by order of the Father.
+
+[Sidenote: The Drone Club]
+
+The Friendly Club, under the presidency of General Laight, existed for
+some years about this period, and included among its members many
+prominent men of the city. It met at the houses of its members in rotation
+every Tuesday evening. It was the duty of the host to direct the
+conversation and at the close of the discussion light refreshments were
+served. The Drone Club, a select and literary circle, was instituted about
+the year 1792. Its aim was intellectual advancement and the cultivation of
+letters rather than social or festive enjoyment. Its members were
+recognized by proofs of authorship, and in its ranks was the best talent
+of the city. It seems to be a fact that social clubs that met at taverns
+had more vitality than those that held their meeting at the houses of
+members.
+
+[Sidenote: The Belvedere Club]
+
+The Belvedere House was built in the year 1792 by thirty-three gentlemen
+composing the Belvedere Club. It was situated near the East River, about a
+quarter of a mile beyond the paved streets of the east side of the city,
+its site being now about the center of the block bounded by Montgomery,
+Cherry, Clinton and Monroe Streets. The original intention was to build
+merely a couple of rooms for the use of the club, but the beauty of the
+situation induced them to extend their plan and they erected a building to
+answer the purposes of a public hotel or tavern as well as for their own
+accommodation. The ball-room, which included the whole of the second story
+of the east front of the house was octagon, forty-five feet long,
+twenty-four feet wide and seventeen feet high, with a music gallery. This
+room, finished and decorated in admirable style, was retained by the Club
+for their Saturday evening meetings, during the summer season, the only
+exclusive privilege which the proprietors held. Its windows opened to the
+floor, communicating with a balcony twelve feet wide which surrounded the
+eastern part of the house and afforded a most agreeable promenade. The
+room under this on the ground floor, of the same shape and size in length
+and breadth as the ball-room, was used as a dinner and supper room for
+large companies and public entertainments. On the west side of the house
+were two dining parlors, a bar-room, two card-rooms and a number of bed
+chambers. To the west of the house was a small courtyard with stables,
+coach house and other offices; to the east, although the grounds were
+small, was a bowling green, and there were graveled walks and some
+shrubbery. From the balcony of the house could be seen a great part of the
+city, the bay of New York, Long Island, the East River as far as Hell
+Gate, and the bold and magnificent Pallisades bordering the North River on
+the Jersey side.
+
+[Illustration: BELVEDERE CLUB HOUSE]
+
+The house when completed, was taken by John Avery, who in December, 1793,
+was prepared to supply ladies and gentlemen with dinners and suppers, and
+made it known that the use of the ball-room could be obtained on
+seasonable notice, for public or private parties, balls or concerts. In
+1798, the Society of the Cincinnati, after transacting at Federal Hall,
+the usual business of their anniversary meeting, on July 4th, adjourned to
+the Belvedere for the dinner which was served up to them in the usual
+style. The Belvedere was an hilarious association, the main object of
+which was social enjoyment. Its members were doubtless much interested in
+the pleasures of riding and driving and probably supported to some extent
+the races which are said to have been regularly held on the Bowery Lane,
+about the opening of the nineteenth century.
+
+[Sidenote: Improvement in the City Hotel]
+
+John Lovett was landlord of the City Hotel until 1807, when he was
+succeeded by Chenelette Dusseaussoir, who had been a confectioner, with a
+store at No. 102, on the opposite side of Broadway, below the hotel. He
+continued as landlord for two years, when in 1809, Solomon D. Gibson took
+charge of the house, and two years later, after making some alterations,
+informs the public that, "The Ordinary of the Hotel is always supplied
+with every variety and delicacy which the season will permit, while the
+Bar can boast an ample stock of superior wines calculated to tempt the
+taste of the epicure. A new and elegant Bar-Room and Coffee-Room, fronting
+on Broadway, have lately been added; which, unrivalled in point of pure
+air and salubrity, and commanding a delightful view of a street
+embellished with all the facinations of beauty and by all the graces of
+fashion, present irresistable attractions to gentlemen of taste."
+
+The City Hotel afforded better accommodations for balls and concerts than
+any other place in the city, and the most important affairs of such a
+nature were held here. What was called the Old Assembly Room in William
+Street was also used for such purposes. In February, 1802, announcement
+was made that the second Juvenile Assembly would be held on the 18th at
+this place. This was probably a rival of the City Assembly. In the
+announcement their rules are given out, which appear to have been very
+strict.
+
+[Sidenote: City Assembly]
+
+An English traveler who visited New York in 1807 states that the City
+Hotel nearly resembles in size and architecture the London Tavern in
+Bishopgate Street. He also says: "Dancing is an amusement that the New
+York ladies are passionately fond of, and they are said to excel those of
+every other city in the Union. I visited the City Assembly, which is held
+at the City Hotel in the Broadway, and considered as the best in New York.
+It was the first night of the season, and there was not more than one
+hundred and fifty persons present. I did not perceive anything different
+from an English assembly, except the cotillions, which were danced in an
+admirable manner, alternately with the country dances. Several French
+gentlemen were present, and figured away in the cotillions with
+considerable taste and agility. The subscription is two dollars and a half
+for each night, and includes tea, coffee, and cold collation. None but the
+first class of society can become subscribers to this assembly. Another
+has, however, been recently established, in which the genteel part of the
+second class are admitted, who were shut out from the City Assembly. A
+spirit of jealousy and pride has caused the subscribers of the new
+assembly to make their subscriptions three dollars, and to have their
+balls also at the City Hotel. It was so well conducted, that many of the
+subscribers of the City Assembly seceded, and joined the opposition one,
+or subscribed to both."
+
+[Sidenote: Musical Societies]
+
+About the opening of the nineteenth century there were several musical
+societies in New York. Some of these were short-lived, but others arose to
+take their places. The Euterpean was of this period. It lasted until the
+middle of the century and exercised a considerable influence on the
+musical taste of the time. There was also a Philharmonic Society. On the
+16th of February, 1802, the Columbian Anacreontic Society gave their
+annual Ladies' Concert at the Tontine Assembly Rooms, in the City Hotel,
+Broadway. It must have been considered a very fine affair, for the account
+of it in the Evening Post next day fills more than a column of the paper.
+The article states that the concert was "given in a style of superior
+elegance. The whole suite of apartments occupied by the City Assemblies
+were thrown open on this occasion. No pains or expense had been spared to
+provide suitable entertainment. * * * The company assembled at an early
+hour and were numerous beyond any former occasion." Between the acts
+refreshments were served from the tea-room, which part of the
+entertainment was received by the company with marks of appreciation. The
+newspaper article concludes: "We beg permission to express our hope that
+an institution so honorable to the taste and manners of our city, may
+continue to receive the electric applause of Beauty and Fashion."
+
+[Sidenote: Second Hudson Centennial]
+
+New York celebrated the second centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+the Hudson River on Monday, the 4th of September, 1809, under the auspices
+of the New York Historical Society. It was not so grand and elaborate an
+affair as that of the third centennial celebration, gotten up by the city
+two years ago, yet, nevertheless, it was an appropriate celebration. At
+the request of the society the Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller delivered a learned
+and interesting address concerning this event, before a large and
+respectable audience of ladies and gentlemen at the City Hall, among whom
+were the governor, the mayor and the corporation of the city. At four
+o'clock the members of the society with the invited guests sat down to an
+elegant dinner prepared for them by Messrs. Fay and Gibson at the City
+Hotel. Shell fish and other fish, with which our waters abound, were
+served, with wild pigeon and corn and beans or succotash, the old Dutch
+or Indian dish, the favorite dish of the season, and the different meats
+introduced into the country by the early settlers. Such dishes were served
+as were common in the early history of the city. One of the toasts, which
+was offered by Simeon DeWitt, was: "May our successors a century hence
+celebrate the same event which we this day commemorate." The spirit of
+Simeon DeWitt may have been the guardian angel of our recent celebration.
+
+[Sidenote: St. Andrew's Society Dinners]
+
+The dinners of the St. Andrew's Society seem to have surpassed all others.
+The St. Andrew's Society of the State of New York celebrated its
+anniversary on Monday, November 30, 1801, at the Tontine Coffee House.
+Here, after disposing of the usual business of the society, they sat down
+to a dinner prepared by James Rathwell, the landlord of the house, which,
+it is said "was never exceeded in this city for elegance and variety, and
+spent the evening to a pretty late hour with much conviviality and
+friendship." They were honored with the company of the mayor, his
+predecessor in that office, and that of the British consul. One account of
+the dinner states: "We have never heard so many original and appropriate
+songs as were sung on this occasion, and never witnessed more genuine
+satisfaction beam in every eye." In 1802, and in 1803, the society
+celebrated their anniversary at the same place and the dinner each year
+was prepared by Mr. Rathwell in the same superior style as in 1801.
+
+In 1804 the society celebrated their anniversary at the Tontine Coffee
+House, and at four o'clock sat down to a dinner prepared in the best style
+by Mr. Hyde, who was again the landlord of the house, "and spent their
+convivial hour with the dignified festivity of men attached to each other
+by personal respect, by love to their native and adopted country, and by a
+generous concurrance in extending a generous proportion of their own
+comforts to their suffering brethren." The mayor of the city, the British
+consul general, Captain Beresford, of the navy, and other gentlemen of
+distinction honored the society with their company. On the wall of the
+room hung a full length portrait of General Hamilton, the property of the
+Chamber of Commerce. Pointing to this, a member of the society gave the
+toast: "Our Silent Monitor--May we ever emulate his virtues."
+
+When the society celebrated their anniversary, November 30, 1805, the
+landlord of the Tontine Coffee House was Thomas Vaughan, who prepared for
+them a dinner "unusually sumptuous and elegant." The guests were the mayor
+of the city, the British consul general, the Hon. Robert R. Livingston and
+Captain Porteous. At this meeting the society passed a resolution, offered
+by Dr. Tillery "to erect a plain, neat Monument in memory of that great
+and good man, Major General Hamilton, on the spot where he received the
+wound which terminated in his death and which deprived America of her
+greatest pride and ornament." The next year Mr. Vaughan again prepared the
+anniversary dinner for the society at the Tontine Coffee House, when "they
+allowed themselves to indulge in that degree of innocent mirth and decent
+conviviality, which comports with the character of those whose flow of
+soul must not extend beyond the feast of reason." After dinner toasts were
+drunk interspersed with Scottish songs and "tales of other times."
+
+In 1810, honored by the company of several distinguished guests, the St.
+Andrew's Society celebrated their anniversary at the City Hotel, then kept
+by Solomon D. Gibson. A newspaper states: "It would be a want of justice
+in us towards Mr. Gibson not to state that the style in which the dinner
+was gotten up and the quality of his wines were such as gave entire
+satisfaction to the company and did himself much credit." "After the cloth
+was removed a number of appropriate toasts were given and the social
+glass, the cheerful song and 'Weel timed Daffin,' kept a considerable
+party together till 'Some wee short hour ayont the T'wai' hinted to each
+to 'Tak the way that pleased himsel,' highly gratified with the agreeable
+manner in which the day had been spent."
+
+[Sidenote: A Supper at Dyde's Hotel]
+
+For more than ten years the Long Room of Martling's Tavern was the wigwam
+of the Tammany Society. Immediately after the election of Jefferson, when
+the Tammany Society had become thoroughly Republican, a division arose
+between the friends of De Witt Clinton, Chancellor Livingston and Colonel
+Burr. Each accused the other of faithlessness, dishonesty and duplicity.
+Clinton became involved with Colonel John Swartwout, a friend of Burr,
+which led to a duel between them at Hoboken, in which Swartwout was
+wounded. Bitterness between these factions was intense until 1806, when a
+coalition was entered into between the Clintonians and Burrites, which was
+kept secret until the 20th of February, 1806, when they assembled at
+Dyde's Hotel to celebrate the union by a supper. The coalition was a
+surprise to all and was denounced in the strongest terms as an unnatural
+union, a public outrage, etc. One paper states that "verily a supper was
+very appropriate; for such deeds of dark and terrible infamy ought to be
+enacted in the night only," and calls it a political rascality. The
+factions had accused each other of all sorts of political crimes and now
+they had joined forces.
+
+  "Come let us chant our joys,
+    We now are foes no more;
+  Now we are _honest_ boys,
+    However so before."
+
+Dyde's house was next door to the Park Theatre, facing the Park. He called
+it the London Hotel and proposed to keep it "in the true Old English
+Style, the principles of which are cleanliness, civility, comfort and good
+cheer." In March, 1806, the Park Theatre announced the play of Macbeth, to
+be followed by the comedy of the Farm House, the curtain to rise at
+half-past six o'clock. The announcement was followed by a card stating
+that there could be obtained "an excellent supper at Dyde's Hotel between
+the play and farce at 50 cents each; the same every other night at
+half-past 9 o'clock." Verily our ancestors took their pleasures in large
+and heavy doses. For a time Dyde's Hotel was quite popular. On Sunday,
+January 11, 1807, Mr. Foster preached a sermon here, and a meeting of the
+Philharmonic Society was held at Dyde's Hotel, next to the Theater, on
+Thursday, January 29, 1807. The Philharmonic Society met here again in
+December of the same year for the election of officers of the society when
+it was called the Washington Hotel. When a public ball was given here in
+February, 1808, by Mr. Armour, a teacher of dancing, it was still known as
+the Washington Hotel. In the early part of the year 1809, it appears to
+have been called the Mercantile Coffee House, and also the Commercial
+Coffee House, but neither of these names clung to it very long.
+
+[Illustration: WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: Tea Gardens]
+
+The so-called gardens, where ice cream, tea and other beverages were
+served to the sound of music, were, about the beginning of the century,
+and had been for some time, popular with the people of New York. During
+the war, while the city was occupied by the British, near the present
+corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, there was a public house called the
+White Conduit House, so called from a popular tavern of that name in
+London. On the 24th of June, 1779, the Freemasons, in remembrance of St.
+John, their patron saint, went in procession to St. Paul's Church, where
+an excellent sermon was preached by Dr. Seabury; "from thence they
+proceeded, accompanied by the clergy and band of music to the White
+Conduit House, where there was an elegant dinner prepared, and the day was
+celebrated with great harmony and brotherly love." At the close of the war
+the place became a public garden and pleasure resort. In 1796 it was under
+the control of William Byram. Soon after, when the street was cut through,
+it came into the possession of Joseph Corré, who some years before, had
+been the landlord of the City Tavern, and was at the time keeper of an ice
+cream and tea garden on State Street, called the Columbian Garden. Under
+his management it was known as the Mt. Vernon Garden. The cutting through
+of the street left the house high above the level, and it was reached by a
+flight of steps. Flying horses and other like amusements were the
+attractions of the place. Corré opened here a Summer Theater, in which
+members of the Park Theater company played during the time their own
+theater was closed.
+
+[Sidenote: Second Vauxhall]
+
+Bayard's Mount, or Bunker Hill, as it was sometimes called, at the present
+junction of Grand and Mulberry Streets, the highest point on the island
+near the city, was a well known landmark in its time, overlooking the city
+and a wide extent of country including the North and East Rivers. There is
+no sign to-day that such an elevation ever existed at that place. Nearby
+was the Bayard homestead which had been the residence of the Bayard family
+for fifty years. In 1798, this, with the surrounding premises, was
+converted by Joseph Delacroix, a Frenchman, into a popular resort, known
+as Vauxhall Garden. It was the second of the name, the first, at the
+corner of Warren and Greenwich Streets, which, before the war, flourished
+under the management of Sam Francis, having been converted, some years
+previous, into a pottery.
+
+On Independence Day, 1802, particular exertions were made by the summer
+gardens to attract visitors. It was announced that the open air theatre at
+the Mount Vernon Garden, under the management of John Hodgkinson, of the
+Park Theatre, would open the season on Monday, July 5th, in celebration of
+Independence Day, with the play of "All the World's a Stage," after which
+would be recitations and songs, followed by "The Sailor's Landlady or Jack
+in Distress"; concluding with a grand display of fireworks. Tickets to
+Box, six shillings, Pit and Gallery, four shillings. Refreshments as
+usual. Joseph Delacroix informed his friends and the public in general
+that on Monday, July 5th, the anniversary of American Independence would
+be celebrated at Vauxhall with great splendor, surpassing everything ever
+yet exhibited in America. A beautiful drawing of the Triumphal Car which
+was to take part in the spectacular scene could be seen at the Tontine
+Coffee House. Doors open at four o'clock. Tickets, four shillings. Grand
+illuminations and transparencies were promised at the Columbian Garden, in
+State Street, opposite the Battery. Open from six o'clock in the morning
+until ten o'clock at night. Tickets, two shillings.
+
+[Sidenote: Third Vauxhall]
+
+Another place of great notoriety for many years was situated south of the
+present Astor Place, between the Bowery and Broadway, the narrower end of
+the property on Broadway, the entrance being on the Bowery. Jacob Sperry,
+a native of Switzerland, although he had studied physic, purchased the
+property and for many years devoted himself to the raising of fruits and
+flowers. In 1803 he sold the garden to John Jacob Astor for nine thousand
+pounds (£9,000), then considered a good sale. Astor leased it to Joseph
+Delacroix, who was then conducting the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard
+estate, at Grand and Mulberry Streets, and who, when he moved to it,
+carried with him the name. Under his management it became a noted resort.
+Vauxhall Garden was an inclosure said to contain three acres of ground,
+handsomely laid out with gravel walks and grass plots, and adorned with
+shrubs, trees, flowers, busts, statues, and arbors. In the center was a
+large equestrian statue of General Washington. There were summer houses,
+and tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and boxes or rather
+stalls around the inside, close up to the high board fence which inclosed
+the garden, where visitors were served with light refreshments. In the
+front of the grounds was a building where a theatrical company performed
+during the summer season. The price of admission was fifty cents to Box,
+Pit or Gallery, for they were all one and the same thing, the spectators
+sitting in the open air. The orchestra was among the trees. A resident of
+Philadelphia relates how on a visit to New York, in 1806, he was carried
+out to the garden in a hackney coach with three other passengers for
+twenty-five cents each, and there, for fifty cents, saw performed "The
+Agreeable Surprise," in which Twaits played the principal part. Delacroix
+succeeded in making the garden a very popular resort. All the town flocked
+to it. It was to the New York of that day something like what Coney Island
+is to the New York of to-day. With its numerous lamps among the trees and
+shrubbery and arbors, its artistic adornments, its fireworks and balloons,
+its music and its theatrical performances and singing, the people of New
+York considered it about as gay a place of recreation as could be found
+anywhere. Lafayette Place was cut through the property in 1826, but the
+garden continued to flourish for more than twenty years after. During the
+later years of its existence it became a favorite place for public
+meetings.
+
+[Sidenote: The Old Coffee House]
+
+About the time that the Tontine Coffee House was built, in 1793, Mrs.
+Bradford, who had kept the Merchants' Coffee House since the death of her
+husband, in 1786, retired. She lived in Cortlandt until her death, in May,
+1822. She was succeeded in the old house by John Byrne, who opened it as
+the New York Hotel, but it was generally called "The Old Coffee House."
+Byrne remained there until 1798, when he crossed over to the Tontine and
+was succeeded by Edward Bardin, who had been a well known tavern-keeper in
+New York since 1764. Many of the old societies continued to patronize the
+house. The Free Masons clung to it. The Sons of St. Patrick celebrated
+here their anniversaries, and the Black Friars--a social club--met here by
+order of the "Fathers." The Marine Society continued here their regular
+meetings. Bardin was in possession of it when it was burned down in the
+fire of 1804. The building, which was of brick, was valued at $7,500. When
+the house was rebuilt, Bardin returned to it and opened it as the Phoenix
+Coffee House, and continued in it until he, too, like his predecessor,
+went over to the Tontine, in 1812.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Robert R. Livingston]
+
+A grand dinner was given to the Honorable Robert R. Livingston at the
+Tontine Coffee House, December 7, 1805. Although circumstances prevented
+many from attending, yet the room was crowded, and it is said that on no
+similar occasion was there ever witnessed a more elegant entertainment or
+a more respectable company. John Watts presided. Among those who attended
+were: The Reverend Doctor Rodgers, the Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor, the
+Foreign Consuls, Mr. Morris, Mr. King and Mr. Van Rensselear. After
+dinner, Mr. Livingston being called on by the president, gave the toast,
+"New York--Its ports fortified--its commerce prosperous--its mechanics
+encouraged and its citizens united and happy." Mr. Livingston having
+retired amidst the applause of the company the president gave: "Robert B.
+Livingston--the successful negociator--the friend of agriculture and the
+patron of fine arts," which was received with cheers.
+
+[Illustration: Robert R. Livingston]
+
+[Sidenote: The Embargo]
+
+The embargo of 1807 prostrated the business of the city. In the spring of
+1808, the streets, wharfs and quays along the East River appeared almost
+deserted; the bustle and activity of former days no longer prevailed.
+There were many ships at the wharfs, but they were dismantled and laid up;
+their decks were cleared, their hatches were fastened down and hardly a
+sailor was to be seen. Not a box, barrel, bale or package was on the
+wharfs and many of the counting houses were closed. A few merchants,
+clerks, porters and laborers could be seen aimlessly strolling about with
+their hands in their pockets. Where there used to be sixty to a hundred
+carts standing in the street for hire there were scarcely a dozen, and
+they were unemployed. A few coasting sloops and schooners, clearing out
+for the ports of the United States, were all that remained of that immense
+business which was carried on only a few months before. The Tontine Coffee
+House was almost empty, the few to be seen, appearing to be there merely
+to pass away the time, which hung heavy on their hands. There appeared to
+be little or no business doing there except perhaps a few transactions in
+securities or stocks. Grass had begun to grow upon the wharfs, and the
+people seemed to have taken leave of all their former gaiety and
+cheerfulness. The embargo did not accomplish the results desired. It was
+lifted in the early part of the year 1809, and the activities of business
+were again resumed.
+
+[Sidenote: Mechanics' Hall]
+
+The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, founded November 17, 1785,
+incorporated March 14, 1792, erected a hall of their own on the corner of
+Broadway and Robinson Street (now Park Place), in 1802. They held their
+annual celebration in it for the first time on the 6th of January, 1803.
+After the election of officers and other business before the society, the
+two hundred and fifteen members in attendance sat down to a dinner
+prepared for them by Mr. Borowsen, who was then in charge of the house.
+The day was spent with the utmost hilarity and good humor, enlivened by
+appropriate toasts and songs. The mayor of the city was a guest of the
+society. Mechanics' Hall is described as a building eighty by twenty-seven
+and a half feet. In the basement was a spacious kitchen, etc.; on the
+first floor a large coffee room, bar, dining room and landlady's room; on
+the second floor, ceiling sixteen feel high, a large hall fifty-two by
+twenty-five feet, with a handsome orchestra and a drawing room twenty feet
+square. On the third floor were five spacious rooms for the use of clubs
+and meetings of any kind and on the fourth twelve bedrooms. In the spring
+of 1803, the house was taken by Michael Little, and soon became a popular
+place for balls and concerts. It was for some years one of the prominent
+hotels of the city. The twelfth anniversary of the society was celebrated
+here in 1804, when Mr. Little was the landlord of the house.
+
+[Sidenote: New England Society]
+
+New York, as headquarters of the British forces in the Revolutionary war,
+had attracted much attention to her advantageous situation, and when peace
+returned men of energy flocked to it, as offering a good field for
+enterprise. Among these were many from New England, and it is claimed that
+the city owes much to this element, endowed with intelligence, vitality
+and perseverance. Soon after the opening of the nineteenth century the New
+England Society was formed. Their first dinner was given December 21,
+1805. For some years their meetings were held at the Tontine Coffee House
+and at other prominent public houses, but about 1812 the society settled
+on Niblo's Bank Coffee House as the regular place for their annual
+dinners. On December 22, 1807, the society held a grand celebration of
+their anniversary at the City Hotel, where at three o'clock in the
+afternoon, four hundred gentlemen sat down to an elegant dinner prepared
+by Mr. Dusseaussoir. The Reverend Doctor Rodgers and several of the
+venerable clergy from New England sat at the head of the table on the
+right of the president. It seems to have been a very merry dinner. An
+account of it, with the songs and toasts, fills over a column of the
+Evening Post. To honor the day, the proprietors and masters of all vessels
+in the port of New York, belonging to New England, were requested to hoist
+their colors on the 22d.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington Hall]
+
+The Washington Benevolent Society was organized on the 12th of July, 1808.
+On Washington's birthday, February 22, 1809, after electing officers of
+the society, they repaired to Zion Church, where an oration was delivered.
+In the evening, about one thousand members of the society sat down to
+suppers provided for them at five different houses. On the next Fourth of
+July the society celebrated the day with more than usual enthusiasm,
+taking a leading part. They had a grand parade and laid the corner stone
+of Washington Hall on the corner of Broadway and Reade Streets. The
+president of the society, Isaac Sebring, after going through the
+formalities of the occasion, turned to the society and thus impressively
+addressed them: "While I congratulate the society on this occasion, I
+cannot but express the hope that the Hall, to be erected on this spot, may
+be sacredly devoted to the cultivation of Friendship, of Charity, of
+correct principles and of ardent Patriotism. Built by the friends of
+Washington, may it never be polluted by the enemies of that illustrious
+and revered statesman. * * * Designed as the seat of rational republican
+sentiments, may it be forever preserved from the infuriated footsteps of
+Monarchy, Aristocracy, Anarchy and Jacobinism. And may our descendants in
+the latest generation, meet at this spot to commemorate the virtues of
+their revolutionary ancestors."
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON HALL]
+
+Although the Washington Benevolent Society was not organized as a
+political association there is no doubt that its members were mostly of
+the Federal party. The Hamilton Society, whose headquarters were at the
+Hamilton Hotel in Cherry Street, was very friendly. This, too, no doubt,
+was strongly Federal, and Washington Hall, where the two societies joined
+in celebrating Washington's birthday, became, soon after its completion,
+the headquarters of the Federal party, in opposition to Tammany Hall,
+completed about the same time, as that of the Republicans or Democrats.
+Washington Hall, at the time of its erection, was considered one of the
+handsomest structures in the city. Although intended to be used as a
+public hall for meetings, assemblies, etc., it was also kept as a hotel.
+Its first landlord was Daniel W. Crocker.
+
+[Sidenote: Tammany Hall]
+
+The corner-stone of Tammany Hall, corner of the present Park Place and
+Frankfort Street, was laid on Monday, May 13, 1811, the twenty-second
+anniversary of Tammany Society. Abraham M. Valentine was the grand marshal
+of the day. The members of the society appeared in aboriginal costume,
+wore the buck-tail as usual and marched in Indian file. Clarkson Crolius,
+grand sachem, laid the corner-stone and made a short and spirited address.
+Alpheus Sherman delivered the oration. Joseph Delacroix, proprietor of
+Vauxhall Garden and a good Tammanyite, celebrated the twenty-second
+anniversary of the Tammany Society and the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Great Wigwam by an unusual exhibition and a grand feu-de-joie at the
+garden at half-past eight o'clock in the evening. When the hall was
+completed, besides being used as the Great Wigwam of the Tammany Society,
+it was taken by Abraham B. Martling, and with his nephew, William B.
+Cozzens, conducted as a hotel.
+
+[Illustration: TAMMANY HALL]
+
+The Fraunces Tavern in Broad Street during the first decade of the
+nineteenth century continued to be one of the prominent taverns or hotels
+of the city. The Society of the Cincinnati had their annual dinner here
+on the Fourth of July, 1804, after a meeting at Federal Hall. It was then
+kept by David Ross, who had succeeded Michael Little as its landlord when
+he went to Mechanics' Hall. Shortly after this, and for some years, it was
+known as Washington Hotel. In 1813, on the celebration of the thirtieth
+anniversary of the Evacuation, the Independent Veteran Corps of Artillery,
+after performing the duties of the day, partook of a dinner at this old
+historic tavern, which seems to have been their headquarters. It was then
+kept by Rudolphus Kent. This was repeated the next year on Evacuation Day.
+
+[Illustration: FRAUNCES' TAVERN ABOUT 1830]
+
+[Sidenote: The Battery]
+
+Between State Street and the hay was the Battery, a beautifully situated
+open space of ground, where military parades were frequently held. On the
+Fourth of July and other anniversary days, there were brilliant
+exhibitions here of the artillery and other uniform troops. It was a
+public ground, where the citizens could enjoy the fresh breezes from the
+bay and the cool shade of the trees on hot summer days. The prospect
+afforded of the Jersey Shore, Staten Island, Long Island and the other
+small islands, of the ships at anchor and of others passing and repassing,
+made a scene at once variegated and delightful. For those who desired it,
+music, ice cream and other delicacies could be had at Corré's public
+garden on State Street, not far away.
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Ranelagh]
+
+We have described Vauxhall Garden, but there was also a Ranelagh, a
+suburban resort, situated about at the junction of Grand and Division
+Streets, near Corlear's Hook. It had been formerly known by the name of
+Mount Pitt. The adjoining grounds were shady and agreeable and from in
+front of the house was an extensive view of the city and of the eastern
+and southern parts of the harbor. At a short distance were the ruins of a
+battery erected during the Revolutionary War, behind Belvedere, and on
+these mouldering ramparts was a pleasant walk and prospect. Behind
+Ranelagh were considerable remains of the line of entrenchments, made by
+the British in 1781, across the island from Corlear's Hook to Lispenard's
+Brewery, to defend the city against the American army.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ugly Club]
+
+On the 4th of July, 1807, the Society of the Cincinnati partook of their
+annual dinner at the house of Joseph Baker, No. 4 Wall Street, corner of
+New, which for many years after this was a well known and popular house.
+About 1815, a select little circle, composed of the handsomest and most
+companionable young men of that day to be found in New York City, made
+this little tavern their rendezvous, where they held frequent convivial
+meetings. This was the Ugly Club and Baker's Tavern, or porter house, was
+styled Ugly Hall. Fitz-Greene Halleck was a member of this club and was
+honored by the appointment of "Poet Laureate to the Ugly Club."
+
+Baker's Tavern was for a time the starting place, or terminus of the
+route, of the stages which ran to Greenwich village. On the road to
+Greenwich a little beyond Canal Street was Tyler's, a popular suburban
+resort, some years before known as Brannon's Tea Garden. Many of the old
+graduates of Columbia College, who were living not so many years ago,
+cherished pleasant memories of Commencement suppers indulged in at this
+place.
+
+The sportsman could find not far from the city, on Manhattan Island,
+abundance of game; and it was no unusual thing in the gaming season to see
+well known men with guns on their shoulders and followed by their dogs,
+making their way up Broadway or Greenwich Street to the open country. In
+the Bowery Lane, at the second mile stone, was the Dog and Duck Tavern,
+which was frequented by those who chose to visit the salt meadows which
+were covered in the autumn with water-fowl. Further up the island, near
+the five mile stone, was the Dove Tavern, where those had their quarters
+who sought the woodcock and quail in the fields and glades, or the wild
+pigeon in the woods which covered a large part of the land.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN
+
+
+[Sidenote: War]
+
+On June 19, 1812, President Madison issued his formal proclamation of war
+with Great Britain. The news reached New York at nine o'clock on the
+morning of Saturday, June 20th. On the same day orders came to Commodore
+Rodgers to sail on a cruise against the enemy. He was in entire readiness
+and put to sea within an hour after receiving his instructions. He passed
+Sandy Hook on the afternoon of June 21st, with his squadron consisting of
+the President, 44; the United States, 44; the Congress, 38; the Hornet,
+18; and the Argus, 16--in all, five vessels, carrying 160 guns. The
+British force cruising off the coast consisted of eight men-of-war,
+carrying 312 guns, with a number of corvettes and sloops. In a few months
+the victories of the American ships thrilled the country with satisfaction
+and delight and fairly stunned the English who had regarded the American
+navy as beneath contempt.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT NAVAL DINNER AT THE CITY HOTEL]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Naval Heroes]
+
+On Tuesday, December 29, 1812, a magnificent banquet was given by the
+corporation and citizens of New York at the City Hotel, then kept by
+Gibson, in honor of Captain Decatur, Captain Hull and Captain Jones, to
+celebrate their recent victories. The dinner was served at five o'clock in
+the afternoon and five hundred gentlemen sat down to table. It was a naval
+dinner and marine decorations prevailed. The large dining-room "was
+colonaded round with the masts of ships entwined with laurels and bearing
+the flags of all the world." Each table had on it a ship in miniature
+flying the American flag. At the head of the room, at a long table raised
+about three feet above the others, sat the mayor of the city, DeWitt
+Clinton, the president of the feast, with Decatur upon his right and Hull
+upon his left. In front of this, in a space covered with green grass was
+a lake of real water, on which floated a miniature frigate. Across the end
+of the room, back of all, hung on the wall the large main sail of a ship.
+At the toast, "To our Navy," the main-sail was furled, exposing to view
+two large transparent paintings, one representing the battles between the
+Constitution and the Guerriere, the United States and the Macedonian and
+the Wasp and the Frolic, and the other representing the American Eagle
+holding in his beak three civic crowns, on which were the following
+inscriptions: "Hull and the Guerriere"--"Jones and the Frolic"--"Decatur
+and the Macedonian," which produced great enthusiasm among the guests. The
+dinner was a great success. At the very time it was being served,
+Commodore Bainbridge, in the Constitution, was engaged with the British
+frigate, Java, in a hot action, lasting nearly two hours, in which he
+silenced all her guns and made of her a riddled and dismantled hulk, not
+worth bringing to port. In this same banquet room, the decorations having
+been retained, the crew of the United States were entertained on Thursday,
+January 7, 1813, by the corporation. Alderman Vanderbilt delivered the
+address of welcome to the sailors, of whom there were about four hundred
+present. After dinner, by invitation, they attended the Park Theatre,
+where the drop-curtain had on it a painting representing the fight of the
+United States and the Macedonian.
+
+[Illustration: Stephen Decatur]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Captain Lawrence]
+
+On the 13th of May, 1813, by a vote of the common council, a dinner was
+given to Captain Lawrence, of the Hornet, and his gallant crew at
+Washington Hall. The seamen landed at Whitehall Slip about half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon, attended by the band of the Eleventh Regiment
+and marched through Pearl Street, Wall Street and Broadway to Washington
+Hall. At half-past three o'clock the petty officers, seamen and marines
+sat down to a bountiful repast. Paintings representing the victories of
+Hull, Decatur, Jones and Bainbridge decorated the walls of the room, and
+over the chair of the boatswain of the Hornet, who was the presiding
+officer, was an elegant view by Holland of the action of the Hornet with
+the Peacock. The table was decorated with a great variety of flags and
+with emblems appropriate to the occasion. After the meats were removed a
+visit to the room was made by the common council, accompanied by Captain
+Lawrence. At the sight of their commander the sailors rose from their
+seats and heartily cheered him with three times three. Perfect order and
+decorum were preserved and the bottle, the toast and the song went round
+with hilarity and glee.
+
+[Illustration: Isaac Hull]
+
+[Illustration: J. Lawrence]
+
+In another room a dinner was served to the corporation and its guests,
+among whom were Captain Lawrence and all his officers, the commanders of
+all the ships of war on the New York Station, many of the judges of the
+courts and Colonel Joseph G. Swift, the commander of the corps of
+engineers. This room was decorated by many emblematic paintings by Mr.
+Holland, descriptive of our naval victories; some of them had been used at
+the great naval dinner given to Decatur, Hull and Jones at the City Hotel
+in the previous December.
+
+The crew were invited to attend the performance at the theater that
+evening, the front of the theater being illuminated and the pit set apart
+for their accommodation. They marched in a body from the dinner table to
+the theater at six o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to General Harrison]
+
+A dinner was given to General Harrison in the afternoon of December 1,
+1813, at Tammany Hall under the direction of the State Republican
+(Democratic) general committee of New York. Besides the distinguished
+guest, there were Governor Tompkins, Major-Generals Dearborn and Hampton,
+Judge Brockholst Livingston, of the United States Supreme Court, and a
+great number of officers of the army and navy and of the volunteer corps
+of the city. The dining hall was handsomely decorated under the direction
+of Mr. Holland. There were five tables, containing sixty covers each,
+ornamented by representations of castles, pyramids, etc., provided by
+Martling and Cozzens, the proprietors, in their usual elegant and liberal
+manner.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Commodore Bainbridge]
+
+The Federalists, in their turn, on the 8th of the same month, in the
+afternoon, gave a splendid dinner to Commodore Bainbridge at Washington
+Hall, at which John B. Coles presided. Notwithstanding the unpleasant
+weather there were nearly three hundred persons present. Among the number
+were Governor Tompkins, Mayor Clinton, Major-Generals Dearborn and
+Stevens, Judges Brockholst Livingston, Van Ness and Benson and the
+officers of the navy on the New York Station. The room was handsomely
+decorated and the dinner was provided by Captain Crocker and served up in
+a very correct and elegant style.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Commodore Perry]
+
+The next public dinner during the winter season was given to Commodore
+Perry on the afternoon of the 11th of January, 1814, at Tammany Hall, at
+which about three hundred and fifty persons were present. Major James
+Fairlie presided. There were seven tables; one of these, on an elevated
+platform, at which the honored guests were seated, crossed the eastern end
+of the room, the others led from it to the lower end, and all were
+beautifully embellished with numerous ornaments. The pillars of the hall
+were surrounded with clusters of American flags, and the decorations of
+the hall were arranged under the gratuitous direction of Mr. Holland. Five
+transparent paintings from his pencil adorned the walls. One of these,
+covering about one hundred and fifty square feet, represented a large
+eagle bearing in his beak and talons a scroll inscribed in large capitals:
+"We have Met the Enemy and they are Ours." In the evening Commodore Perry
+attended a ball at Washington Hall which followed a concert given at that
+place.
+
+[Sidenote: Patriotic Demonstrations by the Two Parties]
+
+As before the war, the people were divided into two great parties, one for
+war, the other for peace, but both claiming to be acting for the good of
+the general government and the welfare of the people, while the fear of
+disunion of the states hung heavily over the country. At the anniversary
+dinner at Washington Hall on the 4th of July, 1813, one of the volunteer
+toasts was: "Our Country--Disgraced by the folly of democracy, may its
+character soon be retrieved by the virtue and talents of federalism." The
+war made the celebration of the Fourth of July particularly important, and
+the two parties vied with each other in patriotic demonstrations. The
+celebration of Independence Day, 1814, was made by two grand processions;
+one was led by the Tammany Society, which was joined and followed by
+several other societies; the other was led by the Washington Benevolent
+Society, joined by the Hamilton Society. The military parade, headed by
+the governor, was made entirely independent of any procession. After the
+procession the members of the Tammany Society sat down to a repast
+prepared by Martling and Cozzens, proprietors of Tammany Hall Hotel, and
+the members of the Washington Benevolent Society and of the Hamilton
+Society dined in the afternoon at Washington Hall, but in separate rooms.
+The State Society of the Cincinnati held their annual meeting at the City
+Hall, after which they retired to the Tontine Coffee House where a dinner
+was served to them at four o'clock. Commodore Decatur, lately elected an
+honorary member, dined with the Society. After dinner, eighteen toasts
+were drunk, each followed by an appropriate piece of music by Moffit's
+military band. At Vauxhall the celebration in the evening surpassed in
+display and grandeur any previous exhibitions of the kind.
+
+[Sidenote: News of Peace]
+
+At the close of the war of 1812 the news of peace was received in New York
+with the greatest joy. Mr. Carroll, the bearer of the treaty, on his
+arrival in the British sloop-of-war Favorite, about eight o'clock in the
+evening of Saturday, February 15, 1815, went directly to the City Hotel,
+which he made his quarters; and in less than twenty minutes after he
+entered the house most of the windows in the lower part of Broadway and
+the adjoining streets were illuminated, and the streets were densely
+filled with people who came forth to see and to hear and to rejoice.
+Samuel G. Goodrich, who was at a concert in the City Hotel, writes: "While
+listening to the music the door of the concert-room was thrown open and in
+rushed a man breathless with excitement. He mounted on a table and,
+swinging a white handkerchief aloft, cried out: "Peace! Peace! Peace!" The
+music ceased, the hall was speedily vacated, I rushed into the street, and
+oh, what a scene! In a few minutes thousands and tens of thousands of
+people were marching about with candles, lamps, torches, making the
+jubilant street appear like a gay and gorgeous procession. The whole night
+Broadway sang its song of peace." Swift expresses were sent out to
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Boston, Providence and Albany, and
+when the news was received from Washington of the ratification, which, by
+a combination of four newspapers was brought to New York in twenty-three
+hours, extensive preparations were made for a grand celebration and
+illumination on February 22, which on account of unfavorable weather was
+deferred and took place on the 27th. Fire works were gotten up and
+exhibited on a stage in front of the Government House under the
+superintendence of Joseph Delacroix, of Vauxhall Garden, which is said to
+have exceeded any former exhibition. The descriptions of the illuminations
+filled column after column of the newspapers. Among many others, lengthy
+descriptions were given of the illuminations of Tammany Hall, Washington
+Hall and the City Hotel.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grand Ball]
+
+Great preparations were soon made for a "superb ball" in honor of the
+joyful peace, which was given on March 16 at Washington Hall. The company
+consisted of upwards of six hundred ladies and gentlemen. The dancing
+room, eighty feet by sixty, was arranged to present the appearance of a
+beautiful elliptical pavilion, formed by eighteen pillars, on each of
+which was inscribed the name of a state, connected with the center of the
+lofty ceiling by garlands or festoons of laurel, and between the garlands,
+suspended from the ceiling, chandeliers composed of verdant and flowery
+wreaths. The garlands extending from the pillars were attached to a light
+central canopy, beneath which was a golden sun made to revolve rapidly, by
+means of machinery above the ceiling, so as to diffuse from its dazzling
+surface the reflected radiance of eight hundred lights. This was styled
+the Temple of Concord. On one side of the room, on a raised platform under
+a canopy of flags and surrounded with orange and lemon trees loaded with
+fruit, was the Bower of Peace, furnished with seats from which a good view
+of the cotillion parties could be had. The seats in each end of the room
+were also shaded with a profusion of orange trees and various rarer plants
+brought from the gardens and greenhouses of the vicinity. "The supper
+tables at which all the ladies were accommodated with seats at one time,
+though in two different apartments, were arranged and decorated in the
+most brilliant style; being lighted from above by illuminated arches
+entwined with flowers and supported by grouped columns from the center of
+the tables, and forming a line of arches from one extremity to the other.
+In short, the whole scene was one of the most splendid ever exhibited in
+this city; reflecting the highest credit on the managers and displaying a
+picture of female beauty, fashion and elegance not to be surpassed in any
+city of the union."[5] The landlord of Washington Hall at this time was
+Peter McIntyre, who had in February succeeded Daniel W. Crocker. He had
+formerly kept a porter house at 33 Nassau Street.
+
+[Sidenote: The Shakespeare Tavern]
+
+In the description of the grand illumination on the evening of February
+27, the decorations of the Shakespeare Tavern are particularly mentioned
+by the newspapers. This tavern had been for some years and continued to be
+for many years after, the resort of actors, poets and critics, as well as
+the rendezvous of the wits and literary men of the period. It stood on the
+southwest corner of Fulton and Nassau Streets, a low, old-fashioned, solid
+structure of small, yellow brick, two stories high, with dormer windows
+in the roof. Thomas Hodgkinson, brother of John Hodgkinson of the Park
+Theatre, became its landlord in 1808, and continued in it for sixteen
+years. He had formerly been the proprietor of a porter house at 17 Fair
+(Fulton) Street. In its early days the entrance to the house was by a
+green baize-covered door on Nassau Street, opening into a small hall with
+rooms on either side, the tap-room being the south front room on Nassau
+Street, in which was a circular bar of the old English pattern. It had
+been built many years before the Revolution, and in 1822 a modern
+extension was added on Fulton Street, three stories high. On the second
+floor was a large room for public meetings and military drills, and on the
+third floor another large room with arched ceiling for concerts and balls
+and for the accommodation of the political, literary and musical patrons
+of the house. The Euterpian Society met here once a month and once a year
+gave a public concert at the City Hotel, followed by a ball; while the
+older members of the society had a supper below. This was one of the
+events of the season, and the Assembly Room was crowded.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN]
+
+For many years the Shakespeare Tavern was closely connected with the
+military history of the city. The Veteran Corps of Artillery usually had
+their dinners here. A dinner was served here to Captain Swain's Company of
+the Third Regiment of Artillery on Evacuation Day, 1813. A few years ago a
+bronze tablet might have been seen on the corner of Fulton and Nassau
+Streets on which was the following inscription:
+
+  On this site in the
+  Old Shakespeare Tavern
+    Was organized
+  The Seventh Regiment
+  National Guards S. N. Y.
+  August 25, 1824.
+
+[Illustration: "AS CHOICE SPIRITS AS EVER SUPPED AT THE TURK'S HEAD"]
+
+The Old Shakespeare Tavern has been compared to the "Mermaid" of London in
+the days of Johnson and Shakespeare and to the "Turk's Head" in the time
+of Reynolds, Garrick and Goldsmith. To what degree this comparison may
+extend is left to individual opinion, but there is no doubt that the best
+talent of the city in many departments were at times to be found within
+its walls. Fitz-Greene Halleck and Robert C. Sands, James G. Percival,
+James K. Paulding and Willis Gaylord Clark were frequent visitors and
+passed here in each other's company many a merry evening. Here Sands first
+recited to his friends, William L. Stone, Gulian C. Verplanck and John
+Inman, his last and most remarkable poem, "The Dead of 1832." Here DeWitt
+Clinton discussed with his friends his pet project, the Erie Canal, and
+demonstrated the feasibility of that great undertaking. Here some of the
+liveliest of the "Croakers" were conceived and brought forth. William L.
+Stone, a frequent visitor, says: "The Old Shakespeare has entertained
+coteries composed of as choice spirits as ever supped at the Turk's Head."
+
+[Sidenote: The Krout Club]
+
+Under the management of Hodgkinson the Shakespeare became noted for the
+excellence of its wines and for the quaint style and quiet comfort of its
+suppers. About 1825 he was succeeded by James C. Stoneall, his son-in-law,
+who was an exceedingly courteous man and an attentive and obliging
+landlord. Before and after Stoneall became proprietor of the house it was
+the meeting place of the Krout Club, a social institution of the period,
+most of the members of which were supposed to be descendants of the early
+Dutch settlers. When the Grand Krout, as the presiding officer of the
+society was called, each year nodded his assent to a meeting and dinner,
+the announcement was made by piercing a cabbage and displaying it on the
+end of a long pole projected from an upper window of the place of meeting.
+It was customary, immediately after his election to his exalted position,
+to crown the newly-elected King of the Krouts with a cabbage head nicely
+hollowed out to fit his head and, at the same time, to throw over his
+shoulders a mantle of cabbage leaves. While thus arrayed as master of the
+feast, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill delivered a very amusing address on the
+cabbage, the closing words of which were: "Thy name has been abused as if
+'to cabbage' were to pilfer or steal. I repel with indignation the attempt
+to sully thy fame."
+
+The annual meeting of the Krouts was opened at nine o'clock in the morning
+and the fun and frolic was kept up until late at night. Just before the
+dinner the secretary read his annual report, which consisted of a humorous
+relation of some things that had occurred, but more especially of many
+things that had not occurred. At dinner were served smoked geese, ringlets
+(sausages), sauerkraut and cabbage in a great variety of dishes.
+
+Pleasant memories of the old vine-clad tavern were cherished by many who
+only a few years ago passed over to the Great Beyond.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the Peace Commissioners]
+
+Two of the five American Commissioners who had negociated the Treaty of
+Peace at Ghent and the Commercial Treaty at London, Messrs. Albert
+Gallatin and Henry Clay, arrived in New York on September 1, 1815, and on
+the afternoon of the 5th a complimentary dinner was given them at Tammany
+Hall. Judge Brockholst Livingston presided. William Bayard, James
+Fairlie, John Hone, Thomas Farmer and Gilbert Aspinwall were
+vice-presidents and among the distinguished guests were the Hon. Rufus
+King, the Hon. A. J. Dallas, the Mayor, General Macomb, General Swift,
+etc. The Evening Post, a Federal paper, expressed surprise and regret that
+the dinner, instead of appearing to be given as it ought to have been, by
+the respectable citizens of New York without distinction of party, should
+have been "made to wear an invidious complexion by being brought forward
+in the public papers as having been gotten up by 17 gentlemen, all of
+whom, with a single exception are considered to be of the Democratic
+party."
+
+[Sidenote: President Monroe's Visit]
+
+From the time of Washington no President of the United States, while in
+office, had visited New York city until President James Monroe, in June,
+1817, made his tour of inspection. On the morning of June 11th he came up
+from Staten Island, where he had been the guest of Vice President
+Tompkins, in the steamboat Richmond, escorted by the sloop of war Saranac,
+Captain Elton, and the Revenue Cutter, Captain Cahoone. He landed on the
+Battery about twelve o'clock from Commodore Evans' elegant barge,
+accompanied by the Vice President, General Swift and secretary, Captains
+Evans and Biddle of the United States navy, Major-General Morton and
+suite, Major-General Mapes and suite and the Committee of the
+Corporation, who had gone to Staten Island for that purpose, and was
+welcomed by a salute from a division of General Morton's artillery, under
+the command of Brigadier-General Scott, of the United States army.
+
+The President, after reviewing the line of troops, was escorted up
+Broadway to the City Hall, where, in the audience chamber, the Mayor, in
+the presence of the Governor and other prominent officials, presented him
+with an address. The State Society of the Cincinnati, headed by their
+Vice-President, General Stevens, also presented him a short address. After
+these ceremonies were concluded the President was escorted by a squadron
+of cavalry to the quarters provided for him at Gibson's elegant
+establishment, the Merchants' Hotel in Wall Street. After visiting the
+United States Arsenal, the President returned to the hotel at five o'clock
+and sat down to a sumptuous dinner prepared for the occasion. Among the
+guests were the Vice President of the United States, Governor Clinton,
+Hon. Rufus King, General Swift, General Scott, Mr. Mason, secretary to the
+President, General Stevens, General Morton, Col. Willett, Col. Platt,
+Major Fairlie, the President of the United States Bank and the Committee
+of the Corporation. The Merchants' Hotel at 41 and 43 Wall Street had been
+established there some years, and when Solomon D. Gibson, a landlord of
+experience and reputation, had taken charge of it and it had been selected
+as a proper place to lodge and entertain the President of the United
+States, there is hardly a doubt that it was considered second to none in
+the city. In the evening the City Hall and other public buildings were
+illuminated.
+
+[Sidenote: General Jackson at the Ball]
+
+There was a grand military ball at the City Hotel in celebration of
+Washington's birthday, on the 22d of February, 1819, and at the same time
+the opportunity was embraced to honor General Jackson, who was a visitor
+to the city at that time. "Everything was in great style. Seven hundred
+persons were present. When the General entered, he was saluted by a
+discharge of artillery from a miniature fort raised on the orchestra." The
+supper room was thrown open at twelve o'clock. Over the table was a
+transparency with the motto: "In the midst of festivity, forget not the
+services and sacrifices of those who have enabled you to enjoy it." After
+supper there was a flagging in the dancing from exhaustion, when suddenly,
+to the surprise of all, was displayed a flag with the revivifying motto:
+"Don't give up the ship." "The effect was electric--the band struck up
+'Washington's March,' and the ball seemed but beginning! The diffusion of
+light upon an assemblage, the most brilliant we ever beheld, the taste
+with which the room was decorated with nearly two hundred flags, including
+those of almost all the nations of the world, combined with the military
+glitter of about two hundred gentlemen in uniform, interspersed in the
+dance with the female beauty and elegance of the city, produced an effect
+of the most pleasing nature."
+
+[Sidenote: General Jackson's Toast]
+
+Jackson's visit was the occasion of much merriment by the wits of the town
+on account of the toast offered by the General, not at the City Hotel, as
+has been related by some, but at a dinner given in his honor at Tammany
+Hall, by the Tammany Society or Columbian Order, on the 23d. At this
+dinner, General Jackson being called on for his toast, his honor the
+Mayor, who presided, rose, and to the consternation and dismay of Sachem
+William Mooney and other prominent members, announced the toast: "DeWitt
+Clinton, the governor of the great and patriotic state of New York," after
+which the General left the room, according to one account, "amidst
+reiterated applause," but according to another, "there was a dead silence
+for the space of three minutes at least." A certain alderman, recovering
+his astonished senses a little, said, loud enough to be heard by all, that
+what he had just witnessed put him in mind of what Sir Peter Teazle says:
+"This is a damn'd wicked world we live in, Sir Oliver, and the fewer we
+praise the better." The Republicans, or Democrats as they were afterwards
+called, were at this time divided into two factions. Jackson was an
+admirer of Clinton, but the "Bucktails" of Tammany Hall considered him as
+their bitterest foe. The dinner was a grand affair, the tickets to it
+being sold at five dollars each.
+
+[Illustration: DeWitt Clinton]
+
+[Sidenote: The Erie Canal]
+
+There was a memorable meeting held at the City Hotel in the fall of 1815.
+Its purpose was to advance the project for building a canal to connect
+Lake Erie and the Hudson River, which had been before the public for some
+years and which was considered by some as abandoned. Judge Jonas Platt,
+Thomas Eddy and DeWitt Clinton, all earnestly interested in the
+enterprise, discussed the matter and agreed to make an effort to revive
+interest in it. It was proposed to send out invitations to the most
+prominent and influential citizens of New York to meet at the City Hotel.
+This was done. William Bayard was made chairman of the meeting and John
+Pintard secretary. Jonas Platt and DeWitt Clinton delivered addresses, and
+although there was some opposition, a resolution was nevertheless passed
+by a large majority in favor of the object, and a committee consisting of
+DeWitt Clinton, Thomas Eddy, Cadwallader D. Colden and John Swartwout was
+chosen to prepare and circulate a memorial to the legislature. This
+celebrated paper was written by DeWitt Clinton and attracted great
+attention. It gave new life to the enterprise, which was ultimately
+successful.
+
+[Sidenote: The First Savings Bank]
+
+In the autumn of 1816, at a meeting in the City Hotel, the first savings
+bank in New York was organized. The necessary capital was not raised until
+1819, when it went into operation with William Bayard as its first
+president.
+
+[Sidenote: What Englishmen Said About the City Hotel]
+
+H. B. Fearon, an English traveller, writes in 1817: "There are in New York
+many hotels, some of which are on an extensive scale. The City Hotel is as
+large as the London Tavern. The dining room and some of the apartments
+seem to have been fitted up regardless of expense." Quite different is the
+description given by Lieutenant Fred. Fitzgerald De Roos of the Royal
+Navy, who visited New York in May, 1826. He says: "We lodged at the City
+Hotel, which is the principal inn at New York. The house is immense and
+was full of company; but what a wretched place! The floors were without
+carpets, the beds without curtains; there was neither glass, mug nor cup,
+and a miserable little rag was dignified with the name of towel. The
+entrance to the house is constantly obstructed by crowds of people passing
+to and from the bar-room, where a person presides at a buffet formed upon
+the plan of a cage. This individual is engaged, 'from morn to dewy eve,'
+in preparing and issuing forth punch and spirits to strange-looking men,
+who come to the house to read the newspapers and talk politics. In this
+place may be seen in turn most of the respectable inhabitants of the town.
+There is a public breakfast at half-past seven o'clock, and a dinner at
+two o'clock, but to get anything in one's own room is impossible." Let us
+digress and note the happy return of this man to _English soil_. On his
+way back to Halifax to join his command, he crossed from Maine to Nova
+Scotia, stopping in the little town of Windsor. He writes: "Never in my
+whole life did I more fully appreciate the benefits of our good English
+customs, or feel in better humor with my country in general, than when I
+sat down in a clean parlor by myself, to the snug dinner prepared for me
+by the widow Wilcocks, landlady of a comfortable inn in the good town of
+Windsor. How different from an American _table d'hote_! where you are
+deafened by the clamor, and disgusted by the selfish gluttony of your
+companions; where you must either bolt your victuals, or starve, from the
+ravenous rapidity with which everything is dispatched; and where the
+inattention of the servants is only equalled by their insolence and
+familiarity."
+
+Englishmen never forgot that the United States was a brilliant gem plucked
+from the British crown, and the vein of sarcasm and resentment running
+through books of travel written by them about this time is apparent; so
+that their descriptions and opinions should be taken with some allowance
+for this feeling. Nevertheless, there was a foundation of truth in many of
+the disagreeable things they said, which made them, on that account, the
+more irritating to the people of the United States.
+
+[Sidenote: The Price-Wilson Duel]
+
+About the year 1818 or 1820, there was living for a time at the Washington
+Hotel, or as it was more generally called Washington Hall, Captain Wilson,
+of the British army, who, in conversation one day at dinner, remarked that
+he had been mainly instrumental in bringing about the duel between Major
+Green and Benjamin Price, and detailed the circumstances leading to it. A
+few years before this, Benjamin Price, a brother of Stephen Price, lessee
+and manager of the Park Theater, was at the theatre one evening in the
+company of a very handsome woman. In the adjoining box was Major Green, a
+British officer, who took the liberty of turning and staring the lady full
+in the face, which annoyed her and of which she complained to Price, who,
+on a repetition of the offense, reached over, caught the officer by the
+nose and gave it a vigorous twist. The officer soon after knocked at the
+door of Price's box, and when he opened it asked him with charming
+simplicity what he meant by such behavior, at the same time declaring that
+he had intended no offense, that he had not meant to insult the lady by
+what he had done. "Oh, very well," replied Price, "neither did I mean to
+insult you by what I did." Upon this they shook hands and it was supposed
+that the matter was settled and ended. When Major Green returned to his
+command in Canada the story of this affair followed him or had preceded
+him and was soon the subject of discussion among his comrades. It was
+brought to the attention of his brother officers, one of whom, Captain
+Wilson, insisted that Green should be sent to Coventry unless he returned
+to New York and challenged Price. This he did after practising with a
+pistol for five hours a day until he considered himself sufficiently
+expert. They fought at Weehawken on Sunday, May 12, 1816. Price was killed
+at the first fire. Spectators viewed the transaction from the neighboring
+rocks, and a more horrible sight could not have been imagined. The
+seconds ran off, and Green look a small boat, crossed the river and
+boarded a vessel about to sail for England.
+
+When the news that Captain Wilson was at the Washington Hotel and a
+statement of what he had said were carried to Stephen Price, who was lying
+ill of the gout at his home, his friends say that he obeyed implicitly the
+instructions of his physician and thereby obtained a short cessation of
+the gout so that he was able to hobble out of doors, his lower extremities
+swaddled in flannel. As soon as possible he made his way to the Washington
+Hotel, where he inquired for Captain Wilson. Ascertaining that he was in,
+he requested to be shown to his room. With a stout hickory cane in his
+hand he hobbled upstairs, cursing with equal vehemence the captain and the
+gout. Arriving at the room, as the captain rose to receive him he said:
+"Are you Captain Wilson?" "That is my name," replied the captain. "Sir,"
+said he, "my name is Stephen Price. You see, sir, that I can scarcely put
+one foot before the other. I am afflicted with the gout, but sir, I have
+come here with the deliberate intention of insulting you. Shall I have to
+knock you down or will you consider what I have said a sufficient insult
+for the purpose?" "Sir," replied the captain, smiling, "I shall consider
+what you have said quite sufficient and shall act accordingly. You shall
+hear from me." In due time there came a message from Captain Wilson to
+Stephen Price; time, place and weapons were appointed. Early one morning,
+a few days later, a barge left the city in which were seated Stephen
+Price, Captain Wilson and two friends. They all landed on Bedlow's Island.
+Captain Wilson never returned. He fell dead at the first fire. His body
+was buried on the island and many of his friends thought that he had been
+lost or died suddenly at sea.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+ROAD HOUSES
+
+
+[Sidenote: Prejudice Against Dancing]
+
+We have the evidence of persons who lived in the early part of the
+nineteenth century that among the old Dutch and Puritan families there was
+a strong prejudice against dancing, especially by young ladies in public
+places, and there is hardly a doubt that this was much increased by the
+introduction of the waltz, quite different from the dancing of old
+colonial days. Notwithstanding this, we find that in the accounts of the
+balls given on important occasions there does not seem to have been any
+disinclination to indulge in this pleasing diversion. There were dancing
+masters, and shortly after the erection of Washington Hall and Tammany
+Hall they were both being used by the instructors of dancing, and they
+held in them their "publics," which appear to have been well attended.
+Concerts, as formerly, were generally followed by balls.
+
+[Sidenote: Bachelors' Ball]
+
+Like the old Province Arms of colonial days, the City Hotel was used for a
+great many years for the assembly balls. These continued to be held here
+until after the close of the war of 1812, but a few years later seem to
+have ceased. It was about this time that, as related by Abram C. Dayton,
+the old ladies defeated the young men in a contest over dancing. The young
+men gave a series of sociables at the City Hotel, at which none but
+subscribers were admitted. Although very select, the old ladies, backed by
+the minister, denounced them. "The battle for supremacy was bravely waged
+on both sides, but the old ladies beat Young America and the City Hotel
+sociables were discontinued." But it was only a lull. Some years later the
+social feature was the annual ball given by the young men known as the
+Bachelors' Ball. It was the social event of each winter and exceeded
+anything of the kind ever previously attempted, being very select and
+gotten up with great care. All the managers wore knee breeches, silk
+stockings and pumps. The most noted of these was the Bachelors' Grand
+Fancy Ball given at the City Hotel on the 18th of March, 1831, which had
+long been the theme of conversation and the subject of preparation. Philip
+Hone, in his diary, says that "no expectations had been formed which were
+not realized by the results. My daughter Mary went as Sweet Anne Page and
+looked lovely in the part of Leslie's inimitable picture." Later the
+Bachelors' Balls were given on the evening of St. Valentine's Day. The
+tickets, printed on cardboard from elaborately engraved plates, were sold
+at ten dollars each.
+
+[Sidenote: The Forum]
+
+For the entertainment of those opposed to dancing there were meetings of
+the Forum, which were in 1817 at Mechanics' Hall, corner of Broadway and
+Park Place, and later at the City Hotel on Friday evenings. The exercises
+consisted of debates and addresses and the tickets of admission were sold
+at two shillings each, the debate commencing promptly at seven o'clock.
+Prominent members of the Forum were J. P. C. Sampson, Orville L. Holley,
+Thomas G. Fessenden, Hiram Ketchum, Rev. Richard Varick Dey, William
+Paxton Hallet and Charles G. Haines. At a meeting in the first part of
+January, 1817, the question discussed was: "Ought Legislative or other aid
+to be afforded in order to render the United States a Manufacturing
+nation?" About these meetings Fitz-Greene Halleck has given us a few
+descriptive lines:
+
+  "Resort of fashion, beauty, taste--
+  The Forum Hall was nightly grac'd
+  With all who blush'd their hours to waste
+    At balls--and such ungodly places;
+  And Quaker girls were there allow'd
+  To show, among the motley crowd
+    Their sweet blue eyes and pretty faces."
+
+[Sidenote: A British Veteran]
+
+John Batten, the garrulous friend of "Felix Oldboy," who considered him a
+valuable repository of reminiscences, was a veteran soldier who had come
+out with the British troops in the early part of the Revolutionary War.
+Better educated than the most of his companions in arms, he is said to
+have taught school in the old Dutch Church while the British occupied New
+York. He used sometimes to say in a pleasant, joking way: "I fought hard
+for this country," and after enjoying the effect produced on his young
+auditors, who were ready to admire his patriotic devotion, would slowly
+add, after looking around and winking at some elderly person who knew his
+history, "but we didn't get it."
+
+On one occasion Batten was present at a grand Fourth of July dinner and
+was taken to be a Revolutionary soldier, as of course, he verily was. The
+company drank his health in patriotic toasts and at last called upon him
+to respond. This he did and spoke so touchingly of the events of the war
+that his audience was very much affected, especially the feminine part of
+it. Then he said: "Yes, I did fight all through the old Revolution. I
+fought as bravely as the others. I liked this country and decided to stay
+here; so, when my regiment was preparing to embark, I slipped over to Long
+Island and stayed there until they had sailed for England." The astonished
+company realized that they had been cheering a British soldier and that
+Johnny Batten was not the sort of veteran they were accustomed to admire.
+Batten thought it a good joke.
+
+[Sidenote: The Blue Bell]
+
+After the war Batten opened a tavern at Jamaica, Long Island, and a few
+years after he came to New York City, where, in 1786, we find him the
+landlord of the Blue Bell in Slote Lane. After several changes he settled
+down at No. 37 Nassau Street, which he kept as a first-class tavern for
+several years. After this he became a merchant and opened a hosiery store
+on the west side of Broadway, between Dey and Cortlandt Streets. He was
+here in 1817. Batten lived to be a very old man. He was one of those they
+called "Battery Walkers" or "Peep o' Day Boys," who used to go down to the
+Battery at daybreak and walk about until breakfast time.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel]
+
+When, in 1816, Gibson became landlord of the Merchants' Hotel in Wall
+Street, he was succeeded in the City Hotel by Chester Jennings, who was
+the landlord of the house for more than twenty years. Under his management
+it acquired a high reputation, and in 1836 he retired with a competency.
+The very next year his fortune, which had been invested in United States
+Bank and other stocks, was swept away by the great revulsion of 1837.
+Samuel G. Mather was landlord of the City Hotel in 1838, but John Jacob
+Astor, the owner of the house, induced Jennings to again undertake its
+management with Willard, his former assistant, and together they assumed
+control of it and succeeded so well that in the course of a few years
+Jennings had placed himself in a position to retire again in comfort.
+
+During nearly the whole of the first half of the nineteenth century the
+City Hotel was not only the most celebrated house of entertainment in the
+city, but travellers declared that it had no equal in the United States.
+On its register were found the names of the most distinguished men of the
+nation as well as prominent citizens from every section of the land. It
+was a plain structure of four stories with no architectural pretensions,
+and the interior fittings and the furniture were also plain, but good and
+durable. The dining room was spacious, light, well ventilated, neat and
+scrupulously clean. The service was good and the table furnished with an
+abundant supply, selected with the greatest care. Chester Jennings was the
+unseen partner who provided supplies and superintended the details of the
+running of the house in all departments except the office. Willard's
+duties were in the office, where he was clerk, book-keeper, cashier,
+bar-keeper and anything necessary. He attended closely to business and was
+a well known man, though never seen outside of the hotel. Other hotels
+were built with greater pretensions but the old City Hotel maintained its
+prestige through all. It had become a general rendezvous for merchants and
+friends on their return from business to their homes, and there was about
+it a social atmosphere which could not be transferred. The National Hotel,
+on the corner of Broadway and Cedar Street, nearly opposite the City
+Hotel, erected by Joseph Delacroix of Vauxhall Garden, was opened for
+business in March, 1826, and the Adelphi Hotel, a building six stories
+high, on the corner of Broadway and Beaver Street, was erected in 1827.
+
+[Sidenote: Club at the City Hotel]
+
+In the palmy days of the City Hotel there were a number of men who made it
+their home, or dining place, and, brought together by similarity of tastes
+or for social enjoyment, had formed a coterie or sort of club. They were
+all men of some leisure who could afford to sit long after dinner and sip
+their wine and crack their jokes and discuss the gossip of the town. "This
+band of jolly good fellows, who lingered day after day for long years over
+their wine and nuts, were well known characters in the city and were
+especially familiar to such as visited the City Hotel, where they lived
+and died."[6] Colonel Nick Saltus, a retired merchant of wealth and a
+confirmed old bachelor, was the acknowledged chairman and spokesman of
+this peculiar group.
+
+In those days the captains of the packet-ships which sailed twice each
+month for European ports, were men of much importance. Many of them made
+the City Hotel their headquarters when in port and became boon-companions
+of the select coterie of the house, who often, when an arrival was
+announced at Sandy Hook, would proceed to the Battery to meet their friend
+who had been commissioned to procure some new gastronomical luxury for
+the company.
+
+When Billy Niblo had resolved to abandon his Pine Street Coffee House and
+open a suburban place for refreshment and entertainment on what was then
+upper Broadway, he invited many of his old customers and friends to the
+opening of his new garden, among whom were some who were residents of the
+City Hotel. They accepted the invitation of Niblo and determined that
+Willard should be one of the company. When the time arrived and he was
+duly notified he was noticed to be desperately in search of something that
+he could not find. At last he confessed that he had not been the owner of
+a hat for many years, and that he had been in search of one which had been
+long lying around without an owner, but had now disappeared. A hat was
+procured from a hatter directly opposite and everyone in the neighborhood
+was quite interested in the fact that Willard was going out.
+
+The cellar of the old hotel is said to have been stocked with wines of the
+finest brands, selected with the greatest care, which were pronounced by
+connoisseurs as unsurpassed in purity and flavor, and it was the delight
+of Chester Jennings to carefully uncork in person some choice variety for
+a favorite or important guest.
+
+With New Yorkers of an earlier date the dinner hour was at noon, but those
+returning from abroad and those who wished to imitate the customs of
+European cities were urgent for a change, and to fall into the line of
+modern ways the dinner hour of the hotel was gradually moved to three
+o'clock, although a mid-day meal was served to those who would not conform
+to the innovation.
+
+[Sidenote: Contoit's Garden]
+
+A well known public place of resort in the early part of the nineteenth
+century was John H. Contoit's Garden, in 1801 at 39 Greenwich Street, in
+1802 at 253 Broadway and in 1806 and for many years after at 355 Broadway,
+on the west side between Leonard and Franklin Streets, when it was known
+as the New York Garden. This was a long, narrow plot of ground densely
+shaded with trees; on either side were ranged boxes or compartments,
+brightened with whitewash and green paint, in each of which was a plain,
+bare table with seats to accommodate four persons. It appears to have been
+an eminently proper place for ladies of a summer afternoon and in the
+evening, lighted by many globes filled with oil and suspended from the
+lower branches of the trees, in each of which floated a lighted wick or
+paper, was well patronized by the ladies and gentlemen of the period.
+Colored waiters with white jackets and aprons supplied customers with
+vanilla and lemon ice cream, pound cake and lemonade, which made up the
+bill of fare. The inexpensive fittings of the place enabled Contoit to
+serve for a shilling an allowance of ice cream sufficient to satisfy any
+ordinary appetite and his place became very popular. Although the garden
+was supposed to be conducted on the temperance plan, it is said that wine
+or even cognac could be obtained without difficulty by those who knew how.
+
+[Illustration: CONTOIT'S GARDEN]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bank Coffee House]
+
+In 1814 William Niblo, an enterprising young man, who afterwards became
+well known as a landlord, opened the Bank Coffee House in the house
+formerly occupied by Frederick Phillips, a retired British officer, on the
+corner of Pine and William Streets, in the rear of the Bank of New York.
+He was the son-in-law of David King, a well known tavern-keeper, who for
+many years kept a tavern in the little frame house at No. 9 Wall Street
+and some years later at No. 6 Slote Lane. Niblo's house soon became very
+popular. A group of prominent merchants met here regularly, forming
+themselves into a sort of club, with a president and other officers. It
+was a famous place for dinners and dinner parties. On the news of peace at
+the close of the war of 1812, Niblo issued a card under date of February
+20, 1815, from the Bank Coffee House, stating that "William Niblo, in
+unison with the universal joy at the return of Peace, invites his friends
+to regale themselves at his Collation on Tuesday at 11 o'clock, in
+celebration of this happy event." In the great cholera epidemic of 1822 he
+removed his coffee house to the village of Greenwich and it was there the
+office of the Union Line to Philadelphia, the Boston Mail Coach and the
+New Haven Steamboat Line, where passengers were notified to apply for
+seats.
+
+[Sidenote: The Great Horse Race]
+
+When the great horse-race of May, 1823, between the northern horse Eclipse
+and the southern horse Henry took place on the Union Course, Long Island,
+Niblo rented the building on the grounds belonging to the "Association for
+the Promotion of the Breed of Horses," where he offered to serve
+refreshments of all kinds, especially Green Turtle, at all hours during
+the races. He also announced that at the termination of the match race he
+would dispatch a rider on a fleet horse with the result, which would be
+made known by displaying a white flag from the top of the Bank Coffee
+House if Eclipse should be victorious. If his opponent should win the race
+a red flag would be raised. By this arrangement the result, he stated,
+would be known in the city in about forty minutes after the race. Should
+the race not take place the United States flag would be displayed. This
+great horse-race attracted to New York City people from all parts of the
+country; the hotels and boarding houses were full to overflowing and the
+demand for vehicles of all or any kind was away beyond what could be
+supplied. It was estimated that there were as many as fifty thousand
+people at the race-course. The wager was twenty thousand dollars a side
+and excitement was very great.
+
+[Sidenote: Niblo's Garden]
+
+William Niblo opened a restaurant and pleasure garden or rural resort in
+1828 at the corner of Prince Street and Broadway which he called Sans
+Souci. In the middle of the block, north of Prince Street on Broadway,
+were two brick houses, one of which had been occupied for some time by
+James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. In the rear of these was a large
+building which had been used by a circus called The Stadium. Niblo
+occupied all these premises. The interior of the garden was spacious and
+adorned with shrubs and flowers; cages with singing birds were here and
+there suspended from the branches of trees, beneath which were placed
+seats with small tables where were served ice cream, wine negus and
+cooling lemonade; it was lighted in the evening by numerous clusters of
+many-colored glass lamps.
+
+[Illustration: NIBLO'S GARDEN]
+
+Shortly after Niblo had established himself in this place the new Bowery
+Theatre burned down and Charles Gilfert, the manager, opened a summer
+theater in the old circus building, then still standing in the middle of
+Niblo's Garden, where he gave theatrical performances, while his own
+theatre was being rebuilt, which was done in ninety days. Niblo continued
+to give here theatrical performances of a gay and attractive character
+which became so popular that he was induced to erect a new building with a
+blank wall on Broadway, the entrance being made from the garden. The
+garden was entered from Broadway. Some years later, this was destroyed by
+fire, but it was succeeded by another theatre, one of the finest in the
+city, with entrance from Broadway, and known for a great many years as
+Niblo's Garden, although there was no garden attached to it.
+
+About the year 1820 there stood on the corner of Thames and Temple Streets
+an ale house kept by William Reynolds, which became a favorite place for
+Englishmen in the city and the resort of many prominent merchants and
+politicians on account of the quality of the steaks and chops served up in
+this small and unpretentious looking place. Fitz-Greene Halleck frequented
+the place and formed a friendship for the gruff Englishman and his family
+which lasted for life. When Reynolds gave up the business and retired to
+Fort Lee, New Jersey, Halleck was there a frequent and welcome visitor.
+The old chop-house maintained a reputation for many years under the
+management of Reynolds' successors.
+
+[Illustration: REYNOLDS' BEER HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: Road Houses]
+
+On or near the old Boston Post Road, of which Bowery Lane and the
+Kingsbridge Road formed a part, there were taverns that gradually became
+rendezvous for those who drove out on the road for pleasure or diversion.
+While the old-fashioned chaise and gig were in use, the driver's seat in a
+box directly over the axle, there was little desire or demand for a fast
+road horse. The great popularity of the trotter began with the
+introduction of the light wagon or buggy with elliptic steel springs.
+Before this period practically the only fast trotting was done under the
+saddle.
+
+As early as 1818, the first trotting match against time of which we have
+any knowledge, took place on the Jamaica turnpike and was won by Boston
+Blue, or, as some say, by the Boston Pony, on a wager of one thousand
+dollars that no horse could be produced that could trot a mile in three
+minutes. The first race between trotters of which we have definite record
+took place in 1823 between Topgallant, owned by M. D. Green, and Dragon,
+owned by T. Carter. The course was from Brooklyn to Jamaica, a distance of
+twelve miles, and the race was won by Topgallant in thirty-nine minutes.
+The next year Topgallant, fourteen years old, won a three-mile race for
+stakes of two thousand dollars on the turnpike against Washington Costar's
+Betsy Baker, doing the distance in eight minutes and forty-two seconds.
+
+The advent of the light wagon created a great desire in those who drove
+out on the road to own a fast trotting horse. There was great rivalry and
+excitement and many of the wayside inns, formerly very quiet places,
+blossomed into profitable notoriety. The meeting of congenial spirits at
+these places, the gossiping of groups where the talk was all of the horse,
+the stories of the speed and stamina of the rival trotters produced much
+entertainment; matches were made at these places and decided on the road
+nearby.
+
+[Illustration: CATO'S HOUSE]
+
+For nearly half a century Cato Alexander kept a house of entertainment on
+the old Boston Post Road about four miles from the city. Cato had a great
+reputation for his "incomparable" dinners and suppers which brought to his
+house everybody who owned a rig or could occasionally hire one to drive
+out to his place. After Third Avenue was laid out and macadamized a bend
+in the old Post Road extending from Forty-fifth Street to Sixty-fifth
+Street was for some time kept open and in use. On this bend of the old
+road Cato's house was situated and it became known as Cato's Lane. It was
+about a mile long and was a great spurting place for drivers of fast
+horses. Among the reminiscences of those who used to go to Cato's in these
+days is the fact that Cato sold cigars--real cigars and good ones, too--at
+the rate of five for a shilling (12-1/2 cents) and pure brandy, such as
+can not now be obtained on the road at any price, at six pence (6-1/4
+cents) per glass. When the trotting horse became popular Cato's became one
+of the noted halting places. Cato was black, but his modest, unpretending
+dignity of manner "secured for his humble house such a widespread
+reputation that for years it was one of the prominent resorts of our
+citizens and attracted many of the prominent sightseers who made
+pilgrimages to the island of Manhattan."[7]
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD HAZZARD HOUSE]
+
+On Yorkville Hill at Eighty-second Street was the Hazzard House, famous in
+its day as being the resort of those who delighted in speed and loved to
+indulge in the talk of the horse to be heard at such places. Its stables
+were generally filled with horses awaiting purchasers, whose merits and
+good points were told of in a manner so truthful, so confidential, so
+convincing that purchases were numerous. In 1835, and until a much later
+period, Third Avenue was a magnificent drive, being macadamized from
+Twenty-eighth Street to the Harlem River, and was much used by our
+sporting citizens of that period. Races were of almost daily occurrence
+and the Hazzard House was the center of much activity in that line.
+
+About a mile further up, at One Hundred and Fifth Street, a lane on the
+east side of the avenue led down to the celebrated Red House, located on a
+plot of many acres. The main building was the old McGown house of colonial
+days, roomy and well adapted to a road house. On the place was a well kept
+half-mile trotting course, which offered extraordinary inducements to
+horse owners and consequently made it a popular resort. One of its
+earliest proprietors was Lewis Rogers, who is described by Abram C. Dayton
+as a dapper little man, always dressed in the tip of fashion and as neat
+and trim in the appointments of his house as in his personal attire.
+
+One mile beyond the Red House was Bradshaw's, on the corner of Third
+Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, not far from Harlem
+Bridge, and for most the turning point of their drive. A long rest was
+taken here by many who made it the only stopping place on the road,
+consequently, on a favorable day for driving it was crowded. Widow
+Bradshaw was noted for her chicken fricassee, universally acknowledged to
+be a marvel of excellence.
+
+On the Bloomingdale Road, a more quiet drive and more used by those who
+took with them their families or ladies, was Burnham's Mansion House, at
+first, as early as 1825, at Seventieth Street, and at a later period the
+fine Vanderheuval mansion and grounds at Seventy-eighth Street. This was
+fitly styled the family house on the drive and on fine summer afternoons
+the spacious grounds were filled with ladies and children who sauntered
+about at their leisure and convenience, having no fear of annoyance.
+
+[Illustration: BURNHAM'S MANSION HOUSE]
+
+Across the river on Long Island the Jamaica Turnpike was the great drive
+for horsemen. On this road were many notable public houses, frequented by
+horsemen. At Jamaica, nearly opposite the Union Course, was John R.
+Snedeker's tavern, a large three-story white frame house with a piaza
+along its whole front. For more than a quarter of a century this was the
+accepted rendezvous of the trotting-horse fraternity. The first authentic
+record made by a trotting horse on a track in the presence of judges was
+made in May, 1826, on the new track of the New York Trotting Club at
+Jamaica and a New York newspaper of May 16 states that "the owner and
+friends of the winning horse gave a splendid dinner and champagne at
+Snedecor's tavern." Snedeker's dinners became celebrated far and wide and
+horsemen from every section came to feast on his game, fish and asparagus
+which no one else could surpass or equal.
+
+[Sidenote: Visit of Lafayette]
+
+The year 1824 is notable for the visit to this country of General
+Lafayette, who, accompanied by his son, George Washington Lafayette,
+arrived at New York in the ship Cadmus on the 16th of August. Besides the
+committee of the corporation, members of the Society of the Cincinnati,
+Revolutionary officers and soldiers, a deputation from West Point and
+distinguished guests and official personages, more than six thousand
+persons went down the bay to meet him, and his welcome to our shores was
+such as no man had ever received before. The day was delightful, and the
+surface of the bay was dotted with every conceivable kind of craft. The
+ships and vessels were liberally decorated with all kinds of flags and
+signals. As the grand flotilla with the _guest of the nation_ approached
+the city, continual salutes rolled out their signs of welcome above the
+shouts of the people, while on shore hundreds of bells were ringing. The
+military, three thousand in number, formed in line, and on landing,
+Lafayette was received with a salute of twenty-one guns. After a review of
+the troops commanded by General James Benedict, he was conducted to the
+City Hall in a barouche drawn by four horses, escorted by a troop of horse
+and followed by a long line of citizen soldiery. Here a public reception
+was held till five o'clock, when the General was escorted to his quarters
+at the City Hotel, where a dinner was given in his honor by the civil and
+military authorities. In the evening the town was illuminated and
+fireworks and transparencies were displayed in honor of the occasion.
+
+At the City Hotel Lafayette was waited on by the clergy of the city, by
+the officers of the militia, by social societies, by the French Society,
+by delegations from Baltimore, from Philadelphia, from New England and
+from up the Hudson; and when on Friday morning the General prepared to
+leave the city, the military paraded at seven o'clock and repaired to the
+City Hotel, whence at eight o'clock Lafayette, the committee appointed to
+accompany him to Boston and the military escort, commanded by General
+Prosper M. Wetmore, moved up Broadway to Bond Street and thence up Third
+Avenue.
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Banquet at Washington Hall]
+
+On Lafayette's return from New England he arrived by steamboat about noon
+on the 4th of September amid salutes from the men-of-war, and on his
+landing was given the same hearty welcome he had received on his first
+arrival, and was escorted to his old lodgings at the City Hotel. He was
+informed that the Society of the Cincinnati intended to celebrate the
+anniversary of his birth on the 6th of September and was invited to dine
+with them at Washington Hall. "About 4 o'clock in the afternoon of that
+day a long line of venerable gentlemen, members of the Society of the
+Cincinnati, arrived at the hotel, preceded by a military band. The general
+was received into their ranks and an insignia of the Society, which had
+been worn by Washington, was attached to his coat. The old soldiers then
+marched to the hall where they were to dine. Crowds filled the streets
+through which they passed slowly and many feebly." The banquet hall was
+decorated with trophies of arms and banners bearing the names of
+Revolutionary heroes. At the top of the room, directly over the seat of
+Lafayette at the upper end of the table, was erected a rich triumphal arch
+of laurel, roses, etc., reaching to the ceiling. Directly in front, at the
+center of the arch, was a large spread eagle with a scroll in its beak on
+which was inscribed "Sept. 6, 1757" (the birthday of the "Nation's
+Guest"), and grasping in its talons a ribbon or scroll, one end passing to
+the right on which was "Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777," the other to the left
+bearing the words "Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781." Behind the General's chair
+was planted the grand standard of the Society entwined with the thirteen
+stripes of the flag of the nation. On the right was a shield bearing a
+rising sun and on the left a shield with the New York State arms. In the
+center of the room was a splendid star surrounded by others of less
+magnitude. From this star two broad pennants from the Franklin 74, were
+crossed and carried to the four corners of the room. At the lower end of
+the room was the transparency by Childs. A number of trophies of the navy
+were loaned by Captain Rogers and Lieutenant Goldsborough. Towards the
+close of the festival a grand transparency showing Washington and
+Lafayette holding each others' hands standing before the altar of Liberty,
+receiving a civic wreath from the hands of America, caused great applause,
+which was followed by the reading of the order of the day at Yorktown by
+General Swartwout. Then, amidst cheering, the gallant veteran, General
+Lamb, sang a ballad composed in 1792, while Lafayette was in the Austrian
+dungeon. The night was far spent when the old gentlemen reached their
+several homes. In the evening of September 11, Lafayette attended a dinner
+given by the French residents of New York at Washington Hall in
+celebration of the forty-seventh anniversary of the battle of Brandywine.
+A novel and remarkable decoration of the table on this occasion was a
+miniature of the new canal which traversed the state. It was sixty feet
+long and several inches deep, filled with water and the banks sodded. The
+bridges, locks and towns were properly indicated.
+
+[Sidenote: Ball at Castle Garden]
+
+The honor and respect shown to Lafayette culminated in the great ball
+given at Castle Garden on Wednesday, September 14, which, it is said, for
+splendor and magnificence surpassed anything of the kind ever seen in
+America. Six thousand persons attended, which included all the beauty and
+fashion of New York and vicinity. The castle, which was a circle, was
+enclosed with an awning to the height of seventy-five feet, the dome being
+supported in the center by a column, dressed with the colors of the
+Cincinnati. It was a magnificent affair, long remembered in the city.
+Lafayette and a large party went from the ball on board the steamboat,
+James Kent, chartered by the committee to take the nation's guest up the
+Hudson.
+
+[Illustration: Fitz-Greene Halleck]
+
+[Sidenote: Clubs]
+
+There were several social clubs in the city holding their meetings at
+hotels, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, a man whose society was sought
+and desired, appears to have been a member of every club in the city,
+great or small. He was one of a small circle who met occasionally at the
+City Hotel. Tuckerman says: "There was a select club many years ago in New
+York, the members of which dined together at stated intervals at the old
+City Hotel on Broadway; the utmost freedom of intercourse and good faith
+marked their prandial converse, and one day when a sudden silence followed
+the entrance of the host, it was proposed to elect him to the fraternity,
+that they might talk freely in his presence, which was frequent and
+indispensable. He kept a hotel after the old _régime_, was a gentleman in
+his feelings, an honest and intelligent fellow, who prided himself upon
+his method of serving up roast pig--in which viand his superiority was
+such that the gentle Elia, had he ever dined with the club, would have
+mentioned him with honor in the essay on that crispy and succulent dish.
+The proposition was opposed by only one individual, a clever man, who had
+made his fortune by buying up all the bristles at Odessa, thus securing a
+monopoly which enabled him to vend the article to the brushmakers at an
+enormous profit. His objection to Boniface was that he was famous for
+nothing but roasting a pig, and no fit associate for gentlemen. 'Your
+aristocratic standard is untenable,' said Halleck, 'for what essential
+difference is there between spurs won from roasting a porker or by selling
+his bristles?' and amid the laugh of his confreres, mine host was
+elected."
+
+The Bread and Cheese Club was organized in 1824 by James Fenimore Cooper.
+It included among its members conspicuous professional men in science,
+law, letters and philosophy, of whom were Fitz-Greene Halleck, William A.
+and John Duer, Professor Renwick, Philip Hone, James De Kay, the great
+naturalist, Charles Augustus Davis, Dr. John W. Francis, Charles King,
+Verplanck, Bryant and Sands. The selections for nomination rested
+entirely with Cooper; bread and cheese were used in balloting and one of
+cheese barred the way to membership. The club met at Washington Hall
+fortnightly and for fifteen years, either here or at the houses of its
+members were entertained nearly every distinguished person who visited New
+York during that period. Meetings of the club, often a large assembly,
+were attended by members of Congress and distinguished strangers, among
+whom were often found Daniel Webster, Henry R. Storrs, William Beach
+Lawrence and the French minister, Hyde De Neuville.
+
+[Illustration: J. Fenimore Cooper]
+
+A little later was the Book Club. Although said to have been founded by
+the Rev. Dr. Wainwright, and in spite of its name, it was rather convivial
+than literary. Philip Hone describes it as a club which met every other
+Thursday at Washington Hall, "where they sup, drink champagne and whisky
+punch, talk as well as they know how and run each other good humoredly."
+He did not understand why it should be called a Book Club, for the book of
+subscriptions to expenses was the only one it possessed. He declares that
+they were a very pleasant set of fellows, and sat late. The first time he
+met with them after being made a member of the club was in March, 1835,
+and when he came away at one o'clock he left them at the supper table. The
+party that evening consisted of about twenty, viz.: Davis, President Duer,
+Charles King, Wilkins, William Kent, Harvey, Arthur Barclay, Isaac Hone,
+Halleck, Ogden Hoffman, Patterson, Blunt, Dr. Francis, Baron Behr, Mr.
+Trelauney, author of "The Younger Son," Beverly Robinson, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Semi-Centennial of Washington's Inauguration]
+
+The semi-centennial anniversary of the inauguration of Washington as the
+first President of the United States was celebrated in the city of New
+York by the Historical Society on the 30th of April, 1839. At twelve
+o'clock an oration was delivered in the Middle Dutch Church by John Quincy
+Adams, the venerable ex-President of the United States, to a numerous and
+appreciative audience. At four o'clock the members of the society and
+their invited guests dined at the City Hotel. The president of the
+society, Peter G. Stuyvesant, sat at the head of the table, with two
+venerable contemporaries of the American Revolution, General Morgan Lewis,
+once governor of New York, and Colonel John Trumbull, the one at his right
+hand and the other at his left. Among the guests were William Pennington,
+governor of New Jersey, General Winfield Scott, Commodore Claxton, Samuel
+Southard and other distinguished individuals, together with delegates from
+other historical societies. Mr. Adams was toasted, and replied in a speech
+in which he claimed for the era of the American Revolution the title of
+the heroic age of America, and that it deserved this title with more
+justice than the title of heroic age bestowed upon the early history of
+Greece. In the course of the evening speeches were made by General Scott,
+Commodore Claxton of the American Navy, Mr. Southard and others, and an
+original ode was sung.
+
+In 1842, John Jacob Astor was the owner of the City Hotel, and by deed
+dated March 9th of that year conveyed to his granddaughter Sarah, wife of
+Robert Boreel, and daughter of Dorothea Langdon, a life interest in the
+property after his death, which after her death is to be divided among
+her children. The deed states: "Whereas I am desirous of providing by deed
+for my granddaughter Sarah, wife of Robert Boreel, and of disposing in the
+manner in these presents expressed, of the property which in my will I had
+designated for her," etc., "and whereas her husband is an alien, and
+although one of her sons is born in the state of New York, other children
+may be born to her without the United States, who will be aliens," etc.
+"Now these presents," etc. The property is described as "all the lands and
+buildings in the city of New York now known as the City Hotel." The deed
+allows her, in case the buildings are destroyed by fire to mortgage the
+land for the purpose of rebuilding and under certain conditions she may
+sell the property and place the proceeds in trust. The deed seems to be
+confirmatory or supplementary to the will.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel Ends Its Career]
+
+Chester Jennings was still the landlord of the City Hotel in 1847, and it
+was in the following year or soon after that it terminated its career as a
+house of entertainment, which, including the City Tavern on the same site,
+had lasted for very close to one hundred years, an eventful period in the
+city's history. The building was taken down and on its site was erected an
+office building seven stories high which was called the Boreel Building.
+It was the largest and for a long time was considered the finest building
+devoted to office purposes in the city. It was a conspicuous structure
+and well known to the citizens of New York. Sarah Boreel died in 1897. Her
+heirs sold the property in 1901.
+
+Plans had been made to acquire this and contiguous properties in order to
+erect an immense building. This, in the course of three or four years, was
+accomplished, and under the same control, the United States Realty
+Building and the Trinity Building, the two sometimes called the Twin
+Trinity Buildings, were erected.
+
+On April 6, 1906, the Board of Estimates and Apportionment passed a
+resolution by which an exchange of land was made by the city and the
+owners of this property. Temple Street, between Thames and Cedar Streets,
+and Thames Street, between Broadway and Trinity Place, were vacated, and
+in return Cedar Street was widened on the south side between Broadway and
+Trinity Place or Church Street, and a new Thames Street was laid out
+between Broadway and Trinity Place, with lines somewhat different from
+those of the former street, but covering nearly the same ground. This
+exchange of land allowed the United States Realty Building to be
+constructed so as to cover what had been formerly two blocks, extending
+from Broadway to Trinity Place.
+
+The large double brick house No. 39 Broadway, built in 1786 by General
+Alexander Macomb, and occupied by Washington when President of the United
+States, with the houses adjoining it on either side, was opened in the
+year 1821 by William I. Bunker and was known as Bunker's Mansion House. It
+became quite famous, being considered, in its most prosperous days, as a
+very large and commodious house. Kept with the utmost neatness and
+attention and usually filled with the best of people, being largely
+patronized by southern families, it possessed much of the comfort and
+quiet refinement of a private residence. Bunker, who was a very courteous
+and affable man, succeeded so well that in the course of a few years he
+sold out and retired from business.
+
+[Illustration: BUNKER'S MANSION HOUSE]
+
+In the year 1833 Stephen Holt erected on Fulton Street, from Pearl to
+Water, an hotel, which was the largest and most magnificent building for
+hotel purposes, up to that time, in the country. It was at first called
+Holt's Hotel, afterwards the United States Hotel, and its rate of one
+dollar and a half a day was thought to be exorbitant. Here steam was used
+probably for the first time in an hotel to save labor. Passenger elevators
+had not yet been thought of, but baggage was carried to the upper floors
+by steam power, and it was also used in turning spits, grinding and
+cleaning knives, etc., but the main purpose of the engine was the digging
+of an artesian well, which was sunk to the depth of over five hundred
+feet, and subsequently put down much further. Holt's experiment proved to
+him disastrous. The expenses exceeded the receipts. He failed and the
+hotel passed into other hands. The next large hotel to be erected in the
+city was the Astor House, three years later.
+
+The advent of the railroad and the great increase of travel created a
+decided change in the taverns or, as they had come to be called, hotels.
+It was no longer the custom of the landlord to meet the traveller at the
+door and welcome him as a friend or attend in person to his comfort. It
+was the beginning of a new era, in which the old tavern and the old-style
+landlord is unknown. With the opening of this era the story which I have
+undertaken to tell about the _Old Taverns of New York_ comes to an end.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Ackland, James, 130.
+
+  Adams, John, 269, 272.
+
+  Adams, John Quincy, 474.
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 269.
+
+  Adelphi Hotel, 451.
+
+  Admiral Warner, Sign of, 191.
+
+  Agar, Edward, 189.
+
+  Alexander, Cato, 461.
+
+  Alexander, James, 101, 103.
+
+  Alexander, William, 192.
+
+  Alsop, John, 209, 267, 268.
+
+  Amory, John, 295, 346.
+
+  Anbury, Lieutenant, 292.
+
+  André, Major, 286, 300.
+
+  Anne, Queen, 76, 77, 84.
+
+  Andros, Governor, 81.
+
+  Aorson, Aaron, 395.
+
+  Arding, Charles, 154, 255, 357.
+
+  Arnold, Benedict, 300, 302, 303, 304.
+
+  Aspinwall, Gilbert, 434.
+
+  Assembly Balls, 148.
+
+  Astor Henry, 348, 349.
+
+  Astor House, 478.
+
+  Astor, John Jacob, 449, 474.
+
+  Atwood, Judge, 75.
+
+  Avery, John, 388.
+
+  Ayscough, Doctor, 133.
+
+
+  Bache, Theohylact, 282, 337, 368.
+
+  Bainbridge, Commodore, 419, 421, 423.
+
+  Baker, Joseph, 414.
+
+  Baker, Roger, 69, 71, 74, 76, 83.
+
+  Baker's Tavern, 414.
+
+  Bank Coffee House, 455, 456.
+
+  Barclay, Arthur, 473.
+
+  Bard, S., 249.
+
+  Bardin, Edwin, 195, 196, 216, 217, 221, 230, 234, 250, 251, 337, 403.
+
+  Bardin's Tavern, 265.
+
+  Batten, John, 447, 448, 449.
+
+  Bauman, Colonel, 352, 374.
+
+  Baxter, Captain, 10, 44, 45.
+
+  Bayard, Nicholas, 60, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75.
+
+  Bayard, Samuel, 112, 119.
+
+  Bayard, William, 433, 439.
+
+  Bayeaux, Thomas, 342, 347.
+
+  Beaulieu, Captain, 28.
+
+  Beekman, Christopher, 341.
+
+  Bell & Brookman, 199.
+
+  Bellomont, Earl of, 55, 60, 70, 72, 73, 82, 134.
+
+  Belvedere, 413.
+
+  Belvedere Club, 386.
+
+  Belvedere House, 386, 387, 388, 389.
+
+  Benedict, James, 466.
+
+  Benson, Captain, 288, 369.
+
+  Benson, Egbert, 249, 251.
+
+  Benson, Judge, 423.
+
+  Beresford, Captain, 394.
+
+  Bevan, Captain, 122.
+
+  Bicker, Henry, 238, 241, 242, 243.
+
+  Bicker, Walter, 360.
+
+  Blaaw, Widow, 343.
+
+  Black, Friars, 385, 403.
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, 91, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112, 156, 157,
+      158.
+
+  "Black John," 20.
+
+  Black Sam's, 164.
+
+  Blair, Archibald, 259.
+
+  Blair, John, 344.
+
+  Bloom, Daniel, 128, 129, 130, 253, 357.
+
+  Blue Bell, 161, 449.
+
+  Boelin, Jacob, 67.
+
+  Bogardus, Dominie, 10.
+
+  Bolton, Richard, 245, 246, 247, 255.
+
+  Bolton & Sigell, 227, 229, 243, 244.
+
+  Bompard, Captain, 358.
+
+  Book Club, 473.
+
+  Boreel, Robert, 474, 475.
+
+  Boreel, Sarah, 474, 475, 476.
+
+  Boston Letter, The, 232, 234.
+
+  Bowery Lane, 48.
+
+  Bowling, 185, 187.
+
+  Bowling Green, 14, 16, 187, 218.
+
+  Bowling Green, New, 188.
+
+  Bowling Green, Old, 187, 188.
+
+  Bowling Green Garden, 186.
+
+  Bradford, Cornelius, 266, 278, 318, 319, 321, 322.
+
+  Bradford, Widow, 322, 397, 402, 403.
+
+  Bradford, William, 97.
+
+  Bradshaw's, 463.
+
+  Bradshaw, Widow, 457, 463.
+
+  Brannon's Tea Garden, 366, 367, 414.
+
+  Bread and Cheese Club, 471.
+
+  Brewitson, George, 157.
+
+  Brillât-Savarin, Anthelme, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382.
+
+  Brock, Walter, 252.
+
+  Brooklyn Hall, 289, 292.
+
+  Brooks, David, 326.
+
+  Broome, John, 333, 356.
+
+  Brownjohn, William, 253, 293.
+
+  Buchanan, Thomas, 371.
+
+  Buckley, John, 62.
+
+  Bull Baiting, 184, 289, 290.
+
+  Bull's Head Tavern, 157, 314, 347, 349.
+
+  Bunch of Grapes, 269.
+
+  Bunker's Mansion House, 277.
+
+  Bunker, William I., 477.
+
+  Burke, Edmund, 168.
+
+  Burns', 164.
+
+  Burns' Coffee House, 193, 197.
+
+  Burns, George, 115, 117, 130, 140, 141, 191, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203,
+      205, 208, 213, 222, 223, 228, 233.
+
+  Burns' Long Room, 195.
+
+  Burnham's Mansion House, 160.
+
+  Burr, Aaron, 396.
+
+  Byram, William, 399.
+
+  Byrne, John, 403.
+
+
+  Cape, John, 311, 315, 324.
+
+  Cape's Tavern, 312, 315, 323, 324.
+
+  Carleton, Sir Guy, 308, 310.
+
+  Carroll, Mr., 419, 425.
+
+  Carroll, General, 316.
+
+  Cato's House, 461.
+
+  Carter, T., 460.
+
+  Charles II, 68.
+
+  Chamber of Commerce, 228, 229, 230, 256, 260, 293, 320, 337.
+
+  Chambers, Captain, 262, 263.
+
+  Chambers, John, 103, 187.
+
+  Champe, Sergeant, 300, 301, 302, 305.
+
+  Cherry Garden, 185.
+
+  Child, Francis, 128, 178.
+
+  Chrystie, Colonel, 338.
+
+  Cincinnati, Society of the, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328.
+
+  City Arms Tavern, 208.
+
+  City Coffee House, 336.
+
+  City Hotel, 141, 372, 373, 389, 392, 395, 407, 417, 425, 427, 429, 430,
+      436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 466,
+      467, 470, 474, 475.
+
+  City Tavern, 312, 323, 324, 325, 326, 337, 339, 353, 354, 369, 370, 371,
+      375, 475.
+
+  City, Tavern, Dutch, 6, 7, 8.
+
+  Clapp, John, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53.
+
+  Clark, Willis Gaylord, 431.
+
+  Clarke, George, 113.
+
+  Claxton, Commodore, 474.
+
+  Clay, Henry, 433.
+
+  Clinton, DeWitt, 383, 396, 418, 423, 432, 435, 437, 438, 439.
+
+  Clinton, George, 137, 138, 310, 313, 314, 315, 316, 343, 369.
+
+  Clinton, Sir Henry, 299, 303.
+
+  Clubs, 60, 62, 131, 134, 135, 247, 248, 282, 469, 473.
+
+  Coach and Horse, 118.
+
+  Coats, Edward, 54.
+
+  Cobb, Colonel, 310.
+
+  Cock, Annetje, 25.
+
+  Cock, Peter, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 25.
+
+  Coffee House, 65, 67, 73, 75, 77, 112, 114, 120, 121, 152, 154, 155,
+      162, 177, 208, 231, 233, 240, 254, 262, 267, 268, 271, 273, 275,
+      276, 277, 278, 281, 291, 313, 318, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335, 337,
+      345, 354.
+
+  Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, 206, 207, 225, 245.
+
+  Colden, Cadwallader D., 439.
+
+  Coles, John B., 423.
+
+  Colles, Christopher, 366.
+
+  Columbian Garden, 399, 401.
+
+  Comforts of an Inn, 167.
+
+  Commercial Coffee House, 397.
+
+  Compton, Captain, 106.
+
+  Compton, General, 108.
+
+  Contoit's Garden, 453, 454.
+
+  Contoit, John H., 453.
+
+  Cooke, Richard Clarke, 115.
+
+  Cooper, James Fenimore, 456, 471, 472.
+
+  Corbett, Abraham, 44.
+
+  Cornbury, Lord, 72, 74, 77, 78, 81.
+
+  Cornell, John, 184.
+
+  Cornell, Timothy, 182.
+
+  Cornelissen, Adrien, 48, 49.
+
+  Cornwallis, General, 158.
+
+  Corporation House, 287.
+
+  Corre, Joseph, 324, 325, 331, 369, 370, 399, 413.
+
+  Cortelyou, Simon, 368.
+
+  Cosby, Governor, 93, 94, 96, 105, 106, 112, 113.
+
+  Coupar, Captain, 263.
+
+  Cox, David, 114.
+
+  Cozzens, William B., 411.
+
+  Crawford, Hugh, 124.
+
+  Crawley, John, 202.
+
+  Creiger, John, 158.
+
+  Crigier, Martin, 13, 15, 16, 17, 28.
+
+  Crocker, Daniel W., 410, 423, 428.
+
+  Croker, Thomas, 123.
+
+  Crolius, Clarkson, 410.
+
+  Crown and Thistle, 155, 191.
+
+  Cruger, Henry, 209.
+
+  Cruger, John, 229, 230, 233.
+
+  Cruger, John Harris, 256.
+
+  Cruger, Nicholas, 366, 372.
+
+  Cushing, Thomas, 269.
+
+  Cushing, William, 344.
+
+
+  Dallas, A. J., 434.
+
+  Damen, Jan, 19, 20.
+
+  Davenport, Captain, 280.
+
+  Davis, Charles Augustus, 411.
+
+  Dawson, Roper, 156, 182.
+
+  Day's Tavern, 161, 269, 313.
+
+  Dayton, Abram C., 446, 463.
+
+  Deane, Nesbitt, 255, 275.
+
+  Dearborn, General, 422, 423.
+
+  Decatur, Stephen, 417, 418, 419, 421, 425.
+
+  De Honeur, John, 90, 92, 106.
+
+  De Kay, James, 471.
+
+  Delacroix, Joseph, 400, 401, 410, 426, 450.
+
+  Delafield, John, 356.
+
+  De La Montagnie, Abraham, 234, 236, 238, 239, 240, 295.
+
+  De La Montagnie, Jacob, 346.
+
+  De Lancy Arms, 184.
+
+  De Lancy, James, 95, 96, 98, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 151, 183, 209,
+      233, 245, 371.
+
+  De Lancy, John Peter, 282, 371.
+
+  De Lancy, Oliver, 136, 140, 182, 202.
+
+  De Lancy, Peter, 179.
+
+  De Lancy, Robinson & Co., 202.
+
+  De Lancy, Stephen, 142, 200, 251.
+
+  Delanoy, Abraham, 7.
+
+  Delaval, Captain, 185.
+
+  De Neuville, Hyde, 472.
+
+  Dennis, Captain, 375.
+
+  De Peyster, Abraham, 71.
+
+  De Peyster, Johannes, 70.
+
+  De Reidesel, Baroness, 297, 298.
+
+  De Ross, Fred. Fitzgerald, 440.
+
+  Desbrosses, Elias, 225, 229.
+
+  De Witt, Simeon, 393.
+
+  Dey, Richard Varick, 447.
+
+  Dickinson, Jonathan, 172.
+
+  Dirks, Annetje, 25.
+
+  Dog and Duck Tavern, 415.
+
+  Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot, 176.
+
+  Dongan, Governor, 68.
+
+  Doran, Thomas, 151, 260, 283.
+
+  Dove Tavern, 168, 415.
+
+  Drake, Jasper, 261, 273.
+
+  Draper, Sir William, 245, 246.
+
+  Drone Club, 386.
+
+  Drover's Tavern, 179.
+
+  Drummond, Lord, 245, 246, 247.
+
+  Duane, James, 251, 267, 268, 340, 344.
+
+  Duer, Colonel, 338.
+
+  Duer, John, 471.
+
+  Duer, William A., 471.
+
+  Duke of Cumberland, 130, 131.
+
+  Dunks, John, 127, 129.
+
+  Dunmore, Earl of, 245.
+
+  Dusseaussoir, Chenelette, 389, 407.
+
+  Dutch Festivities, 82.
+
+  Dutch Houses, 4.
+
+  Dutch Tavern, 26.
+
+  Dyckman, Jacob, 158, 159, 163.
+
+  Dyde's Hotel, 396, 397.
+
+
+  Eastham, Edward, 123.
+
+  Eddy, Thomas, 438, 439.
+
+  Edmonds, George, 118.
+
+  Edwards, Lieutenant, 280.
+
+  Elkin, John, 165.
+
+  Elliott, Andrew, 310.
+
+  Ellis, John, 76.
+
+  Elms, Thomas, 283, 289.
+
+  Ernest, Matthias, 188.
+
+  Exchange Coffee House, 112, 114, 115, 129, 136, 141, 194.
+
+
+  Fairlie, James, 423, 434, 435.
+
+  Farmer, Thomas, 434.
+
+  Farquhar, James, 371.
+
+  Farrell's, 164.
+
+  Fearon, H. B., 439.
+
+  Fehr, Jean Rodolphe, 377, 379.
+
+  "Felix Oldboy," 447.
+
+  Ferrari, Mrs., 253, 254, 255, 278.
+
+  Ferry House Tavern, 175, 287, 369.
+
+  Ferry Tavern, 27, 28.
+
+  Fessenden, Thomas G., 447.
+
+  Fighting Cocks, 115, 123, 124, 176.
+
+  Fish, Colonel, 311, 317.
+
+  Fisher, John, 385.
+
+  Fletcher, Benjamin, 54, 55, 62, 66, 75, 82, 134, 162.
+
+  Flypsen, Frederick, 162.
+
+  Forster, William, 95, 96, 98.
+
+  Forum, The, 447.
+
+  Fowler, Joseph, 98.
+
+  Fountain Inn, 136, 164.
+
+  Fox Hunting, 288, 290, 291.
+
+  Foy, Captain, 245.
+
+  Francis, John, 344.
+
+  Francis, John W., 104, 471.
+
+  Francis, Samuel, 198, 202, 209, 218, 219, 227, 247, 248, 252, 253, 308,
+      309, 310, 311, 344, 400.
+
+  Francis' Tavern, 263, 264.
+
+  Franklin, William, 295.
+
+  Fraunces, Samuel, 311, 322, 338, 341, 343, 352.
+
+  Fraunces' Tavern, 310, 311, 315, 316, 344, 411.
+
+  Frederick, Kryn, 4.
+
+  Freeman, Thomas, 106.
+
+  French Arms, 311.
+
+  Friendly Club, 386.
+
+
+  Gabbet, Colonel, 196.
+
+  Gage, General, 246, 247, 256, 264.
+
+  Gallatin, Albert, 433.
+
+  Galloway, Samuel, 183.
+
+  Gates, Horatio, 316, 369, 370.
+
+  Genet, Minister, 358.
+
+  Gentlemen's Coffee House, 115, 194.
+
+  Gerard, Philip, 17, 18, 19, 20.
+
+  Gerritsen, Adriaen, 7.
+
+  Gerritsen, Philip, 7, 10.
+
+  Gibson, Solomon D., 389, 395, 417, 435, 449.
+
+  Giles, Major, 328.
+
+  Gilfert, Charles, 458.
+
+  Glass House, 164, 182, 183.
+
+  Glean, Oliver, 385.
+
+  Golden Hill, Battle of, 236, 237.
+
+  Golden Hill Inn, 118.
+
+  Goldsborough, Lieutenant, 468.
+
+  Goldsmith, Oliver, 168.
+
+  Gould, Edward, 250.
+
+  "Governor's Garden," 68.
+
+  Graham, James, 45, 46.
+
+  Graves, Benjamin, 385.
+
+  Graydon, Alexander, 280, 282.
+
+  Green, Daniel, 313.
+
+  Green, Jacob G., 171.
+
+  Green, M. D., 460.
+
+  Green, Major, 441, 442.
+
+  Greene, Nathaniel, 316, 317.
+
+  Grim, David, 357.
+
+  Guion, Isaac, 328.
+
+
+  Haines, Charles G., 418.
+
+  Half Way House, 163.
+
+  Hall, Talmadge, 341, 363.
+
+  Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 414, 431, 447, 458, 459, 469, 470, 471.
+
+  Hallet, William Paxton, 447.
+
+  Halsey's Tavern, 366.
+
+  Halstead, John, 156.
+
+  Hamilton, Alexander, 316, 329, 339, 375, 394.
+
+  Hamilton, Andrew, 100, 102, 105.
+
+  Hamilton, Governor, 121.
+
+  Hamilton Hotel, 409.
+
+  Hampden Hall, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 257, 265.
+
+  Hampton, General, 422.
+
+  Hand, Colonel, 288.
+
+  Hard Drinking, 170, 176.
+
+  Hardenbrook, Bernard, 87.
+
+  Hardy, Charles, 146, 147, 148.
+
+  Harris, Richard, 83, 84, 85.
+
+  Harrison, Richard, 249, 371.
+
+  Harrison, Robert, 344.
+
+  Harrison, William Henry, 422.
+
+  Hart, Bernard, 384.
+
+  Harwood, Richard, 384.
+
+  Hay, John, 249.
+
+  Hayes, Hetty, 197.
+
+  Hazzard House, 462, 463.
+
+  Hepburn, J., 295.
+
+  Hicks, Whitehead, 209, 251.
+
+  Hicks, Mr., 282, 299.
+
+  Hick's Tavern, 295.
+
+  Hillsborough, Earl of, 232.
+
+  Hobart, Judge, 375.
+
+  Hodgkinson, John, 400, 429.
+
+  Hodgkinson, Thomas, 429, 426.
+
+  Hoffman, Josiah Ogden, 385, 473.
+
+  Holley, Orville L., 447.
+
+  Holt, Henry, 200.
+
+  Holt's Hotel, 478.
+
+  Holt, John, 283.
+
+  Holt's Long Room, 200.
+
+  Holt, Stephen, 478.
+
+  Hone, Isaac, 473.
+
+  Hone, Philip, 446, 471, 473.
+
+  Hone, John, 434.
+
+  Home, John, 54.
+
+  Horse and Cart, 116, 117, 118, 142.
+
+  Horse-Racing, 177, 183, 288, 290.
+
+  Houssacker, Colonel, 281.
+
+  Howard, William, 209, 211.
+
+  Hudson, Hendrick, 1.
+
+  Hull, Isaac, 417, 418, 419, 421.
+
+  Hull, Robert, 255.
+
+  Hull's Tavern, 256, 257, 269, 282.
+
+  Hum Drum Club, 134.
+
+  Humphreys, Colonel, 310, 317.
+
+  Hunt, Obadiah, 88, 89.
+
+  Hunter, Governor, 81.
+
+  Hunter, Robert, 371, 372.
+
+  Hunter's Hotel, 372, 373.
+
+  Hutchins, John, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, 267.
+
+  Hyatt, Caleb, 347.
+
+  Hyde, John, 357, 361, 371, 394.
+
+
+  Imlay, William, 250.
+
+  Inman, John, 432.
+
+  Iredell, Judge, 374.
+
+  Irving, Washington, 33.
+
+  Izard, Ralph, 364.
+
+
+  Jamaica Arms, 120.
+
+  Jamaica Pilot Boat, 127, 129.
+
+  James, Major, 206, 218.
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 436, 437.
+
+  Jackson, Jacob, 291.
+
+  Jackson, Major, 364.
+
+  Jauncey, James, 209, 233.
+
+  Jay, John, 248, 251, 259, 267, 268, 321, 337, 344, 374.
+
+  Jennings, Chester, 449, 450, 452, 475.
+
+  Jochemsen, Andries, 23.
+
+  Johnson, Doctor, 374.
+
+  Johnson, Jeremiah, 368.
+
+  Johnson, Samuel, 165, 166, 167.
+
+  Jones, Captain, 417, 419, 421.
+
+  Jones, John, 209, 219, 221, 227, 230, 242, 243, 265.
+
+  Jones, Samuel, 251.
+
+  Jourdain, Elizabeth, 87.
+
+  Jourdain, Henry, 87.
+
+
+  Kearney, Michael, 182.
+
+  Keen & Lightfoot, 136.
+
+  Kelly, Henry, 250.
+
+  Kempe, John Tabor, 246, 247.
+
+  Kennedy, Henry, 346.
+
+  Kent, Rudolphus, 412.
+
+  Kent, William, 473.
+
+  Ketchum, Hiram, 447.
+
+  Kidd, Captain, 116.
+
+  Kieft, Governor, 6, 12.
+
+  Kiersted, Hans, 10.
+
+  Kierstede, Benjamin, 120.
+
+  King, Charles, 471, 473.
+
+  King, David, 455.
+
+  King George, 85.
+
+  King, Rufus, 434, 435.
+
+  King William, 108.
+
+  King of Prussia (Sign of the), 165.
+
+  King's Arms, 65, 67, 69, 77, 114, 115, 116, 141, 149, 164, 191, 193,
+      194, 196, 197, 198, 216, 217, 221, 251.
+
+  King's Birthday, 124.
+
+  King's College, 144.
+
+  King's Head, 69, 70, 71, 75, 84, 192, 193, 195, 202, 284, 285, 289, 290,
+      292.
+
+  King's Head, London, 210.
+
+  Kissam, Benjamin, 251, 385.
+
+  Knight, Sarah, 51, 162.
+
+  Knox, General, 310, 313, 314, 316, 317, 354.
+
+  Knyphausen, General, 398.
+
+  Kosciusko, General, 316.
+
+  Kray, Teunis, 29, 30.
+
+  Krout Club, 432, 433.
+
+
+  La Chair, Solomon Petersen, 29, 30.
+
+  Laight, General, 386.
+
+  Laight, William, 356.
+
+  Lafayette, George Washington, 465.
+
+  Lafayette, General, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469.
+
+  Lamb, General, 468.
+
+  Lambert, Captain, 366.
+
+  La Montagne, Doctor, 12.
+
+  Landlord, The, 169.
+
+  Langdon, Dorothea, 474.
+
+  Lawrence, Captain, 420, 421, 422.
+
+  Lawrence, Judge, 375.
+
+  Lawrence, Susannah, 122, 130.
+
+  Lawrence, William Beach, 472.
+
+  Leary, John, 182.
+
+  Le Count, William, 97.
+
+  Lee, General, 316.
+
+  Lee, Major, 300, 301, 303, 304.
+
+  Leendersen, Sander, 37.
+
+  Leete, Samuel, 44.
+
+  Leisler, Jacob, 49, 51, 53, 58, 66.
+
+  Lenox, Robert, 321.
+
+  Leppers, Thomas, 130, 131, 133, 188.
+
+  Lewis, Francis, 249, 265.
+
+  Lewis, Morgan, 249, 272.
+
+  Liberty Cap, 359, 360.
+
+  Liberty Pole, 215, 216, 217, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244,
+      257, 346.
+
+  Lincoln, General, 316.
+
+  Lispenard, Leonard, 249.
+
+  Little, Michael, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 407, 412.
+
+  Little's Tavern, 377, 383.
+
+  Litschoe, Annetje, 23.
+
+  Litschoe, Daniel, 22, 23, 28.
+
+  Livingston, Brockholst, 353, 422, 423, 433.
+
+  Livingston, Chancellor, 396.
+
+  Livingston, Edward, 374.
+
+  Livingston, Henry, 249.
+
+  Livingston, John, 249.
+
+  Livingston, Philip, 172, 233, 267, 268, 371.
+
+  Livingston, Robert, 324.
+
+  Livingston, Robert R., 205, 248, 321, 394, 403, 407.
+
+  Livingston, Robert R., Jr., 247.
+
+  Livingston, William, 209, 251, 252.
+
+  Lockyer, Captain, 261, 263.
+
+  "Locust Trees," 45.
+
+  London Hotel, 397.
+
+  London Tavern, 390, 439.
+
+  Loosley, Charles, 283, 289, 292.
+
+  Loosley & Elms, 283, 285, 288, 289, 293.
+
+  Loring, Commissioner, 299.
+
+  Lorelace, Governor, 40, 43, 81, 134.
+
+  Lovett, John, 373, 374, 389.
+
+  Low, Isaac, 267, 268, 271.
+
+  Ludlow, Daniel, 249, 371.
+
+  Ludlow, George, 249.
+
+  Ludlow, William, 249.
+
+
+  Macomb, Alexander, 476.
+
+  Mackraby, Alexander, 176.
+
+  Madison, James, 417.
+
+  Malcolm, General, 354.
+
+  Mapes, General, 434.
+
+  Marriner's Tavern, 364, 365, 368.
+
+  Marriner, William, 364, 366, 369.
+
+  Marshall, John, 187.
+
+  Martling, Abraham B., 375, 411.
+
+  Martling & Cozzens, 423, 425.
+
+  Martling's Tavern, 375, 376, 395.
+
+  Mason's Arms, 199.
+
+  Mason William, 54.
+
+  Massue, Viscombe de la, 377, 379.
+
+  Mather, Samuel G., 449.
+
+  Matthews, David, 251.
+
+  Matthews, James, 43.
+
+  Matthews, Peter, 62, 75, 134.
+
+  McComb, General, 434.
+
+  McDougal, Alexander, 151, 239, 241, 320, 324.
+
+  McGillivray, Alexander, 353, 354.
+
+  McGown, Andrew, 158.
+
+  McGown's Pass Tavern, 158.
+
+  McGown, widow, 158.
+
+  McIntyre, Peter, 428.
+
+  Meal Market, 127, 128.
+
+  Mechanics' Hall, 406, 447.
+
+  Melyen, Samuel, 172.
+
+  Mercantile Coffee House, 397.
+
+  Merchants' Coffee House, 117, 128, 131, 133, 136, 137, 141, 154, 155,
+      168, 201, 206, 207, 215, 225, 253, 255, 264, 265, 267, 271, 275,
+      278, 279, 280, 293, 294, 318, 321, 326, 356, 357, 386, 403.
+
+  Merchants' Exchange, 43, 135.
+
+  Merchants' Hotel, 435, 454.
+
+  Meschianza, The, 286, 287.
+
+  Miller, John, 186.
+
+  Minhorne, Jacob, 53, 58, 66.
+
+  Minuit, Peter, 2, 3.
+
+  Minvielle, Gabriel, 60, 69.
+
+  Mitchill, Samuel L., 433.
+
+  Monckton, General, 182.
+
+  Monroe, James, 434, 435.
+
+  Montagu, William, 179.
+
+  Montcrieffe, Major, 368.
+
+  Montgomerie, Governor, 91, 114.
+
+  Moody, Sir Henry, 23.
+
+  Mooney, William, 437.
+
+  Moore, Sir Henry, 207, 208, 225, 233, 245.
+
+  Moore, John, 248, 250.
+
+  Moore, Thomas W. C., 248.
+
+  Moot, The, 250, 251, 252.
+
+  Morris, General, 314.
+
+  Morris, Gouveneur, 101, 248, 251, 265, 364, 366.
+
+  Morris, Lewis, 95, 99, 101, 104, 108, 181, 331.
+
+  Morris, Lewis, Jr., 180, 181, 183.
+
+  Morris, Richard, 251.
+
+  Morris, Robert Hunter, 143.
+
+  Morris, Roger, 243.
+
+  Morris, William, 70.
+
+  Mortier, Paymaster General, 163, 189.
+
+  Morton, General, 434, 435.
+
+  Moultrie, General, 316.
+
+  Mount Pleasant, 187, 218, 252.
+
+  Mount Vernon Garden, 399, 400.
+
+  Murray, John, 337.
+
+
+  Nanfan, Lieutenant Governor, 72, 73.
+
+  National Hotel, 450.
+
+  New England Society, The, 407.
+
+  Negro Plot, 123, 318.
+
+  New York Coffee House, 318.
+
+  New York Arms, 142, 143, 144, 148, 202, 213, 222, 228, 233, 245, 246,
+      247.
+
+  New York Garden, 453, 454.
+
+  New York Hotel, 403.
+
+  New York Society, The, 247.
+
+  New York Stock Exchange, 360, 363.
+
+  Niblo's Coffee House, 407.
+
+  Niblo's Garden, 458.
+
+  Niblo, William, 452, 458, 459, 460, 462.
+
+  Nicolls, Governor, 37, 39, 178, 198, 199.
+
+  Noel, Garrat, 155.
+
+  Noel, Thomas, 65.
+
+  Non-Importation Agreement, 205.
+
+  Non-Importation Agreement, Second, 228.
+
+  Norris, Sir John, 108.
+
+  Norris, Matthias, 103, 106, 118.
+
+  Norris, Mrs., 108.
+
+  North, Lord, 267.
+
+
+  O'Brien, 155.
+
+  Ogden, Jonathan, 156.
+
+  Old Coffee House, 403.
+
+  Opdyck, Gysbert, 10.
+
+  Osborne, Sir Danvers, 139, 140.
+
+
+  Pain, Benjamin, 115, 120.
+
+  Paine, Robert Treat, 269.
+
+  Palmer, Benjamin, 163.
+
+  Parker, James, 202.
+
+  Parmyter, John, 85, 86.
+
+  Parmyter, Susannah, 86.
+
+  Pattison, General, 296, 297, 299.
+
+  Paulding, James K., 431.
+
+  Pelow, Vincent, 88.
+
+  Pemberton, Robert, 328.
+
+  Pennington, Captain, 282.
+
+  Pennington, William, 474.
+
+  Percival, James G., 431.
+
+  Perry, Commodore, 423, 424.
+
+  Phillips, Frederick, 455.
+
+  Phillips, General, 296.
+
+  Phillipse, Adolph, 92.
+
+  Phillipse, Frederick, 56, 95, 96, 98, 163, 187.
+
+  Phoenix Coffee House, 403.
+
+  Pine Apple, The, 120.
+
+  Pintard, John, 331, 362, 439.
+
+  Pirates, 57, 59.
+
+  Pitt, William, 215.
+
+  Platt, Jonas, 438, 439.
+
+  Platt, Richard, 328, 435.
+
+  Porteous, Captain, 394.
+
+  Porterfield, James, 131, 132, 133.
+
+  Post, Widow, 87, 88.
+
+  Powers, George, 322.
+
+  Price, Benjamin, 441, 442.
+
+  Price, Captain, 316.
+
+  Price, Stephen, 441, 443, 444.
+
+  Privateers, 119, 120, 121.
+
+  Province Arms, 142, 147, 203, 205, 244, 246, 255, 282, 295, 297, 299,
+      300, 305, 311, 323, 445.
+
+  Purdie, Alexander, 270.
+
+  Putnam, General, 207, 316.
+
+
+  Queen's Head, 168, 202, 227, 230, 243, 245, 247, 253, 294, 295, 317.
+
+
+  Radel, Margaret, 37.
+
+  Ramsay, Andrew, 114, 125, 129.
+
+  Randolph, Edmund, 344.
+
+  Ranelagh, 218, 221, 413.
+
+  Rapelye, Stephen, 250.
+
+  Rathwell, James, 393, 394.
+
+  Rawson's Tavern, 345.
+
+  Reade, John, 250.
+
+  Red House, 463.
+
+  Red Lion, 130.
+
+  Refugee Club, 295.
+
+  Regulation of Taverns, 20, 21.
+
+  Renwick, Professor, 471.
+
+  Revere, Paul, 260, 266.
+
+  Reynolds' Beer House, 459.
+
+  Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 168.
+
+  Reynolds, William, 458.
+
+  Riedesel, Baron, 296.
+
+  Ritzema, Rudolphus, 251.
+
+  Rivington, James, 284, 288, 323.
+
+  Road Houses, 459.
+
+  Robertson, Alexander, 299, 345.
+
+  Robin, Isaac, 86.
+
+  Robinson, Beverly, 202, 473.
+
+  Robinson, Joseph, 201.
+
+  Rodgers, Commodore, 417.
+
+  Rodgers, Doctor, 401.
+
+  Rogers, Captain, 468.
+
+  Rogers & Humphrey, 225.
+
+  Rogers, Lewis, 463.
+
+  Roger Morris House, 159, 363, 364.
+
+  Rogers, Moses, 371.
+
+  Roome, Luke, 154, 255, 357.
+
+  Roosevelt, John, 187.
+
+  Ross, David, 412.
+
+  Roubalet, 299, 305.
+
+  Royal Bowling Green, 188.
+
+  Royal Oak, 44.
+
+  Rutgers, Anthony, 182, 199, 219.
+
+  Rutherford, Walter, 209.
+
+  Rutledge, John, 344.
+
+
+  Sacket, Richard, 185.
+
+  Saint George and the Dragon, 37, 130.
+
+  Saltus, Nick, 451.
+
+  Sampson, J. P. C., 447.
+
+  Sands, Robert C., 431.
+
+  Sans, Souci, 455.
+
+  Santen, Lucas, 52.
+
+  Schuyler, Arent, 81.
+
+  Schuyler, Peter, 148, 149.
+
+  Schuyler, Philip, 328.
+
+  Scotch Johnny, 191, 195.
+
+  Scotch Johnny's, 164.
+
+  Scott, John Morin, 209, 251, 275, 310.
+
+  Scott, Winfield, 435, 474.
+
+  Scurlock, Thomas, 165.
+
+  Seabury, Doctor, 399.
+
+  Seagrave, James, 249.
+
+  Sears, Isaac, 151, 215.
+
+  Sebring, Isaac, 408.
+
+  Seton, William, 320.
+
+  Shakespeare Tavern, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432.
+
+  Shank, Matthew, 62.
+
+  Sherbrook, Major, 367.
+
+  Sherman, Alpheus, 410.
+
+  Shirley, William, 143.
+
+  Shoemakers' Pasture, 116.
+
+  Simmons, John, 340, 341.
+
+  Simmons' Tavern, 340, 341, 342.
+
+  Slave Market, 127.
+
+  Sloughter, Governor, 66.
+
+  Smith, Colonel, 310, 364.
+
+  Smith, Edward, 234, 238.
+
+  Smith, Ephraim, 287.
+
+  Smith, Melancthon, 345.
+
+  Smith, Mrs., 293.
+
+  Smith's Tavern, 286.
+
+  Smith, Thomas, 251.
+
+  Smith, William, 103, 251, 310.
+
+  Smith, William, Jr., 209.
+
+  Snedeker, John R., 465.
+
+  Social Club, The, 248.
+
+  Sons of Liberty, 208, 212, 214, 230, 231, 234, 236, 238, 239, 243, 244,
+      257, 259, 261, 273, 351.
+
+  Southard, Samuel, 474.
+
+  Sperry, Jacob, 401.
+
+  Sports and Amusements, 174.
+
+  Spring Garden, 116, 122, 165.
+
+  Spring Garden House, 165, 199.
+
+  Stagg, John, 354, 385.
+
+  Stamp Act, 204, 205, 202.
+
+  Stark, General, 316.
+
+  State Arms, 307.
+
+  Steel, Sarah, 194, 195, 196.
+
+  Steenwyck, Cornelis, 39, 198.
+
+  Steuben, General, 316, 326, 328, 337.
+
+  Stevens, Ebenezer, 423, 435.
+
+  Stevens, J., 250.
+
+  Stevens, John Austin, 255.
+
+  Stewart, Anthony G., 295.
+
+  Stirling, Lord, 182.
+
+  Stockton, Anne, 115.
+
+  Stone, William L., 431, 432.
+
+  Stoneall, James C., 432.
+
+  Storrs, Henry R., 472.
+
+  Strachan, John, 293, 294.
+
+  Strachan's Tavern, 295.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, 13, 20, 22, 34, 35, 47.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter G., 474.
+
+  Swain, Captain, 430.
+
+  Swartwout, John, 383, 396, 439, 468.
+
+  Swift, General, 434, 435.
+
+  Swift, Henry, 81.
+
+  Swift, Joseph G., 422.
+
+
+  Talbot, Captain, 375.
+
+  Talmadge, Colonel, 317.
+
+  Tammany Hall, 410, 422, 423, 427, 433, 437, 445.
+
+  Tammany Hall Hotel, 425.
+
+  Tammany Society, 351, 375, 395.
+
+  Tavern Life, 78, 79.
+
+  Tavern Regulations, 41.
+
+  Tavern Signs, 167.
+
+  Taylor, John, 189.
+
+  Tew, Thomas, 54, 58, 59.
+
+  Thomas, Widow, 122.
+
+  Thompson, Gabriel, 69, 70.
+
+  Thompson, John, 155, 156.
+
+  Thomson, Captain, 375.
+
+  Thurman, John, Jr., 209.
+
+  Tillery, James, 385, 394.
+
+  Todd, Robert, 105, 110, 112, 114, 121, 200.
+
+  Tollemache, Captain, 282.
+
+  Tompkins, Daniel D., 422, 423, 434, 435.
+
+  Tontine Coffee House, 154, 356, 361, 371, 374, 393, 395, 400, 403, 404,
+      407, 425.
+
+  Tontine Hotel, 371, 372.
+
+  Trumbull, John, 310, 474.
+
+  Tryon, Governor, 293, 296.
+
+  Turk's Head, The, 168, 431.
+
+  Two-Mile Tavern, 48.
+
+  Tyler's, 414.
+
+
+  Ugly Club, 414.
+
+  Ugly Hall, 414.
+
+  Underhill, John, 11, 12.
+
+  Union Flag, The, 158, 176.
+
+  United States Hotel, 478.
+
+  Ury, John, 123.
+
+
+  Valentine, Abraham M., 410.
+
+  Van Borsum, Annetje, 28, 29.
+
+  Van Borsum, Egbert, 27, 28, 29, 185.
+
+  Van Borsum, Hermanus, 29.
+
+  Van Buren's Tavern, Dr., 367.
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 328.
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Stephen, 200.
+
+  Van Dam, Rip, 92, 93, 94, 95, 101, 104, 110, 112, 113.
+
+  Vandenberg, Adam, 179.
+
+  Vandenberg's, 189.
+
+  Vanderbilt, John, 419.
+
+  Vandercliff, Dirck, 45, 46.
+
+  Vandercliff's Orchard, 45.
+
+  Vanderspiegel, John, 209.
+
+  Van Dyck, Hendrick, 20.
+
+  Van Horne, Cornelius, 92.
+
+  Van Horne, David, 205.
+
+  Van Ness, Judge, 423.
+
+  Van Pelt, Rem, 367.
+
+  Van Purmerendt, Claes Jansen, 25.
+
+  Van Shaack, Peter, 249, 251.
+
+  Van Tienhoven, Cornelis, 13.
+
+  Van Twiller, Wouter, 11.
+
+  Van Vorst, Annetje Cornelissen, 25.
+
+  Varian, Richard, 347.
+
+  Varick, Colonel, 310.
+
+  Vaughan, Thomas, 394, 395.
+
+  Vauxhall, 187, 206, 218, 247, 252, 425.
+
+  Vauxhall Garden, 218, 400, 401, 402.
+
+  Vermilye, Thomas, 163.
+
+  Verplanck, Gulian, 219, 356, 371.
+
+  Verplanck, Gulian C., 432.
+
+  Vineyard, The, 68, 185.
+
+
+  Wainwright, Doctor, 473.
+
+  Waldron, Adolph, 287.
+
+  Waldron, Samuel, 239.
+
+  Wales, Prince of, 108.
+
+  Walker, Benjamin, 324.
+
+  Wallace, Hugh, 229.
+
+  Walters, Robert, 66.
+
+  Walton, Jacob, 233.
+
+  Walton, William, 256.
+
+  Warren, Sir Peter, 182.
+
+  Washington, George, 159, 300, 302, 308, 309, 310, 313, 317, 336, 339,
+      341, 364, 367, 368, 473, 476.
+
+  Washington Hall, 408, 409, 410, 420, 423, 424, 425, 427, 441, 443, 445,
+      467, 469, 472.
+
+  Washington Hotel, 397, 412, 435.
+
+  Waters, A. W., 183.
+
+  Watson, James, 371.
+
+  Watson, John, 175.
+
+  Watts, John, 182, 249, 356, 358, 371, 404.
+
+  Watts, John, Jr., 247.
+
+  Wayne, General, 316.
+
+  Webb, James, 37.
+
+  Webb, Samuel B., 326, 328.
+
+  Webber, Wolfert, 46, 47.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 472.
+
+  Weissenfels, Frederick, 312.
+
+  Welch, Thomas, 118.
+
+  Wessels, Metje, 28, 30, 32, 33.
+
+  Wetmore, Prosper W., 467.
+
+  White Conduit House, 398, 399.
+
+  Whitehall Coffee House, 225.
+
+  White Horse Tavern, 18.
+
+  White Lion, 70, 71.
+
+  Wickham, William, 251.
+
+  Wilcocks, Widow, 440.
+
+  Wilkinson, James, 245.
+
+  Willard, Mr., 449, 450, 452.
+
+  Willett, Edward, 118, 141, 143, 144, 148, 202.
+
+  Willett, Marinus, 273, 274, 275, 353, 435.
+
+  Williams, Erasmus, 252.
+
+  Wilson, Captain, 441, 444.
+
+  Wilson, James, 344.
+
+  Wragg, Elizabeth, 255.
+
+
+  Zenger, John Peter, 101, 102, 104.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.
+
+[2] New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.
+
+[3] New York Mercury.
+
+[4] New York Gazette.
+
+[5] New York Evening Post.
+
+[6] Dayton.
+
+[7] Dayton.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44240 ***
diff --git a/44240-h/44240-h.htm b/44240-h/44240-h.htm
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+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Old Taverns of New York, by William Harrison Bayles</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
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+</head>
+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44240 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Old Taverns of New York, by William Harrison
+Bayles</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/oldtavernsofnewy00bayl">
+      https://archive.org/details/oldtavernsofnewy00bayl</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">Old Taverns of New York</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">By<br />
+<span class="large">W. Harrison Bayles</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><img src="images/printer.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Frank Allaben Genealogical Company<br />
+Forty-Second Street Building, New York</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Copyright, 1915, by Frank Allaben Genealogical Company</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h1><small>Old Taverns of New York</small></h1>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td>PREFACE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#I">I</a> DUTCH TAVERNS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Indian Trade&mdash;First Settlement&mdash;Purchase of Manhattan Island&mdash;Popular
+Taverns in New Amsterdam&mdash;Sunday Closing Under Stuyvesant&mdash;Dutch Festivities</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#II">II</a> NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The English Conquest&mdash;Horse Races&mdash;Regulations for Innkeepers&mdash;First
+Merchants’ Exchange&mdash;Famous Taverns of the Period&mdash;Early Buccaneers and
+Their Relations with Government Officials&mdash;Efforts of the Earl of Bellomont to Restrain Piracy</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#III">III</a> THE COFFEE HOUSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">An Exciting Election in 1701&mdash;Popularity of the Coffee House&mdash;Aftermath
+of the Leisler Troubles&mdash;Political Agitation under Lord
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>Cornbury&mdash;Trials of Nicholas Bayard and Roger Baker&mdash;Conferences
+at the Coffee House&mdash;Festivals under the English Rule&mdash;Official Meetings in Taverns and Coffee Houses</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#IV">IV</a> THE BLACK HORSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Black Horse Tavern, Scene of Many Political Conferences in
+the Early Eighteenth Century&mdash;Rip Van Dam and Governor Cosby&mdash;Lewis
+Morris’ Campaign&mdash;Zenger’s Victory for Liberty of
+the Press&mdash;Old New York Inns&mdash;Privateering&mdash;The Negro Plot</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#V">V</a> THE MERCHANTS’ COFFEE HOUSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Slave Market, Later the Meal Market&mdash;The Merchants’ Coffee
+House, Famous for More than Half a Century&mdash;Clubs of
+Colonial New York&mdash;The Merchants’ Exchange&mdash;Charter of
+King’s College, Now Columbia University&mdash;French and Indian
+War&mdash;The Assembly Balls&mdash;The Press Gang&mdash;Some Old Inns&mdash;Surrender of Fort Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span><a href="#VI">VI</a> TAVERN SIGNS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Doctor Johnson on the Comforts of an Inn&mdash;Landlords of the Olden Time&mdash;Some Curious
+Tavern Signs&mdash;Intemperance in the Eighteenth Century&mdash;Sports and Amusements</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#VII">VII</a> THE KING’S ARMS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Crown and Thistle, Meeting Place of St. Andrew’s Society and Later Called the King’s
+Head&mdash;The King’s Arms, Formerly the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen’s Coffee House&mdash;Broadway
+of the Eighteenth Century&mdash;The Stamp Act and the Non-Importation Agreement&mdash;The Liberty Pole&mdash;Recreation Gardens</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#VIII">VIII</a> HAMPDEN HALL</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Queen’s Head Tavern, Where Was Organized the New York Chamber of Commerce&mdash;Pre-Revolutionary
+Excitement&mdash;Battle of Golden Hill&mdash;Hampden Hall, Meeting Place of the Sons
+of Liberty and Attacked by the British&mdash;List of Members of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>Social Club, 1775&mdash;Other Clubs and Societies of the Period&mdash;The
+Moot, a Lawyers’ Club and Its Charter Members&mdash;The Tax on
+Tea, Committee of Correspondence and Outbreak of the Revolution</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#IX">IX</a> THE PROVINCE ARMS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Continental Congress&mdash;Marinus Willett’s Seizure of
+Arms&mdash;Flight of the Tories&mdash;Happenings at the Coffee House&mdash;The
+Province Arms, Resort of British Officers&mdash;Other Taverns&mdash;The
+Theatre Royal&mdash;Sports&mdash;The Refugee Club&mdash;Social Affairs Under the British Occupation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#X">X</a> FRAUNCES’ TAVERN</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Treaty of Peace&mdash;Celebration Dinners at Sam Fraunces’
+House and Other Taverns&mdash;Evacuation of New York&mdash;Washington’s
+Farewell to His Officers, at Fraunces’ Tavern, 1783&mdash;First
+New York Bank&mdash;Re-organization of Chamber of Commerce&mdash;Social,
+Philanthropic, and Learned Societies of the Day&mdash;The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span>Cincinnati&mdash;The New Constitution&mdash;Washington’s
+Inauguration&mdash;Sam Fraunces, Steward of the President</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XI">XI</a> THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Tammany Society&mdash;Tontine Coffee House Founded by Prominent
+New York Merchants&mdash;New York Stock Exchange in the Tontine&mdash;Marriner’s Tavern,
+Later Called the Roger Morris House and the Jumel Mansion&mdash;The Tammany
+Wigwam&mdash;Brillât-Savarin in New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XII">XII</a> THE CITY HOTEL</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Club Life After the Revolution&mdash;The City Hotel and the Assembly
+Balls&mdash;Musical Societies&mdash;Second Hudson Centennial, 1809&mdash;St.
+Andrew’s Society Dinners and Other Feasts&mdash;Tea Gardens&mdash;The
+Embargo of 1807&mdash;Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen&mdash;New
+England Society&mdash;Political Associations&mdash;Tammany Hall&mdash;The Battery&mdash;The Ugly Club</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XIII">XIII</a> THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The War of 1812&mdash;Dinner to Naval Victors at the City
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>Hotel&mdash;Dinners to Captain Lawrence, General Harrison, Commodores
+Bainbridge and Perry&mdash;News of Peace&mdash;The Shakespeare Tavern,
+a Musical and Literary Centre&mdash;Cradle of the Seventh Regiment&mdash;A
+New York Inn Comparable to London’s “Mermaid Tavern” and “Turk’s Head”&mdash;Visits
+of Monroe and Jackson&mdash;The Erie Canal&mdash;First New York Savings Bank&mdash;The Price-Wilson Duel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XIV">XIV</a> ROAD HOUSES</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_445">445</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Prejudice Against Dancing&mdash;Balls&mdash;Debates and Lectures&mdash;The
+City Hotel&mdash;Niblo’s Garden&mdash;Road Houses&mdash;Trotting
+Matches&mdash;Upper Third Avenue&mdash;Suburban Drives and Taverns&mdash;Lafayette’s
+Visit&mdash;Clubs&mdash;End of City Hotel&mdash;Era of Hotels</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>INDEX</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_481">481</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Illustrations</h2>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Beer Was the Dutchman’s Drink”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The City Tavern from the Justin Dancker’s View, 1650</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The White Horse Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Damen House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Water Gate, Foot of Wall Street</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“They Had Discovered the Toothsome Terrapin”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“The Man of the Knight of St. George”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Earl of Bellomont</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“As Genuine Pirates as Ever Sailed the Sea”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Captain Tew</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bayard Punch Bowl</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Viscount Cornbury</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Tankard</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Black Horse Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rip Van Dam</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Governor Cosby</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lewis Morris</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fac-Simile News Item from the New York Weekly Journal, November 5, 1733</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Andrew Hamilton</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Ball at the Black Horse</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Which Were All Drank in Bumpers”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“The Violin and Flute, by ‘Private Hands’”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>House at 122 William Street</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Royal Exchange</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sir Danvers Osborne, Governor of New York</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“The Drumbeat Was Constantly Heard in the Streets”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sir Charles Hardy, Governor of New York</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Colonel Peter Schuyler</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Press Gang</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bull’s Head Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Roger Morris House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Blue Bell Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Old Time Landlord</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Hard Drinking Prevailed”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">171</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Good Old Madeira</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>A Racing Trophy</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bull Baiting, From an Old Advertisement</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bowling Green, From Lyne’s Map</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Alexander, Earl of Stirling</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>House Built by Cornelis Steenwyck</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The De Lancey House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Liberty Boys</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>At Ranelagh</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">220</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corner of Broadway and Murray Street, 1816</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Captain A. McDougall</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Merchants’ Coffee House and Coffee House Slip</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Marinus Willett Stopping the Transfer of Arms</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baroness De Riedesel</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>In the Coffee House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Gambling With Cards Was Pretty General”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Simmons’ Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fac-Simile Receipt of Sam Fraunces, as Washington’s Steward</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bowery Theatre</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">348</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tontine Coffee House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Sleigh</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The City Hotel</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_373">373</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Martling’s Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_376">376</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belvedere Club House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_388">382</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fac-Simile Bill of the City Hotel, 1807</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_384">384</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Anthelme Brillât-Savarin</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_382">387</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>White Conduit House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Robert R. Livingston</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_404">404</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washington Hall</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tammany Hall</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_411">411</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fraunces’ Tavern About 1830</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Great Naval Dinner at the City Hotel, December 29, 1812</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">416</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Commodore Stephen Decatur</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_419">418</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Commodore Isaac Hull</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_420">420</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Captain James Lawrence</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Shakespeare Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_430">429</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“As Choice Spirits as Ever Supped at the Turk’s Head”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>De Witt Clinton</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_438">438</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Contoit’s Garden</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Niblo’s Garden</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Reynolds’ Beer House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_459">459</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>Cato’s House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_461">461</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Old Hazzard House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_462">462</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Burnham’s Mansion House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_464">464</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fitz-Greene Halleck</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>J. Fenimore Cooper</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_472">472</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bunker’s Mansion House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_477">477</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Much has been written about the old taverns of New York in a disconnected
+way, but heretofore there has been no connected story linking them with
+the current events of the early history of the city. This story I have
+attempted to tell from the Dutch settlement down to the early part of the
+last century, when the growth of the city and extensive travel entirely
+changed their character. In doing this I have found myself at issue with
+many writers on the subject. In every such case the conclusions set down
+in this book rest I believe upon unquestionable documentary evidence, in
+part referred to in the text.</p>
+
+<p>Before any newspapers appeared the tavern was a very important institution
+in the community. It was the medium of all news both political and social,
+the one place where people of all kinds met to exchange views on every
+subject of interest to the general public. In this way it exercised an
+influence second only to the church.</p>
+
+<p>The connection of the taverns with the history of the city was very close.
+There was hardly an event of importance but had its inception in the
+taverns, where all questions of interest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> to the public were discussed as
+in no other place. They were frequented by all classes and the influence
+of each one of them on the community depended entirely on the character of
+those who patronized it. The merchants, the politicians and the men of
+letters each had their places of rendezvous.</p>
+
+<p>Following the history of the city chronologically I have endeavored to
+link with it the influence of the taverns on current events, and at the
+same time show up the interesting features of tavern life by details of
+happenings at these places. I have made no attempt to increase interest by
+any means except the plain, unvarnished truth, which I have considered
+sufficiently attractive. Tales of the old taverns are enhanced in interest
+by a glamour of antiquity surrounding the subject by which few can fail to
+be charmed.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing exists at the present day in any way resembling an old tavern of
+the first class in colonial times. It was the place for political
+discussion, for social clubs and for meetings of all kinds. Every one went
+to the tavern and from no other source could a person gain so much
+knowledge of public affairs.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">W. Harrison Bayles</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Dutch Taverns</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trading with the Indians</i></div>
+
+<p>On the return of Hendrick Hudson from his voyage of discovery in 1609, his
+reports were so favorable, especially, as to the abundance of valuable
+furs which were to be had at very little cost, that several merchants of
+Amsterdam, without delay, fitted out trading vessels and sent them to
+trade with the Indians in the territory he had visited. The returns were
+satisfactory, and they formed themselves into a company under the name of
+the United Netherland Company and established a trading post on the
+southern part of Manhattan Island. The exclusive privilege of trade, which
+had been granted them by Holland, expired in the year 1618, and they
+endeavored to have the grant renewed or extended, but succeeded only in
+obtaining a special license, expiring yearly, which they held for two or
+three years longer.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime a more extensive association had been formed by some
+merchants and capitalists of Holland, who in the year 1621<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> received a
+charter under the title of the West India Company, which gave to them the
+exclusive privilege of trade on the whole Atlantic coast, so far as the
+jurisdiction of Holland extended. Powers of government were conferred upon
+the company and the right to make treaties with the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>In 1623, they sent out a vessel which carried thirty families to begin the
+colony. The vessel landed her passengers and freight near the present site
+of Albany and a settlement was there established. The return cargo of
+skins and other freight was valued at about twelve thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>First Settlement</i></div>
+
+<p>It having been determined to fix the headquarters of the company in New
+Netherland on Manhattan Island, two ships cleared from Holland in 1625
+with a large number of settlers for this place. With these was sent out
+Peter Minuit, as Director-General, to superintend the interests of the
+company. On board the vessels were carried more than a hundred head of
+cattle, besides other domestic animals, such as would be needed by the
+people in a permanent settlement. This was the first real settlement on
+Manhattan Island. The few huts and storehouses, surrounded by a stockade
+for protection against the Indians, although it appears they were very
+friendly, which had been located here for many years, was not a
+settlement; it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> only a trading post; no attempt had been made to
+cultivate the land.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike the New England settlers and the Swedes upon the Delaware the Dutch
+did not make use of the log house, so well adapted by economy, ease of
+construction and comfort, as a temporary home. It is said that Dutch
+traders built huts very much like those of the Indian tribes of the
+neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian house or hut was made by placing in the ground two parallel
+rows of upright saplings adjoining each other and bringing their tops
+together, lapping them over each other in a curve. On this were fastened
+boughs and reeds, as a protection against wind and rain, the inside being
+lined with bark nicely joined together. If such skill were used in joining
+the bark on the inside as is displayed by some of the North American
+Indians in building their canoes, it must have presented a very neat and
+smooth appearance. There was no floor, the fire, in winter, being built
+upon the ground, the smoke escaping through an opening in the roof. The
+width of the house was invariably twenty feet, the length being regulated
+by the number of families occupying it.</p>
+
+<p>If the Dutch traders used such huts they undoubtedly modified them
+somewhat as to fireplace and chimney and probably made many other
+improvements to suit their needs.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Manhattan Island Purchased</i></div>
+
+<p>Peter Minuit, the Director-General, to obtain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> title to the island,
+purchased it from the Indian proprietors, and the settlers commenced their
+town by staking out a fort, under the direction of Kryn Frederick, an
+engineer sent out for that purpose, and set about the erection of their
+temporary homes, which were little better than those of their
+predecessors, the traders. The next year, 1626, the machinery for a saw
+mill arrived from Holland and a mill worked by wind power was erected on
+what is now Governor’s Island, which was then covered with a fine growth
+of forest trees, which after being cut up, could be easily floated to the
+little town. The settlers were thus supplied with lumber which enabled
+them to erect buildings more conformable to their needs. They built, as a
+rule, houses of only one story in height, with two rooms on the ground
+floor and a garret above. The roof was reed or straw thatch, and this
+material continued to be so used for about thirty years after the first
+settlement of New Amsterdam. The fireplace was built of stone to the
+height of about six feet, having an oven of the same material by the side
+of it, extending beyond the rear of the house. The chimney above the stone
+work was made of boards plastered inside with mortar. The average value of
+these houses was about one hundred and fifty dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutchman did not come to America for the sake of religious or
+political freedom or to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> escape persecution. He was lured by the profits
+of trade and the prospect of finding a better and more extensive home for
+himself and for his children. In the little village or town that had been
+formed by the first settlers on the southern point of Manhattan Island no
+Puritanical laws or regulations prevented him from dealing in beer or
+strong drink, or in drinking as much as he had a mind to. Beer was the
+Dutchman’s drink, and the West India Company very early erected the
+Company’s Brewery on the north side of Bridge Street, between the present
+Whitehall and Broad Streets, to supply the little town with its usual
+beverage.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img01.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“BEER WAS THE DUTCHMAN’S DRINK”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch trader bartered with the Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> for furs, and as the little
+cluster of houses near the fort grew in population some of the traders
+also sold, when they could, a little beer and other strong drink which
+their furs enabled them to obtain from the ships coming into port. For
+many years, except with the Indians, there does not appear to have been
+any restraint on this trade in liquor, but, although there were many
+houses where it was kept on tap for sale, no provision seems to have been
+made for the lodging of strangers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>The Dutch from up the river or from the nearby settlements, which were
+very scanty until the time of Stuyvesant, were, no doubt, always able to
+find relatives or friends with whom they could lodge; but the English
+skippers who stopped over on their trips between Virginia and the New
+England colonies were not only strangers but spoke a strange language,
+unknown to most of the inhabitants, and it is not difficult to understand
+the reluctance of having them as guests in the small houses where the
+accommodations were very limited. Governor Kieft says that he was put to
+great inconvenience in taking care of them, and so, in 1641 built a large
+stone house to accommodate and care for them and other strangers, which
+was known as the Stadt Herbergh or City Tavern. There must have been
+urgent need for such a house, for it was the most costly building that had
+been erected up to this time. The expenditure was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> much greater than for
+the building of a new and substantial church in the fort, a short time
+after. It was, no doubt, intended to impress and increase the respect of
+strangers and was an object of the admiration and pride of the citizens of
+New Amsterdam. It was located in a very conspicuous place, with one of its
+sides facing the East River, apart from the other houses of the town. It
+was two stories high with a basement underneath and spacious lofts above.
+In the rear was an extension or addition, a long, narrow structure which
+was apparently used for kitchen purposes and probably for other uses.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year 1643 the Stadt Herbergh, or City Tavern, was leased to
+Philip Gerritsen, its first landlord, at a rental of three hundred
+guilders, or about one hundred and twenty dollars, per annum and opened
+for the entertainment of the public; afterwards to Adriaen Gerritsen, down
+to the beginning of the year 1652, when the tavern was being conducted by
+Abraham Delanoy. According to agreement, Gerritsen was to sell the
+Company’s wine, brandy and beer, and no other, the Company agreeing not to
+allow any wine to be sold out of their cellar to the injury of the lessee.
+The Director-General also promised that a well should be dug near the
+house and that a brew-house should be erected in the rear or that
+Gerritsen should be permitted the use of the Company’s brew-house.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>Shortly after the opening of the tavern it was put to good use in
+sheltering the fugitives who came to it for protection. Among these were
+the settlers from Achter Col, across the Kills from Staten Island, on the
+mainland, who, driven from their homes, which were destroyed by the
+Indians, were lodged for a time at the City Tavern, at the expense of the
+West India Company.</p>
+
+<p>The tavern seems to have been in frequent use as a place of detention of
+persons obnoxious to the Director and his Council and of persons suspected
+of offenses against the orders of the Director-General, and it is probable
+that some part of the building was set apart for that purpose. Sometimes
+the prisoners were quite numerous, as when, in 1651, the crew of the ship
+“Nieuw Nederlandsche Fortuyn” were quartered here, and also when in 1656,
+after it had become the City Hall, were brought here the twenty-three
+Englishmen who had attempted to make a settlement in the present
+Westchester, hostile to the Dutch claim. Notwithstanding this, the tavern
+came to be patronized by many of the best people of the place and by the
+officers of the West India Company. It became a place where a great deal
+of business was transacted, both public and private, and was one of the
+places where all public notices were posted, the others being the fort and
+the barn of the West India Company. It was, too, before it became the City
+Hall, the place where the court frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> sat for the trial of minor
+cases. Here was held in the fall and winter of 1653 the Landtdag, or Diet,
+consisting of representatives from each of the Dutch towns, for the
+purpose of providing means of defence against the Indians. This was the
+most important popular convention that had ever been held in New
+Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Tavern Becomes the City Hall</i><br /><br />
+<i>Captain Underhill Makes Trouble</i></div>
+
+<p>In 1652 New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city under the government of a
+schout, two burgomasters and five schepens, and was allowed a separate
+magistracy, although not independent of Governor and Council. This made it
+necessary to have a city hall or town house, and soon after the City
+Tavern was ceded to the city and henceforth was known as the “stadt huys”
+or city hall.</p>
+
+<p>In the first settlement of New England the laws and regulations as to the
+sale of strong drink and as to restraint in indulgence were very rigid,
+but afterwards much relaxed. In New Amsterdam there was little restraint;
+so that when the notorious Puritan Captain John Underhill came down to New
+Amsterdam, however exemplary may have been his behavior while at home
+among his New England friends (although there had been some complaint), he
+let himself loose and became, as some would say, “gloriously drunk.” On
+the night of the 15th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> of March, 1644, in the parlor of Philip Gerritsen
+of the City Tavern, Doctor Hans Kiersted, Dominie Bogardus, Gysbert Opdyck
+and several others, with their wives, were having a supper and spending an
+agreeable evening. Some time after the supper, while they were enjoying
+themselves, Captain Underhill, with Lieutenant Baxter and a drummer, who
+had evidently made the rounds of the town and were in an advanced state of
+intoxication, appeared at the door. Gerritsen could not forbid entrance to
+the worthy captain, but told him that he was entertaining a party of
+friends with their wives and requested him to take a separate room where
+he would serve them. They were finally induced to do this after much talk.
+They invited some of the company to drink with them and they complied.
+Baxter invited Opdyck to join them but he refused. Thereupon Underhill and
+his companions drew their swords and cut in pieces the cans on the shelves
+in the tavern, hacked the door-posts and endeavored by force to get into
+the room where the supper party was. This was for some time resisted by
+the landlady with a leaden bolt and by the landlord trying to keep the
+door closed; but, in spite of all opposition, they succeeded in forcing
+their way in. Underhill was in such a state that it was quite uncertain at
+what moment he might take a notion to flesh his sword in any Dutchman who
+stood in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> his way. With his sword half drawn he cried: “Clear out of here,
+for I shall strike at random.” The fiscal and a guard from the fort were
+sent for, but they did not succeed in quieting the drunken Englishmen. In
+reply to some remarks of the Dominie, who suggested that the
+Director-General himself be sent for, Underhill said, as deposed by
+witnesses: “If the Director come here, ’tis well. I had rather speak to a
+wise man than a fool.” To prevent further and more serious mischief,
+fearing that at any moment Underhill might pink the Dominie, the supper
+party withdrew, leaving Underhill in possession of the field. Thus the
+gallant Captain scored another victory.</p>
+
+<p>When Wouter Van Twiller came out, in 1633, as Director-General, the
+pressing claims of England to the control of the whole territory on the
+Atlantic Coast, induced the West India Company to send out with him a
+military force of one hundred and four soldiers to garrison the fort.
+These were the first that had been sent over.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sergeant Peter Cock’s Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Among the soldiers, some years later, was a man by the name of Peter Cock,
+who held the rank of sergeant. He built, or had constructed for him, a
+little house, such as were being put up at that time, northwest from the
+fort, on ground now occupied by No. 1 Broadway. It was very likely the
+first house built on that side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> of the fort and was used as a tavern. It
+was no doubt more patronized by the soldiers than any other.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Cock was in command of several regular soldiers under La Montagne
+in the expedition against the Indians on Staten Island in 1643. On their
+return to New Amsterdam, they were all immediately sent out to Greenwich
+and Stamford, where they scoured the country in search of the Indians. In
+November of the same year Governor Kieft dispatched one hundred and twenty
+men, under the command of Dr. La Montagne, Cock and Underhill, to
+exterminate the Canarsee Indians. They brought back from this expedition
+some prisoners, who were afterwards barbarously treated, inhumanly
+tortured and finally killed in the public streets of New Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>At Sergeant Cock’s tavern the details of these expeditions and the part
+taken in them by each individual were, doubtless, thoroughly discussed by
+the soldiers as they drank their beer or other beverages served out to
+them. They talked over the quarrels of the Dominie and the
+Director-General and the last sermon in which the Dominie fulminated his
+biting diatribes against the Director; how the drummer beat up the drum
+and the gunner touched off one of the big guns when the Dominie was in the
+midst of one of his harangues, which distracted the congregation and
+almost threw them into a panic.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>Next to the lot on which Sergeant Cock had built his house Martin Crigier
+obtained the grant of a lot in 1643, on which a house appears to have
+already been built, probably by himself. Crigier is said to have come out
+in the service of the West India Company when a young man, after his
+separation or release from which he had engaged in the business of trader
+and sloop captain on the North River and became an active and conspicuous
+citizen. He was certainly a doughty Dutchman, his name occupying a
+prominent place in the military annals of New Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>The military expeditions in which he was engaged were numerous. In 1657 he
+went out in command of forty men to settle difficulties on the Delaware.
+In 1659 he commanded a force of sixty men, sent out to the same region to
+repel a threatened invasion of the English. In 1663 he was in command of
+the force sent to Esopus to punish the savages for their massacre of the
+Dutch, and in this expedition he seems to have had the complete confidence
+of Governor Stuyvesant, himself a valiant soldier. With Cornelis Van
+Tienhoven he was sent to New Haven to treat with the English and he was
+Burgomaster of New Amsterdam in 1653, 1654, 1659, 1660 and 1663.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Burgomaster Martin Crigier, Tavern-Keeper</i></div>
+
+<p>He was an innkeeper and we can easily imagine that his house must have
+been the resort of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> all the Dutch politicians of his day, where were
+discussed not only plans of attack and defence, but also the policies of
+the little town in all its various aspects, both internally and in
+relation to the Indians and the English. The English, no doubt, were
+thoroughly discussed, for there was constant trouble with them at this
+time.</p>
+
+<p>The house was near the fort, on ground now occupied by No. 3 Broadway, and
+looked out on the open ground of the present Bowling Green, which was then
+the parade of the soldiers, being in front of the gate of the fort, the
+eastern side of it being used as a market field on appointed days, where
+were displayed all kinds of country produce brought in from the
+surrounding country. Here, also, in this open space, in 1656 and
+subsequent years, was held, in the latter part of October and all through
+November, the cattle market for store and fat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs,
+bucks, and such like. It was promised that stalls and other conveniences
+would be erected for those who brought such animals to market. This
+cattle-market, notice of which, by letter, had been sent out to the Dutch
+and English of Connecticut and Long Island, no doubt brought to New
+Amsterdam a great many from the surrounding country, even as far away as
+New Haven. The taverns were full and the life and activity of the city was
+much increased. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> young men drank in the conversations of the city
+burghers at the taverns, discussed with them the price of beaver skins and
+other articles of trade with the Indians, and in turn told of the arts of
+the trapper and hunter, as well as adventures with the Indians and with
+the wild animals of the forest. These visitors, for a time, made the
+taverns gay and lively, and sometimes there were, no doubt, heated talks
+and even quarrels and personal encounters.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img02.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE CITY TAVERN FROM THE JUSTIN DANCKER’S VIEW, 1650</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In front of the taverns of Captain Crigier and Sergeant Cock groups of men
+could be seen at such times bargaining and discussing prices and the news
+of the day. Beer was to be had and there was plenty of talk, for the
+outlying settlers brought in the news of their own sections and were very
+anxious to learn all the news of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> city and still more anxious to get
+news from the fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>Those who visited the city to bring in cattle and attend this market made
+of it a pleasure trip long to be remembered. Although New Amsterdam could
+not furnish any amusement that would intoxicate a modern New Yorker yet,
+to those who were passing their days in isolated homes, the gaiety of the
+little city was a source of great enjoyment; and in returning to their
+quiet homes they carried back with them all the little luxuries which they
+could afford and which the city could supply. They had also a great deal
+to tell their relatives and friends.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that when Peter Cock and Martin Crigier built their
+taverns to catch the patronage of the soldiers at the fort, the ground in
+the neighborhood to the west of the fort and along the river was in a
+perfect state of nature, untouched by the hand of man. The authorities
+kept the space in front of the fort clear of building; which, without any
+preconceived plan or intention on their part, resulted in leaving a
+triangular open space, which became the parade for the soldiers, the
+market place for cattle, and, afterwards, in the time of the English, the
+Bowling Green.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1659, transfer was made of a lot on the west side of the
+Heere Straat (Broadway), which was described as bounded on the south by
+the <i>newly-built house and lot of Burgomaster Martin Crigier</i>. It was
+about this time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> that improvements and a great advance were being made in
+the style of building, and as Crigier was at this time and had been some
+years previous a burgomaster, and was besides a conspicuous man in the
+community, it is natural to suppose that he would put up a good and
+substantial house.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the fort, close under the shelter of its eastern
+wall, at the corner of the present Whitehall and Stone Streets, where the
+Produce Exchange now stands, was a little tavern which had been built in
+the most economical manner in 1641, and was kept by a Frenchman, Philip
+Gerard, called by the Dutch Geraerdy, who had left the gay city of Paris
+for life among the Dutch of New Amsterdam. Geraerdy probably had good
+reasons for the change; perhaps it was to escape conscription in the wars
+then raging in Europe. Riding the wooden horse in the fort was a common
+punishment of the soldiers, and Philip Geraerdy, we presume from a sense
+of humor, or for some other good reason, called his house the Wooden
+Horse, or at least it is so called in the Dutch records. The soldiers no
+doubt much preferred the wooden horse (or bench) in Philip’s tavern to
+that in the fort. Philip was himself at one time a soldier, and had ridden
+the wooden horse, for May 27, 1642, “Philip Geraerdy, a soldier, for
+having been absent from the guard without leave,” was sentenced to ride
+the wooden horse during parade,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> with a pitcher in one hand and a drawn
+sword in the other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The White Horse Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>After a few years the name of Philip’s house underwent a change. This may
+have been the result of a sort of evolutionary process, induced by Philip,
+who erected in front of his house a sign on which was painted a white
+horse on a dark background, very conspicuous. The house became known as
+the Sign of the White Horse or the White Horse Tavern.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img03.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE WHITE HORSE TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Some lively scenes were connected with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> little tavern. One dark night
+in the spring of 1643, farmer Jan Damen, whose house was just beyond the
+present Wall Street near Broadway, drank deep in Philip’s house, and was
+in such a condition that Geraerdy thought it prudent to guide him home,
+which act of benevolence cost him dearly. Damen must have been in a mood
+that threatened trouble, for Geraerdy had taken the precaution to draw his
+sword from its scabbard and carry it himself. At the house Damen’s serving
+man, armed with a long knife, resisted his master’s entrance. Damen used
+the scabbard as a weapon and also secured a knife, and in the fight which
+ensued Geraerdy was, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> the surgeon declared, dangerously wounded, Damen
+having struck him in the dark under the shoulder blade.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img04.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE DAMEN HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It was a dramatic and semi-tragic scene when “Black John,” who hailed from
+the seaport town of Monnikendam, near Amsterdam, one morning, as they were
+at the house of Philip Geraerdy, addressed Ensign Hendrick Van Dyck,
+saying: “Brother, my service to you,” to which the ensign answered:
+“Brother, I thank you.” “Black John” did not hand over the can, but
+instead struck the ensign with it on his forehead so that blood flowed,
+saying that that was his Monnikendam fashion, and threw him over on his
+back. This, it is related, was done without having words or dispute of any
+kind.</p>
+
+<p>Geraerdy became a sergeant in the burgher troops, and while keeping a
+tavern was also a trader and a man of business. Besides his own language
+he could speak both Dutch and English, acting occasionally as an
+interpreter. He succeeded so well that in a few years he built for himself
+a substantial house on that part of his lot fifty or sixty feet down from
+the corner on Stone Street.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Taverns Regulated</i></div>
+
+<p>When Governor Peter Stuyvesant arrived, in May, 1647, he found New
+Amsterdam, to use an expression of the present day, “a wide open town.”
+Before the close of the month he issued an order requiring that all places
+where liquor was sold should remain closed on Sunday before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> two o’clock
+in the afternoon, and, in case of preaching in the fort, until four
+o’clock,&mdash;this, under penalty of the owners being deprived of their
+occupation, and besides being fined six Carolus guilders for each person
+who should be found drinking wine or beer within the stated time,
+excepting only travellers and those who were daily customers, fetching the
+drinks to their own homes; and that all such places should be closed every
+night at the ringing of the bell about nine o’clock. In issuing this order
+he says: “Whereas we have experienced the violence of our inhabitants,
+when drunk, their quarrelling, fighting and hitting each other, even on
+the Lord’s day of rest, of which we have ourselves witnessed the painful
+example last Sunday, in contravention of law, to the contempt and disgrace
+of our person and office, to the annoyance of our neighbors, and to the
+disregard and contempt of God’s holy laws and ordinances,” etc.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1648, he found that further action was necessary. He declared
+that one-fourth of the houses had been turned into taverns for the sale of
+brandy, tobacco and beer, and that they were detrimental to the welfare of
+the community; he therefore issued a set of rules for their regulation. No
+new tap-houses should be opened without the unanimous vote of the Director
+and Council. Those who had been tapsters could continue as such for four
+years at least, but in the meantime, should seek some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> other means of
+livelihood, so as not to be dependent on it. Orders as to closing at nine
+o’clock every night and on Sundays were repeated. Tapsters were to report
+all fights or disorderly conduct in their places, and physicians were to
+report all cases where they were called on to dress wounds received in
+such disturbances. This does not necessarily indicate that New Amsterdam
+was at this time a disorderly place, for like New York of the present day,
+it was a cosmopolitan city. The population at that time was not over five
+hundred souls, and it has been declared that eighteen different languages
+were spoken by the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Litschoe’s Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Some time previous to the year 1648 Daniel Litschoe established an inn on
+what is now Pearl Street in the outskirts of the town, which became the
+resort of the country people coming in from Long Island. Litschoe came out
+to New Amsterdam with the earliest settlers as ensign in the military
+service of the Dutch. He was with Stuyvesant at Beverwyck and on his order
+hauled down the lord’s colors. He also went out with Stuyvesant in the
+expedition against the Swedes on the Delaware as lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>The tavern seems to have been a good-sized building, for it is spoken of
+as “the great house,” but this is to be taken as in comparison with its
+neighbors. It had at least a quarter of an acre of ground attached to it,
+and stood back some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> little distance from the street. A part of the lot is
+now covered by No. 125 Pearl Street. In the spring of 1651, Litschoe
+leased this house to Andries Jochemsen, who kept it as a tavern or ale
+house for many years and had lots of trouble with the authorities. He
+would tap on Sundays and after nine o’clock, and his house was the resort
+of disorderly persons. After keeping tavern for some years in a house
+which he had built just outside the city wall, Litschoe purchased a lot
+inside the wall between it and the house he had resided in some years
+before, and here he, and after his death in 1662, his wife, Annetje, kept
+a tavern for many years.</p>
+
+<p>When Sir Henry Moody came from Virginia in 1660 to exchange ratifications
+of the treaty to regulate commerce between that colony and New Netherland
+he was received with all the usual diplomatic honors. Two members of the
+council, under escort of halberdiers, were sent “to compliment him in his
+lodgings,” and Moody, appearing in the fort, presented his credentials. He
+resided a considerable time at the house of Daniel Litschoe and when he
+left the city he failed to settle his score, for which his library left at
+the house was sold. More people came into the city over the river road
+from the Long Island ferry than from any other direction, and Litschoe’s
+tavern near the city gate was an inviting resting place. It was one of the
+stations where fire-buckets were kept for use in cases of emergency.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img05.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">WATER GATE, FOOT OF WALL STREET</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The city wall, above mentioned, was a line of palisades straight across
+the island along the northerly side of the present Wall Street, passing
+through the present Trinity Churchyard. On the inside of the palisades was
+an embankment and a ditch. It was built in the year 1653, when England and
+Holland were at war and New Amsterdam was threatened by the New England
+colonists. Through this line of defence there were two gates, the
+land-gate at the present junction of Broadway and Wall Street and the
+water-gate at the river road or present Pearl Street.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Peter Cock’s Troubles to Obtain a Wife</i></div>
+
+<p>Peter Cock added much to the piquancy of the gossip of the taverns and the
+town when, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> 1653, probably no longer a soldier, he brought suit against
+Annetje Cornelissen Van Vorst, claiming the fulfillment of a promise of
+marriage. The case occupied the time and attention of the Court of
+Burgomasters and Schepens at a great many sessions, statements and
+counter-statements being presented to the Court, who, considering the case
+too large for them, sent it, with the papers, to the Director and Council
+for their decision. It was sent back to the Court of Burgomasters and
+Schepens, with a recommendation to appoint a committee to examine the
+papers and report. The final decision, pronounced May 18, 1654, was that
+the promise was a binding contract. From this decision Annetje appealed,
+but it was confirmed. In some way Annetje obtained a release, at any rate,
+she married November 11, 1656, Claes Jansen Van Purmerendt, a tobacco
+planter of Paulus Hook. Peter consoled himself with another Annetje, for
+on June 13, 1657, he married Annetje Dirks, of Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>In 1661 Annetje Cock was a widow and in control of the tavern which Peter
+Cock had left. She asked permission to build a new house on the southeast
+corner of the lot, which request was refused, as it would be too near the
+fort. Her husband had contracted for the building of a house on the lot,
+which she claimed was voided by his death, and wished to make a new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+contract with others, but the court decided that the old contract was
+binding. A new house was built which was kept by her as a tavern for many
+years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Dutch Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>The taverns of New Amsterdam were probably modeled somewhat after those of
+Holland, for the Dutch were a people who stuck to the customs of the
+fatherland. The description of a Dutch tavern, from the journal of one of
+our citizens who visited a part of the Netherlands where customs have not
+changed for centuries is here given.</p>
+
+<p>“It was the business of the good vrow or her maid to show up the
+traveller, and open the doors in the smooth partition of the box which was
+to receive his weary limbs for the night, and which otherwise he might not
+be able to discover, and after he crept into it, to come back again and
+blow out the candle, and in the morning to draw the curtains of the
+windows at the hour he fixed to rise. There was generally one room in
+which all the guests were received, and where there was a pleasant reunion
+in the evening, and all the visitors ate, drank and smoked. It had, in one
+corner, a closet, which, when opened (and, honestly, it was not
+unfrequently opened), disclosed sundry decanters, glasses and black
+bottles; and, on one side of the room, a rack in which were suspended by
+their bowls a score or two of very long pipes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> each one inscribed with
+the name of a neighbor or owner. This was the room of Mynheer the
+landlord. He had no care beyond this; mevrow was the head of the house;
+she attended to all the wants of the guests, and gave them the information
+which they might desire. She was always on the spot as when, with a ‘wet
+te rusten,’ like a good mother, she bade you good night, and when, with a
+‘hoo-y-reis,’ like an old friend, she bade you good-by.”</p>
+
+<p>In the contract for building the ferry house on the Long Island side of
+the East River for Egbert Van Borsum in 1655, provision was made for
+bedsteads to be built in the walls as described above. Thus an apartment
+could be made to accommodate several travellers at night and yet, in day
+time, present a neat appearance and be used as a public room. Provision
+was also made for the closet or pantry, for it was a source of profit.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later the Ferry Tavern of Van Borsum had acquired such a
+reputation, to which the culinary art of Annetje, his wife, greatly
+contributed, that it became the resort of the best citizens when they
+wished for something extra good, and of the officials of government, as we
+find that a bill rendered by Van Borsum in February, 1658, for wine and
+liquor furnished the Director and other officers was ordered to be paid.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Grand Dinner</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>When, in 1658, Captain Beaulieu wished to give a fine dinner to his
+friends, he did not go to the tavern of the Worshipful Burgomaster Martin
+Crigier nor to that of Lieutenant Litschoe, who entertained the English
+Ambassador a few years later, nor yet to the popular tavern of Metje
+Wessels; but was influenced, for some good reason, to go to the house of
+Egbert Van Borsum, the Ferry Tavern on the Long Island side of the river.
+Here the Captain and his thirteen friends sat down to a dinner for which
+Van Borsum, if the record is correct, charged him three hundred and ten
+florins, or at the rate of nine dollars per plate; and it appears that it
+was worth the price, for although Beaulieu was sued by Van Borsum for the
+bill, his defence was that he was to pay only one-half of the expense, the
+other half to be paid by a few of the other guests. No complaint was made
+that the amount charged was excessive. Annetje Van Borsum testified before
+the Court that she made the arrangement and bargain with Beaulieu alone
+and looked to him for payment. The Court took this view and gave a verdict
+against Beaulieu for the full amount. Annetje Van Borsum must certainly
+have been a fine cook, and the dinner must have been served with some
+expensive accessories, of the nature of which we can hardly surmise. It
+serves to show that New Amsterdam, even at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> this early period, was not
+entirely devoid of expensive luxuries (for such must have been the case).
+After the death of Egbert Van Borsum, his widow, Annetje, continued the
+business for several years, she herself managing the tavern, and her son,
+Hermanus, attending to the ferry. In her declining years she retired to
+the city of New Amsterdam where she died at a green old age.</p>
+
+<p>In 1655 Solomon Peterson La Chair, a gentleman of the legal profession,
+made his appearance in New Amsterdam, and, as there was not a promising
+prospect in that line of business, he rented the house of Teunis Kray, on
+the Graft, and petitioned the Burgomasters and Schepens for permission to
+keep it as a tavern, which could be managed by his wife in his absence on
+legal business, and would be of great assistance to him in gaining a
+livelihood. Permission was granted. He afterwards bought the house of
+Kray, agreeing to pay for it in instalments; but as Kray had formerly sued
+him for the rent he had now to sue him for the very first instalment; and
+he never succeeded in paying for it, the money, even when he had it ready,
+as he says, slipping through his fingers. He did not pay anyone he owed
+until forced to. He used every means which his learning in the law and his
+own ingenuity could devise to avoid paying his just debts. He was
+impecunious and improvident and constantly in trouble; yet he was a man of
+considerable learning and ability, as evinced by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> his register of business
+as a notary, a volume of some three hundred pages, which was discovered in
+the county clerk’s office some years ago. He obtained a license to
+practice as a notary in 1661. La Chair, defaulting in payment, Kray came
+again in possession of the house he had sold, and La Chair moved to a
+house in Hough Street, where he continued to keep a tavern until his
+death, a few years later. There was much discussion in the little town on
+political matters, and La Chair, as a man versed in the law, could
+probably attract many to his house, where, no doubt, such subjects were
+thoroughly discussed.</p>
+
+<p>November 26, 1656, a petition was presented to the Burgomasters and
+Schepens from Metje Wessels, requesting permission “to follow the trade of
+an eating house and to bring in and tap out wine and beer,” which was
+granted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Metje Wessels’ Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Metje Wessels’ house was situated on The Water, which was what is now the
+north side of Pearl Street, between Whitehall and Broad Streets, in the
+busiest part of the little city, and not far from the City Hall. It became
+a noted place for Burgomasters’ dinners, and was a popular place for
+festivities of all kinds, characteristic of the taverns of this period.
+The Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam had discovered the
+toothsome terrapin, for which their successors, the aldermen of New York
+City, were, years ago, known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> to be particularly partial, and their
+dinners at the widow’s tavern were no doubt supplied with this delicious
+viand. Van der Donck, writing in 1656, says: “Some persons prepare
+delicious dishes from the water terrapin which is luscious food.” Here men
+went on the arrival of a ship, to meet the skipper and hear the news from
+the fatherland or from other foreign ports. Here were discussed the
+tidings from up the river, where many young men were making adventurous
+excursions among the Indians, in the far-off northern wilderness, in the
+profitable business of gathering furs. The trade in furs, the Indian
+troubles, the military expeditions, the Dominie’s sermons and the
+Director-General’s proclamations,&mdash;these, and a great many more, both
+public and personal matters&mdash;were talked over. It was a sort of business
+and social exchange where were gathered and distributed news and gossip of
+all kinds.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img06.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THEY HAD DISCOVERED THE TOOTHSOME TERRAPIN”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dutch Festivities</i></div>
+
+<p>The Dutch of New Amsterdam had a large capacity for enjoyment and in their
+holiday season of Christmas and New Year, gave themselves up to every kind
+of festivity and sport that the place could afford. We find from records
+that some of these were firing of guns, beating of drums, dancing, playing
+of tick-tack, bowling, playing of ninepins, sleighing parties or wagon
+rides, etc. The taverns and taprooms were full of life and there were
+likewise many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> family festivities and amusements, where the tables were
+loaded with all the good things to eat and drink that were obtainable. Not
+only was it the season of the delight and enjoyment of the young and gay,
+but the older and graver citizens joined in the sports with enthusiasm and
+encouragement. Even the Burgomasters and Schepens, with the other
+officials, when the season of festivity approached, closed the public
+offices temporarily. “Whereas,” it is recorded, “the winter festivals are
+at hand, it is found good, that between this date and three weeks after
+Christmas the ordinary meetings of the Court shall be dispensed with.”</p>
+
+<p>Gathered together to celebrate one of the anniversaries of the festive
+season, the flickering lights from oil lamps and tallow candles, reflected
+from the whitewashed walls of Madame Wessels’ assembly room, shone on as
+happy and gay hearted a gathering as is found in the magnificent and
+brilliantly lighted halls of our present grand city. They shone on “fair
+women and brave men.” Notwithstanding the humorous caricatures of
+Washington Irving, the women were comely and the men were a sturdy and
+adventurous lot. Here was the government official, with his sword at his
+side. Here was the prosperous trader or merchant in his silk or velvet
+breeches and coat flowered with silver lace, with gold or silver buttons,
+lace neck cloth and silk stockings. He also wore a sword. The common
+burgher in his homespun breeches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> and Kersey coat also took a part.
+Handsome dresses, displayed on female forms were not numerous but there
+were some that indicated the success and prosperity of the heads of the
+families represented by the wearers. Gowns of thick embroidered silk and
+petticoats of cloth and quilted silk graced the festive dance.</p>
+
+<p>May-day was also celebrated with great spirit and on this occasion the
+people were accorded by the city magistrates the greatest license. It was
+announced that “any damage which may come from the general rejoicing
+within the city on May-day shall be made known to the Burgomasters at the
+City Hall immediately thereafter when means shall be taken to furnish
+reparation.”</p>
+
+<p>But Governor Stuyvesant had no sympathy for such “unprofitable customs,”
+and such “unnecessary waste of powder.” He forbade on New Year and
+May-days, the firing of guns, the beating of drums or the planting of
+May-poles, and ordered that at these times there shall not be “any wines,
+brandy-wines or beer dealt out.” It is supposed that this ordinance was
+not strictly enforced and that its restrictions were little observed.</p>
+
+<p>Stuyvesant also, in February, 1658, forbade the farmers and their servants
+to “ride the goose” at the feast of Bacchus and Shrovetide, which brought
+a protest from the Burgomasters and Schepens, who felt aggrieved that the
+Director General and Council should have done<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> so without their knowledge
+and consent. “Riding the goose,” or “pulling the goose,” was a cruel
+sport, but it was not the fate of the goose that moved the tender heart of
+Stuyvesant. He says in response to the protest that “in their time it has
+never been practiced here, and yet, notwithstanding the same may in some
+place of the fatherland <i>be tolerated and looked at through the fingers</i>,
+it is altogether unprofitable, unnecessary and criminal for subjects and
+neighbors to celebrate such pagan and Popish feasts, and to practice such
+evil customs.” He then gives the Burgomasters and Schepens a sound
+scolding for their presumption, and informs them “that the <i>institution of
+a little bench of Justice under the title of Schout, Burgomasters and
+Commissioners</i> does in no wise interfere with or diminish aught of the
+power and authority of the Director General and Councellors in the
+enacting of any ordinance or making any particular interdict, especially
+such as tend to the glory of God and the best interests of the
+Inhabitants.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">New York and the Pirates</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The English in New York</i></div>
+
+<p>When the English captured New Amsterdam, the heart of the British soldier
+was no doubt cheered and gladdened by the sight of the Sign of Saint
+George and the Dragon, which was boldly hung out in front of the house
+looking out on the river on the west side of the present Pearl Street just
+above Maiden Lane, kept by James Webb, from London. It was a stone house
+which had been built more than fifteen years before by Sander Leendertsen
+(Alexander Lindsay), upon the site of the present 211 Pearl Street. When
+in March, 1665, the citizens were called upon to state how many soldiers
+they could lodge, the entry is made in the records that “The Man of the
+Knight of St. George will take one,” which undoubtedly refers to the
+landlord of this house. Webb, in 1665, married Margaret Radel, a widow,
+and probably kept the house for some years. It was on the road leading to
+the Long Island ferry, a favorite location for taverns.</p>
+
+<p>Although Colonel Nicolls, the first deputy Governor for his Royal
+Highness, James, Duke of York, is said to have filled his purse from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> the
+proceeds of land grants and by compelling the holders of old grants to pay
+him for confirmation, and to have been active in adding to his profits in
+many other ways, and, although he was given despotic power, yet his rule
+was characterized by so much leniency and moderation, compared with the
+paternal, though arbitrary, rule of Peter Stuyvesant, that he became as
+popular with the inhabitants as, under the circumstances, could be
+expected. When, at the end of four years, he solicited and obtained his
+recall, a grand dinner was given him at the house of Cornelis Steenwyck,
+one of the most prominent Dutch merchants of the city, and two militia
+companies, the Dutch officers of which had received their commissions from
+him, escorted him to the ship which was to bear him to England.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img07.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THE MAN OF THE KNIGHT OF ST. GEORGE”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The English officials were naturally desirous of introducing English ways
+and customs. Moved by this spirit, Governor Nicolls, to encourage the
+English sport of horse-racing, established a race-course at Hempstead,
+Long Island, which was continued and kept up by his successors, who issued
+proclamations, directed to the justices, that races should be held in the
+month of May.</p>
+
+<p>New York, when it came into the hands of the English, was thoroughly
+Dutch, and the Englishman was not pleased by the ways and customs of the
+Dutch in tavern life, so different from the English. In a tavern conducted
+in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> Dutch way, where the landlord and all the attendants spoke the
+Dutch language, the government officials and the English officers did not
+feel that ease and comfort that they would in a truly English inn.</p>
+
+<p>The prominent Dutch taverns continued to flourish, but in the course of
+time, there was a gradual change, produced by the English influence. The
+Dutch tavern keeper differed much from the inn-keeper of England, and the
+newcomers, assuming the airs of conquerors, accustomed to the warm welcome
+of an English inn, chafed under the restrains which they found or fancied,
+and many broils occurred between the landlords and their Dutch countrymen
+on one side and the English soldiers and sailors on the other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Governor Builds a Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Although previous to this time and some years subsequent, the records of
+public business transacted at taverns are numerous, for a long time after
+the English came into control, there is no indication that the taverns
+were thus much used by the English officials. The want of a tavern truly
+English, that would satisfy the officers of the government, may have been
+the cause which led Governor Lovelace to build, in 1672, on his own
+account, an inn or ordinary right next to the City Hall, and to ask the
+magistrates for permission to connect the upper story of the house with
+the City Hall by a door opening into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> Court’s Chambers. The
+proposition was agreed to by the magistrates, leaving it to the governor
+to pay what he thought fit for “the vacant strooke of ground” lying
+between the buildings and “not to cut off the entrance into the prison
+doore or common gaol.”</p>
+
+<p>This door connecting the City Hall and the tavern was meant to serve, in
+its way, a very useful purpose, but lacking reliable data in reference to
+the part it played in facilitating communication between the tavern
+taproom and the halls of justice, we leave each reader to supply the
+deficiency by his own opinions on the subject.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tavern Regulations</i></div>
+
+<p>It was a uniform custom in the English colonies to make provision for the
+care of strangers and to regulate by law the taverns and the sale of
+strong drink. By the duke’s laws, which were enacted, or rather accepted,
+by representatives of the people at the Hempstead convention, in 1665,
+inn-keepers were not allowed to charge “above eight pence a meal with
+small beer,” and were required to always have on hand a supply of “strong
+and wholesome” malted liquor.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1676, it was ordered that “all persons who keep publick houses
+shall sell beere as well as wyn and other liquors and keep lodgings for
+strangers.” It was proposed to the governor by the mayor and aldermen that
+six houses be appointed to sell “all sorts of wine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> brandy and rum and
+lodgings,” and eight to “sell beere, syder, mum and rum and to provide for
+strangers as the law directs,” that two of “the wine houses be ordinaryes,
+and four of the beere-houses.” Prices were fixed at which the tapsters
+should sell. French wines and Madeira were from one and three pence to two
+shillings per quart; brandy at six pence and rum at three pence per gill;
+beer and cider were three and four pence per quart. In the ordinary at the
+wine house the meal was one shilling and in that at the beer house it was
+eight pence; lodging at the wine house was four pence per night, and at
+the beer house it was three pence. Thus a sharp distinction was drawn
+between the two classes of houses and there was in all probability as
+great a difference in their keepers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>First Merchants’ Exchange</i></div>
+
+<p>Broad Street had become a desirable place of residence and many citizens
+of the better class made it their home. The canal or ditch through the
+middle of it, from the present Exchange Place to the river, would never
+have been there if New York had not been originally a Dutch town. Across
+the canal, near the river, between the present Stone and Bridge Streets,
+was a bridge. This was a favorite lounging place for idlers, where,
+leaning over the railing of the bridge, they could watch the ebb and flow
+of the tide and the various small boats which went a little way up the
+canal to discharge their cargoes of oysters, fish and country produce
+brought over from Long Island or other nearby<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> points. It was the center
+of probably more stir and activity than any other place in the little
+city. Here the merchants had become accustomed to meet for trade and the
+transaction of business of various kinds. This induced Governor Lovelace,
+March 24, 1669-70, to issue an order establishing a sort of business
+exchange. This order specified that the meeting of the merchants should be
+between the hours of eleven and twelve on Friday mornings, at present near
+the bridge, and the mayor was directed to take care that they should not
+be disturbed. The time of meeting and dispersing was to be announced by
+the ringing of a bell. It was the beginning of the merchants’ exchange.
+This continued to be the meeting place of the merchants, and near this
+spot a building called the Exchange was subsequently built.</p>
+
+<p>Not far away, on the present northwesterly corner of Broad and Pearl
+Streets, stood the tavern of James Matthews, who, besides keeping a
+tavern, was a merchant and a man of considerable means. The meeting place
+for merchants being almost in front of his door his house was a very
+convenient place for them to retire to, to consummate their bargains over
+a social glass. In 1678 and in 1685 he was one of the farmers of the
+excise. He died in the latter part of the year 1685, or early in 1686, and
+his widow continued to keep the house for about two years,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> when she also
+died. The executors of her estate petitioned, in March, 1688, for an
+abatement of £20 excise money.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1676, Abraham Corbett, “driven with his family from his home
+eastward of New England,” petitioned for a license to distill strong
+liquors, which was granted him. He became a lieutenant in the militia in
+1684; and was one of the farmers of the excise in 1688, which indicates
+that he was a man of respectability and deserving of public confidence. He
+was also a tavern keeper. When Samuel Leete, clerk of the Court of Mayor
+and Aldermen, and an Alderman of the city, died in 1679, he left to
+Abraham Corbett, “all my household goods in part payment of what I owe him
+for meat and drink.” By Governor Dongan’s Charter of 1686, Abraham Corbett
+was appointed an Assistant Alderman. In 1680 he purchased for sixty pounds
+sterling a house and lot on the east side of Broadway, two or three doors
+south of the present Exchange Place, and some years later on this lot he
+erected a fine tavern, which he called the “Royal Oak,” where he spent his
+declining years in its management. Considering the position which Corbett
+held in the esteem of the people there is no doubt that his house received
+the patronage of the best class of the community.</p>
+
+<p>In these early days there were no parks, but the open country was near at
+hand with all the charms of nature. Just south of the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> Trinity
+Churchyard was the Governor’s Garden. A large gateway led to it and to a
+charming spot&mdash;a piece of elevated ground covered with natural
+forest&mdash;called the “Locust Trees,” which was a resort for those who
+enjoyed the open air, where they could look out on the broad expanse of
+the Hudson. It was not then covered with that panorama of moving craft
+which it now presents. It was the same majestic river as now, but its
+surface was unbroken except by a lonely canoe or a small sail or two
+lazily drifting up or down the stream, with the green shores of Staten
+Island and Pavonia in the distance.</p>
+
+<p>The road along the East River, beyond the “water gate,” had a number of
+dwellings on its upper side. On the way to the ferry a road joined it
+called the “Maadge poadge,” or Maiden Lane, and a little way further
+another, the present John Street, led up to Vandercliff’s Orchard, which
+is said to have been a place of public resort, owned and kept by Dirck
+Vandercliff, who was also a merchant, and in 1687 was an assistant
+alderman.</p>
+
+<p>A singular incident occurred at this place in 1682. James Graham, who was
+an alderman of the city in 1681, recorder in 1683, and afterwards
+attorney-general, had, according to evidence, expressed a desire to make
+the acquaintance of Captain Baxter, an English officer recently arrived in
+the Province, and accordingly a party of several friends, including Graham
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> Baxter, met at the tavern of Dirck Vandercliff in “The Orchard,” to
+spend a social afternoon and evening. About nine o’clock, as the company
+was about to break up, Graham, after paying the reckoning, was called
+aside by Baxter, but not out of the sight of the company. Those present
+saw Baxter act as if to kiss Graham, when the latter called out that he
+had been stabbed. He had been struck with a knife under the collar bone,
+the wound being about four inches deep. Baxter was arrested and bound over
+to await his trial in case of Graham’s death, but the wound did not prove
+to be mortal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Wolfert Webber’s Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>On the hillside at the present Chatham Square, near the Collect or fresh
+water pond and the sparkling stream that fed it with the purest water on
+Manhattan Island, in a charming retreat, then considered far beyond the
+city wall, stood the tavern of Wolfert Webber, built in the time of the
+Dutch, and for a long time the farthest outlying dwelling on the eastern
+side. We find in the record that in 1655, a daughter of Wolfert Webber,
+tavernkeeper, had been returned to him from her captivity among the
+Indians. Notwithstanding the danger from attacks of the Indians, Webber
+continued to keep this house, and it was probably patronized by people who
+wished to enjoy the pleasures of the quiet and beautiful spot where it was
+located. In the marshes or swamps to the northwest, called the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> Kripple
+Bush, the sportsman could, in season, find woodcock in abundance, or he
+could enjoy the more gentle sport of angling in the Collect. Although the
+eastern side of the Collect was very attractive, the western side, at one
+time, was the residence of the very poorest class of people, and, on
+account of the stagnant water of the nearby swamps, considered very
+unhealthy.</p>
+
+<p>When the Dutch were in possession of the city for the second time and
+called it New Orange, Wolfert Webber was made a magistrate for the Outside
+People, or those beyond the Fresh Water, and under the English he was
+appointed by the Dongan Charter of 1686 an assistant alderman. He
+represented the Out Ward as assistant Alderman in 1688, 1689, 1706 and
+1707, and was still keeping the tavern at this same place. In April, 1715,
+“enjoying yet good health, but being ancient,” he made his will, and died
+a year or two after.</p>
+
+<p>In 1660, on account of the repeated attacks of the Indians on the outside
+settlements, an order was issued requiring the abandonment of isolated
+habitations, and the gathering of the people in hamlets or villages for
+mutual protection. In response to this order there came a petition from
+those living beyond the fresh water stream asking that their houses might
+be permitted to remain, and that encouragement be held out to others to
+build near them so as to form a village. This request was granted and a
+village was established near the bowery of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> Governor Stuyvesant. A tavern,
+a blacksmith shop and a few other buildings formed the settlement to which
+was added shortly after a small church, erected by the governor on a part
+of his farm. To this farm or bowery Stuyvesant retired when the English
+had relieved him of the cares of office. The road leading to this village
+became known as the Bowery Road or Lane.</p>
+
+<p>For a time this was the end of the road, but when the English came into
+possession of the city, they soon sought to open communication with the
+New England colonies by land and with the recently made settlement of New
+Harlem. A road was laid out which, in time, was extended through the whole
+length of the island to King’s Bridge, and became the highway of travel
+for all going to the north or east.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Two-Mile Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>The tavern which had been set up at the village, as travel increased
+became known as the two-mile stopping place, and is said to have been a
+famous place of resort. Its situation was admirable, for the purpose, and
+it was, no doubt, visited by those making excursions of pleasure from the
+city, especially sleighing parties. At this time and for a great many
+years this was the only road of any great length on which such a sport
+could be enjoyed. For a long time the tavern was occupied by Adriaen
+Cornelissen, who was farmer and tavern-keeper. He was living here in 1674,
+when the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> Dutch for the second time were in possession of New Amsterdam,
+which they then called New Orange, and was appointed one of the schepens
+or magistrates for the outside people or those beyond the wall. Under the
+English rule he was Assistant Alderman in 1684 and in 1687. In 1689 he was
+made a captain of militia, his commission bearing date, December 16th of
+that year.</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1690, commissioners came down from the New England colonies to
+confer with those of New York and deliberate on proper steps to be taken
+against the French and Indians, they declined to enter the city on account
+of the prevalence of small-pox, and Governor Leisler fixed upon this house
+as the place of meeting, describing it as a good, neat house, about two
+miles from the city, and kept by Captain Arian Cornelis. Here the
+commissioners met on the 1st of May, 1690.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>John Clapp Tavern-Keeper</i></div>
+
+<p>A few years later the landlord of this tavern was John Clapp, the maker
+and publisher of the first almanac by a resident of New York City, which
+he says was “the product of my many spare Minnits.” It was not the first
+printed in New York, for Bradford had, for several years, printed Leed’s
+Almanac. Clapp claims to have been the first person in New York to set up
+a hackney coach, and announces in his almanac that “about two miles
+without the City of New York, at the place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> called the Bowery, any
+Gentlemen Travellers that are strangers to the City, may have very good
+Entertainment, for themselves and Horses, where there is also a Hackney
+Coach and good Saddle Horses to be hired.” He was a promoter of social
+festivities, which well became him as a genial landlord. In the Almanac,
+under June, is found the following:</p>
+
+<p>“The 24th of this month is celebrated the Feast of St. John Baptist, in
+commemoration of which (and to keep up a happy union and lasting
+friendship by the sweet harmony of good society), a feast is held by the
+<i>Johns</i> of this city, at John Clapp’s in the Bowery, where any Gentleman
+whose Christian name is John may find a hearty wellcome to joyn in consort
+with his namesakes.” He notes that John Clapp’s in the Bowery, two miles
+from the postoffice, is generally the baiting place where gentlemen take
+leave of their Friends going on a long journey, “where a parting glass or
+two of generous Wine,</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">If well apply’d, makes the dull Horses feel,<br />
+One Spur i’ th’ Head is worth two in the heel.”</p></div>
+
+<p>Seven miles from Clapp’s was the half way house, nine miles further was
+King’s Bridge, and from King’s Bridge to Old Shute’s, at East Chester, was
+six miles.</p>
+
+<p>Excepting that of the governor, it is doubtful if there was a single
+equipage for pleasure in the City of New York at this time, and the ease
+with which a sled or sleigh could be constructed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> which would smoothly
+and silently glide over the snow, made sleigh-riding a great sport during
+the period when it could be enjoyed. That John Clapp’s house, at the two
+mile station, was a great place of resort at such times, is no mere
+supposition. We have the testimony of Madam Sarah Knight, who was in New
+York in 1704, that this was so. She had come from Boston to New York on
+horseback, and the quaint and humorous way in which she has told the story
+of her travels has made her little book a gem for the antiquarian. She
+says of the New Yorkers: “Their diversion in the winter is riding sleys
+about three miles out of town, where they have houses of entertainment at
+a place called the Bowery.” On an excursion with Mr. Burroughs, she says
+that she believes that she met that day as many as fifty or sixty “sleys,”
+which, she says, “fly with great swiftness, and some are so furious that
+they’ll turn out of the path for none but a Loden cart,” which surely
+indicates the enthusiasm with which the sport was enjoyed, and John Clapp,
+at such times, was, no doubt, a very busy man.</p>
+
+<p>John Clapp seems to have received an education which made him a prominent
+man among the settlers. In the time of Governor Leisler he was a resident
+of Flushing, when, “at a town meeting upon Long Island where divers of the
+freeholders of the Towns of Hamsted, Jamaica, Flushing and Newtown wer
+mett and assembled, to consult on the lamentable state and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> condition that
+Theire Maj’ties liege subjects lay under; by the severe oppressions and
+Tyranical usurpations of Jacob Leisler and his accomplices, it was desired
+by the freeholders aforesaid that Capt. John Clapp should write an humble
+letter to Their Maj’ties Secr’ty of Stat in all there behalves and signify
+to there Maj’ties in what a sad condition we are all in.&mdash;Nov. 7th, 1690.”
+This is followed by a long letter.</p>
+
+<p>He was clerk of the New York Assembly, in session in New York during the
+year 1692. He was also a tavern keeper at that time, and must have been a
+man to win the esteem and good will of those who became his guests. Lucas
+Santen, who was at one time collector of the port of New York, and a
+member of Governor Dongan’s Council, when he died, in 1692, left “to my
+landlord, Captain John Clapp, £40 to buy him a mourning ring, in
+consideration of the trouble I have given him.” The next year Clapp
+succeeded Cornelissen as landlord of the tavern in the Bowery village.
+Here all the travel to the north and east passed his door and we can
+hardly believe that any traveler would, without stopping, pass the door of
+such a genial and jovial landlord as we are convinced was John Clapp, and
+we have reason to believe that his house was a favorite resort for the
+people in the city. He was undoubtedly residing here in 1703, and at some
+time between this date and 1710 removed to Rye, in Westchester county, for
+in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> latter year John Clapp made returns of the names of men from 16 to
+60 in the County of Westchester, and he was interested there in large
+grants of land.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the seventeenth century there were two features in
+the local history of New York City which attract attention. For many years
+before the close of the century it was regarded by the maritime countries
+of Europe as a protecting port for pirates, and the political disturbances
+which resulted in the execution of Jacob Leisler and Jacob Minhorne
+continued to divide the community into two contending factions composed of
+many bitter partisans.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trade With Pirates</i></div>
+
+<p>Respected merchants from New York sent out ships to the coast of Africa
+for slaves, loaded with liquors, arms, ammunition and other articles, just
+such as would be desired by pirates, which they exchanged at tremendous
+advance in prices for the plunder of these robbers of the seas, and
+returned to New York with slaves and the valuable goods they had thus
+obtained. One successful voyage was often sufficient to make the owners of
+the vessel wealthy, and they claimed that they were doing nothing wrong;
+that they had a perfect right to buy goods of any kind wherever they could
+purchase them to the best advantage. With some this trade in the plunder
+of pirates was, no doubt, incidental, but it was profitable, although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+they ran the risk of being the victims of pirates themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Pirates came into port and were received not only in a friendly manner,
+but were even honored by unusual attentions from the governor, who was
+apparently interested in their ventures.</p>
+
+<p>William Mason went out of the harbor of New York in 1689 with a commission
+as a privateer. He turned pirate, made war on East India commerce, and
+reaped a rich harvest of gold and East India goods, with which he filled
+his ship. When the ship returned under the command of Edward Coats, she
+put in on the east end of Long Island, where Coats and his crew found a
+friendly reception, and learning that they might be favorably received in
+New York, came into this port. Coats and his crew, by making valuable
+presents to the Governor and his family, and also to members of the
+Council, were unmolested. The ship was presented to the Governor, who sold
+it for £800. Coats said that his exemption from prosecution cost him
+£1,800.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Thomas Tew, who was known as a pirate, and had been the subject of
+complaint from the East India Company, came to New York in November, 1694,
+and was received by Governor Fletcher on terms of intimate companionship;
+was invited to his table, and rode by his side in his coach and six. He
+gave elegant presents to the Governor and his family, and left with a
+commission as privateer against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> the French, agreeing to discharge his
+cargo in this port. He went directly to his former field of activity and
+made his name still more notorious by his depredations upon the East India
+commerce.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bellomont’s Difficulties</i></div>
+
+<p>About this time, John Hoare came to New York and received the usual
+commission from Governor Fletcher to act against the French. He openly
+avowed that his destination was for the African coast and recruited for
+that purpose. From the sequel we can not avoid the conclusion that there
+was some kind of an understanding with some of the merchants of New York,
+for after he had been absent about a year they sent out the ship Fortune
+to Madagascar, loaded with goods suitable for pirates, where she was met
+by Hoare’s ship, filled with valuable plunder. The goods were transferred
+to the Fortune, and with a part of Hoare’s crew she returned to New York.
+At this time Governor Fletcher, whose dealings with pirates had been
+brought to the attention of the British government, had been superseded by
+the Earl of Bellomont, whose instructions were to put a stop to this
+illegal trade. The cargo of the Fortune, when she arrived in New York, was
+secretly gotten ashore in the night, and stored. By order of Bellomont the
+goods were seized and officers were about to remove them, when a large
+number of merchants interfered to prevent them from doing it, using
+violence and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> locking the officers in the house, who, after three hours,
+were only released by the appearance of the lieutenant-governor and three
+files of men. The ship Fortune was forfeited.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img08.jpg" alt="Bellomont" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Frederick Phillipse, one of the Governor’s Council, and reported the
+richest man in New York, expected a ship from Madagascar and to prevent
+her arrival in the port of New York with goods that might subject her to
+forfeiture, sent out his son Adolphus, on a vessel ostensibly bound for
+Virginia, which laid off the port until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> the expected vessel arrived, when
+the East India goods on board were transferred to her and carried to the
+Delaware, leaving the Madagascar ship to enter with only slaves as her
+cargo. The East India goods were sent to Hamburg, where they were seized.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img09.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“AS GENUINE PIRATES AS EVER SAILED THE SEA”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In taverns of medium and even in some of the better class, could have been
+met at this period men who had taken part in captures on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> African
+coast, and who, over their mugs of ale, entertained their companions with
+stories of their adventures, modified somewhat as suggested by prudence.
+They were not men of swarthy complexion and ferocious features, with knife
+and pistol in belt, as pictured by the imagination of writers of tales of
+the sea, yet they were, nevertheless, as genuine pirates as ever sailed
+the sea.</p>
+
+<p>For some time, in the latter part of the year 1694, Thomas Tew, the
+notorious pirate, was a well known and picturesque figure on the streets
+and in the taverns of New York, where he spent money lavishly, ordering
+brandy, ale and other beverages for whoever would drink with him. He was a
+man about forty years of age, of slight figure and dark complexion; richly
+and strikingly dressed. He wore a blue cap with a band of cloth of silver,
+and a blue jacket bordered with gold lace and ornamented with large pearl
+buttons. Loose trunks of white linen extended to his knees, where they
+were joined by curiously worked stockings. From his neck hung a rich chain
+of gold, and in his belt, curiously knit, he carried a dagger, its hilt
+set with the rarest gems.</p>
+
+<p>The exciting events of the Leisler period had left in the body politic a
+festering sore that would not heal. The Leislerians believed that the
+execution of Jacob Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Minhorne, had been
+nothing less than murder, and their relatives and friends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> were active in
+England in endeavors to revive the honor of their names and to reverse the
+attainder of their estates. In this situation of affairs it can readily be
+seen that there was much uneasiness and excitement in the community, and
+the taverns were the centers of all this boiling and agitated disturbance
+in the mercantile and political life of New York.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img10.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CAPTAIN TEW</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>The bitter opposition which Bellomont received from the merchants and the
+wealthiest of the people of New York compelled him to look to the
+Leislerians for support and to appoint to office members of that party. He
+seems besides to have been moved to take this step from a conviction that
+great injustice had been done. A few extracts from his letters will tend
+to show the situation as he viewed it.</p>
+
+<p>From a letter of the Earl of Bellomont to the Board of Trade, dated
+September 21, 1698:</p>
+
+<p>“The Jacobite party in this towne have a clubb commonly every Saturday
+(which was Colonel Fletcher’s clubb day). Last Saturday was seaven night,
+there mett twenty seaven of them, their ringleaders are Colonel Bayard,
+Colonel Minviele, both of the Councill, Mr. Nicolls, late of the Councill,
+and Wilson, late Sheriff of this towne; there is so great a rancor and
+inveterancy in these people that I think it by no means proper for me to
+leave this province till I have your Lordship’s orders upon the
+representations I made to your Lordships by the Richmond Frigatt, and
+since by Mr. Weaver;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> for I do verily believe if I should goe from hence,
+the people would fall together by the ears, besides, should I goe away, it
+would give the faction great advantage, and would tend very much to the
+revenue ceasing, and the measures I have proposed to myself for the
+obtaining the continuance of this present revenue would be thereby
+frustrated. This the Faction know very well, and therefore are very free
+in their wishes that I were gone to my other governments.”</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. Popple, Secretary of the Board of Trade, he writes:</p>
+
+<p>“This day another instance happen’d of the brutishness of some of the
+people here. The Master of the ship that carries this packet, was with me
+last Tuesday and promised to call on me on Thursday for the King’s
+packetts, but it seems intended to disappoint me and leave my letters
+behind and begon his voyage. I refer you for an account of this man’s
+behavior to the inclosed certificate and warrant, only this I must tell
+you, I sent yesterday the Commissioner of the Customes Mr. Hungerford to
+pray him to come to me and receive the King’s packetts, and he swore he
+would not for all the Governours in Christendom, and he would not be Post
+Boy to carry letters for any body; which refusal of his made me send a
+warrant to bring him by force. The angry merchants of this town had
+without doubt encouraged this man to be thus insolent, or he durst not
+have refused<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> to carry the letters, after promising me faithfully, he
+would call for and carry them. This is another specimen of the rage and
+malice of these people, who I am satisfied nothing but fear keeps from
+rebelling against the Government; unlawful trade and Arabian gold brought
+in by Pirat ships from the Red Sea are the things they thirst after.”</p>
+
+<p>On October 18, 1700, he wrote to Secretary Vernon, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“The Lords of the Councill of Trade direct me to make an experiment in
+working some navall Stores here, with the soldiers. I cannot go about it
+with such Officers who I believe would rather traverse me in such a design
+than further it; and would I fear stir up a mutiny among the sould’rs, if
+I should propose to ’em the working of Navall Stores for the King. I am
+not for breaking those Lieut’s, but exchanging them for honest, good
+Lieut’s in some of the Regiments in England. My first Lieut’s name is
+Peter Matthews, bred up from a child with Coll. Fletcher &amp; ’tis at his
+house that the angry people of this Town have a Club and hold their
+cabals; my second Lieut’s is John Buckley; there is also another Lieut, in
+Maj’r Ingoldesby’s Company whose name is Matthew Shank, a most sad drunken
+sott, and under no good character for manhood. I desire also he may be
+exchanged for a better man from England.”</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Fletcher, on his return to England, asked for an examination,
+which was accorded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> him by the Lords of Trade. Plausible explanations were
+made of his conduct, but they were not convincing, and the Lords of Trade
+recommended that the charges be referred to the Attorney-General for
+further action. The King, however, seems to have interposed, as there is
+no evidence of further proceedings against him. Of his subsequent career
+nothing is known.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Coffee House</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>An Exciting Election</i></div>
+
+<p>In September, 1701, a very exciting election took place in the city.
+Thomas Noell, the mayor, was commissioned and sworn into office on the
+14th day of October, 1701. The returns of the election for aldermen and
+assistant aldermen, which gave the Leislerians a majority in the board,
+were contested in some of the wards and a scrutiny was ordered by the
+mayor, who appointed committees, composed of members of both parties, to
+examine the votes in the contested wards. Some of the Leislerians, who
+were appointed on these committees, refused to serve, claiming that it was
+irregular; nevertheless, the scrutiny was completed, and those declared
+elected, after much excitement and disturbance, finally took their seats
+at the board. Among those who were declared elected was John Hutchins,
+landlord of the Coffee House or King’s Arms, situated on the west side of
+Broadway, next above Trinity Churchyard, where the Trinity Building now
+stands. He had represented the West Ward as alderman in 1697. In 1698 he
+was returned as elected, but his election was contested, and his
+opponent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> Robert Walters, was declared elected. He was now again alderman
+of the West Ward. He had come out with Governor Sloughter as a lieutenant
+in the regular service and had since then, for the most part of the time,
+made his residence in New York City. He was one of the signers of a
+petition stating grievances at New York in 1692 and 1693, during
+Fletcher’s rule. In this paper it is stated that Lieut. John Hutchins was
+imprisoned at Albany and sent to New York, and coming before Governor
+Fletcher, was suspended and kept out of his pay, because he had favored
+the cause of Leisler, and had endeavored to persuade Governor Sloughter
+not to order the execution of Leisler and Minhorne, it being contrary to
+his letter to the King for their reprieve and contrary to his commission
+from his majesty.</p>
+
+<p>After being thus deprived by Fletcher of his pay as an officer, he had to
+seek some means of livelihood and he turned to the occupation of keeping a
+tavern. Previous to 1696 he was keeping a house on the southwest corner of
+Broad and Wall Streets. In this year he purchased a lot on the west side
+of Broadway, the deed bearing date, October 1, 1696, which is described as
+“lying and being next and adjoining to the North side of ye Buriall
+without the North Gate of the City.” It had a frontage of sixty feet on
+Broadway. At the western end of this lot, one hundred and thirty-five feet
+from Broadway was a street running from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> churchyard to Crown Street
+(now Cedar Street), called Temple Street, a portion of which has since
+been vacated. Farther down, about ninety feet, was Lombard Street, where
+is now Trinity Place. The lot of land inclosed by Temple Street, Crown
+Street, Lombard Street and the churchyard, about ninety by one hundred and
+sixty feet, was also conveyed to Hutchins in the deed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Arms Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>On the Broadway lot Hutchins erected a house, which he opened as the
+King’s Arms, more generally known as the Coffee House. It was not large,
+but for a time it was the most fashionable public house in the city, and
+was considered the headquarters of the anti-Leislerians party. Upon the
+roof was a balcony, arranged with seats, commanding a beautiful view of
+the bay, the river and the city. North of the tavern there were only a few
+scattered buildings on Broadway, the principal of which was the store of
+Alderman Jacob Boelen, north of Liberty Street. The extent of Broadway was
+only to the present postoffice, the road thence continuing on the present
+line of Park Row, then the post road. The Commons or the Fields,
+originally the pasture ground for the cows of the Dutch settlers, was at
+first nearly square, and this road cut off a triangular piece of land on
+the east side, a part of which, before the charter gave to the city all
+“waste, vacant and unpatented lands” on the island, was selected and
+appropriated by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> Governor Dongan to his own use, on which he built a
+house, with an extensive garden attached to it. This place, embracing
+about two acres of land, became known as the “Governor’s Garden.” After
+the Governor left the province it is said to have been converted into a
+place of public resort, and became known as the “Vineyard.” We can find no
+record of details of any particular interest connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of the seventeenth century the use of coffee as a
+beverage had been introduced into England and on the continent of Europe.
+The first coffee-house in Paris was opened in 1672. Previous to this time
+coffee-houses had been opened in London, and in 1663 they were placed on
+the footing of taverns and a statute of Charles II of that year required
+that they should be licensed. In the English coffee-house the guest paid a
+penny for a cup of coffee. This gave him the privilege of sitting by the
+fire and reading the journals of the day, which the coffee-houses made a
+point of keeping on hand as one of their attractions, and he had also the
+opportunity of hearing discussions on political topics or to take part in
+them, if so disposed, or if he could find listeners. The sober, religious
+Puritan resorted to them in preference to the tavern. In the time of
+Charles II, they were places of political agitation-to such an extent that
+in 1675, the King, by proclamation, ordered that they should all be closed
+as “seminaries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> of sedition,” but the order was a few days later
+rescinded.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>When John Hutchins came to New York coffee-houses had become very popular
+and numerous in London and he was, no doubt, familiar with the way in
+which they were conducted, so that when he built his new house on
+Broadway, in addition to its designation as the King’s Arms, he called it
+the Coffee House. As it was the first and, in its day, the only
+coffee-house in New York, it had no distinguishing title, but was simply
+called the Coffee House. In the bar-room was a range of small boxes,
+screened with green curtains, where guests could sip their coffee or enjoy
+their chops and ale or Madeira in comparative seclusion. The upper rooms
+were used for special meetings.</p>
+
+<p>Although Hutchins had been favorable to the Leislerians in Fletcher’s
+time, he seems to have gone over to the anti-Leislerians, and had been
+elected alderman by the votes of that party. He had borrowed money from
+both Gabriel Minvielle and Nicholas Bayard, having mortgaged his house and
+lot in Broad Street to Minvielle and his house and lot on Broadway to
+Bayard. These two men are named by Bellomont as ringleaders in the party
+opposed to him. The mortgage to Bayard covered also the lot of ground
+between Temple and Lombard Streets, and the whole property subsequently
+came into the possession of Bayard, although, no doubt, Hutchins<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+continued in charge of the house until his death or removal from the city.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Two Rival Taverns</i></div>
+
+<p>In the election for aldermen there was great excitement in the East Ward,
+the returns of which were contested. In this ward Roger Baker was well
+known as the landlord of the King’s Head, and Gabriel Thompson was equally
+well known as the landlord of the White Lion. As revealed by the scrutiny
+of the votes, Baker and Thompson were on opposite sides. Baker voted for
+William Morris, the anti-Leislerian candidate for alderman, and Thompson
+voted for Johannes DePeyster, who was the Leislerian candidate. Baker had
+been commissioned by Bellomont a lieutenant of militia and Thompson had
+also been an officer in the militia. In 1664, Gabriel Thompson, as master
+of the sloop, Hopewell, cleared from New York for places up the river
+seven times during the year. He was an ensign at Albany in 1685, and a
+captain in the expedition against the French and Indians in Leisler’s
+time, and since then had probably been a resident of New York City, where
+he had kept a tavern. He petitioned, in 1693, that the sub-collector repay
+to him £36 excise money, which indicated that he was a tavern-keeper, but
+where his house was then located we do not know. He was one of the signers
+of the petition showing to the home government the grievances existing in
+New York in 1692 and 1693.</p>
+
+<p>These were exciting times and the citizens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> who gathered at these two
+taverns in all probability had not a few hot discussions over the
+political situation. On August 29, 1701, a committee of the council was
+appointed to meet in conference a committee of the assembly at three
+o’clock in the afternoon at Roger Baker’s, at the sign of the King’s Head.
+The conference accordingly met, and from thence adjourned to Gabriel
+Thompson’s at the White Lion.</p>
+
+<p>During the months of September and October, 1701, many conference
+committees of the council and the assembly met at the White Lion, the
+house of Gabriel Thompson. There was a conference meeting here on
+September 4th and on September 11th we find record of another. On
+September 28, 1701, we find the following record in the Journal of the
+House:</p>
+
+<p>“A message was sent to this House from the Council, that a Conference is
+desired by the Council, with a committee of this House at 3 of the Clock
+in the Afternoon, at Gabriel Thompson’s, at the White Lion,</p>
+
+<p>Which was agreed to and,</p>
+
+<p>Ordered, That Capt. Provoost, Col. Rutsen, Mr. Hanjen, Mr. Sebring and Mr.
+Veghte, be a Committee of this House, to confer with a Committee of
+Council this Afternoon.”</p>
+
+<p>A deed bearing date November 23, 1701, shows that Gabriel Thompson,
+tavern-keeper, purchased from Nicholas Bayard and Abraham De Peyster the
+lot on the northwest corner of the present Wall and William Streets, but
+whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> or not he ever kept a tavern here we have not been able to
+determine. Maps of this locality, of subsequent date, show no building
+between the City Hall and Bayard’s sugar house. Thompson’s house was
+undoubtedly in this neighborhood and probably not far from the City Hall,
+where the assembly held their sessions.</p>
+
+<p>It has been stated by some writers that the King’s Head, the house of
+Roger Baker, was at the corner of Pearl Street and Maiden Lane. Henry
+Coleman, butcher, mortgaged this property in February, 1701, to Roger
+Baker, vintner, for a loan of £348 10s. Baker may have eventually come
+into possession of it, and he may have kept a tavern here, but we can find
+no evidence of it. In the mortgage deed it is described as <i>lying without
+the fortifications</i> on the north side of a street called Queen Street and
+bounded on the east side by a street which leads to Green Lane.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Bellomont, during the brief rule of Lieutenant-Governor
+Nanfan, who was a relative of the Earl, the political agitation was active
+and aggressive. As soon as it became known in New York that Lord Cornbury
+had been appointed to succeed the Earl of Bellomont as governor of the
+province, measures were taken to secure the favor of that corrupt
+individual by the anti-Leislerian party. In this procedure Nicholas Bayard
+took the lead, and procured addresses to be signed to the King, to
+parliament and to Cornbury. To Cornbury, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> man very susceptible to
+flattery, they were profuse in their congratulations and in assertions
+calculated to prejudice him against those who had supported Bellomont and
+to gain his favor for themselves, that they might again become the
+dominant party. Not only were reflections freely cast on the Earl of
+Bellomont, but Nanfan, the lieutenant-governor, was accused of bribing
+members of the house of assembly.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Addresses Signed at the Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>The addresses were signed at the Coffee House, kept by John Hutchins, and
+as soon as it was known, Hutchins was summoned to appear before the
+lieutenant-governor and the council and ordered to produce the addresses.
+This he could not or would not do, and on the 19th of January, 1702, was
+arrested and committed to jail. Two days after, Bayard was also arrested
+and committed to prison on a warrant as a traitor. Nanfan was aware that
+Bayard had dug a pit for others that might be used for his own
+destruction. He had procured the passage of a law in 1691, when he was
+striving and hoping for the ruin of Leisler and his friends, by which,
+“whatsoever person or persons shall, by any manner of ways, or upon any
+pretence whatsoever, endeavor, by force of arms or otherwise, to disturb
+the peace, good and quiet of their majesties’ government, as it is now
+established, shall be deemed and esteemed as rebels and traitors unto
+their majesties, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> incur the pains, penalties and forfeitures as the
+laws of England have for such offences, made and provided.” The trial of
+Bayard was hastened that it might be concluded before the arrival of
+Cornbury. The prisoners petitioned that they might not be tried until the
+usual sitting of the Supreme Court. This, of course, was refused. All
+objections were overruled and Bayard was ordered for trial on Monday, the
+2d of March. He was convicted and sentenced to death, and Hutchins was
+tried and condemned in like manner. Bayard was granted a reprieve until
+her majesty’s pleasure might be known. Hutchins was released on bail.
+Bayard was held in confinement until the arrival of Cornbury, when all was
+reversed. Not very long after, by order of the government, Bayard and
+Hutchins were reinstated in all honor and estate, “as if no such trial had
+been.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img11.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BAYARD PUNCH BOWL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the trial of Bayard, testimony was given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> that the addresses were
+signed in an upper room in the Coffee House, and that Nicholas Bayard was
+present, “smoaking a pipe of tobacco.” One of the signers was Peter
+Matthews, who was a lieutenant in the service, and the landlord of the
+tavern where Bellomont declared the club met which was composed of men
+opposed to his administration. Lieutenant Matthews had come out with
+Governor Fletcher in 1692. He had previously been one of the household of
+the Governor, and by him had been made a lieutenant in the garrison at the
+fort. He subsequently rose to the rank of colonel and was one of the
+commissioners of Indian affairs in 1715. In 1703 his house was in the
+south ward. Soon after, he removed to Orange County, where he held a large
+grant of land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trial of Roger Baker</i></div>
+
+<p>Another tavern-keeper who became entangled in the meshes of the law and
+suffered from his boldness in expressing his opinions was Roger Baker, the
+landlord of the King’s Head. We give an account of his trial taken from a
+letter from New York, May 4, 1702, which is probably not altogether
+impartial.</p>
+
+<p>“The Grand Jury brought in presentments.&mdash;* * * One against Roger Baker
+saying the 5 November last the King was made a nose of wax and no longer
+King than the English please. * * * Roger Baker came upon tryal with a
+packt petty Jury according to custome, whereof four happening to be
+absent, a tales was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> ordered, and although there were then spectators in
+Court above 30 Englishmen and he told so, yet the Sheriffe went out and
+brought in three Dutch men of their party, and finding no more he was
+forced to take one John Ellis an Englishman then in court. Three witnesses
+were sworn the first said, he Baker spoke the words; but that they were
+all very drunk it being Holy-day. The other two said they were always
+present with them, but heard no such words nor nothing like it, that they
+were all drunk but the other witness to that degree he could not stand.
+Judge Atwood gave charge to the Jury to bring Baker in Guilty; the Jury
+went out and stayed all night then came into Court and deliver’d their
+verdict Not Guilty; at which Judge Atwood was very angry refusing to the
+Verdict, sent them out again, when after 6 hours they returned again with
+Not Guilty. At which the Judge grew very passionate, and threatening them
+several times. They were sent out three several times more and persisted
+in Not Guilty. Upon which the Judge threatened to imprison and fine them.
+That so scared the 11 Dutch, that in Open Court being sent for (it being
+about an hour before the Court was to determine), were demanded why they
+were not agreed and who it was that would not agree to find Guilty. Answer
+was made John Ellis upon which the Judge fell upon him with such menacing
+language in open Court and a considerable time hectoring and threatening
+him, he so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> managed him too that at last he gave his consent in open Court
+where Baker was recorded Guilty and fined 400 pieces of Eight and to
+remain in Custody of the Sheriffe till his fine was paid and after that
+until he made such acknowledgments as the Governor should think fit.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Conferences at The Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>Conferences of committees of the council and of the assembly were
+appointed at taverns during the years 1701-2-3, or at the great room in
+the fort, but after the passage of an act in 1703, declaring the
+proceedings against Colonel Bayard and Alderman Hutchins, for pretended
+high treason illegal, and the judgments null and void, the Coffee House or
+the King’s Arms, kept by John Hutchins, became the place appointed for
+these conferences and they continued to be held here for several years.
+The Coffee House was the public house patronized by the wealthier class of
+citizens and by those in official life as well as by the military
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Cornbury, at this time governor of New York, is described by Macauley
+as “a young man of slender abilities, loose principles and violent temper.
+He had been early taught to consider his relationship to the Princess Anne
+as the ground work of his fortunes, and had been exhorted to pay her
+assiduous court.” He was cousin to the Queen, and believing that he
+resembled her in features, was led by his vanity, it is thought, to dress
+in women’s clothes and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> appear publicly on the ramparts of the fort and
+even in the street in that neighborhood. Lord Stanhope says that when Lord
+Cornbury was appointed governor of New York, and told that he should
+represent the Queen he fancied that it was necessary to dress himself as a
+woman. Still another reason is assigned for this silly behavior. It is
+said that in consequence of a vow he obliged himself for a month in every
+year to wear every day women’s clothes. He otherwise prided himself on his
+erratic doings, and the town was, at times, amused and entertained, or
+shocked by the pranks of this kinsman of the Queen. It is said that he
+once rode on horseback through the spacious front door of the Coffee
+House, and was thus served with a drink at the bar. It is easy to credit
+this of such a man.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img12.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">VISCOUNT CORNBURY</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>In the early part of the year 1709 there were several conferences held at
+the Coffee House by committees from the council and assembly. On September
+22d of that year a conference was appointed at the <i>New Coffee House</i>.
+What was meant by the New Coffee House, or where it was situated we are
+unable to state. The Coffee House as a place of conference does not appear
+in the journal of the assembly again for many years.</p>
+
+<p>The conferences of the committees of the council and assembly were, no
+doubt, held at the best taverns in the city, at those frequented by the
+members, where at other times they talked of the affairs of state over
+their wine and spent a pleasant evening in social converse, changes being
+made as the quality of the taverns changed. At this period there were no
+clubs, such as exist today, no theatre, no newspaper. There was hardly a
+man in the community who did not habitually visit some tavern, where he
+met his friends and neighbors to talk over the news of the town. It was
+the place where he obtained all the knowledge he possessed of what was
+taking place in the world around him. The political unrest of the period
+made the taverns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> more particularly places of life and excitement.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img13.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">OLD TANKARD</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The history of a people consists not only in their wars and treaties with
+foreign nations, and in the political disturbances and struggles within;
+the manner in which they lived, and what were their interests and
+pleasures, are likely to interest us quite as much. If we can succeed in
+picturing them in our imagination, put ourselves in contact with them in
+their everyday walks, it is a matter of great satisfaction. The life and
+activities of the early colonial days, before there were any newspapers,
+were reflected in the tavern as in no other place in the community. Here
+all classes met, and the good listener, could, by the conversations and
+talks of travelers and other visitors, gain more knowledge of the
+political and social condition of the neighboring country than in any
+other way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Lord Lovelace</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>In September, 1708, Henry Swift was a tavern-keeper in New York and
+rendered a bill to the authorities for boarding the French captain and
+company who came down from Albany. He was one of a number of men who came
+out with Lord Cornbury and by order of the common council were made
+freeman of the city gratis. His house was on Broadway, near the Fort. When
+Lord Lovelace arrived as governor of the province a grand dinner was
+served in the Fort, which was provided by Henry Swift at a charge of £40,
+7s, 6d. Almost four years afterwards he was still petitioning for the
+payment of this bill. On the 13th of November, 1707, the corporation gave
+a dinner “as a treat to his Excellency the Governor on his arrival here
+from his other government of New Jersey.” It was provided by Henry Swift
+and the wine and dinner cost the corporation £8, 5s.</p>
+
+<p>In 1710, Henry Swift was made collector of customs for Perth Amboy,
+although Governor Hunter was much opposed to the appointment. Conference
+committees of the council and of the assembly met at his house on
+September 23, 1710; and again, on November 17 and 18, 1710, conference
+committees of the two houses were appointed to meet here. Mrs. Swift kept
+the house after her husband’s death. It was owned by Arent Schuyler, of
+New Barbadoes, New Jersey, and when he died, by will dated December<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> 17,
+1724, he left the house and two lots of ground to his daughters, Eva and
+Cornelia. Mrs. Swift was then living in the house, as stated in the will.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Festivals</i></div>
+
+<p>From the time of the English occupation, feast days and anniversaries had
+been observed with more or less spirit and display, which increased as the
+population of the city increased. The birthdays of the King and members of
+the royal family and the anniversaries of the coronation and the gunpowder
+plot were generally observed, and a new governor was always received with
+more or less enthusiasm, and his entry into the city was attended with
+imposing formalities. When Governor Andros came to New York, in 1688, he
+was accompanied by a large and brilliant retinue, and was received with
+great ceremony and escorted to the fort by the city guard&mdash;a regiment of
+foot and a troop of horse, in showy uniforms&mdash;where his commission was
+published, and later at the City Hall.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1692, the common council resolved that “a treat be made to
+welcome his Excellency, Benjamin Fletcher, now arrived in this city to the
+value of £20 or thereabouts,” and in December, 1697, they ordered that
+four barrels of powder be provided for saluting the Earl of Bellomont on
+his arrival; and after his arrival in the city, it was resolved by the
+common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> council that a dinner be given at the charge of the corporation
+for the entertainment of his Excellency, Earl of Bellomont,
+captain-general, etc., etc.; that a committee be appointed to make a bill
+of fare (two aldermen and two assistants), “and that for the effectual
+doing thereof, they call to their assistance such cooks as they shall
+think necessary to advise.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of February, 1703, the treasurer of the city was ordered to
+repay to the mayor £9 10s 3d, which he had expended for a bonfire, beer
+and wine, on her majesty’s birthday, the 6th of February, and on the 24th
+of this same month the common council ordered that a public bonfire be
+made at the usual place, and that ten gallons of wine and a barrel of beer
+be provided, at the expense of the city, to celebrate the success of her
+majesty’s arms at Vigo and in Flanders, and the housekeepers were ordered
+to illuminate.</p>
+
+<p>Much more deference was paid to the dignity of office two hundred years
+ago than at the present time. Not only were governors received with great
+honor at their appearance to assume the office, but often, when they left
+the city to visit Albany or New Jersey, they were, on their return,
+entertained by the corporation. In November, 1704, Lord Cornbury, on his
+return from his other government of New Jersey, was entertained at a
+dinner given by the corporation at the house of Richard Harris, which
+cost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> the city £10 18s 6d. This is the bill rendered, and which was
+ordered paid:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="right">1704. &nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">The Mayor, Aldermen, &amp;c., Dr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">£</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">s</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">d</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dec. 19. &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a piece of beef and cabbage</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a dish of tripe and cow-heel</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a leg of pork and turnips</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To 2 puddings</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a surloin of beef</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">13</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a turkey and onions</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a leg of mutton and pickles</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a dish of chickens</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To minced pyes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To fruit, cheese, bread, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To butter for sauce</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To hire 2 negroes to assist</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To dressing dinner, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To 31 bottles wine</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To beer and syder</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">12</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Richard Harris married the widow of Roger Baker, who had been the landlord
+of the well known King’s Head, not long after the latter’s death, which
+occurred in 1702, and he may have continued this tavern, which is very
+likely, as it was probably being conducted by the widow when he married
+her. The year after his marriage, he was elected assistant alderman, and
+his house for many years was patronized by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> officials of the province
+and the city. He was assistant alderman for several years. In 1707 he was
+one of a committee for leasing the Long Island ferry. On the 10th of
+October, of that year, the committee met at his house for that purpose,
+and for their expenses he was paid by the city £1 12s. Five years after
+this, when he was no longer a member of the common council, the lease
+being about to expire, the committee for leasing the ferry met at his
+house on the 17th of December, 1712, and this time he charged the
+corporation £7 10s 9d. Conference committees from the council and assembly
+met at his house several times in November, 1710, and in 1712. On the 6th
+of October, 1714, the governor gave notice of the death of Queen Anne, and
+on the 11th, King George was proclaimed in the city. The common council
+ordered seven or eight cords of wood for a bonfire and twenty gallons of
+wine for the people. The expenses of the common council on this occasion
+at the house of Richard Harris amounted to £8 4s, which was ordered to be
+paid.</p>
+
+<p>On November 7, 1717, the council requested a conference at the house of
+John Parmyter on the subject matter of the bill for letting to farm the
+excise, and on October 20th of the same year a bonfire was ordered and a
+dinner was given by the corporation at his house in celebration of the
+anniversary of his majesty’s coronation. The aldermen seem to have been
+ever ready to celebrate any of the usual anniversaries by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> eating a good
+dinner and drinking good wine. The bill for this dinner was as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="right" valign="bottom">1717 &nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">Corporation of New York, Dr.<br />To John Parmyter</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">£</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">s</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">d</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oct. 20 &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To 32 bottles of wine</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To beer and cyder</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To eating</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To dressing supper</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">6</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">17</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>As on most occasions a large portion consisted of liquor exhilarants.</p>
+
+<p>John Parmyter had been a resident of New York since the time of Bellomont
+and probably had been a tavern-keeper for some years previous to the date
+of this dinner. His house was on or near the corner of Beaver and New
+Streets. In 1712 an act was passed by the legislature of the province
+prohibiting all but John Parmyter to make lamp-black, for five years,
+“this to encourage the first to set up that manufacture.” He no doubt
+continued to keep tavern and had the monopoly of the manufacture of
+lamp-black until his death, and it also appears that his widow continued
+to carry on both lines of business. An act to prohibit all persons but
+Susannah Parmyter, widow, and her assigns, to make lamp-black during the
+space of ten years,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> was passed by the legislature in 1724. She continued
+to keep the tavern and rendered a bill to the authorities in August, 1727,
+for the “board of the Governor of Canada (sic) and fourteen men and wine.”</p>
+
+<p>The custom of meeting in conference at the taverns continued and the names
+of the keepers of these houses are given in the journal of the assembly.
+In 1713 conference committees met several times at the house of Bernard
+Hardenbrook and in 1718, at the house of Elizabeth Jourdain, who was the
+widow of Henry Jourdain, captain of the sloop Dolphin, who died at sea in
+the latter part of the year 1702. The Dolphin was probably a slaver, for
+Henry Jourdain, in his will, evidently made at sea, directs that sixty-one
+elephants’ teeth marked <i>H. J.</i>, and some gold in bulk should be delivered
+to his wife in New York, which indicates that he had visited the African
+coast. His entire estate amounted to £426, which enabled his widow to set
+up a public house, where she entertained the committees from the council
+and assembly and “lodged his majesty’s soldiers.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tavern of the Widow Post</i></div>
+
+<p>The house of the widow Post appears to have been a favorite place for
+members of assembly, where according to Mr. Isaac Robin, secretary of
+council, they discussed matters of state over their wine, and committees
+met on business of various kinds. The popularity of her house seems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> to
+have continued for several years. In November, 1721, we have record of the
+examination of Vincent Pelow before the council at the house of the widow
+Post, in relation to the small pox raging in Boston, and on November 9,
+1726, the assembly, “taking in Consideration the Conveniency and
+Accommodation, which the Members of this House have every Sessions, as
+well at the Meeting of Committees as otherwise, at the House of the Widow
+Post, and that the Trouble and Expense, which is occasioned to her on such
+Occasions far exceeds her Gains. It is the Opinion of this House that she
+ought to be exempted from paying any Excise, from this Time until the
+first Day of November next,” and it was ordered that the commissioners for
+letting to farm the excise take notice thereof accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>Obadiah Hunt was a tavern-keeper whose house seems to have been used both
+by the provincial and city officers as a place for conference on
+consultation. He was a member of the common council for several years,
+which may have been one cause of his house being used by that body. It was
+situated on Dock Street between Whitehall and Broad Street, next door to
+the custom house. He owned the house and appears to have been a man of
+some property, but of little education. He was a popular landlord. In
+January, 1718, the corporation paid Obadiah Hunt £4 6s 9d, for expenses at
+his house by the corporation on the anniversary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> the coronation,
+October 26th last, and on the anniversary of Gunpowder Treason Day,
+November 5th. The dinner, wine, beer, cider and other expenses at the
+house of Obadiah Hunt on the occasion of the entertainment given to
+Governor Burnet, on September 20, 1720, shortly after his arrival in the
+province, cost the corporation £21 8s 6d. Meetings were held at his house
+for the transaction of business of various kinds connected with the city,
+such as auditing accounts, leasing the ferry, leasing the docks and slips,
+etc., and on the arrival of a new governor, in April, 1728, his house was
+again the scene of an entertainment in his honor, which cost the city £15
+6s 6d.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Black Horse</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Black Horse Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In the early part of the eighteenth century, there stood on the southern
+corner of Smith and Garden Streets, the present William Street and
+Exchange Place, the Black Horse Tavern, kept by John DeHoneur, who seems
+to have been its landlord for many years. John or Johannes DeHoneur was
+recommended for the office of captain of militia in June, 1709. Whether he
+was a tavern-keeper at this time, or how soon after he became one, we do
+not know, but on October 18, 1727, the assembly directed that the
+Committee on Grievances meet every Tuesday and Friday, during the
+sessions, at five o’clock in the afternoon, at the house of John DeHoneur,
+and that the first meeting be on Friday next. The next year the Committee
+on Grievances requested permission to meet at other place and time than at
+the place and time appointed for their meeting, and they were allowed by
+the assembly to meet at such other times and places as they should judge
+necessary, but they, nevertheless, must meet every Thursday evening at the
+house of John DeHoneur. It continued to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> be the meeting place of
+committees, and ten years after, in 1737, it was the meeting place, by
+appointment of the assembly, of the Committee of Privileges and Elections.
+In the record it is sometimes named as the house of John DeHoneur, and at
+other times as the Black Horse Tavern. In the contest between Cornelius
+Van Horne and Adolph Phillipse, they were ordered to exchange lists at the
+house of John DeHoneur.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img14.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BLACK HORSE TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The assembly, like the common council, were inclined to meet at taverns
+for the transaction of public business, where they were evidently
+surrounded by a more cheerful atmosphere than in the cold halls of
+legislation and justice. Where the room was warmed by a large and lively
+fire in the spacious fireplace, and the inner man warmed and exhilarated
+by good old wine, business was transacted with more cheerfulness and
+alacrity. The Black Horse Tavern was the scene of many such meetings, and,
+no doubt, of some very exciting ones. In the contest over the votes for
+Van Horne and Phillipse there were, very likely, some lively discussions.
+The Black Horse was for many years one of the most prominent taverns in
+the city.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Montgomerie, after being governor of New York about two years,
+died on the 1st of July, 1731, and Rip Van Dam, as senior member of the
+council, and president of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> body, became, <i>ex officio</i>, acting
+governor of the province.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img15.jpg" alt="Rip van Dam" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Governor Cosby was appointed to succeed Montgomerie, but did not arrive
+until the 1st of August, 1732, so that Van Dam was acting governor for a
+period of thirteen months. He had been invested with all the powers,
+duties, and rights of the office, and had been allowed to draw the full
+amount of the salary from the public funds. Governor Cosby, like almost
+all the governors sent out to the provinces, had a sharp eye to his own
+profit, and had obtained, before he left England, an order on Van Dam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> for
+one-half of the salary, emoluments and perquisites of the office during
+the time that the latter had exercised the chief authority; and,
+accordingly, made demand shortly after his arrival. Van Dam was willing to
+surrender one-half of the salary which he had received if Cosby would pay
+to him one-half of the receipts, other than salary, and not otherwise, Van
+Dam resisting, Cosby instituted suit by way of information in the equity
+side of the court of exchequer, where he was confident of a decision in
+his favor. The counsel for Van Dam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> excepted to the jurisdiction of the
+court as being illegal. Great excitement ensued in consequence of a
+division in the court itself. Chief Justice Morris supported the
+exception, the two associate judges, DeLancey and Phillipse, voting
+against the plea. The decision of Chief Justice Morris annoyed the
+governor, who demanded a copy of it. Morris, to prevent misrepresentation,
+had it printed and sent it to the governor with a letter. Both the
+decision and the letter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> were published in the Gazette. This exasperated
+the governor beyond all bounds, and almost immediately Morris was removed
+from the bench. Shortly after James DeLancey, who afterwards became
+prominent, was appointed chief justice in his place.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img16.jpg" alt="W. Cosby" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img17.jpg" alt="Lewis Morris" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The contest between Cosby and Van Dam, at first personal, soon involved
+the people, and divided them into two parties. Those in office, and their
+following, supported the governor, while the party of the people,
+especially after the removal of the chief justice, were violently opposed
+to the arbitrary act of the governor in removing a judge because his
+decision was not as he wished, and to the favoritism which could, by an
+<i>ex post facto</i> order, divest any of the colonial officers of salary
+earned and appropriated to individual use, and direct the amount to be
+paid to a stranger who had performed no service for it. If this were
+conceded, there would be little stability in the rights of British
+subjects.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1733, Lewis Morris, being removed from the office of chief
+justice, offered himself as a candidate for representative for the county
+of Westchester in the assembly. Opposed to him was William Forster,
+supported by the chief justice, James DeLancey, and the second judge,
+Frederick Phillipse, who both appeared in person on the ground, and
+exerted their influence to the utmost to defeat the election of Morris.
+The account of this election, as told in the first number of the New York
+Weekly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> Journal, reads like a page from the history of feudal times, when
+the lords appeared upon the scene, followed by their retainers, ready for
+contests in the lists or on the field of battle.</p>
+
+<p>The high sheriff of the county, having, by papers affixed to the church of
+East Chester and other public places, given notice of the day and place,
+without stating any time of day when the election was to take place, the
+electors for Morris were very suspicious of some intended fraud. To
+prevent this, about fifty of them kept watch upon and about the Green at
+East Chester, the place of election, from twelve o’clock the night before
+until the morning of the appointed day.</p>
+
+<p>The electors of the eastern part of the county began to move on Sunday
+afternoon and evening, so as to be at New Rochelle by midnight. On their
+way through Harrison’s Purchase, the inhabitants provided for their
+entertainment, there being a table at each house plentifully provided for
+that purpose. About midnight they all met at the home of William LeCount,
+at New Rochelle, whose house not being large enough to entertain so many,
+a large fire was made in the street, at which they sat till daylight, when
+they again began to move. On the hill, at the east end of town, they were
+joined by about seventy horsemen, electors of the lower part of the
+county, and then proceeded to the place of election in the following
+order: First, rode two trumpeters and three violinists;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> next, four of the
+principal freeholders, one of whom carried a banner, on one side of which
+was affixed in golden capitals, KING GEORGE, and on the other side, in
+like golden capitals, LIBERTY &amp; LAW; next followed the candidate, Lewis
+Morris, formerly chief justice of the province; then two colors. Thus, at
+sunrise, they entered the Green of East Chester, the place of election,
+followed by about three hundred horsemen, the principal freeholders of the
+county (a greater number than had appeared for one man since the
+settlement of the county). After riding three times around the Green, they
+went to the houses of Joseph Fowler and Mr. Child, who were well prepared
+for their reception.</p>
+
+<p>About eleven o’clock appeared William Forster, the candidate of the other
+side; after him came two <i>ensigns</i>, borne by two of the freeholders; then
+came the Honorable James DeLancey, chief justice of the province of New
+York, and the Honorable Frederick Phillipse, second judge of the province
+and Baron of the Exchequer, attended by about one hundred and seventy
+horsemen, freeholders, and friends of Forster. They entered the Green on
+the east side and rode round it twice. As they passed, the second judge
+very civilly saluted the former chief justice by taking off his hat, a
+salutation which the former judge returned in the same manner. After this,
+they retired to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> house of Mr. Baker, who was prepared to receive and
+entertain them.</p>
+
+<p>About an hour after this the high sheriff came to town, finely mounted,
+with housings and holster caps of scarlet, richly laced with silver. Upon
+his appearance the electors on both sides went into the Green. After
+reading his majesty’s writ the sheriff directed the electors to proceed to
+their choice, which they then did, a great majority appearing for Morris.
+A poll was demanded and the sheriff insisted that a poll must be taken. A
+poll was taken, and did not close until about eleven o’clock at night.
+Morris, although the votes cast for him by thirty-eight Quakers were
+rejected, because they would not take the oath, was elected by a large
+majority.</p>
+
+<p>The indentures being sealed, the whole body of electors waited on the new
+representative, at his lodgings, with trumpets sounding and violins
+playing and then took leave of him.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing follows the account which appeared in the New York Weekly
+Journal, which was friendly to Morris. In the same number of this paper
+the only item of local news is the following, which we reproduce in
+fac-simile.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img18.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center"><small><a href="#text">Text of Illustration</a></small></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Black Horse Tavern had become the rallying place and rendezvous
+for the party of the people, and was, from this time, we have every reason
+to believe, the place where they continued to meet to concert on measures
+against prerogative and favoritism and against the arrogance and arbitrary
+acts of the governor and his supporters. These sentiments were not new to
+the people, but had been lying dormant, like smoldering embers, which
+needed only a slight agitation to fan them into a flame. Not since the
+time of Bellomont had there been so much bitterness displayed in party
+strife.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1725, a newspaper had been printed in New York, but William
+Bradford, its printer, was in the pay of the government, and no item in
+opposition to the governor or his friends was to be found in its pages. In
+November, 1733, appeared the first number of the New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> Weekly Journal,
+printed by John Peter Zenger, and devoted to the support of the party of
+the people, at the head of which were Lewis Morris and Rip Van Dam. It
+soon began to make itself felt. It was eagerly read, its sarcastic,
+reflections on the government, and its biting criticisms, furnishing a
+weekly entertainment to the public, which drove the governor and his
+friends almost to madness. Its effect was so keenly felt that it was
+resolved, in council, that Zenger’s papers, Nos. 7, 47, 48 and 49, and
+also two certain printed ballads, as containing many things tending to
+sedition and faction, to bring his majesty’s government into contempt, and
+to disturb the peace thereof, should be burned by the common hangman or
+whipper, and that the mayor and magistrates should attend the ceremony.
+This they refused to do and forbade the whipper, who was in the employ of
+the city, to obey the order. His place was supplied by a negro slave of
+the sheriff. Attempts were made to have Zenger indicted, but the grand
+jury refused to bring in a bill.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned, by order of the
+council, for printing seditious libels, and, for a time, was denied the
+use of pen, ink and paper. In January, 1735, the grand jury not having
+indicted him, the attorney-general filed an information against him. In
+the meantime he was editing his paper through a hole in the door of his
+cell. At the April term of court his counsel, James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> Alexander and
+William Smith, the two ablest lawyers of New York, filed exceptions to the
+legality of the commissions of the two judges. For this they were
+silenced, and John Chambers was appointed by the court counsel for Zenger.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img19.jpg" alt="A. Hamilton" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trial of John Peter Zenger</i><br /><br />
+<i>Dinner at The Black Horse</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>When the trial came on, in July, 1735, Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, a
+lawyer of great reputation, who had been secretly engaged, unexpectedly
+appeared by the side of the prisoner. He was capable, eloquent and
+audacious, and, in conjunction with Chambers, managed the case with so
+much ability and skill that the jury, after being out only ten minutes,
+returned with a verdict of <i>Not Guilty</i>, which was received with shouts
+and cheers. The judges threatened the leaders of the tumult with
+imprisonment, when a son of Admiral Norris, who was also a son-in-law of
+Lewis Morris, declared himself the leader and invited a repetition of the
+cheers, which were instantly repeated. Andrew Hamilton was hailed as the
+champion of liberty. The corporation of New York shortly presented him
+with the freedom of the city in a gold box, “for his learned and generous
+defence of the rights of mankind and the liberty of the press.” Zenger was
+released from prison, after having been confined for more than eight
+months. After the trial was concluded, the enthusiasm and demonstrations
+of satisfaction centered at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> the Black Horse Tavern, where a splendid
+dinner was given to Andrew Hamilton in celebration of his great victory.
+At his departure, next day, “he was saluted with the great Guns of several
+Ships in the Harbour as a public Testimony of the glorious Defence he made
+in the Cause of Liberty in this Province.” Governeur Morris stated to Dr.
+John W. Francis his belief that “the trial of Zenger, in 1735, was the
+germ of American freedom&mdash;the morning star of that liberty which
+subsequently revolutionized America.” The Black Horse Tavern, therefore,
+if it was not the cradle of liberty, was certainly the nursery of those
+sentiments which ripened into the Declaration of Independence. No spot in
+New York is so closely identified with this victory for the rights of free
+speech and for the liberty of the press, as the site of the Black Horse
+Tavern, which is now occupied by an office building called Lord’s Court.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis Morris at this time was in London, where he had gone to lay his
+grievances before the home government. His case came before the Committee
+of the Council in November, 1735, “when the Lords gave it as their opinion
+that the Governor’s Reasons for Removing him were not sufficient.” He was
+not, however, restored to the office of chief justice, but was appointed
+governor of New Jersey, where he had large interests, and where the people
+had long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> desired to have a government separate and distinct from New
+York.</p>
+
+<p>Many writers have erroneously asserted that the Black Horse Tavern was the
+resort of the friends of the governor, where balls were given by the
+aristocratic members of society, and that Robert Todd was its landlord;
+but all that is necessary to clear up this mistake is to pay careful
+attention to the files of the two rival newspapers of that day, Bradford’s
+Gazette and Zenger’s Journal.</p>
+
+<p>On Broad Street, near the corner of Dock Street (the present Pearl
+Street), Robert Todd, vintner, kept his house, which became, indeed, the
+favorite place for the balls and entertainments of the governor’s party,
+as was the Black Horse Tavern for the party of the people. On October 9,
+1735, the governor was invited “to a very splendid entertainment provided
+for him at Mr. Todd’s in order to Congratulate his Excellency upon his
+safe Return from Albany, where he had been to renew the Treaty of Peace
+and Friendship with the Six Nations of Indians.” After dinner they drank
+the healths of the different members of the royal family and the health of
+his excellency and prosperity to his administration&mdash;“the music playing
+all the while.” “His Excellency was also pleased to Drink Prosperity to
+Trade, and at the same time, in a very obliging manner, assured the
+Gentlemen there, That if they could think of any Methods to Promote and
+Encourage the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Trade and Welfare of this Province, he would heartily
+contribute every Thing in his Power thereto.” In the evening the house was
+illuminated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversary of the Coronation</i></div>
+
+<p>Two days after this, on the 11th of October, the anniversary of the
+coronation was celebrated at the Fort, when the healths of the King and
+Queen and the other members of the royal family were drank under the
+discharge of cannon, “the two Independent Companies posted there, being
+under arms all the time.” In the evening the governor and his friends were
+entertained at the house of Mr. Freeman, which was handsomely illuminated.
+“The whole was concluded with Dancing and all the Demonstrations of Joy
+suitable to the Day.” Mr. Thomas Freeman was the son-in-law of Governor
+Cosby.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, at the Black Horse Tavern, the house of John DeHoneur,
+was made “a very handsome Entertainment in Honour of the Day for Rip Van
+Dam Esq. President of His Majesty’s Council. Matthias Norris Esq.
+Commander of His Majesty’s Ship, <i>Tartar</i>, and Capt. Compton, Commander of
+His Majesty’s Ship <i>Seaforth</i>.” Thus we see that the commanders of the two
+men-of-war lying in the harbor, honored with their presence and were
+honored by the party of the people at the Black Horse Tavern; and this
+accounts for the salutes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> given by the guns of the ships in the harbor to
+honor Andrew Hamilton on his departure from the city the previous August.
+“At Noon the Company met, and while the great Guns of his Majesty’s Ship
+Tartar were Firing they Drank the following Healths, the King, the Queen,
+the Prince, Duke and Royal Family, the Prince and Princess of Orange, the
+Glorious and immortal Memory of King William the third, Success to Coll.
+Morris, in his Undertaking, to the speedy Election of a new Assembly,
+Prosperity to the Corporation, my Lord Wiloughton, Duke of Dorset, Sir
+John Norris and General Compton, and then the Company Din’d, in the
+Evening the City was Illuminated, the Afternoon and Evening were spent
+with all the Joy and Dancing suitable to the Occasion.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img20.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BALL AT THE BLACK HORSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>The account of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation at the
+Fort is found in the New York Gazette, which makes no mention of the
+celebration at the Black Horse Tavern. The New York Weekly Journal gives
+an account of the celebration at the Black Horse Tavern, but makes no
+mention of any celebration at the Fort. In the same way, the account of
+the celebration of the birthday of the Prince of Wales, by the party of
+the people, is given by the New York Weekly Journal of January 26, 1736,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“The 19th instant being his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales’s Birthday.
+It was celebrated at the Black Horse in a most elegant and genteel manner.
+There was a most magnificent Appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies. The Ball
+began with French Dances. And then the Company proceeded to Country
+Dances, upon which Mrs. Norris led up two new Country Dances upon the
+Occasion; the first of which was called <i>The Prince of Wales</i>, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+second, The Princess of Saxe-Gotha, in Honour of the Day. There was a most
+sumptuous Entertainment afterward. At the conclusion of which the
+Honourable Rip Van Dam Esq., President of His Majesty’s Council, began the
+Royal Healths, which were all drank in Bumpers. The whole was conducted
+with the utmost Decency, Mirth and Cheerfulness.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img21.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“WHICH WERE ALL DRANK IN BUMPERS”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>No mention is made of any celebration at the Fort. The New York Gazette
+has the following account of the celebration of the governor’s party:</p>
+
+<p>“On the 20th Instant, being the Anniversary of His Royal Highness the
+Prince of Wales’s Birthday, the Royal Healths were drank at the Fort, by
+the Gentlemen of the Council, and the Principal Merchants and Gentlemen of
+the Place. The Continuance of the Governour’s Indisposition hinder’d the
+Celebration of the day with the usual solemnity at the Fort; However there
+was a Ball in the Evening at Mr. Todd’s, at which there was a very great
+appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies, and an Elegant Entertainment made by
+the Gentlemen, in honour of the Day.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img22.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THE VIOLIN AND THE GERMAN FLUTE BY ‘PRIVATE HANDS’”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>At the Black Horse, committees of the assembly met for the transaction of
+public business, but the conferences of committees of the two houses were
+held at the house of Robert Todd. Here, on the 4th of November, 1736, a
+conference was held of committees from the council and assembly, to
+prepare an address to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> his majesty on the nuptials of his Royal Highness
+the Prince of Wales. It seems also to have been a place for public
+entertainments. A concert of vocal and instrumental music was given here,
+January 21, 1736, for the benefit of Mr. Pachelbell, the harpsicord part
+performed by himself, the songs, violin and German flutes by “private
+hands.” Again on the 9th of March, 1736, this was repeated, when it was
+announced that tickets could be had at the Coffee House, at the Black
+Horse and at Mr. Todd’s; at 4 shillings each. Mr. Pachelbell was probably
+the music teacher, and was assisted in the concert by his pupils or
+friends. On the evening of January 6, 1745, a concert was given at the
+house of Robert Todd, for the benefit of Mr. Rice, which the newspaper
+affirms was “thought by all competent judges to exceed anything of the
+kind ever done here before.”</p>
+
+<p>When Samuel Bayard died, in 1745, he left the house on Broad Street next
+adjoining the DeLancey house, which afterwards became the noted Fraunces
+Tavern, to his son, Nicholas, which he states in his will, was in the
+tenure of Robert Todd. It had been occupied by him for at least eight
+years; earlier, his house is described as next to the Exchange Coffee
+House.</p>
+
+<p>Among the last acts of Governor Cosby was that declaring Rip Van Dam
+suspended from the council. This was to prevent Van Dam, as senior member
+of the council, from succeeding him and again becoming acting governor.
+After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> the death of Cosby, Van Dam and his friends declared this
+suspension illegal, and Van Dam made an effort to obtain control, but
+George Clarke, next in order, was supported by the council and also by the
+assembly, when it convened, and in the course of a few months received his
+commission from England as lieutenant-governor, which put an end to the
+claims of Van Dam. Clarke received from Cosby a legacy of trouble, but he
+was an astute politician and a much abler man than Cosby. He is credited
+with the policy of making it appear that the governorship of New York was
+not a desirable post, and by this means held his office for many years,
+and then retired to England with a competency. The community continued to
+be divided by party strife. The government party were, in derision, called
+“courtiers,” and they in turn characterized the opposition as a Dutch mob.
+A visitor to New York in 1739 describes the different parties as
+courtiers, Zengerites, the prudents and the no-party-men; and states that
+there was much bitterness displayed, and that the women were as zealous
+politicians as the men.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Exchange Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>From the time of the establishment of a coffee house on Broadway, in 1696,
+until about 1738, there had been but one coffee house in New York, so far
+as we can ascertain. The first coffee house, called also the King’s Arms
+Tavern, disappears from our view in 1709, and we hear no more of any
+coffee house until 1729,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> when we find that there was then a coffee house
+also called the King’s Arms supposed to be situated in Broad Street near
+the exchange, and called the Exchange Coffee House. It had probably had a
+continued existence during this interval. During the time of political
+excitement preceding and following the trial of Zenger, it appears to have
+been, with the house of Robert Todd, the resort of the “courtiers,” as the
+supporters of the governor and his party were called. In March, 1731,
+there was a sale of several lots of land by auction at this house, and
+after the death of Governor Montgomerie, his library, a collection of
+valuable books, was announced to be sold on the 1st of June, 1732, and
+notice was given that a catalogue of the books and conditions of sale
+might be seen at the Coffee House. In October, 1732, the late governor’s
+barge, which he had used in making visits to his government of New Jersey,
+with awning, damask curtains, two sets of oars, sails and everything
+necessary for her, were sold by auction at the Coffee House. It seems at
+this time to have become a place for public sales of all kinds and for the
+transaction of all kinds of business.</p>
+
+<p>In 1747 it was on the corner of Broad and Dock (now Pearl) Streets and its
+landlord was David Cox, who gave it up in 1749, when Andrew Ramsay, who
+was then the landlord of a tavern in Dock Street, announced that he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+opened the Exchange Coffee House next door to where Mr. Cox lately kept
+it. This was the house known some years before as the Fighting Cocks. When
+Ramsay purchased the unexpired part of the lease of the Long Island ferry,
+in 1750, and moved to the ferry house on the Long Island side of the
+river, he was succeeded by Richard Clarke Cooke, who describes his house
+as the Gentlemen’s and Exchange Coffee House and Tavern at the Sign of the
+King’s Arms. His occupancy was of short duration. Anne Stockton made an
+attempt to establish an ordinary in it, but at the end of about a month
+she gave notice that she “has declined, and is advised to teach young
+Ladies to sew and embroider and Millinery.”</p>
+
+<p>George Burns then became the landlord of the King’s Arms, which appears no
+longer to be known as a coffee house, and which was brought back to its
+former location on the corner. Benjamin Pain appropriated the name of
+“Gentlemen’s Coffee House”&mdash;and carried it to Broadway, where he opened a
+house in April, 1751.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1753, a committee of the common council met at the house of
+George Burns, the King’s Arms, for the purpose of letting to farm the
+ferry between New York City and Long Island, when they were furnished with
+the usual entertainment provided for such occasions.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, the 25th of June, 1753, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> celebration of the anniversary of
+the festival of St. John the Baptist, “the Ancient and Right Worship
+Society of FREE and Accepted MASONS of this City assembled at the Spring
+Garden, and being properly cloathed made a regular Procession in due Form
+to the King’s Arms Tavern in Broad Street, near the Long Bridge, where an
+elegant Entertainment was provided.” Here, they drank his majesty’s health
+and many other loyal healths and concluded the day in the most social and
+satisfactory manner. The King’s Arms Tavern continued on or near the
+corner of Broad and Dock Streets for many years and was a well known
+tavern under various landlords.</p>
+
+<p>In 1696, what was called the Shoemakers’ Pasture was divided into building
+lots, and soon after on lot number 58, of the map of this property, on the
+southeast side of the present William Street, about midway between John
+and Fulton Streets, was built a house which became a prominent and much
+frequented tavern, from its sign, known as the Horse and Cart. The part of
+William Street near this tavern became known as Horse and Cart Street. It
+has been said that this house was a tavern in the time of Captain Kidd,
+and that he was a frequent visitor to it before he went on his fateful
+voyage. This may be a mere tradition, but if true, the house, which is
+still standing, at No. 122 William Street, must be over two hundred years
+old. It is, at any rate, we think, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> oldest house now standing on
+Manhattan Island. In October, 1733, it was advertised as the meeting place
+of the proprietors of a tract of 50,000 acres of land, “for concerting
+matters necessary for their mutual defence in law,” and again, in 1737, a
+meeting of these proprietors or their proxies was called at the same
+house.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img23.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">HOUSE AT 122 WILLIAM STREET</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>George Burns, who in 1750 was keeping a tavern opposite the Merchants
+Coffee House, moved to the noted sign of the Horse and Cart, where he
+announced that “to gratify his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> Customers he takes in the Boston,
+Philadelphia and New York papers.” He soon gave place to Captain George
+Edmonds. It seems to have been a tavern that was patronized by travelers,
+especially those coming in from the north and east and was a favorite of
+the New England people, as is shown by the announcement made by Captain
+Edmonds when its landlord in 1751, that it had “lately been very much
+balked, to the great Disappointment of Numbers of Persons from New England
+that used to frequent that House.” Notice was given in March, 1752, that
+“the once noted Horse and Cart Inn, in the City of New York, is now
+revived by Edward Willett.” Thus there are indications that the house had
+lost the popularity which it once enjoyed. Throughout all its many
+vicissitudes it retained its name for a great many years. Landlords came
+and landlords went, but the sign of the Horse and Cart remained, and was
+well known as a landmark by which the locations of other houses and places
+were designated. The house was still known as the Horse and Cart as late
+as 1765. The old sign was probably taken down about this time, or a little
+later, and during the decade preceding the Revolution the house was known
+as the Golden Hill Inn.</p>
+
+<p>In 1733 there was a tavern on Broadway that hung out the sign of the Coach
+and Horses, kept by Thomas Welch, from London, where, it was announced,
+could be had “very good Entertainment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> for Man and Horse,” and where were
+“also Horses to be let or stand at Livery.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1738 Captain Norris, commander of the ship Tartar, then lying in the
+harbor of New York, was in need of men and made application to the mayor
+for permission to impress thirty seamen to man his ship. The governor and
+council ordered the mayor to comply with this request, but the mayor
+pre-emptorily refused to obey the order, and the governor and council
+prudently refrained from taking further action. Thus it seems that it was
+difficult at that time to obtain a crew for a man-of-war in New York
+harbor, but a year or two later there was no difficulty in obtaining
+volunteers for privateering.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Privateering</i></div>
+
+<p>As soon as England had declared war with Spain the adventurous merchants
+of New York commenced fitting out privateers to prey upon the commerce of
+the enemy, and the taverns along the East River shore were all bustle and
+excitement. Many of them became headquarters for recruiting seamen for
+these adventurous expeditions. The vessels were commanded and manned in
+part by young men of the best families of New York, who left off
+cock-fighting and horse-racing to go a-privateering. The appeals for
+volunteers to join these expeditions were made to “Gentlemen Sailors” and
+to “Gentlemen Adventurers.” Samuel Bayard went out in the sloop Ranger as
+its commander and soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> returned with two prizes, taken at St. Jago, in
+the West Indies. These were offered to be sold, in June, 1740, and notice
+was given that the inventory could be seen at the Coffee House. He seems
+to have been a successful commander and brought in other prizes.</p>
+
+<p>The sign of the Pine Apple on the New Dock, kept by Benjamin Kierstede,
+was a place for recruiting seamen and also for enlisting men in the
+military companies then organizing to go out against the Spanish colonies
+in the West Indies. Another place of the same kind was the tavern at the
+sign of the Jamaica Arms, on Cruger’s Wharf, kept by Benjamin Pain. At
+both of these places there was great activity in making up crews for
+privateers about to sail. Here the “articles” could be seen, and men were
+engaged. Here also prizes and cargoes were sold.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1740, five companies of soldiers had been enlisted, commanded
+by Captains Clarke, Cosby, Provost, Cuyler and Stevens, and were encamped
+on the Common. In September the companies raised in Rhode Island were
+expected to join them. The New York Weekly Journal of August 4, 1740,
+contains the following:</p>
+
+<p>“An express arrived a few days since from the Earl of Waldegrave which
+Occasioned the holding of a Council which sat till 2 the next Morning. The
+Dispatch brought by the Courier<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> occasions great Matter of Speculation
+among the Coffee House Politicians and some since talk of Peace while
+others say the French will no longer remain Neuter.”</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1744, war was declared with France an additional impulse was
+given to the privateering business. For the five years preceding 1748 no
+less than thirty-one vessels, each carrying from ten to twenty-four guns,
+are named in the newspapers, and there is continually mention made of
+prizes being brought in, of cases before the court of admiralty, of sales
+of the captured ships and their cargoes and of the adjustments of disputes
+over the division of the spoils. In 1745, we find that arbitrators were to
+meet at the house of Robert Todd every Friday evening “for settling the
+Differences between the four Privateers formerly arrived here with six
+French Prizes.” This continued from January to May. In September, 1744, a
+New York newspaper stated that, “’tis computed there will be before winter
+113 Sail of Privateers at Sea, from the British American Colonies, mostly
+stout Vessels and well manned. A Naval Force equal (some say) to that of
+Great Britain in the Time of Queen Elizabeth.” In 1745 it was stated that
+at that time there were thirteen privateers at sea from the port of New
+York. The men for these vessels were not all supplied by New York City.
+The alluring promises of gain drew volunteers from all the neighboring
+country. Governor Hamilton, of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> Jersey, complained that the
+privateers-men were sweeping into their ranks the flower of the youth of
+his province.</p>
+
+<p>In 1745 Captain Bevan, of the privateer sloop Clinton, brought into the
+port of New York a French prize, which he had taken after a short
+engagement, without the loss of a man. Her cargo, consisting of sugar,
+indigo and cotton, was valued at £40,000, and each man of the crew
+received £160 prize money. As a reward for complying with his request not
+to plunder the passengers, officers and sailors of the captured ship,
+Captain Bevan gave his crew a handsome treat of a hogshead of punch and an
+ox roasted whole in the fields at Dominie’s Hook, which was quite handsome
+in Captain Bevan. The cargo of the prize ship Le Pomone (La Pomme),
+brought in by Captain Bevan, was sold at the house of widow Thomas. The
+prize ship Joseph of Egypt and cargo were sold in April, 1746, at the
+house of the widow Susannah Lawrence, on the Dock, near the Meal Market,
+at the lower end of Wall Street.</p>
+
+<p>When news came of the capture of Louisburg the common council, to
+celebrate the victory, ordered that Mr. DeJancourt, whose house was near
+the Meal Market, be directed to prepare a handsome dinner for the board
+and that the governor, the members of the council, the assembly members of
+the city, with the field officers, be invited to dine with them and that a
+bonfire be made “without the Spring Garden”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> in the evening. They also
+ordered that twenty gallons of good wine be sent to the bonfire for the
+people.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Negro Plot</i></div>
+
+<p>In 1741, during the Spanish war, New York City was thrown into a panic of
+excitement by the so-called negro plot. Each week the newspapers gave
+accounts of the numerous executions and of the trials resulting from the
+confessions of the victims, each one of whom was induced to accuse another
+in order to save himself. It seems to have seized on the inhabitants of
+New York in the same way that witchcraft overwhelmed the people of Salem,
+Massachusetts. In the intense excitement persons of better and better
+standing in the community were being accused until a halt was found
+necessary. Thomas Croker, at this time, was landlord of the Fighting Cocks
+in Dock Street, and it was at his house that John Ury, who was tried for
+complicity in the plot, lodged. Although Ury, the most prominent victim,
+was, no doubt, innocent of any criminal act, he was, nevertheless,
+convicted on the evidence of those who had been urged to accuse somebody
+to save themselves or to gain a reward. He was a stranger and fell a
+victim to the panic which pervaded the community.</p>
+
+<p>The sign of the Fighting Cocks had hung in Dock Street, next door to the
+corner of Broad Street, for many years. In 1736, the tavern was kept by
+Edward Eastham, who met with the loss<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> of a silver quart tankard, marked
+on the handle with an E, taken from his house, for the recovery of which
+he offered a reward of three pounds. The next year a silver watch was
+taken from this house, “of a size rather larger than midling, Regmaiden at
+Dublin the Maker,” for the return of which a reward of ten shillings was
+offered, “and no questions asked.” Although though the Fighting Cocks
+Tavern, as its name implies, may have been the scene of many cock-fights,
+we do not think that at that time this would detract from its standing and
+respectability.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Birthday</i></div>
+
+<p>In March, 1748, in celebration of the King’s birthday, it is stated that a
+Jack was displayed all day from the flagstaff on the southwest bastion of
+Fort George. The city regiment of militia and troops were under arms and
+were reviewed by the governor from the piazza of the City Hall, as they
+passed from Broadway, where they had been drawn up, and, it is said, made
+a very handsome appearance. The governor and some of the gentlemen of the
+council who attended him were entertained by the mayor, corporation, and
+officers of the militia with some extraordinary wine (“such as is rare to
+be met with in any private house”) from Hugh Crawford’s, ford’s, near at
+hand, and there they drank the health of his majesty and other royal
+healths under the discharge of twenty-one guns at the Fort.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>In honor of the day there were two halls, one at the Fort and another at
+Ramsay’s tavern in Dock Street. We give an account of these two balls as
+it appeared in a newspaper of that period.</p>
+
+<p>“In the evening there was a private entertainment and ball at his
+Excellency’s, consisting of a snug select company of the <i>choicest fruits</i>
+of the town, that were particularly invited for that purpose, the only
+entertainment of the kind that His Excellency’s leisure has admitted of
+upon such public occasions during his administration; the company was very
+sociable, and the night concluded there as usual.</p>
+
+<p>“The gentlemen that had not the honour to be invited to His Excellency’s
+ball resolved not to be behindhand in their demonstrations of loyalty on
+this occasion, and therefore ordered a public entertainment to be provided
+against the evening at Mr. Ramsay’s tavern, where there was a very
+splendid and beautiful appearance of ladies, such as would have graced an
+Assembly in England. There were several gentlemen of Council and
+Corporation, and most of the principal merchants and other gentlemen in
+the city, that made up a gay and numerous assembly.</p>
+
+<p>“The ball was opened about six o’clock, the city being illuminated from
+one end to the other, the supper was served up about ten and
+notwithstanding the short warning given, there was the greatest variety
+this town or country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> could produce, and the tables were decorated in so
+neat and elegant a manner as raised a general admiration and ’twas
+declared by good judges that never was a more magnificent entertainment in
+this country. The whole tables were taken up with ladies the length of two
+rooms laid into one, that the gentlemen’s time was generally employed in
+waiting on them, and when they were done the gentlemen supplied their
+places. After supper, His Majesty’s, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and
+the other Royal Healths were drank, and then prosperity to the province, a
+speedy exportation of its enemies, etc.</p>
+
+<p>“The whole affair was conducted with the utmost decency and decorum; there
+was the greatest gaiety, cheerfulness and complacency in every
+countenance. The ball was concluded about 5 A. M. and the night was passed
+in the general satisfaction, without the least incivility offered or
+offence taken by any one, which is scarce to be said on the like
+occasions. We are told this was distinguished by the title of the Country
+Ball.”</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Merchants’ Coffee House</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Meal Market</i></div>
+
+<p>Trade had extended its territory along the East River shore until about
+the beginning of the eighteenth century it had reached and taken in Wall
+Street. In 1709 the first slave market was erected at the foot of this
+street, on the site of the Half Moon Battery and block house of the Dutch
+era, and for many years continued to be the established place where slaves
+were offered for sale and “stood for hire.” A market house had been built,
+and in January, 1726-7, it was ordained by the common council of the city
+of New York that the market house at the lower end of Wall Street be
+appointed a public market for the sale of all sorts of corn, grain and
+meal, and a penalty was fixed for selling such in any public market
+elsewhere. From this time it was known as the Meal Market.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of time several taverns had been opened in the neighborhood
+of the market, and it had become the center of considerable business. In
+1726 the only newspaper in New York gave notice of servants to be sold by
+John Dunks at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Dock. In 1750
+the following appeared in the New York Gazette or Weekly Post Boy: “Just
+imported, a parcel of likely negros, to be sold at public vendue to-morrow
+at Ten o’clock at the Merchants’ Coffee House.”</p>
+
+<p>The tavern at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat stood on the northwest
+corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, then Wall and Burnet
+Streets. Francis Child, a wigmaker, owned it and advertised it for sale in
+1736 and 1737, when he described it as the corner house near the Meal
+Market, “a well frequented tavern for several years past” and in good
+repair.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Bloom, mariner, who as captain of the Turtle Dove had met with a
+very unfortunate experience in the West Indies, his brig and all on board
+being stript of everything even to the clothing they wore, and who had
+lately arrived rived in New York, purchased the house and lot, in June,
+1738, the consideration mentioned in the deed being five hundred pounds
+(£500). Bloom was landlord of the house for more than a dozen years. While
+living here he, in December, 1747, took the lease of the ferry between the
+city and Nassau (Long) Island for the term of five years, for which he
+agreed to pay the sum of four hundred and fifty-five pounds (£455) per
+annum, to be paid in quarterly installments, and the common council
+ordered that the neighborhood of the Meal Market have leave, at their own
+expense, to make and erect a dock and stairs, for the convenience of the
+ferry boat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> which was to land there, in such manner as shall be directed
+by the committee appointed for that purpose. Bloom ran the ferry for about
+three years, when, in September, 1750, by permission of the common
+council, he transferred the lease to Andrew Ramsay, who at this time was
+the landlord of the Exchange Coffee House, from which he moved to the
+ferry house on the Long Island side of the river. Soon after this Bloom
+died. At the time of his death he was still indebted to the city for a
+portion of the rent of the ferry, and the corporation, in June, 1751,
+offered to take from the executors of his estate fifty pounds (£50) in
+settlement of all arrears due.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Merchants’ Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>Long before Daniel Bloom purchased the house that hung out the sign of the
+Jamaica Pilot Boat, it had been kept by John Dunks. Bloom did not retain
+the sign, for we find that a few years later, it was used by the widow of
+John Dunks, who kept a house a little further up near the Fly Market.
+Bloom had seen considerable of the world, and appears to have been a man
+of some property, owning real estate in the city and in Westchester
+County. He probably had an acquaintance among the merchants, as sea
+captains generally had, and was able to make his house a resort for them.
+He called it the Merchants’ Coffee House, and he was no doubt the first
+landlord of the house by that name, which, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> more than half a century,
+was one of the most prominent houses of the city. As its name implies, it
+gradually became the place where the merchants of the city met and
+transacted business, and it became also the place where auctions, or
+vendues, as they were called, were held, especially such as were connected
+with the shipping business. The year after Bloom’s death, its landlord was
+Captain James Ackland.</p>
+
+<p>The price paid for the lease of the ferry indicates that there must have
+been considerable travel over it and that the house at the landing place
+should have been a profitable one. On the next corner below, on Burnet’s
+Key and Wall Street Slip, was the tavern of Widow Susannah Lawrence, which
+at one time was called the Red Lion, and on the opposite side of Wall
+Street stood, in 1735, St. George and the Dragon, which in 1750 was
+occupied by Thomas Leppers, from London, who hung out the sign of the Duke
+of Cumberland. He had succeeded George Burns, who became prominent as a
+tavern-keeper and was in turn the landlord of many well known houses. In
+May, 1750, announcement was made that “Thomas Leppers, living at the sign
+of the Duke of Cumberland, opposite the Merchants’ Coffee House, proposes
+to open an Ordinary To-morrow, Dinner will be ready at half an Hour after
+One,” and a few days later he gave notice that “Whereas, I have often
+heard Gentlemen Strangers and single Gentlemen of this City wish for a
+Regular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> Ordinary and since my removal to the Duke of Cumberland, opposite
+the Merchants’ Coffee House, I have been frequently advised by Gentlemen
+my friends to keep one. These are to give Notice That I began to do so on
+Tuesday last, which shall be continued every Day. Dinner shall be ready at
+One o’clock. Per Thomas Leppers from London.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>An Affair at Leppers’ Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In August, 1750, this house was the scene of a disturbance which must have
+caused much talk in the town, as an account of the affair occupies a whole
+page in one of the issues of the New York Gazette Revived in the Weekly
+Post Boy, a very unusual attention given any local news. It was claimed
+that the article had been written by spectators of the affair to set to
+right reports that were current in the town. On Tuesday evening, the 28th
+of August, several persons met as a club at Leppers’ tavern, and one or
+two of the company, signifying a desire to have Mr. James Porterfield join
+them, one of the members went out and in a short time returned and
+introduced him to the company, who, it seems, were mostly physicians or
+interested in that profession. After supper he begged the attention of the
+club, and stated that he had received many civilities from the gentlemen
+of the club, for which he returned them thanks; but a friend had told him
+that having lately asked a member if Mr. Porterfield were admitted to it,
+the answer was,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> that he was not, and that his loquacity was the cause of
+it. He said that he submitted to the judgment of the club whether he had
+ever behaved in such a manner at the club as to deserve that reflection.
+The members of the club declined to pass judgment upon the question,
+stating that as he was not a member, it would be to no purpose to give any
+judgment about it, since if they thought him too talkative it was not in
+their power to prevent it as his conduct could not be regulated by any of
+their rules. Notwithstanding this definite answer, he still persisted in
+claiming a judgment whether he was faulty in being too talkative or not.
+The members of the club maintained their first position and begged him not
+to insist any further, as he was defeating the original intention of the
+meeting. He became violent, but was prevailed at length to be quiet while
+a paper was being read by one of the members. He seems to have worked
+himself up to a high state of resentment for he sneered and interrupted
+the reading, and after it was finished became so uncontrollable and
+insulting that he was threatened with expulsion. He then threw his glove
+upon the table as a challenge, and although no other person was armed,
+drew his sword. At this point the member, who had threatened to turn him
+out, took up the glove and threw it in his face, and being seated at the
+opposite side of a long table went round to him, and, with the assistance
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> some of the other members, disarmed him and broke his sword. They
+forced him to the door, but he used his cane, which was also broken by the
+company, who now went to another room, leaving him alone. He went down
+stairs and on his way out told Mr. Loppers that he would get another sword
+and return and run some of the members upstairs through the body, but Mr.
+Loppers told him that he could not again enter his house that night. He
+thereupon seated himself at the door with the stump of his sword in his
+hand waiting for revenge, but was induced by the member of the club who
+had introduced him to retire to his lodgings.</p>
+
+<p>This was not the end, for the next evening Mr. Porterfield came down to
+the Merchants’ Coffee House, and at sight of Doctor Ayscough, drew his
+sword and shook it at the Doctor, who stood in the door, calling him
+villain and scoundrel and challenging him to fight. After some abuse of
+this kind Doctor Ayscough seized a cane from a bystander and struck
+Porterfield on the head, who immediately rushed towards him and made a
+pass at him. Doctor Ayscough, in retreating, fell down and Porterfield,
+thinking that he had pricked him, very quickly and prudently disappeared,
+as the resentment of the spectators was apparent. Doctor Ayscough was not
+injured.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Clubs</i></div>
+
+<p>It seems to have been quite usual at this period for men of like tastes
+and inclinations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> to form themselves into clubs. A writer, describing New
+York and its people in 1756, states that, “New York is one of the most
+social places on the continent. The men collect themselves into weekly
+evening clubs. The ladies, in winter, are frequently entertained either at
+concerts of music or assemblies, and make a very good appearance.” The
+clubs, as well as the assemblies for dancing, were held at the taverns.
+The first club in the colony of New York, of which we have any knowledge,
+was formed at the instance of Governor Lovelace, in the winter of 1668-69,
+composed of ten French and Dutch and six English families, to meet at each
+other’s houses twice a week in winter and once a week in summer, from six
+to nine in the evening. It is said that the Governor was generally present
+and made himself agreeable. This, no doubt, was a select circle, and the
+enjoyment derived consisted of the social pleasures and the good things to
+eat and drink, the beverages being Madeira wine and rum and brandy punch
+served up in silver tankards. Governor Bellomont speaks of the men who
+were opposed to him meeting as a club and of Governor Fletcher’s club
+night, which was Saturday. The club opposed to Bellomont met at the tavern
+of Lieutenant Matthews, which was in the South Ward. In 1734 there was a
+club in New York called the Hum Drum Club, which appears to have been
+honored by the presence of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> Governor on two succeeding Saturdays. As
+we approach the period of the Revolution, we find the number of clubs
+increasing; they were organized with different objects in view. There was
+the purely social club, the political club, the club for the lawyer and
+the club for the physician, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Merchants’ Exchange</i></div>
+
+<p>The growing commercial importance of New York induced the building of a
+new Exchange for merchants in the middle of Broad Street, near the East
+River, which was commenced in 1752, on or near the site of one which had
+stood there since 1690. In June, permission for erecting it was given by
+the city and one hundred pounds appropriated towards its erection. The
+original intention was probably to build it like the old one, which was
+simply an open structure with nothing but roof above; but, in August, the
+corporation resolved that they would at their own expense, build or cause
+to be built a room twelve feet high over the Exchange, for which an
+appropriation was made of twelve hundred pounds (£1,200). A cupola was
+erected on it, but it had no bell until 1769, when one was provided. The
+large room in the upper story was for many years used by societies for
+their annual meetings and elections, for concerts and for dinners and
+entertainments to persons of distinction, and by the Common Council for
+their regular meetings while the City Hall was being repaired. It was
+leased to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> Oliver De Lancey for one year, from February 1, 1754. The next
+year it was let to Keen and Lightfoot, who opened in one end of it a
+coffee-room called the Exchange Coffee Room, which was continued for many
+years. In March, 1756, a show was given here called the microcosm, or the
+world in miniature. In 1756 the partnership of Keen and Lightfoot was
+broken up. Lightfoot continued the coffee room and Keen opened a tavern
+nearby which he called the Fountain Inn. Upon the death of Lightfoot, in
+1757, his widow, Sarah, obtained a renewal of the lease and continued the
+business, but the following year, the rent being raised, it passed into
+the hands of Roper Dawson, and was opened as a mercantile store.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img24.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE ROYAL EXCHANGE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Business at the Merchants’ Coffee House continually increased. It became
+the recognized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> place for public vendues or auctions of real estate,
+merchandise, negroes, horses, or any other article of sale. Several sales
+of vessels, dining the year 1753, were made here, where the inventories
+were posted. In May the sloop, Sea Flower, late commanded by Evert
+Evertson, and one-fourth part of the ship John, Richard Coffee, master,
+were offered for sale; in August the sloop, Catherine; and in September
+one-third part of the ship, Fame, Captain Seymour. When the sloop
+Catharine was offered for sale, notice was given that she could be seen in
+Rotten Row, almost opposite the Merchants’ Coffee House. Rotten Row was a
+place on the East River shore which the extension of the dock to the north
+of Wall Street, and that at Cruger’s Wharf, made into a sort of cove where
+the shipping received some protection. Between these two points the river
+came up to the southeast side of the present Water Street, and the dock
+was known as Hunter’s Keys. The New York <i>Gazette</i> of January 6, 1752,
+stated that the river was then full of ice and that many vessels had been
+detained from sailing, and, “with the rest of our shipping, squeezed into
+Rotten Row for Shelter. It was a happy Turn the Corporation acted with
+that Prudence in not consenting to the Views of a few self-interested
+People, to get the only Place for Shelter of our shipping fill’d up.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1753 Governor Clinton, who had had a long fight with the assembly
+during his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> administration, retired from the office of Governor to a
+sinecure provided for him in England. He had accomplished the object of
+his mission as to his personal interests, and at his recommendation Sir
+Danvers Osborne became his successor.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the 6th of October, 1753, the ship Arundal, Captain Lloyd,
+arrived at Sandy Hook, with Sir Danvers Osborne on board. He came up to
+the city the next day in the ship’s barge, and landed at the Whitehall
+Slip, where he was received by the members of the Council, the Mayor and
+Aldermen, the officers of the militia and most of the principal gentlemen
+of the city. Governor Clinton being at his country seat at Flushing, Long
+Island, Osborne was escorted to the Governor’s house in Fort George, where
+an elegant entertainment was prepared for his reception, when the healths
+of his majesty and of all the members of the royal family were drank, as
+was usual on such occasions. On Monday Governor Clinton came in from his
+country seat and Sir Danvers Osborne was elegantly entertained at a public
+dinner given by the gentlemen of the Council, and on Tuesday the
+corporation voted him the freedom of the city, presented to him in a
+golden box. On Wednesday the commission of Sir Danvers Osborne was first
+published in Council, and while the usual oaths were being taken, the
+corporation, the city representatives, the militia officers, the clergy
+and all the principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> inhabitants assembled in the parade and, together
+with the Council, wailed on his excellency, attended by a company of foot
+and a vast concourse of people, to the City Hall, where his commission was
+a second time published. He then, amidst the shouts and acclamations of
+the people, attended in like manner, returned to the fort, where the usual
+royal healths were drank, the guns in the common and harbor firing, and
+the bells of all the churches of the city ringing. The corporation then
+waited on Sir Danvers with an address, to which he gave a short and
+agreeable reply.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img25.jpg" alt="Danvers Osborn" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the New Governor</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>At the tavern of George Burns, opposite the Long Bridge, a grand dinner
+was ordered by the corporation. A committee had been appointed with
+instructions to invite his majesty’s Council, such members of the Assembly
+as should be in town, the captain of the man-of-war, with such gentlemen
+as came over with the Governor, the treasurer of the colony, the King’s
+attorney, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Penn and Mr. Oliver De Lancey to
+dine with his Excellency, Sir Danvers Osborn, Bart. The committee were,
+besides, instructed to provide for a bonfire on the common near the
+workhouse, and to procure three dozen of wine to be sent to the fire, that
+the City Hall, the Alms-House and the Ferry-House should be illuminated
+and that a half-barrel of cannon-powder be provided to discharge the
+cannon on the Common near the bonfire. The newspapers state that the
+dinner was “an elegant and splendid entertainment. In the evening two and
+forty cannon were discharged in the Common. Two large bonfires were
+erected. Some thousands of the populace crowded the Common and the whole
+town was for several hours most bountifully illuminated.” Notwithstanding
+all this rejoicing, and the enthusiasm with which he was received, the new
+Governor became despondent and, on the morning of Friday, the 12th of
+October, his body was found hanging to the garden fence of Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> Murray, at
+whose house he was staying. He had committed suicide.</p>
+
+<p>From the very fact that the house of George Burns was selected as the
+place for the dinner given to the new Governor, we may very confidently
+conclude that it was considered the best tavern in New York at that time.
+George Burns was the landlord of the King’s Arms, which, until about this
+time, had also been called the Exchange Coffee House. The coffee house of
+this period was generally considered to be more a meeting place for the
+transaction of business than the tavern and until the Merchants’ Coffee
+House was established the Exchange Coffee House had been the resort of
+merchants and the place where business transactions were made and where
+auctions were held for the sale of merchandise of all kinds.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Province Arms</i></div>
+
+<p>Before the year 1754 there had been no one tavern that had stood at the
+head and maintained a leading position for any length of time; but in this
+year Edward Willett, well known in New York as the landlord, at different
+times, of many prominent houses, opened a tavern in the house of James De
+Lancey on Broadway which from this time became the most prominent tavern
+in the city and so continued until after the Revolution, when on the same
+site was built in 1794 the City Hotel, which also for a long time held the
+lead as a public house. Willett moved into it from the Horse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> and Cart and
+described it as “the house of the honorable James De Lancey, Esq.,
+Lieutenant Governor, at the sign of the Province Arms in Broadway, near
+Oswego Market.”</p>
+
+<p>While Willett was keeping the Horse and Cart, on Thursday, October 25,
+1753, the last day of the sitting of the Supreme Court, the justices of
+the court, the attorney-general, and the counsellors and attorneys
+attending the court, marched in a procession from the City Hall to the
+house of the Lieutenant Governor and presented him with an address, after
+which, accompanied by the Lieutenant Governor, they all marched to the
+house of Edward Willett, where a grand dinner was served to them.</p>
+
+<p>The house that Willett opened on Broadway at the Province Arms, or the New
+York Arms, as it was sometimes called, was one of the largest and finest
+in the city, and from the time it was opened as a tavern was patronized by
+the public societies and was the recognized place for giving all public
+entertainments of importance. It had been built by Stephen De Lancey about
+the year 1730 and, subsequently, came into the possession of his son,
+James De Lancey, the Lieutenant Governor. It was two stories high, with
+windows opening to the floor. It stood on the west side of Broadway,
+between the present Thames and Cedar Streets, commanding from its windows
+a beautiful view of the bay, the river and the opposite shores. Somewhat
+retired from the busy parts of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> city, it was a beautiful and agreeable
+spot for a first-class public house. Broadway was becoming the favorite
+promenade. The church walk, in front of Trinity, near by, was the resort
+of the fashion of the town for the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, April 29, 1755, soon after Lieutenant Governor De Lancey had
+returned from a trip to the more southern colonies, where he had been
+received with all the honors due to his official station, and where he had
+met the other governors in consultation as to the situation on the French
+and Indian frontier, Governor William Shirley, of Massachusetts, and
+Governor Robert Hunter Morris, of Pennsylvania, arrived in New York from
+the westward and were welcomed to the city with great formality. On
+landing at Whitehall Slip they were saluted by a discharge of cannon from
+Fort George, and welcomed ashore by Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, members
+of his majesty’s council and many of the principal gentlemen of the city.
+The city militia had been ordered to muster and were drawn up so as to
+line the street as the gentlemen passed on to the fort, where they drank
+his majesty’s and all the loyal healths with success to the
+English-American enterprises. They then proceeded through the lines still
+formed by the militia to the New York Arms, on Broadway. Here a handsome
+entertainment was provided where the healths of his majesty and the royal
+family were repeated with “cheerfulness and alacrity.” The newspaper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+account states that the doors, windows, balconies and the tops of the
+houses were decorated, red cloaks being largely used to brighten the scene
+and give it life and color.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Charter of King’s College</i></div>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, the 7th of May, 1755, the gentlemen who had been appointed
+governors of the College of the Province of New York (afterwards called
+King’s College) met at the house of Edward Willett, at the sign of the New
+York Arms, “when the Deputy Secretary attended with his Majesty’s Royal
+Charter of Incorporation.” Lieutenant Governor De Lancey was pleased to
+order the charter read, and “after addressing himself to the governors in
+a very affectionate, genteel and suitable manner,” delivered to them the
+Charter, and they were qualified to exercise the important trust reposed
+in them by taking the oaths (to the government and that of office), and
+subscribing the declaration as prescribed by the charter. This was the
+birth of King’s College, now Columbia University. The next Tuesday, the
+13th of May, being the day appointed by the charter for the annual meeting
+of the governors, they accordingly met at the New York Arms to proceed
+upon business, and the meetings of the governors of the college continued
+to be held here for many years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>French and Indian War</i></div>
+
+<p>The year 1755 was a sad one in the English colonies. The defeat of
+Braddock filled the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> land with gloom and depression which was only
+partially dispelled by the repulse of the French at Lake George and the
+capture of their commander, Dieskau. New York City was roused to exertion
+and the spirit of the colony rose to occasion. Troops of soldiers were
+passing through to the seat of war, the drumbeat was constantly heard in
+the streets, recruiting offices were opened at the taverns, and the
+prominent citizens met at their usual resorts to discuss the news of war.
+No formal declaration of war had been made by either England or France,
+yet war, in its most distressing forms, was raging on all the frontiers of
+the English colonies.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img26.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THE DRUMBEAT WAS CONSTANTLY HEARD IN THE STREETS”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner at the New York Arms</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>In the midst of this excitement his majesty’s ship, The Sphinx, arrived
+with the new governor, Sir Charles Hardy. About ten o’clock on the morning
+of September 3, 1755, the people of New York heard the booming of cannon
+from The Sphinx, which had arrived the night before and was lying in the
+harbor. Sir Charles was on his way to the city in the ship’s barge and the
+discharge of cannon was in his honor on his leaving the ship. This was
+soon answered from Fort George, when Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, the
+members of the council and the assembly, the mayor and aldermen, the
+clergy and the principal gentlemen of the city, at the Whitehall Stairs,
+welcomed him to the province, and through lines of militia, mustered for
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> occasion, escorted him to the Fort. After going through the usual
+ceremonies he was conducted to the City Hall, where his commission was
+published. He then returned to the Fort to receive the congratulations of
+the officials and the public. The new governor was then conducted to the
+New York Arms, where, by invitation of Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, he
+dined with the council and the assembly, and many other gentlemen, “and
+where repeated Healths of Loyalty, Success to His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> Majesty’s Arms, both in
+Europe and America, Prosperity to the English-American Colonies, a speedy
+Defeat of the French from off the borders, and a total Extinction of their
+very name in America went round with great Unanimity and Dispatch.” The
+newspapers state that “at night the Windows in the city were ornamented
+with lights and two large bonfires were erected on the Common where
+several hampers of good old Madeira (which proved brisker than bottled
+Ale) were given to the Populace and where Sir Charles’ Presence, about
+eight o’clock in the Evening closed the joyful and merry Proceeding.” The
+Sphinx not only brought to the province a new governor but she brought
+also something that was very acceptable and very much needed, good hard
+money to the amount of twenty thousand pounds for the use of the forces in
+America.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img27.jpg" alt="Chas. Hardy" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Assembly Balls</i></div>
+
+<p>While Willett was landlord of the New York Arms, the dancing assemblies,
+which for a great many years were a feature of the life of the city, were
+commenced at this house. These were not new, for meetings for dancing had
+been customary for many years, but no tavern before had been able to
+afford a room so well suited for the purpose. These assemblies were held
+fortnightly on Thursday, during the winter season, and the subscription to
+each meeting was eight shillings. The ball was opened at eight o’clock and
+closed at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> midnight. In 1759 the managers were Messrs. Duane, Walton,
+McEvers and Banyer, names which convey to us the conviction that the
+company was quite select. Notice was given that “Strangers will not be
+admitted unless they apply for tickets before 5 o’clock of every assembly
+night at the Directors Houses.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Reception of Colonel Peter Schuyler</i></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Peter Schuyler, of New Jersey, who was taken prisoner at Oswego,
+had distinguished himself by his generosity to his fellow prisoners in
+Canada and by his kindness and assistance to all of his countrymen in
+distress, making no distinction between Jerseymen and those from other
+provinces, spending money freely, which his captors were willing to supply
+on his personal drafts, knowing him to be wealthy. He had been released at
+Montreal on his parole to return in six months, unless an exchange had in
+the meantime been settled for him. Making his way through the forests to
+Fort Edward and thence to Albany, he arrived in New York on Saturday
+afternoon, November 19, 1757. He had many relatives and friends in the
+city and the people were so sensible of the services which he had rendered
+to the province of New York that, to honor him, the public buildings and
+most of the houses in town were illuminated, a bonfire was made on the
+Common and at the King’s Arms Tavern an elegant entertainment was given in
+celebration of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> return from captivity and there was great rejoicing
+at his safe arrival.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img28.jpg" alt="Peter Schuyler" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Privateers</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>The profitable business of privateering, broken up by the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, was resumed with renewed vigor by the adventurous
+merchants and ship-owners of New York at the commencement of the war. The
+whole coast, from Maine to Georgia, was soon alive with daring,
+adventurous, some among them, no doubt, unscrupulous privateers, who,
+failing of success against the enemy did not hesitate, when a good
+opportunity offered, to plunder the vessels of friendly nations. In 1756
+there were over twenty ships from the port of New York carrying nearly two
+hundred and fifty guns and manned by nearly two thousand men scouring the
+seas, and before January, 1758, they had brought into New York fifty-nine
+prizes, besides those taken into other ports for adjudication. So popular
+was this business that Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, in 1758, complained
+“that men would no longer enlist in the army,” and “that the country was
+drained of many able-bodied men by almost a kind of madness to go
+a-privateering.” The old captains of the previous war again hoisted their
+flags and were joined by many younger men. Alexander McDougal and Isaac
+Sears, whose names became prominent in the history of the city, commanded
+the Tiger and Decoy and Thomas Doran, who kept a tavern at the Fly Market,
+in the fast-sailing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> pilot-boat, Flying Harlequin, with fourteen guns, and
+armed to the teeth, made rapid and successful trips.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Press Gang</i></div>
+
+<p>Much more dreaded than the enemy by the privateersmen were the press gangs
+sent out by the men-of-war. The captain of a British man-of-war did not
+hesitate, when in need of men, to board colonial vessels and take any
+number required or even to kidnap them from the city for service in the
+British navy. The privateersman was pressed with peculiar satisfaction.
+Attempts at impressment resulted in several bloody encounters. In 1760,
+the crew of the Sampson of Bristol, who had fired on the barge of H. M. S.
+Winchester, on attempting to board her, killing a number of men, were
+protected and concealed by the people from the reach of the sheriff and
+the militia ordered to his assistance. On July 10, 1764, four fishermen
+were taken from their vessel in the harbor and carried on board the tender
+of a man-of-war. The next day, when the captain of the tender came on
+shore, his boat was seized by a number of men, and with great shouting
+dragged through the streets to the middle of the green in the Fields,
+where they burned and destroyed her and then quickly dispersed. Meanwhile
+the captain publicly declared that he was not responsible for the seizure
+of the men, and, going into the Coffee House, wrote an order for their
+release. The order was carried on board the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> tender and the fishermen
+brought ashore. The magistrates, as soon as they had notice of the affair,
+sent out men to disperse the mob and secure the boat, but the mischief had
+been done. The court met in the afternoon, but were unable to discover any
+person concerned in the business, and the probability is that there was no
+great effort or desire to do so.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img29.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE PRESS GANG</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sales of Prizes</i></div>
+
+<p>We find continuously in the newspapers issued during the war notices of
+sales of prize<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> ships and cargoes at the taverns, at the Coffee House and
+on the wharves near by. The Merchants’ Coffee House, where the inventories
+were posted, had become the recognized place with the merchants for the
+transaction of all kinds of business, and many sales of ships and prizes
+taken by the privateers were made here. It had become a sort of maritime
+exchange. In 1758 Luke Roome was its landlord, and was also the owner of
+the house, which he offered for sale. It was purchased by Doctor Charles
+Arding, who retained possession of it until 1792, when it was acquired by
+the Tontine Association, who built on it and other contiguous lots the
+Tontine Coffee House. Luke Roome was afterwards assistant alderman and for
+several years leased the docks and slips of the city. How long he was
+landlord of the Merchants’ Coffee House we do not know.</p>
+
+<p>It was customary in colonial times and even a good deal later to build
+market houses in the middle of streets. For a great many years in the
+middle of Wall Street, between Queen Street or Hanover Square and the
+river, had stood the Meal Market. In the course of time, as the building
+grew old, the merchants and those living in the neighborhood came to
+consider it as a nuisance, and in 1762 petitioned the authorities for its
+removal. They say in their petition: “It greatly obstructs the agreeable
+prospect of the East River, which those that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> live in Wall Street would
+otherwise enjoy; and, furthermore, occasions a dirty street, offensive to
+the inhabitants on each side and disagreeable to those who pass to and
+from the coffe-house, a place of great resort.” Garrat Noel, the most
+prominent bookseller in New York, moved his store in 1757 and, in his
+announcements in the newspapers, gives its location as next door to the
+Merchants’ Coffee House, opposite the Meal Market; but, in July, 1762, he
+announces his store as “next door to the Merchants’ Coffee House, near
+where the Meal Market stood.” This is pretty good evidence that it had
+been taken down very soon after the petition was presented for its
+removal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Crown and Thistle</i></div>
+
+<p>Down near the water at Whitehall Slip stood the Crown and Thistle, a
+tavern kept by John Thompson, who preferred the cognomen of Scotch Johnny,
+by which he was familiarly known. Here good dinners were served to
+merchants, travellers and army officers, and here travellers could make
+arrangements for transportation in Captain O’Brien’s stage-boat to Perth
+Amboy on their way to Philadelphia or by boat to Staten Island or
+Elizabethtown Point, which was the route taken by a large majority of
+travellers going south. Those landed on Staten Island passed along on the
+north shore to a point opposite Elizabethtown Point, where they crossed
+the Kills to that place by ferry. Scotch Johnny was not only the landlord
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> Crown and Thistle and lodged and entertained travellers who landed
+near his house or waited there for boats to carry them across the bay, but
+was himself, in 1755, interested in transportation of travellers to Staten
+Island, and the next year to Perth Amboy, on their way to the south. On
+November 30, 1753, the anniversary of St. Andrew was celebrated at the
+Crown and Thistle by the gentlemen of the Scots’ Society, where an elegant
+dinner was provided, the colors being displayed on the ships in the
+harbor, particularly the ship Prince William.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Black Horse</i></div>
+
+<p>All the travel to the north and east went out of the city over Bowery Lane
+to Harlem or King’s Bridge. This was the Boston post road. In 1750, at the
+upper end of Queen Street, near Alderman Benson’s, stood the Black Horse
+Tavern, kept by Jonathan Ogden, “where the Boston post puts up.” This
+tavern in the suburbs was a convenient and suitable place for taking a
+parting glass with friends about to set out on a journey and wishing them
+godspeed, as was then the custom. Ogden and his successor, besides
+furnishing entertainment for travellers and stabling for horses, made it
+their business to supply travellers with horses, chairs, harness, saddles,
+etc., either for short drives on the island or for more extensive trips.
+In 1753, after the death of Ogden, John Halstead became the landlord of
+the Black Horse. At the public vendue of the household goods belonging to
+the estate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> of Ogden, there was offered for sale an article called a
+“Messacipia Table.” We leave it to the reader to conjecture what it was
+for. In 1756 there was a Black Horse Tavern in Fair (Fulton) Street.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img30.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BULL’S HEAD TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Bull’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>Just after entering the Bowery Lane the traveller would come to the Bull’s
+Head Tavern, which in 1755 was kept by George Brewitson. This was the
+great resort and stopping place for the farmers and drovers who brought in
+cattle for the city market and where they were met by the butchers who
+purchased their stock. Thus it was not only a tavern but a sort of market
+for live stock or for the meat supply of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> city and continued such for
+a great many years. The Bull’s Head market survives to the present day,
+only a little further uptown. Three or four miles out was the Union Flag,
+and not far from this was a house which was described as a noted tavern
+where lived John Creiger, four miles from New York and ten miles from
+King’s Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>At the northwest corner of the present 66th Street and Third Avenue stood
+the Dove Tavern. From this point the road continued northward for some
+distance, and then to avoid the swamps and inlets, turned to the westward,
+entering the present bounds of Central Park, and ascended the hill at the
+top of which was a large stone tavern. This had been built by Jacob
+Dyckman, Jr., near the year 1750, who, about ten years after, sold it to
+the Widow McGown, who, with the assistance of her son Andrew, kept the
+house, which became known as McGown’s Pass Tavern. That the old stone
+tavern was a house of generous capacity is evident from its being selected
+as the place for the meeting of the colonial assembly, while the City Hall
+was being repaired, in October and November, 1752. Just a little south, on
+the opposite side of the road, was a tavern, which, shortly before the
+Revolution, was known as the Black Horse. It is thought to have been the
+headquarters of General Cornwallis during the battle of Harlem Heights.
+Dyckman’s or McGown’s Pass Tavern was about half way between New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> and
+King’s Bridge and there was doubtless a natural demand by travellers on
+this part of the road for entertainment, which induced Dyckman to build a
+capacious house. Once a week it received a visit from the post rider going
+out and once a week on his return. It must necessarily have received
+considerable trade from passing travellers, farmers and drovers, for it
+was on the one road which led out of the city, and its capacity to
+entertain attracted many a dinner party of those who followed the hounds,
+for fox-hunting was a sport indulged in by many New Yorkers at that time.</p>
+
+<p>McGown’s Pass was the scene of some activity in the first year of the
+Revolution, and was fortified and occupied by the British troops during
+the whole seven years of the war. Early on the morning of September 15,
+1776, the English ships lying in the East River opened fire for the
+purpose of silencing the American battery at Horn’s Hook and to cover the
+British landing at Kip’s Bay. Washington had a few days previous removed
+his headquarters to the Roger Morris house, from which could be had an
+extensive view to the south, including the East River shores. Warned by
+the bombardment that something important was about to take place,
+Washington, in haste, mounted his horse and dashed down at utmost speed
+over the road past McGown’s to the scene of action. This ride was
+something like that celebrated ride of General Phil Sheridan about ninety
+years later, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> not with similar results. Before he arrived at Murray
+Hill, the British troops had landed, and the Americans were in full
+retreat. Two months later a sad spectacle was witnessed at McGown’s Pass
+as the twenty-eight hundred prisoners taken at the surrender of Fort
+Washington filed down over the hills to New York. Many had been plundered
+by the Hessians, and all of them showed the effects of the desperately
+fought battle through which they had passed. They were on their way to
+years of suffering, many on their way to death in English prisons, which,
+happily for them, they did not then understand.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img31.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE ROGER MORRIS HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Blue Bell</i></div>
+
+<p>On the road about a mile further north after leaving McGown’s there was a
+tavern standing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> near where the present St. Nicholas Avenue crosses 126th
+Street, which, about the time of the Revolution and for many years after,
+was known as Day’s Tavern; and about three miles further was the Blue
+Bell, which, although a small house, seems to have been well known at a
+very early period and to have continued its existence down to quite recent
+times. From the Blue Bell to King’s Bridge was about two and a half miles.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img32.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BLUE BELL TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>King’s Bridge</i></div>
+
+<p>At the most northern point of the island was the only place in its whole
+circumference from which, in early days, the mainland could be reached by
+a ford. It was called the Wading Place. Near this a ferry was established,
+but as early as 1680 the governor’s council ordered “Spiting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> Devil” to be
+viewed for a bridge. Action was delayed. Governor Fletcher in 1692
+recommended its construction by the city, but the city declined on account
+of the expense. In January, 1693, Frederick Flypsen offered to build a
+bridge at his own expense, if he were allowed certain “easy and reasonable
+toles,” and he was accordingly granted the franchise for ninety-nine
+years. A bridge was constructed by him the same year. It was to be
+twenty-four feet wide, with a draw for the passage of such vessels as
+navigated the stream; to be free for the King’s forces and to be named the
+King’s Bridge. This bridge was in possession of some member of the
+Philipse family, descendant of Frederick Flypsen, until the Revolutionary
+War, and was, no doubt, before the free bridge was built, a profitable
+investment. A tavern was opened on the northern side for the entertainment
+of travellers. Madam Sarah Knight, in returning to Boston in December,
+1704, set out with her companions “about one afternoon, and about three
+came to half-way house about ten miles out of town, where we Baited and
+went forward, and about 5 come to Spiting Devil, Else King’s Bridge, where
+they pay three pence for passing over with a horse, which the man that
+keeps the Gate set up at the end of the Bridge receives.” The half-way
+house, spoken of by Madam Knight, stood at the foot of the hill on the
+Kingsbridge Road on a line with the present 109th Street. We find that in
+1746 there was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> public vendue of lots of land at the Half-Way House,
+near Harlem, which was very likely the same place.</p>
+
+<p>On account of the barrier gate and the tolls demanded, the King’s Bridge,
+as travel increased, became unpopular and, in 1756, a project was set on
+foot for building a free bridge by voluntary subscriptions. When
+sufficient had been secured, Benjamin Palmer, who was active in the
+undertaking, began the work of building the bridge a little below the
+first bridge, from the land of Jacob Dyckman, on the island, to that of
+Thomas Vermilve on the Westchester side. Colonel Phillipse, the owner of
+King’s Bridge, tried in every way to prevent its construction. Twice in
+one year he caused Palmer to be impressed “as a soldier to go to Canada,”
+which compelled him to procure and pay for substitutes. Nevertheless, in
+spite of all opposition, the bridge was finished, and the celebration of
+its completion was announced as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“These are to acquaint the public, That to-morrow the Free Bridge, erected
+and built across the Harlem River, will be finished and completed. And on
+the same day there will be a stately Ox roasted whole on the Green, for
+and as a small Entertainment to the Loyal People who come.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Best Taverns</i></div>
+
+<p>The following memoranda from the manuscript diary of Paymaster General
+Mortier, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> the royal navy, indicates the taverns of New York that were
+probably most patronized by the fashionable gentlemen of the day, for the
+few years preceding 1761:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>1758</td>
+    <td>Jan.</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>At the Assembly</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Feb.</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td>Dinner at the Glass House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3.</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Mar.</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Black Sam’s</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">28</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Scotch Johnny’s</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">30</td>
+    <td>Willett’s Assembly</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>June</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>To the Band of Music of the 46th</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td>Dinner at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1759</td>
+    <td>May</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Supper at Farrell’s</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Farrell Wine</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1760</td>
+    <td>Jan.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Towards a ball at King’s Arms</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">0.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Subscription to the Concert</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">12.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Subscription to a ball at Byrnes</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To one week at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Feb.</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>To one week at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">19</td>
+    <td>To one week at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Mar.</td>
+    <td align="right">28</td>
+    <td>Dinner at the Fountain</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Apr.</td>
+    <td align="right">4</td>
+    <td>Supper at Byrnes’</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">the Fountain</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">the Fountain</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>The piece of land, now the block inclosed by Broadway, Fulton, Nassau and
+Ann Streets, or nearly so, was, in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, a public resort, and known as Spring Garden. There was a tavern
+or public house on the premises known as Spring Garden House, standing on
+the site of the present St. Paul’s Building, corner of Broadway and Ann
+Street, which in 1739 was occupied by Thomas Scurlock, who may have been
+in possession of it for some time. In an administration bond given by him
+in 1718 he is styled <i>vintner</i>. Spring Garden House appears to have been a
+well-known landmark, used as such in records and in the newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Thomas Scurlock in 1747 the tavern was kept for some
+years by his widow, Eve. When the house was advertised for sale in 1759 it
+was described as “in Broadway at the corner of Spring Garden, now in use
+as a tavern, Sign of the King of Prussia, and next door to Dr. Johnson’s”
+(President of King’s College). In 1763 the landlord of the house was John
+Elkin. After about 1770 we hear no more of it as a tavern.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Tavern Signs</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Comforts of a Good Inn</i></div>
+
+<p>Samuel Johnson, born in 1709, was in his prime about the middle of the
+eighteen the century. His description of the advantages afforded by a good
+inn has not yet been surpassed. Here it is:</p>
+
+<p>“There is no private house in which people can enjoy themselves so well as
+at a capital tavern. Let there be ever so great plenty of good things,
+ever so much grandeur, ever so much elegance, ever so much desire that
+everybody should be easy, in the nature of things it cannot be; there must
+always be some degree of care and anxiety. The master of the house is
+anxious to entertain his guests; the guests are anxious to be agreeable to
+him; and no man, but a very impudent dog indeed, can freely command what
+is in another man’s house as if it were his own. Whereas, at a tavern
+there is general freedom from anxiety. You are sure you are welcome, and
+the more noise you make, the more trouble you give, the more good things
+you call for, the welcomer you are. No servant will attend you with the
+alacrity which waiters do, who are incited by the prospect of an immediate
+reward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> in proportion as they please. No sir, there is nothing which has
+yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a
+good inn.”</p>
+
+<p>Another writer, whose name is unrecorded or lost in the sweep of time, has
+said that the tavern “is the busy man’s recreation, the idle man’s
+business, the melancholy man’s sanctuary, the stranger’s welcome.”</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Johnson, if in New York, would not have found at any tavern such
+congenial companions as at the Turk’s Head, in Soho. New York did not have
+an Oliver Goldsmith, nor a Sir Joshua Reynolds, nor an Edmund Burke,
+nor&mdash;but Boswell would have been with him. Barring the companionship of
+such men he could have been made as comfortable at the Queen’s Head in
+Dock Street as at his familiar tavern in London. He could have taken his
+cup of tea, his favorite drink, in one of the boxes of the Merchants’
+Coffee House and then strolled into Garrat Noel’s bookstore next door
+where he could have found food for his mind after his corporeal needs had
+been supplied. Here was literature of the solid sort, as Noel’s
+announcements in the newspapers inform us, and Dr. Johnson might have
+easily imagined himself in the bookstore of Tom Davies&mdash;one of his
+familiar haunts.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Landlord</i></div>
+
+<p>The accomplished tavern-keeper of New York, as well as of London, knew how
+to welcome his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> guest and from long experience instinctively knew how to
+reach his heart. After receiving him with the most unbounded cordiality,
+occasionally dropping him a piece of news which he knew would interest
+him, or one of his newest jokes, he soon made him feel glad to be in his
+house. When the dinner was ready he was on hand to place the first dish on
+the table and to give him his company if he saw that it was desirable.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img33.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE OLD TIME LANDLORD</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>In colonial times signs were extensively used. The hardware dealer placed
+above his door a sign of Crossed Daggers, or a Golden Handsaw, or a Golden
+Key; some used the sign of the Crossed Guns. A carriage-maker used the
+sign of the Gilded Wheel, a tailor that of the Hand and Shears. Thus the
+business streets were filled with signs, and a well-known or prominent
+sign was invariably used as a landmark to designate locations of other
+houses. Tavern signs were much used in this way. Houses were not numbered,
+and in the low state of education, numbers as well as worded signs would
+have been of little use. Taverns obtained their names from the signs hung
+out; and the tavern sign had a wider range of diversity than that of any
+other business. It was almost unlimited; but there were certain favorites.
+Sometimes tavern-keepers clung tenaciously to signs which they carried
+with them from place to place&mdash;and the tavern-keeper of colonial times
+appears to have been a roving character.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img34.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“HARD DRINKING PREVAILED”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Hard Drinking Prevailed</i></div>
+
+<p>Some features of tavern life and some of the taverns of New York were not
+to be commended. The eighteenth century was a period when hard drinking
+pervaded not only the American colonies but England as well. Even
+preachers of the Gospel drank to excess. They were known to indulge at
+church<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> meetings so as to lose control of both speech and gait. Unable to
+withstand the alluring temptations, they drank to excess without
+forfeiting the respect of their people. The Reverend Jacob G. Green, of
+Morris County, New Jersey, although so pious that he would not allow any
+member of his family to converse on any but religious subjects on a
+Sunday, did not hesitate to engage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> in the business of manufacturing
+distilled liquor. At funerals, as well as at weddings, wine and rum were
+consumed in excessive quantities, and it is a fact that persons were known
+to stagger in the funeral procession and at the brink of the grave. At the
+funeral of a colonial governor it is said that the minister’s nose glowed
+like a coal of fire, and the aged bearers staggered as they bore the
+coffin. The Reverend Samuel Melyen, pastor of the First Church of
+Elizabethtown, was obliged to give up his church on account of
+intemperance; but this did not seem to the people to be a warning example,
+for when his successor, Jonathan Dickinson, a young man of twenty-one, was
+installed, we are told that “great quantities of toddy was consumed.” When
+Philip Livingston died in 1749, funerals were held both at his Hudson
+River mansion and at his residence in Broad Street, New York. At each of
+these places a pipe of spiced rum was consumed, and to the eight bearers
+were given gloves, mourning rings, scarfs, handkerchiefs and monkey
+spoons. When intemperance was looked upon with such indulgence it is
+hardly to be expected that the young and gay men of the period would
+exercise much restraint; and many a convivial party at the tavern ended in
+a drinking bout, and sometimes in a riot of drunkenness and debauchery. A
+man in the condition which we of the present day would think quite drunk,
+and a proper subject for the care of his friends or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> relatives, was at
+that time considered to have taken only a proper modicum of drink. No man
+was looked upon as drunk until he was entirely down and out. The
+prevailing formula was:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Not drunk is he who from the floor<br />
+Can rise again and still drink more,<br />
+But drunk is he who prostrate lies,<br />
+Without the power to drink or rise.”</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img35.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">GOOD OLD MADEIRA</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In New England rum was so extensively made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> that the price became as low
+as twenty-five cents per gallon. It was popularly called “Kill-devil.” In
+New Jersey large quantities of apple-jack were turned out, which, when
+new, was quite fiery, and this was called “Jersey lightning.” Servants
+were not expected to be entirely free from the drinking habit, which,
+within certain bounds, was looked upon by their employers as pardonable.
+Announcement was made in the New York <i>Gazette</i> and <i>Weekly Mercury</i> of
+December 4, 1769, that</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">“An Hostler</p>
+
+<p>That gets drunk no more than 12 times in a year and will bring with
+him a good Recommendation, is wanted. Such person will meet with
+encouragement by applying to H. Gaine.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sports and Amusements</i></div>
+
+<p>In the middle of the eighteenth century we find that New Yorkers were fond
+of all kinds of sports and all kinds of amusements that were available.
+The city was making rapid strides in increase of wealth and population.
+Many of her wealthy merchants had built large and handsome houses and
+there was more gaiety and desire for entertainment among her people. For
+balls, banquets, social clubs and exhibition of all sorts, each tavern of
+importance had, if possible, its “long room.” There was no other provision
+or place for public assemblage. Some had delightful gardens attached to
+them, which, in summer evenings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> were illuminated and sometimes the
+guests were entertained with music. Boating and fishing were largely
+indulged in and people of means who lived on the waterside had pleasure
+boats. In 1752 John Watson was keeping the Ferry House on Staten Island.
+In December of that year “a Whale 45 feet in length ran ashore at Van
+Buskirk’s Point at the entrance of the Kills from our Bay, where, being
+discovered by People from Staten Island, a number of them went off and
+Killed him.” Mr. Watson states in an advertisement in the New York
+<i>Gazette</i> of December 11, 1752, that this whale may be seen at his house,
+and doubtless this announcement may have induced many to make the trip
+across the bay to see the whale and add to the profits of John Watson’s
+tavern.</p>
+
+<p>The Reverend Mr. Burnaby, who visited the city about 1748, says: “The
+amusements are balls and sleighing expeditions in the winter, and in the
+summer going in parties upon the water and fishing, or making excursions
+into the country. There are several houses, pleasantly situated up the
+East River, near New York, where it is common to have turtle feasts. These
+happen once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies, meet
+and dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish and amuse themselves
+till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises (the fashionable
+carriage in this and most parts of America), a gentleman and lady in each
+chaise.” These trips up the East<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> River were made to Turtle Bay. One of
+the houses there about this time, or a little later, was well known as the
+Union Flag, situated on the post road. A lot of about 22 acres of land was
+attached to the tavern, extending to the river, on which was a good wharf
+and landing. Deep drinking and gambling were prevalent among the men,
+although tavern-keepers were forbidden by law from permitting gambling in
+their houses. Cock-fighting was a popular sport. At the sign of the
+Fighting Cocks&mdash;an appropriate sign&mdash;in Dock Street, “very good cocks”
+could be had, or at the Dog’s Head in the Porridge Pot. Steel and silver
+spurs could be purchased in the stores. The loser of a broad cloth coat
+advertises in the newspaper that it was lost on a cockfighting night
+(supposed taken by mistake).</p>
+
+<p>The Common was a place where outdoor games were played in the daytime and
+bonfires built at night on festive occasions. On Monday, April 29, 1751, a
+great match at cricket was played here for a considerable wager by eleven
+Londoners against eleven New Yorkers. The newspaper account states that
+“The Game was play’d according to the London Method; and those who got
+most Notches in two Hands, to be the Winners:&mdash;The New Yorkers went in
+first and got 81; Then the Londoners went in and got but 43; Then the New
+Yorkers went in again and got 86; and the Londoners finished the Game with
+getting only 37 more.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>The game of bowls seems to have been quite popular in the early part of
+the eighteenth century. It was played upon a smooth, level piece of turf
+from forty to sixty feet square, surrounded by a ditch about six inches
+deep. At the further end of the ground was placed a white ball called the
+jack and the bowlers endeavored, with balls from six to eight inches in
+diameter that were not exactly round but weighted on one side so as to
+roll in a curve, to make their balls lie as near to the jack as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Back-gammon was an evening game at the taverns and at the coffee-house. In
+1734 a partisan of the governor’s party, under the nom de plume of Peter
+Scheme wrote in reply to an article in Zenger’s Journal: “I also frequent
+the Coffee House, to take a hitt at Back-Gammon, when I have an
+opportunity of hearing the curious sentiments of the Courtiers (since he
+is pleased to call the Gentlemen who frequent that place so) concerning
+his Journal.” It is apparent that the popularity of the game continued for
+many years, for Alexander Mackraby, in a letter dated June 13, 1768, says:
+“They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to the city: I mean
+that of playing at back-gammon (a noise I detest), which is going forward
+at the public coffee-houses from morning till night, frequently a dozen
+tables at a time.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Horse-Racing</i></div>
+
+<p>From the very beginning of English rule in New York, horse-racing seems to
+have been a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> fashionable sport among people of means. It has been stated
+how Governor Nicolls established a race-course on Hempstead Plains, and
+since that time interest in the sport had been kept up, increasing as the
+population and wealth of the city increased. Races were held yearly on the
+Hempstead course and it is more than likely that a course was soon
+established on Manhattan Island. In 1733 we find an announcement in a New
+York newspaper that a race would be run on the 8th of October on the
+course at New York for a purse of upwards of four pounds by any horse,
+mare or gelding carrying twelve stone and paying five shillings entrance,
+the entrance money to go to the second horse if not distanced. There is no
+mention made of the location of the course, but a notice that horses that
+have won plate here are excepted indicates that it was probably a yearly
+event. Three years later we find that a subscription plate of twenty
+pounds’ value was to be run for on the course at New York on the 13th of
+October “by any horse, mare or gelding carrying ten stone (saddle and
+bridle included), the best of three heats, two miles each heat. Horses
+intended to Run for this Plate are to be entered the Day before the Race
+with Francis Child on Fresh Water Hill, paying a half Pistole each, or at
+the Post on the Day of Running, paying a Pistole.” This course on Fresh
+Water Hill had probably been established for some time and its location
+was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> very likely near the present Chatham Square. In 1742 there was a
+race-course on the Church Farm in charge of Adam Vandenberg, the lessee of
+the farm, who was landlord of the Drovers’ Tavern, which stood on or near
+the site of the present Astor House.</p>
+
+<p>In seeking information from the newspapers of the day in regard to
+horse-racing, we find very little, if any, in the news columns; but more
+is to be found among the advertisements. Thus, in January, 1743-4, it is
+announced that a race would be run on the first day of March “between a
+Mare called Ragged Kate, belonging to Mr. Peter De Lancey, and a Horse
+called Monk, belonging to the Hon. William Montagu, Esq., for £200.” It is
+not stated where this race was to take place, but, in all probability, it
+was run either on the Fresh Water Hill course or on the Church Farm. It
+was for an unusually large wager, and, no doubt, attracted a great deal of
+attention. From about this date we hear no more of the race-course on
+Fresh Water Hill. It may have been disturbed by the line of palisades
+which was built across the island during the war with France, crossing the
+hill between the present Duane and Pearl Streets, at which point was a
+large gateway.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1747, it was announced in the newspapers that a purse of not
+less than ten pistoles would be run for on the Church Farm on the 11th of
+October, two mile heats, horses that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> had won plate on the island and a
+horse called Parrot excepted, the entrance money to be run for by any of
+the horses entered, except the winner and those distanced. We have every
+reason to suppose that the races were at this period a yearly event on the
+Church Farm, taking place in October. In 1750 it was announced in the New
+York <i>Gazette</i> in August and September that “on the Eleventh of October
+next, the New York Subscription Plate of Twenty Pounds’ Value, will be Run
+for by any Horse, Mare or Gelding that never won a Plate before on this
+Island, carrying Ten Stone Weight, Saddle and Bridle included, the best in
+three Heats, two miles in each Heat,” etc. A few days after the race the
+New York <i>Gazette</i> announced that on “Thursday last the New York
+Subscription Plate was run for at the Church Farm by five Horses and won
+by a horse belonging to Mr. Lewis Morris, Jun.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img36.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">A RACING TROPHY</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>The next year similar announcements were made of the race, the difference
+being that the horses eligible must have been bred in America and that
+they should carry eight stone weight. The date is the same as that of the
+previous year, October 11. We find no record of this race in the
+newspapers, but the illustration which is given of the trophy won is
+sufficient to indicate the result. Lewis Morris, Jr., appears to have
+carried off the prize a second time. The plate was a silver bowl ten
+inches in diameter and four and one-half inches high, and the winner was a
+horse called Old Tenor. The bowl, represented in the cut, is in the
+possession of Dr. Lewis Morris, U. S. N., a lineal descendant of Lewis
+Morris, the signer of the Declaration of Independence and the owner of Old
+Tenor. The name of the horse was doubtless suggested by certain bills of
+credit then in circulation in New York. In an advertisement of two
+dwelling houses on the Church Farm for sale in April, 1755, notice is
+given that “Old Tenor will be taken in payment.”</p>
+
+<p>The great course was on Hempstead Plains. On Friday, June 1, 1750, there
+was a great race here for a considerable wager, which attracted such
+attention that on Thursday, the day before the race, upward of seventy
+chairs and chaises were carried over the Long Island Ferry, besides a far
+greater number of horses, on their way out, and it is stated that the
+number of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> horses on the plains at the race far exceeded a thousand.</p>
+
+<p>In 1753 we find that the subscription plate, which had become a regular
+event, was run for at Greenwich, on the estate of Sir Peter Warren. Land
+about this time was being taken up on the Church Farm for building
+purposes, and this may have been the reason for the change. In 1754 there
+was a course on the Church Farm in the neighborhood of the present Warren
+Street. An account of a trial of speed and endurance was given on April
+29, 1754. “Tuesday morning last, a considerable sum was depending between
+a number of gentlemen in this city on a horse starting from one of the
+gates of the city to go to Kingsbridge and back again, being fourteen
+miles (each way) in two hours’ time; which he performed with one rider in
+1 hr. and 46 min.” The owner of this horse was Oliver De Lancey, one of
+the most enthusiastic sportsmen of that period. Members of the families of
+DeLancey and Morris were the most prominent owners of race horses. Other
+owners and breeders were General Monckton, Anthony Rutgers, Michael
+Kearney, Lord Sterling, Timothy Cornell and Roper Dawson. General
+Monckton, who lived for a time at the country seat called “Richmond,”
+owned a fine horse called Smoaker, with which John Leary, one of the best
+known horsemen of the day, won a silver bowl, which he refused to
+surrender to John Watts, the general’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> friend, even under threat of legal
+process. Several years later he was still holding it.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1763, A. W. Waters, of Long Island, issued a challenge to all
+America. He says: “Since English Horses have been imported into New York,
+it is the Opinion of some People that they can outrun The True Britton,”
+and he offered to race the latter against any horse that could be produced
+in America for three hundred pounds or more. This challenge does not seem
+to have been taken up until 1765, when the most celebrated race of the
+period was run on the Philadelphia course for stakes of one thousand
+pounds. Samuel Galloway, of Maryland, with his horse, Selim, carried off
+the honors and the purse.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the course on Hempstead Plains, well known through all the
+colonies as well as in England, there was another on Long Island, around
+Beaver Pond, near Jamaica. A subscription plate was run for on this course
+in 1757, which was won by American Childers, belonging to Lewis Morris,
+Jr. There were also courses at Paulus Hook, Perth Amboy, Elizabethtown and
+Morristown, New Jersey, which were all thronged by the sporting gentry of
+New York City. James De Lancey, with his imported horse, Lath, in October,
+1769, won the one hundred pound race on the Centre course at Philadelphia.
+The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York men interested
+in horse-racing who had never met before, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> the few years
+intervening before the Revolution there sprang up a great rivalry between
+the northern and southern colonies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bull Baiting</i></div>
+
+<p>The men of New York enjoyed rugged and cruel sports such as would not be
+tolerated at the present time. Among these were bear-baiting and
+bull-baiting. Bear-baiting became rare as the animals disappeared from the
+neighborhood and became scarce. Bulls were baited on Bayard’s Hill and on
+the Bowery. A bull was baited in 1763 at the tavern in the Bowery Lane
+known as the sign of the De Lancey Arms. John Cornell, near St. George’s
+Ferry, Long Island, gave notice in 1774 that there would be a bull baited
+on Tower Hill at three o’clock every Thursday afternoon during the season.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img37.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BULL BAITING, FROM AN OLD ADVERTISEMENT</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bowling</i></div>
+
+<p>The taverns in the suburbs could, in many cases, have large grounds
+attached to the houses and they took advantage of this to make them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+attractive. From the very earliest period of the city there were places
+near by which were resorted to for pleasure and recreation. One of the
+earliest of these was the Cherry Garden. It was situated on the highest
+part of the road which led to the north&mdash;a continuation of the road which
+led to the ferry in the time of the Dutch&mdash;at the present junction of
+Pearl and Cherry Streets, and was originally the property of Egbert Van
+Borsum, the ferryman of New Amsterdam, who gave the sea captains such a
+magnificent dinner. In 1672 the seven acres of this property were
+purchased by Captain Delaval for the sum of one hundred and sixty-one
+guilders in beavers, and, after passing through several hands, became the
+property of Richard Sacket, who had settled in the neighborhood, and
+established himself as a maltster. On the land had been planted an orchard
+of cherry trees, which, after attaining moderate dimensions, attracted
+great attention. To turn this to account, a house of entertainment was
+erected and the place was turned into a pleasure resort known as the
+Cherry Garden. There were tables and seats under the trees, and a bowling
+green and other means of diversion attached to the premises. It had seen
+its best days before the end of the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img38.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BOWLING GREEN, FROM LYNE’S MAP</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On the borders of the Common, now the City Hall Park, was the Vineyard,
+which is said to have been a popular place of recreation and near the
+junction of what are now Greenwich and Warren Streets was the Bowling
+Green Garden, established there soon after the opening of the eighteenth
+century. It was on a part of the Church Farm, quite out of town, for there
+were no streets then laid out above Crown, now Liberty Street, on the west
+side of the town and none above Frankfort on the east. In 1735 the house
+of the Bowling Green Garden was occupied by John Miller, who was offering
+garden seeds of several sorts for sale. On March 29, 1738, it took fire
+and in a few minutes was completely consumed, Miller, who was then living
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> it, saving himself with difficulty. A new house was erected and the
+place continued to attract visitors. There does not appear to have been
+any public road leading to it, but it was not a long walk or ride from the
+town and was finely situated on a hill near the river. In November, 1759,
+when it was occupied by John Marshall, the militia company of grenadiers
+met here to celebrate the king’s birthday, when they roasted an ox and ate
+and drank loyally. Marshall solicited the patronage of ladies and
+gentlemen and proposed to open his house for breakfasting every morning
+during the season. He describes it as “handsomely situated on the North
+River at the place known by the name of the Old Bowling Green but now
+called Mount Pleasant.” Some years later it became known as Vauxhall.</p>
+
+<p>Bowling must have had some attraction for the people of New York, for in
+March, 1732-3, the corporation resolved to “lease a piece of land lying at
+the lower end of Broadway fronting the Fort to some of the inhabitants of
+the said Broadway in Order to be Inclosed to make a Bowling Green thereof,
+with Walks therein, for the Beauty &amp; Ornament of the Said Street, as well
+as for the Recreation and Delight of the Inhabitants of this City.” In
+October, 1734, it was accordingly leased to Frederick Phillipse, John
+Chambers and John Roosevelt for ten years, for a bowling-green only, at
+the yearly rental of one pepper-corn. In 1742 the lease was renewed for
+eleven years; to commence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> from the expiration of the first lease, at a
+rental of twenty shillings per annum. In January, 1745, proposals were
+requested for laying it with turf and rendering it fit for bowling, which
+shows that it was then being used for that purpose. It was known as the
+New or Royal Bowlling Green and the one on the Church Farm as the Old
+Bowling Green.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Glass House</i></div>
+
+<p>Some time about 1754, an attempt was made in New York to make glass
+bottles and other glass ware. Thomas Leppers, who had been a
+tavern-keeper, was storekeeper for the Glass House Company, and advertised
+all sorts of bottles and a variety of glassware “too tedious to mention,
+at reasonable rates.” He stated that gentlemen who wished bottles of any
+size with their names on them, “could be supplied with all expedition.” A
+few years later, 1758, notice was given by Matthias Ernest that the
+newly-erected Glass House at New Foundland, within four miles of the city,
+was at work and ready to supply bottles, flasks and any sort of glassware.
+Newfoundland was the name of a farm of about thirty-three acres, four
+miles from the city on the North River, extending from the present
+Thirty-fifth Street northward, on which this glass house had been erected.
+It is not unlikely that the Glass House was visited by many persons,
+either on business or from curiosity, and that they were there entertained
+by the owner or manager of the property; at any rate, it seems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> to have
+acquired a reputation for good dinners. Paymaster General Mortier notes in
+his diary a dinner at the Glass House on February 18, 1758, which cost him
+3s. 6d. The manufacture of glass was not successful, but the place became
+a well-known suburban resort, where good dinners were served to visitors
+from the city. In 1764 the Glass House was kept by Edward Agar, who, in
+addition to serving dinners, could furnish apartments to ladies or
+gentlemen who wished to reside in the country for the benefit of their
+health. In 1768 it was kept by John Taylor, and it was evidently then a
+popular resort, for a stage wagon was advertised to run out to it every
+day, leaving Mr. Vandenberg’s, where the Astor House now stands, at three
+o’clock in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The King’s Arms</span></p>
+
+
+<p>George Burns, as has been stated, was in 1753 keeping one of the best
+taverns in New York. Soon after this he left the city and took charge of
+the tavern at Trenton Ferry, which was on the great post road between New
+York and Philadelphia, over which flowed almost all travel between the two
+cities and to the south. The prospects must have been very enticing.
+Whether they were realized or not, Burns soon became anxious to make a
+change and, returning to New York, became the landlord of a tavern in Wall
+Street near Broadway, opposite the Presbyterian church, which was known as
+the Sign of Admiral Warren. Here he remained until June, 1758, when Scotch
+Johnny, retiring from the tavern near the Whitehall Slip, known as the
+Crown and Thistle, he moved into his house. The house of Scotch Johnny had
+been the meeting place for the St. Andrew’s Society while it was kept by
+him and it so continued to be after Burns became landlord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>King’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>Burns retained for a time the old sign of the Crown and Thistle, but some
+time about the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> middle of the year 1760, took it down and hung out in its
+stead the sign of King George’s Head, and the tavern became known as the
+King’s Head. It continued to be the meeting place of the Scots’ Society.
+They held their anniversary meeting here on St. Andrew’s Day, Monday,
+November 30, 1761, and elected the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander,
+president of the society. The members of the society dined together as
+usual and in the evening a splendid ball and entertainment was given,
+which was attended by the principal ladies and gentlemen in the town. It
+was a grand and notable ball. The newspapers state that “The Company was
+very numerous, everything was conducted with the greatest regularity and
+decorum and the whole made a most brilliant and elegant appearance.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img39.jpg" alt="Stirling" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>In the latter part of the year 1761 the army was coming down from the
+north, there was a large camp of soldiers on Staten Island and New York
+City was full of officers. Burns’ house, the King’s Head, became the
+headquarters of the Scotch officers of the army when they were in the city
+and their favorite place of rendezvous. The effects of several of the
+Royal Highland officers, who had died, were sold at public vendue at
+Burns’ Long Room in November, 1762. There must have been many articles to
+be disposed of, for the sale was to be continued from day to day until all
+were sold. The effects of Lieutenant Neal, late of the 22d Regiment,
+consisting of wearing apparel, etc., etc., etc., etc., were sold at public
+vendue at the same place in December.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Arms</i></div>
+
+<p>We have been unable to find any record to establish the fact or even a
+hint to justify a deduction that there ever was at any time in the
+colonial period any house known as Burns’ Coffee House. We believe this to
+be entirely a modern creation. The house described and illustrated in
+Valentine’s Corporation Manual of 1865 as Burns’ Coffee House, or the
+King’s Arms Tavern, although the statements concerning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> it have been
+accepted by many writers, was never occupied by Burns; and the story of
+this house, as related in the Corporation Manual of 1854, is simply a
+strong draft on the imagination of the writer. The tavern which hung out
+the sign of the King’s Arms, on the corner of Broad and Dock Streets, had
+been also known as the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen’s Coffee
+House, but when Burns moved into it in 1751, he dropped the name Coffee
+House and called it simply the King’s Arms. Mrs. Sarah Steel, in 1763,
+carried the sign to Broadway, as appears by the following announcement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Mrs. Steel Takes this Method to acquaint her Friends and Customers,
+That the King’s Arms Tavern, which she formerly kept opposite the
+Exchange she hath now removed into Broadway (the lower end, opposite
+the Fort), a more commodious house, where she will not only have it in
+her power to accommodate Gentlemen with Conveniences requisite to a
+Tavern, but also with genteel lodging Apartments, which she doubts not
+will give Satisfaction to every One who will be pleased to give her
+that Honour.”</p></div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Steel, in February, 1767, advertised that the Broadway house was for
+sale and that the furniture, liquors, etc., would be sold whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> the
+house were sold or not. A few months previous to this announcement, Edward
+Bardin, probably anticipating the retirement of Mrs. Steel from business,
+had acquired the sign, which we presume was a favorite one, and had hung
+it out at his house on upper Broadway, opposite the Common. The writer of
+the article in the Corporation Manual gives the following advertisement,
+which appears in Parker’s Post Boy of May 27, 1762, as evidence that Burns
+occupied the house before Mrs. Steel moved into it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, Lovers and
+Encouragers of Musick, That this day will be opened by Messrs. Leonard
+&amp; Dienval, Musick Masters of this city, at Mr. Burnes Room, near the
+Battery, a public and weekly Concert of Musick. Tickets four
+Shillings. N. B. The Concert is to begin exactly at 8 o’clock, and end
+at ten, on account of the coolness of the evening. No Body will be
+admitted without tickets, nor no mony will be taken at the door.”</p></div>
+
+<p>This concert did not take place in the house on Broadway, but in the house
+of George Burns, the King’s Head near the Battery. Burns had succeeded
+Scotch Johnny, and had in his house a long room where societies met and
+where concerts and dinners were given on special occasions. “Burns’ Long
+Room” was well known at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> that time. The following appeared in the New York
+<i>Journal</i> of April 7, 1768:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“To be let, from the 1st of May next, with or without Furniture, as
+may suit the tenant, the large corner house wherein Mrs. Steel lately
+kept the King’s Arms Tavern, near the Fort now in the possession of
+Col. Gabbet.”</p></div>
+
+<p>The next year Col. Gabbet, having moved out, was living next door to the
+house of John Watts, who lived in Pearl Street near Moore. In 1770 Edward
+Bardin announced that he had taken “the large, commodious house known by
+the name of the King’s Arms, near Whitehall, long kept by Mrs. Steel,
+which he will again open as a tavern.” George Burns succeeded Bardin and
+kept the house for a short time in 1771.</p>
+
+<p>Before the Revolutionary War there was no Whitehall Street. What is now
+Whitehall Street was known as Broadway. There is no doubt about this. In a
+list of retailers of spirituous liquors in the city of New York in April,
+1776, we find one on Broadway near Pearl Street, one on Broadway near the
+Lower Barracks, another on Broadway opposite the Fort and two others on
+Broadway near the Breastworks. These were all on the present Whitehall
+Street. In Mrs. Steel’s announcement she states that the King’s Arms
+Tavern was on Broadway (the lower end opposite the Fort),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> that is, on the
+present Whitehall Street. As the house was on a corner, its location was
+probably the corner of the present Bridge and Whitehall Streets. If there
+were left any doubt about this, it should be thoroughly dissipated by the
+advertisement, December 30, 1765, of Hetty Hayes, who made and sold
+pickles in her home, which she states was on Wynkoop (now Bridge) Street,
+near the King’s Arms Tavern. Notwithstanding the many statements to the
+contrary, no house known as the King’s Arms Tavern or Burns’ Coffee House
+ever stood on the west side of Broadway opposite the Bowling Green.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img40.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">HOUSE BUILT BY CORNELIS STEENWYCK</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Some time after the middle of the seventeenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> century Cornelis Steenwyck
+built a fine house on the southeast corner of the present Whitehall and
+Bridge Streets, and it was here no doubt, the grand dinner was given to
+Governor Nicolls on his departure from the province. In an inventory of
+Steenwyck’s estate in 1686 the house was valued at seven hundred pounds.
+This indicates that it was a large, and for that time, a very valuable
+dwelling. In the illustration copied from Valentine’s Corporation Manual
+of 1864, there is a sign attached to the house. We do not know the source
+from which this illustration was obtained, but the sign we presume to be a
+tavern sign, and we are inclined to think, for various reasons, that this
+house was for many years used as a tavern and that for a time subsequent
+to 1763, it was the King’s Arms. It was probably destroyed in the great
+fire of 1776.</p>
+
+<p>About this time a man made his appearance as a tavern-keeper whose name,
+although he was not a hero or a great man, has come down to us, and will
+go down to many future generations in connection with the revolutionary
+history of the city. Samuel Francis was a tavern-keeper without a peer,
+and when the time came to decide, struck for liberty and independence,
+abandoned his property and stuck to his colors like a true patriot. He
+came to New York from the West Indies. Although from the darkness of his
+complexion commonly called Black Sam, he was of French descent.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to 1750 Broadway did not extend to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> the north beyond the present
+Vesey Street. There was a road, however, following the line of the present
+Broadway, known as the road to Rutger’s Farm, the residence of Anthony
+Rutger standing near the corner of the present Broadway and Thomas Street.
+Just subsequent to the year 1750 Trinity Church laid out streets through a
+portion of the Church Farm and leased lots on this road, on which houses
+were built. The first of these, as far as we can ascertain, were built by
+Bell and Brookman, in 1752, on lots just south of the present Murray
+Street, fronting on the Common, which was then an open field without fence
+of any kind. In 1760, Mr. Marschalk, one of the city surveyors, presented
+to the board of aldermen the draft or plan of a road which he had lately
+laid out, “beginning at the Spring Garden House and extending from thence
+north until it comes to the ground of the late widow Rutgers,” which was
+approved by the board and ordered to be recorded. Other houses were built
+on the Church Farm, and a few years later we find one of these, situated
+on the north side of Murray Street, fronting the Common, was being used as
+a tavern or mead house, and occupied by San Francis. In 1761 he advertised
+sweatmeats, pickles, portable soups, etc., at the Mason’s Arms, near the
+Green in the upper part of the Broadway near the Alms House. He was in New
+York in 1758, and his house at that time was patronized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> by those who
+frequented only the best taverns in the city.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The DeLancey House</i></div>
+
+<p>The house with which his name is indissoluably connected, the DeLancey
+House, on the corner of the present Broad and Pearl Streets was purchased
+by him in 1762. It was quite a large house and very well suited for a
+tavern, where it was intended that public entertainments should be given,
+as it had a long room that could hardly be surpassed. The lot on which the
+house stood was given by Stephen Van Cortlandt to his son-in-law, Stephen
+DeLancey, in 1700, and it is said that in 1719 Stephen DeLancey built the
+house on it which is still standing.</p>
+
+<p>It was a handsome and conspicuous house for the period, but in the course
+of time DeLancey wished a change of location for his home. When he ceased
+to occupy it as a residence we do not know, probably on the completion of
+his new house on Broadway, which is said to have been built in 1730. Not
+long after this we find that it was being used for public purposes. In
+1737, Henry Holt, the dancing master, announced that a ball would be given
+at the house of Mr. DeLancey, next door to Mr. Todd’s, and in February,
+1739, there was given in Holt’s Long Room “the new Pantomine
+Entertainment, in Grotesque Characters, called <i>The Adventures of
+Harlequin and Scaramouch</i>, or the Spaniard Trick’d. To which will be added
+<i>An Optick</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> wherein will be Represented, in Perspective, several of the
+most noted Cities and Remarkable Places in Europe and America, with a New
+Prologue and Epilogue address’d to the Town.” The tickets were sold at
+five shillings each. This clearly shows that the long room, probably just
+as we can see it today, was then used for public entertainments.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img41.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE DELANCEY HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Queen’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>The house was again used as a residence. Colonel Joseph Robinson was
+living in it in January, 1759, when it was offered for sale, at public
+vendue, at the Merchants’ Coffee House. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> find no record of transfer,
+but we are inclined to believe that it was purchased by the firm of
+DeLancey, Robinson and Company, dealers in East India goods and army
+supplies, composed of Oliver DeLancey. Beverly Robinson and James Parker,
+for they moved into it shortly after and were the owners of it in 1762,
+when it was purchased by Samuel Francis, the deed bearing date January
+15th of that year and the consideration named being two thousand pounds.
+The co-partnership of DeLancey, Robinson and Company did not expire until
+December, 1762; in all probability they remained in the house until that
+time; at any rate, Francis was in it in April, 1763, when he had hung out
+the sign of Queen Charlotte and opened an ordinary, announcing that dinner
+would be served every day at half past one o’clock. The house thereafter,
+for many years, was known as the Queen’s Head.</p>
+
+<p>John Crawley succeeded Willett as landlord of the New York Arms. In 1762
+the Assembly were having their meetings here, in what they designated as
+“Crawley’s New Rooms.” In April, 1763, Crawley sold out the furnishings of
+the house at public vendue and George Burns moved in from the King’s Head
+Tavern, in the Whitehall, who announced that he had “two excellent Grooms
+to attend to his Stables and takes in Travellers and their Horses by the
+Month, Quarter or Year on reasonable Terms.” Burns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> occupied the house
+during the turbulent period of the Stamp Act, and it was the scene of much
+of the excitement incident to those times. In 1764, while Burns was
+keeping the Province Arms, the Paulus Hook Ferry was established and the
+road opened from Bergen to the Hudson River. This enabled the stage wagons
+from Philadelphia to bring their passengers to Paulus Hook, where they
+were taken over the ferry to New York. The opening of the Paulus Hook
+Ferry placed the Province Arms in direct line with travel passing through
+the city between New England and the South, and it became largely a
+traveler’s tavern, and in later times the starting point in New York of
+the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia stages.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Stamp Act</i></div>
+
+<p>The French and Indian War, which had commenced in 1755, resulted in the
+conquest of Canada; and when the British army came down to New York for
+embarkation they met with an enthusiastic reception and the officers were
+entertained by the wealthy merchants in the most hospitable manner. The
+province had suffered from the constant conflict on its borders and the
+prospect of relief from the incursions of the French and the horrible
+terrors of savage warfare which had been instigated by them, was the cause
+for great satisfaction and rejoicing. No longer threatened by the French
+the people were filled with hopes of great prosperity. Trade and commerce
+soon revived and a period of remarkable activity had just opened when all
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> bright hopes of the merchants and of the people of New York were
+turned to gall and wormwood by the unwarrantable acts of Great Britain,
+who, instead of gratitude for the material assistance in the late war, was
+now calculating how much revenue might be counted upon from provinces that
+had shown such energy and such resources. The first important step in this
+direction was the passage of the Stamp Act, which received the King’s
+signature on the 22d of March, 1765. It was not unexpected, for the
+colonists had for some time been in a nervous state, with the dread of
+some serious encroachment on their rights and liberties. The news of the
+passage of the act was received in New York in April with great
+indignation. It was distributed through the city with the title of “The
+folly of England, and the ruin of America.” By law the act was to take
+effect on the first of November following. In the meantime it was proposed
+that the sense of the colonies should be taken and that they should all
+unite in a common petition to the King and parliament. Accordingly a
+congress of deputies met in New York in the early part of October, 1765,
+in which nine of the colonies were represented. Before this meeting the
+assembly of Massachusetts had denied the right of parliament to tax the
+colonies and Virginia had done the same. The sentiments of the congress
+were embodied in a very dignified and respectfully worded address<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> to the
+King, drawn up by a committee of three, one of whom was Robert R.
+Livingston, of New York. Committees were also appointed to prepare
+petitions to parliament which were reported and agreed to on the 22d of
+October.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Non-Importation Agreement</i></div>
+
+<p>On the last day of the same month a meeting was held by the merchants of
+New York to consider what should be done with respect to the Stamp Act and
+the melancholy state of the North American commerce, so greatly restricted
+by the Acts of Trade. They resolved not to order any goods shipped from
+Great Britain nor to sell any goods on commission until the Stamp Act
+should be repealed. Two hundred merchants of the city subscribed these
+resolutions and the retailers of the city also agreed not to buy after the
+first of January, 1766, any goods imported from Great Britain, unless the
+Stamp Act should be repealed. This meeting was held at the Province Arms,
+the house of George Burns, and here was signed this celebrated
+non-importation agreement. This was the most important political event of
+this eventful period, and one which, combined with like resolutions made
+by the merchants of Boston and Philadelphia, had more influence in causing
+the repeal than all the addresses, petitions and other influences put
+together.</p>
+
+<p>On October 23d, while the Stamp Act Congress was in session, the ship
+Edward arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> with the obnoxious stamps on board, and was convoyed to
+the Fort by a man-of-war, all the vessels in the harbor lowering their
+colors in sign of mourning, and an excited crowd watching the proceedings
+from the river front. In a few days the stamps were deposited in the Fort.
+During the night after the arrival of the Edward, written notices were
+posted about the city warning any one who should distribute or make use of
+stamped paper, to take care of his house, person or effects. The
+excitement among the people grew more and more intense as the time
+approached for the law to take effect. The morning of November 1st was
+ushered in by the ringing of muffled bells and display of flags at
+half-mast. The magistrates notified Lieutenant-Governor Golden that they
+were apprehensive of a mob that night. The people gathered in the Fields,
+and after parading the streets with effigies of the lieutenant-governor,
+appeared before the Fort and demanded the stamps. They broke open the
+lieutenant-governor’s coach-house, took out his coach, sleighs, harness
+and stable fittings and with the effigies burned them on the Bowling Green
+in front of the Fort. The mob then went to Vauxhall, the house of Major
+James, who had made himself very obnoxious by his braggart threats of what
+he would do to enforce the stamp act and stripping the house of all its
+furniture, books, liquors, etc., even to the doors and windows, made a
+bonfire of them.</p>
+
+<p>As the mob passed the Merchants’ Coffee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> House, they were encouraged by
+the approbation of those who frequented that place. During the day there
+had been on view here an open letter addressed to Golden, assuring him of
+his fate if he should persist in trying to put the stamp act in force. It
+also stated&mdash;“We have heard of your design or menace to fire upon the town
+in case of disturbance, but assure yourself that if you dare to perpetrate
+any such murderous act you’ll bring your gray hairs with sorrow to the
+grave.” * * * and “any man who assists you will surely be put to death.”
+This letter was delivered at the fort gate in the evening by an unknown
+hand. The next day threatening letters and messages were sent in to
+Governor Colden at the fort and he made a promise not to distribute the
+stamps, but to deliver them to Sir Henry Moore, the newly appointed
+governor, when he arrived. This did not satisfy the people, who demanded
+that they should be delivered out of the Fort and threatened to take them
+by force. It was then agreed that the stamps should be delivered to the
+mayor and deposited in the City Hall. This was done, the mayor giving his
+receipt for them, and tranquillity was restored.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Henry Moore, the new governor, arrived on the 13th of November, and
+was received with all the formalities usual on such an occasion. He
+evidently made a favorable impression. The situation of affairs, however,
+presented for him a difficult problem. His first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> question to the council
+was, Could the stamps be issued? which was answered unanimously in the
+negative. Business had come to a standstill, and the people were fretting
+under the restraints which the situation imposed. There were two classes;
+the men of property, who could afford to await the issue of conservative
+methods, and the middle and lower classes, who insisted that business
+should go on regardless of the stamps. Livingston says that a meeting of
+the conservatives was held at the Coffee House at ten o’clock in the
+morning and that although “all came prepared to form a Union, few cared
+openly to declare the necessity of it, so intimidated were they at the
+secret unknown party which had threatened such bold things.” This secret
+society was known by various names, but in November we find that they had
+adopted the name, “Sons of Liberty,” and this name was soon after used in
+the other colonies. The Sons of Liberty presented Sir Henry Moore a
+congratulatory address and on Friday, the 15th of November, met in the
+Fields, erected pyramids and inscriptions in his honor, and one of the
+grandest bonfires ever seen in the city.</p>
+
+<p>On November 25th notices were posted in all parts of the city with the
+heading, “Liberty, Property and no Stamps,” inviting a general meeting of
+the inhabitants on the 26th at Burns’ City Arms Tavern in order to agree
+upon instructions to their representatives in the general assembly.
+Although opposition to the Stamp Act<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> was unanimous the people were not in
+accord on the means of redress. The notices were twice torn down by those
+who did not know or who were not in sympathy with the objects of the
+meeting, and were as often replaced by the promoters of the meeting. About
+twelve hundred persons assembled.<a name='fna_1' id='fna_1' href='#f_1'><small>[1]</small></a> The committee appointed to present
+the instructions was composed of Henry Cruger, John Vanderspiegel, David
+Van Home, James Jauncey, Walter Rutherford, John Alsop, William
+Livingston, William Smith, Jr., Whitehead Hicks, John Morin Scott, James
+DeLancey and John Thurman, Jr., who fairly represented the different
+shades of opinion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Sons of Liberty</i></div>
+
+<p>Early in January, 1766, the Sons of Liberty threw off the mask of secrecy.
+On the evening of January 7th, a great number of members of the Society
+met at the house of William Howard, the tavern previously occupied by Sam
+Francis and John Jones, in the Fields, which for a time became their
+headquarters. They agreed to a series of resolutions advocating action of
+the most vigorous nature towards all those who “may either carry on their
+business on stamped paper or refuse to carry it on independently of the
+odious act.” They adjourned to meet at the same place a fortnight later,
+and continued to meet at regular intervals thereafter. At a regular
+meeting on Tuesday, February 4th, a committee was appointed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> correspond
+with the Sons of Liberty in the neighboring colonies, composed of Lamb,
+Sears, Robinson, Wiley and Mott. The next meeting was appointed to be held
+on Tuesday evening the 18th instant.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Repeal of the Stamp Act</i></div>
+
+<p>On March 18, 1766, the King gave his assent to the repeal of the Stamp Act
+“in sorrow and despite.” Thereupon there was great rejoicing in the
+English capital. The happy event was celebrated by dinner, bonfires and a
+general display of flags. On the 24th there was a meeting of the principal
+merchants concerned in the American trade, at the King’s Head Tavern, in
+Cornhill, to consider an address to the King. They went from this place,
+about eleven o’clock in the morning, in coaches, to the House of Peers to
+pay their duty to his majesty and to express their satisfaction at his
+signing the bill repealing the American Stamp Act. There were upwards of
+fifty coaches in the procession.<a name='fna_2' id='fna_2' href='#f_2'><small>[2]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, May 20th, the glorious news of the repeal was received in New
+York from different quarters, which was instantly spread throughout the
+city, creating the greatest excitement. All the bells of the different
+churches were rung and joy and satisfaction were on every face. The next
+day the Sons of Liberty caused to be printed and distributed the following
+Hand Bill:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>“THIS DAY</p>
+
+<p>“On the glorious Occasion of a total Repeal of the Stamp Act there will
+be a general Meeting and Rejoicing at the House of Mr. Howard, The
+Lovers of Their Country loyal Subjects of his Majesty, George the
+Third, King of Great Britain, real Sons of Liberty of all
+Denominations are hereby cordially invited to partake of the essential
+and long look’d for Celebration.</p>
+
+<p>“The city will be illuminated and every decent measure will be
+observed in demonstrating a sensible Acknowledgement of Gratitude to
+our illustrious Sovereign, and never to be forgotten Friends at Home
+and Abroad, particularly the Guardian of America.”</p></div>
+
+<p>Preparations were accordingly made and measures taken for carrying out
+these designs. The Sons of Liberty repaired to the “Field of Liberty,” as
+they called the Common, where they had often met, where a royal salute of
+twenty-one guns was fired. Attended by a band of music they then marched
+to their usual resort, which was the house of William Howard, where an
+elegant entertainment had been prepared for them. After they had dined in
+the most social manner they drank cheerfully to twenty-eight toasts, the
+number of the years of the King’s age. At the first toast&mdash;The King&mdash;the
+royal salute was repeated, and each of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> following was saluted with
+seven guns. In the evening there were bonfires and a grand illumination.
+Announcement was made in the newspapers that “The Sons of Liberty of New
+York take this early opportunity of most cordially saluting and
+congratulating all their American Brethren on this glorious and happy
+event.”</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this occurred the anniversary of the King’s birthday and the
+people were so rejoiced and elated by the repeal that they resolved to
+make of it an opportunity to show their gratitude and thanks, and so great
+preparations were made for the event, which was to be on the 4th of June.
+More extensive preparations were made than for any previous celebration of
+this kind. The day opened with the ringing of the bells of all the
+churches in the city. By seven o’clock preparations began for roasting
+whole, two large, fat oxen, on the Common, where the people soon began to
+gather to gaze at the “mighty roast beef.” At 12 o’clock a gun was fired
+from the Fort as a signal for the council, the general, the militia
+officers, the corporation and gentlemen to wait on the governor to drink
+the King’s health and never on such an occasion before was the company so
+numerous or splendid. Now the Battery breaks forth in a royal salute and
+the air is filled “with joyful Acclamations of Long Live the King, the
+Darling of the People.” Soon after, this salute was answered by the
+men-of-war and the merchant vessels in the harbor, “decked in all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+Pageantry of Colors.” The people were gathered on the Common, where a
+large stage had been erected, on which were twenty-five barrels of strong
+beer, a hogshead of rum, sugar and water to make punch, bread and other
+provisions for the people, and on each side a roasted ox. At one end of
+the Common was a pile of twenty cords of wood, in the midst of which was a
+stout mast with a platform on top of it, on which had been hoisted twelve
+tar and pitch barrels. This was for the magnificent bonfire. At the other
+end of the Common were stationed twenty-five pieces of cannon for the
+salutes, and at the top of the mast which had been erected, was a
+flagstaff with colors displayed. The grand dinner on this unusual occasion
+was served at the New York Arms, the house of George Burns, on Broadway.
+It was prepared by order of the principal citizens and was honored by the
+presence of the governor, the general, the military officers, the clergy,
+the gentlemen of the city, and strangers. “It consisted of many Covers and
+produced near a hundred Dishes.”<a name='fna_3' id='fna_3' href='#f_3'><small>[3]</small></a> One newspaper states that there were
+about 340 in the company. At the King’s health a royal salute was fired by
+the guns on the Common, and at each toast afterward a salute was given up
+to twenty-eight, the number of years of the King’s age. The Common was in
+sight so that signals for these could easily be given. The toasts numbered
+forty-one, and are said to have been “respectfully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> preferred and eagerly
+swallowed.” We feel justified in the belief that this was the largest
+dinner and one of the most important that had ever been served in New
+York. In the evening the whole town was illuminated in the grandest manner
+ever seen before, especially the houses of the governor and the general.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img42.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">LIBERTY BOYS</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>The assembly met on June 16th, and on the 23d a large meeting was held at
+the Merchants’ Coffee Mouse, where a petition was prepared, addressed to
+the assembly, for the election of a brass statue of Pitt, who was
+considered the great friend of America. On the very day of this meeting
+the house, it appears, made provision for an equestrian statue of the King
+and a brass statue of William Pitt. Tranquillity seems to have been
+restored, but it was not long before new causes of dissatisfaction arose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Liberty Pole</i></div>
+
+<p>The victory of the colonists in causing the repeal of the Stamp Act could
+not fail to produce some feeling of bitterness in the officers of the
+crown, and there were some who took no pains to conceal their
+dissatisfaction. The soldiers, aware of the feeling of their officers,
+were ready on all occasions to show their hostility. The mast or flagpole
+which had been erected on the north side of the Common, opposite a point
+between Warren and Chambers Streets, on the anniversary of the King’s
+birthday, and dedicated to King George, Pitt and Liberty, later called
+Liberty Pole, held by the citizens of New York as the emblem of their
+principles, was, in the night of Sunday, August 10, 1766, cut down by some
+of the soldiers of the 28th regiment, quartered in the barracks, nearby.
+The people considered the destruction of the pole an insult. When a large
+assemblage of two or three thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> people gathered on the Common the
+next day, headed by Isaac Sears, to take measures to replace their
+standard and demand an explanation, the soldiers interfered and a
+disturbance ensued in which the people used stones and brickbats to defend
+themselves and the soldiers used their bayonets. As the unarmed people
+retreated several were wounded with the weapons of the assailants. On the
+12th a new pole was erected on the site of the first. After this
+disturbance, the magistrates of the city and the officers of the regiment
+met in the presence of the governor, and an amicable conclusion was
+reached which it was supposed would prevent further trouble; but
+notwithstanding this the second pole was cut down on Tuesday, September
+23d. On the next day another was erected in its place, without any serious
+disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>The contest over the Liberty Pole continued until the opening of the War
+of the Revolution. It made the place where the pole stood a center of
+disturbance and the taverns on Broadway, near by, places, at times, of
+considerable excitement. On the first anniversary of the repeal
+preparations were made to celebrate the event. The people gathered at the
+Liberty Pole on the 18th of March and at the appointed time met at
+Bardin’s King’s Arms Tavern to dine and drink toasts appropriate to the
+occasion. This could not justly have given any offense, but such rejoicing
+by the people was unpleasant to the officers of the army, and the soldiers
+looked upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> it as a celebration of the defeat of the King and parliament
+whom they served. That night the third pole was cut down by the soldiers,
+who had become excited by what they had seen during the day.</p>
+
+<p>The next day a larger and more substantial pole was erected in place of
+the one cut down, secured with iron to a considerable height above the
+ground. Attempts were made the same night both to cut it down and to
+undermine it, but without effect. On Saturday night, the 21st, there was
+an attempt made to destroy it by boring a hole into it and charging it
+with powder, but this also failed. On Sunday night a strong watch was set
+by the citizens at an adjacent house, probably Bardin’s. During the night
+a small company of soldiers appeared with their coats turned, armed with
+bayonets and clubs, but finding that they were watched, after some words,
+retired. On Monday, about six o’clock in the evening, a party of soldiers
+marched past the pole and as they went by the King’s Arms fired their
+muskets at the house. One ball passed through the house and another lodged
+in one of the timbers. On Tuesday, about one o’clock in the afternoon, the
+same company of soldiers, as is supposed, took a ladder from a new
+building and were proceeding towards the pole, when they were stopped and
+turned back. The governor, the general and the magistrates then took
+measures to prevent further trouble, and the newspaper states that “we
+hope this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> matter, in itself trivial and only considered of importance by
+the citizens as it showed an intention to offend and insult them will
+occasion no further difference.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Vauxhall Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>Readers of the literature of the eighteenth century are familiar with the
+names of Ranelagh and Vauxhall, resorts of the idle and gay of London
+society. The success and reputation of these places brought forward
+imitators in all parts of the British dominions; and New York had both a
+Vauxhall and a Ranelagh. Sam Francis obtained possession of the place on
+the Church Farm, which had, early in the century, been known as the
+Bowling Green, later as Mount Pleasant, and opened it as a pleasure
+resort, which he called Vauxhall. A ball, which seems to have been of some
+importance, was given here about the first of June, 1765. Shortly after it
+became the residence of Major James, and was wrecked by the infuriated
+populace on November 1st. In June, 1768, Francis announced that while he
+had been absent from the city the house and garden had been occupied by
+Major James, that they were then in good order, and that he had provided
+everything necessary to accommodate his old friends and customers. The
+next month, still calling the place Vauxhall Garden, he gave notice that
+from eight in the morning till ten at night, at four shillings each
+person, could be seen at the garden a group of magnificent wax figures,
+“Ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> in number, rich and elegantly dressed, according to the ancient
+Roman and present Mode; which figures bear the most striking resemblance
+to real life and represent the great Roman general, Publius Scipio, who
+conquered the city of Carthage, standing by his tent pitched in a grove of
+trees.” Francis continued in the place, putting forward various
+attractions, until 1774. He appears to have been a man of much business.
+His absence from the city, which he alludes to, may have been caused by
+his interests in Philadelphia, where at that time he had a tavern in Water
+Street, in front of which he hung out the sign of Queen Charlotte, the
+same as at his New York house.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Ranelagh Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>The Ranelagh Garden was opened by John Jones, in June, 1765, for breakfast
+and evening entertainment. It was said that the grounds had been laid out
+at great expense and that it was by far the most rural retreat near the
+city. Music by a complete band was promised for every Monday and Thursday
+evening during the summer season. In the garden was a commodious hall for
+dancing, with drawing rooms neatly fitted up. The very best “alamode
+beef,” tarts, cakes, etc., were served, and on notice, dinners or other
+large entertainments would be provided. Mr. Leonard was announced to sing
+a solo and Mr. Jackson was to give three songs. The place had been the old
+homestead of Colonel Anthony Rutgers, where he had lived many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> years,
+near the present corner of Broadway and Thomas Street. It afterwards
+became the site of the New York Hospital, which stood there for almost a
+century. These summer entertainments were kept up for several years. In
+1768 the garden was opened in the latter part of June, and notice was
+given that there would be performed a concert of vocal and instrumental
+music, the vocal parts by Mr. Woods and Miss Wainright, and by particular
+request, “Thro’ the Woods, Laddie,” would be sung by Miss Wainright; after
+which would be exhibited some curious fireworks by the two Italian
+brothers, whose performances had given so much satisfaction to the public.
+Tickets to be had at the gate for two shillings.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img43.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">AT RANELAGH</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>When Edward Bardin opened the King’s Arms Tavern, on Broadway, in 1766,
+following the example of Jones in his Ranelagh Garden, he opened a concert
+of music for the entertainment of ladies and gentlemen, to be continued on
+every Monday, Wednesday and Friday during the summer season at the King’s
+Arms Garden. He gave notice that a convenient room had been filled up in
+the garden for the retreat of the company in unfavorable weather, and he
+stated that the countenance which had been given him warranted him, he
+thought, in expecting a continuance of the public favor. Having in mind
+the prejudice of the community against the theater he stated that he had
+provided an entertainment that would not offend “the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> delecate of
+Mankind, as every possible precaution had been taken to prevent disorder
+and irregularity.”</p>
+
+<p>During the exciting times following the passage of the Stamp Act there was
+a strong sentiment against the theatre among the people, “who thought it
+highly improper that such entertainments should be exhibited at this time
+of public distress.” The managers of the theatre in Chapel Street
+announced in their advertisement that “As the packet is arrived, and has
+been the messenger of good news relative to the Repeal, it is hoped the
+public has no objection to the above performance.” Although forewarned,
+the play was attempted and the house was wrecked by a mob. Under such
+circumstances it is not surprising that the people should turn to some
+more sober kind of entertainments. We give below the complete announcement
+of a concert of vocal and instrumental music, given at the New York Arms
+Tavern, in October, 1766, which is interesting in many ways.</p>
+
+<p>“By Particular Desire of a good number of Ladies and Gentlemen of Credit
+and Character in the City.</p>
+
+<p>There will be a Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Music at Mr. Burns’ New
+Room, to-morrow being the 28 Instant; to begin at 6 o’clock in the
+Evening. This Concert will consist of nothing but Church Musick, in which
+will be introduced a new Te Deum, Jublate Deo, Cantata<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> Domino and Deus
+Misereatur, with an Anthem (in which there is an Obligato Part for a Harp,
+as there is also in the Cantata Domino), with several other pieces of
+Church Musick intermixed with other Instrumental Performances in order to
+ease the Voices. The whole to conclude with a Martial Psalm, viz. the
+49th. Tate and Brady’s Version, accompanied with all the instruments and a
+pair of Drums.</p>
+
+<p>N. B. There will be more than Forty Voices and Instruments in the Chorus.</p>
+
+<p>Tickets to be had of Mr. Tuckey in Pearl Street near the Battery at Four
+Shillings each, who would take it as a great favor of any Gentlemen who
+sing or play on any Instrument to lend him their kind assistance in the
+performance and give him timely notice that there may be a sufficient
+Number of Parts wrote out.”</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1766, a call was issued to the merchants announcing that a
+petition to the House of Commons was being prepared, setting forth the
+grievances attending the trade of the colony, requesting redress therein,
+which would be produced at five o’clock on Friday evening, the 28th, at
+Burns’ Long Room and publicly read. The merchants and traders of the city
+were requested to attend and subscribed their names, as it was a matter of
+great importance and would probably be productive of good results.<a name='fna_4' id='fna_4' href='#f_4'><small>[4]</small></a> We
+can find no further notice of the meeting or the results. The critical
+situation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> affairs may have prevented a consummation of the project.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that the menacing instructions to the governor in
+regard to compliance with the act for quartering troops arrived. England
+had determined to send troops to America, and required that the expense of
+quartering these troops should be borne by the colonies. The assembly of
+New York, in June, positively refused to comply with the act of parliament
+in this respect, agreeing only to supply barracks, furniture, etc., for
+two batallions of five hundred men each, declaring that they would do no
+more. The governor made his report and new instructions were sent out
+stating that it was the “indispensable duty of his majesty’s subjects in
+America to obey the acts of the legislature of Great Britain,” and
+requiring cheerful obedience to the act of parliament for quartering the
+King’s troops “in the full extent and meaning of the act.” The assembly
+did not recede from the stand they had taken at the previous session.</p>
+
+<p>The aspect of affairs grew unpromising and portentious. It seriously
+affected trade. News from England indicated that parliament would take
+measures to enforce the billeting act. When the assembly of New York met
+in the latter part of May, 1767, the house voted a supply for the
+quartering of the King’s troops, which came up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> to the sum which had been
+prescribed by parliament. In the meantime it had been moved and enacted in
+parliament that until New York complied with the billeting act her
+governor should assent to no legislation, and by act of parliament a duty
+was placed on glass, paper, lead, colors and especially on tea. The
+disfranchisement of New York was of no practical effect, but it created
+great uneasiness and alarm in all the colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The position which the Merchants’ Coffee House held in the community is
+shown by the fact that when Governor Moore received the news of the result
+of the unprecedented appeal made by Lieutenant-Governor Colden from the
+verdict of a jury in the case of Forsay and Cunningham he transmitted it
+to the people by obligingly sending intelligence to the Coffee House that
+the decision was that there could be no appeal from the verdict of a jury;
+which was very gratifying to the people, who were much stirred up over
+such action on the part of Colden.</p>
+
+<p>The Whitehall Coffee House, opened by Rogers and Humphreys, in 1762, whose
+announcement indicates that they aspired to a prominent place for their
+house, also shows what was the custom of a house of this kind to do for
+its patrons. They gave notice that “a correspondence is settled in London
+and Bristol to remit by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> every opportunity all the public prints and
+pamphlets as soon as published; and there will be a weekly supply of New
+York, Boston and other American papers.” The undertaking was of short
+duration.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Hampden Hall</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Queen’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>In May, 1767, Bolton and Sigell moved into the house of Samuel Francis,
+near the Exchange, lately kept by John Jones, known as the Queen’s Head
+Tavern, and, as strangers, solicited the favor of the public. This tavern
+shortly after, and for some time, was the scene of much of the excitement
+connected with the period.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1768, the committee appointed at a meeting of the inhabitants
+of the city on the 29th of December just past to consider the expediency
+of entering into measures to promote frugality and industry and employ the
+poor, gave notice that they would be ready to make their report on the
+matter on Monday evening, the 25th, at five o’clock at Bolton and
+Sigell’s, and the people were requested to attend in order to receive the
+report and consider the matter. The proposed meeting was adjourned for a
+week, when, on February 2d, the report was delivered, approved, and
+directions given for carrying it into execution.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Second Non-Importation Agreement</i></div>
+
+<p>On March 31, 1768, a meeting was called at Bolton and Sigell’s to answer
+letters from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> merchants of Boston. This meeting not being well
+attended, a second was called for April 7. This resulted in the second
+non-importation agreement by the merchants of the city who came to “an
+agreement not to import any goods from Great Britain that shall be shipped
+there after the first of October next, until a certain Act of Parliament
+is repealed, provided the Merchants of Philadelphia and Boston come into
+the same Measures.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Chamber of Commerce New York</i></div>
+
+<p>It is more than likely that the merchants of New York had for some time
+been aware of the necessity or advantage of some sort of organization
+among themselves for the benefit of trade. In March, 1764, we find that a
+call was issued, earnestly requesting the merchants of the city to meet at
+the Queen’s Head Tavern, near the Exchange, on business of great
+importance to trade; and on May 5, 1766, the merchants of the city were
+requested to meet at the house of George Burns, the New York Arms, at four
+o’clock in the afternoon on business for the good of this province and
+continent in general. Following the Stamp Act and the non-importation
+agreement there was great political excitement; money was scarce; business
+was depressed; and foreign trade was unsettled and uncertain. In this
+situation the merchants of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> New York, having seen the success of union in
+the non-importation agreement, met in the Long Room of the Queen’s Head
+Tavern, kept by Bolton and Sigell on April 8, 1768, and there formed
+themselves into a society which they styled the New York Chamber of
+Commerce, which has been in existence since that date, the oldest
+mercantile organization in America. The twenty-four members who then
+constituted the society elected John Cruger president, Hugh Wallace vice
+president and Elias Desbrosses treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting of the New York merchants was called at Bolton and Sigell’s on
+August 25, 1768, to further consider the non-importation agreement, which
+had been signed very generally in the city, and in November, in
+consequence of reports in circulation, the principal merchants and traders
+of the city were waited on, and report was made that it appeared that they
+had in general inviolably adhered to the true spirit of their agreement in
+making out their orders. The subscribers to the agreement met at Bolton
+and Sigell’s on Monday, March 13, 1769, when a “committee was appointed to
+inquire into and inspect all European importations, in order to a strict
+compliance with the said agreement and also to correspond with the other
+colonies.” The assembly in April passed a vote of thanks to the merchants
+for their patriotic conduct, and instructed the speaker to signify the
+same to them at their next monthly meeting. John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> Cruger, the speaker of
+the house, was also president of the Chamber of Commerce, and this vote of
+thanks was delivered to the merchants at the first meeting of the Chamber
+of Commerce in their new quarters, the large room over the Royal Exchange,
+their previous meetings having been held in the Long Room of the Queen’s
+Head Tavern.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversary of the Repeal</i></div>
+
+<p>The second anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated on
+Friday, the 18th of March, by a numerous company of the principal
+merchants and other respectable inhabitants of the city, “Friends to
+Constitutional Liberty and Trade,” at Bardin’s tavern opposite the Common
+on Broadway and at Jones’s tavern which was said to be nearly adjoining.
+The meeting at Jones’s was called by the “Friends of Liberty and Trade,”
+who requested those inclined to celebrate the day to give in their names
+by Wednesday at farthest to John Jones inn-holder in the Fields or to the
+printer, and receive tickets for the occasion. There were many who,
+although zealous in every measure for the repeal of the Stamp Act, now
+leaned to the side of moderation. They styled themselves Friends of
+Liberty and Trade, as distinct from the more orthodox or more radical Sons
+of Liberty. The two factions on this occasion seem to have met in perfect
+harmony, although later there appeared considerable feeling between them.
+Union flags were displayed and an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> elegant dinner was served at each
+place. A band of music was provided for the occasion and in the evening
+some curious fireworks were played off for the entertainment of the
+company. Among the toasts drunk were: “The Spirited Assembly of Virginia
+in 1765,” “The Spirited Assembly of Boston” and “Unanimity to the Sons of
+Liberty in America.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Effigies Burned</i></div>
+
+<p>On Monday, November 14, 1768, a report was current in the city that the
+effigies of Bernard, the obnoxious governor of Massachusetts, and
+Greenleaf, the sheriff of Boston, were to be exhibited in the streets that
+evening. At four o’clock in the afternoon the troops in the city appeared
+under arms at the lower barracks, where they remained until about ten
+o’clock at night, during which time parties of them continually patrolled
+the streets, in order, it is supposed, to intimidate the inhabitants and
+prevent the exposing of the effigies. Notwithstanding this vigilance on
+the part of the soldiers, the Sons of Liberty appeared in the streets with
+the effigies hanging on a gallows, between eight and nine o’clock,
+attended by a vast number of spectators, and were saluted with loud huzzas
+at the corner of every street they passed. After exposing the effigies at
+the Coffee House, they were publicly burned amidst the clamor of the
+people, who testified their approbation and then quietly dispersed to
+their homes. The city magistrates had received notice of what was
+intended, and constables<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> were sent out to prevent it, but either deceived
+or by intention they did not reach the scene of action until all was over.
+This seems strange, as the Coffee House was not far from the City Hall,
+and the lime tree in front of it, the scene of the burning, was in full
+view.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Boston Letter</i></div>
+
+<p>The letter which the assembly of the Massachusetts colony had sent to her
+sister colonies in the early part of the year 1768, inviting united
+measures to obtain redress of grievances, was denounced by the Earl of
+Hillsborough, then lately appointed secretary of state for America, “as of
+a most dangerous and factious tendency.” The colonies were forbidden to
+receive or reply to it, and an effort was made to prevent all
+correspondence between them. This was ineffectual. Committees were
+appointed to petition the King and to correspond with Massachusetts and
+Virginia. Some of the assemblies, for refusing to comply with the demands
+of Hillsborough, were prorogued by the governors. A great public meeting
+was called in New York for Thursday, November 24, at which instructions to
+the city members of the assembly were adopted and signed by many of the
+principal citizens. The instructions called for the reading in the
+assembly of the Boston letter, which had fallen under the censure of
+Hillsborough, and to which he had forbidden the colonies to make reply.
+That these instructions were delivered is more than probable. Whether
+influenced by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> them or not, the assembly, in committee of the whole on
+December 31, declared for “an exact equality of rights among all his
+Majesty’s subjects in the several parts of the empire; the right of
+petition, that of internal legislature, and the undoubted right to
+correspond and consult with any of the neighboring colonies or with any
+other of his Majesty’s subjects, outside of this colony, whenever they
+conceived the rights, liberties, interests or privileges of this house or
+its constituents to be affected,” and appointed a committee of
+correspondence. These resolutions could not be tolerated by Governor
+Moore. He dissolved the assembly. This caused a new election which was
+attended with considerable excitement. It was called for Monday, January
+23, 1769. The Church of England party put up as candidates, James
+DeLancey, Jacob Walton, John Cruger and James Jauncey. These were the
+former members, with the exception of John Cruger, who took the place of
+Philip Livingston, who declined the office. A meeting in the interest of
+the above candidates was called at the house of George Burns, the New York
+Arms, for Saturday, the 21st, at five o’clock in the evening. They were
+elected and on Friday the 27th, after the closing of the polls, they were
+escorted from the City Hall with music playing and colors flying down
+Broadway and through the main street (now Pearl Street) to the Coffee
+House. The windows along the route were filled with ladies and numbers of
+the principal inhabitants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> graced the procession. It was “one of the
+finest and most agreeable sights ever seen in the city.” The four
+gentlemen elected generously gave two hundred pounds for the benefit of
+the poor.</p>
+
+<p>Saturday, March 18, 1769, being the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act, the Liberty Colors, inscribed with “G. R. III, Liberty and Trade,”
+were hoisted on the ancient Liberty Pole, and at the house of Edward
+Smith, on the corner of Broadway and Murray street, the Genuine Sons of
+Liberty dined and drank toasts appropriate to the occasion, one of which
+was to “The ninety-two members of the Massachusetts assembly who voted the
+famous Boston letter.” There was another meeting to celebrate the day at
+the house of Vandewater (“otherwise called Catemut’s”), which was
+conducted in much the same manner and where similar toasts were drunk.</p>
+
+<p>By common consent the taverns on Broadway, fronting on the Common or
+Fields, near the Liberty Pole, were the places selected for celebrating
+the anniversaries of the important events connected with the stamp act
+period. It was on Wednesday, November 1, 1769, that a number of the Sons
+of Liberty met at the house of Abraham De La Montagnie to celebrate “the
+day on which the inhabitants of this colony nobly determined not to
+surrender their rights to arbitrary power, however august.” De La
+Montagnie had succeeded Bardin, and was now the landlord of the house
+which Edward Bardin had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> occupied for some years, fronting on the Common.
+Here the entertainment was given and after dinner appropriate toasts were
+drank “in festive glasses.” Among the first of these was “May the North
+American Colonies fully enjoy the British Constitution.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img44.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CORNER OF BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET, 1816</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Liberty Pole Destroyed</i><br /><br />
+<i>Battle of Golden Hill</i></div>
+
+<p>On the night of January 13, 1770, an attempt was made by the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> Pole by sawing off the spurs or braces around it and
+by exploding gunpowder in a hole bored in the wood in order to split it.
+They were discovered and the attempt was unsuccessful. Exasperated at
+this, they attacked some citizens near, followed them into the house of De
+La Montagnie with drawn swords and bayonets, insulted the company, beat
+the waiter, assaulted the landlord in one of the passages of the house and
+then proceeded to break everything they could conveniently reach, among
+other things eighty-four panes of glass in the windows. Officers
+appearing, they quickly withdrew to their barracks. Three days after this,
+in the night of January 16, the soldiers succeeded in destroying the pole
+completely, which they sawed into pieces and piled before De La
+Montagnie’s door. The next day there was a great meeting in the Fields,
+where the pole had stood, when it was resolved by the people that soldiers
+found out of barracks at night after roll-call should be treated as
+enemies of the peace of the city. In reply to these resolves a scurrilous
+placard was printed, signed “The Sixteenth Regiment of Foot,” and posted
+through the city. Attempts to prevent this was the cause of several
+serious affrays, the principal one of which took place a little north of
+the present John street, a locality then called Golden Hill, in which one
+citizen was killed and several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> severely wounded. Many of the soldiers
+were badly beaten. This affair has been called the Battle of Golden Hill,
+and it has been claimed that here was shed the first blood in the cause of
+American Independence.</p>
+
+<p>At the meeting in the Fields on the 17th, a committee had been appointed
+who, as instructed, petitioned the corporation for permission to erect a
+new pole on the spot where the one destroyed had stood or if preferred,
+opposite Mr. Vandenbergh’s, near St. Paul’s Church, a small distance from
+where the two roads meet. It was stated in the petition that if the
+corporation should not think proper to grant permission for erecting the
+pole, the people were resolved to procure a place for it on private
+ground. The petition was rejected and purchase was made of a piece of
+ground, eleven feet wide and one hundred feet long, very near to the place
+where the former pole had stood. Here a hole was dug twelve feet deep to
+receive the pole which was being prepared at the shipyards. The lower part
+of the mast was covered to a considerable height with iron bars placed
+lengthwise, over which were fastened strong iron hoops. When finished the
+pole was drawn through the streets by six horses, decorated with ribbons
+and flags. Music was supplied by a band of French horns. The pole was
+strongly secured in the earth by timbers and great stones, so as to defy
+all further attempts to prostrate it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> On the top was raised a mast
+twenty-two feet in height with a gilt vane and the word Liberty in large
+letters.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Hampden Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>Abraham De La Montagnie had suffered his house to become the resort of
+many who belonged to the moderate party or the Friends of Liberty and
+Trade, who, early in the year 1770, engaged his house for the celebration
+of the anniversary of the repeal. The Sons of Liberty in the early part of
+February invited those who wished to celebrate the anniversary to join
+them at De La Montagnie’s tavern, whereupon De La Montagnie issued a card,
+stating that his house had been engaged by a number of gentlemen for that
+purpose, and that he could entertain no others. The indications are that
+this was then the only tavern near the Liberty Pole that was available,
+Jones and Smith having left the neighborhood, but the more radical Sons of
+Liberty, not to be thus frustrated, purchased the house which had been
+formerly occupied by Edward Smith, and gave notice, inviting all those in
+sympathy with them to join them there in the celebration. They called the
+house they had purchased Hampden Hall, and it remained their headquarters
+for some time. It was managed by Henry Bicker as its landlord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversary Dinners</i></div>
+
+<p>The 18th of March being Sunday, the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act was celebrated on Monday the 19th. At the tavern of De La Montagnie,
+while the Liberty Colors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> (ascribed to G. R. III, Liberty and Trade) were
+hoisted on the Liberty Pole, two hundred and thirty citizens, Friends to
+Liberty and Trade, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them.
+Appropriate toasts were drunk, one of which was “Liberty, Unanimity and
+Perseverance to the true Sons of Liberty in America.” On the same day “in
+union and friendship” with these a number of gentlemen celebrated the day
+by a dinner at the house of Samuel Waldron, at the ferry on Long Island,
+where, it is said, the toasts drunk were the same as at De La Montagnie’s.
+The radical party of the Sons of Liberty celebrated “the repeal of the
+detestable stamp act” at Hampden Hall, on which colors were displayed, as
+well as on the Liberty Pole opposite to it. The company, it is said,
+numbered about three hundred gentlemen, freeholders and freemen of the
+city, who met to celebrate “that memorable deliverance from the chains
+which had been forged for the Americans by a designing and despotic
+Ministry.” An elegant dinner had been provided, but before they sat down
+the company “nominated ten of their number to dine with Captain McDougal
+at his chambers in the New-Gaol,” where a suitable dinner had also been
+provided. Captain McDougal was being held in jail for libel as the author
+of a paper signed “A Son of Liberty,” addressed “to the betrayed
+inhabitants of New York,” which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> reflected the severest criticisms of the
+assembly for voting supplies to the King’s troops. This paper was held by
+the assembly to be an infamous and scandalous libel. He was also accused
+of being the author of another paper signed “Legion,” describing the
+action of the assembly as “base, inglorious conduct,” which the assembly
+resolved was infamous and seditious. After dinner, a committee was
+appointed to send two barrels of beer and what was left of the dinner to
+the poor prisoners in the jail, which were received with great thanks.
+Many appropriate toasts were drunk as usual, and a little before sunset
+the company from Hampden Hall, joined by a number of people in the Fields,
+with music playing and colors flying, marched to the new jail, where they
+saluted Captain McDougal with cheers. He appeared at the grated window of
+the middle story, and in a short address thanked them for this mark of
+their respect. The company then returned to the Liberty Pole and as the
+sun was setting hauled down the flag. They then marched down Chapel Street
+to the Coffee House and back up Broadway to the Liberty Pole and quietly
+dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img45.jpg" alt="A. McDougall" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The celebration of the anniversary of the repeal apparently caused some
+bitterness of feeling between the factions which dined at De La
+Montagnie’s and that which dined at Hampden Hall, if it did not previously
+exist. An article appeared in the newspaper declaring that the statement
+that about three hundred persons dined at Hampden Hall was not true, that
+only about one hundred and twenty-six dined there and paid for their
+dinners, including boys, and that the first toast which these <i>loyal</i> Sons
+of Liberty actually drank was not “The King,” as reported in the
+newspapers, but “May the American Colonies fully enjoy the British
+Constitution.” The writer also took exception to many other statements in
+the account which was given in the papers. A reply was made to this in
+which affidavit was made by Henry Bicker that on the occasion there dined
+at his house,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> according to the best of his judgment, about three hundred
+persons, and that the assertion that there were no more than about one
+hundred and twenty-six was absolutely false. In the matter of the toasts,
+as showing in a measure how such affairs were conducted, we think it best
+to give the explanation in full as follows: “The truth of the Matter is
+just this. Several Gentlemen drew up a set of Toasts proper for the day,
+and to save the trouble of copying them, got a few printed to serve the
+different tables. When the committee who were appointed to conduct the
+business of the day came to peruse the toasts, they altered the one and
+transposed the one before dinner, and I do assert that they were drank in
+the manner and order they were published in this, Parker’s and Gaine’s
+papers; for the truth of this I appeal to every gentleman who dined at
+Hampden Hall that day.”</p>
+
+<p>The house which Bicker occupied had always been used as a tavern. When the
+lease of the property, having eleven years to run, was offered for sale in
+1761, it was described as “two lots of ground on Trinity Church Farm, on
+which are two tenements fronting Broadway and a small tenement fronting
+Murray Street; the two tenements fronting Broadway may be occupied in one
+for a public house.” It was purchased by John Jones, and when he offered
+it for sale in 1765, he stated that there was a very commodious dancing
+room adjoining, forty-five feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> long, which was probably in the building
+fronting on Murray Street. Jones moved out of the house in 1766 to the
+Queen’s Head, but returned when the Queen’s Head was taken by Bolton and
+Sigell, and occupied for a time either a part of the house or the whole.
+It was purchased in 1768 by Roger Morris. When the Sons of Liberty
+purchased the lease, it had only a short time to run, not more than one or
+two years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Hampden Hall Attacked by the Soldiers</i></div>
+
+<p>About eleven o’clock on Saturday night, the 24th of March, fourteen or
+fifteen soldiers were seen about the Liberty Pole, which one of them had
+ascended in order to take off and carry away the topmast and vane. Finding
+they were discovered they attacked some young men who came up and drove
+them from the green and then retired. Soon after, about forty or fifty of
+them came out armed with cutlasses and attacked a number of people who had
+come up to the pole on the alarm given. A few of these retreated to the
+house of Mr. Bicker, which was soon besieged by the soldiers, who
+endeavored to force an entrance. Bicker, thinking himself and family in
+danger, stood with his bayonet fixed, determined to defend his family and
+his house to the last extremity, declaring that he would shoot the first
+man who should attempt to enter. He succeeded in getting the doors of the
+house closed and barred, when the soldiers tried to break open the front
+windows,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> one of which they forced open, broke all the glass and hacked
+the sash to pieces. They threatened to burn the house and destroy every
+one in it. Some citizens who had been on the ground, gave the alarm by
+ringing the Chapel bell, upon hearing which, the soldiers retreated
+precipitately. The men of the 16th regiment swore that they would carry
+away with them a part of the pole as a trophy, but a watch was kept by the
+people and they sailed away in a few days for Pensacola, without
+accomplishing their design. This was the last effort of the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole, which remained standing until prostrated by
+order of the notorious Cunningham, Provost Marshal of the British army in
+New York in 1776.</p>
+
+<p>To encourage the home manufacture of woolen cloth the Sons of Liberty met
+on Tuesday, April 6, 1769, at the Province Arms, and unanimously
+subscribed an agreement not to purchase nor eat any lamb in their families
+before the first of August next.</p>
+
+<p>The Freemasons met at Burns’ tavern on May 27, 1769, at five o’clock in
+the afternoon, and from thence marched in procession to the John Street
+Theater, to witness the special performance of The Tender Husband, given
+here for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1770, the partnership of Bolton and Sigell was dissolved, Bolton
+alone continuing in the Queen’s Head, but only for a short time, for in
+May the place of George Burns, as landlord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> of the Province Arms, was
+taken by Richard Bolton, who moved in from the Queen’s Head. Bolton, in
+his announcement, states that the house has been repaired and greatly
+improved and that the stables with stalls for fifty horses are let to
+James Wilkinson, “whose constant attention will be employed to oblige
+gentlemen in that department.” These large stables had probably been built
+by the De Lancey family when they occupied the house. Lieutenant Governor
+James De Lancey, who once owned it, supported a coach and four, with
+outriders in handsome livery, and several members of this family became
+widely known as patrons of the turf.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Arrival of the Earl of Dunmore</i></div>
+
+<p>On Thursday, October 18, 1770, the Earl of Dunmore, who had been appointed
+by the Crown to succeed Sir Henry Moore, who had died very much lamented
+by the people of New York, arrived in his Majesty’s ship, The Tweed, and
+was received on landing and escorted to the Fort with the usual salutes,
+and with all the honors due his station. From the Fort, accompanied by Sir
+William Draper, Lord Drummond, the commander of the Tweed, and Captain
+Foy, his lordship’s secretary, his excellency proceeded to the New York
+Arms; and there they were entertained at a dinner given by Lieutenant
+Governor Colden, where the usual numerous toasts were drunk. The next day,
+Friday, after the new governor’s commission had been read in council,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> and
+published at the City Hall, as was the custom, his excellency the
+Governor, General Gage, Sir William Draper, Lord Drummond, the members of
+his majesty’s council, the city representatives, the gentlemen of the army
+and navy, the judges of the supreme court, the mayor, recorder, attorney
+general and other public officers, and many of the most respectable
+gentlemen of the city were entertained at another elegant dinner given by
+the lieutenant governor at the New York Arms. In the evening his lordship
+was pleased to favor the gentlemen of the army and navy “with his Company
+at a Ball, which consisted of a splendid and brilliant appearance of
+Gentlemen and Ladies.”</p>
+
+<p>While Bolton was in possession of the Province Arms the political
+excitement somewhat abated. The long room in the old tavern continued to
+be the favorite dancing hall of the city, and in many of the notices of
+concerts given here for charity or for the benefit of musicians, etc., are
+announcements that they will be followed by balls. The young people of New
+York at that time must have been extremely fond of dancing.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, April 23, 1771, the anniversary of St. George was celebrated
+with unusual ceremony. “A number of English gentlemen, and descendants of
+English parents, amounting in the whole to upwards of one hundred and
+twenty, had an elegant Entertainment at Bolton’s in honor of the Day.”
+John Tabor Kempe, Esq., his majesty’s attorney general, presided, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
+guests of honor were the Earl of Dunmore, General Gage, the gentlemen of
+his majesty’s council, etc. The company parted early and in high good
+humor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The New York Society</i></div>
+
+<p>When Richard Bolton left the Queen’s Head for the New York Arms, Sam
+Francis came back into his own house. In announcing his return, he states
+that when he formerly kept it, the best clubs met there, and the greatest
+entertainments in the city were given there, and that he flatters himself
+that the public are so well satisfied of his ability to serve them that it
+is useless to go into details. Francis was not only successful as a
+tavern-keeper in satisfying the needs of the public, but he was also
+successful financially, for he was the owner of both the Queen’s Head and
+Vauxhall. While he was the landlord of the Queen’s Head in 1765, the New
+York Society held their meetings there. It was announced that at a stated
+meeting to be held at the house of Mr. Francis on Monday, the first of
+April, at six o’clock in the evening, after some business before the
+society should be dispatched and the letters and proposals received since
+last meeting examined, the consideration of the questions last proposed on
+the paper currency and the bank statements would be resumed. This
+indicates that this was a society or club for the discussion of financial
+and economic subjects.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Social Club</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>Francis speaks of his house being the resort of several clubs, but we have
+detailed information of only one; this was the Social Club, the membership
+of which indicates that it must have been one of the best, if not the
+best, in the city. In possession of the New York Historical Society is a
+list of the members of the Social Club which was found among the papers of
+John Moore, a member of the club, and presented to the society by his son,
+Thos. W. C. Moore. It contains remarks about the members which are very
+curious and interesting. We give it in full.</p>
+
+<p>“List of Members of the Social Club, which passed Saturday evenings at Sam
+Francis’s, corner of Broad and Dock streets, in winter, and in summer at
+Kip’s Bay, where they built a neat, large room, for the Club-house. The
+British landed at this spot the day they took the city, 15th September,
+1776.</p>
+
+<p>Members of this club dispersed in December, 1775, and never afterwards
+assembled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">John Jay (Disaffected)&mdash;Became Member of Congress, a Resident Minister
+to Spain, Com’r to make peace, Chief Justice, Minister to England, and
+on his return, Gov’r of N. York&mdash;a good and amiable man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Gouverneur Morris (Disaffected)&mdash;Member of Congress, Minister to
+France, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Robt. R. Livingston (Disaffected)&mdash;Min’r to France, Chancellor of N.
+York, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Egbert Benson (Disaffected)&mdash;Dis. Judge, N. York, and in the
+Legislature&mdash;Good man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Morgan Lewis (Disaffected)&mdash;Gov’r of N. York, and a Gen. in the war of
+1812.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Gulian Verplanck (Disaffected, but in Europe, till 1783)&mdash;Pres’t of
+New York Bank.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Livingston and his brother Henry (Disaffected, but of no
+political importance).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">James Seagrove (Disaffected)&mdash;Went to the southward as a merchant.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Francis Lewis (Disaffected, but of no political importance).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Watts (Doubtful)&mdash;During the war Recorder of New York.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Leonard Lispenard and his brother Anthony (Doubtful, but remained
+quiet at New York).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Rich’d Harrison (Loyal, but has since been Recorder of N. York).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Hay, Loyal, an officer in British Army&mdash;killed in West Indies.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Peter Van Shaack (Loyal)&mdash;A Lawyer, remained quiet at Kinderhook.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Daniel Ludlow, Loyal during the war&mdash;since Pres’t of Manhattan Bank.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Dr. S. Bard, Loyal, tho’ in 1775 doubtful, remained in N. York&mdash;a good
+man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">George Ludlow (Loyal)&mdash;Remained on Long Island in quiet&mdash;A good man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">William, his brother, Loyal, or supposed so; remained on L.
+Island&mdash;inoffensive man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang">William Imlay, Loyal at first, but doubtful after 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Edward Gould (Loyal)&mdash;At N. York all the war&mdash;a Merchant.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Reade (Pro and Con)&mdash;W’d have proved loyal, no doubt, had not his
+wife’s family been otherwise.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">J. Stevens (Disaffected).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Henry Kelly (Loyal)&mdash;Went to England, and did not return.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Stephen Rapelye turned out bad&mdash;died in N. York Hospital.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Moore (Loyal)&mdash;In public life all the war, and from year 1765.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Moot</i></div>
+
+<p>In the fall of the year 1770, a club was formed by the principal lawyers
+of the city of New York, for the discussion of legal questions, which they
+called <i>The Moot</i>. The first meeting was held on Friday, the 23d of
+November. According to their journal, the members, “desirous of forming a
+club for social conservation, and the mutual improvement of each other,
+determined to meet on the evening of the first Friday of every month, at
+Bardin’s, or such other place as a majority of the members shall from time
+to time appoint,” and for the better regulating the said club agreed to
+certain articles of association, one of which was that “No member shall
+presume upon any pretence to introduce any discourse about the party
+politics of the province, and to persist in such discourse after being
+desired by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> president to drop it, on pain of expulsion.” William
+Livingston was chosen president and William Smith vice-president. This
+first meeting was, no doubt, held at the King’s Arms Tavern on the lower
+part of Broadway, now Whitehall Street, which was in 1770 kept by Edward
+Bardin. From the character of the members their discussions were held in
+great respect. It was said that they even influenced the judgment of the
+Supreme Court, and that a question, connected with the taxation of costs,
+was sent to The Moot by the chief justice expressly for their opinion.
+Some of the members of this club were afterwards among the most prominent
+men of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The articles of association were signed by</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+Benjamin Kissam,<br />
+David Mathews,<br />
+William Wickham,<br />
+Thomas Smith,<br />
+Whitehead Hicks,<br />
+Rudolphus Ritzema,<br />
+William Livingston,<br />
+Richard Morris,<br />
+Samuel Jones,<br />
+John Jay,<br />
+William Smith,<br />
+John Morine Scott,<br />
+James Duane,<br />
+John T. Kempe,<br />
+Robert R. Livingston, Jr.,<br />
+Egbert Benson,<br />
+Peten Van Schaack,<br />
+Stephen De Lancey.</p>
+
+<p>On March 4, 1774, John Watts, Jr., and Gouverneur Morris were admitted to
+the Society. In the exciting times preceding the Revolution the meetings
+became irregular, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> members of the Moot came together for the last
+time on January 6, 1775.</p>
+
+<p>A number of gentlemen were accustomed to meet as a club at the house of
+Walter Brock, afterwards kept by his widow, familiarly called “Mother
+Brock,” on Wall Street near the City Hall. It was probably a social and
+not very formal club. One of the most prominent of its members was William
+Livingston.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1773, Francis offered Vauxhall for sale, when it was described as
+having an extremely pleasant and healthy situation, commanding an
+extensive prospect up and down the North River. The house, “a capital
+mansion in good repair,” had four large rooms on each floor, twelve
+fireplaces and most excellent cellars. Adjoining the house was built a
+room fifty-six feet long and twenty-six feet wide, under which was a
+large, commodious kitchen. There were stables, a coach house and several
+out houses, also two large gardens planted with fruit trees, flowers and
+flowering shrubs in great profusion, one of which was plentifully stocked
+with vegetables of all kinds. The premises, containing twenty-seven and a
+half lots of ground, was a leasehold of Trinity Church, with sixty-one
+years to run. The ground rent was forty pounds per annum. It was purchased
+by Erasmus Williams, who, the next year, having changed the name back,
+“with great propriety,” to Mount Pleasant, solicited the patronage of the
+public, particularly gentlemen with their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> families from the West Indies,
+Carolina, etc., and such as are travelling from distant parts, either on
+business or pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Francis also offered the Queen’s Head for sale in 1775. It was then
+described as three stories high, with a tile and lead roof, having
+fourteen fireplaces and a most excellent large kitchen; a corner house
+very open and airy, and in the most complete repair. Although Francis
+desired to sell his house, he stated that “so far from declining his
+present business he is determined to use every the utmost endeavor to
+carry on the same to the pleasure and satisfaction of his friends and the
+public in general.” He did not succeed in selling the house and continued
+as landlord of the Queen’s Head until he abandoned it when the British
+army entered the city.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img46.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">MERCHANTS’ COFFEE HOUSE AND COFFEE HOUSE SLIP</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Merchants’ Coffee House Moves</i></div>
+
+<p>On May 1, 1772, Mrs. Ferrari, who had been keeping the Merchants’ Coffee
+House on the northwest corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, which
+had been located there and been continuously in use as a coffee house
+since it was opened as such about the year 1738 by Daniel Bloom, removed
+to a new house which had recently been built by William Brownjohn on the
+opposite cross corner, that is, diagonally across to the southeast corner.
+Mrs. Ferrari did not move out of the Merchants’ Coffee House, but she took
+it with her with all its patronage and trade. On opening the new house
+she prepared a treat for her old customers. The merchants and gentlemen
+of the city assembled in a numerous company and were regaled with arrack,
+punch, wine, cold ham, tongue, etc. The gentlemen of the two insurance
+companies, who likewise moved from the old to the new coffee house, each
+of them, with equal liberality regaled the company. A few days later the
+newspaper stated that the agreeable situation and the elegance of the new
+house had occasioned a great resort of company to it ever since it was
+opened. The old coffee house which had been occupied by Mrs. Ferrari
+before she moved into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> the new one was still owned by Dr. Charles Arding,
+who purchased it of Luke Roome in 1758. He offered it for sale in July,
+1771, before Mrs. Ferrari moved out of it and again in May, 1772, after
+she had left, when it was occupied by Mrs. Elizabeth Wragg, but did not
+succeed in making a sale. If it was any longer used as a coffee house, its
+use as such was of short duration. It was soon taken by Nesbitt Deane,
+hatter, who occupied it for many years, offering hats to exceed any “in
+fineness, cut, color or cock.” John Austin Stevens, who has written very
+pleasantly and entertainingly of the old coffee houses of New York,
+speaking of the early history of the Merchants’ Coffee House, says: “Its
+location, however, is beyond question. It stood on the southeast corner of
+Wall and Queen (now Water) Streets, on a site familiar to New Yorkers as
+that for many years occupied by the Journal of Commerce.” Although so
+positive on this point, Stevens was, no doubt, mistaken, as can be easily
+proven by records. However, this was the site occupied by the Merchants’
+Coffee House subsequent to May 1, 1772. Stevens says that Mrs. Ferrari
+moved out of this house into a new house on the opposite cross corner,
+whereas she moved into it from the old coffee house on the opposite cross
+corner, and carried the business of the old house with her.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of 1772, Robert Hull succeeded Richard Bolton and
+continued in possession of the Province Arms some time after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> the British
+army entered the city. In the fall of 1772, the two companies of the
+Governor’s Guards, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Harris
+Cruger and Major William Walton, dressed in their very handsome uniforms,
+paraded in the Fields, where they were reviewed. They were very much
+admired for their handsome appearance, and received much applause from the
+spectators for the regularity and exactness with which they went through
+the exercises and evolutions. After the parade they spent the evening at
+Hull’s Tavern, where a suitable entertainment had been provided.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Ball on the Governors Departure</i></div>
+
+<p>On the King’s birthday, Friday, June 4, 1773, the governor gave an elegant
+entertainment in the Fort, as was usual on such occasions, and, in the
+evening, the city was illuminated. General Gage, who was about to sail for
+England, celebrated the day by giving a grand dinner to a great number of
+the merchants and military gentlemen of the city at Hull’s Tavern. He had
+been in command for ten years in America, and this dinner was made the
+occasion of a flattering address presented to him by the Corporation of
+the Chamber of Commerce of the City of New York. In February, 1774, a
+grand dinner was given at Hull’s Tavern by the members of his majesty’s
+council to the members of the assembly of the province, and the next month
+the governor gave a dinner to both the gentlemen of the king’s council and
+the gentlemen of the general assembly at the same place. Shortly after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>
+this, on Monday evening, April 4, there was a grand ball given in Hull’s
+assembly room at which there was “a most brilliant appearance of Ladies
+and Gentlemen,” the occasion being on account of the departure of the
+governor and Mrs. Tryon for England. The different national societies held
+their anniversary celebrations at Hull’s Tavern. The Welsh celebrated St.
+David’s day, the Scotch St. Andrew’s day, the Irish St. Patrick’s day and
+the English St. George’s day.</p>
+
+<p>By 1770, the obnoxious duties had been abolished on all articles except
+tea, and soon after the non-importation agreements of the merchants of
+Boston, New York and Philadelphia were discontinued, except as to tea, the
+duty on which had been retained. The New York merchants seem to have been
+the first to propose the discontinuance of the agreement. The Sons of
+Liberty met at Hampden Hall to protest against it; the inhabitants of
+Philadelphia presented their compliments to the inhabitants of New York,
+in a card, and sarcastically begged they would send them their Old Liberty
+Pole, as they imagined, by their late conduct, they could have no further
+use for it; and the Connecticut tavern-keepers, it is said, posted the
+names of the New York importers and determined that they would not
+entertain them nor afford them the least aid or assistance in passing
+through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> that government. Although Boston and Philadelphia were at first
+very strongly opposed to any relaxation in the agreements, they soon
+joined in terminating them; but the merchants and people alike determined
+that no tea should be imported liable to duty. The captains of ships
+sailing from London refused to carry tea as freight to American ports.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tax on Tea</i></div>
+
+<p>On Friday morning, October 15, 1773, a printed handbill was distributed
+through the town calling a meeting of the inhabitants at twelve o’clock
+that day at the Coffee House to consult and agree on some manner of
+expressing the thanks of the people to the captains of the London ships
+trading with the port of New York and the merchants to whom they were
+consigned, for their refusal to take from the East India Company, as
+freight, tea on which a duty had been laid by parliament payable in
+America. At this meeting an address was accordingly drawn up which was
+unanimously approved by those present. In this address it was declared
+that “Stamp Officers and Tea Commissioners will ever be held in equal
+estimation.”</p>
+
+<p>For two or three years the political situation had been uneventful, but
+early in the year 1773 it became apparent that an effort was about to be
+made to bring the question of taxation to an issue. The East India
+Company, acting as the instrument of the British parliament, arranged to
+send cargoes of tea to the ports of Boston,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> Newport, New York,
+Philadelphia and Charleston, at which places they appointed commissioners
+for its sale.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Sons of Liberty Again Organize</i></div>
+
+<p>The times were portentous. The people realized that Great Britain was
+about to test her power to tax the colonies by forcing the importation of
+tea through the East India Company in order to establish a precedent, and
+preparations were made to resist. The Sons of Liberty again organized in
+November, 1773, and prepared for action. They drew up a number of
+resolutions which expressed their sentiments and which they engaged to
+faithfully observe. The first of these was, “that whoever should aid or
+abet or in any manner assist in the introduction of Tea from any place
+whatsoever into this Colony, while it is subject by a British act of
+parliament to the payment of a duty for the purpose of raising a revenue
+in America, he shall be deemed an enemy to the Liberties of America.” On
+the back of a printed copy of these resolutions was written a letter of
+appeal, signed by the committee of the association, addressed to the
+Friends of Liberty and Trade, inviting an union of all classes in a
+determined resistance, and urging harmony.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting held at the City Hall on the 17th of December by the Sons of
+Liberty to which all friends of liberty and trade of America were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+invited, it was firmly resolved that the tea which was expected should not
+be landed.</p>
+
+<p>In Boston the consignee of the tea refusing to return it to England, the
+vessels were boarded by a number of men disguised as Indians, the chests
+of tea broken open and the contents cast overboard in the water. This
+occurred on the 16th of December, 1773.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting held at the tavern of Captain Doran a committee was appointed
+to wait on the merchants who had been appointed commissioners for the sale
+of the East India Company’s tea and ask their intentions. They replied to
+the committee that, finding that the tea will come liable to American
+duty, they have declined to receive it. Thomas Doran had been captain of a
+small but fast sailing privateer, and did good service in the late French
+war. He had since been keeping a tavern on the new dock near the Fly
+Market. His house had been the usual place of meeting of the Marine
+Society for many years. In May, 1774, notice was given that a committee of
+the Chamber of Commerce would meet at the house of Thomas Doran to receive
+claims for bounty on fish brought into the city markets. The assembly, in
+1773, had granted the sum of five hundred pounds per annum for five years,
+“for the encouragement of fishery on this coast for the better supplying
+of the markets of this city with fish,” to be paid to the treasurer of the
+Chamber of Commerce, and the awarding of the premiums was entrusted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>
+that association. This was the first distribution of premiums.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tea-Ship Arrives</i></div>
+
+<p>The tea-ship for New York, long overdue, was anxiously expected. In March,
+1774, the Sons of Liberty were notified to meet every Thursday night at
+seven o’clock at the house of Jasper Drake till the arrival and departure
+of the tea-ship. The ships for the other ports had arrived at their
+destinations and been disposed of. No tea had been allowed to be sold. The
+ship Nancy, Captain Lockyer, with the tea for New York on board, driven
+off the coast by contrary winds, did not reach the port until April 18th,
+and the pilot, advised of the situation, refused to bring her up to the
+city. The people had resolved that the tea should not be landed. The
+captain was allowed to come up on condition that he would not enter his
+vessel at the custom house. He was received by a committee of the Sons of
+Liberty and conducted to the consignee, who, declining to receive his
+cargo, he at once made preparation to return. On Friday, April 22,
+handbills were distributed, stating that although the sense of the people
+had been signified to Captain Lockyer, nevertheless it was the desire of
+many of the citizens that, at his departure, he should see with his own
+eyes their detestation of the measures pursued by the ministry and the
+East India Company to enslave this country. Accordingly, on Saturday<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+morning, about eight o’clock, all the bells in the city rang as a notice
+to the people that the tea which had been brought over in the Nancy was
+about to be sent back without allowing it to be landed. About nine o’clock
+the people assembled at the Coffee House in greater numbers than ever
+before known, Captain Lockyer came out of the Coffee House with the
+committee and was received with cheers, while a band provided for the
+occasion played “God Save the King.” He was then conducted to Murray’s
+Wharf, at the foot of Wall Street, where, amid the shouts of the people
+and the firing of guns, he was put on board the pilot boat and wished a
+safe passage. He joined his ship, the Nancy, at the Narrows, and the next
+morning put to sea.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tea Thrown Overboard</i></div>
+
+<p>On Friday, amidst all the excitement, Captain Chambers, who from
+information received from different sources was suspected of having tea on
+board his ship, the London, arrived at the Hook. The pilot asked him if he
+had any tea on board and he declared that he had none. Two of the
+committee of observation went on board, to whom he declared that he had no
+tea. When the ship came to the wharf about four o’clock in the afternoon
+she was boarded by a number of citizens and Captain Chambers was told that
+it was in vain for him to deny having tea on board his ship for there was
+good proof to the contrary, whereupon he confessed that he had on board
+eighteen chests. The owners of the vessel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> and the committee immediately
+met at Francis’ Tavern to deliberate over the matter where Captain
+Chambers was ordered to attend. Here he stated that he was the sole owner
+of the tea. The Mohawks were prepared to do their duty but the people
+became impatient and about eight o’clock a number entered the ship, took
+out the tea, broke open the chests and threw their contents into the
+river. The resentment of the people was so great against Captain Chambers,
+whom they had considered a friend of their rights and deserving of their
+confidence, that it was thought that if he could have been found, his life
+would have been in danger. He was, however, concealed and succeeded the
+next day in getting on board the Nancy with Captain Lockyer and sailed
+away to England.</p>
+
+<p>The news of what had been done by the little tea-party in Boston Harbor,
+December 16, 1773, reached England on the 22d of January, 1774, and
+created intense excitement in London. On March 7 the King sent a special
+message to parliament on the American disturbances and soon after a bill
+was prepared providing for the closing of the port of Boston to all
+commerce on June 1, at the King’s pleasure, and ordering indemnification
+to be made to the East India Company for the tea destroyed. This bill
+passed both houses of parliament without a dissenting vote. The news of
+its passage came to New York by the ship Samson, Captain Coupar,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> which
+arrived May 12, twenty-seven days from London. By the same packet came
+news that General Gage, commissioned governor of Massachusetts, had
+engaged with four regiments to reduce Boston to submission and was to sail
+for his government on April 15.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Committee of Correspondence</i></div>
+
+<p>In consequence of the alarming news from England, a notice was posted at
+the Merchants’ Coffee House inviting the merchants to meet at the tavern
+of Samuel Francis on Monday evening, the 16th, to consult on measures
+proper to be taken. Accordingly, a large number of merchants and other
+inhabitants appeared at the appointed place. The object was to appoint a
+committee of correspondence. There appeared some differences of opinion as
+to the number and composition of this committee, but the result was that
+fifty names were nominated, fifteen of the number to be sufficient to do
+business. To confirm the choice of this committee or to choose others, it
+was resolved before adjournment that the inhabitants of the city should be
+requested to meet at the Merchants’ Coffee House on Thursday, the 19th, at
+one o’clock.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Paul Revere, the Post Rider</i></div>
+
+<p>In the interim Paul Revere, the famous post-rider and express, arrived on
+the 17th with a message from the people of Boston, urging a cessation of
+all trade with Great Britain and the West Indies until the port bill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+should be repealed. In the evening of the same day there was a large
+meeting of the mechanics at Bardin’s Tavern. Bardin had come to the
+neighborhood where he formerly lived and was keeping the house at one time
+kept by John Jones in the Fields, and known after that as Hampden Hall.
+The mechanics sided with the radical party.</p>
+
+<p>At the meeting called at the Merchants’ Coffee House the merchants
+prevailed, as they had done at the previous meeting. The name of Francis
+Lewis was added to the committee and it was known as the committee of
+fifty-one. Gouverneur Morris, writing to Penn, said: “I stood on the
+balcony and on my right hand were ranged all the people of property with
+some few poor dependents, and on the other all the tradesmen, etc., who
+thought it worth their while to leave daily labor for the good of the
+country.” There was some opposition to the committee named, but after the
+meeting those who had opposed it, for the sake of union, sent in their
+agreement to the choice. The mechanics also sent a letter to the committee
+concurring in the selection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Answer to the Boston Letter</i></div>
+
+<p>The committee of fifty-one met at the Merchants’ Coffee House on Monday
+morning, the 23d, at ten o’clock for business, and after appointing a
+chairman, secretary and doorkeeper, and agreeing upon sundry rules for the
+conduct of business, the letters from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> Boston and Philadelphia were read.
+A committee composed of Messrs. MacDougal, Low, Duane and Jay was
+appointed to draw up an answer to the first and report at eight o’clock in
+the evening, to which time the meeting adjourned. At the appointed time
+the committee appointed to draw up an answer to the Boston letter made
+report of a draft of such letter, which was unanimously agreed to and
+ordered to be engrossed and forwarded with the utmost dispatch. On Tuesday
+it was delivered to Paul Revere, the express from Boston, who had been as
+far as Philadelphia and was now on his way back to Boston. He immediately
+set out on his return. A copy was ordered to be transmitted to the
+Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia. “The letter proposed to the
+people of Boston that a Congress of the colonies should be convoked
+without delay to determine and direct the measures to be pursued for
+relief of the town of Boston and the redress of all the American
+grievances,” a recommendation which was accepted and resulted in the
+Congress which met at Philadelphia in September.</p>
+
+<p>Monday evening, June 6, the Committee of Correspondence met and read and
+answered the dispatches brought from Boston by the express rider,
+Cornelius Bradford, and on Monday, the 13th, the New York Mercury stated
+that they were to meet again that night, when, it was hoped, their
+proceedings would be made public, saying “the times are critical and big
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> interesting events.” On Wednesday, June 15, the day on which the
+harbor of Boston was closed by act of parliament, a great number of the
+friends of American liberty in the city procured effigies of Governor
+Hutchinson, Lord North and Mr. Wedderburn, persons who were considered
+most unfriendly to the rights of America, and after carrying them through
+the principal streets of the city took them to the Coffee House, “where
+they were attended in the evening of that day, it is thought, by the
+greatest concourse of spectators ever seen on a similar occasion, and
+there destroyed by sulphurous Flames.”</p>
+
+<p>The Committee of Correspondence held their meetings at the Merchants’
+Coffee House during the summer. It was the center of most of the political
+agitation and unrest which pervaded the community. On the evening of
+Wednesday, July 13, the committee met and drew up a set of resolutions on
+the alarming situation of affairs, which were printed in handbills and
+distributed about the town the next morning, for the approbation of the
+people who were to assemble at the Coffee House at twelve o’clock on the
+19th to approve or disapprove of them. It had been settled that there
+should be a Congress of the colonies, to meet at Philadelphia in
+September, and the people were at the same time to testify their
+approbation of the five gentlemen nominated by the committee to attend as
+delegates. These were James Duane, Philip Livingston, John Alsop, Isaac
+Low and John Jay.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> There was so much controversy that the men nominated
+declined to accept the trust until confirmed by the people. Accordingly,
+on the 24th an election was ordered in the ordinary manner by a poll in
+the several wards which was held on the 28th, resulting in the unanimous
+choice of the five gentlemen above named as delegates.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Delegates to Congress</i></div>
+
+<p>About the first of September there was much excitement on account of the
+departure of the delegates for Philadelphia and the arrival of delegates
+from the New England colonies, passing through the city. On Monday, the
+29th of August, John Jay quietly set out for Philadelphia to attend the
+congress, and on Thursday, September 1st, the four other delegates left
+the city for the same laudable purpose. Isaac Low, accompanied by his
+wife, who wished to go by way of Paulus Hook, was escorted to the ferry
+stairs at the foot of Cortlandt Street by a large number of citizens, with
+colors flying, and with music. A few accompanied him over the river with
+musicians playing “God Save the King.” The people then returned to the
+Coffee House in order to testify the same respect for the other three
+delegates, James Duane, John Alsop and Philip Livingston. The procession
+began about half past nine o’clock. When they arrived at the Royal
+Exchange, near which they embarked, James Duane, in a short speech,
+thanked the people for the honor they had conferred upon them and declared
+for himself and for his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> fellow delegates “that nothing in their Power
+should be wanting to relieve this once happy but now aggrieved Country.”
+As they left the wharf, “they were saluted by several Pieces of Cannon,
+mounted for the occasion, which was answered by a greater Number from St.
+George’s Ferry. These Testimonials and three Huzzas bid them go and
+proclaim to all Nations that they, and the virtuous People they represent,
+dare <i>defend their Rights as Protestant Englishmen</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>The Massachusetts delegates, Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, Robert Treat
+Paine and John Adams, set out on their journey from Boston in one coach on
+the 10th of August and arrived in New York on the 20th. John Adams, in his
+diary, says: “We breakfasted at Day’s and arrived in the city of New York
+at ten o’clock, at Hull’s, a tavern, the sign of the Bunch of Grapes.” The
+arms of the province on the old sign must have been pretty well
+weatherbeaten to have been taken for a bunch of grapes. The best tavern in
+Boston and the best tavern in Hartford each hung out this sign and Adams
+was thus easily led into an error.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Congress at Philadelphia</i></div>
+
+<p>The congress at Philadelphia passed a non-exportation act to take effect
+on September 15, and a non-importation act to be put in force on December
+1. A committee of observation or inspection was appointed in New York city
+to secure the strict<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> observance of these acts. In the spring of 1775
+deputies were elected in New York to a provincial congress which met on
+April 20, and the next day appointed delegates to represent the province
+in the Continental Congress which was to assemble at Philadelphia in the
+following May. News of the battle of Lexington, forwarded by express
+riders from Watertown, Massachusetts, reached the chambers of the New York
+committee of correspondence at four o’clock in the afternoon of Sunday,
+April 23. It was war. The news reached Williamsburg, Virginia, on April
+28, and on the next day Alexander Purdie published it in an extra of his
+Gazette. In commenting on the situation his closing words were: “The sword
+is now drawn and God knows when it will be sheathed.”</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Province Arms</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Great Excitement in the City</i></div>
+
+<p>In the early part of the year 1775 a state of uneasiness and expectancy
+pervaded the community. Trade was prostrate. The merchants met at the
+Exchange or at the Coffee House and nervously talked over the situation,
+for which there seemed to be no remedy; while they looked out on the quiet
+docks, now almost deserted. They were calmly waiting for something to
+happen, and it came in the news of the battle of Lexington. This was the
+crisis which produced a decided change in conditions. The dissatisfied
+people now showed that they had lost all respect for English rule.
+Companies of armed citizens paraded the streets aimlessly, and there was
+great excitement everywhere. The regular soldiers in garrison prudently
+confined themselves to their barracks. The machinery of government was out
+of joint and it was very soon apparent that something should be done to
+maintain order and form some regular plan of government.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting was called at the Merchants’ Coffee House when it was agreed
+that the government of the city should be placed in the hands of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
+committee. Isaac Low, chairman of the committee of observation, issued a
+notice stating that the committee were unanimously of opinion that a new
+committee should be elected by the freeholders and freemen for the present
+unhappy exigency of affairs, to consist of one hundred persons,
+thirty-three to be a quorum. It was also recommended that they should at
+the same time choose deputies to represent them in a provincial congress
+which it was considered highly advisable should be summoned. A committee
+such as was recommended was chosen May 1, and, at the same time,
+twenty-one deputies for the city and county of New York, to meet the
+deputies of the other counties in provincial congress May 22.</p>
+
+<p>The excitement had in no wise abated when the eastern delegates to
+congress entered the city, Saturday, May 6, on their way to Philadelphia
+and were received with the greatest enthusiasm. They were met a few miles
+out of town by a great number of the principal gentlemen of the place and
+escorted into the city by near a thousand men under arms. John Adams, in
+his diary, says that from Kingsbridge the number of people continually
+increased, until he thought the whole city had come out to meet them. The
+roads, it is said, were lined with greater numbers of people than were
+known on any occasion before. All the bells of the city rang out a
+welcome. They were conducted to the tavern of Sam Francis, where they
+lodged,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> and a newspaper states that double sentries were placed at the
+doors of their lodgings, for what special purpose we are not informed,
+probably simply to keep the crowd in check and maintain order.</p>
+
+<p>The British soldiers garrisoned in the city were powerless to maintain the
+authority of the crown and were ordered to join the troops at Boston.
+There were some who advised that they should be made prisoners. The
+committee, however, agreed to let them depart with their arms and
+accoutrements without molestation. They accordingly marched out from the
+barracks to embark about ten o’clock on the morning of June 6, 1775. At
+the time there were at the tavern of Jasper Drake, in Water Street near
+Beekman Slip, a place well known as a rendezvous of the Liberty Boys and
+those opposed to the British measures, about half a dozen men, when word
+came to them that the British soldiers were leaving the barracks to embark
+and were taking with them several carts loaded with chests filled with
+arms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Transfer of Arms Stopped</i></div>
+
+<p>They immediately decided that these arms should not be taken from the
+city. One of the men was Marinus Willett, and what he did that day has
+become a landmark in the history of the city. They started out on
+different routes to notify their friends and obtain assistance. Willett
+went down Water Street to the Coffee House where he notified those who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
+were there of what was to be done and then proceeded down to the Exchange
+at the foot of Broad Street. When he saw the troops and the carts laden
+with arms approaching he went up to meet them, and not hesitating a
+moment, seized the horse drawing the leading cart by the bridle, which
+caused a halt and brought the officer in command to the front. The crowd
+that immediately collected, including the mayor, gave Willett little
+support, but soon John Morin Scott came to his assistance, asserting that
+the committee had given no permission for the removal of the arms. The
+result was that the soldiers made no resistance to the seizure of the arms
+and quietly embarked without them. These arms were used by the first
+troops raised in New York under the orders of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img47.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">MARINUS WILLETT STOPPING THE TRANSFER OF ARMS</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>Nesbitt Deane, the hatter, whose shop was in the old Coffee House
+building, advertised in 1775, to let the two or three upper stories of the
+house, “being noted for a Notary Public’s office these two years past,”
+which he further describes “as being so pleasantly situated that a person
+can see at once the river, shipping, Long Island and all the gentlemen
+resorting to the House on business from the most distant climes.” Although
+the Coffee House was generally the resort of strangers as well as
+citizens, yet, in 1775, on account of the stagnation of business caused by
+the cessation of all trade with Great Britain, it was almost deserted.
+This is made plain by an article which appeared in the New York Journal of
+October 19; and as this has some interesting statements about coffee
+houses in general and about the Merchants’ Coffee House in particular, we
+have thought it well to reproduce it entirely.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“<span class="smcap">To the Inhabitants of New York</span>:</p>
+
+<p>“It gives me concern, in this time of public difficulty and danger, to
+find we have in this city<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> no place of daily general meeting, where we
+might hear and communicate intelligence from every quarter and freely
+confer with one another on every matter that concerns us. Such a place
+of general meeting is of very great advantage in many respects,
+especially at such a time as this, besides the satisfaction it affords
+and the sociable disposition it has a tendency to keep up among us,
+which was never more wanted than at this time. To answer all these and
+many other good and useful purposes, Coffee Houses have been
+universally deemed the most convenient places of resort, because at a
+small expense of time or money, persons wanted may be found and spoke
+with, appointments may be made, current news heard, and whatever it
+most concerns us to know. In all cities, therefore, and large towns
+that I have seen in the British dominions, sufficient encouragement
+has been given to support one or more Coffee Houses in a genteel
+manner. How comes it then that New York, the most central, and one of
+the largest and most prosperous cities in British America, cannot
+support one Coffee House? It is a scandal to the city and its
+inhabitants to be destitute of such a convenience, for want of due
+encouragement. A coffee house, indeed, here is! a very good and
+comfortable one, extremely well tended and accommodated, but it is
+frequented but by an inconsiderable number of people; and I have
+observed with surprise, that but a small part of those who do frequent
+it, contribute<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> anything at all to the expense, of it, but come in and
+go out without calling for or paying anything to the house. In all the
+Coffee Houses in London, it is customary for every one that comes in,
+to call for at least a dish of Coffee, or leave the value of one,
+which is but reasonable, because when the keepers of these houses have
+been at the expense of setting them up and providing all necessaries
+for the accommodation of company, every one that comes to receive the
+benefit of these conveniences ought to contribute something towards
+the expense of them.</p>
+
+<p>“To each individual the expense is a trifle quite inconsiderable, but
+to the keeper of one of these houses it is an article of great
+importance, and essential to the support and continuance of it. I
+have, therefore, since I frequented the Coffee House in this city and
+observed the numbers that come in without spending anything, often
+wondered how the expense of the house was supported, or what
+inducement the person who kept it could have to continue it. At the
+same time I could not help being equally surprised at the disposition
+of people who acted in this manner; or their thoughtlessness in
+neglecting to contribute to the support of a house which their
+business or pleasure induced them to frequent; especially as I have
+met with no Coffee House in my travels better accommodated with
+attendance or any liquors that could be expected in a Coffee House.</p>
+
+<p>“I have of late observed that the house is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> almost deserted, and don’t
+wonder that fire and candles are not lighted as usual; it is rather
+surprising they were continued so long. I am convinced the interest of
+the person who keeps it, must, without a speedy alteration, soon
+induce her to drop the business and shut up her house; and I cannot
+help feeling concern that a very useful and worthy person, who has
+always behaved well in her station, should not be treated with more
+generosity and kindness by her fellow citizens. I am concerned, too,
+for my own conveniency and for the honor of the city, to find that it
+will not support one Coffee House.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">“<span class="smcap">A Friend to the City.</span>”</span></p></div>
+
+<p>When the American army came into the city to prepare for its defense Mrs.
+Ferrari was still the landlady of the Merchants’ Coffee House, but on May
+1, 1776, it passed into the hands of Cornelius Bradford, who seems to have
+been a man of energy and enterprise. In his announcement in April he
+promised that he would endeavor to give satisfaction, that he would obtain
+all the newspapers for the use of his patrons and render the house as
+useful and convenient as possible. He says: “Interesting intelligence will
+be carefully collected and the greatest attention will be given to the
+arrival of vessels, when trade and navigation shall resume their former
+channels.” He evidently was hopeful of better times, although preparations
+for war were being made around him on all sides. Bradford was an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> ardent
+supporter of the American cause and had been an express rider, carrying
+important confidential messages between New York and Boston and between
+New York and Philadelphia. His tenure of the Merchants’ Coffee House at
+this time was of short duration. He abandoned his house and went out of
+the city with the American troops, but returned and took possession of it
+again as its landlord at the close of the war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Flight from the City</i></div>
+
+<p>The year 1776 was a sad one for New York. Before the first of July great
+numbers of the inhabitants, dreading the impending conflict, had left the
+city to place their families in security. Many loyalists had left to avoid
+military service. A letter written in the city July 30, 1776, says: “You
+would be surprised to see what numbers of empty houses there are in this
+place. Very few of the inhabitants remain in town that are not engaged in
+the service.” Another by a physician, under date of August 9, says: “The
+air of the whole city seems infected. In almost every street there is a
+horrid smell&mdash;But, duty to my country, and another consideration, require
+that I should not quit my post at this juncture.” A British document,
+relating to the commissary department during the war, makes the statement
+that nineteen-twentieths of the inhabitants with their families and
+effects had left the city before the entry of the British troops. Added to
+the calamity of war was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> devastating fire which destroyed a large part
+of the city shortly after the British took possession.</p>
+
+<p>After the occupation of the city by the British troops, the Merchants’
+Coffee House evidently soon became a favorite resort of the officers of
+the army. When Captain Alexander Graydon, made prisoner at the battle of
+Fort Washington, was allowed the freedom of the city within certain
+limits, on his parole, he one day saw in the newspaper printed by Hugh
+Gaine something which stirred him with a great desire to write a squib
+addressed “to the officers of the British army,” which he and Lieutenant
+Edwards, his fellow prisoner, agreed to endeavor to have placed in some
+conspicuous part of the Coffee House. For the small reward of a quarter of
+a dollar, a black boy succeeded in placing it in one of the boxes. Captain
+Davenport, whom Graydon characterizes as certainly a voluntary captive, if
+not a deserter, called upon them on the following evening and said to
+them: “You are a couple of pretty fellows. You have made a devil of an
+uproar at the Coffee House.” Graydon and Edwards admitted nothing, for
+they knew if detected they would get lodgings in the provost prison.
+Captain Davenport was an Irishman who had joined the same regiment as
+Graydon as a lieutenant, afterwards becoming captain. After the retreat
+from Long Island he remained, Graydon says, in New York, sick or
+pretending to be sick, and stayed there until the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> British look possession
+of it. He called himself a prisoner but there was little doubt that he had
+renounced our cause and made his peace with the enemy. He states that as
+they had no absolute certainty of his baseness they did not think it
+necessary to discard him, for, as he frequented the Coffee House, mixed
+with the British officers and tories, they often received intelligence
+through him that they could get in no other way. Another officer of the
+American army who seemed to have made his peace with the enemy, although
+he called himself a prisoner, was Colonel Houssacker. He claimed that all
+was over, and in his conversation with the officers held as prisoners his
+inference was that they should immediately make their peace. He said to
+some of them: “Why don’t you go to the Coffee House and mix with the
+British army as I do? They will use you well;” but he made no proselytes
+to his opinions or principles. Graydon describes him as “a man of no
+country or any country, a citizen of the world, a soldier of fortune and a
+true mercenary.”</p>
+
+<p>When Graydon came into possession of his trunk which had been among the
+baggage captured at Fort Washington, stipulated for in its surrender, he
+dressed himself in a good suit of regimentals and hat, and against the
+advice of older officers, sallied forth alone and walked past the Coffee
+House down to the Battery. Finding the gate open, he strolled through it
+from one end to the other, every sentinel, to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> great surprise,
+“handling his arms” to him as he passed. Making a considerable circuit in
+another part of the town, he regained his lodgings without the slightest
+molestation. He afterwards learned from Mr. Theophylact Bache that he saw
+him pass the Coffee House, and that he and some other gentlemen had to
+exert themselves to prevent his being insulted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Duel at Hull’s</i></div>
+
+<p>Hull did not abandon his house as some of the tavern-keepers did who were
+more patriotic, but held his post as keeper of the Province Arms, and his
+tavern soon became the resort of the British officers. It escaped the
+great fire which destroyed a large part of the city, including Trinity
+Church, near by. In September, 1777, a desperate duel took place in one of
+the rooms of Hull’s Tavern. This was the encounter between Captain
+Tollemache, of his majesty’s ship Zebra, and Captain Pennington, of the
+Guards, who came passenger in the Zebra. They fought with swords. The next
+day the body of Tollemache was placed under the cold sod of Trinity
+Churchyard, and Pennington was struggling for life, having received seven
+wounds. He survived.</p>
+
+<p>The next spring, 1778, Hull gave up the Province Arms and it was rented by
+the attorney of Captain John Peter De Lancey, the owner, to a Mr. Hicks,
+during whose management of the house it was the scene of much activity.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Head Popular</i></div>
+
+<p>In March, 1777, the well known tavern on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> Dock near the Fly Market,
+which had for many years been kept by Captain Thomas Doran, the usual
+meeting place of the Marine Society, was taken by Loosley and Elms, who
+called it The King’s Head. Charles Loosley and Thomas Elms, when the war
+broke out, were paper makers in New York City. Called on to serve in the
+militia, they petitioned the Provincial Congress of New York for relief,
+pleading that they were engaged in a very useful occupation or business,
+which would be ruined if they were called away from its supervision. They
+stated that they had been subjected to several fines, which they had paid,
+and were still, according to the rules and orders, liable to the penalty
+of being advertised and held up as enemies of the country, though they had
+ever been hearty friends to it and were constantly laboring to the utmost
+of their abilities to promote its interests by carrying on and perfecting
+a most useful manufactory to supply the country with an important and
+absolutely necessary article. Another petition was sent in August to the
+convention of representatives of the State of New York, in session at
+Harlem, by Charles Loosley, Thomas Elms and John Holt, the printer,
+praying that an immediate order be issued to prevent the paper-makers from
+being compelled or permitted to go upon military service, as the paper
+they were making was the only supply to every department of business in
+the state, which, without it, would be laid under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> the most distressing
+difficulties. Loosley and Elms remained in the city, and becoming
+landlords of the King’s Head, showed themselves the most pronounced
+loyalists and tried in every way to please the British officers. Their
+house became a favorite and they were very successful in their business.
+The officers of the army and navy and those connected with the service
+were the best customers of the taverns, and the tavern-keepers did
+everything they could to gain their favor. No tavern-keeper could do
+business if not loyal to the crown of England, in appearance, at least.</p>
+
+<p>James Rivington, whose press and type had been destroyed by some of the
+most radical of the Americans in November, 1775, on account of articles
+published in his paper, and the type, it is said, ultimately run into
+bullets, fled to England. Procuring a new outfit, he returned to New York,
+where the loyalists had the pleasure of welcoming him in September, 1777.
+On this occasion the King’s Head Tavern of Loosley and Elms “was elegantly
+illuminated, to testify the joy of the true ‘Sons of Freedom’.” Rivington
+repaid Loosley and Elms for their kindness by a laudatory puff,
+contributed to his paper, which he soon re-established under the name of
+the Royal Gazette. It appeared in the issue of January 24, 1778. It was “a
+description of the grand and elegant illumination of the King’s Head<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
+Tavern in honor of her Majesty’s birthday,” stating that “it is the desire
+of the public, as Messrs. Loosley and Elms have ever shown their
+attachment to the British Government, and a detestation of the present
+rebellion, that, through the channel of your much-esteemed paper, their
+conduct may be known and approved of in Europe, as well as by the
+loyalists of New York. The tavern was illuminated with upwards of two
+hundred wax-lights.” A lengthy description was given of the
+transparencies; the royal arms being in the center, one of these was a
+view of the reduction of Fort Mud; another, the Congress, with the devil
+at the president’s elbow telling him to persevere. “The Statue of Mr. Pitt
+without its head was placed near the Congress, as being one of their
+kidney, and gave a hint of what ought, long ago, to have been done. The
+verses over the tavern door were very proper on the occasion, and well
+illuminated. Much is due to Messrs. Loosley and Elms for their patriotic
+spirit, which meets the approbation of every man who is a friend to his
+king and country.”</p>
+
+<p>Loosley and Elms gave notice in October, 1779, that the anniversary of
+Saint George’s day would be celebrated at their house, the King’s Head
+Tavern, on Friday, the 23d of that month, by a dinner, which would be
+served at precisely three o’clock in the afternoon. They promised that a
+good band of music would be provided for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> the occasion. One of the
+attractions of the house in 1779 was a billiard table.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Theatre Royal</i></div>
+
+<p>While the British army occupied New York the town, at times, was very gay.
+The John Street Theatre, which had been closed as injuriously affecting
+the morals of the country, was reopened in January, 1777, as the Theatre
+Royal by the Garrison Dramatic Club, composed of some of the brightest men
+in the British army, who managed the theatre and took parts in the
+performances, the proceeds from which were devoted to the care of the
+widows and orphans of soldiers. The orchestra was very good, being
+composed of volunteers from the regimental bands. It is said that the
+gross receipts of the club in one year amounted to nine thousand, five
+hundred pounds.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1777-1778 the British made the staid city of
+Philadelphia also very gay. The grand fete called Meschianza was the
+climax of their efforts and was a great success. When, in the summer of
+1778, they left Philadelphia and came to New York, they added much to the
+gaiety of this city. The unfortunate Major André had taken a prominent
+part in the Meschianza and also became very active in New York in
+promoting every kind of social and dramatic entertainment.</p>
+
+<p>Smith’s Tavern, in Water Street between the Coffee House and the Fly
+Market, opposite Commissioner Loring’s house, was a public house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> that
+enjoyed much popularity. Ephraim Smith had kept tavern in Philadelphia and
+states that he had been assistant to the managers of the Meschianza, and
+that he had opened his tavern at the desire of many gentlemen of the royal
+army and navy. He had followed the British troops from Philadelphia to New
+York.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Ferry House Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>For some years previous to the Battle of Brooklyn, Adolph Waldron had been
+the landlord of the ferry house on the Long Island side of the East River,
+which had been noted as a tavern for many years. The city of New York had
+renewed the lease to him of the ferry-house, the barns and cattle pen on
+May 1, 1776, for two years. The tavern was a large stone building about
+sixty feet square and two stories high and was known as the Corporation
+House from its being owned by the corporation of the city of New York. It
+was the successor of the ferry-house erected in 1746, and which was burned
+down in 1748, supposed by the people of Brooklyn, who were engaged in
+bitter litigation with the corporation of New York concerning ferry
+rights.</p>
+
+<p>Waldron was a staunch Whig, and had in September, 1775, called a meeting
+of citizens at his house for the purpose of forming a military company for
+defense. He was chosen captain of the troop of horse which the assembled
+citizens voted should be organized. He proved to be a good and efficient
+officer and, with his troop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> of light horse, was employed in guarding the
+eastern coast of Long Island until relieved by Colonel Hand’s regiment of
+riflemen. He, of course, was compelled to abandon his tavern, which, in
+1779, appears to have been in the hands of Captain Benson.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Horse Racing and Fox Hunting</i></div>
+
+<p>In May, 1779, Loosley and Elms saw an opportunity for a larger field of
+operation, so, giving up the tavern on Brownjohn’s Wharf, near the Fly
+Market, they took down their sign of the King’s Head and carried it over
+the river to Brooklyn, where they established themselves in the old ferry
+house, succeeding Captain Benson. Large numbers of British troops were
+encamped in Brooklyn and vicinity and Loosley and Elms endeavored to get
+the patronage of the army officers. They furnished the house in a superior
+manner and kept it in a way that attracted great attention. They succeeded
+so well in pleasing their military friends and patrons that their house
+became a resort for the officers of the army and also for the fashionable
+people of the city as a place of amusement. They got up bull baitings,
+horse races, fox hunts and other amusements. They generally prefaced their
+announcements of these affairs with the motto “Pro Bono Publico,” and
+sometimes closed with the warnings that rebels should not approach nearer
+than a specified spot. Cricket matches were gotten up, and the game of
+golf was indulged in. Rivington, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> printer, could furnish “clubs for
+playing golf and the veritable Caledonian Balls.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bull-Baiting</i></div>
+
+<p>Loosley and Elms having brought over their old sign from New York, hung it
+out and the tavern was renamed the King’s Head. It was also sometimes
+called Brooklyn Hall. They gave notice that they had purchased chaises,
+chairs, sulkies and able horses and were prepared to furnish carriages and
+horses to go to any part of Long Island. A cricket match was played here
+on Monday, September 27, 1779, between the Brooklyn and Greenwich clubs
+for fifty guineas. On Monday, July 3, 1780, Loosley and Elms gave notice
+that on Thursday next there would be a bull-baiting at Brooklyn ferry.
+They say: “The bull is remarkably strong and active; the best dogs in the
+country expected, and they that afford the best diversion will be rewarded
+with silver collars.” The next year Elms having retired from the business,
+Charles Loosley gave notice that, “This day, being Wednesday, the 20th of
+June, will be exhibited at Brooklyn Ferry a Bull-Baiting after the true
+English manner. Taurus will be brought to the ring at half-past three
+o’clock; some good dogs are already provided, but every assistance of that
+sort will be esteemed a favor. A dinner exactly British will be upon
+Loosley’s table at eleven o’clock, after which there is no doubt but that
+the song, ‘Oh! the Roast Beef of Old England!’ will be sung with harmony
+and glee.” On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> September 20, 1780, notice was given that the “anniversary
+of the Coronation of our ever good and gracious King will be celebrated at
+Loosley’s 22 inst. It is expected that no rebels will approach nearer than
+Flatbush wood.”</p>
+
+<p>While the British occupied Brooklyn horse-races were more or less
+regularly held on the old course around Beaver Pond near Jamaica, at New
+Lots and at Flatlands, not far from the ferry. They were largely attended
+by the army officers and the people of New York, who crossed the ferry
+and, no doubt, added greatly to the profits of the King’s Head.
+Bull-baiting was a cruel sport, but there were others that would hardly be
+tolerated at the present day, the principal object being, no doubt, to
+amuse and entertain the army officers. The Royal Gazette of November 4,
+1780, announced three days’ sport at Ascot Heath, formerly Flatlands
+Plains. On the second day the first event was a ladies’ subscription purse
+of £50; the second a race by women&mdash;quarter-mile heats&mdash;best two in three;
+the first to get a Holland smock and chintz gown, full-trimmed, of four
+guineas value, the second a guinea and the third a half-guinea. “If
+stormy, posponed&mdash;when notice will be given by Mr. Loosley’s Union Flag
+being displayed by 7 o’clock in the morning. Gentlemen fond of fox-hunting
+will meet at Loosley’s King’s Head Tavern at day-break during the races.</p>
+
+<p>“God Save the King played every hour.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>The Royal Gazette of August 8, 1781, contains the following advertisement:
+“Pro Bono Publico,&mdash;Gentlemen that are fond of fox-hunting are requested
+to meet at Loosley’s Tavern, on Ascot Heath, on Friday morning next,
+between the hours of five and six, as a pack of hounds will be there
+purposely for a trial of their abilities. Breakfasting and Relishes until
+the Races commence. At eleven o’clock will be run for, an elegant saddle,
+etc., value at least twenty pounds, for which upwards of twelve gentlemen
+will ride their own horses. At twelve a match will be rode by two
+gentlemen. Horse for Horse. At one, a match for thirty guineas, by two
+gentlemen, who will also ride their own horses. Dinner will be ready at
+two o’clock, after which and suitable regalements, racing and other
+diversions will be calculated to conclude the day with pleasure and
+harmony. Brooklyn Hall 6th August, 1781.”</p>
+
+<p>Again in November: “Brooklyn Hunt.&mdash;The hounds will throw off at Denyse
+Ferry at 9, Thursday morning. A guinea or more will be given for a good
+strong bag fox by Charles Loosley.” In April, 1782, “A sweepstakes of 300
+guineas was won by Jacob Jackson’s mare, Slow and Easy, over Mercury and
+Goldfinder, on Ascot Heath.”</p>
+
+<p>Loosley was evidently making it very lively and entertaining for his
+patrons, who seem to have been interested in such sports as were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> popular
+in England. Lieutenant Anbury, writing to a friend in England under date
+of October 30, 1781, refers thus to Loosley’s King’s Head Tavern: “On
+crossing the East River from New York, you land at Brooklyn, which is a
+scattered village, consisting of a few houses. At this place is an
+excellent tavern, where parties are made to go and eat fish; the landlord
+of which has saved an immense fortune during this war.” Although Loosley
+was supposed to be doing a profitable business, it seems that such was not
+the case, for, in the latter part of the year 1782, notice was given that
+the furniture, etc., of Brooklyn Hall would be offered at public auction
+for the <i>benefit of the creditors</i> of Charles Loosley. Among the articles
+mentioned, which indicate that the house was pretty nicely furnished, are
+mahogany bedsteads; chintz and other curtains; mahogany drawers; dining,
+tea and card tables; an elegant clock in mahogany case; <i>a curious
+collection of well chosen paintings and pictures</i>; large pier and other
+looking-glasses, in gilt and plain frames; table and tea sets of china,
+plate, etc.; <i>a capital well-toned organ</i>, made by one of the best hands
+in London; <i>a billiard table</i> in thorough repair; wagons, horses, cows,
+etc.; “and several hundred transparent and tin lamps, <i>fit for
+illuminations</i>.” Loosley had been a great illuminator, but his days for
+illuminations were now over. He went out with other loyalists to Nova
+Scotia, where a few years later he was keeping a tavern.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Activity at the Merchants’ Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>In 1779 sales of prizes and merchandise were quite numerous at the
+Merchants’ Coffee House, indicating that it was a place of great activity.
+Its importance is further indicated by a notice in the newspaper by a
+person who wishes to hire a small dwelling, <i>not too far from the Coffee
+House</i>. In a proclamation issued March 6, 1779, Governor Tryon states that
+since September 18th last, the value of prizes brought into the port of
+New York amounted to above six hundred thousand (600,000) pounds. The New
+York Mercury states that in about this period one hundred and sixty-five
+(165) prizes were brought in, and a great deal of this was sold at the
+Coffee House. This same year, encouraged by the governor and the military
+commandant, the members of the Chamber of Commerce, who were in the city,
+met in the upper long room of the Merchants’ Coffee House, and resumed
+their sessions, which had been suspended since 1775. They hired the room
+from Mrs. Smith, the landlady, at the rate of fifty pounds per annum and
+continued to meet here until the close of the war.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1781 William Brownjohn, the owner of the Merchants’
+Coffee House, offered it to let, asking for written proposals. It was
+taken by John Strachan, who had succeeded Loosley and Elms in the old
+tavern on Brownjohn’s Wharf, which he had kept for two years<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> as the
+Queen’s Head. He had opened in it an ordinary and gave turtle dinners and
+in a measure maintained its popularity. The Marine Society met here while
+he was its landlord, as it had done before the war. When Strachan went
+into the Coffee House he promised “to pay attention not only as a Coffee
+House but as a Tavern in the truest sense; and to distinguish the same as
+the City Tavern and Coffee House, with constant and best attendance.
+Breakfast from seven to eleven. Soups and relishes from eleven to
+half-past one. Tea, coffee, etc., in the afternoon as in England.” He hung
+up letter-bags for letters to go out to England by the men-of-war,
+charging sixpence for each letter. This raised such a storm of protest
+that he was compelled to apologize in the public prints and to refund what
+he had received, which is said to have amounted to nineteen pounds (£19).
+He continued in the Coffee House until the return of peace. It seems to
+have been the meeting place of fraternal societies, but the cessasion of
+hostilities during the year 1783, the preparations for evacuating the city
+and the uncertainties of the future made times dull and Strachan issued an
+earnest appeal to those in his debt to come forward and settle their
+accounts.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Refugee Club</i></div>
+
+<p>Besides the army, the population of New York had increased in numbers by
+returning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> loyalists and by refugees from all parts, who had come in
+through the lines. There was a Refugee Club, the members of which had a
+dinner at Hicks’ Tavern, the Province Arms, on June 1, 1779, at which
+William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, and the last royal governor of
+New Jersey, presided. The refugees of the province of New York met, in
+August, 1779, at the tavern of John Amory, in the Fields, formerly the
+house of Abraham De La Montagnie and kept just before the war by his
+widow. This place seemed to be their headquarters. There was an
+organization known as the Board of Refugees, which issued a notice under
+date of November 27, 1779, signed by Anthony G. Stewart, President, and J.
+Hepburn, Secretary, stating that “the Representatives of the Loyal
+Refugees from the several Provinces now in rebellion are earnestly
+requested to give their attendance at the Coffee House on Tuesday evening
+at 5 o’clock.” The New York refugees had doubtless appointed men to
+represent them in this board, for, on October 18, 1779, notice was given
+that “those gentlemen that were appointed to represent the Loyal Refugees
+of the Province of New York are requested to meet on Wednesday Morning
+next at 10 o’clock at the House commonly called La Montague’s, now Mr.
+Amory’s.” The refugees from the province of Massachusetts Bay were
+requested to meet at Strachan’s Tavern, the Queen’s Head, on Friday,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>
+December 24, 1779, at six o’clock, when, it was promised, their committee
+would lay before them sundry matters of importance for their
+consideration. Many of the refugees were destitute and lotteries were
+gotten up for their benefit.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Gaiety at the Province Arms</i></div>
+
+<p>The center of the gaiety of the city and the great resort of the army
+officers was the Province Arms Tavern. In 1779 the walk by the ruins of
+Trinity Church and the churchyard was railed in and the railing painted
+green. Lamps were affixed to the trees, and benches were placed in
+convenient places, so that ladies and gentlemen could walk and sit there
+in the evening. When the commander was present, a band played, and a
+sentry was placed there, so that the common people might not intrude. On
+the opposite side of Broadway was a house for the accommodation of ladies
+and wives of officers, “while,” it was said, “many honest people, both of
+the inhabitants and refugees, cannot get a house or lodging to live in, or
+get their living.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Grand Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, January 18, 1780, the anniversary of the Queen’s birthday was
+celebrated “with uncommon splendor and magnificance.” Governor Tryon gave
+a public dinner to General Knyphausen, Major General Phillips, Baron
+Riedesel, commander of the troops of his Serene Highness the Duke of
+Brunswick, Major General Pattison, commandant of the city and the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>
+general officers of the garrison. At noon a royal salute was fired from
+Fort George and repeated by his Majesty’s ships of war at one o’clock. In
+the evening the Generals were present at the most elegant ball and
+entertainment ever known on this side of the Atlantic, given at the
+Province Arms by the general, field and staff officers of the army, to the
+garrison and principal ladies and gentlemen of the city. The Royal Gazette
+stated that “the Public Rooms were on this occasion entirely newpainted
+and decorated in a Stile which reflects Honor on the Taste of the
+Managers. A Doric pediment was erected near the principal Entrance
+enclosing a transparent Painting of their Majesties at full length, in
+their Royal Robes, over which was an emblematical Piece, encircled with
+the motto of</p>
+
+<p class="center">Britons, Strike Home.</p>
+
+<p>The whole illuminated with a beautiful variety of different colored Lamps.
+The Ball was opened at Eight o’clock by the Baroness De Riedesel and Major
+General Pattison, Commandant of the City and Garrison. Country dances
+commenced at half past Nine, and at Twelve the Company adjourned to
+Supper, prepared in the two Long Rooms. The Tables exhibited a most
+delightful appearance, being ornamented with Parterres and Arbours,
+displaying an elegant Assemblage of natural and artificial Flowers, China
+Images, etc. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> Company retired about three in the Morning, highly
+satisfied with the Evening’s Entertainment.” The ball is said to have cost
+over two thousand (2,000) guineas, and the supper “consisted of three
+hundred and eighty dishes besides the ornamental appendages.” Some of the
+wealthiest families of New York had remained loyal to the crown, and there
+was, no doubt, a sufficient number of ladies of these families in the city
+to make a ballroom very gay. The officers of the army, arrayed in all the
+splendor of gold lace and brilliant uniform, added their share to the
+magnificent scene.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img48.jpg" alt="de Riedesel née de Masjeur" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>In the spring of 1780 General Pattison, the commandant of the city, in the
+most arbitrary and cruel manner and without consulting the owner, at the
+request of Mr. Commissioner Loring, turned Hicks out of the Province Arms,
+and substituted in his place one Roubalet, a dependent and servant of the
+commissioner. According to Jones, Loring obtained his influence through
+his wife, who was playing the part of Cleopatra to Sir Henry Clinton’s
+Antony. Hicks applied to General Clinton and to Governor Robertson for
+redress and received fair words, but nothing more. When Pattison sailed
+for England he followed him, with the intention of bringing suit in an
+English court, but died on the passage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Birthday</i></div>
+
+<p>The King’s birthday, the 4th of June, was celebrated on Monday, June 5,
+1780. At night there were fireworks on Long Island, and in the city there
+were great festivities. Previous to this the walk by the church yard had
+been widened so that the posts had to be sunk into the graves. The
+orchestra from the play house were seated against the walls of the church,
+and opposite this was erected another place for musicians, probably for
+the military band.</p>
+
+<p>The Dancing Assembly held their meetings at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> the Province Arms; those
+during the winter of 1779-80 were held on Wednesdays. There was also a
+Card Assembly which met at the Province Arms where they had their Card
+Rooms. It was the temporary home of many of the British officers. Here
+Benedict Arnold lived for a time, and it was from this place that Sergeant
+Champe planned to abduct him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Attempt to Capture Arnold</i></div>
+
+<p>After the treason of Benedict Arnold and the capture of Major André,
+General Washington was anxious to gain positive information as to whether
+there was any other officers involved, as was by some suspected, and also
+if possible, to get possession of the person of Arnold. To carry out this
+delicate and dangerous enterprise he needed the services of a man who
+would be willing to enter the British lines as a deserter and do the work
+desired. Major Lee, who was to have charge of the undertaking, picked out
+among the men of his command, Sergeant Major Champe, of Loudoun County,
+Virginia, full of courage and perseverance, who was, at first, very
+reluctant to undertake the task, but this reluctance being overcome,
+entered into the project with the greatest enthusiasm. Major Lee and his
+men were in the neighborhood of Tappan and it was not easy to get beyond
+the American lines, for patrols were numerous, and the whole neighborhood
+to the south was covered by scouts.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img49.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">ESCAPE OF SERGEANT CHAMPE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>To make this desertion appear genuine, Champe could receive no noticeable
+assistance, Major Lee only promising, in case his departure should be soon
+discovered, to delay pursuit as long as possible. This he did, but pursuit
+was made after Champe had been on his way about an hour, a few minutes
+after twelve o’clock. A little after break of day, the pursuing party
+caught sight of Champe in the distance. Once or twice they lost track of
+him. Champe, finding himself hard pressed, resolved to flee to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>
+British galleys lying in Newark Bay, and as he dashed along prepared
+himself for the final act. He lashed his valise to his shoulders, divested
+himself of all unnecessary burdens, and when he got abreast of the
+galleys, quickly dismounted and plunged into the water, swimming for the
+boats and calling for help, which was readily given. His pursuers were
+only about two hundred yards behind him. All were convinced that he was a
+genuine deserter. Champe enlisted under Arnold. He soon discovered that
+the suspicion of any other officers being connected with the treason of
+Arnold was groundless; but the plans for the abduction of the arch-traitor
+miscarried. Champe, after suffering many hardships, finally escaped while
+serving under Cornwallis at Petersburg, Virginia. We give his own account
+of the affair, as related after the war to the British officer in whose
+company he served.</p>
+
+<p>“If I were to attempt to make you feel any portion of the excitement under
+which I labored during the period of my sojourn in New York, I should
+utterly waste my labor. My communications with spies were necessarily
+frequent; yet they were carried on with a degree of secrecy and caution
+which not only prevented your people from obtaining any suspicion of them,
+but kept each man from coming to the knowledge that the other was in my
+confidence. Of the political information which I forwarded to Gen.
+Washington, it is needless to say much.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> It was so complete, that there
+scarcely occurred a conversation over Clinton’s dining table there never
+was formed a plan, nor a plan abandoned, of which I did not contrive to
+obtain an accurate report, and to transmit it to headquarters. But it was
+the project for seizing Arnold which most deeply engaged my attention.
+Several schemes were brought forward and rejected for that purpose; till
+at last the following, which but for an accident, must have succeeded, was
+matured.</p>
+
+<p>“The house in which Arnold dwelt, was situated, as you doubtless
+recollect, in one of the principal streets of the city, while its garden
+extended on one side along an obscure lane, from which it was separated by
+a close wooden rail fence. I found that every night, before going to bed,
+Arnold was in the habit of visiting that garden, and I immediately
+resolved what to do. Working after dark, I undid a portion of the fence,
+and placing it up again so nicely, that no cursory examination would have
+sufficed to detect the spot where the breach had been made, I warned my
+associate that he should provide a boat in the Hudson, manned by rowers in
+whom he could trust. I then furnished myself with a gag, and appointed a
+night when my confederate should be admitted within the garden, so that we
+might together seize and secure our prey. Everything was done as I wished.
+Maj. Lee was informed of the state of our preparations, and directed to
+come down with spare<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> horses, and an escort, to a spot on the river which
+I named. How often have I regretted since, that I should set thus
+deliberately about the business! By Heavens! there occurred twenty
+opportunities, of which, had I been less anxious to accomplish my purpose,
+I might have availed myself. But I permitted them to pass, or rather, I
+felt myself unable to take advantage of them, because I had judged it
+imprudent to keep less trusty agents too often on the alert. So, however,
+it was to be.</p>
+
+<p>“Time passed, and now a few hours only intervened between the final
+adjustment of the details of our project and its accomplishment. Lee was
+on the stir&mdash;was willing to hazard all&mdash;the boat’s crew was provided, and
+their station pointed out.</p>
+
+<p>“It was our purpose to seize Arnold unaware, to thrust the gag in his
+mouth, and placing each of us an arm within that of our prisoner, to hurry
+him through the least frequented of the streets towards the quary. We were
+to represent him as a drunken soldier, whom we were conveying to his
+quarters, should any person meet or question us,&mdash;and by G&mdash;, the deed was
+done, but the traitor’s star prevailed. That very morning, an order was
+issued for the immediate embarkation of the legion, and I was hurried on
+board the ship without having had time so much as to warn Maj. Lee that
+the whole arrangement was blown up.”</p>
+
+<p>The present Thames Street was undoubtedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> the “obscure lane,” down which
+Champe intended that he and his assistant should carry Arnold to the boat;
+there is no other that would so well fit into the story told by Champe.</p>
+
+<p>Roubalet retained possession of the Province Arms until near the time of
+the departure of the British troops, and it was at his house that many
+meetings were held by the refugees and loyalists in reference to
+provisions being made for them by grants of land in Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Fraunces’ Tavern</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Return of The Exiles</i></div>
+
+<p>News of the signing of the provisional treaty reached this country in
+March, 1783, and the return of peace was celebrated throughout the land in
+April, but the British army remained in possession of New York City until
+the latter part of the following November. During this time they were very
+busy caring for those who had remained loyal to the crown, and now sought
+and claimed its protection. Thousands came into the city, and it is said
+that more than twenty-nine thousand loyalists and refugees (including
+three thousand negroes), left the State of New York for Canada, Nova
+Scotia and other British possessions, during the year. After the news of
+peace, there was little restraint on going in or out of New York, and many
+who had abandoned their homes when the British entered the place, or
+before, now prepared to return, but found when they came into the city
+that they could not obtain possession of their own property. While those
+who had thus abandoned their property in the cause of independence were
+anxious to return, many of those who had remained loyal to the crown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> were
+preparing to leave the city for new homes to be made on land provided by
+the government; and between these two classes there was no friendly
+feeling. Few, therefore, ventured to bring in their families, or even
+remain themselves, until they could obtain the protection of the American
+army.</p>
+
+<p>General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton met near Tappan in May to arrange
+matters relative to the withdrawals of British troops in the vicinity of
+New York. On this occasion Sam Francis came up from the city to provide
+for the American officers and their British guests, whose bill, says a
+Philadelphia newspaper, amounted to the modest sum of five hundred pounds.
+Francis, after serving in the army, had gone back to New York on the news
+of peace to reclaim his abandoned property. When a dinner was to be served
+to do honor to the cause of liberty, there was no one among all the
+Americans who could so well do it as Sam Francis. He was well known to
+Washington, but whether his aid was sought on this occasion or whether he
+proffered his services we have no means of knowing. At any rate, we are
+confident that the thing was well and properly done. It is said that it
+was through the instrumentality of Francis’s daughter, who was housekeeper
+at Richmond Hill, the headquarters of General Washington, that the attempt
+on his life and that of General Putnam, called the Hickey plot, was
+discovered and frustrated. The house of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> Francis was one of those which
+suffered when H. B. M. S. Asia fired on the city in August, 1775.</p>
+
+<p>Freneau thus speaks of it:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Scarce a broadside was ended ’till another began again&mdash;<br />
+By Jove! It was nothing but fire away Flannagan!<br />
+Some thought him saluting his Sallys and Nancys<br />
+’Till he drove a round-shot thro’ the roof of Sam Francis.”</p></div>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, June 18, 1776, an elegant entertainment was given by the
+provincial congress to General Washington and his suite, the general and
+staff officers and the commanding officers of the different regiments in
+and near the city. The newspapers do not state where this dinner was
+served, but all the circumstances indicate that it was at the house of
+Samuel Francis. At this dinner many toasts were drunk, but instead of
+commencing with a toast to the King, as had formerly been customary, the
+first was Congress, the second, The American Army, the third, The American
+Navy, etc. Independence had not yet been declared. Francis had gone out
+with the defeated army of Washington, and was now returned and making
+preparations to receive the Americans when they should enter the city. He
+was the harbinger of Washington and the returning patriots.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner at Orangetown</i></div>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the 3d of May, 1783, General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> Washington and Governor
+Clinton, accompanied by General John Morin Scott, and Lieutenant Colonels
+Trumbull, Cobb, Humphreys and Varick, went down the river from
+headquarters in a large barge, dined with General Knox, in command at West
+Point, lodged at Peekskill and arrived at Tappan Sloat on Sunday morning,
+about ten o’clock. After partaking of a small repast provided by Francis
+they went up to Orangetown, where a dinner was provided for them. Sir Guy
+Carleton came up the river in the Perseverence Frigate, accompanied by
+Lieutenant Governor Andrew Elliot, Chief Justice William Smith, and
+others, but did not arrive till Monday evening. On Tuesday, General
+Washington, attended by two aides-de-camp only (Humphreys and Cobb), went
+down to Onderdonck’s in Tappan Bay, met Sir Guy at landing and received
+him in his four horse carriage, which carried them up to Orangetown,
+followed by the other members of the party. Here, after a conference and
+much general conversation on the subject of the treaty and matters
+incident thereto, about four o’clock in the afternoon, a most sumptuous
+dinner was served by Sam Francis to about thirty, who ate and drank “in
+the Peace and good fellowship without drinking any Toasts.” On Wednesday
+the Commander in Chief, the Governor, General Scott, Lieutenant Colonels
+Humphreys, Cobb, Trumbull, Smith and Varick,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> Major Fish, and Messrs. Duer
+and Parker went to dine on the Perseverence. They were received with a
+salute of seventeen guns. “An Elegant Dinner (tho’ not equal to the
+American) was prepared,” to which they “sat down in perfect Harmony and
+conviviality.” Then, after a short conference between the two generals,
+the Americans left the ship, when they were again saluted with seventeen
+guns. “Thus,” it is said, “ended that great formal Business.” The British
+troops were drawn in from Westchester County on the 14th.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that Sam Francis seems to have assumed the name of
+Fraunces. Before the war we do not find other than Francis, and in the
+deed of the De Lancey house to him in 1765, the name is Francis. This
+celebrated old house is known to-day as Fraunces’ Tavern.</p>
+
+<p>The celebration of the return of peace was held at Trenton, New Jersey, on
+April 15, 1783. After the governor’s proclamation declaring a cessation of
+hostilities had been publicly read in the court house, a dinner was given
+at the house of John Cape, who was then landlord of the French Arms, a
+tavern at this place, and had been a lieutenant in the Continental line.
+Before the evacuation of New York by the British troops, Cape entered the
+city and secured control of the old Province Arms, and was here to welcome
+the army of Washington when they marched in. He took down the old sign
+which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> had swung in front of the house since 1754, and in its place hung
+out the sign of the Arms of the State of New York. From this time the
+house was known as the State Arms, or more generally as the City Tavern.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of the inhabitants of New York, <i>lately returned from a
+seven years’ exile</i>, met at Cape’s Tavern, Broadway, on Tuesday evening,
+November 18th. At this meeting it was requested that every person present,
+who had remained in the city during the late contest, should leave the
+room forthwith; and it was resolved that no one who had remained or
+returned within the British lines during the war, be admitted to any
+future meetings. They pledged themselves to prevent, to the utmost of
+their power, all disorder and confusion that might follow the evacuation
+of the city by the British troops, and a committee of thirteen was
+appointed to meet at Simmons’ Tavern in Wall Street to settle on a badge
+of distinction to be worn on evacuation day, select the place of meeting,
+and agree as to the manner in which they should receive his Excellency,
+the Governor, on that day. This committee was directed to report at the
+next meeting at Cape’s on Thursday. At the meeting on Thursday evening,
+Colonel Frederick Weissenfels in the chair, it was agreed that the badge
+of distinction to be worn at the reception of the Governor in the city
+should be “a Union Cockade of black and white ribband on the left breast
+and a Laurel in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> Hat.” The manner in which Governor Clinton, and
+General Washington, should he accompany him, should be received was
+arranged and a committee of thirteen was appointed to conduct the
+procession, who were directed to meet the next morning at the Coffee
+House. It was resolved that Daniel Green be requested to carry the Colors
+of the United States on this occasion. No loyalist or neutral was to be
+allowed any part or share in the reception.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Evacuation</i></div>
+
+<p>Tuesday, November 25, 1783, the time appointed for the evacuation of the
+city by the British troops, was a great day for New York. General
+Washington and Governor Clinton were at Day’s Tavern on the Kingsbridge
+road, where they had been for three or four days. General Knox, in command
+of the American troops, marched down from McGown’s Pass in the morning to
+the upper end of the Bowery, where he held a friendly parley with the
+British officer whose men were resting a little below. It was then about
+one o’clock in the afternoon. The programme of procedure which had been
+arranged was carried out nearly as agreed upon. As the British passed down
+the Bowery and Pearl Street to the river for embarkation, they were
+followed by the American troops, who passed through Chatham Street and
+Broadway to Cape’s Tavern, where they formed in line. General Knox, with
+the Main Guard, passed on down to the Fort to take<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> formal possession of
+the city; after which, joined by the citizens who had assembled at the
+Bowling Green, on horseback, each man wearing the Cockade and Laurel, he
+returned to the Bull’s Head Tavern in the Bowery, where Washington and
+Clinton were waiting to make their formal entry. Here a civic procession
+was formed which marched down Pearl Street to Wall Street and then up to
+Broadway to Cape’s Tavern. General Knox with his men had left the line of
+march, and going through Chatham Street and Broadway was here to receive
+them.</p>
+
+<p>At Cape’s they dismounted and an address was presented to General
+Washington from “the Citizens of New York, who have returned from exile,
+in behalf of themselves and their suffering brethren.” In it they said:
+“In this place, and at this moment of exultation and triumph, while the
+Ensigns of Slavery still linger in our sight, we look up to you, our
+deliverer, with unusual transports of Gratitude and Joy. Permit us to
+Welcome you to this city, long torn from us by the hand of oppression, but
+now, by your wisdom and energy, under the guidance of Providence, once
+more the seat of Peace and freedom; we forbear to speak our gratitude or
+your Praise&mdash;we should but echo the voice of applauding millions.” A reply
+was made to this address by Washington. An address was also presented to
+Governor Clinton, which was replied to by him.</p>
+
+<p>After the formalities attending the reception<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> Governor Clinton gave a
+public dinner at Fraunces’ Tavern, at which the Commander-in-Chief and
+other general officers were present. After the dinner thirteen toasts were
+drunk; the twelfth was: “May a close Union of the States guard the Temple
+they have erected to Liberty.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the French Ambassador</i></div>
+
+<p>At Cape’s Tavern on Friday, November 28th, an elegant entertainment was
+given by the citizens lately returned from exile to the Governor and
+Council for governing the city, to which Washington and the officers of
+the army were invited. On the following Tuesday, December 2d, at the same
+place, another such entertainment was given by Governor Clinton to the
+French Ambassador, Luzerne, to which invitations were also extended to
+Washington and his officers. For this Cape rendered a bill to the State,
+in which he made charge for 120 dinners, 135 bottles of Madeira, 36
+bottles of Port, 60 bottles of English Beer and 30 Bowls of Punch. In
+putting away this liberal supply of drink, they must have had a jolly
+time, and that some of them became very unsteady is indicated by a
+significant charge made by Cape for 60 broken wine glasses and 8 cut glass
+decanters. In the evening there was a grand display of fire works in
+celebration of the Definite Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the
+United States of North America, at the Bowling Green, in Broadway. These,
+it is said, infinitely exceeded every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> former exhibition of the kind in
+the United States. On the next day, December 3d, Washington wrote to Major
+General Knox, expressing his satisfaction and requesting him to present to
+Captain Price, under whose direction they were prepared, and to the
+officers who assisted him, his thanks for the great skill and attention
+shown on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Washington had issued, under date of November 2d, from Rocky Hill, near
+Princeton, New Jersey, his farewell address to the army of the United
+States, and he was now about to bid farewell to his officers. The place
+appointed for this formality was the Long Room of Fraunces’ Tavern. It has
+given a celebrity to this house which can never be effaced. The Long Room
+of Fraunces’ Tavern had recently been used for the dinner given by
+Governor Clinton on the day the American army entered the city. It was
+thirty-eight feet long and nineteen feet wide, its length extending along
+Broad Street, probably just as it exists to-day in the restored house. On
+the morning of December 4, 1783, Washington and his officers met here for
+the last time as soldiers of the Revolutionary Army. No exact record
+exists as to who were present on this memorable occasion, but it has been
+stated, that there were forty-four. Among these were Generals Greene,
+Knox, Wayne, Steuben, Carroll, Lincoln, Kosciusko, Moultrie, Gates, Lee,
+Putnam, Stark, Hamilton, Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> Clinton, and Colonels Tallmadge,
+Humphreys and Fish.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Washington’s Farewell to his Officers</i></div>
+
+<p>They had been assembled but a few minutes, when Washington entered the
+room. His emotion was too strong to be concealed, and was evidently
+reciprocated by all present. Alter partaking of a slight refreshment, and
+after a few moments of silence, the General filled his glass with wine,
+and turning to his officers said: “With a heart full of love and
+gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter
+days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+and honorable.” After the officers had responded in a glass of wine, he
+requested that each one of them should come and take him by the hand.
+General Knox, who was nearest him, turned and grasped his hand and they
+embraced each other in silence. In the same affectionate manner every
+officer parted from the Commander-in-Chief, who then left the room without
+a word, and passing through lines of infantry drawn up to receive him,
+walked silently to Whitehall, where a barge was waiting to carry him to
+Paulus Hook. He was on his way to Annapolis, to surrender his commission
+to the Continental Congress, and then to his beloved Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>These were the closing scenes of the war. The first act in the drama of A
+Nation’s Growth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> was ended. After a seven years’ struggle of blood and
+suffering a new nation had been born. The curtain drops. <i>Vivat
+Republica.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img50.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">IN THE COFFEE HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Cornelius Bradford, who had abandoned the Merchants’ Coffee House, when
+the British entered the city, and had since been living at Rhinebeck, came
+back in October, and again took possession of it. In his announcement he
+calls it the New York Coffee House, but the name of the Merchants’ Coffee
+House clung to it, and it is so spoken of in the public prints. He
+prepared a book in which he proposed to enter the names of vessels on
+their arrival, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> ports from which they came and any particular
+occurrences of their voyages, so that merchants and travelers might obtain
+the earliest intelligence. Bradford’s Marine List appears in the
+newspapers of that period. He also opened a register of merchants and
+others on which they were requested to enter their names and residences,
+the nearest approach to a city directory that had yet been made. Bradford,
+by his energy and intelligence, revived the good name of the house, and it
+became again the rendezvous of merchants and traders, and the daily scene
+of sales of merchandise of all kinds. The neighborhood again became a
+place of great importance and trade. Near the Coffee House, both sides of
+Wall Street were occupied by auction stores, and received the name of the
+Merchants’ Promenade or the Auctioneers’ Row.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Bank Organized</i></div>
+
+<p>New York had hardly been relieved of British control, when a project was
+set on foot to organize a bank. On the 24th of February, 1784, and again
+on the 26th the principal merchants and citizens of New York met at the
+Merchants’ Coffee House, in response to a call, for the purpose of
+establishing a bank on liberal principles, the stock to consist of specie
+only. Proposals were made for the establishment of a bank with a capital
+of five hundred thousand dollars in gold or silver, which were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>
+unanimously agreed to, and a committee was appointed to receive
+subscriptions. When one-half of the stock had been taken, a meeting of the
+stockholders was held at the Coffee House at ten o’clock on the morning of
+Monday, March 15, 1784, when General Alexander McDougal was elected
+president, twelve directors, and William Seton cashier of the bank. Thus
+was organized the Bank of New York, the first bank of deposit in the
+State.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Chamber of Commerce Reorganized</i></div>
+
+<p>The Chamber of Commerce and the Marine Society met regularly at the Coffee
+House. After the war it was held that the Chamber of Commerce had
+forfeited its charter and the State legislature then sitting in New York,
+in response to a petition, granted a new charter, April 13, 1784. The
+signers of the petition met at the Merchants’ Coffee House April 20th and
+reorganized under the name of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
+York. By resolution of Congress, New York became the seat of government in
+December, 1784, and shortly after, on January 19, 1785, the Marine
+Society, to animate its members and promote the object of the society,
+provided an elegant dinner at the Merchants’ Coffee House, and were
+honored with the company of the President and members of Congress, the
+mayor of the city, Major General McDougal, and a number of other
+gentlemen. In the early part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> February the Chamber of Commerce had the
+honor of entertaining the same distinguished guests at a dinner, also
+given at the Merchants’ Coffee House.</p>
+
+<p>The society for the promotion of manumission of slaves held its meetings
+at the Coffee House, also the society for promoting useful knowledge. Here
+the Masons had their Grand Lodge Room and here they gathered on the
+anniversary day of St. John the Baptist, in 1784, and marched in
+procession to St. Paul’s Church, where a sermon was preached to them by
+the Rev. Samuel Provost. These formalities seem to have been of yearly
+occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>In 1785 the Governor of the State, the Chancellor, the Hon. John Jay and
+other distinguished citizens dined with the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
+at the Coffee House on the anniversary day of their saint, and on November
+30th the St. Andrew’s Society of the State held its anniversary meeting
+here. At sunrise the Scottish flag was raised on the Coffee House and at
+twelve o’clock an election of officers was held, when the Hon. Robert R.
+Livingston, Chancellor of the State, was chosen president and Robert
+Lenox, secretary. The society, honored with the company of the Governor of
+the State and the Mayor and Recorder of the city, then sat down to dinner.
+The toasts were truly Scotch; among them a few that need be interpreted to
+us by some antiquarian Scot.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of November, 1786, Cornelius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> Bradford died, much regretted by
+his many friends, at the age of fifty-seven, and his funeral was held at
+four o’clock on the afternoon of the 17th at the Coffee House. He seems to
+have been a man much respected in the community. The New York Packet, in
+an obituary notice, says of him that not only “was he distinguished as a
+steady patriot during the arduous contest for American liberty, but that
+he always discovered a charitable disposition toward those who differed
+from him in sentiment,” and adds that “the Coffee House under his
+management, was kept with great dignity, both before and since the war,
+and he revived its credit from the contempt into which it had fallen
+during the war.” His widow kept the house after his death until 1792, and
+continued to enjoy the patronage of Bradford’s old friends.</p>
+
+<p>Although Sam Fraunces came back to the city after the war and took up his
+old business in the house which had been known as the Queen’s Head, he did
+not remain there long, but retired to a country life in New Jersey. He
+sold the house in 1785. The deed is dated April 23d of this year and
+states that “Samuel Fraunces, late of the City of New York, innkeeper, but
+at present of the County of Monmouth, New Jersey, farmer, and Elizabeth,
+his wife,” sell to “George Powers, butcher, of Brooklyn,” all his dwelling
+house and lot, bounded, etc. The price was £1,950.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Assembly Balls Revived</i></div>
+
+<p>The dancing assemblies which had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> regularly held before the war at
+the Province Arms for many years, were renewed, the first one after the
+close of the Revolution being held at Cape’s, or the City Tavern, on the
+evening of Thursday, December 19, 1783. James Rivington, the loyalist, in
+announcing the ball in his paper, added that he had “for sale a supply of
+white dancing gloves for gentlemen, with stockings, dress swords, and
+elegant London cocked hats,” which were, no doubt, a part of the stock he
+was carrying during the war to supply the British officers. Mr. Pickens
+and Mr. Griffiths, dancing masters, both gave balls in the assembly room
+of Cape’s Tavern. Mr. Griffiths was using the room for his dancing school
+in 1786, and announced that he would give a ball once a fortnight during
+the season. Tickets were six shillings each. A grand ball at the assembly
+rooms in Broadway was announced by Mr. Griffiths, to be held on February
+20, 1786. To insure an attendance of desirable persons it was stated that
+no person would be admitted whose appearance might give umbrage to the
+company. Such balls as those given by the dancing masters were continued
+for many years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Cincinnati</i></div>
+
+<p>A meeting of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati was called to
+meet at Cape’s Tavern on the 2d of February, 1784, in order to frame
+By-Laws for the society and for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> other important purposes. Benjamin
+Walker, secretary of the society, gave notice “that such persons as are
+entitled to become members of the society and have not yet signed the
+institution, may have an opportunity of doing it by applying to him at
+Cape’s Tavern.” Major General Alexander McDougal had been elected
+president of the New York society in July, at Fishkill. John Cape, the
+landlord of the City Tavern, was a member of the Cincinnati, and he also
+appears to have been a Mason, for, although the rooms of the Grand Lodge
+were at the Coffee House, notice was given that the members of the Grand
+Lodge were desired to meet “at Brother Cape’s Tavern” on Broadway on
+Wednesday evening, March 3, at six o’clock to install the Right Worshipful
+the Hon. Robert Livingston, Grand Master.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1786, Cape suddenly disappeared, leaving his creditors in the
+lurch. The furniture and all the stock in the tavern were sold out under
+execution by the sheriff, and the house was taken in March by Joseph
+Corré, who opened it as a traveler’s house. Having been a professed cook
+he gave notice that “any person wishing to have their servants taught the
+art of cookery may apply to him for terms.” Travelers, coming into the
+city from the north and east, put up at the City Tavern, and, on their way
+to the south, crossed the Paulus Hook Ferry from the foot of Cortlandt
+Street, and took the stage coach or wagon on the Jersey side for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> their
+destination. A line of stages had been established between New York and
+Albany and another between New York and Boston, and announcement was made
+in 1780 that the stage would leave the old City Tavern, kept by Joseph
+Corré, during the six winter months on Monday and Thursday of each week,
+at precisely five o’clock in the morning, for Albany and Boston, and in
+summer on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.</p>
+
+<p>Extensive preparations were made to celebrate the anniversary of the
+Independence of the United States on July 4, 1786. The opening of the day
+was announced at sunrise by a salute of thirteen guns and the ringing of
+all the bells in the city. At twelve o’clock a procession started from the
+City Hall, going through Broad Street and down Queen Street to the
+residence of the governor, who, joined by the lieutenant governor, the
+chancellor, the judges of the Supreme Court, and the other state officers,
+with the mayor and aldermen, the Marine Society, and the Chamber of
+Commerce, proceeded to the residence of the President of the United States
+Congress, where they presented to his excellency, the compliments of the
+day. They then proceeded to the City Tavern, attended by numerous
+citizens, and partook of a collation which had been provided by the
+corporation. As the procession moved from the City Hall, all the bells in
+the city commenced to ring, and continued to ring for two hours. As they
+arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> at the City Tavern thirteen guns were discharged, and at sunset
+another discharge of thirteen guns closed the day. Fireworks having been
+prohibited in the city by the common council, some brilliant pieces were
+exhibited on Governor’s Island, which entertained a large concourse of
+citizens assembled on the Battery. The anniversary meeting of the Society
+of the Cincinnati, of the State of New York, in commemoration of the day,
+was held at the City Tavern, when the Hon. Baron de Steuben was elected
+president of the Society.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Cincinnati</i></div>
+
+<p>This year and for many years subsequent the annual meetings of the
+Cincinnati were attended with considerable ceremony. At a meeting of the
+Society held at the Merchants’ Coffee House on January 21, 1786, a
+committee, composed of Baron Steuben, Colonel Samuel B. Webb, and David
+Brooks, Assistant Clothier, was appointed to draw up a plan of proper
+ceremonials to be observed in the delivery of diplomas to members of the
+Society, especially to the elected members. The report of this committee,
+made on June 21st, was that the ceremony should be performed in the
+Assembly Room of the City Tavern, and that the outside of the house should
+be decorated with laurel crowns and festoons. Explicit directions were
+given as to how the room for the ceremony should be arranged. The floor
+should be covered with carpet. The Chair of State for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> President
+should be placed opposite the door of entrance. Places for the other
+officers and members were designated. The gallery above the door of
+entrance should be decorated and therein stationed kettle-drums and
+trumpets. That there should be,</p>
+
+<p>First. A Chair of State covered with light blue satin with white fringe,
+the carvings on the arms and feet painted white; on the top of the back a
+staff supported by two hands united holding up a Cap of Liberty, grasped
+by a bald eagle (as the order of the Society); below a white fillet with
+the motto</p>
+
+<p class="center">“We Will Defend It.”</p>
+
+<p>This chair to be elevated on two semi-circular steps covered on the top
+with light blue cloth and painted with white paint in front.</p>
+
+<p>Second. The Standard of the Society of silk (described).</p>
+
+<p>Third. A small square table covered with blue satin fringed with blue silk
+fringe and tassels.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth. Two Cushions of white satin fringed with blue silk fringe and
+tassels, on one of which the eagles and on the other the diplomas of the
+elected members will be displayed.</p>
+
+<p>The following form of ceremonies was presented and adopted and was first
+used at the annual meeting of the New York Society July 4, 1786. The
+foreign members and members belonging to other State societies, the
+spectators,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> kettle-drums and trumpets having occupied their places;
+Captain Isaac Guion, the Standard Bearer, escorted by four members, all in
+full uniform, wearing the Order of the Society, carried the Standard into
+the Hall and planted it in front, to the right of the steps of the Chair
+of State. The escort returning, the Society marched in procession into the
+Hall in the following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">The Masters of Ceremony (Col. Webb and Maj. Giles).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The members, by twos.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Secretary, carrying the original Institution of the Society, bound
+in light blue satin, fringed with white (Capt. Robert Pemberton).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer, bearing the cushions containing
+the eagles and diplomas (Col. Pierre Van Cortlandt and Maj. Richard
+Platt).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Vice-President (Gen. Philip Schuyler).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The President (Baron Steuben).</p></div>
+
+<p>On entering the Hall the members filed off to the right and left, and were
+placed by the Masters of Ceremony, and remained standing before their
+seats. The Secretary took his place behind the small table, placed to the
+left in front of the steps of the Chair of State. The Treasurer with the
+gold eagles, took position on the steps, on the right of the President,
+and the Deputy Treasurer, with the diplomas, on the steps to the left of
+the President. The Masters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> of Ceremony took their places, one on the
+right of the Standard and the other on the left of the Secretary. At the
+entrance of the President the Standard saluted, and the kettle-drums and
+trumpets gave a flourish, until he had taken his seat, then the Standard
+was raised and the members took their seats.</p>
+
+<p>The President then announced he was ready to receive candidates for
+membership and ordered the Masters of Ceremony to introduce the newly
+elected members, who were placed on seats opposite the Chair of State. The
+ceremony of Initiation was opened by an oration delivered by Colonel
+Alexander Hamilton. The Secretary read the Institution. The President,
+seated, addressed the newly elected members.</p>
+
+<p>The President, rising from his seat, put on his hat, when all the members
+of the Society arose at the same time. A Master of Ceremony conducted a
+candidate to the first step before the President, who asked him first
+whether he desired to be received into the Society and if so, to promise a
+strict observance of the Rules and Statutes just read. Upon answering in
+the affirmative, with one hand taking the Standard, he signed the
+Institution with the other.</p>
+
+<p>The President then taking one of the gold eagles from the cushion held by
+the Treasurer, pinned it on the left breast of the candidate, saying:
+“Receive this mark as a recompense for your merit and in remembrance of
+our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> glorious Independence.” The drums and trumpets then gave a flourish.</p>
+
+<p>The President then taking a diploma, with the recipient’s name inscribed,
+presented it to him, saying: “This will show your title as a member of our
+Society. Imitate the illustrious hero, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, whom we
+have chosen for our patron. Like him, be the defender of your country and
+a good citizen.” Another flourish of drums and trumpets.</p>
+
+<p>The President then grasped the hand of the candidate and congratulated
+him. He was then presented by a Master of Ceremony to the officers of the
+Society and the members who rose and saluted him. He was then assigned to
+a seat provided for him at the upper end of the Hall, taking rank above
+the members of the Society for the day only.</p>
+
+<p>After the Initiation the President removed his hat, and the Society
+proceeded to the Banquet Hall, observing the following order of
+precedence.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The Masters of Ceremony.<br />
+The members of the Society, two by two.<br />
+The newly elected members.<br />
+The members of other State societies.<br />
+The foreign members.<br />
+The honorary members.<br />
+The Standard Bearer with Standard.<br />
+The Secretary.<br />
+The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>The Vice-President.<br />
+The President.</p>
+
+<p>The President and other officers passed to their places at the banquet
+table between the open lines of members. The President presided at the
+head of the table, surrounded by the foreign and newly elected members.
+After the cloth was removed thirteen toasts were drunk accompanied by a
+salute of thirteen cannon.</p>
+
+<p>On the first day of December the St. Andrew’s Society gave a dinner at
+Corré’s Tavern, at which his excellency the governor was present. They sat
+down to dinner at four o’clock and after dinner drank thirteen toasts
+which had become the customary number.</p>
+
+<p>The presence in the city of men who had remained loyal to England during
+the war was distasteful to many who had been ardent in the cause of
+Independence. A Whig Society was organized, whose avowed object was to
+obtain the removal of certain influential and offensive Tories from the
+state. Members of the society were men of prominence. Lewis Morris was
+president and John Pintard secretary. Public meetings were held and
+petitions sent to the legislature, but the status of the Tories was not
+materially disturbed. In such circumstances it is not to be wondered at
+that a company of Englishmen, spending the evening in one of the upper
+rooms of the Coffee House in the latter part of the month of June, 1786,
+and “in the height of their mirth and loyalty,” breaking out with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> “Rule
+Britania,” should give offense. A newspaper remarks that “if there are
+Englishmen, whose attachment to the laws of Bachus obliges them to make
+frequent meetings over old London porter and Madeira, they should always
+carry with them the reflection that in a republican government there are
+songs which may please their palates and be grating to the ears of
+freemen,” and that “Rule Britania” was “a song very rediculous in a
+country like this, where their armies were conquered and their nation
+defeated.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The New Constitution</i></div>
+
+<p>After the formation of the Federal Constitution at Philadelphia in
+September, 1787, there was much discussion in New York over its
+ratification. Although there were in the city some bitter opponents to its
+adoption, the prevailing sentiment was in its favor. When the state of
+Massachusetts ratified the new constitution on the 8th of February, 1788,
+the event was celebrated with much enthusiasm in New York on Saturday,
+February 16th. The flag of the United States was “joined on the Coffee
+House” at sunrise, on which was inscribed “The Constitution, September 17,
+1787,” and at noon the old pine tree flag of Massachusetts was hung out,
+with the date of her adhesion. There was a numerous gathering of citizens.
+Several members of Congress and the mayor of the city honored them “by
+partaking of their repast, which (in true republican style),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> consisted of
+only two dishes&mdash;beef and salt fish.” After dinner toasts were drunk under
+the fire of six guns to each toast, in honor of those states which had
+adopted the Constitution&mdash;Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut,
+Georgia, Massachusetts. The eleventh toast was, “New York, may it soon
+become an additional pillar to the new roof.” It was confidently felt that
+the discussion and adoption of the new Constitution by their eastern
+neighbors would exert a strong influence in its favor, and that the
+conduct of Massachusetts would insure its ratification, not only in this
+state but in every other state of the Union.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Grand Procession</i></div>
+
+<p>As an expression of the intense interest felt in the fate of the new
+constitution, there were processions in different places, notably
+Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston and New York. The New York procession was
+the last and grandest, surpassing anything of its kind ever seen before in
+the country. It was held on July 23d, in honor of the adoption of the
+constitution by ten states, New York not having yet given in her adhesion.
+There were over six thousand in the line. What added greatly to the beauty
+and novelty of the parade was the ship Hamilton, a full-rigged man-of-war,
+carrying thirty guns with a crew of thirty men, complete in all its
+appointments, drawn by twelve horses and under the command of Commodore
+Nicholson. It was in the center of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> the procession and attracted great
+attention sailing down Broadway, the canvas waves dashing against its
+sides, the wheels of the car being concealed. At ten o’clock in the
+morning, a salute of thirteen guns was fired from the ship, and the
+procession passed down Broadway from the Fields, and then through the
+principal streets into the Bowery to Bayard’s grounds, where two oxen
+roasted whole and other viands had been prepared. Tables were set for five
+thousand persons. The entire day was given up to festivities.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Eleventh Pillar</i></div>
+
+<p>While New York was in intense excitement, produced by these extensive
+demonstrations, news reached the city on Saturday evening about nine
+o’clock that the constitution had been adopted at Poughkeepsie on Friday,
+July 25th. New York was called the “Eleventh Pillar.” “The bells in the
+city were immediately set to ringing, and from the Fort and the Federal
+Ship Hamilton were fired several salutes.” The merchants at the Coffee
+House testified their joy and satisfaction by repeated cheers. The
+newspapers state that “a general joy ran through the whole city, and
+several of those who were of different sentiments drank freely of the
+Federal Bowl, and declared that they were now perfectly reconciled to the
+new constitution.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversaries of Two Great Victories</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>The surrender of Earl Cornwallis and the army under his command at
+Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781, which marked the close of active
+hostilities, was a notable event in the history of the country, as was
+also the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. The
+anniversaries of these two great victories for the American cause were not
+far apart, and there were many in the city who had taken part in one or
+both of them and were quite willing and anxious for a reunion of their
+companions-in-arms. Accordingly on Monday, October 20, 1788, “a number of
+officers of the late American army and several gentlemen of distinction”
+dined together at the Coffee House in commemoration of these two great
+events. The following are the toasts drunk at this dinner, as reported in
+the newspapers:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">1. The memorable 5th of September, 1774. Meeting of the First
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">2. The memorable 17th of June, 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">3. The memorable 4th of July, 1776. Declaration of Independence.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">4. The memorable 26th of December, 1776. Battle of Trenton.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">5. The memorable 17th of October, 1777. Capture of Burgoyne.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang">6. The memorable 6th of February, 1778. Alliance with France.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">7. The memorable 16th of July, 1779. Stony Point taken by General
+Wayne.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">8. The memorable 17th of January, 1781. General Morgan defeats
+Tarleton at Cowpens.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">9. The memorable 19th of October, 1781. Capture of Lord Cornwallis.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">10. The memorable 3d of September, 1783. Definite treaty of peace.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">11. The memorable 25th of November, 1783. Final evacuation of the
+United States by the British.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">12. The memorable 17th of September, 1787. New Constitution.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">13. General Washington.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Reception of Washington</i></div>
+
+<p>The constitution had been adopted by eleven states. George Washington had
+been elected the first president of the United States and great
+preparations had been made to receive him in New York, then the capital of
+the Nation. On April 23, 1789, a Federal salute announced that he had
+arrived and was coming up the East River in the splendid barge which had
+been built especially for the occasion, accompanied by a large escort of
+boats, to Murray’s Wharf, where an ornamented and carpeted stairway had
+been constructed to make his landing easy, safe and comfortable. At the
+City Coffee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> House, as it is termed in the newspapers, with a salute of
+thirteen guns, he was received by the governor and the officers of the
+state and corporation. The procession then formed and proceeded, with a
+military escort, from the Coffee House into Queen Street and then to the
+house which had been prepared for him. The Daily Advertiser, the next day,
+stated that: “On this great occasion the hand of industry was suspended
+and the various pleasures of the capital were concentrated to a single
+enjoyment.” The illumination of the city in the evening was brilliant and
+remarkable. On Saturday, the 25th, the Chamber of Commerce met at the
+Coffee House, and headed by John Broome, Theophylact Bache and John Murray
+proceeded in form to the house of the president-elect to present their
+congratulations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Washington at the Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>The next regular assembly after the inauguration of the President was held
+at the City Tavern, then under the management of Edward Bardin, on
+Thursday, May 7th, which Washington was requested to honor with his
+presence. He accepted the invitation and was present as was also the
+Vice-President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, most of the
+members of both Houses of Congress, the Governor of New York, the
+Chancellor, the Chief Justice of the State, the Honorable John Jay, the
+Mayor of the city, the French and Spanish Ministers, Baron Steuben, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
+Count de Moustier, Colonel Duer and many other distinguished guests. A
+newspaper account states that “a numerous and brilliant collection of
+ladies graced the room with their appearance.” Mrs. Washington had not yet
+arrived in the city. Among those present were Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Hamilton,
+Lady Stirling, Mrs. Watts, Mrs. Duer, Mrs. Peter Van Brugh Livingston,
+Mrs. Clinton, Mrs. Duane, Mrs. James Beekman, Lady Temple, Lady Christina
+Griffin, Mrs. Livingston, wife of the Chancellor, Mrs. Richard Montgomery,
+Mrs. John Langdon, Mrs. Elbridge Gerry, Mrs. Livingston of Clermont, the
+Misses Livingston, Mrs. William S. Smith, daughter of the Vice-President,
+Mrs. Maxwell, Mrs. Edgar, Mrs. McComb, Mrs. Dalton, the Misses Bayard,
+Madame de Brehan, Madame de la Forest and Mrs. Bishop Provost. It was a
+notable gathering of the men and women of the period, then in New York.
+The company numbered about three hundred. Washington was the guest of
+honor. The festivities closed about two o’clock in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July, 1789, General Malcolm’s brigade, under command of
+Colonel Chrystie, paraded on the race-ground early in the morning and on
+their way back to the city passed the house of the President. Washington,
+though ill, appeared at the door in full regimentals. At noon a salute was
+fired from the Fort and at four o’clock the officers dined at the tavern
+of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street. After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> dinner, at the third toast, to
+the President of the United States, the company rose and gave three cheers
+and the band played General Washington’s March. The Society of the
+Cincinnati met at the City Tavern. After the election of officers, a
+committee was appointed to present its congratulations to the President,
+Vice-President and Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Society
+then went in procession, escorted by Bauman’s Artillery to St. Paul’s
+Chapel, where an eulogium upon General Nathaniel Greene was pronounced by
+Alexander Hamilton. A dinner at the City Tavern and the drinking of
+thirteen toasts closed the Society’s celebration of the day.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img51.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“GAMBLING WITH CARDS WAS PRETTY GENERAL”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>During the year preceding March 1, 1789, three hundred and thirty tavern
+licenses were granted in the city and gambling with cards and dice was
+pretty general. A game of cards called Pharoah seems to have been one of
+the most popular for that purpose. Other games with cards were whist, loo
+and quadrille. It seems to have been thought necessary to place some
+restraint on gambling, for a law passed in 1788 prescribed the forfeiture
+of five times the amount won for the winner of more than £10 at a sitting.
+Tavern-keepers were subject to fine and imprisonment if they should allow
+cock-fighting, gaming, card-playing, dice, billiard-tables or shuffle
+boards in their houses; but the law was not completely effective.
+Drunkenness was unlawful, but a popular failing.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Simmons’ Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In Wall Street, on the corner of Nassau Street, was the tavern of John
+Simmons. In this tavern were witnessed the formalities which gave birth to
+the new American city of New York. Here, on the 9th of February, 1784,
+James Duane, at a special meeting of the City Council, having been
+appointed by the governor and board of appointment, was formally installed
+mayor of New York City and took the oath of office in the presence of that
+body and of the governor and lieutenant-governor of the State,
+representing the State Provisional Council, whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> duties now ceased, the
+city corporation being now restored in all its forms and offices. The
+Regents of the University of the State met at Simmons’ Tavern, at seven
+o’clock in the evening on Monday, August 2, 1790. It is said that Simmons
+was a man of such bulk that at the time of his funeral, the doorway of the
+house had to be enlarged to admit the passage of his coffin. His widow
+continued the business, and was still keeping the house in 1796.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img52.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">SIMMONS’ TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sam Fraunces the Steward of Washington</i></div>
+
+<p>When the new constitution had been adopted by eleven states and the
+prospect was that New York would, at least for a time, be the seat of
+government with Washington at its head, Sam Fraunces could no longer
+remain in retirement on his Jersey farm. He came to the city and became
+steward in the house of the President. He also opened a tavern in
+Cortlandt Street, which was managed by his wife. This tavern at No. 49
+Cortlandt Street had been kept, some years before, by Talmadge Hall, one
+of the proprietors of the Albany Stages, who was succeeded in 1787 by
+Christopher Beekman from Princeton, New Jersey. Beekman stated that the
+house had been commonly known as the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia Stage
+Office, and that he had agreed with the proprietors of the Albany and
+Boston stages to make his house the public stage house. The Society of
+Mechanics and Tradesmen held its anniversary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> meeting on the 6th of
+January, 1789, at the tavern of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street, and
+indulged in a dinner at which one of the patriotic toasts was: “A cobweb
+pair of breeches, a porcupine saddle, a trotting horse and a long journey
+to all the enemies of freedom.” The election of governor of New York in
+1789 was energetically contested, but George Clinton, who was at the head
+of the party yet strongly opposed to the new constitution, was elected,
+although the vote in New York City was overwhelmingly against him. On the
+5th of June he and his friends held a grand jubilee at Fraunces’ Tavern to
+celebrate their success. Sam Fraunces kept the Cortlandt Street house
+until November, 1790, when, as he says, “through the advice of some of his
+particular friends,” he removed to a house in Broad Street near the
+Exchange, formerly occupied by the Widow Blaaw, and solicited the
+patronage of his brethren of the Tammany Society, and of the respective
+Lodges of the city. This, as far as we know, was the last place kept by
+Sam Fraunces in New York. He soon bid us a final farewell and left the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img53.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the Judges</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>John Francis, who, we have supposed, was a son of Sam Francis, in August,
+1785, opened the True American at No. 3 Great Dock, now Pearl Street. In
+May, 1789, he removed to the historic building now known as Fraunces’
+Tavern, on the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets. On February 2, 1790, the
+Supreme Court of the United States was opened in the city by James Duane,
+Judge of the district of New York, “in the presence of national and city
+dignitaries, of many gentlemen of the bar, members of Congress and a
+number of leading citizens. In the evening the Grand Jury of the United
+States for the district gave a very elegant entertainment in honor of the
+Court at Fraunces’ Tavern on Broad Street.” Among those present were John
+Jay, of New York, Chief Justice of the United States, William Cushing, of
+Massachusetts, John Rutledge, of South Carolina, James Wilson, of
+Pennsylvania, Robert Harrison, of Maryland, and John Blair, of Virginia,
+Associate Justices, also Edmond Randolph, of Virginia, Attorney-General of
+the United States. It was the first Grand Jury assembled in this state
+under the authority of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> United States. In the list of jurors are the
+names of many prominent men.</p>
+
+<p>The promoters of the New York Manufacturing Society, for the encouragement
+of American manufacturers, met at Rawson’s Tavern, 82 Water Street, on the
+7th of January, 1789, and chose the officers of the society. Melancthon
+Smith was chosen president. Subscriptions were received for the
+establishment of a woolen factory which was considered a very patriotic
+undertaking. At a meeting held at the Coffee House on the 24th of
+February, Alexander Robertson in the chair, a committee was appointed to
+prepare the draft of a constitution and to report on a plan of operation.
+The society was incorporated on the 16th of March, 1790, and appears to
+have been the owner of a factory and bleaching ground at Second River, New
+Jersey, but the business was not successful. The investment proved a total
+loss.</p>
+
+<p>On the corner of Nassau and George (now Spruce) Streets, was a tavern kept
+by Captain Aaron Aorson, who had seen service during the war and was
+present at the death of General Montgomery at Quebec. He was a member of
+the Society of the Cincinnati. In his house was a long room suitable for
+public gatherings. Notice was given that a lecture would be delivered here
+for charitable purposes October 6, 1789, by a man more than thirty years
+an atheist. Some years later this Long Room became the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> Wigwam and the
+house the headquarters of the Tammany Society.</p>
+
+<p>There was a tavern on Broadway just above Murray Street which, before the
+Revolution, had played a conspicuous part in the conflicts with the
+British soldiers over the liberty pole. During the latter part of the war
+John Amory had been its landlord. In June, 1785, Henry Kennedy announced
+that he had taken the well known house lately “occupied by Mrs. Montanye,
+the sign of the Two Friendly Brothers,” but in 1786 or soon after it again
+passed into the hands of a member of the De La Montagnie family, after
+which we find it at times kept by Mrs. De La Montagnie, Mrs. Amory or
+Jacob De La Montagnie. In the Directory of 1795, Mary Amory and Jacob De
+La Montagnie are both set down as tavern-keepers at 253 Broadway.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1791, the members of the Mechanics’ and Traders’ Society were
+notified that the anniversary of the society would be held on the first
+Tuesday of January next at the house of Mrs. De La Montagnie, and that
+members who wished to dine should apply for tickets, and were further
+requested to attend at 9 o’clock in the morning for election. In 1792, the
+house appears to have been kept by Mrs. Amory and known as Mechanics’
+Hall. The Mechanics celebrated Independence Day here that year, and it was
+probably their headquarters. In June, 1793, Mrs. Amory, heading her
+announcement&mdash;“Vauxhall, Rural Felicity”&mdash;gave notice that on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> the 25th,
+beginning at five o’clock in the afternoon, would be given a concert of
+instrumental music, consisting of the most favorite overtures and pieces
+from the compositions of Fisher and Handell. The notice states that, “At
+eight o’clock in the evening the garden will be beautifully illuminated,
+in the Chinese style, with upwards of 500 glass lamps,” and that “the
+orchestra will be placed in the middle of a large tree elegantly
+illuminated.” There was to be tight rope dancing by Mr. Miller, and
+fireworks on the tight rope, to be concluded with an exhibition of
+equilibriums on the slack rope. Tickets for admission were four shillings
+each. The triangular piece of open ground in front of the tavern, called
+the Fields or Common, had been, since the war, enclosed by a post and rail
+fence and had assumed the dignity of a park. The neighborhood was rapidly
+improving.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Bull’s Head Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>On the post road, in Bowery Lane, stood the Bull’s Head Tavern, where the
+Boston and Albany stages picked up passengers as they left the city. This
+had been a well known tavern from a period long before the Revolution,
+much frequented by drovers and butchers as well as travelers. It was a
+market for live stock and stood not far from the slaughter house. Previous
+to 1763, it was kept by Caleb Hyatt, who was succeeded in that year by
+Thomas Bayeaux. From 1770 until the war of the Revolution, Richard Varian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
+was its landlord, and also superintendent of the public slaughter house.
+In a petition to the common council after the evacuation, he states that
+he had been engaged in privateering until captured near the end of the
+war, after which, he returned to the city and found his wife in prosperous
+possession of the old tavern. He was the landlord of the house the year of
+Washington’s inauguration and we find that in 1796 he was still the tenant
+of the property, then belonging to Henry Ashdor, a well-to-do butcher of
+the Fly Market, who resided a little north of the tavern. As appears by
+petitions to the common council,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> Henry Ashdor, or Astor, as the name
+sometimes appears, was accustomed to ride out on the post road to meet the
+incoming drovers and purchase their stock, thus securing the best, and
+obliging the other butchers to buy of him at a profit, which was
+characterized by the butchers in their petitions as “pernicious
+practices.” The Bull’s Head Tavern remained the meeting place of the
+butchers and drovers until 1826, when Henry Astor, associating himself
+with others, pulled it down and erected on its site the New York Theatre,
+since called the Bowery Theatre, the mayor of the city laying the corner
+stone.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img54.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BOWERY THEATRE</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Tontine Coffee House</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tammany Society</i></div>
+
+<p>Long before the Revolution, there had been various societies in New York
+under such names as St. Andrew, St. George, St. David and St. John, all of
+which professed the most fervent loyalty to the King of Great Britain.
+This induced the projectors of a new society, composed of many who had
+belonged to the Sons of Liberty, of Stamp Act and Revolutionary times, to
+select for their patron saint a genuine American guardian, and thus was
+originated the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, in May, 1789. At
+first, it was strictly a national and patriotic society, “to connect in
+indisoluable bonds of friendship American brethren of known attachment to
+the political rights of human nature and the liberties of the country,”
+and it remained so for many years.</p>
+
+<p>Tammany, the celebrated chief of the Delawares, who has been described as
+a chief of great virtue, benevolence and love of country, to whose actual
+history has been added a great deal of legendary and mythical lore, was
+cannonized as a saint and adopted as their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> guardian spirit. The members
+of the society styled themselves the Sons of St. Tammany, and adopted
+aboriginal forms and customs as well as dress. This was not the first
+society that had claimed the patronage and adopted the name of that famous
+Indian saint, but the new organization proposed a wider scope and added to
+its title also that of “Columbian Order.” It was organized also as a
+contrast or offset to the aristocratic and anti-republican principles
+attributed to the Society of the Cincinnati, the membership of which was
+hereditary.</p>
+
+<p>The birth of the new organization is set down as on May 12, 1789, which
+was spent in tents erected on the banks of the Hudson River, about two
+miles from the city, where a large number of members partook of an elegant
+entertainment, “served precisely at three o’clock; after which there was
+singing and smoking and universal expressions of brotherly love.” During
+the year 1789 its meetings were held at the tavern of Sam Fraunces.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1790, the 4th of July falling on Sunday, the anniversary of
+Independence was celebrated on the 5th. The Society of St. Tammany
+assembled early in the day, and, after a short address from the Grand
+Sachem, the Declaration of Independence was read. There was a grand
+military review. Colonel Bauman’s regiment of Artillery appeared in their
+usual style as veterans of the war. At one o’clock they fired a federal
+salute and a feu-de-joie on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> Battery, after which they escorted the
+Society of the Cincinnati to St. Paul’s Church, where an elegant oration
+was delivered by Brockholst Livingston to a large audience, including the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, members of both Houses
+of Congress, and a brilliant assembly of ladies and gentlemen. The Society
+of the Cincinnati dined at Bardin’s, the City Tavern, and the Grand Sachem
+and Fathers of the Council of the Society of St. Tammany were honored with
+an invitation to dine with them. After dinner the usual thirteen toasts
+were drunk with all the hilarity and good humor customary on such
+occasions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Reception of the Indians by the Tammany Society</i></div>
+
+<p>Shortly after this, a most interesting event occurred, which created
+considerable excitement among the people of New York and gave to the
+Tammany Society an opportunity to make an impression on the public mind
+not often presented, and which could not be neglected. Efforts had been
+made by the government of the United States to pacify the Creek Indians of
+the South and to make with them a treaty of peace and friendship. In
+March, 1790, Colonel Marinus Willett was sent out on this mission, and
+early in July news came that he was on his way to New York, accompanied by
+Colonel Alexander McGillivray, their half-breed chief, and about thirty
+warriors of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> the tribe, traveling northward at public expense and greeted
+at every stage of their journey by vast crowds of people. They arrived on
+the 21st of July. A boat was sent to Elizabethtown Point, under the
+direction of Major Stagg, to convey them to New York and the Tammany
+Society met in their Wigwam to make their preparations. This Wigwam, which
+they used as their headquarters for many years, was the old Exchange
+building at the foot of Broad Street. As the boat passed the Battery about
+two o’clock a Federal salute was fired and when the Indians landed at the
+Coffee House it was repeated. Here they were met by the Tammany Society,
+dressed in full Indian costume, which very much pleased McGillivray and
+his Indian warriors, and by General Malcolm with a military escort. They
+were conducted in procession to the house of General Knox, the Secretary
+of War, after which they had an audience with the President, who received
+them in a very handsome manner. They were also introduced to the Governor
+of the State, who gave them a friendly reception. They were then taken to
+the City Tavern where they dined in company with General Knox, the
+Senators and Representatives of Georgia, General Malcolm, the militia
+officers on duty, and the officers of the Saint Tammany Society. The
+Indians seemed greatly pleased with their friendly reception and a
+newspaper states that “the pleasure was considerably heightened by the
+conviviality and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> good humor which prevailed at the festive board.” The
+usual number of toasts were drunk after the dinner.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Grand Banquet at the Wigwam</i></div>
+
+<p>On the 2d of August the Indians were entertained by the Tammany Society
+with a grand banquet at their Great Wigwam in Broad Street, at which were
+present, the Governor of the State, the Chief Justice of the United
+States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Mayor of the
+City and Colonel Willett. The richly ornamented Calumet of Peace was
+passed around and wine flowed freely. Colonel Willett had delivered his
+big talk and partaken of their <i>black drink</i> on his visit to them, and the
+Indians were now receiving a return of hospitality. Patriotic songs were
+sung by members of the society and the Indians danced. The Indian chief
+conferred on the grand sachem of Tammany the title of “Toliva Mico”&mdash;Chief
+of the White Town. The President of the United States was toasted as “The
+Beloved Chieftain of the Thirteen Fires.” The President’s last visit to
+Federal Hall was to sign a treaty with these Indians, which was attended
+with great ceremony. Tammany had taken the lead in all this Indian
+business and Tammany had made its mark.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img55.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tontine Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>In the year 1791 an association of merchants was organized for the purpose
+of constructing a more commodious Coffee House than the Merchants’ Coffee
+House, and to provide a business centre for the mercantile community. The
+company was formed on the Tontine principle of benefit to survivors, and
+the building they erected was called the Tontine Coffee House. Among the
+merchants who were interested in this enterprise were John Broome, John
+Watts, Gulian Verplanck, John Delafield and William Laight. On the 31st of
+January, 1792, these five merchants, as the first board of directors of
+the Tontine Association,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> purchased from Doctor Charles Arding and
+Abigail, his wife, the house and lot on the northwest corner of Wall and
+Water Streets, for £1,970. This was the house which had been known as the
+Merchants’ Coffee House from about 1740, when it was first opened by
+Daniel Bloom until 1772, when its business was carried by Mrs. Ferrari
+diagonally across the street, where it had since remained. It was sold in
+1759, as related in a previous chapter, by Luke Roome, owner and landlord
+of the house, to Doctor Charles Arding, who had ever since been its owner.
+They had already purchased, December 1, 1791, for £2,510, the adjoining
+lot on Wall Street, and shortly after, for £1,000, they purchased the
+adjoining lot on Water Street. On the ground of these three lots the
+Tontine Coffee House was built. Thus the business originated on this spot
+was coming back to its old home.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1792, “the committee to superintend the business of the
+Tontine Coffee House Institution,” gave notice that they would pay a
+premium of ten guineas to the person who should hand in before the 20th of
+February next, the best plan for the proposed building, and a premium of
+five guineas for the second best plan. The objects to be considered in the
+plans were, “Solidity, Neatness and Useful Accommodation”; the building to
+be four stories high and to occupy a space of fifty feet by seventy. The
+plans in competition were to be sent to Mr. David Grim. A petition for the
+privilege of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> adding to the Tontine Coffee House a piazza to extend over
+the sidewalk, presented by John Watts and others in March, 1792, was
+refused, but, on May 11 permission was given for a piazza to extend six
+feet over the Wall Street sidewalk. The corner-stone of the building was
+laid with considerable ceremony on the 5th of June. The first landlord of
+the house, when completed, was John Hyde.</p>
+
+<p>Just a year later, on Wednesday, June 5, 1793, one hundred and twenty
+gentlemen sat down to a dinner provided by Mr. Hyde at the Tontine Coffee
+House to celebrate the anniversary of the laying of the corner-stone of
+that building. After dinner when fifteen toasts had been drunk, the
+chairman offered an additional toast, which was: “Success to the Tontine
+Coffee House and may it long continue to reflect credit on the
+subscribers.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Cap of Liberty</i></div>
+
+<p>During the French revolution the sympathies of the people of the United
+States were greatly excited, but many of those who wished success to
+France were filled with disgust and indignation at the behavior of the
+French Minister Genet, and of Bompard, the commander of the French ship,
+L’Ambuscade, who, after landing Genet at Charleston, South Carolina, made
+his way north to Philadelphia, boarding American ships on his way and
+seizing British merchantmen near the coast and even in the very bays of
+the United States. Bompard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> and his officers were received at Philadelphia
+with great enthusiasm. On the 12th of June, 1793, they arrived in New
+York. Instantly there was great excitement. Those friendly to them carried
+things to extremes. Opposed to them were the supporters of government and
+good order, joined to the strong English faction that had long prevailed.
+Two days after their arrival, the Cap of Liberty was set up in the Tontine
+Coffee House, according to one account, by “the friends of Liberty,
+Equality, and the Rights of Man, amid the acclamations of their fellow
+citizens, in defiance of all despotic tyrants. It was a beautiful crimson
+adorned with a white torsel and supported by a staff.” The cap, “Sacred to
+Liberty,” was declared to be under the protection of the old Whigs, and
+the aristocrats, as the opposite party was tauntingly called, were defied
+to take it down. This defiance brought forth a threat that it would be
+done, and, in expectation that its removal would be attempted, for several
+days, hundreds of people gathered in front of the house. No attempt, at
+that time, seems to have been made to remove the cap, and the excitement
+gradually subsided.</p>
+
+<p>The Cap of Liberty remained undisturbed in its place for almost two years.
+A newspaper of May 19, 1795, states that “the Liberty Cap having been
+removed from the Barr of the Tontine Coffee House by some unknown person,
+the ceremony of its re-establishment in the Coffee House took place
+yesterday afternoon. A well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> designed, carved Liberty Cap, suspended on
+the point of an American Tomahawk, and the flags of the Republics of
+America and France, attached on each side, formed a handsome figure.” A
+large gathering of people attended “the consecration of the emblem of
+Liberty,” and the meeting was highly entertained by numerous patriotic
+songs. Voluntary detachments from several of the Uniform Companies joined
+in the celebration.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of May, only four days after being placed in the Coffee House,
+the French flag was removed. An attempt was made to recover it and arrest
+the person who took it down. A boat was dispatched in pursuit of the
+person who was supposed to have taken it, but it returned without success.
+Colonel Walter Bicker, in behalf of a number of citizens of New York,
+offered a reward of one hundred and fifty dollars for the capture of the
+thief who stole the French flag from the Coffee House, with what result is
+unknown.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>New York Stock Exchange</i></div>
+
+<p>An English traveler, who visited New York in 1794, writes that: “The
+Tontine Tavern and Coffee House is a handsome, large brick building; you
+ascend six or eight steps under a portico, into a large public room, which
+is the Stock Exchange of New York, where all bargains are made. Here are
+two books kept, as at Lloyd’s, of every ship’s arrival and clearing out.
+This house was built for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> the accommodation of the merchants, by Tontine
+shares of two hundred pounds each. It is kept by Mr. Hyde, formerly a
+woolen draper in London. You can lodge and board there at a common table,
+and you pay ten shillings currency a day, whether you dine out or not.”</p>
+
+<p>As stated above, the Tontine Coffee House had become the Stock Exchange of
+New York. In the first directory of the city, published in 1786, there is
+only one stock-broker, Archibald Blair. On January 9, 1786, Archibald
+Blair announced that he “has a Broker’s Office and Commission Store at 16
+Little Queen Street, where he buys and sells all kinds of public and state
+securities, also old continental money. He has for sale Jamaica rum, loaf
+sugar, bar iron, lumber and dry goods.” A few years later several
+announcements of such brokers are found in the newspapers, among others
+the following which appeared in the Daily Advertiser of December 9, 1790.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">“Sworn Stock Broker’s Office.<br />
+No. 57 King Street.</p>
+
+<p>The Subscriber, having opened an office for negociating the funds of
+the United States of America, has been duly qualified before the Mayor
+of the City, that he will truly and faithfully execute the duties of a</p>
+
+<p class="center">Stock Broker,</p>
+
+<p>and that he will not directly or indirectly interest himself in any
+purchase or sale of the funds of the United States of America,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> on his
+own private account, for the term of six months from the date hereof.</p>
+
+<p>The opinion of many respectable characters has confirmed his own ideas
+of the utility of establishing an office in this city upon the
+principles of a sworn Broker of Europe. The advantages of negociating
+through the medium of an agent no ways interested in purchases or
+sales on his own account, is too evident to every person of
+discernment to need any comment.</p>
+
+<p>Every business committed to his care shall be executed by the
+subscriber with diligence, faithfulness and secrecy, and he trusts
+that his conduct will confirm the confidence, and secure the patronage
+of his friends and fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">John Pintard.”</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The first evidence of an approach to anything like organization was an
+announcement made in the early part of March, 1792, that “The Stock
+Exchange Office” would be open at No. 22 Wall Street for the accommodation
+of dealers in stocks, in which public sales would be daily held at noon,
+as usual, in rotation. Soon after this, on Wednesday, March 21st, a
+meeting of merchants and dealers in stocks was held at Corre’s Hotel, when
+they came to a resolution that after the 21st of April next, they would
+not attend any sales of stocks at public auction. They appointed a
+committee “to provide a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> proper room for them to assemble in, and to
+report such regulations relative to the mode of transacting business as in
+their opinion may be proper.” This resulted in the first agreement of the
+dealers in securities, the oldest record in the archives of the New York
+Stock Exchange, dated May 17, 1792, fixing the rate of brokerage. It was
+signed by twenty-four brokers for the sale of public stocks. For some time
+the brokers do not appear to have had a settled place of meeting. Their
+favorite place was in the open air in the shadow of a large buttonwood
+tree, which stood on the north side of Wall Street, opposite the division
+line of Nos. 68 and 70. Here they met and transacted business something
+like our curb brokers of to-day, but in a much more leisurely way. When
+the Tontine Coffee House was completed in 1793, it became the Stock
+Exchange of New York and remained so for a great many years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Roger Morris House</i></div>
+
+<p>A stage coach line was opened to Boston in 1784 and to Albany the next
+year, when the Roger Morris House on the Kingsbridge road was opened by
+Talmadge Hall as a tavern for the accommodation of the stage coach
+passengers, and was probably the first stopping place going out. It
+continued to be kept as a tavern for many years after this and is said to
+have been a favorite place of resort for pleasure parties from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> the city.
+It became known as Calumet Hall. Its landlord in 1789 was Captain William
+Marriner. In October, 1789, President Washington visited, by appointment,
+the fruit gardens of Mr. Prince at Flushing, Long Island. He was taken
+over in his barge, accompanied by the Vice-President, the Governor of the
+State, Mr. Izard, Colonel Smith and Major Jackson. On their way back they
+visited the seat of Gouverneur Morris at Morrisania, and then went to
+Harlem, where they met Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith,
+daughter of the Vice-President, dined at Marriner’s and came home in the
+evening. In July following a large party was formed to visit Fort
+Washington. Washington, in his diary, does not state that Mrs. Washington
+was of the party, but it is to be presumed that she was; the others,
+beside himself, were “the Vice-President, his Lady, Son and Mrs. Smith;
+the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War and the ladies of the two
+latter; with all the Gentlemen of my family, Mrs. Lear, and the two
+children.” This was a notable party. They dined at Marriner’s, who, no
+doubt, felt the importance of the occasion and exerted himself
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img56.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">OLD SLEIGH</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Marriner’s Tavern, the Roger Morris house, was situated at such a distance
+from the city, on the only road of any length on the island, as to make it
+a good objective point for pleasure parties. An English traveler who
+visited New York in 1796, writes: “The amusement of which they seem most
+passionately fond is that of riding on the snow in what <i>you</i> would call a
+sledge, drawn by two horses. It is astonishing to see how anxiously
+persons of all ages and both sexes look out for a good fall of snow, that
+they may enjoy their favorite amusement; and when the happy time comes, to
+see how eager they are to engage every sleigh that is to be had. Parties
+of twenty or thirty will sometimes go out of town in these vehicles
+towards evening, about six or eight miles, when, having sent for a
+fiddler, and danced till they are tired, they will return home again by
+moonlight or perhaps more often by daylight. Whilst the snow is on the
+ground no other carriages are made use of, either for pleasure or
+service.” Marriner’s house was well suited for just such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> parties of
+pleasure and we can easily imagine that the large octagonal room was about
+this time, of crisp winter nights, the scene of many a merry dance. The
+English traveler is supported in what he says by the announcement of
+Christopher Colles in a New York newspaper in January, 1789, that so long
+as the sleighing lasted he would continue his electrical experiments and
+exhibition of curiosities, at Halsey’s celebrated tavern in Harlem. It
+would seem from this that his lectures needed the incentive of a sleigh
+ride to make them more popular.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Marriner was still keeping the house in the summer of 1794 when it
+was visited by an Englishman who thus writes about his visit to the place:
+“Whoever has a vacant day and fine weather, while at New York, let him go
+to Haarlem, eleven miles distant. There is <i>a pleasant tavern</i> on an
+eminence near the church; a branch of the sea, or Eastern River, runs
+close beneath you, where you may have excellent fishing. On the opposite
+side are two pleasant houses, belonging to Colonel Morris, and a Captain
+Lambert, an English gentleman, who retired hither after the war. Mr.
+Marriner, the landlord, is a very intelligent, well educated man; I fished
+with him for an hour and received a great deal of pleasure from his
+conversation.” * * * “He pressed me very much to stay at his house for a
+week, and I should pay what I pleased. On our return Mr. L&mdash;&mdash; and myself
+drank tea and coffee at Brannon’s Tea<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> Garden. Here was a good greenhouse,
+with orange and lemon trees, a great quantity of geraniums, aloes and
+other curious shrubs and plants. Iced creams and iced liquors are much
+drank here during the hot weather by parties from New York.” Brannon’s Tea
+Garden was on the road leading to the village of Greenwich at the present
+junction of Hudson and Spring Streets, and had been there since previous
+to the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Marriner is said to have been eccentric, but whether this be so or
+not, he was undoubtedly a brave man and was engaged during the war in
+several daring adventures. He presented a picturesque character in the
+history of that period.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Capt. Marriner’s Raid</i></div>
+
+<p>When Captain Marriner was held as a prisoner in the early part of the war,
+on his parole, quartered with Rem Van Pelt, of New Utrecht, Long Island,
+one day at Dr. Van Buren’s Tavern in Flatbush, his sarcastic wit brought
+on him abusive language from Major Sherbrook of the British army. When
+Marriner was exchanged, he determined to capture the Major and some
+others. For this purpose he repaired to New Jersey and procured a
+whale-boat, which he manned with a crew of twenty-two well armed
+volunteers, with whom he proceeded to New Utrecht, landing on the beach
+about half-past nine o’clock in the evening. Leaving two men in charge of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>
+the boat, with the rest he marched unmolested to Flatbush Church, where he
+divided his men into four squads, assigning a house to each party, who,
+provided with a heavy post, were to break in the door when they should
+hear Marriner strike. General Jeremiah Johnson, in his account of the
+affair states that Marriner captured the Major, whom he found hidden
+behind a large chimney in the garret, but the New York newspapers state
+that he carried back with him to New Jersey Major Montcrieffe and Mr.
+Theophylact Bache. On another visit to Long Island, Captain Marriner
+carried off Simon Cortelyou, of New Utrecht, in return for his uncivil
+conduct to the American prisoners. On a large rock in the North River, not
+far from the shore, stood a bath house surmounted by a flagstaff. Noting
+this, Marriner determined to give the English fresh cause for chagrin. He
+accordingly procured the new American flag which had just been adopted,
+and taking with him a few men, boldly rowed into the river one night and
+nailed it to the pole, where it was discovered early next morning.
+Sailors, sent to remove it, were obliged to cut away the pole, amid the
+jeers and protests of the boys gathered on the beach.</p>
+
+<p>Marriner was keeping a tavern in New York City before the war. An
+important meeting was held at Marriner’s Tavern at the time of the
+election of delegates to the first Continental Congress, in 1774. After
+the war he returned to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> same business, and in 1786 was the landlord of
+a house on the corner of John and Nassau Streets, where he offered to
+serve his customers “in the neatest and most elegant manner,” with
+oysters, cooked in a variety of ways, beef steaks, etc., with the very
+best of liquors. He, at one time kept the Ferry House at Harlem, and ran
+the ferry to Morrisania. In the early part of the nineteenth century
+Captain Benson built a large tavern at the junction of the Kingsbridge
+road with the road from Harlem, which was for some years conducted by
+Captain Marriner, who gained great celebrity for the excellent table he
+set, and for the stories of whale-boat exploits during the war, which he
+was never tired of relating.</p>
+
+<p>When the St. Andrew’s Society celebrated their anniversary on November 30,
+1790, at the City Tavern, they had as guests at their dinner, Governor
+Clinton, the Mayor of the City, General Horatio Gates and the principal
+officers of the other humane national societies of the city. In an account
+given of the dinner, it is stated that, “A few hours passed happily away,
+divided between the animating tale, the cheerful glass and the heart
+enlivening song.”</p>
+
+<p>The annual election of officers of the Society of the Cincinnati was held
+on the 4th of July each year, after which there was a dinner, followed by
+toasts. For several year its meeting place was at Corré’s Hotel in
+Broadway.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> Joseph Corré, at one time landlord of the City Tavern, opened,
+in 1790, a house at No. 24 Broadway, which was for some years one of the
+best and most popular taverns or hotels in the city. Meetings of
+societies, concerts, balls and political meetings were held here.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinners on Evacuation Day</i></div>
+
+<p>On Monday, November 25, 1793, the tenth anniversary of the evacuation of
+New York by the British troops, was celebrated in the city with great
+enthusiasm. At sunrise a salute was fired from the Battery followed
+immediately by the ringing of all the bells in the city. This was repeated
+at noon, when the corporation, the officers of the militia, the French
+officers in town and many citizens waited on the Governor to congratulate
+him on the occasion. The militia officers then waited on the mayor of the
+city, the chief justice of the United States and the minister of the
+French Republic. The Ambuscade Frigate was elegantly decorated and at one
+o’clock fired a salute of twenty-one guns. The militia officers, honored
+with the company of the Governor, General Gates and a number of French
+officers, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them at the City
+Tavern, “where they spent the remainder of the day in great spirits and
+good fellowship.” Toasts were drunk under the discharge of artillery. The
+gentlemen of the corporation celebrated the day at the Tontine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> Coffee
+House, where an elegant dinner was served up by Mr. Hyde and patriotic
+toasts were drunk. The Society of Tammany also celebrated the day. At the
+tavern of Robert Hunter, in Wall Street, a dinner was served up to a
+number of citizens in celebration of the day, and the same was done in
+several other of the principal taverns of the city. The dinner on
+Evacuation Day at Bardin’s was one of the last notable dinners given in
+the old City Tavern. Preparations were being made to take it down and
+build on its site a fine hotel.</p>
+
+<p>In 1793 the City Tavern was still owned by John Peter De Lancey, son of
+Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, who sold it to the Tontine
+Association, who, taking down the old house, built upon its site the City
+Hotel. In the deed of transfer, dated March 3, 1793, John Peter De Lancey
+and Elizabeth, his wife, for the consideration of six thousand pounds
+(£6,000), lawful money of the State of New York, convey the property to
+Philip Livingston, John Watts, Thomas Buchanan, Gulian Verplanck, James
+Watson, Moses Rogers, James Farquhar, Richard Harrison and Daniel Ludlow,
+all of the city and state of New York, in trust for all the subscribers to
+the New York Tontine Hotel and Assembly Room and their heirs, upon such
+terms, conditions and restrictions, and with such right of survivorship as
+may be hereafter agreed upon and settled by the majority of the said
+subscribers or their representatives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>In November, 1793, Nicholas Cruger, chairman of the committee having the
+business in charge, gave notice that they would pay a premium of twenty
+guineas for the best plan of the building about to be erected, to be
+handed in before the first day of January next, requesting that the plans
+may not be signed, but designated by a private mark, accompanied by a
+letter to the chairman, with the same mark on the outside.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>The new house which was erected in the early part of the year 1794 was
+called the Tontine Hotel, but it soon came to be more generally spoken of
+as the City Hotel. Robert Hunter, who had been keeping a tavern in Wall
+Street, became its first landlord. He was in possession of it and meetings
+were being held there in the early part of June, 1794. It was considered
+the largest and finest hotel then in the United States. It became the
+meeting place of societies and associations and of the City Assembly which
+continued to flourish as it had done for many years. On Friday, October 7,
+1796, there was great rejoicing in the city over the French victories,
+news of which had just been received. The church bells were rung from
+twelve to one o’clock, “and in the evening, as it were by patriotic
+sympathy, a hall full of old Whigs and friends to the liberty of Man,
+assembled at Hunter’s Hotel, where a number of patriotic songs were sung,
+a cold collation was served up and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> sixteen toasts were given apropos of
+the news of the day.” The nineteenth anniversary of the signing of the
+treaty of alliance between France and the United States was celebrated on
+Monday, February 6, 1797, at Hunter’s Hotel by a numerous assembly of
+patriotic citizens. Hunter remained landlord of the City Hotel until 1799,
+when he was succeeded by John Lovett, under whose management the house
+became quite popular.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img57.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE CITY HOTEL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>Saturday, the 4th of July, 1795, the anniversary of our independence was
+celebrated in the city with more than usual attention, induced probably by
+the political excitement which then prevailed. The ringing of all the
+bells of the city with a Federal Salute from the Battery ushered in the
+day, which was repeated at noon and in the evening. There was a large
+procession, which about eleven o’clock moved from the Battery to the new
+Presbyterian Church where the Declaration of Independence was read by
+Edward Livingston and an elegant and patriotic discourse was delivered by
+the Rev. Mr. Miller. On returning to the Battery, where a feu-de-joie was
+fired the different societies that had taken part separated and at three
+o’clock sat down to entertainments prepared for them at different places
+in the city. After dinner, the Corporation, the Society of the Cincinnati,
+the Militia Officers, the Society of Tammany, the Mechanic and Democratic
+Societies and the Merchants at the Tontine Coffee House sent deputations
+to each other with congratulations upon the return of the day. The
+festivities closed with a beautiful display of fireworks under the
+direction of Colonel Bauman. The merchants, who celebrated the day by a
+dinner at the Tontine Coffee House were honored by the company of Governor
+Jay, Major-General Morris, Judge Iredell, Mr. Reed, Senator in Congress
+from South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> Carolina, Judge Hobart, Judge Lawrence, Colonel Hamilton, Mr.
+King, the Mayor of the City, Doctor Johnson, the Secretary of the State,
+the Attorney-General of the District, the Treasurer of the State, Captain
+Dennis, Captain Talbot, Captain Thomson. After the dinner toasts were
+drunk as usual.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tammany Wigwam</i></div>
+
+<p>For some years the Tammany Society had their anniversary dinners and their
+Fourth of July dinners at Bardin’s, the City Tavern. The Great Wigwam of
+the society was in the old Exchange in Broad Street, where it continued to
+be until the building was taken down in 1799. After this the Long Room of
+Abraham B. Martling’s Tavern on the corner of Nassau and George (now
+Spruce) Streets, where the American Tract Society Building now stands,
+became the wigwam of the society. During the period of political
+excitement, from 1793 to 1795 and later, the Tammany Society is said to
+have been opposed to radical measures, which might have involved us in
+European difficulties. A toast drunk at one of their festivals was, “The
+hawks of war&mdash;may they be harmless.” In 1795, during the excitement about
+the Jay treaty, the minority of the United States Senate who voted against
+it were toasted, thus showing that there was then in the society a strong
+anti-federal sentiment. On July 4, 1798, the Tammany Society met in their
+Great Wigwam in the evening, where a newspaper states<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> “they partook of a
+collation and drank toasts which were in unison with their political
+opinions.” This was about the beginning of Tammany’s political career. The
+principles of Jefferson were in the ascendant; it had become a republican
+society. Martling’s Tavern was a low, wooden building, with a very rough
+exterior devoid of paint, having an entrance on Nassau Street. The Long
+Room was in the rear of the house, and its somewhat dilapidated appearance
+caused it to be called the “Pig Pen,” by those not friendly to Tammany.
+All the leading republicans of the day attended the meetings held here,
+and although the party was threatened by divisions of the Burrites, the
+Lewisites and the Clintonians, it was held together.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img58.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">MARTLING’S TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>During the French Revolution there were many Frenchmen who had been driven
+from France and had taken refuge in New York City.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> One of these was the
+famous gastronome, Anthelme Brillât-Savarin, author of La Physiologie du
+Gout, who tells us something of the way they enjoyed themselves while
+here. He says: “I sometimes passed the evening in a sort of café-taverne,
+kept by a Mr. Little, where he served in the morning turtle soup, and in
+the evening all the refreshments customary in the United States. I
+generally took with me Vicomte de la Massue and Jean Rodolphe Fehr,
+formerly a mercantile broker at Marseilles, both <i>emigrés</i> like myself. I
+treated them to welch-rabbit, which was washed down with ale or cider, and
+here we passed the evening talking over our misfortunes, our pleasures,
+and our hopes.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Drinking Bout</i></div>
+
+<p>Michael Little’s Tavern, or Porter House, as it was called, was at 56 Pine
+Street, a little below William Street, and it speaks well for the house
+that it should have been selected by Brillât-Savarin and his friends as a
+place for their suppers. Brillât-Savarin spent two years in New York,
+1794-96, supporting himself by giving lessons in the French language and
+playing in the orchestra of the theater. He gives a very amusing account
+of a dinner party at Little’s place, of which he and his two friends
+formed a part. He had met there Mr. Wilkinson, an Englishman from Jamaica
+and his friend, whose name he never knew, whom he described as a very
+taciturn man, with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> square face, keen eyes, and features as
+expressionless as those of a blind man, who appeared to notice everything
+but never spoke; only, when he heard a witty remark or merry joke, his
+face would expand, his eyes close, and opening a mouth as large as the
+bell of a trumpet, he would send forth a sound between a laugh and a howl
+called by the English, horse laugh; after which he would relapse into his
+habitual taciturnity. Mr. Wilkinson appeared to be about fifty years of
+age, with the manners and all the bearing of a gentleman (<i>un homme comme
+il faut</i>).</p>
+
+<p>These two Englishmen, pleased with the society of Brillât-Savarin and his
+friends, had many times partaken of the frugal collation which was offered
+them, when, one evening, Wilkinson took Brillât-Savarin to one side and
+declared his intention of engaging all three of them to dine with him. The
+invitation was accepted and fixed for three o’clock in the afternoon of
+the third day after. As they were about to leave the waiter quietly told
+Brillât-Savarin that the Jamaicans had ordered a good dinner and had given
+directions that the wine and liquor be carefully prepared, because they
+regarded the invitation as a challenge or test of drinking powers, and
+that the man with the big mouth had said that he hoped to put the
+Frenchmen under the table.</p>
+
+<p>For such a drinking bout Brillât-Savarin had no relish, but the Frenchmen
+could not now very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> well avoid it without being accused of being
+frightened by the Englishmen. Although aware of the danger, following the
+maxim of Marshal de Saxe, “As the wine was drawn they prepared to drink
+it.” (“<i>Le vin etait tiré, nous nous preparâmes à le boire.</i>”)</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin had no fear for himself, but he did not wish to see his
+two friends go down with the others; he wished to make it a national
+victory, and not an individual one. He, therefore, sent for his friends
+and gave them a lecture. He instructed them to restrain their appetites at
+the beginning so as to eat moderately with the wine throughout the whole
+dinner, to drink small draughts and even contrive to get rid of the wine
+sometimes without drinking it. They divided among them a quantity of
+bitter almonds, recommended for such an occasion.</p>
+
+<p>At the appointed time they all met at Little’s Tavern, and soon after the
+dinner was served. It consisted of an enormous piece of roast beef, a
+turkey (<i>dindon cuit dans son jus</i>), vegetables, a salad and a tart
+(<i>tarte aux comfitures</i>). They drank after the French fashion, that is to
+say, the wine was served from the commencement. It was very good claret.
+Mr. Wilkinson did the honors of the table admirably. His friend appeared
+absorbed in his plate and said nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin was charmed with his two friends. La Massue, although
+endowed with a sufficiently good appetite, was mincing his food like a
+delicate young lady, and Fehr was adroitly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> succeeding in passing glasses
+of wine into a beer pot at the end of the table. He himself was holding up
+well against the two Englishmen, and the more the dinner advanced the more
+confident he felt.</p>
+
+<p>After the claret came Port, after Port, Madeira, at which they stuck for a
+long time. On the arrival of the dessert, composed of butter, cheese and
+nuts, was the time for toasts. They drank to the power of kings, the
+liberty of the people and the beauty of women; particularly to the health
+of Mr. Wilkinson’s daughter, Mariah, who, he assured his guests, was the
+most beautiful person in all the island of Jamaica.</p>
+
+<p>After the wine came spirits&mdash;rum, brandy and whiskey&mdash;and with the
+spirits, songs. Brillât-Savarin avoided the spirits and called for punch.
+Little himself brought in a bowl of it, without doubt prepared in advance,
+sufficient for forty persons. No such vessel for drink was ever seen in
+France.</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin says that he ate five or six slices of buttered toast
+(<i>roties d’un beurre extremement frais</i>) and felt his forces revived. He
+then took a survey of the situation, for he was becoming much concerned as
+to how it would all end. His two friends appeared quite fresh and drank as
+they picked the nuts. Wilkinson’s face was scarlet, his eyes were troubled
+and he appeared to be giving way. His friend said nothing, but his head
+smoked like a boiling caldron. The catastrophe was approaching.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>Suddenly Mr. Wilkinson started to his feet and began to sing Rule
+Britannia, but he could get no farther than these words; his strength
+failed him; he felt himself drop into his chair and from there rolled
+under the table (<i>coula sous le table</i>). His friend seeing him in this
+state, emitted one of his noisiest laughs, and stooping to assist him fell
+by his side.</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin, viewing the scene with considerable satisfaction and
+relief, rang the bell, and when Little came up, after addressing him the
+conventional phrase, “See to it that these gentlemen are properly cared
+for,” with his friends drank with him their health in a parting glass of
+punch. The waiter, with his assistants, soon came in and bore away the
+vanquished, whom they carried out, according to the rule, <i>feet foremost</i>,
+which expression is used in English to designate those <i>dead or drunk</i>,
+Mr. Wilkinson still trying to sing Rule Britannia, his friend remaining
+absolutely motionless.</p>
+
+<p>Next day seeing in the newspapers an account of what had happened, with
+the remark that the Englishmen were ill, Brillât-Savarin went to see them.
+He found the friend suffering from a severe attack of indigestion. Mr.
+Wilkinson was confined to his chair by the gout, brought on probably by
+his late dissipation. He seemed sensible to the attention and said to
+Brillât-Savarin, among other things: “Oh! dear sir, you are very good
+company, indeed, but too hard a drinker for us.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img59.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">ANTHELME BRILLAT-SAVARIN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin was a convivial soul, a lover of good cheer and openhanded
+hospitality. The time passed so pleasantly and he was so comfortable while
+in New York City, that on taking his departure for France, in 1796, he
+declared that all he asked of Heaven was, never to know greater sorrow in
+the Old World that he had known in the New. He settled in Paris, and after
+holding several offices under the Directory, became a judge in the Cour de
+Cassation, the French court of last resort, where he remained until his
+death, in 1826. While without special<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> reputation as a jurist, as a judge
+and expounder of gastronomic excellence, his name has become immortalized.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of December, 1796, “the young men of the city who were willing
+to contribute to the preservation of the Public Safety, at that critical
+juncture,” were invited to attend a meeting “at Mr. Little’s Porter House
+in Pine Street that evening at seven o’clock in order to form an
+association for that laudable purpose.” Soon after this Little moved to
+No. 42 Broad Street, the old Fraunces’ Tavern. At this place, on
+Wednesday, July 28, 1802, the two friends of De Witt Clinton and Colonel
+John Swartwout met to make arrangements for the duel which took place at
+Hoboken on Saturday, July 31st. A meeting of the gentlemen of the bar of
+the City of New York was held here February 11, 1802.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img60tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/img60.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The City Hotel</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Black Friars</i></div>
+
+<p>The social ties that had existed before the Revolution were all broken up,
+and new connections had to be formed. Societies, like the St. Andrew and
+St. George, were revived, and patriotic societies, such as the Cincinnati
+and the Tammany were formed. The first purely social club after the war,
+of which we have any knowledge, was the Black Friars, founded November 10,
+1784, the officers of which were a Father, Chancellor, Cardinals and
+Priors. On May 9, 1789, the society held a festival at the Friary, dinner
+being served at half-past four, and on November 10th of the same year
+celebrated its anniversary, an oration being delivered by Dr. Tillery.
+After dinner, eleven toasts were drunk, only eleven states having then
+come into the union. One of these toasts was: “The Fair Daughters of
+Columbia, may they ever find a friend in a Friar.” The society was
+charitable as well as social, and met twice a month at the Friary, No. 56
+Pine Street. Among its members at this time were Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+Benjamin Graves, John Stagg, Dr. James Tillery, Bernard Hart, Dr. Benjamin
+Kissam, Richard Harwood, John Fisher and Oliver Glean. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> 1802 the Friary
+was at the hotel of John Adams, Jr., 68 William Street. Its meetings were
+also held at the Merchants’ Coffee House; by order of the Father.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Drone Club</i></div>
+
+<p>The Friendly Club, under the presidency of General Laight, existed for
+some years about this period, and included among its members many
+prominent men of the city. It met at the houses of its members in rotation
+every Tuesday evening. It was the duty of the host to direct the
+conversation and at the close of the discussion light refreshments were
+served. The Drone Club, a select and literary circle, was instituted about
+the year 1792. Its aim was intellectual advancement and the cultivation of
+letters rather than social or festive enjoyment. Its members were
+recognized by proofs of authorship, and in its ranks was the best talent
+of the city. It seems to be a fact that social clubs that met at taverns
+had more vitality than those that held their meeting at the houses of
+members.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Belvedere Club</i></div>
+
+<p>The Belvedere House was built in the year 1792 by thirty-three gentlemen
+composing the Belvedere Club. It was situated near the East River, about a
+quarter of a mile beyond the paved streets of the east side of the city,
+its site being now about the center of the block bounded by Montgomery,
+Cherry, Clinton and Monroe Streets. The original intention was to build
+merely a couple of rooms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> for the use of the club, but the beauty of the
+situation induced them to extend their plan and they erected a building to
+answer the purposes of a public hotel or tavern as well as for their own
+accommodation. The ball-room, which included the whole of the second story
+of the east front of the house was octagon, forty-five feet long,
+twenty-four feet wide and seventeen feet high, with a music gallery. This
+room, finished and decorated in admirable style, was retained by the Club
+for their Saturday evening meetings, during the summer season, the only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>
+exclusive privilege which the proprietors held. Its windows opened to the
+floor, communicating with a balcony twelve feet wide which surrounded the
+eastern part of the house and afforded a most agreeable promenade. The
+room under this on the ground floor, of the same shape and size in length
+and breadth as the ball-room, was used as a dinner and supper room for
+large companies and public entertainments. On the west side of the house
+were two dining parlors, a bar-room, two card-rooms and a number of bed
+chambers. To the west of the house was a small courtyard with stables,
+coach house and other offices; to the east, although the grounds were
+small, was a bowling green, and there were graveled walks and some
+shrubbery. From the balcony of the house could be seen a great part of the
+city, the bay of New York, Long Island, the East River as far as Hell
+Gate, and the bold and magnificent Pallisades bordering the North River on
+the Jersey side.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img61.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BELVEDERE CLUB HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The house when completed, was taken by John Avery, who in December, 1793,
+was prepared to supply ladies and gentlemen with dinners and suppers, and
+made it known that the use of the ball-room could be obtained on
+seasonable notice, for public or private parties, balls or concerts. In
+1798, the Society of the Cincinnati, after transacting at Federal Hall,
+the usual business of their anniversary meeting, on July 4th, adjourned to
+the Belvedere for the dinner which was served up to them in the usual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>
+style. The Belvedere was an hilarious association, the main object of
+which was social enjoyment. Its members were doubtless much interested in
+the pleasures of riding and driving and probably supported to some extent
+the races which are said to have been regularly held on the Bowery Lane,
+about the opening of the nineteenth century.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Improvement in the City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>John Lovett was landlord of the City Hotel until 1807, when he was
+succeeded by Chenelette Dusseaussoir, who had been a confectioner, with a
+store at No. 102, on the opposite side of Broadway, below the hotel. He
+continued as landlord for two years, when in 1809, Solomon D. Gibson took
+charge of the house, and two years later, after making some alterations,
+informs the public that, “The Ordinary of the Hotel is always supplied
+with every variety and delicacy which the season will permit, while the
+Bar can boast an ample stock of superior wines calculated to tempt the
+taste of the epicure. A new and elegant Bar-Room and Coffee-Room, fronting
+on Broadway, have lately been added; which, unrivalled in point of pure
+air and salubrity, and commanding a delightful view of a street
+embellished with all the facinations of beauty and by all the graces of
+fashion, present irresistable attractions to gentlemen of taste.”</p>
+
+<p>The City Hotel afforded better accommodations for balls and concerts than
+any other place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span> in the city, and the most important affairs of such a
+nature were held here. What was called the Old Assembly Room in William
+Street was also used for such purposes. In February, 1802, announcement
+was made that the second Juvenile Assembly would be held on the 18th at
+this place. This was probably a rival of the City Assembly. In the
+announcement their rules are given out, which appear to have been very
+strict.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>City Assembly</i></div>
+
+<p>An English traveler who visited New York in 1807 states that the City
+Hotel nearly resembles in size and architecture the London Tavern in
+Bishopgate Street. He also says: “Dancing is an amusement that the New
+York ladies are passionately fond of, and they are said to excel those of
+every other city in the Union. I visited the City Assembly, which is held
+at the City Hotel in the Broadway, and considered as the best in New York.
+It was the first night of the season, and there was not more than one
+hundred and fifty persons present. I did not perceive anything different
+from an English assembly, except the cotillions, which were danced in an
+admirable manner, alternately with the country dances. Several French
+gentlemen were present, and figured away in the cotillions with
+considerable taste and agility. The subscription is two dollars and a half
+for each night, and includes tea, coffee, and cold collation. None but the
+first class of society can become subscribers to this assembly. Another
+has,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span> however, been recently established, in which the genteel part of the
+second class are admitted, who were shut out from the City Assembly. A
+spirit of jealousy and pride has caused the subscribers of the new
+assembly to make their subscriptions three dollars, and to have their
+balls also at the City Hotel. It was so well conducted, that many of the
+subscribers of the City Assembly seceded, and joined the opposition one,
+or subscribed to both.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Musical Societies</i></div>
+
+<p>About the opening of the nineteenth century there were several musical
+societies in New York. Some of these were short-lived, but others arose to
+take their places. The Euterpean was of this period. It lasted until the
+middle of the century and exercised a considerable influence on the
+musical taste of the time. There was also a Philharmonic Society. On the
+16th of February, 1802, the Columbian Anacreontic Society gave their
+annual Ladies’ Concert at the Tontine Assembly Rooms, in the City Hotel,
+Broadway. It must have been considered a very fine affair, for the account
+of it in the Evening Post next day fills more than a column of the paper.
+The article states that the concert was “given in a style of superior
+elegance. The whole suite of apartments occupied by the City Assemblies
+were thrown open on this occasion. No pains or expense had been spared to
+provide suitable entertainment. * * * The company assembled at an early
+hour and were numerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> beyond any former occasion.” Between the acts
+refreshments were served from the tea-room, which part of the
+entertainment was received by the company with marks of appreciation. The
+newspaper article concludes: “We beg permission to express our hope that
+an institution so honorable to the taste and manners of our city, may
+continue to receive the electric applause of Beauty and Fashion.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Second Hudson Centennial</i></div>
+
+<p>New York celebrated the second centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+the Hudson River on Monday, the 4th of September, 1809, under the auspices
+of the New York Historical Society. It was not so grand and elaborate an
+affair as that of the third centennial celebration, gotten up by the city
+two years ago, yet, nevertheless, it was an appropriate celebration. At
+the request of the society the Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller delivered a learned
+and interesting address concerning this event, before a large and
+respectable audience of ladies and gentlemen at the City Hall, among whom
+were the governor, the mayor and the corporation of the city. At four
+o’clock the members of the society with the invited guests sat down to an
+elegant dinner prepared for them by Messrs. Fay and Gibson at the City
+Hotel. Shell fish and other fish, with which our waters abound, were
+served, with wild pigeon and corn and beans or succotash, the old Dutch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>
+or Indian dish, the favorite dish of the season, and the different meats
+introduced into the country by the early settlers. Such dishes were served
+as were common in the early history of the city. One of the toasts, which
+was offered by Simeon DeWitt, was: “May our successors a century hence
+celebrate the same event which we this day commemorate.” The spirit of
+Simeon DeWitt may have been the guardian angel of our recent celebration.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>St. Andrew’s Society Dinners</i></div>
+
+<p>The dinners of the St. Andrew’s Society seem to have surpassed all others.
+The St. Andrew’s Society of the State of New York celebrated its
+anniversary on Monday, November 30, 1801, at the Tontine Coffee House.
+Here, after disposing of the usual business of the society, they sat down
+to a dinner prepared by James Rathwell, the landlord of the house, which,
+it is said “was never exceeded in this city for elegance and variety, and
+spent the evening to a pretty late hour with much conviviality and
+friendship.” They were honored with the company of the mayor, his
+predecessor in that office, and that of the British consul. One account of
+the dinner states: “We have never heard so many original and appropriate
+songs as were sung on this occasion, and never witnessed more genuine
+satisfaction beam in every eye.” In 1802, and in 1803, the society
+celebrated their anniversary at the same place and the dinner each year
+was prepared by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> Mr. Rathwell in the same superior style as in 1801.</p>
+
+<p>In 1804 the society celebrated their anniversary at the Tontine Coffee
+House, and at four o’clock sat down to a dinner prepared in the best style
+by Mr. Hyde, who was again the landlord of the house, “and spent their
+convivial hour with the dignified festivity of men attached to each other
+by personal respect, by love to their native and adopted country, and by a
+generous concurrance in extending a generous proportion of their own
+comforts to their suffering brethren.” The mayor of the city, the British
+consul general, Captain Beresford, of the navy, and other gentlemen of
+distinction honored the society with their company. On the wall of the
+room hung a full length portrait of General Hamilton, the property of the
+Chamber of Commerce. Pointing to this, a member of the society gave the
+toast: “Our Silent Monitor&mdash;May we ever emulate his virtues.”</p>
+
+<p>When the society celebrated their anniversary, November 30, 1805, the
+landlord of the Tontine Coffee House was Thomas Vaughan, who prepared for
+them a dinner “unusually sumptuous and elegant.” The guests were the mayor
+of the city, the British consul general, the Hon. Robert R. Livingston and
+Captain Porteous. At this meeting the society passed a resolution, offered
+by Dr. Tillery “to erect a plain, neat Monument in memory of that great
+and good man, Major General Hamilton, on the spot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> where he received the
+wound which terminated in his death and which deprived America of her
+greatest pride and ornament.” The next year Mr. Vaughan again prepared the
+anniversary dinner for the society at the Tontine Coffee House, when “they
+allowed themselves to indulge in that degree of innocent mirth and decent
+conviviality, which comports with the character of those whose flow of
+soul must not extend beyond the feast of reason.” After dinner toasts were
+drunk interspersed with Scottish songs and “tales of other times.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1810, honored by the company of several distinguished guests, the St.
+Andrew’s Society celebrated their anniversary at the City Hotel, then kept
+by Solomon D. Gibson. A newspaper states: “It would be a want of justice
+in us towards Mr. Gibson not to state that the style in which the dinner
+was gotten up and the quality of his wines were such as gave entire
+satisfaction to the company and did himself much credit.” “After the cloth
+was removed a number of appropriate toasts were given and the social
+glass, the cheerful song and ‘Weel timed Daffin,’ kept a considerable
+party together till ‘Some wee short hour ayont the T’wai’ hinted to each
+to ‘Tak the way that pleased himsel,’ highly gratified with the agreeable
+manner in which the day had been spent.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Supper at Dyde’s Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>For more than ten years the Long Room of Martling’s Tavern was the wigwam
+of the Tammany Society. Immediately after the election<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> of Jefferson, when
+the Tammany Society had become thoroughly Republican, a division arose
+between the friends of De Witt Clinton, Chancellor Livingston and Colonel
+Burr. Each accused the other of faithlessness, dishonesty and duplicity.
+Clinton became involved with Colonel John Swartwout, a friend of Burr,
+which led to a duel between them at Hoboken, in which Swartwout was
+wounded. Bitterness between these factions was intense until 1806, when a
+coalition was entered into between the Clintonians and Burrites, which was
+kept secret until the 20th of February, 1806, when they assembled at
+Dyde’s Hotel to celebrate the union by a supper. The coalition was a
+surprise to all and was denounced in the strongest terms as an unnatural
+union, a public outrage, etc. One paper states that “verily a supper was
+very appropriate; for such deeds of dark and terrible infamy ought to be
+enacted in the night only,” and calls it a political rascality. The
+factions had accused each other of all sorts of political crimes and now
+they had joined forces.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Come let us chant our joys,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We now are foes no more;</span><br />
+Now we are <i>honest</i> boys,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">However so before.”</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>Dyde’s house was next door to the Park Theatre, facing the Park. He called
+it the London Hotel and proposed to keep it “in the true Old English
+Style, the principles of which are cleanliness, civility, comfort and good
+cheer.” In March, 1806, the Park Theatre announced the play of Macbeth, to
+be followed by the comedy of the Farm House, the curtain to rise at
+half-past six o’clock. The announcement was followed by a card stating
+that there could be obtained “an excellent supper at Dyde’s Hotel between
+the play and farce at 50 cents each; the same every other night at
+half-past 9 o’clock.” Verily our ancestors took their pleasures in large
+and heavy doses. For a time Dyde’s Hotel was quite popular. On Sunday,
+January 11, 1807, Mr. Foster preached a sermon here, and a meeting of the
+Philharmonic Society was held at Dyde’s Hotel, next to the Theater, on
+Thursday, January 29, 1807. The Philharmonic Society met here again in
+December of the same year for the election of officers of the society when
+it was called the Washington Hotel. When a public ball was given here in
+February, 1808, by Mr. Armour, a teacher of dancing, it was still known as
+the Washington Hotel. In the early part of the year 1809, it appears to
+have been called the Mercantile Coffee House, and also the Commercial
+Coffee House, but neither of these names clung to it very long.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img62.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tea Gardens</i></div>
+
+<p>The so-called gardens, where ice cream, tea and other beverages were
+served to the sound of music, were, about the beginning of the
+century, and had been for some time, popular with the people of New York.
+During the war, while the city was occupied by the British, near the
+present corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, there was a public house
+called the White Conduit House, so called from a popular tavern of that
+name in London. On the 24th of June, 1779, the Freemasons, in remembrance
+of St. John, their patron saint, went in procession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> to St. Paul’s Church,
+where an excellent sermon was preached by Dr. Seabury; “from thence they
+proceeded, accompanied by the clergy and band of music to the White
+Conduit House, where there was an elegant dinner prepared, and the day was
+celebrated with great harmony and brotherly love.” At the close of the war
+the place became a public garden and pleasure resort. In 1796 it was under
+the control of William Byram. Soon after, when the street was cut through,
+it came into the possession of Joseph Corré, who some years before, had
+been the landlord of the City Tavern, and was at the time keeper of an ice
+cream and tea garden on State Street, called the Columbian Garden. Under
+his management it was known as the Mt. Vernon Garden. The cutting through
+of the street left the house high above the level, and it was reached by a
+flight of steps. Flying horses and other like amusements were the
+attractions of the place. Corré opened here a Summer Theater, in which
+members of the Park Theater company played during the time their own
+theater was closed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Second Vauxhall</i></div>
+
+<p>Bayard’s Mount, or Bunker Hill, as it was sometimes called, at the present
+junction of Grand and Mulberry Streets, the highest point on the island
+near the city, was a well known landmark in its time, overlooking the city
+and a wide extent of country including the North and East Rivers. There is
+no sign to-day that such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> an elevation ever existed at that place. Nearby
+was the Bayard homestead which had been the residence of the Bayard family
+for fifty years. In 1798, this, with the surrounding premises, was
+converted by Joseph Delacroix, a Frenchman, into a popular resort, known
+as Vauxhall Garden. It was the second of the name, the first, at the
+corner of Warren and Greenwich Streets, which, before the war, flourished
+under the management of Sam Francis, having been converted, some years
+previous, into a pottery.</p>
+
+<p>On Independence Day, 1802, particular exertions were made by the summer
+gardens to attract visitors. It was announced that the open air theatre at
+the Mount Vernon Garden, under the management of John Hodgkinson, of the
+Park Theatre, would open the season on Monday, July 5th, in celebration of
+Independence Day, with the play of “All the World’s a Stage,” after which
+would be recitations and songs, followed by “The Sailor’s Landlady or Jack
+in Distress”; concluding with a grand display of fireworks. Tickets to
+Box, six shillings, Pit and Gallery, four shillings. Refreshments as
+usual. Joseph Delacroix informed his friends and the public in general
+that on Monday, July 5th, the anniversary of American Independence would
+be celebrated at Vauxhall with great splendor, surpassing everything ever
+yet exhibited in America. A beautiful drawing of the Triumphal Car which
+was to take part in the spectacular scene could be seen at the Tontine
+Coffee House.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> Doors open at four o’clock. Tickets, four shillings. Grand
+illuminations and transparencies were promised at the Columbian Garden, in
+State Street, opposite the Battery. Open from six o’clock in the morning
+until ten o’clock at night. Tickets, two shillings.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Third Vauxhall</i></div>
+
+<p>Another place of great notoriety for many years was situated south of the
+present Astor Place, between the Bowery and Broadway, the narrower end of
+the property on Broadway, the entrance being on the Bowery. Jacob Sperry,
+a native of Switzerland, although he had studied physic, purchased the
+property and for many years devoted himself to the raising of fruits and
+flowers. In 1803 he sold the garden to John Jacob Astor for nine thousand
+pounds (£9,000), then considered a good sale. Astor leased it to Joseph
+Delacroix, who was then conducting the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard
+estate, at Grand and Mulberry Streets, and who, when he moved to it,
+carried with him the name. Under his management it became a noted resort.
+Vauxhall Garden was an inclosure said to contain three acres of ground,
+handsomely laid out with gravel walks and grass plots, and adorned with
+shrubs, trees, flowers, busts, statues, and arbors. In the center was a
+large equestrian statue of General Washington. There were summer houses,
+and tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and boxes or rather
+stalls around the inside, close up to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> the high board fence which inclosed
+the garden, where visitors were served with light refreshments. In the
+front of the grounds was a building where a theatrical company performed
+during the summer season. The price of admission was fifty cents to Box,
+Pit or Gallery, for they were all one and the same thing, the spectators
+sitting in the open air. The orchestra was among the trees. A resident of
+Philadelphia relates how on a visit to New York, in 1806, he was carried
+out to the garden in a hackney coach with three other passengers for
+twenty-five cents each, and there, for fifty cents, saw performed “The
+Agreeable Surprise,” in which Twaits played the principal part. Delacroix
+succeeded in making the garden a very popular resort. All the town flocked
+to it. It was to the New York of that day something like what Coney Island
+is to the New York of to-day. With its numerous lamps among the trees and
+shrubbery and arbors, its artistic adornments, its fireworks and balloons,
+its music and its theatrical performances and singing, the people of New
+York considered it about as gay a place of recreation as could be found
+anywhere. Lafayette Place was cut through the property in 1826, but the
+garden continued to flourish for more than twenty years after. During the
+later years of its existence it became a favorite place for public
+meetings.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Old Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>About the time that the Tontine Coffee House was built, in 1793, Mrs.
+Bradford, who had kept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> the Merchants’ Coffee House since the death of her
+husband, in 1786, retired. She lived in Cortlandt until her death, in May,
+1822. She was succeeded in the old house by John Byrne, who opened it as
+the New York Hotel, but it was generally called “The Old Coffee House.”
+Byrne remained there until 1798, when he crossed over to the Tontine and
+was succeeded by Edward Bardin, who had been a well known tavern-keeper in
+New York since 1764. Many of the old societies continued to patronize the
+house. The Free Masons clung to it. The Sons of St. Patrick celebrated
+here their anniversaries, and the Black Friars&mdash;a social club&mdash;met here by
+order of the “Fathers.” The Marine Society continued here their regular
+meetings. Bardin was in possession of it when it was burned down in the
+fire of 1804. The building, which was of brick, was valued at $7,500. When
+the house was rebuilt, Bardin returned to it and opened it as the Phoenix
+Coffee House, and continued in it until he, too, like his predecessor,
+went over to the Tontine, in 1812.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Robert R. Livingston</i></div>
+
+<p>A grand dinner was given to the Honorable Robert R. Livingston at the
+Tontine Coffee House, December 7, 1805. Although circumstances prevented
+many from attending, yet the room was crowded, and it is said that on no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>
+similar occasion was there ever witnessed a more elegant entertainment or
+a more respectable company. John Watts presided. Among those who attended
+were: The Reverend Doctor Rodgers, the Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor, the
+Foreign Consuls, Mr. Morris, Mr. King and Mr. Van Rensselear. After
+dinner, Mr. Livingston being called on by the president, gave the toast,
+“New York&mdash;Its ports fortified&mdash;its commerce prosperous&mdash;its mechanics
+encouraged and its citizens united and happy.” Mr. Livingston having
+retired amidst the applause of the company the president gave: “Robert B.
+Livingston&mdash;the successful negociator&mdash;the friend of agriculture and the
+patron of fine arts,” which was received with cheers.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img63.jpg" alt="Robert R. Livingston" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Embargo</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>The embargo of 1807 prostrated the business of the city. In the spring of
+1808, the streets, wharfs and quays along the East River appeared almost
+deserted; the bustle and activity of former days no longer prevailed.
+There were many ships at the wharfs, but they were dismantled and laid up;
+their decks were cleared, their hatches were fastened down and hardly a
+sailor was to be seen. Not a box, barrel, bale or package was on the
+wharfs and many of the counting houses were closed. A few merchants,
+clerks, porters and laborers could be seen aimlessly strolling about with
+their hands in their pockets. Where there used to be sixty to a hundred
+carts standing in the street for hire there were scarcely a dozen, and
+they were unemployed. A few coasting sloops and schooners, clearing out
+for the ports of the United States, were all that remained of that immense
+business which was carried on only a few months before. The Tontine Coffee
+House was almost empty, the few to be seen, appearing to be there merely
+to pass away the time, which hung heavy on their hands. There appeared to
+be little or no business doing there except perhaps a few transactions in
+securities or stocks. Grass had begun to grow upon the wharfs, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>
+people seemed to have taken leave of all their former gaiety and
+cheerfulness. The embargo did not accomplish the results desired. It was
+lifted in the early part of the year 1809, and the activities of business
+were again resumed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Mechanics’ Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, founded November 17, 1785,
+incorporated March 14, 1792, erected a hall of their own on the corner of
+Broadway and Robinson Street (now Park Place), in 1802. They held their
+annual celebration in it for the first time on the 6th of January, 1803.
+After the election of officers and other business before the society, the
+two hundred and fifteen members in attendance sat down to a dinner
+prepared for them by Mr. Borowsen, who was then in charge of the house.
+The day was spent with the utmost hilarity and good humor, enlivened by
+appropriate toasts and songs. The mayor of the city was a guest of the
+society. Mechanics’ Hall is described as a building eighty by twenty-seven
+and a half feet. In the basement was a spacious kitchen, etc.; on the
+first floor a large coffee room, bar, dining room and landlady’s room; on
+the second floor, ceiling sixteen feel high, a large hall fifty-two by
+twenty-five feet, with a handsome orchestra and a drawing room twenty feet
+square. On the third floor were five spacious rooms for the use of clubs
+and meetings of any kind and on the fourth twelve bedrooms. In the spring
+of 1803, the house was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> taken by Michael Little, and soon became a popular
+place for balls and concerts. It was for some years one of the prominent
+hotels of the city. The twelfth anniversary of the society was celebrated
+here in 1804, when Mr. Little was the landlord of the house.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>New England Society</i></div>
+
+<p>New York, as headquarters of the British forces in the Revolutionary war,
+had attracted much attention to her advantageous situation, and when peace
+returned men of energy flocked to it, as offering a good field for
+enterprise. Among these were many from New England, and it is claimed that
+the city owes much to this element, endowed with intelligence, vitality
+and perseverance. Soon after the opening of the nineteenth century the New
+England Society was formed. Their first dinner was given December 21,
+1805. For some years their meetings were held at the Tontine Coffee House
+and at other prominent public houses, but about 1812 the society settled
+on Niblo’s Bank Coffee House as the regular place for their annual
+dinners. On December 22, 1807, the society held a grand celebration of
+their anniversary at the City Hotel, where at three o’clock in the
+afternoon, four hundred gentlemen sat down to an elegant dinner prepared
+by Mr. Dusseaussoir. The Reverend Doctor Rodgers and several of the
+venerable clergy from New England sat at the head of the table on the
+right of the president. It seems to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> been a very merry dinner. An
+account of it, with the songs and toasts, fills over a column of the
+Evening Post. To honor the day, the proprietors and masters of all vessels
+in the port of New York, belonging to New England, were requested to hoist
+their colors on the 22d.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Washington Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>The Washington Benevolent Society was organized on the 12th of July, 1808.
+On Washington’s birthday, February 22, 1809, after electing officers of
+the society, they repaired to Zion Church, where an oration was delivered.
+In the evening, about one thousand members of the society sat down to
+suppers provided for them at five different houses. On the next Fourth of
+July the society celebrated the day with more than usual enthusiasm,
+taking a leading part. They had a grand parade and laid the corner stone
+of Washington Hall on the corner of Broadway and Reade Streets. The
+president of the society, Isaac Sebring, after going through the
+formalities of the occasion, turned to the society and thus impressively
+addressed them: “While I congratulate the society on this occasion, I
+cannot but express the hope that the Hall, to be erected on this spot, may
+be sacredly devoted to the cultivation of Friendship, of Charity, of
+correct principles and of ardent Patriotism. Built by the friends of
+Washington, may it never be polluted by the enemies of that illustrious
+and revered statesman. * * * Designed as the seat of rational<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> republican
+sentiments, may it be forever preserved from the infuriated footsteps of
+Monarchy, Aristocracy, Anarchy and Jacobinism. And may our descendants in
+the latest generation, meet at this spot to commemorate the virtues of
+their revolutionary ancestors.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img64.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">WASHINGTON HALL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Although the Washington Benevolent Society was not organized as a
+political association there is no doubt that its members were mostly of
+the Federal party. The Hamilton Society, whose headquarters were at the
+Hamilton Hotel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> in Cherry Street, was very friendly. This, too, no doubt,
+was strongly Federal, and Washington Hall, where the two societies joined
+in celebrating Washington’s birthday, became, soon after its completion,
+the headquarters of the Federal party, in opposition to Tammany Hall,
+completed about the same time, as that of the Republicans or Democrats.
+Washington Hall, at the time of its erection, was considered one of the
+handsomest structures in the city. Although intended to be used as a
+public hall for meetings, assemblies, etc., it was also kept as a hotel.
+Its first landlord was Daniel W. Crocker.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tammany Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>The corner-stone of Tammany Hall, corner of the present Park Place and
+Frankfort Street, was laid on Monday, May 13, 1811, the twenty-second
+anniversary of Tammany Society. Abraham M. Valentine was the grand marshal
+of the day. The members of the society appeared in aboriginal costume,
+wore the buck-tail as usual and marched in Indian file. Clarkson Crolius,
+grand sachem, laid the corner-stone and made a short and spirited address.
+Alpheus Sherman delivered the oration. Joseph Delacroix, proprietor of
+Vauxhall Garden and a good Tammanyite, celebrated the twenty-second
+anniversary of the Tammany Society and the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Great Wigwam by an unusual exhibition and a grand feu-de-joie at the
+garden at half-past eight o’clock in the evening. When the hall was
+completed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> besides being used as the Great Wigwam of the Tammany Society,
+it was taken by Abraham B. Martling, and with his nephew, William B.
+Cozzens, conducted as a hotel.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img65.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">TAMMANY HALL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Fraunces Tavern in Broad Street during the first decade of the
+nineteenth century continued to be one of the prominent taverns or hotels
+of the city. The Society of the Cincinnati<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> had their annual dinner here
+on the Fourth of July, 1804, after a meeting at Federal Hall. It was then
+kept by David Ross, who had succeeded Michael Little as its landlord when
+he went to Mechanics’ Hall. Shortly after this, and for some years, it was
+known as Washington Hotel. In 1813, on the celebration of the thirtieth
+anniversary of the Evacuation, the Independent Veteran Corps of Artillery,
+after performing the duties of the day, partook of a dinner at this old
+historic tavern, which seems to have been their headquarters. It was then
+kept by Rudolphus Kent. This was repeated the next year on Evacuation Day.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img66.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">FRAUNCES’ TAVERN ABOUT 1830</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Battery</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>Between State Street and the hay was the Battery, a beautifully situated
+open space of ground, where military parades were frequently held. On the
+Fourth of July and other anniversary days, there were brilliant
+exhibitions here of the artillery and other uniform troops. It was a
+public ground, where the citizens could enjoy the fresh breezes from the
+bay and the cool shade of the trees on hot summer days. The prospect
+afforded of the Jersey Shore, Staten Island, Long Island and the other
+small islands, of the ships at anchor and of others passing and repassing,
+made a scene at once variegated and delightful. For those who desired it,
+music, ice cream and other delicacies could be had at Corré’s public
+garden on State Street, not far away.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Second Ranelagh</i></div>
+
+<p>We have described Vauxhall Garden, but there was also a Ranelagh, a
+suburban resort, situated about at the junction of Grand and Division
+Streets, near Corlear’s Hook. It had been formerly known by the name of
+Mount Pitt. The adjoining grounds were shady and agreeable and from in
+front of the house was an extensive view of the city and of the eastern
+and southern parts of the harbor. At a short distance were the ruins of a
+battery erected during the Revolutionary War, behind Belvedere, and on
+these mouldering ramparts was a pleasant walk and prospect. Behind
+Ranelagh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> were considerable remains of the line of entrenchments, made by
+the British in 1781, across the island from Corlear’s Hook to Lispenard’s
+Brewery, to defend the city against the American army.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Ugly Club</i></div>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July, 1807, the Society of the Cincinnati partook of their
+annual dinner at the house of Joseph Baker, No. 4 Wall Street, corner of
+New, which for many years after this was a well known and popular house.
+About 1815, a select little circle, composed of the handsomest and most
+companionable young men of that day to be found in New York City, made
+this little tavern their rendezvous, where they held frequent convivial
+meetings. This was the Ugly Club and Baker’s Tavern, or porter house, was
+styled Ugly Hall. Fitz-Greene Halleck was a member of this club and was
+honored by the appointment of “Poet Laureate to the Ugly Club.”</p>
+
+<p>Baker’s Tavern was for a time the starting place, or terminus of the
+route, of the stages which ran to Greenwich village. On the road to
+Greenwich a little beyond Canal Street was Tyler’s, a popular suburban
+resort, some years before known as Brannon’s Tea Garden. Many of the old
+graduates of Columbia College, who were living not so many years ago,
+cherished pleasant memories of Commencement suppers indulged in at this
+place.</p>
+
+<p>The sportsman could find not far from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> city, on Manhattan Island,
+abundance of game; and it was no unusual thing in the gaming season to see
+well known men with guns on their shoulders and followed by their dogs,
+making their way up Broadway or Greenwich Street to the open country. In
+the Bowery Lane, at the second mile stone, was the Dog and Duck Tavern,
+which was frequented by those who chose to visit the salt meadows which
+were covered in the autumn with water-fowl. Further up the island, near
+the five mile stone, was the Dove Tavern, where those had their quarters
+who sought the woodcock and quail in the fields and glades, or the wild
+pigeon in the woods which covered a large part of the land.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Shakespeare Tavern</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>War</i></div>
+
+<p>On June 19, 1812, President Madison issued his formal proclamation of war
+with Great Britain. The news reached New York at nine o’clock on the
+morning of Saturday, June 20th. On the same day orders came to Commodore
+Rodgers to sail on a cruise against the enemy. He was in entire readiness
+and put to sea within an hour after receiving his instructions. He passed
+Sandy Hook on the afternoon of June 21st, with his squadron consisting of
+the President, 44; the United States, 44; the Congress, 38; the Hornet,
+18; and the Argus, 16&mdash;in all, five vessels, carrying 160 guns. The
+British force cruising off the coast consisted of eight men-of-war,
+carrying 312 guns, with a number of corvettes and sloops. In a few months
+the victories of the American ships thrilled the country with satisfaction
+and delight and fairly stunned the English who had regarded the American
+navy as beneath contempt.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img67tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/img67.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center">THE GREAT NAVAL DINNER AT THE CITY HOTEL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Naval Heroes</i></div>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, December 29, 1812, a magnificent banquet was given by the
+corporation and citizens of New York at the City Hotel, then kept by
+Gibson, in honor of Captain Decatur, Captain Hull and Captain Jones, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>
+celebrate their recent victories. The dinner was served at five o’clock in
+the afternoon and five hundred gentlemen sat down to table. It was a naval
+dinner and marine decorations prevailed. The large dining-room “was
+colonaded round with the masts of ships entwined with laurels and bearing
+the flags of all the world.” Each table had on it a ship in miniature
+flying the American flag. At the head of the room, at a long table raised
+about three feet above the others, sat the mayor of the city, DeWitt
+Clinton, the president of the feast, with Decatur upon his right and Hull
+upon his left. In front of this, in a space covered with green grass was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>
+a lake of real water, on which floated a miniature frigate. Across the end
+of the room, back of all, hung on the wall the large main sail of a ship.
+At the toast, “To our Navy,” the main-sail was furled, exposing to view
+two large transparent paintings, one representing the battles between the
+Constitution and the Guerriere, the United States and the Macedonian and
+the Wasp and the Frolic, and the other representing the American Eagle
+holding in his beak three civic crowns, on which were the following
+inscriptions: “Hull and the Guerriere”&mdash;“Jones and the Frolic”&mdash;“Decatur
+and the Macedonian,” which produced great enthusiasm among the guests. The
+dinner was a great success. At the very time it was being served,
+Commodore Bainbridge, in the Constitution, was engaged with the British
+frigate, Java, in a hot action, lasting nearly two hours, in which he
+silenced all her guns and made of her a riddled and dismantled hulk, not
+worth bringing to port. In this same banquet room, the decorations having
+been retained, the crew of the United States were entertained on Thursday,
+January 7, 1813, by the corporation. Alderman Vanderbilt delivered the
+address of welcome to the sailors, of whom there were about four hundred
+present. After dinner, by invitation, they attended the Park Theatre,
+where the drop-curtain had on it a painting representing the fight of the
+United States and the Macedonian.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img68.jpg" alt="Stephen Decatur" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Captain Lawrence</i></div>
+
+<p>On the 13th of May, 1813, by a vote of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> common council, a dinner was
+given to Captain Lawrence, of the Hornet, and his gallant crew at
+Washington Hall. The seamen landed at Whitehall Slip about half-past two
+o’clock in the afternoon, attended by the band of the Eleventh Regiment
+and marched through Pearl Street, Wall Street and Broadway to Washington
+Hall. At half-past three o’clock the petty officers, seamen and marines
+sat down to a bountiful repast. Paintings representing the victories of
+Hull, Decatur, Jones and Bainbridge decorated the walls of the room, and
+over the chair of the boatswain of the Hornet, who was the presiding
+officer, was an elegant view by Holland of the action of the Hornet with
+the Peacock. The table was decorated with a great variety of flags and
+with emblems appropriate to the occasion. After the meats were removed a
+visit to the room was made by the common council, accompanied by Captain
+Lawrence. At the sight of their commander the sailors rose from their
+seats and heartily cheered him with three times three. Perfect order and
+decorum were preserved and the bottle, the toast and the song went round
+with hilarity and glee.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img69.jpg" alt="Isaac Hull" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img70.jpg" alt="J. Lawrence" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In another room a dinner was served to the corporation and its guests,
+among whom were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> Captain Lawrence and all his officers, the commanders of
+all the ships of war on the New York Station, many of the judges of the
+courts and Colonel Joseph G. Swift, the commander of the corps of
+engineers. This room was decorated by many emblematic paintings by Mr.
+Holland, descriptive of our naval victories; some of them had been used at
+the great naval dinner given to Decatur, Hull and Jones at the City Hotel
+in the previous December.</p>
+
+<p>The crew were invited to attend the performance at the theater that
+evening, the front of the theater being illuminated and the pit set apart
+for their accommodation. They marched in a body from the dinner table to
+the theater at six o’clock.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to General Harrison</i></div>
+
+<p>A dinner was given to General Harrison in the afternoon of December 1,
+1813, at Tammany Hall under the direction of the State Republican
+(Democratic) general committee of New York. Besides the distinguished
+guest, there were Governor Tompkins, Major-Generals Dearborn and Hampton,
+Judge Brockholst Livingston, of the United States Supreme Court, and a
+great number of officers of the army and navy and of the volunteer corps
+of the city. The dining hall was handsomely decorated under the direction
+of Mr. Holland. There were five tables, containing sixty covers each,
+ornamented by representations of castles, pyramids, etc., provided by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>
+Martling and Cozzens, the proprietors, in their usual elegant and liberal
+manner.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Commodore Bainbridge</i></div>
+
+<p>The Federalists, in their turn, on the 8th of the same month, in the
+afternoon, gave a splendid dinner to Commodore Bainbridge at Washington
+Hall, at which John B. Coles presided. Notwithstanding the unpleasant
+weather there were nearly three hundred persons present. Among the number
+were Governor Tompkins, Mayor Clinton, Major-Generals Dearborn and
+Stevens, Judges Brockholst Livingston, Van Ness and Benson and the
+officers of the navy on the New York Station. The room was handsomely
+decorated and the dinner was provided by Captain Crocker and served up in
+a very correct and elegant style.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Commodore Perry</i></div>
+
+<p>The next public dinner during the winter season was given to Commodore
+Perry on the afternoon of the 11th of January, 1814, at Tammany Hall, at
+which about three hundred and fifty persons were present. Major James
+Fairlie presided. There were seven tables; one of these, on an elevated
+platform, at which the honored guests were seated, crossed the eastern end
+of the room, the others led from it to the lower end, and all were
+beautifully embellished with numerous ornaments. The pillars of the hall
+were surrounded with clusters of American flags, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> the decorations of
+the hall were arranged under the gratuitous direction of Mr. Holland. Five
+transparent paintings from his pencil adorned the walls. One of these,
+covering about one hundred and fifty square feet, represented a large
+eagle bearing in his beak and talons a scroll inscribed in large capitals:
+“We have Met the Enemy and they are Ours.” In the evening Commodore Perry
+attended a ball at Washington Hall which followed a concert given at that
+place.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Patriotic Demonstrations by the Two Parties</i></div>
+
+<p>As before the war, the people were divided into two great parties, one for
+war, the other for peace, but both claiming to be acting for the good of
+the general government and the welfare of the people, while the fear of
+disunion of the states hung heavily over the country. At the anniversary
+dinner at Washington Hall on the 4th of July, 1813, one of the volunteer
+toasts was: “Our Country&mdash;Disgraced by the folly of democracy, may its
+character soon be retrieved by the virtue and talents of federalism.” The
+war made the celebration of the Fourth of July particularly important, and
+the two parties vied with each other in patriotic demonstrations. The
+celebration of Independence Day, 1814, was made by two grand processions;
+one was led by the Tammany Society, which was joined and followed by
+several other societies; the other was led by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> the Washington Benevolent
+Society, joined by the Hamilton Society. The military parade, headed by
+the governor, was made entirely independent of any procession. After the
+procession the members of the Tammany Society sat down to a repast
+prepared by Martling and Cozzens, proprietors of Tammany Hall Hotel, and
+the members of the Washington Benevolent Society and of the Hamilton
+Society dined in the afternoon at Washington Hall, but in separate rooms.
+The State Society of the Cincinnati held their annual meeting at the City
+Hall, after which they retired to the Tontine Coffee House where a dinner
+was served to them at four o’clock. Commodore Decatur, lately elected an
+honorary member, dined with the Society. After dinner, eighteen toasts
+were drunk, each followed by an appropriate piece of music by Moffit’s
+military band. At Vauxhall the celebration in the evening surpassed in
+display and grandeur any previous exhibitions of the kind.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>News of Peace</i></div>
+
+<p>At the close of the war of 1812 the news of peace was received in New York
+with the greatest joy. Mr. Carroll, the bearer of the treaty, on his
+arrival in the British sloop-of-war Favorite, about eight o’clock in the
+evening of Saturday, February 15, 1815, went directly to the City Hotel,
+which he made his quarters; and in less than twenty minutes after he
+entered the house most of the windows in the lower part of Broadway and
+the adjoining streets were illuminated, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> the streets were densely
+filled with people who came forth to see and to hear and to rejoice.
+Samuel G. Goodrich, who was at a concert in the City Hotel, writes: “While
+listening to the music the door of the concert-room was thrown open and in
+rushed a man breathless with excitement. He mounted on a table and,
+swinging a white handkerchief aloft, cried out: “Peace! Peace! Peace!” The
+music ceased, the hall was speedily vacated, I rushed into the street, and
+oh, what a scene! In a few minutes thousands and tens of thousands of
+people were marching about with candles, lamps, torches, making the
+jubilant street appear like a gay and gorgeous procession. The whole night
+Broadway sang its song of peace.” Swift expresses were sent out to
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Boston, Providence and Albany, and
+when the news was received from Washington of the ratification, which, by
+a combination of four newspapers was brought to New York in twenty-three
+hours, extensive preparations were made for a grand celebration and
+illumination on February 22, which on account of unfavorable weather was
+deferred and took place on the 27th. Fire works were gotten up and
+exhibited on a stage in front of the Government House under the
+superintendence of Joseph Delacroix, of Vauxhall Garden, which is said to
+have exceeded any former exhibition. The descriptions of the illuminations
+filled column after column of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> newspapers. Among many others, lengthy
+descriptions were given of the illuminations of Tammany Hall, Washington
+Hall and the City Hotel.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Grand Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>Great preparations were soon made for a “superb ball” in honor of the
+joyful peace, which was given on March 16 at Washington Hall. The company
+consisted of upwards of six hundred ladies and gentlemen. The dancing
+room, eighty feet by sixty, was arranged to present the appearance of a
+beautiful elliptical pavilion, formed by eighteen pillars, on each of
+which was inscribed the name of a state, connected with the center of the
+lofty ceiling by garlands or festoons of laurel, and between the garlands,
+suspended from the ceiling, chandeliers composed of verdant and flowery
+wreaths. The garlands extending from the pillars were attached to a light
+central canopy, beneath which was a golden sun made to revolve rapidly, by
+means of machinery above the ceiling, so as to diffuse from its dazzling
+surface the reflected radiance of eight hundred lights. This was styled
+the Temple of Concord. On one side of the room, on a raised platform under
+a canopy of flags and surrounded with orange and lemon trees loaded with
+fruit, was the Bower of Peace, furnished with seats from which a good view
+of the cotillion parties could be had. The seats in each end of the room
+were also shaded with a profusion of orange trees and various rarer plants
+brought from the gardens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> and greenhouses of the vicinity. “The supper
+tables at which all the ladies were accommodated with seats at one time,
+though in two different apartments, were arranged and decorated in the
+most brilliant style; being lighted from above by illuminated arches
+entwined with flowers and supported by grouped columns from the center of
+the tables, and forming a line of arches from one extremity to the other.
+In short, the whole scene was one of the most splendid ever exhibited in
+this city; reflecting the highest credit on the managers and displaying a
+picture of female beauty, fashion and elegance not to be surpassed in any
+city of the union.”<a name='fna_5' id='fna_5' href='#f_5'><small>[5]</small></a> The landlord of Washington Hall at this time was
+Peter McIntyre, who had in February succeeded Daniel W. Crocker. He had
+formerly kept a porter house at 33 Nassau Street.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Shakespeare Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In the description of the grand illumination on the evening of February
+27, the decorations of the Shakespeare Tavern are particularly mentioned
+by the newspapers. This tavern had been for some years and continued to be
+for many years after, the resort of actors, poets and critics, as well as
+the rendezvous of the wits and literary men of the period. It stood on the
+southwest corner of Fulton and Nassau Streets, a low, old-fashioned, solid
+structure of small, yellow brick,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> two stories high, with dormer windows
+in the roof. Thomas Hodgkinson, brother of John Hodgkinson of the Park
+Theatre, became its landlord in 1808, and continued in it for sixteen
+years. He had formerly been the proprietor of a porter house at 17 Fair
+(Fulton) Street. In its early days the entrance to the house was by a
+green baize-covered door on Nassau Street, opening into a small hall with
+rooms on either side, the tap-room being the south front room on Nassau
+Street, in which was a circular bar of the old English pattern. It had
+been built many years before the Revolution, and in 1822<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> a modern
+extension was added on Fulton Street, three stories high. On the second
+floor was a large room for public meetings and military drills, and on the
+third floor another large room with arched ceiling for concerts and balls
+and for the accommodation of the political, literary and musical patrons
+of the house. The Euterpian Society met here once a month and once a year
+gave a public concert at the City Hotel, followed by a ball; while the
+older members of the society had a supper below. This was one of the
+events of the season, and the Assembly Room was crowded.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img71.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>For many years the Shakespeare Tavern was closely connected with the
+military history of the city. The Veteran Corps of Artillery usually had
+their dinners here. A dinner was served here to Captain Swain’s Company of
+the Third Regiment of Artillery on Evacuation Day, 1813. A few years ago a
+bronze tablet might have been seen on the corner of Fulton and Nassau
+Streets on which was the following inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">On this site in the<br />
+Old Shakespeare Tavern<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Was organized</span><br />
+The Seventh Regiment<br />
+National Guards S. N. Y.<br />
+August 25, 1824.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img72.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“AS CHOICE SPIRITS AS EVER SUPPED AT THE TURK’S HEAD”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Old Shakespeare Tavern has been compared to the “Mermaid” of London in
+the days of Johnson and Shakespeare and to the “Turk’s Head” in the time
+of Reynolds, Garrick and Goldsmith. To what degree this comparison may
+extend is left to individual opinion, but there is no doubt that the best
+talent of the city in many departments were at times to be found within
+its walls. Fitz-Greene Halleck and Robert C. Sands, James G. Percival,
+James K. Paulding and Willis Gaylord Clark were frequent visitors and
+passed here in each other’s company many a merry evening. Here Sands first
+recited to his friends, William L. Stone, Gulian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span> C. Verplanck and John
+Inman, his last and most remarkable poem, “The Dead of 1832.” Here DeWitt
+Clinton discussed with his friends his pet project, the Erie Canal, and
+demonstrated the feasibility of that great undertaking. Here some of the
+liveliest of the “Croakers” were conceived and brought forth. William L.
+Stone, a frequent visitor, says: “The Old Shakespeare has entertained
+coteries composed of as choice spirits as ever supped at the Turk’s Head.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Krout Club</i></div>
+
+<p>Under the management of Hodgkinson the Shakespeare became noted for the
+excellence of its wines and for the quaint style and quiet comfort of its
+suppers. About 1825 he was succeeded by James C. Stoneall, his son-in-law,
+who was an exceedingly courteous man and an attentive and obliging
+landlord. Before and after Stoneall became proprietor of the house it was
+the meeting place of the Krout Club, a social institution of the period,
+most of the members of which were supposed to be descendants of the early
+Dutch settlers. When the Grand Krout, as the presiding officer of the
+society was called, each year nodded his assent to a meeting and dinner,
+the announcement was made by piercing a cabbage and displaying it on the
+end of a long pole projected from an upper window of the place of meeting.
+It was customary, immediately after his election to his exalted position,
+to crown the newly-elected King of the Krouts with a cabbage head nicely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span>
+hollowed out to fit his head and, at the same time, to throw over his
+shoulders a mantle of cabbage leaves. While thus arrayed as master of the
+feast, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill delivered a very amusing address on the
+cabbage, the closing words of which were: “Thy name has been abused as if
+‘to cabbage’ were to pilfer or steal. I repel with indignation the attempt
+to sully thy fame.”</p>
+
+<p>The annual meeting of the Krouts was opened at nine o’clock in the morning
+and the fun and frolic was kept up until late at night. Just before the
+dinner the secretary read his annual report, which consisted of a humorous
+relation of some things that had occurred, but more especially of many
+things that had not occurred. At dinner were served smoked geese, ringlets
+(sausages), sauerkraut and cabbage in a great variety of dishes.</p>
+
+<p>Pleasant memories of the old vine-clad tavern were cherished by many who
+only a few years ago passed over to the Great Beyond.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the Peace Commissioners</i></div>
+
+<p>Two of the five American Commissioners who had negociated the Treaty of
+Peace at Ghent and the Commercial Treaty at London, Messrs. Albert
+Gallatin and Henry Clay, arrived in New York on September 1, 1815, and on
+the afternoon of the 5th a complimentary dinner was given them at Tammany
+Hall. Judge Brockholst Livingston presided. William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> Bayard, James
+Fairlie, John Hone, Thomas Farmer and Gilbert Aspinwall were
+vice-presidents and among the distinguished guests were the Hon. Rufus
+King, the Hon. A. J. Dallas, the Mayor, General Macomb, General Swift,
+etc. The Evening Post, a Federal paper, expressed surprise and regret that
+the dinner, instead of appearing to be given as it ought to have been, by
+the respectable citizens of New York without distinction of party, should
+have been “made to wear an invidious complexion by being brought forward
+in the public papers as having been gotten up by 17 gentlemen, all of
+whom, with a single exception are considered to be of the Democratic
+party.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>President Monroe’s Visit</i></div>
+
+<p>From the time of Washington no President of the United States, while in
+office, had visited New York city until President James Monroe, in June,
+1817, made his tour of inspection. On the morning of June 11th he came up
+from Staten Island, where he had been the guest of Vice President
+Tompkins, in the steamboat Richmond, escorted by the sloop of war Saranac,
+Captain Elton, and the Revenue Cutter, Captain Cahoone. He landed on the
+Battery about twelve o’clock from Commodore Evans’ elegant barge,
+accompanied by the Vice President, General Swift and secretary, Captains
+Evans and Biddle of the United States navy, Major-General Morton and
+suite, Major-General Mapes and suite and the Committee of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span> the
+Corporation, who had gone to Staten Island for that purpose, and was
+welcomed by a salute from a division of General Morton’s artillery, under
+the command of Brigadier-General Scott, of the United States army.</p>
+
+<p>The President, after reviewing the line of troops, was escorted up
+Broadway to the City Hall, where, in the audience chamber, the Mayor, in
+the presence of the Governor and other prominent officials, presented him
+with an address. The State Society of the Cincinnati, headed by their
+Vice-President, General Stevens, also presented him a short address. After
+these ceremonies were concluded the President was escorted by a squadron
+of cavalry to the quarters provided for him at Gibson’s elegant
+establishment, the Merchants’ Hotel in Wall Street. After visiting the
+United States Arsenal, the President returned to the hotel at five o’clock
+and sat down to a sumptuous dinner prepared for the occasion. Among the
+guests were the Vice President of the United States, Governor Clinton,
+Hon. Rufus King, General Swift, General Scott, Mr. Mason, secretary to the
+President, General Stevens, General Morton, Col. Willett, Col. Platt,
+Major Fairlie, the President of the United States Bank and the Committee
+of the Corporation. The Merchants’ Hotel at 41 and 43 Wall Street had been
+established there some years, and when Solomon D. Gibson, a landlord of
+experience and reputation, had taken charge of it and it had been selected
+as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> proper place to lodge and entertain the President of the United
+States, there is hardly a doubt that it was considered second to none in
+the city. In the evening the City Hall and other public buildings were
+illuminated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>General Jackson at the Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>There was a grand military ball at the City Hotel in celebration of
+Washington’s birthday, on the 22d of February, 1819, and at the same time
+the opportunity was embraced to honor General Jackson, who was a visitor
+to the city at that time. “Everything was in great style. Seven hundred
+persons were present. When the General entered, he was saluted by a
+discharge of artillery from a miniature fort raised on the orchestra.” The
+supper room was thrown open at twelve o’clock. Over the table was a
+transparency with the motto: “In the midst of festivity, forget not the
+services and sacrifices of those who have enabled you to enjoy it.” After
+supper there was a flagging in the dancing from exhaustion, when suddenly,
+to the surprise of all, was displayed a flag with the revivifying motto:
+“Don’t give up the ship.” “The effect was electric&mdash;the band struck up
+‘Washington’s March,’ and the ball seemed but beginning! The diffusion of
+light upon an assemblage, the most brilliant we ever beheld, the taste
+with which the room was decorated with nearly two hundred flags, including
+those of almost all the nations of the world, combined with the military
+glitter of about two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span> hundred gentlemen in uniform, interspersed in the
+dance with the female beauty and elegance of the city, produced an effect
+of the most pleasing nature.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>General Jackson’s Toast</i></div>
+
+<p>Jackson’s visit was the occasion of much merriment by the wits of the town
+on account of the toast offered by the General, not at the City Hotel, as
+has been related by some, but at a dinner given in his honor at Tammany
+Hall, by the Tammany Society or Columbian Order, on the 23d. At this
+dinner, General Jackson being called on for his toast, his honor the
+Mayor, who presided, rose, and to the consternation and dismay of Sachem
+William Mooney and other prominent members, announced the toast: “DeWitt
+Clinton, the governor of the great and patriotic state of New York,” after
+which the General left the room, according to one account, “amidst
+reiterated applause,” but according to another, “there was a dead silence
+for the space of three minutes at least.” A certain alderman, recovering
+his astonished senses a little, said, loud enough to be heard by all, that
+what he had just witnessed put him in mind of what Sir Peter Teazle says:
+“This is a damn’d wicked world we live in, Sir Oliver, and the fewer we
+praise the better.” The Republicans, or Democrats as they were afterwards
+called, were at this time divided into two factions. Jackson was an
+admirer of Clinton, but the “Bucktails” of Tammany Hall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span> considered him as
+their bitterest foe. The dinner was a grand affair, the tickets to it
+being sold at five dollars each.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img73.jpg" alt="DeWitt Clinton" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Erie Canal</i></div>
+
+<p>There was a memorable meeting held at the City Hotel in the fall of 1815.
+Its purpose was to advance the project for building a canal to connect
+Lake Erie and the Hudson River, which had been before the public for some
+years and which was considered by some as abandoned. Judge Jonas Platt,
+Thomas Eddy and DeWitt Clinton, all earnestly interested in the
+enterprise, discussed the matter and agreed to make an effort to revive
+interest in it. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span> proposed to send out invitations to the most
+prominent and influential citizens of New York to meet at the City Hotel.
+This was done. William Bayard was made chairman of the meeting and John
+Pintard secretary. Jonas Platt and DeWitt Clinton delivered addresses, and
+although there was some opposition, a resolution was nevertheless passed
+by a large majority in favor of the object, and a committee consisting of
+DeWitt Clinton, Thomas Eddy, Cadwallader D. Colden and John Swartwout was
+chosen to prepare and circulate a memorial to the legislature. This
+celebrated paper was written by DeWitt Clinton and attracted great
+attention. It gave new life to the enterprise, which was ultimately
+successful.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The First Savings Bank</i><br /><br />
+<i>What Englishmen Said About the City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1816, at a meeting in the City Hotel, the first savings
+bank in New York was organized. The necessary capital was not raised until
+1819, when it went into operation with William Bayard as its first
+president.</p>
+
+<p>H. B. Fearon, an English traveller, writes in 1817: “There are in New York
+many hotels, some of which are on an extensive scale. The City Hotel is as
+large as the London Tavern. The dining room and some of the apartments
+seem to have been fitted up regardless of expense.” Quite different is the
+description given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> by Lieutenant Fred. Fitzgerald De Roos of the Royal
+Navy, who visited New York in May, 1826. He says: “We lodged at the City
+Hotel, which is the principal inn at New York. The house is immense and
+was full of company; but what a wretched place! The floors were without
+carpets, the beds without curtains; there was neither glass, mug nor cup,
+and a miserable little rag was dignified with the name of towel. The
+entrance to the house is constantly obstructed by crowds of people passing
+to and from the bar-room, where a person presides at a buffet formed upon
+the plan of a cage. This individual is engaged, ‘from morn to dewy eve,’
+in preparing and issuing forth punch and spirits to strange-looking men,
+who come to the house to read the newspapers and talk politics. In this
+place may be seen in turn most of the respectable inhabitants of the town.
+There is a public breakfast at half-past seven o’clock, and a dinner at
+two o’clock, but to get anything in one’s own room is impossible.” Let us
+digress and note the happy return of this man to <i>English soil</i>. On his
+way back to Halifax to join his command, he crossed from Maine to Nova
+Scotia, stopping in the little town of Windsor. He writes: “Never in my
+whole life did I more fully appreciate the benefits of our good English
+customs, or feel in better humor with my country in general, than when I
+sat down in a clean parlor by myself, to the snug dinner prepared for me
+by the widow Wilcocks, landlady<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> of a comfortable inn in the good town of
+Windsor. How different from an American <i>table d’hote</i>! where you are
+deafened by the clamor, and disgusted by the selfish gluttony of your
+companions; where you must either bolt your victuals, or starve, from the
+ravenous rapidity with which everything is dispatched; and where the
+inattention of the servants is only equalled by their insolence and
+familiarity.”</p>
+
+<p>Englishmen never forgot that the United States was a brilliant gem plucked
+from the British crown, and the vein of sarcasm and resentment running
+through books of travel written by them about this time is apparent; so
+that their descriptions and opinions should be taken with some allowance
+for this feeling. Nevertheless, there was a foundation of truth in many of
+the disagreeable things they said, which made them, on that account, the
+more irritating to the people of the United States.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Price-Wilson Duel</i></div>
+
+<p>About the year 1818 or 1820, there was living for a time at the Washington
+Hotel, or as it was more generally called Washington Hall, Captain Wilson,
+of the British army, who, in conversation one day at dinner, remarked that
+he had been mainly instrumental in bringing about the duel between Major
+Green and Benjamin Price, and detailed the circumstances leading to it. A
+few years before this, Benjamin Price, a brother of Stephen Price, lessee
+and manager of the Park Theater, was at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span> theatre one evening in the
+company of a very handsome woman. In the adjoining box was Major Green, a
+British officer, who took the liberty of turning and staring the lady full
+in the face, which annoyed her and of which she complained to Price, who,
+on a repetition of the offense, reached over, caught the officer by the
+nose and gave it a vigorous twist. The officer soon after knocked at the
+door of Price’s box, and when he opened it asked him with charming
+simplicity what he meant by such behavior, at the same time declaring that
+he had intended no offense, that he had not meant to insult the lady by
+what he had done. “Oh, very well,” replied Price, “neither did I mean to
+insult you by what I did.” Upon this they shook hands and it was supposed
+that the matter was settled and ended. When Major Green returned to his
+command in Canada the story of this affair followed him or had preceded
+him and was soon the subject of discussion among his comrades. It was
+brought to the attention of his brother officers, one of whom, Captain
+Wilson, insisted that Green should be sent to Coventry unless he returned
+to New York and challenged Price. This he did after practising with a
+pistol for five hours a day until he considered himself sufficiently
+expert. They fought at Weehawken on Sunday, May 12, 1816. Price was killed
+at the first fire. Spectators viewed the transaction from the neighboring
+rocks, and a more horrible sight could not have been imagined. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span>
+seconds ran off, and Green look a small boat, crossed the river and
+boarded a vessel about to sail for England.</p>
+
+<p>When the news that Captain Wilson was at the Washington Hotel and a
+statement of what he had said were carried to Stephen Price, who was lying
+ill of the gout at his home, his friends say that he obeyed implicitly the
+instructions of his physician and thereby obtained a short cessation of
+the gout so that he was able to hobble out of doors, his lower extremities
+swaddled in flannel. As soon as possible he made his way to the Washington
+Hotel, where he inquired for Captain Wilson. Ascertaining that he was in,
+he requested to be shown to his room. With a stout hickory cane in his
+hand he hobbled upstairs, cursing with equal vehemence the captain and the
+gout. Arriving at the room, as the captain rose to receive him he said:
+“Are you Captain Wilson?” “That is my name,” replied the captain. “Sir,”
+said he, “my name is Stephen Price. You see, sir, that I can scarcely put
+one foot before the other. I am afflicted with the gout, but sir, I have
+come here with the deliberate intention of insulting you. Shall I have to
+knock you down or will you consider what I have said a sufficient insult
+for the purpose?” “Sir,” replied the captain, smiling, “I shall consider
+what you have said quite sufficient and shall act accordingly. You shall
+hear from me.” In due time there came a message from Captain Wilson to
+Stephen Price; time,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span> place and weapons were appointed. Early one morning,
+a few days later, a barge left the city in which were seated Stephen
+Price, Captain Wilson and two friends. They all landed on Bedlow’s Island.
+Captain Wilson never returned. He fell dead at the first fire. His body
+was buried on the island and many of his friends thought that he had been
+lost or died suddenly at sea.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Road Houses</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Prejudice Against Dancing</i></div>
+
+<p>We have the evidence of persons who lived in the early part of the
+nineteenth century that among the old Dutch and Puritan families there was
+a strong prejudice against dancing, especially by young ladies in public
+places, and there is hardly a doubt that this was much increased by the
+introduction of the waltz, quite different from the dancing of old
+colonial days. Notwithstanding this, we find that in the accounts of the
+balls given on important occasions there does not seem to have been any
+disinclination to indulge in this pleasing diversion. There were dancing
+masters, and shortly after the erection of Washington Hall and Tammany
+Hall they were both being used by the instructors of dancing, and they
+held in them their “publics,” which appear to have been well attended.
+Concerts, as formerly, were generally followed by balls.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bachelors’ Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>Like the old Province Arms of colonial days, the City Hotel was used for a
+great many years for the assembly balls. These continued to be held here
+until after the close of the war of 1812, but a few years later seem to
+have ceased. It was about this time that, as related by Abram<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> C. Dayton,
+the old ladies defeated the young men in a contest over dancing. The young
+men gave a series of sociables at the City Hotel, at which none but
+subscribers were admitted. Although very select, the old ladies, backed by
+the minister, denounced them. “The battle for supremacy was bravely waged
+on both sides, but the old ladies beat Young America and the City Hotel
+sociables were discontinued.” But it was only a lull. Some years later the
+social feature was the annual ball given by the young men known as the
+Bachelors’ Ball. It was the social event of each winter and exceeded
+anything of the kind ever previously attempted, being very select and
+gotten up with great care. All the managers wore knee breeches, silk
+stockings and pumps. The most noted of these was the Bachelors’ Grand
+Fancy Ball given at the City Hotel on the 18th of March, 1831, which had
+long been the theme of conversation and the subject of preparation. Philip
+Hone, in his diary, says that “no expectations had been formed which were
+not realized by the results. My daughter Mary went as Sweet Anne Page and
+looked lovely in the part of Leslie’s inimitable picture.” Later the
+Bachelors’ Balls were given on the evening of St. Valentine’s Day. The
+tickets, printed on cardboard from elaborately engraved plates, were sold
+at ten dollars each.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Forum</i></div>
+
+<p>For the entertainment of those opposed to dancing there were meetings of
+the Forum,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span> which were in 1817 at Mechanics’ Hall, corner of Broadway and
+Park Place, and later at the City Hotel on Friday evenings. The exercises
+consisted of debates and addresses and the tickets of admission were sold
+at two shillings each, the debate commencing promptly at seven o’clock.
+Prominent members of the Forum were J. P. C. Sampson, Orville L. Holley,
+Thomas G. Fessenden, Hiram Ketchum, Rev. Richard Varick Dey, William
+Paxton Hallet and Charles G. Haines. At a meeting in the first part of
+January, 1817, the question discussed was: “Ought Legislative or other aid
+to be afforded in order to render the United States a Manufacturing
+nation?” About these meetings Fitz-Greene Halleck has given us a few
+descriptive lines:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Resort of fashion, beauty, taste&mdash;<br />
+The Forum Hall was nightly grac’d<br />
+With all who blush’d their hours to waste<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At balls&mdash;and such ungodly places;</span><br />
+And Quaker girls were there allow’d<br />
+To show, among the motley crowd<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Their sweet blue eyes and pretty faces.”</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A British Veteran</i></div>
+
+<p>John Batten, the garrulous friend of “Felix Oldboy,” who considered him a
+valuable repository of reminiscences, was a veteran soldier who had come
+out with the British troops in the early part of the Revolutionary War.
+Better<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span> educated than the most of his companions in arms, he is said to
+have taught school in the old Dutch Church while the British occupied New
+York. He used sometimes to say in a pleasant, joking way: “I fought hard
+for this country,” and after enjoying the effect produced on his young
+auditors, who were ready to admire his patriotic devotion, would slowly
+add, after looking around and winking at some elderly person who knew his
+history, “but we didn’t get it.”</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion Batten was present at a grand Fourth of July dinner and
+was taken to be a Revolutionary soldier, as of course, he verily was. The
+company drank his health in patriotic toasts and at last called upon him
+to respond. This he did and spoke so touchingly of the events of the war
+that his audience was very much affected, especially the feminine part of
+it. Then he said: “Yes, I did fight all through the old Revolution. I
+fought as bravely as the others. I liked this country and decided to stay
+here; so, when my regiment was preparing to embark, I slipped over to Long
+Island and stayed there until they had sailed for England.” The astonished
+company realized that they had been cheering a British soldier and that
+Johnny Batten was not the sort of veteran they were accustomed to admire.
+Batten thought it a good joke.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Blue Bell</i></div>
+
+<p>After the war Batten opened a tavern at Jamaica, Long Island, and a few
+years after he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span> came to New York City, where, in 1786, we find him the
+landlord of the Blue Bell in Slote Lane. After several changes he settled
+down at No. 37 Nassau Street, which he kept as a first-class tavern for
+several years. After this he became a merchant and opened a hosiery store
+on the west side of Broadway, between Dey and Cortlandt Streets. He was
+here in 1817. Batten lived to be a very old man. He was one of those they
+called “Battery Walkers” or “Peep o’ Day Boys,” who used to go down to the
+Battery at daybreak and walk about until breakfast time.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>When, in 1816, Gibson became landlord of the Merchants’ Hotel in Wall
+Street, he was succeeded in the City Hotel by Chester Jennings, who was
+the landlord of the house for more than twenty years. Under his management
+it acquired a high reputation, and in 1836 he retired with a competency.
+The very next year his fortune, which had been invested in United States
+Bank and other stocks, was swept away by the great revulsion of 1837.
+Samuel G. Mather was landlord of the City Hotel in 1838, but John Jacob
+Astor, the owner of the house, induced Jennings to again undertake its
+management with Willard, his former assistant, and together they assumed
+control of it and succeeded so well that in the course of a few years
+Jennings had placed himself in a position to retire again in comfort.</p>
+
+<p>During nearly the whole of the first half of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span> the nineteenth century the
+City Hotel was not only the most celebrated house of entertainment in the
+city, but travellers declared that it had no equal in the United States.
+On its register were found the names of the most distinguished men of the
+nation as well as prominent citizens from every section of the land. It
+was a plain structure of four stories with no architectural pretensions,
+and the interior fittings and the furniture were also plain, but good and
+durable. The dining room was spacious, light, well ventilated, neat and
+scrupulously clean. The service was good and the table furnished with an
+abundant supply, selected with the greatest care. Chester Jennings was the
+unseen partner who provided supplies and superintended the details of the
+running of the house in all departments except the office. Willard’s
+duties were in the office, where he was clerk, book-keeper, cashier,
+bar-keeper and anything necessary. He attended closely to business and was
+a well known man, though never seen outside of the hotel. Other hotels
+were built with greater pretensions but the old City Hotel maintained its
+prestige through all. It had become a general rendezvous for merchants and
+friends on their return from business to their homes, and there was about
+it a social atmosphere which could not be transferred. The National Hotel,
+on the corner of Broadway and Cedar Street, nearly opposite the City
+Hotel, erected by Joseph Delacroix of Vauxhall Garden, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> opened for
+business in March, 1826, and the Adelphi Hotel, a building six stories
+high, on the corner of Broadway and Beaver Street, was erected in 1827.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Club at the City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>In the palmy days of the City Hotel there were a number of men who made it
+their home, or dining place, and, brought together by similarity of tastes
+or for social enjoyment, had formed a coterie or sort of club. They were
+all men of some leisure who could afford to sit long after dinner and sip
+their wine and crack their jokes and discuss the gossip of the town. “This
+band of jolly good fellows, who lingered day after day for long years over
+their wine and nuts, were well known characters in the city and were
+especially familiar to such as visited the City Hotel, where they lived
+and died.”<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a> Colonel Nick Saltus, a retired merchant of wealth and a
+confirmed old bachelor, was the acknowledged chairman and spokesman of
+this peculiar group.</p>
+
+<p>In those days the captains of the packet-ships which sailed twice each
+month for European ports, were men of much importance. Many of them made
+the City Hotel their headquarters when in port and became boon-companions
+of the select coterie of the house, who often, when an arrival was
+announced at Sandy Hook, would proceed to the Battery to meet their friend
+who had been commissioned to procure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span> some new gastronomical luxury for
+the company.</p>
+
+<p>When Billy Niblo had resolved to abandon his Pine Street Coffee House and
+open a suburban place for refreshment and entertainment on what was then
+upper Broadway, he invited many of his old customers and friends to the
+opening of his new garden, among whom were some who were residents of the
+City Hotel. They accepted the invitation of Niblo and determined that
+Willard should be one of the company. When the time arrived and he was
+duly notified he was noticed to be desperately in search of something that
+he could not find. At last he confessed that he had not been the owner of
+a hat for many years, and that he had been in search of one which had been
+long lying around without an owner, but had now disappeared. A hat was
+procured from a hatter directly opposite and everyone in the neighborhood
+was quite interested in the fact that Willard was going out.</p>
+
+<p>The cellar of the old hotel is said to have been stocked with wines of the
+finest brands, selected with the greatest care, which were pronounced by
+connoisseurs as unsurpassed in purity and flavor, and it was the delight
+of Chester Jennings to carefully uncork in person some choice variety for
+a favorite or important guest.</p>
+
+<p>With New Yorkers of an earlier date the dinner hour was at noon, but those
+returning from abroad and those who wished to imitate the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> customs of
+European cities were urgent for a change, and to fall into the line of
+modern ways the dinner hour of the hotel was gradually moved to three
+o’clock, although a mid-day meal was served to those who would not conform
+to the innovation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Contoit’s Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>A well known public place of resort in the early part of the nineteenth
+century was John H. Contoit’s Garden, in 1801 at 39 Greenwich Street, in
+1802 at 253 Broadway and in 1806 and for many years after at 355 Broadway,
+on the west side between Leonard and Franklin Streets, when it was known
+as the New York Garden. This was a long, narrow plot of ground densely
+shaded with trees; on either side were ranged boxes or compartments,
+brightened with whitewash and green paint, in each of which was a plain,
+bare table with seats to accommodate four persons. It appears to have been
+an eminently proper place for ladies of a summer afternoon and in the
+evening, lighted by many globes filled with oil and suspended from the
+lower branches of the trees, in each of which floated a lighted wick or
+paper, was well patronized by the ladies and gentlemen of the period.
+Colored waiters with white jackets and aprons supplied customers with
+vanilla and lemon ice cream, pound cake and lemonade, which made up the
+bill of fare. The inexpensive fittings of the place enabled Contoit to
+serve for a shilling an allowance of ice cream<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> sufficient to satisfy any
+ordinary appetite and his place became very popular. Although the garden
+was supposed to be conducted on the temperance plan, it is said that wine
+or even cognac could be obtained without difficulty by those who knew how.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img74.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CONTOIT’S GARDEN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Bank Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>In 1814 William Niblo, an enterprising young man, who afterwards became
+well known as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span> landlord, opened the Bank Coffee House in the house
+formerly occupied by Frederick Phillips, a retired British officer, on the
+corner of Pine and William Streets, in the rear of the Bank of New York.
+He was the son-in-law of David King, a well known tavern-keeper, who for
+many years kept a tavern in the little frame house at No. 9 Wall Street
+and some years later at No. 6 Slote Lane. Niblo’s house soon became very
+popular. A group of prominent merchants met here regularly, forming
+themselves into a sort of club, with a president and other officers. It
+was a famous place for dinners and dinner parties. On the news of peace at
+the close of the war of 1812, Niblo issued a card under date of February
+20, 1815, from the Bank Coffee House, stating that “William Niblo, in
+unison with the universal joy at the return of Peace, invites his friends
+to regale themselves at his Collation on Tuesday at 11 o’clock, in
+celebration of this happy event.” In the great cholera epidemic of 1822 he
+removed his coffee house to the village of Greenwich and it was there the
+office of the Union Line to Philadelphia, the Boston Mail Coach and the
+New Haven Steamboat Line, where passengers were notified to apply for
+seats.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Great Horse Race</i></div>
+
+<p>When the great horse-race of May, 1823, between the northern horse Eclipse
+and the southern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span> horse Henry took place on the Union Course, Long Island,
+Niblo rented the building on the grounds belonging to the “Association for
+the Promotion of the Breed of Horses,” where he offered to serve
+refreshments of all kinds, especially Green Turtle, at all hours during
+the races. He also announced that at the termination of the match race he
+would dispatch a rider on a fleet horse with the result, which would be
+made known by displaying a white flag from the top of the Bank Coffee
+House if Eclipse should be victorious. If his opponent should win the race
+a red flag would be raised. By this arrangement the result, he stated,
+would be known in the city in about forty minutes after the race. Should
+the race not take place the United States flag would be displayed. This
+great horse-race attracted to New York City people from all parts of the
+country; the hotels and boarding houses were full to overflowing and the
+demand for vehicles of all or any kind was away beyond what could be
+supplied. It was estimated that there were as many as fifty thousand
+people at the race-course. The wager was twenty thousand dollars a side
+and excitement was very great.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Niblo’s Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>William Niblo opened a restaurant and pleasure garden or rural resort in
+1828 at the corner of Prince Street and Broadway which he called Sans
+Souci. In the middle of the block, north of Prince Street on Broadway,
+were two brick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span> houses, one of which had been occupied for some time by
+James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. In the rear of these was a large
+building which had been used by a circus called The Stadium. Niblo
+occupied all these premises. The interior of the garden was spacious and
+adorned with shrubs and flowers; cages with singing birds were here and
+there suspended from the branches of trees, beneath which were placed
+seats with small tables where were served ice cream, wine negus and
+cooling lemonade; it was lighted in the evening by numerous clusters of
+many-colored glass lamps.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img75.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">NIBLO’S GARDEN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span>Shortly after Niblo had established himself in this place the new Bowery
+Theatre burned down and Charles Gilfert, the manager, opened a summer
+theater in the old circus building, then still standing in the middle of
+Niblo’s Garden, where he gave theatrical performances, while his own
+theatre was being rebuilt, which was done in ninety days. Niblo continued
+to give here theatrical performances of a gay and attractive character
+which became so popular that he was induced to erect a new building with a
+blank wall on Broadway, the entrance being made from the garden. The
+garden was entered from Broadway. Some years later, this was destroyed by
+fire, but it was succeeded by another theatre, one of the finest in the
+city, with entrance from Broadway, and known for a great many years as
+Niblo’s Garden, although there was no garden attached to it.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1820 there stood on the corner of Thames and Temple Streets
+an ale house kept by William Reynolds, which became a favorite place for
+Englishmen in the city and the resort of many prominent merchants and
+politicians on account of the quality of the steaks and chops served up in
+this small and unpretentious looking place. Fitz-Greene Halleck frequented
+the place and formed a friendship for the gruff Englishman and his family
+which lasted for life. When Reynolds gave up the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span> business and retired to
+Fort Lee, New Jersey, Halleck was there a frequent and welcome visitor.
+The old chop-house maintained a reputation for many years under the
+management of Reynolds’ successors.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img76.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">REYNOLDS’ BEER HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Road Houses</i></div>
+
+<p>On or near the old Boston Post Road, of which Bowery Lane and the
+Kingsbridge Road formed a part, there were taverns that gradually became
+rendezvous for those who drove out on the road for pleasure or diversion.
+While the old-fashioned chaise and gig were in use, the driver’s seat in a
+box directly over the axle, there was little desire or demand for a fast
+road horse. The great popularity of the trotter began with the
+introduction of the light wagon or buggy with elliptic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> steel springs.
+Before this period practically the only fast trotting was done under the
+saddle.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1818, the first trotting match against time of which we have
+any knowledge, took place on the Jamaica turnpike and was won by Boston
+Blue, or, as some say, by the Boston Pony, on a wager of one thousand
+dollars that no horse could be produced that could trot a mile in three
+minutes. The first race between trotters of which we have definite record
+took place in 1823 between Topgallant, owned by M. D. Green, and Dragon,
+owned by T. Carter. The course was from Brooklyn to Jamaica, a distance of
+twelve miles, and the race was won by Topgallant in thirty-nine minutes.
+The next year Topgallant, fourteen years old, won a three-mile race for
+stakes of two thousand dollars on the turnpike against Washington Costar’s
+Betsy Baker, doing the distance in eight minutes and forty-two seconds.</p>
+
+<p>The advent of the light wagon created a great desire in those who drove
+out on the road to own a fast trotting horse. There was great rivalry and
+excitement and many of the wayside inns, formerly very quiet places,
+blossomed into profitable notoriety. The meeting of congenial spirits at
+these places, the gossiping of groups where the talk was all of the horse,
+the stories of the speed and stamina of the rival trotters produced much
+entertainment; matches were made at these places and decided on the road
+nearby.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img77.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CATO’S HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>For nearly half a century Cato Alexander kept a house of entertainment on
+the old Boston Post Road about four miles from the city. Cato had a great
+reputation for his “incomparable” dinners and suppers which brought to his
+house everybody who owned a rig or could occasionally hire one to drive
+out to his place. After Third Avenue was laid out and macadamized a bend
+in the old Post Road extending from Forty-fifth Street to Sixty-fifth
+Street was for some time kept open and in use. On this bend of the old
+road Cato’s house was situated and it became known as Cato’s Lane. It was
+about a mile long and was a great spurting place for drivers of fast
+horses. Among the reminiscences of those who used to go to Cato’s in these
+days is the fact that Cato sold cigars&mdash;real cigars and good ones, too&mdash;at
+the rate of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> five for a shilling (12½ cents) and pure brandy, such as
+can not now be obtained on the road at any price, at six pence (6¼
+cents) per glass. When the trotting horse became popular Cato’s became one
+of the noted halting places. Cato was black, but his modest, unpretending
+dignity of manner “secured for his humble house such a widespread
+reputation that for years it was one of the prominent resorts of our
+citizens and attracted many of the prominent sightseers who made
+pilgrimages to the island of Manhattan.”<a name='fna_7' id='fna_7' href='#f_7'><small>[7]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img78.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE OLD HAZZARD HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On Yorkville Hill at Eighty-second Street was the Hazzard House, famous in
+its day as being the resort of those who delighted in speed and loved to
+indulge in the talk of the horse to be heard at such places. Its stables
+were generally filled with horses awaiting purchasers, whose merits and
+good points were told of in a manner so truthful, so confidential, so
+convincing that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> purchases were numerous. In 1835, and until a much later
+period, Third Avenue was a magnificent drive, being macadamized from
+Twenty-eighth Street to the Harlem River, and was much used by our
+sporting citizens of that period. Races were of almost daily occurrence
+and the Hazzard House was the center of much activity in that line.</p>
+
+<p>About a mile further up, at One Hundred and Fifth Street, a lane on the
+east side of the avenue led down to the celebrated Red House, located on a
+plot of many acres. The main building was the old McGown house of colonial
+days, roomy and well adapted to a road house. On the place was a well kept
+half-mile trotting course, which offered extraordinary inducements to
+horse owners and consequently made it a popular resort. One of its
+earliest proprietors was Lewis Rogers, who is described by Abram C. Dayton
+as a dapper little man, always dressed in the tip of fashion and as neat
+and trim in the appointments of his house as in his personal attire.</p>
+
+<p>One mile beyond the Red House was Bradshaw’s, on the corner of Third
+Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, not far from Harlem
+Bridge, and for most the turning point of their drive. A long rest was
+taken here by many who made it the only stopping place on the road,
+consequently, on a favorable day for driving it was crowded. Widow
+Bradshaw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span> was noted for her chicken fricassee, universally acknowledged to
+be a marvel of excellence.</p>
+
+<p>On the Bloomingdale Road, a more quiet drive and more used by those who
+took with them their families or ladies, was Burnham’s Mansion House, at
+first, as early as 1825, at Seventieth Street, and at a later period the
+fine Vanderheuval mansion and grounds at Seventy-eighth Street. This was
+fitly styled the family house on the drive and on fine summer afternoons
+the spacious grounds were filled with ladies and children who sauntered
+about at their leisure and convenience, having no fear of annoyance.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img79.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BURNHAM’S MANSION HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Across the river on Long Island the Jamaica Turnpike was the great drive
+for horsemen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span> On this road were many notable public houses, frequented by
+horsemen. At Jamaica, nearly opposite the Union Course, was John R.
+Snedeker’s tavern, a large three-story white frame house with a piaza
+along its whole front. For more than a quarter of a century this was the
+accepted rendezvous of the trotting-horse fraternity. The first authentic
+record made by a trotting horse on a track in the presence of judges was
+made in May, 1826, on the new track of the New York Trotting Club at
+Jamaica and a New York newspaper of May 16 states that “the owner and
+friends of the winning horse gave a splendid dinner and champagne at
+Snedecor’s tavern.” Snedeker’s dinners became celebrated far and wide and
+horsemen from every section came to feast on his game, fish and asparagus
+which no one else could surpass or equal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Visit of Lafayette</i></div>
+
+<p>The year 1824 is notable for the visit to this country of General
+Lafayette, who, accompanied by his son, George Washington Lafayette,
+arrived at New York in the ship Cadmus on the 16th of August. Besides the
+committee of the corporation, members of the Society of the Cincinnati,
+Revolutionary officers and soldiers, a deputation from West Point and
+distinguished guests and official personages, more than six thousand
+persons went down the bay to meet him, and his welcome to our shores was
+such as no man had ever received before. The day was delightful, and the
+surface of the bay was dotted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span> every conceivable kind of craft. The
+ships and vessels were liberally decorated with all kinds of flags and
+signals. As the grand flotilla with the <i>guest of the nation</i> approached
+the city, continual salutes rolled out their signs of welcome above the
+shouts of the people, while on shore hundreds of bells were ringing. The
+military, three thousand in number, formed in line, and on landing,
+Lafayette was received with a salute of twenty-one guns. After a review of
+the troops commanded by General James Benedict, he was conducted to the
+City Hall in a barouche drawn by four horses, escorted by a troop of horse
+and followed by a long line of citizen soldiery. Here a public reception
+was held till five o’clock, when the General was escorted to his quarters
+at the City Hotel, where a dinner was given in his honor by the civil and
+military authorities. In the evening the town was illuminated and
+fireworks and transparencies were displayed in honor of the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>At the City Hotel Lafayette was waited on by the clergy of the city, by
+the officers of the militia, by social societies, by the French Society,
+by delegations from Baltimore, from Philadelphia, from New England and
+from up the Hudson; and when on Friday morning the General prepared to
+leave the city, the military paraded at seven o’clock and repaired to the
+City Hotel, whence at eight o’clock Lafayette, the committee appointed to
+accompany him to Boston and the military escort, commanded by General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span>
+Prosper M. Wetmore, moved up Broadway to Bond Street and thence up Third
+Avenue.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Grand Banquet at Washington Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>On Lafayette’s return from New England he arrived by steamboat about noon
+on the 4th of September amid salutes from the men-of-war, and on his
+landing was given the same hearty welcome he had received on his first
+arrival, and was escorted to his old lodgings at the City Hotel. He was
+informed that the Society of the Cincinnati intended to celebrate the
+anniversary of his birth on the 6th of September and was invited to dine
+with them at Washington Hall. “About 4 o’clock in the afternoon of that
+day a long line of venerable gentlemen, members of the Society of the
+Cincinnati, arrived at the hotel, preceded by a military band. The general
+was received into their ranks and an insignia of the Society, which had
+been worn by Washington, was attached to his coat. The old soldiers then
+marched to the hall where they were to dine. Crowds filled the streets
+through which they passed slowly and many feebly.” The banquet hall was
+decorated with trophies of arms and banners bearing the names of
+Revolutionary heroes. At the top of the room, directly over the seat of
+Lafayette at the upper end of the table, was erected a rich triumphal arch
+of laurel, roses, etc., reaching to the ceiling. Directly in front, at the
+center of the arch, was a large spread eagle with a scroll in its beak on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span>
+which was inscribed “Sept. 6, 1757” (the birthday of the “Nation’s
+Guest”), and grasping in its talons a ribbon or scroll, one end passing to
+the right on which was “Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777,” the other to the left
+bearing the words “Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781.” Behind the General’s chair
+was planted the grand standard of the Society entwined with the thirteen
+stripes of the flag of the nation. On the right was a shield bearing a
+rising sun and on the left a shield with the New York State arms. In the
+center of the room was a splendid star surrounded by others of less
+magnitude. From this star two broad pennants from the Franklin 74, were
+crossed and carried to the four corners of the room. At the lower end of
+the room was the transparency by Childs. A number of trophies of the navy
+were loaned by Captain Rogers and Lieutenant Goldsborough. Towards the
+close of the festival a grand transparency showing Washington and
+Lafayette holding each others’ hands standing before the altar of Liberty,
+receiving a civic wreath from the hands of America, caused great applause,
+which was followed by the reading of the order of the day at Yorktown by
+General Swartwout. Then, amidst cheering, the gallant veteran, General
+Lamb, sang a ballad composed in 1792, while Lafayette was in the Austrian
+dungeon. The night was far spent when the old gentlemen reached their
+several homes. In the evening of September 11, Lafayette attended a dinner
+given by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> French residents of New York at Washington Hall in
+celebration of the forty-seventh anniversary of the battle of Brandywine.
+A novel and remarkable decoration of the table on this occasion was a
+miniature of the new canal which traversed the state. It was sixty feet
+long and several inches deep, filled with water and the banks sodded. The
+bridges, locks and towns were properly indicated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Ball at Castle Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>The honor and respect shown to Lafayette culminated in the great ball
+given at Castle Garden on Wednesday, September 14, which, it is said, for
+splendor and magnificence surpassed anything of the kind ever seen in
+America. Six thousand persons attended, which included all the beauty and
+fashion of New York and vicinity. The castle, which was a circle, was
+enclosed with an awning to the height of seventy-five feet, the dome being
+supported in the center by a column, dressed with the colors of the
+Cincinnati. It was a magnificent affair, long remembered in the city.
+Lafayette and a large party went from the ball on board the steamboat,
+James Kent, chartered by the committee to take the nation’s guest up the
+Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img80.jpg" alt="Fitz-Greene Halleck" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Clubs</i></div>
+
+<p>There were several social clubs in the city holding their meetings at
+hotels, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, a man whose society was sought
+and desired, appears to have been a member of every club in the city,
+great or small. He was one of a small circle who met occasionally at the
+City Hotel. Tuckerman says: “There was a select club many years ago in New
+York, the members of which dined together at stated intervals at the old
+City Hotel on Broadway; the utmost freedom of intercourse and good faith
+marked their prandial converse, and one day when a sudden silence followed
+the entrance of the host, it was proposed to elect him to the fraternity,
+that they might talk freely in his presence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span> which was frequent and
+indispensable. He kept a hotel after the old <i>régime</i>, was a gentleman in
+his feelings, an honest and intelligent fellow, who prided himself upon
+his method of serving up roast pig&mdash;in which viand his superiority was
+such that the gentle Elia, had he ever dined with the club, would have
+mentioned him with honor in the essay on that crispy and succulent dish.
+The proposition was opposed by only one individual, a clever man, who had
+made his fortune by buying up all the bristles at Odessa, thus securing a
+monopoly which enabled him to vend the article to the brushmakers at an
+enormous profit. His objection to Boniface was that he was famous for
+nothing but roasting a pig, and no fit associate for gentlemen. ‘Your
+aristocratic standard is untenable,’ said Halleck, ‘for what essential
+difference is there between spurs won from roasting a porker or by selling
+his bristles?’ and amid the laugh of his confreres, mine host was
+elected.”</p>
+
+<p>The Bread and Cheese Club was organized in 1824 by James Fenimore Cooper.
+It included among its members conspicuous professional men in science,
+law, letters and philosophy, of whom were Fitz-Greene Halleck, William A.
+and John Duer, Professor Renwick, Philip Hone, James De Kay, the great
+naturalist, Charles Augustus Davis, Dr. John W. Francis, Charles King,
+Verplanck, Bryant and Sands. The selections for nomination rested
+entirely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span> with Cooper; bread and cheese were used in balloting and one of
+cheese barred the way to membership. The club met at Washington Hall
+fortnightly and for fifteen years, either here or at the houses of its
+members were entertained nearly every distinguished person who visited New
+York during that period. Meetings of the club, often a large assembly,
+were attended by members of Congress and distinguished strangers, among
+whom were often found Daniel Webster, Henry R. Storrs, William Beach
+Lawrence and the French minister, Hyde De Neuville.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img81.jpg" alt="J. Fenimore Cooper" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span>A little later was the Book Club. Although said to have been founded by
+the Rev. Dr. Wainwright, and in spite of its name, it was rather convivial
+than literary. Philip Hone describes it as a club which met every other
+Thursday at Washington Hall, “where they sup, drink champagne and whisky
+punch, talk as well as they know how and run each other good humoredly.”
+He did not understand why it should be called a Book Club, for the book of
+subscriptions to expenses was the only one it possessed. He declares that
+they were a very pleasant set of fellows, and sat late. The first time he
+met with them after being made a member of the club was in March, 1835,
+and when he came away at one o’clock he left them at the supper table. The
+party that evening consisted of about twenty, viz.: Davis, President
+Duer, Charles King, Wilkins, William Kent, Harvey, Arthur Barclay, Isaac
+Hone, Halleck, Ogden Hoffman, Patterson, Blunt, Dr. Francis, Baron Behr,
+Mr. Trelauney, author of “The Younger Son,” Beverly Robinson, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Semi-Centennial of Washington’s Inauguration</i></div>
+
+<p>The semi-centennial anniversary of the inauguration of Washington as the
+first President of the United States was celebrated in the city of New
+York by the Historical Society on the 30th of April, 1839. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span> twelve
+o’clock an oration was delivered in the Middle Dutch Church by John Quincy
+Adams, the venerable ex-President of the United States, to a numerous and
+appreciative audience. At four o’clock the members of the society and
+their invited guests dined at the City Hotel. The president of the
+society, Peter G. Stuyvesant, sat at the head of the table, with two
+venerable contemporaries of the American Revolution, General Morgan Lewis,
+once governor of New York, and Colonel John Trumbull, the one at his right
+hand and the other at his left. Among the guests were William Pennington,
+governor of New Jersey, General Winfield Scott, Commodore Claxton, Samuel
+Southard and other distinguished individuals, together with delegates from
+other historical societies. Mr. Adams was toasted, and replied in a speech
+in which he claimed for the era of the American Revolution the title of
+the heroic age of America, and that it deserved this title with more
+justice than the title of heroic age bestowed upon the early history of
+Greece. In the course of the evening speeches were made by General Scott,
+Commodore Claxton of the American Navy, Mr. Southard and others, and an
+original ode was sung.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842, John Jacob Astor was the owner of the City Hotel, and by deed
+dated March 9th of that year conveyed to his granddaughter Sarah, wife of
+Robert Boreel, and daughter of Dorothea Langdon, a life interest in the
+property after his death, which after her death is to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span> divided among
+her children. The deed states: “Whereas I am desirous of providing by deed
+for my granddaughter Sarah, wife of Robert Boreel, and of disposing in the
+manner in these presents expressed, of the property which in my will I had
+designated for her,” etc., “and whereas her husband is an alien, and
+although one of her sons is born in the state of New York, other children
+may be born to her without the United States, who will be aliens,” etc.
+“Now these presents,” etc. The property is described as “all the lands and
+buildings in the city of New York now known as the City Hotel.” The deed
+allows her, in case the buildings are destroyed by fire to mortgage the
+land for the purpose of rebuilding and under certain conditions she may
+sell the property and place the proceeds in trust. The deed seems to be
+confirmatory or supplementary to the will.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Hotel Ends Its Career</i></div>
+
+<p>Chester Jennings was still the landlord of the City Hotel in 1847, and it
+was in the following year or soon after that it terminated its career as a
+house of entertainment, which, including the City Tavern on the same site,
+had lasted for very close to one hundred years, an eventful period in the
+city’s history. The building was taken down and on its site was erected an
+office building seven stories high which was called the Boreel Building.
+It was the largest and for a long time was considered the finest building
+devoted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span> office purposes in the city. It was a conspicuous structure
+and well known to the citizens of New York. Sarah Boreel died in 1897. Her
+heirs sold the property in 1901.</p>
+
+<p>Plans had been made to acquire this and contiguous properties in order to
+erect an immense building. This, in the course of three or four years, was
+accomplished, and under the same control, the United States Realty
+Building and the Trinity Building, the two sometimes called the Twin
+Trinity Buildings, were erected.</p>
+
+<p>On April 6, 1906, the Board of Estimates and Apportionment passed a
+resolution by which an exchange of land was made by the city and the
+owners of this property. Temple Street, between Thames and Cedar Streets,
+and Thames Street, between Broadway and Trinity Place, were vacated, and
+in return Cedar Street was widened on the south side between Broadway and
+Trinity Place or Church Street, and a new Thames Street was laid out
+between Broadway and Trinity Place, with lines somewhat different from
+those of the former street, but covering nearly the same ground. This
+exchange of land allowed the United States Realty Building to be
+constructed so as to cover what had been formerly two blocks, extending
+from Broadway to Trinity Place.</p>
+
+<p>The large double brick house No. 39 Broadway, built in 1786 by General
+Alexander Macomb, and occupied by Washington when President of the United
+States, with the houses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span> adjoining it on either side, was opened in the
+year 1821 by William I. Bunker and was known as Bunker’s Mansion House. It
+became quite famous, being considered, in its most prosperous days, as a
+very large and commodious house. Kept with the utmost neatness and
+attention and usually filled with the best of people, being largely
+patronized by southern families, it possessed much of the comfort and
+quiet refinement of a private residence. Bunker, who was a very courteous
+and affable man, succeeded so well that in the course of a few years he
+sold out and retired from business.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img82.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BUNKER’S MANSION HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span>In the year 1833 Stephen Holt erected on Fulton Street, from Pearl to
+Water, an hotel, which was the largest and most magnificent building for
+hotel purposes, up to that time, in the country. It was at first called
+Holt’s Hotel, afterwards the United States Hotel, and its rate of one
+dollar and a half a day was thought to be exorbitant. Here steam was used
+probably for the first time in an hotel to save labor. Passenger elevators
+had not yet been thought of, but baggage was carried to the upper floors
+by steam power, and it was also used in turning spits, grinding and
+cleaning knives, etc., but the main purpose of the engine was the digging
+of an artesian well, which was sunk to the depth of over five hundred
+feet, and subsequently put down much further. Holt’s experiment proved to
+him disastrous. The expenses exceeded the receipts. He failed and the
+hotel passed into other hands. The next large hotel to be erected in the
+city was the Astor House, three years later.</p>
+
+<p>The advent of the railroad and the great increase of travel created a
+decided change in the taverns or, as they had come to be called, hotels.
+It was no longer the custom of the landlord to meet the traveller at the
+door and welcome him as a friend or attend in person to his comfort.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> It
+was the beginning of a new era, in which the old tavern and the old-style
+landlord is unknown. With the opening of this era the story which I have
+undertaken to tell about the <i>Old Taverns of New York</i> comes to an end.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p>
+Ackland, James, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, John, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, John Quincy, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, Samuel, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adelphi Hotel, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Admiral Warner, Sign of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Agar, Edward, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, Cato, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, James, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, William, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alsop, John, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Amory, John, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anbury, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+André, Major, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anne, Queen, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Andros, Governor, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aorson, Aaron, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arding, Charles, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnold, Benedict, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aspinwall, Gilbert, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Assembly Balls, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Astor Henry, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Astor House, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Astor, John Jacob, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Atwood, Judge, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Avery, John, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ayscough, Doctor, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Bache, Theohylact, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bainbridge, Commodore, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baker, Joseph, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baker, Roger, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baker’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bank Coffee House, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barclay, Arthur, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bard, S., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bardin, Edwin, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bardin’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Batten, John, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bauman, Colonel, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baxter, Captain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayard, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayard, Samuel, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayard, William, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayeaux, Thomas, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beaulieu, Captain, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beekman, Christopher, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bell &amp; Brookman, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellomont, Earl of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belvedere, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belvedere Club, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belvedere House, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benedict, James, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benson, Captain, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benson, Egbert, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benson, Judge, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beresford, Captain, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bevan, Captain, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bicker, Henry, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bicker, Walter, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blaaw, Widow, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black, Friars, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Horse Tavern, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Black John,” <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Sam’s, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blair, Archibald, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blair, John, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bloom, Daniel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blue Bell, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boelin, Jacob, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bogardus, Dominie, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bolton, Richard, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bolton &amp; Sigell, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bompard, Captain, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Book Club, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boreel, Robert, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boreel, Sarah, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston Letter, The, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowery Lane, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green, New, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green, Old, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green Garden, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span><br />
+Bradford, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradford, Widow, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradford, William, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradshaw’s, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradshaw, Widow, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brannon’s Tea Garden, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bread and Cheese Club, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brewitson, George, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brillât-Savarin, Anthelme, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brock, Walter, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brooklyn Hall, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brooks, David, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Broome, John, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brownjohn, William, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buchanan, Thomas, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buckley, John, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull Baiting, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull’s Head Tavern, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunch of Grapes, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunker’s Mansion House, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunker, William I., <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burke, Edmund, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns’, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns’ Coffee House, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns, George, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns’ Long Room, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burnham’s Mansion House, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burr, Aaron, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Byram, William, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Byrne, John, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cape, John, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cape’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carleton, Sir Guy, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carroll, Mr., <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carroll, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cato’s House, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carter, T., <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles II, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chamber of Commerce, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chambers, Captain, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chambers, John, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Champe, Sergeant, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cherry Garden, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Child, Francis, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chrystie, Colonel, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cincinnati, Society of the, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Arms Tavern, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Coffee House, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Hotel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Tavern, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City, Tavern, Dutch, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clapp, John, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clark, Willis Gaylord, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clarke, George, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Claxton, Commodore, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clinton, DeWitt, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clinton, George, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clinton, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clubs, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coach and Horse, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coats, Edward, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cobb, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cock, Annetje, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cock, Peter, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coffee House, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colden, Cadwallader D., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coles, John B., <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colles, Christopher, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Columbian Garden, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Comforts of an Inn, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Commercial Coffee House, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Compton, Captain, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Compton, General, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Contoit’s Garden, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Contoit, John H., <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooke, Richard Clarke, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooper, James Fenimore, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Corbett, Abraham, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornbury, Lord, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornell, John, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornell, Timothy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornelissen, Adrien, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornwallis, General, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Corporation House, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span><br />
+Corre, Joseph, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cortelyou, Simon, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cosby, Governor, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coupar, Captain, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cox, David, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cozzens, William B., <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crawford, Hugh, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crawley, John, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Creiger, John, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crigier, Martin, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crocker, Daniel W., <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Croker, Thomas, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crolius, Clarkson, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crown and Thistle, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, Henry, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, John, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, John Harris, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cushing, Thomas, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cushing, William, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Dallas, A. J., <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Damen, Jan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davenport, Captain, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davis, Charles Augustus, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dawson, Roper, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Day’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dayton, Abram C., <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Deane, Nesbitt, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dearborn, General, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Decatur, Stephen, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Honeur, John, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Kay, James, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delacroix, Joseph, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delafield, John, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De La Montagnie, Abraham, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De La Montagnie, Jacob, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy Arms, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, James, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, John Peter, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Oliver, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Peter, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Robinson &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Stephen, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delanoy, Abraham, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delaval, Captain, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Neuville, Hyde, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dennis, Captain, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Peyster, Abraham, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Peyster, Johannes, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Reidesel, Baroness, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Ross, Fred. Fitzgerald, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Desbrosses, Elias, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Witt, Simeon, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dey, Richard Varick, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dickinson, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dirks, Annetje, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dog and Duck Tavern, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dog’s Head in the Porridge Pot, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dongan, Governor, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doran, Thomas, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dove Tavern, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drake, Jasper, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Draper, Sir William, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drone Club, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drover’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drummond, Lord, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duane, James, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duer, Colonel, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duer, John, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duer, William A., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duke of Cumberland, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunks, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunmore, Earl of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dusseaussoir, Chenelette, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dutch Festivities, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dutch Houses, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dutch Tavern, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dyckman, Jacob, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dyde’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Eastham, Edward, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eddy, Thomas, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edmonds, George, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edwards, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elkin, John, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elliott, Andrew, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ellis, John, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elms, Thomas, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ernest, Matthias, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Exchange Coffee House, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fairlie, James, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farmer, Thomas, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farquhar, James, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farrell’s, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fearon, H. B., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fehr, Jean Rodolphe, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Felix Oldboy,” <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferrari, Mrs., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferry House Tavern, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferry Tavern, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fessenden, Thomas G., <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span><br />
+Fighting Cocks, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fish, Colonel, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fisher, John, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fletcher, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flypsen, Frederick, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Forster, William, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Forum, The, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fowler, Joseph, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fountain Inn, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fox Hunting, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Foy, Captain, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, John, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, John W., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, Samuel, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis’ Tavern, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franklin, William, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fraunces, Samuel, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fraunces’ Tavern, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frederick, Kryn, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Freeman, Thomas, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+French Arms, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Friendly Club, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Gabbet, Colonel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gage, General, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gallatin, Albert, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Galloway, Samuel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gates, Horatio, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Genet, Minister, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen’s Coffee House, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gerard, Philip, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gerritsen, Adriaen, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gerritsen, Philip, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gibson, Solomon D., <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Giles, Major, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gilfert, Charles, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glass House, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glean, Oliver, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Golden Hill, Battle of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Golden Hill Inn, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goldsborough, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goldsmith, Oliver, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gould, Edward, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Governor’s Garden,” <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graham, James, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graves, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graydon, Alexander, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, Daniel, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, Jacob G., <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, M. D., <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, Major, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greene, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grim, David, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guion, Isaac, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Haines, Charles G., <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Half Way House, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hall, Talmadge, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halleck, Fitz-Greene, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hallet, William Paxton, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halsey’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halstead, John, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Andrew, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Governor, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton Hotel, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hampden Hall, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hampton, General, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hand, Colonel, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hard Drinking, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hardenbrook, Bernard, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hardy, Charles, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harris, Richard, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, Richard, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, Robert, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, William Henry, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hart, Bernard, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harwood, Richard, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hay, John, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hayes, Hetty, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hazzard House, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hepburn, J., <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hicks, Whitehead, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hicks, Mr., <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hick’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hillsborough, Earl of, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hobart, Judge, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hodgkinson, John, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hodgkinson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hoffman, Josiah Ogden, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holley, Orville L., <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt, Henry, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt, John, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt’s Long Room, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt, Stephen, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hone, Isaac, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hone, Philip, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hone, John, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Home, John, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse and Cart, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse-Racing, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Houssacker, Colonel, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Howard, William, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hudson, Hendrick, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hull, Isaac, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hull, Robert, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span><br />
+Hull’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hum Drum Club, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Humphreys, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunt, Obadiah, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunter, Governor, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunter, Robert, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunter’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hutchins, John, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hutchinson, Governor, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hyatt, Caleb, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hyde, John, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Imlay, William, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Inman, John, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Iredell, Judge, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Irving, Washington, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Izard, Ralph, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jamaica Arms, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jamaica Pilot Boat, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+James, Major, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Jacob, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Major, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jauncey, James, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jay, John, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jennings, Chester, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jochemsen, Andries, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Doctor, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Samuel, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, Captain, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, John, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, Samuel, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jourdain, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jourdain, Henry, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Kearney, Michael, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Keen &amp; Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kelly, Henry, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kempe, John Tabor, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kennedy, Henry, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kent, Rudolphus, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kent, William, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ketchum, Hiram, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kidd, Captain, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kieft, Governor, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kiersted, Hans, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kierstede, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, Charles, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, David, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King George, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, Rufus, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King William, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King of Prussia (Sign of the), <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Arms, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Birthday, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s College, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Head, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Head, London, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kissam, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knight, Sarah, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knox, General, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knyphausen, General, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kosciusko, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kray, Teunis, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Krout Club, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+La Chair, Solomon Petersen, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Laight, General, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Laight, William, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lafayette, George Washington, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lafayette, General, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lamb, General, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lambert, Captain, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+La Montagne, Doctor, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Landlord, The, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Langdon, Dorothea, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, Captain, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, Judge, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, Susannah, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, William Beach, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leary, John, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Le Count, William, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lee, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lee, Major, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leendersen, Sander, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leete, Samuel, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leisler, Jacob, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lenox, Robert, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leppers, Thomas, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lewis, Francis, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lewis, Morgan, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liberty Cap, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liberty Pole, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lincoln, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lispenard, Leonard, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Little, Michael, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Little’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Litschoe, Annetje, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Litschoe, Daniel, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Brockholst, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Chancellor, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Edward, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span><br />
+Livingston, Henry, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, John, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Philip, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Robert, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Robert R., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Robert R., Jr., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, William, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lockyer, Captain, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Locust Trees,” <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Hotel, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Tavern, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loosley, Charles, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loosley &amp; Elms, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loring, Commissioner, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lorelace, Governor, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lovett, John, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Low, Isaac, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, Daniel, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, George, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, William, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Macomb, Alexander, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mackraby, Alexander, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Madison, James, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Malcolm, General, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mapes, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marriner’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marriner, William, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marshall, John, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martling, Abraham B., <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martling &amp; Cozzens, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martling’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mason’s Arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mason William, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Massue, Viscombe de la, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mather, Samuel G., <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matthews, David, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matthews, James, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matthews, Peter, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McComb, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McDougal, Alexander, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGillivray, Alexander, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGown, Andrew, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGown’s Pass Tavern, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGown, widow, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McIntyre, Peter, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Meal Market, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mechanics’ Hall, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Melyen, Samuel, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mercantile Coffee House, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Merchants’ Coffee House, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Merchants’ Exchange, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Merchants’ Hotel, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Meschianza, The, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miller, John, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minhorne, Jacob, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minuit, Peter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minvielle, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mitchill, Samuel L., <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monckton, General, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montagu, William, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montcrieffe, Major, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montgomerie, Governor, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moody, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mooney, William, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, John, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, Thomas W. C., <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moot, The, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, General, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Gouveneur, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Lewis, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Lewis, Jr., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Richard, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Robert Hunter, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Roger, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, William, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mortier, Paymaster General, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morton, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moultrie, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mount Pleasant, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mount Vernon Garden, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murray, John, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nanfan, Lieutenant Governor, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+<br />
+National Hotel, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New England Society, The, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Negro Plot, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Coffee House, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Arms, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Garden, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Hotel, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Society, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span><br />
+New York Stock Exchange, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niblo’s Coffee House, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niblo’s Garden, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niblo, William, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nicolls, Governor, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noel, Garrat, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noel, Thomas, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Non-Importation Agreement, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Non-Importation Agreement, Second, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norris, Sir John, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norris, Matthias, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norris, Mrs., <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+North, Lord, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+O’Brien, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ogden, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Old Coffee House, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Opdyck, Gysbert, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Osborne, Sir Danvers, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Pain, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paine, Robert Treat, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Palmer, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parker, James, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parmyter, John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parmyter, Susannah, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pattison, General, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paulding, James K., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pelow, Vincent, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pemberton, Robert, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pennington, Captain, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pennington, William, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Percival, James G., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Perry, Commodore, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillips, Frederick, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillips, General, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillipse, Adolph, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillipse, Frederick, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phoenix Coffee House, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pine Apple, The, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pintard, John, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pirates, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pitt, William, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Platt, Jonas, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Platt, Richard, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Porteous, Captain, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Porterfield, James, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Post, Widow, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Powers, George, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Price, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Price, Captain, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Price, Stephen, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Privateers, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Province Arms, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Purdie, Alexander, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Putnam, General, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Queen’s Head, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Radel, Margaret, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ramsay, Andrew, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Randolph, Edmund, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ranelagh, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rapelye, Stephen, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rathwell, James, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rawson’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reade, John, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Red House, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Red Lion, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Refugee Club, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Regulation of Taverns, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Renwick, Professor, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reynolds’ Beer House, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reynolds, Sir Joshua, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reynolds, William, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Riedesel, Baron, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ritzema, Rudolphus, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rivington, James, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Road Houses, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robertson, Alexander, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robin, Isaac, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robinson, Beverly, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robinson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rodgers, Commodore, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rodgers, Doctor, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Captain, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers &amp; Humphrey, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Lewis, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roger Morris House, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Moses, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roome, Luke, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roosevelt, John, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ross, David, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roubalet, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Royal Bowling Green, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Royal Oak, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rutgers, Anthony, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rutherford, Walter, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rutledge, John, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Sacket, Richard, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saint George and the Dragon, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saltus, Nick, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sampson, J. P. C., <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sands, Robert C., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sans, Souci, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Santen, Lucas, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schuyler, Arent, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span><br />
+Schuyler, Peter, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schuyler, Philip, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotch Johnny, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotch Johnny’s, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, John Morin, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, Winfield, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scurlock, Thomas, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seabury, Doctor, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seagrave, James, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sears, Isaac, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sebring, Isaac, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seton, William, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shakespeare Tavern, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shank, Matthew, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sherbrook, Major, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sherman, Alpheus, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shirley, William, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shoemakers’ Pasture, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Simmons, John, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Simmons’ Tavern, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Slave Market, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sloughter, Governor, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Edward, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Ephraim, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Melancthon, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Mrs., <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Thomas, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, William, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, William, Jr., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Snedeker, John R., <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Social Club, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sons of Liberty, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Southard, Samuel, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sperry, Jacob, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sports and Amusements, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spring Garden, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spring Garden House, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stagg, John, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stark, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+State Arms, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steel, Sarah, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steenwyck, Cornelis, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steuben, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevens, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevens, J., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevens, John Austin, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stewart, Anthony G., <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stirling, Lord, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stockton, Anne, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stone, William L., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stoneall, James C., <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Storrs, Henry R., <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strachan, John, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strachan’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuyvesant, Peter, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuyvesant, Peter G., <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swain, Captain, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swartwout, John, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, Henry, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, Joseph G., <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Talbot, Captain, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Talmadge, Colonel, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tammany Hall, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tammany Hall Hotel, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tammany Society, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tavern Life, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tavern Regulations, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tavern Signs, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taylor, John, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tew, Thomas, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomas, Widow, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thompson, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thompson, John, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomson, Captain, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thurman, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tillery, James, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Todd, Robert, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tollemache, Captain, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tompkins, Daniel D., <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tontine Coffee House, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tontine Hotel, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trumbull, John, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tryon, Governor, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turk’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Two-Mile Tavern, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tyler’s, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ugly Club, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ugly Hall, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Underhill, John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Union Flag, The, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+United States Hotel, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ury, John, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Valentine, Abraham M., <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Borsum, Annetje, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Borsum, Egbert, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Borsum, Hermanus, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Buren’s Tavern, Dr., <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Cortlandt, Pierre, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Cortlandt, Stephen, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Dam, Rip, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandenberg, Adam, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandenberg’s, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vanderbilt, John, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandercliff, Dirck, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandercliff’s Orchard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span><br />
+Vanderspiegel, John, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Dyck, Hendrick, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Horne, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Horne, David, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Ness, Judge, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Pelt, Rem, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Purmerendt, Claes Jansen, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Shaack, Peter, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Tienhoven, Cornelis, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Twiller, Wouter, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Vorst, Annetje Cornelissen, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Varian, Richard, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Varick, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vaughan, Thomas, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vauxhall Garden, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vermilye, Thomas, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Verplanck, Gulian, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Verplanck, Gulian C., <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vineyard, The, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wainwright, Doctor, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waldron, Adolph, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waldron, Samuel, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wales, Prince of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walker, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wallace, Hugh, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walters, Robert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walton, Jacob, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walton, William, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warren, Sir Peter, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington, George, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington Hall, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington Hotel, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waters, A. W., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watson, James, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watson, John, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watts, John, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watts, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wayne, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webb, James, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webb, Samuel B., <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webber, Wolfert, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Weissenfels, Frederick, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Welch, Thomas, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wessels, Metje, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wetmore, Prosper W., <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White Conduit House, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whitehall Coffee House, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White Horse Tavern, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White Lion, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wickham, William, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilcocks, Widow, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilkinson, James, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willard, Mr., <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willett, Edward, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willett, Marinus, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Williams, Erasmus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, Captain, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, James, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wragg, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Zenger, John Peter, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><b>Footnotes:</b></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_1' id='f_1' href='#fna_1'>[1]</a> New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> New York Mercury.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> New York Gazette.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_5' id='f_5' href='#fna_5'>[5]</a> New York Evening Post.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> Dayton.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_7' id='f_7' href='#fna_7'>[7]</a> Dayton.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<a name="text" id="text"></a></p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<p><i>NEW-YORK, Nov. 5.</i> On <i>Wednesday</i> the 31st of <i>October</i>,
+the late Chief Justice, but new Representative for the County of
+<i>Westchester</i>, landed in this City, about 5 o’Clock in the Evening, at the
+Ferry-stairs: On His landing He was saluted by a general Fire of the Guns
+from the Merchants Vessels lying in the Road; and was receiv’d by great
+Numbers of the most considerable Merchants and Inhabitants of this City,
+and by them with loud Aclamations of the People as he walk’d the Streets,
+conducted to the <i>Black Horse</i> Tavern, where a handsome Entertainment was
+prepar’d for Him, at the Charge of the Gentlemen who received Him; and in
+the Middle of one Side of the Room, was fix’d a Tabulet with golden
+Capitals, KING GEORGE, LIBERTY and LAW.</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday last the House of Representatives were adjourned to the third
+Teusday in <i>April</i> next.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44240 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #44240 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44240)
diff --git a/old/44240-8.txt b/old/44240-8.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Old Taverns of New York, by William Harrison
+Bayles
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Old Taverns of New York
+
+
+Author: William Harrison Bayles
+
+
+
+Release Date: November 20, 2013  [eBook #44240]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK***
+
+
+E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 44240-h.htm or 44240-h.zip:
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+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44240/44240-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/oldtavernsofnewy00bayl
+
+
+
+
+
+OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK
+
+by
+
+W. HARRISON BAYLES
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Frank Allaben Genealogical Company
+Forty-Second Street Building, New York
+
+Copyright, 1915, by Frank Allaben Genealogical Company
+
+
+
+
+Old Taverns of New York
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+                                                                      Page
+
+  PREFACE                                                               xv
+
+  I DUTCH TAVERNS                                                        1
+
+    Indian Trade--First Settlement--Purchase of Manhattan
+    Island--Popular Taverns in New Amsterdam--Sunday Closing
+    Under Stuyvesant--Dutch Festivities
+
+  II NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES                                           37
+
+    The English Conquest--Horse Races--Regulations for
+    Innkeepers--First Merchants' Exchange--Famous Taverns of
+    the Period--Early Buccaneers and Their Relations with
+    Government Officials--Efforts of the Earl of Bellomont to
+    Restrain Piracy
+
+  III THE COFFEE HOUSE                                                  65
+
+    An Exciting Election in 1701--Popularity of the Coffee
+    House--Aftermath of the Leisler Troubles--Political
+    Agitation under Lord Cornbury--Trials of Nicholas Bayard
+    and Roger Baker--Conferences at the Coffee House--Festivals
+    under the English Rule--Official Meetings in Taverns and
+    Coffee Houses
+
+  IV THE BLACK HORSE                                                    91
+
+    The Black Horse Tavern, Scene of Many Political Conferences
+    in the Early Eighteenth Century--Rip Van Dam and Governor
+    Cosby--Lewis Morris' Campaign--Zenger's Victory for Liberty
+    of the Press--Old New York Inns--Privateering--The Negro
+    Plot
+
+  V THE MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE                                        127
+
+    The Slave Market, Later the Meal Market--The Merchants'
+    Coffee House, Famous for More than Half a Century--Clubs of
+    Colonial New York--The Merchants' Exchange--Charter of
+    King's College, Now Columbia University--French and Indian
+    War--The Assembly Balls--The Press Gang--Some Old
+    Inns--Surrender of Fort Washington
+
+  VI TAVERN SIGNS                                                      167
+
+    Doctor Johnson on the Comforts of an Inn--Landlords of the
+    Olden Time--Some Curious Tavern Signs--Intemperance in the
+    Eighteenth Century--Sports and Amusements
+
+  VII THE KING'S ARMS                                                  191
+
+    The Crown and Thistle, Meeting Place of St. Andrew's
+    Society and Later Called the King's Head--The King's Arms,
+    Formerly the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen's
+    Coffee House--Broadway of the Eighteenth Century--The Stamp
+    Act and the Non-Importation Agreement--The Liberty
+    Pole--Recreation Gardens
+
+  VIII HAMPDEN HALL                                                    227
+
+    The Queen's Head Tavern, Where Was Organized the New York
+    Chamber of Commerce--Pre-Revolutionary Excitement--Battle
+    of Golden Hill--Hampden Hall, Meeting Place of the Sons of
+    Liberty and Attacked by the British--List of Members of the
+    Social Club, 1775--Other Clubs and Societies of the
+    Period--The Moot, a Lawyers' Club and Its Charter
+    Members--The Tax on Tea, Committee of Correspondence and
+    Outbreak of the Revolution
+
+  IX THE PROVINCE ARMS                                                 271
+
+    The Continental Congress--Marinus Willett's Seizure of
+    Arms--Flight of the Tories--Happenings at the Coffee
+    House--The Province Arms, Resort of British Officers--Other
+    Taverns--The Theatre Royal--Sports--The Refugee
+    Club--Social Affairs Under the British Occupation
+
+  X FRAUNCES' TAVERN                                                   307
+
+    The Treaty of Peace--Celebration Dinners at Sam Fraunces'
+    House and Other Taverns--Evacuation of New
+    York--Washington's Farewell to His Officers, at Fraunces'
+    Tavern, 1783--First New York Bank--Re-organization of
+    Chamber of Commerce--Social, Philanthropic, and Learned
+    Societies of the Day--The Cincinnati--The New
+    Constitution--Washington's Inauguration--Sam Fraunces,
+    Steward of the President
+
+  XI THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE                                          351
+
+    The Tammany Society--Tontine Coffee House Founded by
+    Prominent New York Merchants--New York Stock Exchange in
+    the Tontine--Marriner's Tavern, Later Called the Roger
+    Morris House and the Jumel Mansion--The Tammany
+    Wigwam--Brill�t-Savarin in New York
+
+  XII THE CITY HOTEL                                                   385
+
+    Club Life After the Revolution--The City Hotel and the
+    Assembly Balls--Musical Societies--Second Hudson
+    Centennial, 1809--St. Andrew's Society Dinners and Other
+    Feasts--Tea Gardens--The Embargo of 1807--Society of
+    Mechanics and Tradesmen--New England Society--Political
+    Associations--Tammany Hall--The Battery--The Ugly Club
+
+  XIII THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN                                          417
+
+    The War of 1812--Dinner to Naval Victors at the City
+    Hotel--Dinners to Captain Lawrence, General Harrison,
+    Commodores Bainbridge and Perry--News of Peace--The
+    Shakespeare Tavern, a Musical and Literary Centre--Cradle
+    of the Seventh Regiment--A New York Inn Comparable to
+    London's "Mermaid Tavern" and "Turk's Head"--Visits of
+    Monroe and Jackson--The Erie Canal--First New York Savings
+    Bank--The Price-Wilson Duel
+
+  XIV ROAD HOUSES                                                      445
+
+    Prejudice Against Dancing--Balls--Debates and Lectures--The
+    City Hotel--Niblo's Garden--Road Houses--Trotting
+    Matches--Upper Third Avenue--Suburban Drives and
+    Taverns--Lafayette's Visit--Clubs--End of City Hotel--Era
+    of Hotels
+
+  INDEX                                                                481
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+
+                                                                      Page
+
+  "Beer Was the Dutchman's Drink"                                        5
+
+  The City Tavern from the Justin Dancker's View, 1650                  15
+
+  The White Horse Tavern                                                18
+
+  The Damen House                                                       19
+
+  Water Gate, Foot of Wall Street                                       24
+
+  "They Had Discovered the Toothsome Terrapin"                          31
+
+  "The Man of the Knight of St. George"                                 38
+
+  The Earl of Bellomont                                                 56
+
+  "As Genuine Pirates as Ever Sailed the Sea"                           57
+
+  Captain Tew                                                           59
+
+  The Bayard Punch Bowl                                                 74
+
+  Viscount Cornbury                                                     78
+
+  Old Tankard                                                           80
+
+  The Black Horse Tavern                                                90
+
+  Rip Van Dam                                                           93
+
+  Governor Cosby                                                        94
+
+  Lewis Morris                                                          95
+
+  Fac-Simile News Item from the New York Weekly Journal, November
+  5, 1733                                                               99
+
+  Andrew Hamilton                                                      102
+
+  The Ball at the Black Horse                                          107
+
+  "Which Were All Drank in Bumpers"                                    109
+
+  "The Violin and Flute, by 'Private Hands'"                           111
+
+  House at 122 William Street                                          117
+
+  The Royal Exchange                                                   136
+
+  Sir Danvers Osborne, Governor of New York                            139
+
+  "The Drumbeat Was Constantly Heard in the Streets"                   145
+
+  Sir Charles Hardy, Governor of New York                              147
+
+  Colonel Peter Schuyler                                               150
+
+  The Press Gang                                                       153
+
+  The Bull's Head Tavern                                               157
+
+  The Roger Morris House                                               160
+
+  The Blue Bell Tavern                                                 161
+
+  The Old Time Landlord                                                169
+
+  "Hard Drinking Prevailed"                                            171
+
+  Good Old Madeira                                                     173
+
+  A Racing Trophy                                                      180
+
+  Bull Baiting, From an Old Advertisement                              184
+
+  The Bowling Green, From Lyne's Map                                   186
+
+  William Alexander, Earl of Stirling                                  192
+
+  House Built by Cornelis Steenwyck                                    197
+
+  The De Lancey House                                                  201
+
+  Liberty Boys                                                         214
+
+  At Ranelagh                                                          220
+
+  Corner of Broadway and Murray Street, 1816                           235
+
+  Captain A. McDougall                                                 241
+
+  Merchants' Coffee House and Coffee House Slip                        254
+
+  Marinus Willett Stopping the Transfer of Arms                        274
+
+  Baroness De Riedesel                                                 298
+
+  In the Coffee House                                                  318
+
+  "Gambling With Cards Was Pretty General"                             339
+
+  Simmons' Tavern                                                      342
+
+  Fac-Simile Receipt of Sam Fraunces, as Washington's Steward          343
+
+  The Bowery Theatre                                                   348
+
+  Tontine Coffee House                                                 356
+
+  Old Sleigh                                                           365
+
+  The City Hotel                                                       373
+
+  Martling's Tavern                                                    376
+
+  Belvedere Club House                                                 382
+
+  Fac-Simile Bill of the City Hotel, 1807                              384
+
+  Anthelme Brill�t-Savarin                                             387
+
+  White Conduit House                                                  398
+
+  Robert R. Livingston                                                 404
+
+  Washington Hall                                                      409
+
+  Tammany Hall                                                         411
+
+  Fraunces' Tavern About 1830                                          412
+
+  The Great Naval Dinner at the City Hotel, December 29, 1812          416
+
+  Commodore Stephen Decatur                                            418
+
+  Commodore Isaac Hull                                                 420
+
+  Captain James Lawrence                                               421
+
+  The Shakespeare Tavern                                               429
+
+  "As Choice Spirits as Ever Supped at the Turk's Head"                431
+
+  De Witt Clinton                                                      438
+
+  Contoit's Garden                                                     454
+
+  Niblo's Garden                                                       457
+
+  Reynolds' Beer House                                                 459
+
+  Cato's House                                                         461
+
+  The Old Hazzard House                                                462
+
+  Burnham's Mansion House                                              464
+
+  Fitz-Greene Halleck                                                  470
+
+  J. Fenimore Cooper                                                   472
+
+  Bunker's Mansion House                                               477
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Much has been written about the old taverns of New York in a disconnected
+way, but heretofore there has been no connected story linking them with
+the current events of the early history of the city. This story I have
+attempted to tell from the Dutch settlement down to the early part of the
+last century, when the growth of the city and extensive travel entirely
+changed their character. In doing this I have found myself at issue with
+many writers on the subject. In every such case the conclusions set down
+in this book rest I believe upon unquestionable documentary evidence, in
+part referred to in the text.
+
+Before any newspapers appeared the tavern was a very important institution
+in the community. It was the medium of all news both political and social,
+the one place where people of all kinds met to exchange views on every
+subject of interest to the general public. In this way it exercised an
+influence second only to the church.
+
+The connection of the taverns with the history of the city was very close.
+There was hardly an event of importance but had its inception in the
+taverns, where all questions of interest to the public were discussed as
+in no other place. They were frequented by all classes and the influence
+of each one of them on the community depended entirely on the character of
+those who patronized it. The merchants, the politicians and the men of
+letters each had their places of rendezvous.
+
+Following the history of the city chronologically I have endeavored to
+link with it the influence of the taverns on current events, and at the
+same time show up the interesting features of tavern life by details of
+happenings at these places. I have made no attempt to increase interest by
+any means except the plain, unvarnished truth, which I have considered
+sufficiently attractive. Tales of the old taverns are enhanced in interest
+by a glamour of antiquity surrounding the subject by which few can fail to
+be charmed.
+
+Nothing exists at the present day in any way resembling an old tavern of
+the first class in colonial times. It was the place for political
+discussion, for social clubs and for meetings of all kinds. Every one went
+to the tavern and from no other source could a person gain so much
+knowledge of public affairs.
+
+W. Harrison Bayles
+
+
+
+
+OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+DUTCH TAVERNS
+
+
+[Sidenote: Trading with the Indians]
+
+On the return of Hendrick Hudson from his voyage of discovery in 1609, his
+reports were so favorable, especially, as to the abundance of valuable
+furs which were to be had at very little cost, that several merchants of
+Amsterdam, without delay, fitted out trading vessels and sent them to
+trade with the Indians in the territory he had visited. The returns were
+satisfactory, and they formed themselves into a company under the name of
+the United Netherland Company and established a trading post on the
+southern part of Manhattan Island. The exclusive privilege of trade, which
+had been granted them by Holland, expired in the year 1618, and they
+endeavored to have the grant renewed or extended, but succeeded only in
+obtaining a special license, expiring yearly, which they held for two or
+three years longer.
+
+In the meantime a more extensive association had been formed by some
+merchants and capitalists of Holland, who in the year 1621 received a
+charter under the title of the West India Company, which gave to them the
+exclusive privilege of trade on the whole Atlantic coast, so far as the
+jurisdiction of Holland extended. Powers of government were conferred upon
+the company and the right to make treaties with the Indians.
+
+In 1623, they sent out a vessel which carried thirty families to begin the
+colony. The vessel landed her passengers and freight near the present site
+of Albany and a settlement was there established. The return cargo of
+skins and other freight was valued at about twelve thousand dollars.
+
+[Sidenote: First Settlement]
+
+It having been determined to fix the headquarters of the company in New
+Netherland on Manhattan Island, two ships cleared from Holland in 1625
+with a large number of settlers for this place. With these was sent out
+Peter Minuit, as Director-General, to superintend the interests of the
+company. On board the vessels were carried more than a hundred head of
+cattle, besides other domestic animals, such as would be needed by the
+people in a permanent settlement. This was the first real settlement on
+Manhattan Island. The few huts and storehouses, surrounded by a stockade
+for protection against the Indians, although it appears they were very
+friendly, which had been located here for many years, was not a
+settlement; it was only a trading post; no attempt had been made to
+cultivate the land.
+
+Unlike the New England settlers and the Swedes upon the Delaware the Dutch
+did not make use of the log house, so well adapted by economy, ease of
+construction and comfort, as a temporary home. It is said that Dutch
+traders built huts very much like those of the Indian tribes of the
+neighborhood.
+
+The Indian house or hut was made by placing in the ground two parallel
+rows of upright saplings adjoining each other and bringing their tops
+together, lapping them over each other in a curve. On this were fastened
+boughs and reeds, as a protection against wind and rain, the inside being
+lined with bark nicely joined together. If such skill were used in joining
+the bark on the inside as is displayed by some of the North American
+Indians in building their canoes, it must have presented a very neat and
+smooth appearance. There was no floor, the fire, in winter, being built
+upon the ground, the smoke escaping through an opening in the roof. The
+width of the house was invariably twenty feet, the length being regulated
+by the number of families occupying it.
+
+If the Dutch traders used such huts they undoubtedly modified them
+somewhat as to fireplace and chimney and probably made many other
+improvements to suit their needs.
+
+[Sidenote: Manhattan Island Purchased]
+
+Peter Minuit, the Director-General, to obtain title to the island,
+purchased it from the Indian proprietors, and the settlers commenced their
+town by staking out a fort, under the direction of Kryn Frederick, an
+engineer sent out for that purpose, and set about the erection of their
+temporary homes, which were little better than those of their
+predecessors, the traders. The next year, 1626, the machinery for a saw
+mill arrived from Holland and a mill worked by wind power was erected on
+what is now Governor's Island, which was then covered with a fine growth
+of forest trees, which after being cut up, could be easily floated to the
+little town. The settlers were thus supplied with lumber which enabled
+them to erect buildings more conformable to their needs. They built, as a
+rule, houses of only one story in height, with two rooms on the ground
+floor and a garret above. The roof was reed or straw thatch, and this
+material continued to be so used for about thirty years after the first
+settlement of New Amsterdam. The fireplace was built of stone to the
+height of about six feet, having an oven of the same material by the side
+of it, extending beyond the rear of the house. The chimney above the stone
+work was made of boards plastered inside with mortar. The average value of
+these houses was about one hundred and fifty dollars.
+
+The Dutchman did not come to America for the sake of religious or
+political freedom or to escape persecution. He was lured by the profits
+of trade and the prospect of finding a better and more extensive home for
+himself and for his children. In the little village or town that had been
+formed by the first settlers on the southern point of Manhattan Island no
+Puritanical laws or regulations prevented him from dealing in beer or
+strong drink, or in drinking as much as he had a mind to. Beer was the
+Dutchman's drink, and the West India Company very early erected the
+Company's Brewery on the north side of Bridge Street, between the present
+Whitehall and Broad Streets, to supply the little town with its usual
+beverage.
+
+[Illustration: "BEER WAS THE DUTCHMAN'S DRINK"]
+
+The Dutch trader bartered with the Indians for furs, and as the little
+cluster of houses near the fort grew in population some of the traders
+also sold, when they could, a little beer and other strong drink which
+their furs enabled them to obtain from the ships coming into port. For
+many years, except with the Indians, there does not appear to have been
+any restraint on this trade in liquor, but, although there were many
+houses where it was kept on tap for sale, no provision seems to have been
+made for the lodging of strangers.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Tavern]
+
+The Dutch from up the river or from the nearby settlements, which were
+very scanty until the time of Stuyvesant, were, no doubt, always able to
+find relatives or friends with whom they could lodge; but the English
+skippers who stopped over on their trips between Virginia and the New
+England colonies were not only strangers but spoke a strange language,
+unknown to most of the inhabitants, and it is not difficult to understand
+the reluctance of having them as guests in the small houses where the
+accommodations were very limited. Governor Kieft says that he was put to
+great inconvenience in taking care of them, and so, in 1641 built a large
+stone house to accommodate and care for them and other strangers, which
+was known as the Stadt Herbergh or City Tavern. There must have been
+urgent need for such a house, for it was the most costly building that had
+been erected up to this time. The expenditure was much greater than for
+the building of a new and substantial church in the fort, a short time
+after. It was, no doubt, intended to impress and increase the respect of
+strangers and was an object of the admiration and pride of the citizens of
+New Amsterdam. It was located in a very conspicuous place, with one of its
+sides facing the East River, apart from the other houses of the town. It
+was two stories high with a basement underneath and spacious lofts above.
+In the rear was an extension or addition, a long, narrow structure which
+was apparently used for kitchen purposes and probably for other uses.
+
+Early in the year 1643 the Stadt Herbergh, or City Tavern, was leased to
+Philip Gerritsen, its first landlord, at a rental of three hundred
+guilders, or about one hundred and twenty dollars, per annum and opened
+for the entertainment of the public; afterwards to Adriaen Gerritsen, down
+to the beginning of the year 1652, when the tavern was being conducted by
+Abraham Delanoy. According to agreement, Gerritsen was to sell the
+Company's wine, brandy and beer, and no other, the Company agreeing not to
+allow any wine to be sold out of their cellar to the injury of the lessee.
+The Director-General also promised that a well should be dug near the
+house and that a brew-house should be erected in the rear or that
+Gerritsen should be permitted the use of the Company's brew-house.
+
+Shortly after the opening of the tavern it was put to good use in
+sheltering the fugitives who came to it for protection. Among these were
+the settlers from Achter Col, across the Kills from Staten Island, on the
+mainland, who, driven from their homes, which were destroyed by the
+Indians, were lodged for a time at the City Tavern, at the expense of the
+West India Company.
+
+The tavern seems to have been in frequent use as a place of detention of
+persons obnoxious to the Director and his Council and of persons suspected
+of offenses against the orders of the Director-General, and it is probable
+that some part of the building was set apart for that purpose. Sometimes
+the prisoners were quite numerous, as when, in 1651, the crew of the ship
+"Nieuw Nederlandsche Fortuyn" were quartered here, and also when in 1656,
+after it had become the City Hall, were brought here the twenty-three
+Englishmen who had attempted to make a settlement in the present
+Westchester, hostile to the Dutch claim. Notwithstanding this, the tavern
+came to be patronized by many of the best people of the place and by the
+officers of the West India Company. It became a place where a great deal
+of business was transacted, both public and private, and was one of the
+places where all public notices were posted, the others being the fort and
+the barn of the West India Company. It was, too, before it became the City
+Hall, the place where the court frequently sat for the trial of minor
+cases. Here was held in the fall and winter of 1653 the Landtdag, or Diet,
+consisting of representatives from each of the Dutch towns, for the
+purpose of providing means of defence against the Indians. This was the
+most important popular convention that had ever been held in New
+Amsterdam.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Tavern Becomes the City Hall]
+
+In 1652 New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city under the government of a
+schout, two burgomasters and five schepens, and was allowed a separate
+magistracy, although not independent of Governor and Council. This made it
+necessary to have a city hall or town house, and soon after the City
+Tavern was ceded to the city and henceforth was known as the "stadt huys"
+or city hall.
+
+[Sidenote: Captain Underhill Makes Trouble]
+
+In the first settlement of New England the laws and regulations as to the
+sale of strong drink and as to restraint in indulgence were very rigid,
+but afterwards much relaxed. In New Amsterdam there was little restraint;
+so that when the notorious Puritan Captain John Underhill came down to New
+Amsterdam, however exemplary may have been his behavior while at home
+among his New England friends (although there had been some complaint), he
+let himself loose and became, as some would say, "gloriously drunk." On
+the night of the 15th of March, 1644, in the parlor of Philip Gerritsen
+of the City Tavern, Doctor Hans Kiersted, Dominie Bogardus, Gysbert Opdyck
+and several others, with their wives, were having a supper and spending an
+agreeable evening. Some time after the supper, while they were enjoying
+themselves, Captain Underhill, with Lieutenant Baxter and a drummer, who
+had evidently made the rounds of the town and were in an advanced state of
+intoxication, appeared at the door. Gerritsen could not forbid entrance to
+the worthy captain, but told him that he was entertaining a party of
+friends with their wives and requested him to take a separate room where
+he would serve them. They were finally induced to do this after much talk.
+They invited some of the company to drink with them and they complied.
+Baxter invited Opdyck to join them but he refused. Thereupon Underhill and
+his companions drew their swords and cut in pieces the cans on the shelves
+in the tavern, hacked the door-posts and endeavored by force to get into
+the room where the supper party was. This was for some time resisted by
+the landlady with a leaden bolt and by the landlord trying to keep the
+door closed; but, in spite of all opposition, they succeeded in forcing
+their way in. Underhill was in such a state that it was quite uncertain at
+what moment he might take a notion to flesh his sword in any Dutchman who
+stood in his way. With his sword half drawn he cried: "Clear out of here,
+for I shall strike at random." The fiscal and a guard from the fort were
+sent for, but they did not succeed in quieting the drunken Englishmen. In
+reply to some remarks of the Dominie, who suggested that the
+Director-General himself be sent for, Underhill said, as deposed by
+witnesses: "If the Director come here, 'tis well. I had rather speak to a
+wise man than a fool." To prevent further and more serious mischief,
+fearing that at any moment Underhill might pink the Dominie, the supper
+party withdrew, leaving Underhill in possession of the field. Thus the
+gallant Captain scored another victory.
+
+When Wouter Van Twiller came out, in 1633, as Director-General, the
+pressing claims of England to the control of the whole territory on the
+Atlantic Coast, induced the West India Company to send out with him a
+military force of one hundred and four soldiers to garrison the fort.
+These were the first that had been sent over.
+
+[Sidenote: Sergeant Peter Cock's Tavern]
+
+Among the soldiers, some years later, was a man by the name of Peter Cock,
+who held the rank of sergeant. He built, or had constructed for him, a
+little house, such as were being put up at that time, northwest from the
+fort, on ground now occupied by No. 1 Broadway. It was very likely the
+first house built on that side of the fort and was used as a tavern. It
+was no doubt more patronized by the soldiers than any other.
+
+Sergeant Cock was in command of several regular soldiers under La Montagne
+in the expedition against the Indians on Staten Island in 1643. On their
+return to New Amsterdam, they were all immediately sent out to Greenwich
+and Stamford, where they scoured the country in search of the Indians. In
+November of the same year Governor Kieft dispatched one hundred and twenty
+men, under the command of Dr. La Montagne, Cock and Underhill, to
+exterminate the Canarsee Indians. They brought back from this expedition
+some prisoners, who were afterwards barbarously treated, inhumanly
+tortured and finally killed in the public streets of New Amsterdam.
+
+At Sergeant Cock's tavern the details of these expeditions and the part
+taken in them by each individual were, doubtless, thoroughly discussed by
+the soldiers as they drank their beer or other beverages served out to
+them. They talked over the quarrels of the Dominie and the
+Director-General and the last sermon in which the Dominie fulminated his
+biting diatribes against the Director; how the drummer beat up the drum
+and the gunner touched off one of the big guns when the Dominie was in the
+midst of one of his harangues, which distracted the congregation and
+almost threw them into a panic.
+
+Next to the lot on which Sergeant Cock had built his house Martin Crigier
+obtained the grant of a lot in 1643, on which a house appears to have
+already been built, probably by himself. Crigier is said to have come out
+in the service of the West India Company when a young man, after his
+separation or release from which he had engaged in the business of trader
+and sloop captain on the North River and became an active and conspicuous
+citizen. He was certainly a doughty Dutchman, his name occupying a
+prominent place in the military annals of New Amsterdam.
+
+The military expeditions in which he was engaged were numerous. In 1657 he
+went out in command of forty men to settle difficulties on the Delaware.
+In 1659 he commanded a force of sixty men, sent out to the same region to
+repel a threatened invasion of the English. In 1663 he was in command of
+the force sent to Esopus to punish the savages for their massacre of the
+Dutch, and in this expedition he seems to have had the complete confidence
+of Governor Stuyvesant, himself a valiant soldier. With Cornelis Van
+Tienhoven he was sent to New Haven to treat with the English and he was
+Burgomaster of New Amsterdam in 1653, 1654, 1659, 1660 and 1663.
+
+[Sidenote: Burgomaster Martin Crigier, Tavern-Keeper]
+
+He was an innkeeper and we can easily imagine that his house must have
+been the resort of all the Dutch politicians of his day, where were
+discussed not only plans of attack and defence, but also the policies of
+the little town in all its various aspects, both internally and in
+relation to the Indians and the English. The English, no doubt, were
+thoroughly discussed, for there was constant trouble with them at this
+time.
+
+The house was near the fort, on ground now occupied by No. 3 Broadway, and
+looked out on the open ground of the present Bowling Green, which was then
+the parade of the soldiers, being in front of the gate of the fort, the
+eastern side of it being used as a market field on appointed days, where
+were displayed all kinds of country produce brought in from the
+surrounding country. Here, also, in this open space, in 1656 and
+subsequent years, was held, in the latter part of October and all through
+November, the cattle market for store and fat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs,
+bucks, and such like. It was promised that stalls and other conveniences
+would be erected for those who brought such animals to market. This
+cattle-market, notice of which, by letter, had been sent out to the Dutch
+and English of Connecticut and Long Island, no doubt brought to New
+Amsterdam a great many from the surrounding country, even as far away as
+New Haven. The taverns were full and the life and activity of the city was
+much increased. The young men drank in the conversations of the city
+burghers at the taverns, discussed with them the price of beaver skins and
+other articles of trade with the Indians, and in turn told of the arts of
+the trapper and hunter, as well as adventures with the Indians and with
+the wild animals of the forest. These visitors, for a time, made the
+taverns gay and lively, and sometimes there were, no doubt, heated talks
+and even quarrels and personal encounters.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY TAVERN FROM THE JUSTIN DANCKER'S VIEW, 1650]
+
+In front of the taverns of Captain Crigier and Sergeant Cock groups of men
+could be seen at such times bargaining and discussing prices and the news
+of the day. Beer was to be had and there was plenty of talk, for the
+outlying settlers brought in the news of their own sections and were very
+anxious to learn all the news of the city and still more anxious to get
+news from the fatherland.
+
+Those who visited the city to bring in cattle and attend this market made
+of it a pleasure trip long to be remembered. Although New Amsterdam could
+not furnish any amusement that would intoxicate a modern New Yorker yet,
+to those who were passing their days in isolated homes, the gaiety of the
+little city was a source of great enjoyment; and in returning to their
+quiet homes they carried back with them all the little luxuries which they
+could afford and which the city could supply. They had also a great deal
+to tell their relatives and friends.
+
+There is no doubt that when Peter Cock and Martin Crigier built their
+taverns to catch the patronage of the soldiers at the fort, the ground in
+the neighborhood to the west of the fort and along the river was in a
+perfect state of nature, untouched by the hand of man. The authorities
+kept the space in front of the fort clear of building; which, without any
+preconceived plan or intention on their part, resulted in leaving a
+triangular open space, which became the parade for the soldiers, the
+market place for cattle, and, afterwards, in the time of the English, the
+Bowling Green.
+
+In September, 1659, transfer was made of a lot on the west side of the
+Heere Straat (Broadway), which was described as bounded on the south by
+the _newly-built house and lot of Burgomaster Martin Crigier_. It was
+about this time that improvements and a great advance were being made in
+the style of building, and as Crigier was at this time and had been some
+years previous a burgomaster, and was besides a conspicuous man in the
+community, it is natural to suppose that he would put up a good and
+substantial house.
+
+On the other side of the fort, close under the shelter of its eastern
+wall, at the corner of the present Whitehall and Stone Streets, where the
+Produce Exchange now stands, was a little tavern which had been built in
+the most economical manner in 1641, and was kept by a Frenchman, Philip
+Gerard, called by the Dutch Geraerdy, who had left the gay city of Paris
+for life among the Dutch of New Amsterdam. Geraerdy probably had good
+reasons for the change; perhaps it was to escape conscription in the wars
+then raging in Europe. Riding the wooden horse in the fort was a common
+punishment of the soldiers, and Philip Geraerdy, we presume from a sense
+of humor, or for some other good reason, called his house the Wooden
+Horse, or at least it is so called in the Dutch records. The soldiers no
+doubt much preferred the wooden horse (or bench) in Philip's tavern to
+that in the fort. Philip was himself at one time a soldier, and had ridden
+the wooden horse, for May 27, 1642, "Philip Geraerdy, a soldier, for
+having been absent from the guard without leave," was sentenced to ride
+the wooden horse during parade, with a pitcher in one hand and a drawn
+sword in the other.
+
+[Sidenote: The White Horse Tavern]
+
+After a few years the name of Philip's house underwent a change. This may
+have been the result of a sort of evolutionary process, induced by Philip,
+who erected in front of his house a sign on which was painted a white
+horse on a dark background, very conspicuous. The house became known as
+the Sign of the White Horse or the White Horse Tavern.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HORSE TAVERN]
+
+Some lively scenes were connected with the little tavern. One dark night
+in the spring of 1643, farmer Jan Damen, whose house was just beyond the
+present Wall Street near Broadway, drank deep in Philip's house, and was
+in such a condition that Geraerdy thought it prudent to guide him home,
+which act of benevolence cost him dearly. Damen must have been in a mood
+that threatened trouble, for Geraerdy had taken the precaution to draw his
+sword from its scabbard and carry it himself. At the house Damen's serving
+man, armed with a long knife, resisted his master's entrance. Damen used
+the scabbard as a weapon and also secured a knife, and in the fight which
+ensued Geraerdy was, as the surgeon declared, dangerously wounded, Damen
+having struck him in the dark under the shoulder blade.
+
+[Illustration: THE DAMEN HOUSE]
+
+It was a dramatic and semi-tragic scene when "Black John," who hailed from
+the seaport town of Monnikendam, near Amsterdam, one morning, as they were
+at the house of Philip Geraerdy, addressed Ensign Hendrick Van Dyck,
+saying: "Brother, my service to you," to which the ensign answered:
+"Brother, I thank you." "Black John" did not hand over the can, but
+instead struck the ensign with it on his forehead so that blood flowed,
+saying that that was his Monnikendam fashion, and threw him over on his
+back. This, it is related, was done without having words or dispute of any
+kind.
+
+Geraerdy became a sergeant in the burgher troops, and while keeping a
+tavern was also a trader and a man of business. Besides his own language
+he could speak both Dutch and English, acting occasionally as an
+interpreter. He succeeded so well that in a few years he built for himself
+a substantial house on that part of his lot fifty or sixty feet down from
+the corner on Stone Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Taverns Regulated]
+
+When Governor Peter Stuyvesant arrived, in May, 1647, he found New
+Amsterdam, to use an expression of the present day, "a wide open town."
+Before the close of the month he issued an order requiring that all places
+where liquor was sold should remain closed on Sunday before two o'clock
+in the afternoon, and, in case of preaching in the fort, until four
+o'clock,--this, under penalty of the owners being deprived of their
+occupation, and besides being fined six Carolus guilders for each person
+who should be found drinking wine or beer within the stated time,
+excepting only travellers and those who were daily customers, fetching the
+drinks to their own homes; and that all such places should be closed every
+night at the ringing of the bell about nine o'clock. In issuing this order
+he says: "Whereas we have experienced the violence of our inhabitants,
+when drunk, their quarrelling, fighting and hitting each other, even on
+the Lord's day of rest, of which we have ourselves witnessed the painful
+example last Sunday, in contravention of law, to the contempt and disgrace
+of our person and office, to the annoyance of our neighbors, and to the
+disregard and contempt of God's holy laws and ordinances," etc.
+
+In March, 1648, he found that further action was necessary. He declared
+that one-fourth of the houses had been turned into taverns for the sale of
+brandy, tobacco and beer, and that they were detrimental to the welfare of
+the community; he therefore issued a set of rules for their regulation. No
+new tap-houses should be opened without the unanimous vote of the Director
+and Council. Those who had been tapsters could continue as such for four
+years at least, but in the meantime, should seek some other means of
+livelihood, so as not to be dependent on it. Orders as to closing at nine
+o'clock every night and on Sundays were repeated. Tapsters were to report
+all fights or disorderly conduct in their places, and physicians were to
+report all cases where they were called on to dress wounds received in
+such disturbances. This does not necessarily indicate that New Amsterdam
+was at this time a disorderly place, for like New York of the present day,
+it was a cosmopolitan city. The population at that time was not over five
+hundred souls, and it has been declared that eighteen different languages
+were spoken by the inhabitants.
+
+[Sidenote: Litschoe's Tavern]
+
+Some time previous to the year 1648 Daniel Litschoe established an inn on
+what is now Pearl Street in the outskirts of the town, which became the
+resort of the country people coming in from Long Island. Litschoe came out
+to New Amsterdam with the earliest settlers as ensign in the military
+service of the Dutch. He was with Stuyvesant at Beverwyck and on his order
+hauled down the lord's colors. He also went out with Stuyvesant in the
+expedition against the Swedes on the Delaware as lieutenant.
+
+The tavern seems to have been a good-sized building, for it is spoken of
+as "the great house," but this is to be taken as in comparison with its
+neighbors. It had at least a quarter of an acre of ground attached to it,
+and stood back some little distance from the street. A part of the lot is
+now covered by No. 125 Pearl Street. In the spring of 1651, Litschoe
+leased this house to Andries Jochemsen, who kept it as a tavern or ale
+house for many years and had lots of trouble with the authorities. He
+would tap on Sundays and after nine o'clock, and his house was the resort
+of disorderly persons. After keeping tavern for some years in a house
+which he had built just outside the city wall, Litschoe purchased a lot
+inside the wall between it and the house he had resided in some years
+before, and here he, and after his death in 1662, his wife, Annetje, kept
+a tavern for many years.
+
+When Sir Henry Moody came from Virginia in 1660 to exchange ratifications
+of the treaty to regulate commerce between that colony and New Netherland
+he was received with all the usual diplomatic honors. Two members of the
+council, under escort of halberdiers, were sent "to compliment him in his
+lodgings," and Moody, appearing in the fort, presented his credentials. He
+resided a considerable time at the house of Daniel Litschoe and when he
+left the city he failed to settle his score, for which his library left at
+the house was sold. More people came into the city over the river road
+from the Long Island ferry than from any other direction, and Litschoe's
+tavern near the city gate was an inviting resting place. It was one of the
+stations where fire-buckets were kept for use in cases of emergency.
+
+[Illustration: WATER GATE, FOOT OF WALL STREET]
+
+The city wall, above mentioned, was a line of palisades straight across
+the island along the northerly side of the present Wall Street, passing
+through the present Trinity Churchyard. On the inside of the palisades was
+an embankment and a ditch. It was built in the year 1653, when England and
+Holland were at war and New Amsterdam was threatened by the New England
+colonists. Through this line of defence there were two gates, the
+land-gate at the present junction of Broadway and Wall Street and the
+water-gate at the river road or present Pearl Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Peter Cock's Troubles to Obtain a Wife]
+
+Peter Cock added much to the piquancy of the gossip of the taverns and the
+town when, in 1653, probably no longer a soldier, he brought suit against
+Annetje Cornelissen Van Vorst, claiming the fulfillment of a promise of
+marriage. The case occupied the time and attention of the Court of
+Burgomasters and Schepens at a great many sessions, statements and
+counter-statements being presented to the Court, who, considering the case
+too large for them, sent it, with the papers, to the Director and Council
+for their decision. It was sent back to the Court of Burgomasters and
+Schepens, with a recommendation to appoint a committee to examine the
+papers and report. The final decision, pronounced May 18, 1654, was that
+the promise was a binding contract. From this decision Annetje appealed,
+but it was confirmed. In some way Annetje obtained a release, at any rate,
+she married November 11, 1656, Claes Jansen Van Purmerendt, a tobacco
+planter of Paulus Hook. Peter consoled himself with another Annetje, for
+on June 13, 1657, he married Annetje Dirks, of Amsterdam.
+
+In 1661 Annetje Cock was a widow and in control of the tavern which Peter
+Cock had left. She asked permission to build a new house on the southeast
+corner of the lot, which request was refused, as it would be too near the
+fort. Her husband had contracted for the building of a house on the lot,
+which she claimed was voided by his death, and wished to make a new
+contract with others, but the court decided that the old contract was
+binding. A new house was built which was kept by her as a tavern for many
+years.
+
+[Sidenote: A Dutch Tavern]
+
+The taverns of New Amsterdam were probably modeled somewhat after those of
+Holland, for the Dutch were a people who stuck to the customs of the
+fatherland. The description of a Dutch tavern, from the journal of one of
+our citizens who visited a part of the Netherlands where customs have not
+changed for centuries is here given.
+
+"It was the business of the good vrow or her maid to show up the
+traveller, and open the doors in the smooth partition of the box which was
+to receive his weary limbs for the night, and which otherwise he might not
+be able to discover, and after he crept into it, to come back again and
+blow out the candle, and in the morning to draw the curtains of the
+windows at the hour he fixed to rise. There was generally one room in
+which all the guests were received, and where there was a pleasant reunion
+in the evening, and all the visitors ate, drank and smoked. It had, in one
+corner, a closet, which, when opened (and, honestly, it was not
+unfrequently opened), disclosed sundry decanters, glasses and black
+bottles; and, on one side of the room, a rack in which were suspended by
+their bowls a score or two of very long pipes, each one inscribed with
+the name of a neighbor or owner. This was the room of Mynheer the
+landlord. He had no care beyond this; mevrow was the head of the house;
+she attended to all the wants of the guests, and gave them the information
+which they might desire. She was always on the spot as when, with a 'wet
+te rusten,' like a good mother, she bade you good night, and when, with a
+'hoo-y-reis,' like an old friend, she bade you good-by."
+
+In the contract for building the ferry house on the Long Island side of
+the East River for Egbert Van Borsum in 1655, provision was made for
+bedsteads to be built in the walls as described above. Thus an apartment
+could be made to accommodate several travellers at night and yet, in day
+time, present a neat appearance and be used as a public room. Provision
+was also made for the closet or pantry, for it was a source of profit.
+
+A few years later the Ferry Tavern of Van Borsum had acquired such a
+reputation, to which the culinary art of Annetje, his wife, greatly
+contributed, that it became the resort of the best citizens when they
+wished for something extra good, and of the officials of government, as we
+find that a bill rendered by Van Borsum in February, 1658, for wine and
+liquor furnished the Director and other officers was ordered to be paid.
+
+[Sidenote: A Grand Dinner]
+
+When, in 1658, Captain Beaulieu wished to give a fine dinner to his
+friends, he did not go to the tavern of the Worshipful Burgomaster Martin
+Crigier nor to that of Lieutenant Litschoe, who entertained the English
+Ambassador a few years later, nor yet to the popular tavern of Metje
+Wessels; but was influenced, for some good reason, to go to the house of
+Egbert Van Borsum, the Ferry Tavern on the Long Island side of the river.
+Here the Captain and his thirteen friends sat down to a dinner for which
+Van Borsum, if the record is correct, charged him three hundred and ten
+florins, or at the rate of nine dollars per plate; and it appears that it
+was worth the price, for although Beaulieu was sued by Van Borsum for the
+bill, his defence was that he was to pay only one-half of the expense, the
+other half to be paid by a few of the other guests. No complaint was made
+that the amount charged was excessive. Annetje Van Borsum testified before
+the Court that she made the arrangement and bargain with Beaulieu alone
+and looked to him for payment. The Court took this view and gave a verdict
+against Beaulieu for the full amount. Annetje Van Borsum must certainly
+have been a fine cook, and the dinner must have been served with some
+expensive accessories, of the nature of which we can hardly surmise. It
+serves to show that New Amsterdam, even at this early period, was not
+entirely devoid of expensive luxuries (for such must have been the case).
+After the death of Egbert Van Borsum, his widow, Annetje, continued the
+business for several years, she herself managing the tavern, and her son,
+Hermanus, attending to the ferry. In her declining years she retired to
+the city of New Amsterdam where she died at a green old age.
+
+In 1655 Solomon Peterson La Chair, a gentleman of the legal profession,
+made his appearance in New Amsterdam, and, as there was not a promising
+prospect in that line of business, he rented the house of Teunis Kray, on
+the Graft, and petitioned the Burgomasters and Schepens for permission to
+keep it as a tavern, which could be managed by his wife in his absence on
+legal business, and would be of great assistance to him in gaining a
+livelihood. Permission was granted. He afterwards bought the house of
+Kray, agreeing to pay for it in instalments; but as Kray had formerly sued
+him for the rent he had now to sue him for the very first instalment; and
+he never succeeded in paying for it, the money, even when he had it ready,
+as he says, slipping through his fingers. He did not pay anyone he owed
+until forced to. He used every means which his learning in the law and his
+own ingenuity could devise to avoid paying his just debts. He was
+impecunious and improvident and constantly in trouble; yet he was a man of
+considerable learning and ability, as evinced by his register of business
+as a notary, a volume of some three hundred pages, which was discovered in
+the county clerk's office some years ago. He obtained a license to
+practice as a notary in 1661. La Chair, defaulting in payment, Kray came
+again in possession of the house he had sold, and La Chair moved to a
+house in Hough Street, where he continued to keep a tavern until his
+death, a few years later. There was much discussion in the little town on
+political matters, and La Chair, as a man versed in the law, could
+probably attract many to his house, where, no doubt, such subjects were
+thoroughly discussed.
+
+November 26, 1656, a petition was presented to the Burgomasters and
+Schepens from Metje Wessels, requesting permission "to follow the trade of
+an eating house and to bring in and tap out wine and beer," which was
+granted.
+
+[Sidenote: Metje Wessels' Tavern]
+
+Metje Wessels' house was situated on The Water, which was what is now the
+north side of Pearl Street, between Whitehall and Broad Streets, in the
+busiest part of the little city, and not far from the City Hall. It became
+a noted place for Burgomasters' dinners, and was a popular place for
+festivities of all kinds, characteristic of the taverns of this period.
+The Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam had discovered the
+toothsome terrapin, for which their successors, the aldermen of New York
+City, were, years ago, known to be particularly partial, and their
+dinners at the widow's tavern were no doubt supplied with this delicious
+viand. Van der Donck, writing in 1656, says: "Some persons prepare
+delicious dishes from the water terrapin which is luscious food." Here men
+went on the arrival of a ship, to meet the skipper and hear the news from
+the fatherland or from other foreign ports. Here were discussed the
+tidings from up the river, where many young men were making adventurous
+excursions among the Indians, in the far-off northern wilderness, in the
+profitable business of gathering furs. The trade in furs, the Indian
+troubles, the military expeditions, the Dominie's sermons and the
+Director-General's proclamations,--these, and a great many more, both
+public and personal matters--were talked over. It was a sort of business
+and social exchange where were gathered and distributed news and gossip of
+all kinds.
+
+[Illustration: "THEY HAD DISCOVERED THE TOOTHSOME TERRAPIN"]
+
+[Sidenote: Dutch Festivities]
+
+The Dutch of New Amsterdam had a large capacity for enjoyment and in their
+holiday season of Christmas and New Year, gave themselves up to every kind
+of festivity and sport that the place could afford. We find from records
+that some of these were firing of guns, beating of drums, dancing, playing
+of tick-tack, bowling, playing of ninepins, sleighing parties or wagon
+rides, etc. The taverns and taprooms were full of life and there were
+likewise many family festivities and amusements, where the tables were
+loaded with all the good things to eat and drink that were obtainable. Not
+only was it the season of the delight and enjoyment of the young and gay,
+but the older and graver citizens joined in the sports with enthusiasm and
+encouragement. Even the Burgomasters and Schepens, with the other
+officials, when the season of festivity approached, closed the public
+offices temporarily. "Whereas," it is recorded, "the winter festivals are
+at hand, it is found good, that between this date and three weeks after
+Christmas the ordinary meetings of the Court shall be dispensed with."
+
+Gathered together to celebrate one of the anniversaries of the festive
+season, the flickering lights from oil lamps and tallow candles, reflected
+from the whitewashed walls of Madame Wessels' assembly room, shone on as
+happy and gay hearted a gathering as is found in the magnificent and
+brilliantly lighted halls of our present grand city. They shone on "fair
+women and brave men." Notwithstanding the humorous caricatures of
+Washington Irving, the women were comely and the men were a sturdy and
+adventurous lot. Here was the government official, with his sword at his
+side. Here was the prosperous trader or merchant in his silk or velvet
+breeches and coat flowered with silver lace, with gold or silver buttons,
+lace neck cloth and silk stockings. He also wore a sword. The common
+burgher in his homespun breeches and Kersey coat also took a part.
+Handsome dresses, displayed on female forms were not numerous but there
+were some that indicated the success and prosperity of the heads of the
+families represented by the wearers. Gowns of thick embroidered silk and
+petticoats of cloth and quilted silk graced the festive dance.
+
+May-day was also celebrated with great spirit and on this occasion the
+people were accorded by the city magistrates the greatest license. It was
+announced that "any damage which may come from the general rejoicing
+within the city on May-day shall be made known to the Burgomasters at the
+City Hall immediately thereafter when means shall be taken to furnish
+reparation."
+
+But Governor Stuyvesant had no sympathy for such "unprofitable customs,"
+and such "unnecessary waste of powder." He forbade on New Year and
+May-days, the firing of guns, the beating of drums or the planting of
+May-poles, and ordered that at these times there shall not be "any wines,
+brandy-wines or beer dealt out." It is supposed that this ordinance was
+not strictly enforced and that its restrictions were little observed.
+
+Stuyvesant also, in February, 1658, forbade the farmers and their servants
+to "ride the goose" at the feast of Bacchus and Shrovetide, which brought
+a protest from the Burgomasters and Schepens, who felt aggrieved that the
+Director General and Council should have done so without their knowledge
+and consent. "Riding the goose," or "pulling the goose," was a cruel
+sport, but it was not the fate of the goose that moved the tender heart of
+Stuyvesant. He says in response to the protest that "in their time it has
+never been practiced here, and yet, notwithstanding the same may in some
+place of the fatherland _be tolerated and looked at through the fingers_,
+it is altogether unprofitable, unnecessary and criminal for subjects and
+neighbors to celebrate such pagan and Popish feasts, and to practice such
+evil customs." He then gives the Burgomasters and Schepens a sound
+scolding for their presumption, and informs them "that the _institution of
+a little bench of Justice under the title of Schout, Burgomasters and
+Commissioners_ does in no wise interfere with or diminish aught of the
+power and authority of the Director General and Councellors in the
+enacting of any ordinance or making any particular interdict, especially
+such as tend to the glory of God and the best interests of the
+Inhabitants."
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES
+
+
+[Sidenote: The English in New York]
+
+When the English captured New Amsterdam, the heart of the British soldier
+was no doubt cheered and gladdened by the sight of the Sign of Saint
+George and the Dragon, which was boldly hung out in front of the house
+looking out on the river on the west side of the present Pearl Street just
+above Maiden Lane, kept by James Webb, from London. It was a stone house
+which had been built more than fifteen years before by Sander Leendertsen
+(Alexander Lindsay), upon the site of the present 211 Pearl Street. When
+in March, 1665, the citizens were called upon to state how many soldiers
+they could lodge, the entry is made in the records that "The Man of the
+Knight of St. George will take one," which undoubtedly refers to the
+landlord of this house. Webb, in 1665, married Margaret Radel, a widow,
+and probably kept the house for some years. It was on the road leading to
+the Long Island ferry, a favorite location for taverns.
+
+Although Colonel Nicolls, the first deputy Governor for his Royal
+Highness, James, Duke of York, is said to have filled his purse from the
+proceeds of land grants and by compelling the holders of old grants to pay
+him for confirmation, and to have been active in adding to his profits in
+many other ways, and, although he was given despotic power, yet his rule
+was characterized by so much leniency and moderation, compared with the
+paternal, though arbitrary, rule of Peter Stuyvesant, that he became as
+popular with the inhabitants as, under the circumstances, could be
+expected. When, at the end of four years, he solicited and obtained his
+recall, a grand dinner was given him at the house of Cornelis Steenwyck,
+one of the most prominent Dutch merchants of the city, and two militia
+companies, the Dutch officers of which had received their commissions from
+him, escorted him to the ship which was to bear him to England.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAN OF THE KNIGHT OF ST. GEORGE"]
+
+The English officials were naturally desirous of introducing English ways
+and customs. Moved by this spirit, Governor Nicolls, to encourage the
+English sport of horse-racing, established a race-course at Hempstead,
+Long Island, which was continued and kept up by his successors, who issued
+proclamations, directed to the justices, that races should be held in the
+month of May.
+
+New York, when it came into the hands of the English, was thoroughly
+Dutch, and the Englishman was not pleased by the ways and customs of the
+Dutch in tavern life, so different from the English. In a tavern conducted
+in the Dutch way, where the landlord and all the attendants spoke the
+Dutch language, the government officials and the English officers did not
+feel that ease and comfort that they would in a truly English inn.
+
+The prominent Dutch taverns continued to flourish, but in the course of
+time, there was a gradual change, produced by the English influence. The
+Dutch tavern keeper differed much from the inn-keeper of England, and the
+newcomers, assuming the airs of conquerors, accustomed to the warm welcome
+of an English inn, chafed under the restrains which they found or fancied,
+and many broils occurred between the landlords and their Dutch countrymen
+on one side and the English soldiers and sailors on the other.
+
+[Sidenote: The Governor Builds a Tavern]
+
+Although previous to this time and some years subsequent, the records of
+public business transacted at taverns are numerous, for a long time after
+the English came into control, there is no indication that the taverns
+were thus much used by the English officials. The want of a tavern truly
+English, that would satisfy the officers of the government, may have been
+the cause which led Governor Lovelace to build, in 1672, on his own
+account, an inn or ordinary right next to the City Hall, and to ask the
+magistrates for permission to connect the upper story of the house with
+the City Hall by a door opening into the Court's Chambers. The
+proposition was agreed to by the magistrates, leaving it to the governor
+to pay what he thought fit for "the vacant strooke of ground" lying
+between the buildings and "not to cut off the entrance into the prison
+doore or common gaol."
+
+This door connecting the City Hall and the tavern was meant to serve, in
+its way, a very useful purpose, but lacking reliable data in reference to
+the part it played in facilitating communication between the tavern
+taproom and the halls of justice, we leave each reader to supply the
+deficiency by his own opinions on the subject.
+
+[Sidenote: Tavern Regulations]
+
+It was a uniform custom in the English colonies to make provision for the
+care of strangers and to regulate by law the taverns and the sale of
+strong drink. By the duke's laws, which were enacted, or rather accepted,
+by representatives of the people at the Hempstead convention, in 1665,
+inn-keepers were not allowed to charge "above eight pence a meal with
+small beer," and were required to always have on hand a supply of "strong
+and wholesome" malted liquor.
+
+In January, 1676, it was ordered that "all persons who keep publick houses
+shall sell beere as well as wyn and other liquors and keep lodgings for
+strangers." It was proposed to the governor by the mayor and aldermen that
+six houses be appointed to sell "all sorts of wine, brandy and rum and
+lodgings," and eight to "sell beere, syder, mum and rum and to provide for
+strangers as the law directs," that two of "the wine houses be ordinaryes,
+and four of the beere-houses." Prices were fixed at which the tapsters
+should sell. French wines and Madeira were from one and three pence to two
+shillings per quart; brandy at six pence and rum at three pence per gill;
+beer and cider were three and four pence per quart. In the ordinary at the
+wine house the meal was one shilling and in that at the beer house it was
+eight pence; lodging at the wine house was four pence per night, and at
+the beer house it was three pence. Thus a sharp distinction was drawn
+between the two classes of houses and there was in all probability as
+great a difference in their keepers.
+
+[Sidenote: First Merchants' Exchange]
+
+Broad Street had become a desirable place of residence and many citizens
+of the better class made it their home. The canal or ditch through the
+middle of it, from the present Exchange Place to the river, would never
+have been there if New York had not been originally a Dutch town. Across
+the canal, near the river, between the present Stone and Bridge Streets,
+was a bridge. This was a favorite lounging place for idlers, where,
+leaning over the railing of the bridge, they could watch the ebb and flow
+of the tide and the various small boats which went a little way up the
+canal to discharge their cargoes of oysters, fish and country produce
+brought over from Long Island or other nearby points. It was the center
+of probably more stir and activity than any other place in the little
+city. Here the merchants had become accustomed to meet for trade and the
+transaction of business of various kinds. This induced Governor Lovelace,
+March 24, 1669-70, to issue an order establishing a sort of business
+exchange. This order specified that the meeting of the merchants should be
+between the hours of eleven and twelve on Friday mornings, at present near
+the bridge, and the mayor was directed to take care that they should not
+be disturbed. The time of meeting and dispersing was to be announced by
+the ringing of a bell. It was the beginning of the merchants' exchange.
+This continued to be the meeting place of the merchants, and near this
+spot a building called the Exchange was subsequently built.
+
+Not far away, on the present northwesterly corner of Broad and Pearl
+Streets, stood the tavern of James Matthews, who, besides keeping a
+tavern, was a merchant and a man of considerable means. The meeting place
+for merchants being almost in front of his door his house was a very
+convenient place for them to retire to, to consummate their bargains over
+a social glass. In 1678 and in 1685 he was one of the farmers of the
+excise. He died in the latter part of the year 1685, or early in 1686, and
+his widow continued to keep the house for about two years, when she also
+died. The executors of her estate petitioned, in March, 1688, for an
+abatement of �20 excise money.
+
+In September, 1676, Abraham Corbett, "driven with his family from his home
+eastward of New England," petitioned for a license to distill strong
+liquors, which was granted him. He became a lieutenant in the militia in
+1684; and was one of the farmers of the excise in 1688, which indicates
+that he was a man of respectability and deserving of public confidence. He
+was also a tavern keeper. When Samuel Leete, clerk of the Court of Mayor
+and Aldermen, and an Alderman of the city, died in 1679, he left to
+Abraham Corbett, "all my household goods in part payment of what I owe him
+for meat and drink." By Governor Dongan's Charter of 1686, Abraham Corbett
+was appointed an Assistant Alderman. In 1680 he purchased for sixty pounds
+sterling a house and lot on the east side of Broadway, two or three doors
+south of the present Exchange Place, and some years later on this lot he
+erected a fine tavern, which he called the "Royal Oak," where he spent his
+declining years in its management. Considering the position which Corbett
+held in the esteem of the people there is no doubt that his house received
+the patronage of the best class of the community.
+
+In these early days there were no parks, but the open country was near at
+hand with all the charms of nature. Just south of the present Trinity
+Churchyard was the Governor's Garden. A large gateway led to it and to a
+charming spot--a piece of elevated ground covered with natural
+forest--called the "Locust Trees," which was a resort for those who
+enjoyed the open air, where they could look out on the broad expanse of
+the Hudson. It was not then covered with that panorama of moving craft
+which it now presents. It was the same majestic river as now, but its
+surface was unbroken except by a lonely canoe or a small sail or two
+lazily drifting up or down the stream, with the green shores of Staten
+Island and Pavonia in the distance.
+
+The road along the East River, beyond the "water gate," had a number of
+dwellings on its upper side. On the way to the ferry a road joined it
+called the "Maadge poadge," or Maiden Lane, and a little way further
+another, the present John Street, led up to Vandercliff's Orchard, which
+is said to have been a place of public resort, owned and kept by Dirck
+Vandercliff, who was also a merchant, and in 1687 was an assistant
+alderman.
+
+A singular incident occurred at this place in 1682. James Graham, who was
+an alderman of the city in 1681, recorder in 1683, and afterwards
+attorney-general, had, according to evidence, expressed a desire to make
+the acquaintance of Captain Baxter, an English officer recently arrived in
+the Province, and accordingly a party of several friends, including Graham
+and Baxter, met at the tavern of Dirck Vandercliff in "The Orchard," to
+spend a social afternoon and evening. About nine o'clock, as the company
+was about to break up, Graham, after paying the reckoning, was called
+aside by Baxter, but not out of the sight of the company. Those present
+saw Baxter act as if to kiss Graham, when the latter called out that he
+had been stabbed. He had been struck with a knife under the collar bone,
+the wound being about four inches deep. Baxter was arrested and bound over
+to await his trial in case of Graham's death, but the wound did not prove
+to be mortal.
+
+[Sidenote: Wolfert Webber's Tavern]
+
+On the hillside at the present Chatham Square, near the Collect or fresh
+water pond and the sparkling stream that fed it with the purest water on
+Manhattan Island, in a charming retreat, then considered far beyond the
+city wall, stood the tavern of Wolfert Webber, built in the time of the
+Dutch, and for a long time the farthest outlying dwelling on the eastern
+side. We find in the record that in 1655, a daughter of Wolfert Webber,
+tavernkeeper, had been returned to him from her captivity among the
+Indians. Notwithstanding the danger from attacks of the Indians, Webber
+continued to keep this house, and it was probably patronized by people who
+wished to enjoy the pleasures of the quiet and beautiful spot where it was
+located. In the marshes or swamps to the northwest, called the Kripple
+Bush, the sportsman could, in season, find woodcock in abundance, or he
+could enjoy the more gentle sport of angling in the Collect. Although the
+eastern side of the Collect was very attractive, the western side, at one
+time, was the residence of the very poorest class of people, and, on
+account of the stagnant water of the nearby swamps, considered very
+unhealthy.
+
+When the Dutch were in possession of the city for the second time and
+called it New Orange, Wolfert Webber was made a magistrate for the Outside
+People, or those beyond the Fresh Water, and under the English he was
+appointed by the Dongan Charter of 1686 an assistant alderman. He
+represented the Out Ward as assistant Alderman in 1688, 1689, 1706 and
+1707, and was still keeping the tavern at this same place. In April, 1715,
+"enjoying yet good health, but being ancient," he made his will, and died
+a year or two after.
+
+In 1660, on account of the repeated attacks of the Indians on the outside
+settlements, an order was issued requiring the abandonment of isolated
+habitations, and the gathering of the people in hamlets or villages for
+mutual protection. In response to this order there came a petition from
+those living beyond the fresh water stream asking that their houses might
+be permitted to remain, and that encouragement be held out to others to
+build near them so as to form a village. This request was granted and a
+village was established near the bowery of Governor Stuyvesant. A tavern,
+a blacksmith shop and a few other buildings formed the settlement to which
+was added shortly after a small church, erected by the governor on a part
+of his farm. To this farm or bowery Stuyvesant retired when the English
+had relieved him of the cares of office. The road leading to this village
+became known as the Bowery Road or Lane.
+
+For a time this was the end of the road, but when the English came into
+possession of the city, they soon sought to open communication with the
+New England colonies by land and with the recently made settlement of New
+Harlem. A road was laid out which, in time, was extended through the whole
+length of the island to King's Bridge, and became the highway of travel
+for all going to the north or east.
+
+[Sidenote: The Two-Mile Tavern]
+
+The tavern which had been set up at the village, as travel increased
+became known as the two-mile stopping place, and is said to have been a
+famous place of resort. Its situation was admirable, for the purpose, and
+it was, no doubt, visited by those making excursions of pleasure from the
+city, especially sleighing parties. At this time and for a great many
+years this was the only road of any great length on which such a sport
+could be enjoyed. For a long time the tavern was occupied by Adriaen
+Cornelissen, who was farmer and tavern-keeper. He was living here in 1674,
+when the Dutch for the second time were in possession of New Amsterdam,
+which they then called New Orange, and was appointed one of the schepens
+or magistrates for the outside people or those beyond the wall. Under the
+English rule he was Assistant Alderman in 1684 and in 1687. In 1689 he was
+made a captain of militia, his commission bearing date, December 16th of
+that year.
+
+When, in 1690, commissioners came down from the New England colonies to
+confer with those of New York and deliberate on proper steps to be taken
+against the French and Indians, they declined to enter the city on account
+of the prevalence of small-pox, and Governor Leisler fixed upon this house
+as the place of meeting, describing it as a good, neat house, about two
+miles from the city, and kept by Captain Arian Cornelis. Here the
+commissioners met on the 1st of May, 1690.
+
+[Sidenote: John Clapp Tavern-Keeper]
+
+A few years later the landlord of this tavern was John Clapp, the maker
+and publisher of the first almanac by a resident of New York City, which
+he says was "the product of my many spare Minnits." It was not the first
+printed in New York, for Bradford had, for several years, printed Leed's
+Almanac. Clapp claims to have been the first person in New York to set up
+a hackney coach, and announces in his almanac that "about two miles
+without the City of New York, at the place called the Bowery, any
+Gentlemen Travellers that are strangers to the City, may have very good
+Entertainment, for themselves and Horses, where there is also a Hackney
+Coach and good Saddle Horses to be hired." He was a promoter of social
+festivities, which well became him as a genial landlord. In the Almanac,
+under June, is found the following:
+
+"The 24th of this month is celebrated the Feast of St. John Baptist, in
+commemoration of which (and to keep up a happy union and lasting
+friendship by the sweet harmony of good society), a feast is held by the
+_Johns_ of this city, at John Clapp's in the Bowery, where any Gentleman
+whose Christian name is John may find a hearty wellcome to joyn in consort
+with his namesakes." He notes that John Clapp's in the Bowery, two miles
+from the postoffice, is generally the baiting place where gentlemen take
+leave of their Friends going on a long journey, "where a parting glass or
+two of generous Wine,
+
+  If well apply'd, makes the dull Horses feel,
+  One Spur i' th' Head is worth two in the heel."
+
+Seven miles from Clapp's was the half way house, nine miles further was
+King's Bridge, and from King's Bridge to Old Shute's, at East Chester, was
+six miles.
+
+Excepting that of the governor, it is doubtful if there was a single
+equipage for pleasure in the City of New York at this time, and the ease
+with which a sled or sleigh could be constructed, which would smoothly
+and silently glide over the snow, made sleigh-riding a great sport during
+the period when it could be enjoyed. That John Clapp's house, at the two
+mile station, was a great place of resort at such times, is no mere
+supposition. We have the testimony of Madam Sarah Knight, who was in New
+York in 1704, that this was so. She had come from Boston to New York on
+horseback, and the quaint and humorous way in which she has told the story
+of her travels has made her little book a gem for the antiquarian. She
+says of the New Yorkers: "Their diversion in the winter is riding sleys
+about three miles out of town, where they have houses of entertainment at
+a place called the Bowery." On an excursion with Mr. Burroughs, she says
+that she believes that she met that day as many as fifty or sixty "sleys,"
+which, she says, "fly with great swiftness, and some are so furious that
+they'll turn out of the path for none but a Loden cart," which surely
+indicates the enthusiasm with which the sport was enjoyed, and John Clapp,
+at such times, was, no doubt, a very busy man.
+
+John Clapp seems to have received an education which made him a prominent
+man among the settlers. In the time of Governor Leisler he was a resident
+of Flushing, when, "at a town meeting upon Long Island where divers of the
+freeholders of the Towns of Hamsted, Jamaica, Flushing and Newtown wer
+mett and assembled, to consult on the lamentable state and condition that
+Theire Maj'ties liege subjects lay under; by the severe oppressions and
+Tyranical usurpations of Jacob Leisler and his accomplices, it was desired
+by the freeholders aforesaid that Capt. John Clapp should write an humble
+letter to Their Maj'ties Secr'ty of Stat in all there behalves and signify
+to there Maj'ties in what a sad condition we are all in.--Nov. 7th, 1690."
+This is followed by a long letter.
+
+He was clerk of the New York Assembly, in session in New York during the
+year 1692. He was also a tavern keeper at that time, and must have been a
+man to win the esteem and good will of those who became his guests. Lucas
+Santen, who was at one time collector of the port of New York, and a
+member of Governor Dongan's Council, when he died, in 1692, left "to my
+landlord, Captain John Clapp, �40 to buy him a mourning ring, in
+consideration of the trouble I have given him." The next year Clapp
+succeeded Cornelissen as landlord of the tavern in the Bowery village.
+Here all the travel to the north and east passed his door and we can
+hardly believe that any traveler would, without stopping, pass the door of
+such a genial and jovial landlord as we are convinced was John Clapp, and
+we have reason to believe that his house was a favorite resort for the
+people in the city. He was undoubtedly residing here in 1703, and at some
+time between this date and 1710 removed to Rye, in Westchester county, for
+in the latter year John Clapp made returns of the names of men from 16 to
+60 in the County of Westchester, and he was interested there in large
+grants of land.
+
+Towards the close of the seventeenth century there were two features in
+the local history of New York City which attract attention. For many years
+before the close of the century it was regarded by the maritime countries
+of Europe as a protecting port for pirates, and the political disturbances
+which resulted in the execution of Jacob Leisler and Jacob Minhorne
+continued to divide the community into two contending factions composed of
+many bitter partisans.
+
+[Sidenote: Trade With Pirates]
+
+Respected merchants from New York sent out ships to the coast of Africa
+for slaves, loaded with liquors, arms, ammunition and other articles, just
+such as would be desired by pirates, which they exchanged at tremendous
+advance in prices for the plunder of these robbers of the seas, and
+returned to New York with slaves and the valuable goods they had thus
+obtained. One successful voyage was often sufficient to make the owners of
+the vessel wealthy, and they claimed that they were doing nothing wrong;
+that they had a perfect right to buy goods of any kind wherever they could
+purchase them to the best advantage. With some this trade in the plunder
+of pirates was, no doubt, incidental, but it was profitable, although
+they ran the risk of being the victims of pirates themselves.
+
+Pirates came into port and were received not only in a friendly manner,
+but were even honored by unusual attentions from the governor, who was
+apparently interested in their ventures.
+
+William Mason went out of the harbor of New York in 1689 with a commission
+as a privateer. He turned pirate, made war on East India commerce, and
+reaped a rich harvest of gold and East India goods, with which he filled
+his ship. When the ship returned under the command of Edward Coats, she
+put in on the east end of Long Island, where Coats and his crew found a
+friendly reception, and learning that they might be favorably received in
+New York, came into this port. Coats and his crew, by making valuable
+presents to the Governor and his family, and also to members of the
+Council, were unmolested. The ship was presented to the Governor, who sold
+it for �800. Coats said that his exemption from prosecution cost him
+�1,800.
+
+Captain Thomas Tew, who was known as a pirate, and had been the subject of
+complaint from the East India Company, came to New York in November, 1694,
+and was received by Governor Fletcher on terms of intimate companionship;
+was invited to his table, and rode by his side in his coach and six. He
+gave elegant presents to the Governor and his family, and left with a
+commission as privateer against the French, agreeing to discharge his
+cargo in this port. He went directly to his former field of activity and
+made his name still more notorious by his depredations upon the East India
+commerce.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellomont's Difficulties]
+
+About this time, John Hoare came to New York and received the usual
+commission from Governor Fletcher to act against the French. He openly
+avowed that his destination was for the African coast and recruited for
+that purpose. From the sequel we can not avoid the conclusion that there
+was some kind of an understanding with some of the merchants of New York,
+for after he had been absent about a year they sent out the ship Fortune
+to Madagascar, loaded with goods suitable for pirates, where she was met
+by Hoare's ship, filled with valuable plunder. The goods were transferred
+to the Fortune, and with a part of Hoare's crew she returned to New York.
+At this time Governor Fletcher, whose dealings with pirates had been
+brought to the attention of the British government, had been superseded by
+the Earl of Bellomont, whose instructions were to put a stop to this
+illegal trade. The cargo of the Fortune, when she arrived in New York, was
+secretly gotten ashore in the night, and stored. By order of Bellomont the
+goods were seized and officers were about to remove them, when a large
+number of merchants interfered to prevent them from doing it, using
+violence and locking the officers in the house, who, after three hours,
+were only released by the appearance of the lieutenant-governor and three
+files of men. The ship Fortune was forfeited.
+
+[Illustration: Bellomont]
+
+Frederick Phillipse, one of the Governor's Council, and reported the
+richest man in New York, expected a ship from Madagascar and to prevent
+her arrival in the port of New York with goods that might subject her to
+forfeiture, sent out his son Adolphus, on a vessel ostensibly bound for
+Virginia, which laid off the port until the expected vessel arrived, when
+the East India goods on board were transferred to her and carried to the
+Delaware, leaving the Madagascar ship to enter with only slaves as her
+cargo. The East India goods were sent to Hamburg, where they were seized.
+
+[Illustration: "AS GENUINE PIRATES AS EVER SAILED THE SEA"]
+
+In taverns of medium and even in some of the better class, could have been
+met at this period men who had taken part in captures on the African
+coast, and who, over their mugs of ale, entertained their companions with
+stories of their adventures, modified somewhat as suggested by prudence.
+They were not men of swarthy complexion and ferocious features, with knife
+and pistol in belt, as pictured by the imagination of writers of tales of
+the sea, yet they were, nevertheless, as genuine pirates as ever sailed
+the sea.
+
+For some time, in the latter part of the year 1694, Thomas Tew, the
+notorious pirate, was a well known and picturesque figure on the streets
+and in the taverns of New York, where he spent money lavishly, ordering
+brandy, ale and other beverages for whoever would drink with him. He was a
+man about forty years of age, of slight figure and dark complexion; richly
+and strikingly dressed. He wore a blue cap with a band of cloth of silver,
+and a blue jacket bordered with gold lace and ornamented with large pearl
+buttons. Loose trunks of white linen extended to his knees, where they
+were joined by curiously worked stockings. From his neck hung a rich chain
+of gold, and in his belt, curiously knit, he carried a dagger, its hilt
+set with the rarest gems.
+
+The exciting events of the Leisler period had left in the body politic a
+festering sore that would not heal. The Leislerians believed that the
+execution of Jacob Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Minhorne, had been
+nothing less than murder, and their relatives and friends were active in
+England in endeavors to revive the honor of their names and to reverse the
+attainder of their estates. In this situation of affairs it can readily be
+seen that there was much uneasiness and excitement in the community, and
+the taverns were the centers of all this boiling and agitated disturbance
+in the mercantile and political life of New York.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN TEW]
+
+The bitter opposition which Bellomont received from the merchants and the
+wealthiest of the people of New York compelled him to look to the
+Leislerians for support and to appoint to office members of that party. He
+seems besides to have been moved to take this step from a conviction that
+great injustice had been done. A few extracts from his letters will tend
+to show the situation as he viewed it.
+
+From a letter of the Earl of Bellomont to the Board of Trade, dated
+September 21, 1698:
+
+"The Jacobite party in this towne have a clubb commonly every Saturday
+(which was Colonel Fletcher's clubb day). Last Saturday was seaven night,
+there mett twenty seaven of them, their ringleaders are Colonel Bayard,
+Colonel Minviele, both of the Councill, Mr. Nicolls, late of the Councill,
+and Wilson, late Sheriff of this towne; there is so great a rancor and
+inveterancy in these people that I think it by no means proper for me to
+leave this province till I have your Lordship's orders upon the
+representations I made to your Lordships by the Richmond Frigatt, and
+since by Mr. Weaver; for I do verily believe if I should goe from hence,
+the people would fall together by the ears, besides, should I goe away, it
+would give the faction great advantage, and would tend very much to the
+revenue ceasing, and the measures I have proposed to myself for the
+obtaining the continuance of this present revenue would be thereby
+frustrated. This the Faction know very well, and therefore are very free
+in their wishes that I were gone to my other governments."
+
+To Mr. Popple, Secretary of the Board of Trade, he writes:
+
+"This day another instance happen'd of the brutishness of some of the
+people here. The Master of the ship that carries this packet, was with me
+last Tuesday and promised to call on me on Thursday for the King's
+packetts, but it seems intended to disappoint me and leave my letters
+behind and begon his voyage. I refer you for an account of this man's
+behavior to the inclosed certificate and warrant, only this I must tell
+you, I sent yesterday the Commissioner of the Customes Mr. Hungerford to
+pray him to come to me and receive the King's packetts, and he swore he
+would not for all the Governours in Christendom, and he would not be Post
+Boy to carry letters for any body; which refusal of his made me send a
+warrant to bring him by force. The angry merchants of this town had
+without doubt encouraged this man to be thus insolent, or he durst not
+have refused to carry the letters, after promising me faithfully, he
+would call for and carry them. This is another specimen of the rage and
+malice of these people, who I am satisfied nothing but fear keeps from
+rebelling against the Government; unlawful trade and Arabian gold brought
+in by Pirat ships from the Red Sea are the things they thirst after."
+
+On October 18, 1700, he wrote to Secretary Vernon, as follows:
+
+"The Lords of the Councill of Trade direct me to make an experiment in
+working some navall Stores here, with the soldiers. I cannot go about it
+with such Officers who I believe would rather traverse me in such a design
+than further it; and would I fear stir up a mutiny among the sould'rs, if
+I should propose to 'em the working of Navall Stores for the King. I am
+not for breaking those Lieut's, but exchanging them for honest, good
+Lieut's in some of the Regiments in England. My first Lieut's name is
+Peter Matthews, bred up from a child with Coll. Fletcher & 'tis at his
+house that the angry people of this Town have a Club and hold their
+cabals; my second Lieut's is John Buckley; there is also another Lieut, in
+Maj'r Ingoldesby's Company whose name is Matthew Shank, a most sad drunken
+sott, and under no good character for manhood. I desire also he may be
+exchanged for a better man from England."
+
+Colonel Fletcher, on his return to England, asked for an examination,
+which was accorded him by the Lords of Trade. Plausible explanations were
+made of his conduct, but they were not convincing, and the Lords of Trade
+recommended that the charges be referred to the Attorney-General for
+further action. The King, however, seems to have interposed, as there is
+no evidence of further proceedings against him. Of his subsequent career
+nothing is known.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: An Exciting Election]
+
+In September, 1701, a very exciting election took place in the city.
+Thomas Noell, the mayor, was commissioned and sworn into office on the
+14th day of October, 1701. The returns of the election for aldermen and
+assistant aldermen, which gave the Leislerians a majority in the board,
+were contested in some of the wards and a scrutiny was ordered by the
+mayor, who appointed committees, composed of members of both parties, to
+examine the votes in the contested wards. Some of the Leislerians, who
+were appointed on these committees, refused to serve, claiming that it was
+irregular; nevertheless, the scrutiny was completed, and those declared
+elected, after much excitement and disturbance, finally took their seats
+at the board. Among those who were declared elected was John Hutchins,
+landlord of the Coffee House or King's Arms, situated on the west side of
+Broadway, next above Trinity Churchyard, where the Trinity Building now
+stands. He had represented the West Ward as alderman in 1697. In 1698 he
+was returned as elected, but his election was contested, and his
+opponent, Robert Walters, was declared elected. He was now again alderman
+of the West Ward. He had come out with Governor Sloughter as a lieutenant
+in the regular service and had since then, for the most part of the time,
+made his residence in New York City. He was one of the signers of a
+petition stating grievances at New York in 1692 and 1693, during
+Fletcher's rule. In this paper it is stated that Lieut. John Hutchins was
+imprisoned at Albany and sent to New York, and coming before Governor
+Fletcher, was suspended and kept out of his pay, because he had favored
+the cause of Leisler, and had endeavored to persuade Governor Sloughter
+not to order the execution of Leisler and Minhorne, it being contrary to
+his letter to the King for their reprieve and contrary to his commission
+from his majesty.
+
+After being thus deprived by Fletcher of his pay as an officer, he had to
+seek some means of livelihood and he turned to the occupation of keeping a
+tavern. Previous to 1696 he was keeping a house on the southwest corner of
+Broad and Wall Streets. In this year he purchased a lot on the west side
+of Broadway, the deed bearing date, October 1, 1696, which is described as
+"lying and being next and adjoining to the North side of ye Buriall
+without the North Gate of the City." It had a frontage of sixty feet on
+Broadway. At the western end of this lot, one hundred and thirty-five feet
+from Broadway was a street running from the churchyard to Crown Street
+(now Cedar Street), called Temple Street, a portion of which has since
+been vacated. Farther down, about ninety feet, was Lombard Street, where
+is now Trinity Place. The lot of land inclosed by Temple Street, Crown
+Street, Lombard Street and the churchyard, about ninety by one hundred and
+sixty feet, was also conveyed to Hutchins in the deed.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Arms Tavern]
+
+On the Broadway lot Hutchins erected a house, which he opened as the
+King's Arms, more generally known as the Coffee House. It was not large,
+but for a time it was the most fashionable public house in the city, and
+was considered the headquarters of the anti-Leislerians party. Upon the
+roof was a balcony, arranged with seats, commanding a beautiful view of
+the bay, the river and the city. North of the tavern there were only a few
+scattered buildings on Broadway, the principal of which was the store of
+Alderman Jacob Boelen, north of Liberty Street. The extent of Broadway was
+only to the present postoffice, the road thence continuing on the present
+line of Park Row, then the post road. The Commons or the Fields,
+originally the pasture ground for the cows of the Dutch settlers, was at
+first nearly square, and this road cut off a triangular piece of land on
+the east side, a part of which, before the charter gave to the city all
+"waste, vacant and unpatented lands" on the island, was selected and
+appropriated by Governor Dongan to his own use, on which he built a
+house, with an extensive garden attached to it. This place, embracing
+about two acres of land, became known as the "Governor's Garden." After
+the Governor left the province it is said to have been converted into a
+place of public resort, and became known as the "Vineyard." We can find no
+record of details of any particular interest connected with it.
+
+During the latter part of the seventeenth century the use of coffee as a
+beverage had been introduced into England and on the continent of Europe.
+The first coffee-house in Paris was opened in 1672. Previous to this time
+coffee-houses had been opened in London, and in 1663 they were placed on
+the footing of taverns and a statute of Charles II of that year required
+that they should be licensed. In the English coffee-house the guest paid a
+penny for a cup of coffee. This gave him the privilege of sitting by the
+fire and reading the journals of the day, which the coffee-houses made a
+point of keeping on hand as one of their attractions, and he had also the
+opportunity of hearing discussions on political topics or to take part in
+them, if so disposed, or if he could find listeners. The sober, religious
+Puritan resorted to them in preference to the tavern. In the time of
+Charles II, they were places of political agitation-to such an extent that
+in 1675, the King, by proclamation, ordered that they should all be closed
+as "seminaries of sedition," but the order was a few days later
+rescinded.
+
+[Sidenote: The Coffee House]
+
+When John Hutchins came to New York coffee-houses had become very popular
+and numerous in London and he was, no doubt, familiar with the way in
+which they were conducted, so that when he built his new house on
+Broadway, in addition to its designation as the King's Arms, he called it
+the Coffee House. As it was the first and, in its day, the only
+coffee-house in New York, it had no distinguishing title, but was simply
+called the Coffee House. In the bar-room was a range of small boxes,
+screened with green curtains, where guests could sip their coffee or enjoy
+their chops and ale or Madeira in comparative seclusion. The upper rooms
+were used for special meetings.
+
+Although Hutchins had been favorable to the Leislerians in Fletcher's
+time, he seems to have gone over to the anti-Leislerians, and had been
+elected alderman by the votes of that party. He had borrowed money from
+both Gabriel Minvielle and Nicholas Bayard, having mortgaged his house and
+lot in Broad Street to Minvielle and his house and lot on Broadway to
+Bayard. These two men are named by Bellomont as ringleaders in the party
+opposed to him. The mortgage to Bayard covered also the lot of ground
+between Temple and Lombard Streets, and the whole property subsequently
+came into the possession of Bayard, although, no doubt, Hutchins
+continued in charge of the house until his death or removal from the city.
+
+[Sidenote: Two Rival Taverns]
+
+In the election for aldermen there was great excitement in the East Ward,
+the returns of which were contested. In this ward Roger Baker was well
+known as the landlord of the King's Head, and Gabriel Thompson was equally
+well known as the landlord of the White Lion. As revealed by the scrutiny
+of the votes, Baker and Thompson were on opposite sides. Baker voted for
+William Morris, the anti-Leislerian candidate for alderman, and Thompson
+voted for Johannes DePeyster, who was the Leislerian candidate. Baker had
+been commissioned by Bellomont a lieutenant of militia and Thompson had
+also been an officer in the militia. In 1664, Gabriel Thompson, as master
+of the sloop, Hopewell, cleared from New York for places up the river
+seven times during the year. He was an ensign at Albany in 1685, and a
+captain in the expedition against the French and Indians in Leisler's
+time, and since then had probably been a resident of New York City, where
+he had kept a tavern. He petitioned, in 1693, that the sub-collector repay
+to him �36 excise money, which indicated that he was a tavern-keeper, but
+where his house was then located we do not know. He was one of the signers
+of the petition showing to the home government the grievances existing in
+New York in 1692 and 1693.
+
+These were exciting times and the citizens who gathered at these two
+taverns in all probability had not a few hot discussions over the
+political situation. On August 29, 1701, a committee of the council was
+appointed to meet in conference a committee of the assembly at three
+o'clock in the afternoon at Roger Baker's, at the sign of the King's Head.
+The conference accordingly met, and from thence adjourned to Gabriel
+Thompson's at the White Lion.
+
+During the months of September and October, 1701, many conference
+committees of the council and the assembly met at the White Lion, the
+house of Gabriel Thompson. There was a conference meeting here on
+September 4th and on September 11th we find record of another. On
+September 28, 1701, we find the following record in the Journal of the
+House:
+
+"A message was sent to this House from the Council, that a Conference is
+desired by the Council, with a committee of this House at 3 of the Clock
+in the Afternoon, at Gabriel Thompson's, at the White Lion,
+
+Which was agreed to and,
+
+Ordered, That Capt. Provoost, Col. Rutsen, Mr. Hanjen, Mr. Sebring and Mr.
+Veghte, be a Committee of this House, to confer with a Committee of
+Council this Afternoon."
+
+A deed bearing date November 23, 1701, shows that Gabriel Thompson,
+tavern-keeper, purchased from Nicholas Bayard and Abraham De Peyster the
+lot on the northwest corner of the present Wall and William Streets, but
+whether or not he ever kept a tavern here we have not been able to
+determine. Maps of this locality, of subsequent date, show no building
+between the City Hall and Bayard's sugar house. Thompson's house was
+undoubtedly in this neighborhood and probably not far from the City Hall,
+where the assembly held their sessions.
+
+It has been stated by some writers that the King's Head, the house of
+Roger Baker, was at the corner of Pearl Street and Maiden Lane. Henry
+Coleman, butcher, mortgaged this property in February, 1701, to Roger
+Baker, vintner, for a loan of �348 10s. Baker may have eventually come
+into possession of it, and he may have kept a tavern here, but we can find
+no evidence of it. In the mortgage deed it is described as _lying without
+the fortifications_ on the north side of a street called Queen Street and
+bounded on the east side by a street which leads to Green Lane.
+
+After the death of Bellomont, during the brief rule of Lieutenant-Governor
+Nanfan, who was a relative of the Earl, the political agitation was active
+and aggressive. As soon as it became known in New York that Lord Cornbury
+had been appointed to succeed the Earl of Bellomont as governor of the
+province, measures were taken to secure the favor of that corrupt
+individual by the anti-Leislerian party. In this procedure Nicholas Bayard
+took the lead, and procured addresses to be signed to the King, to
+parliament and to Cornbury. To Cornbury, a man very susceptible to
+flattery, they were profuse in their congratulations and in assertions
+calculated to prejudice him against those who had supported Bellomont and
+to gain his favor for themselves, that they might again become the
+dominant party. Not only were reflections freely cast on the Earl of
+Bellomont, but Nanfan, the lieutenant-governor, was accused of bribing
+members of the house of assembly.
+
+[Sidenote: The Addresses Signed at the Coffee House]
+
+The addresses were signed at the Coffee House, kept by John Hutchins, and
+as soon as it was known, Hutchins was summoned to appear before the
+lieutenant-governor and the council and ordered to produce the addresses.
+This he could not or would not do, and on the 19th of January, 1702, was
+arrested and committed to jail. Two days after, Bayard was also arrested
+and committed to prison on a warrant as a traitor. Nanfan was aware that
+Bayard had dug a pit for others that might be used for his own
+destruction. He had procured the passage of a law in 1691, when he was
+striving and hoping for the ruin of Leisler and his friends, by which,
+"whatsoever person or persons shall, by any manner of ways, or upon any
+pretence whatsoever, endeavor, by force of arms or otherwise, to disturb
+the peace, good and quiet of their majesties' government, as it is now
+established, shall be deemed and esteemed as rebels and traitors unto
+their majesties, and incur the pains, penalties and forfeitures as the
+laws of England have for such offences, made and provided." The trial of
+Bayard was hastened that it might be concluded before the arrival of
+Cornbury. The prisoners petitioned that they might not be tried until the
+usual sitting of the Supreme Court. This, of course, was refused. All
+objections were overruled and Bayard was ordered for trial on Monday, the
+2d of March. He was convicted and sentenced to death, and Hutchins was
+tried and condemned in like manner. Bayard was granted a reprieve until
+her majesty's pleasure might be known. Hutchins was released on bail.
+Bayard was held in confinement until the arrival of Cornbury, when all was
+reversed. Not very long after, by order of the government, Bayard and
+Hutchins were reinstated in all honor and estate, "as if no such trial had
+been."
+
+[Illustration: THE BAYARD PUNCH BOWL]
+
+In the trial of Bayard, testimony was given that the addresses were
+signed in an upper room in the Coffee House, and that Nicholas Bayard was
+present, "smoaking a pipe of tobacco." One of the signers was Peter
+Matthews, who was a lieutenant in the service, and the landlord of the
+tavern where Bellomont declared the club met which was composed of men
+opposed to his administration. Lieutenant Matthews had come out with
+Governor Fletcher in 1692. He had previously been one of the household of
+the Governor, and by him had been made a lieutenant in the garrison at the
+fort. He subsequently rose to the rank of colonel and was one of the
+commissioners of Indian affairs in 1715. In 1703 his house was in the
+south ward. Soon after, he removed to Orange County, where he held a large
+grant of land.
+
+[Sidenote: Trial of Roger Baker]
+
+Another tavern-keeper who became entangled in the meshes of the law and
+suffered from his boldness in expressing his opinions was Roger Baker, the
+landlord of the King's Head. We give an account of his trial taken from a
+letter from New York, May 4, 1702, which is probably not altogether
+impartial.
+
+"The Grand Jury brought in presentments.--* * * One against Roger Baker
+saying the 5 November last the King was made a nose of wax and no longer
+King than the English please. * * * Roger Baker came upon tryal with a
+packt petty Jury according to custome, whereof four happening to be
+absent, a tales was ordered, and although there were then spectators in
+Court above 30 Englishmen and he told so, yet the Sheriffe went out and
+brought in three Dutch men of their party, and finding no more he was
+forced to take one John Ellis an Englishman then in court. Three witnesses
+were sworn the first said, he Baker spoke the words; but that they were
+all very drunk it being Holy-day. The other two said they were always
+present with them, but heard no such words nor nothing like it, that they
+were all drunk but the other witness to that degree he could not stand.
+Judge Atwood gave charge to the Jury to bring Baker in Guilty; the Jury
+went out and stayed all night then came into Court and deliver'd their
+verdict Not Guilty; at which Judge Atwood was very angry refusing to the
+Verdict, sent them out again, when after 6 hours they returned again with
+Not Guilty. At which the Judge grew very passionate, and threatening them
+several times. They were sent out three several times more and persisted
+in Not Guilty. Upon which the Judge threatened to imprison and fine them.
+That so scared the 11 Dutch, that in Open Court being sent for (it being
+about an hour before the Court was to determine), were demanded why they
+were not agreed and who it was that would not agree to find Guilty. Answer
+was made John Ellis upon which the Judge fell upon him with such menacing
+language in open Court and a considerable time hectoring and threatening
+him, he so managed him too that at last he gave his consent in open Court
+where Baker was recorded Guilty and fined 400 pieces of Eight and to
+remain in Custody of the Sheriffe till his fine was paid and after that
+until he made such acknowledgments as the Governor should think fit."
+
+[Sidenote: Conferences at The Coffee House]
+
+Conferences of committees of the council and of the assembly were
+appointed at taverns during the years 1701-2-3, or at the great room in
+the fort, but after the passage of an act in 1703, declaring the
+proceedings against Colonel Bayard and Alderman Hutchins, for pretended
+high treason illegal, and the judgments null and void, the Coffee House or
+the King's Arms, kept by John Hutchins, became the place appointed for
+these conferences and they continued to be held here for several years.
+The Coffee House was the public house patronized by the wealthier class of
+citizens and by those in official life as well as by the military
+officers.
+
+Lord Cornbury, at this time governor of New York, is described by Macauley
+as "a young man of slender abilities, loose principles and violent temper.
+He had been early taught to consider his relationship to the Princess Anne
+as the ground work of his fortunes, and had been exhorted to pay her
+assiduous court." He was cousin to the Queen, and believing that he
+resembled her in features, was led by his vanity, it is thought, to dress
+in women's clothes and appear publicly on the ramparts of the fort and
+even in the street in that neighborhood. Lord Stanhope says that when Lord
+Cornbury was appointed governor of New York, and told that he should
+represent the Queen he fancied that it was necessary to dress himself as a
+woman. Still another reason is assigned for this silly behavior. It is
+said that in consequence of a vow he obliged himself for a month in every
+year to wear every day women's clothes. He otherwise prided himself on his
+erratic doings, and the town was, at times, amused and entertained, or
+shocked by the pranks of this kinsman of the Queen. It is said that he
+once rode on horseback through the spacious front door of the Coffee
+House, and was thus served with a drink at the bar. It is easy to credit
+this of such a man.
+
+[Illustration: VISCOUNT CORNBURY]
+
+In the early part of the year 1709 there were several conferences held at
+the Coffee House by committees from the council and assembly. On September
+22d of that year a conference was appointed at the _New Coffee House_.
+What was meant by the New Coffee House, or where it was situated we are
+unable to state. The Coffee House as a place of conference does not appear
+in the journal of the assembly again for many years.
+
+The conferences of the committees of the council and assembly were, no
+doubt, held at the best taverns in the city, at those frequented by the
+members, where at other times they talked of the affairs of state over
+their wine and spent a pleasant evening in social converse, changes being
+made as the quality of the taverns changed. At this period there were no
+clubs, such as exist today, no theatre, no newspaper. There was hardly a
+man in the community who did not habitually visit some tavern, where he
+met his friends and neighbors to talk over the news of the town. It was
+the place where he obtained all the knowledge he possessed of what was
+taking place in the world around him. The political unrest of the period
+made the taverns more particularly places of life and excitement.
+
+[Illustration: OLD TANKARD]
+
+The history of a people consists not only in their wars and treaties with
+foreign nations, and in the political disturbances and struggles within;
+the manner in which they lived, and what were their interests and
+pleasures, are likely to interest us quite as much. If we can succeed in
+picturing them in our imagination, put ourselves in contact with them in
+their everyday walks, it is a matter of great satisfaction. The life and
+activities of the early colonial days, before there were any newspapers,
+were reflected in the tavern as in no other place in the community. Here
+all classes met, and the good listener, could, by the conversations and
+talks of travelers and other visitors, gain more knowledge of the
+political and social condition of the neighboring country than in any
+other way.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Lord Lovelace]
+
+In September, 1708, Henry Swift was a tavern-keeper in New York and
+rendered a bill to the authorities for boarding the French captain and
+company who came down from Albany. He was one of a number of men who came
+out with Lord Cornbury and by order of the common council were made
+freeman of the city gratis. His house was on Broadway, near the Fort. When
+Lord Lovelace arrived as governor of the province a grand dinner was
+served in the Fort, which was provided by Henry Swift at a charge of �40,
+7s, 6d. Almost four years afterwards he was still petitioning for the
+payment of this bill. On the 13th of November, 1707, the corporation gave
+a dinner "as a treat to his Excellency the Governor on his arrival here
+from his other government of New Jersey." It was provided by Henry Swift
+and the wine and dinner cost the corporation �8, 5s.
+
+In 1710, Henry Swift was made collector of customs for Perth Amboy,
+although Governor Hunter was much opposed to the appointment. Conference
+committees of the council and of the assembly met at his house on
+September 23, 1710; and again, on November 17 and 18, 1710, conference
+committees of the two houses were appointed to meet here. Mrs. Swift kept
+the house after her husband's death. It was owned by Arent Schuyler, of
+New Barbadoes, New Jersey, and when he died, by will dated December 17,
+1724, he left the house and two lots of ground to his daughters, Eva and
+Cornelia. Mrs. Swift was then living in the house, as stated in the will.
+
+[Sidenote: Festivals]
+
+From the time of the English occupation, feast days and anniversaries had
+been observed with more or less spirit and display, which increased as the
+population of the city increased. The birthdays of the King and members of
+the royal family and the anniversaries of the coronation and the gunpowder
+plot were generally observed, and a new governor was always received with
+more or less enthusiasm, and his entry into the city was attended with
+imposing formalities. When Governor Andros came to New York, in 1688, he
+was accompanied by a large and brilliant retinue, and was received with
+great ceremony and escorted to the fort by the city guard--a regiment of
+foot and a troop of horse, in showy uniforms--where his commission was
+published, and later at the City Hall.
+
+In August, 1692, the common council resolved that "a treat be made to
+welcome his Excellency, Benjamin Fletcher, now arrived in this city to the
+value of �20 or thereabouts," and in December, 1697, they ordered that
+four barrels of powder be provided for saluting the Earl of Bellomont on
+his arrival; and after his arrival in the city, it was resolved by the
+common council that a dinner be given at the charge of the corporation
+for the entertainment of his Excellency, Earl of Bellomont,
+captain-general, etc., etc.; that a committee be appointed to make a bill
+of fare (two aldermen and two assistants), "and that for the effectual
+doing thereof, they call to their assistance such cooks as they shall
+think necessary to advise."
+
+On the 15th of February, 1703, the treasurer of the city was ordered to
+repay to the mayor �9 10s 3d, which he had expended for a bonfire, beer
+and wine, on her majesty's birthday, the 6th of February, and on the 24th
+of this same month the common council ordered that a public bonfire be
+made at the usual place, and that ten gallons of wine and a barrel of beer
+be provided, at the expense of the city, to celebrate the success of her
+majesty's arms at Vigo and in Flanders, and the housekeepers were ordered
+to illuminate.
+
+Much more deference was paid to the dignity of office two hundred years
+ago than at the present time. Not only were governors received with great
+honor at their appearance to assume the office, but often, when they left
+the city to visit Albany or New Jersey, they were, on their return,
+entertained by the corporation. In November, 1704, Lord Cornbury, on his
+return from his other government of New Jersey, was entertained at a
+dinner given by the corporation at the house of Richard Harris, which
+cost the city �10 18s 6d. This is the bill rendered, and which was
+ordered paid:
+
+  1704. The Mayor, Aldermen, &c., Dr.
+
+                                               �  s d
+  Dec. 19. To a piece of beef and cabbage         7 6
+           To a dish of tripe and cow-heel        6 0
+           To a leg of pork and turnips           8 3
+           To 2 puddings                         14 6
+           To a surloin of beef                  13 6
+           To a turkey and onions                 9 0
+           To a leg of mutton and pickles         6 0
+           To a dish of chickens                 10 6
+           To minced pyes                      1  4 0
+           To fruit, cheese, bread, &c.           7 6
+           To butter for sauce                    7 9
+           To hire 2 negroes to assist            6 0
+           To dressing dinner, &c.             1  4 0
+           To 31 bottles wine                  3  2 0
+           To beer and syder                     12 0
+                                              -------
+                                              10 18 6
+
+Richard Harris married the widow of Roger Baker, who had been the landlord
+of the well known King's Head, not long after the latter's death, which
+occurred in 1702, and he may have continued this tavern, which is very
+likely, as it was probably being conducted by the widow when he married
+her. The year after his marriage, he was elected assistant alderman, and
+his house for many years was patronized by the officials of the province
+and the city. He was assistant alderman for several years. In 1707 he was
+one of a committee for leasing the Long Island ferry. On the 10th of
+October, of that year, the committee met at his house for that purpose,
+and for their expenses he was paid by the city �1 12s. Five years after
+this, when he was no longer a member of the common council, the lease
+being about to expire, the committee for leasing the ferry met at his
+house on the 17th of December, 1712, and this time he charged the
+corporation �7 10s 9d. Conference committees from the council and assembly
+met at his house several times in November, 1710, and in 1712. On the 6th
+of October, 1714, the governor gave notice of the death of Queen Anne, and
+on the 11th, King George was proclaimed in the city. The common council
+ordered seven or eight cords of wood for a bonfire and twenty gallons of
+wine for the people. The expenses of the common council on this occasion
+at the house of Richard Harris amounted to �8 4s, which was ordered to be
+paid.
+
+On November 7, 1717, the council requested a conference at the house of
+John Parmyter on the subject matter of the bill for letting to farm the
+excise, and on October 20th of the same year a bonfire was ordered and a
+dinner was given by the corporation at his house in celebration of the
+anniversary of his majesty's coronation. The aldermen seem to have been
+ever ready to celebrate any of the usual anniversaries by eating a good
+dinner and drinking good wine. The bill for this dinner was as follows:
+
+         Corporation of New York, Dr.
+  1717         To John Parmyter
+
+                                  �  s d
+  Oct. 20 To 32 bottles of wine   3 14 0
+       To beer and cyder             5 3
+       To eating                  1 12 0
+       To dressing supper            6
+                                  ------
+                                  5 17 3
+
+As on most occasions a large portion consisted of liquor exhilarants.
+
+John Parmyter had been a resident of New York since the time of Bellomont
+and probably had been a tavern-keeper for some years previous to the date
+of this dinner. His house was on or near the corner of Beaver and New
+Streets. In 1712 an act was passed by the legislature of the province
+prohibiting all but John Parmyter to make lamp-black, for five years,
+"this to encourage the first to set up that manufacture." He no doubt
+continued to keep tavern and had the monopoly of the manufacture of
+lamp-black until his death, and it also appears that his widow continued
+to carry on both lines of business. An act to prohibit all persons but
+Susannah Parmyter, widow, and her assigns, to make lamp-black during the
+space of ten years, was passed by the legislature in 1724. She continued
+to keep the tavern and rendered a bill to the authorities in August, 1727,
+for the "board of the Governor of Canada (sic) and fourteen men and wine."
+
+The custom of meeting in conference at the taverns continued and the names
+of the keepers of these houses are given in the journal of the assembly.
+In 1713 conference committees met several times at the house of Bernard
+Hardenbrook and in 1718, at the house of Elizabeth Jourdain, who was the
+widow of Henry Jourdain, captain of the sloop Dolphin, who died at sea in
+the latter part of the year 1702. The Dolphin was probably a slaver, for
+Henry Jourdain, in his will, evidently made at sea, directs that sixty-one
+elephants' teeth marked _H. J._, and some gold in bulk should be delivered
+to his wife in New York, which indicates that he had visited the African
+coast. His entire estate amounted to �426, which enabled his widow to set
+up a public house, where she entertained the committees from the council
+and assembly and "lodged his majesty's soldiers."
+
+[Sidenote: The Tavern of the Widow Post]
+
+The house of the widow Post appears to have been a favorite place for
+members of assembly, where according to Mr. Isaac Robin, secretary of
+council, they discussed matters of state over their wine, and committees
+met on business of various kinds. The popularity of her house seems to
+have continued for several years. In November, 1721, we have record of the
+examination of Vincent Pelow before the council at the house of the widow
+Post, in relation to the small pox raging in Boston, and on November 9,
+1726, the assembly, "taking in Consideration the Conveniency and
+Accommodation, which the Members of this House have every Sessions, as
+well at the Meeting of Committees as otherwise, at the House of the Widow
+Post, and that the Trouble and Expense, which is occasioned to her on such
+Occasions far exceeds her Gains. It is the Opinion of this House that she
+ought to be exempted from paying any Excise, from this Time until the
+first Day of November next," and it was ordered that the commissioners for
+letting to farm the excise take notice thereof accordingly.
+
+Obadiah Hunt was a tavern-keeper whose house seems to have been used both
+by the provincial and city officers as a place for conference on
+consultation. He was a member of the common council for several years,
+which may have been one cause of his house being used by that body. It was
+situated on Dock Street between Whitehall and Broad Street, next door to
+the custom house. He owned the house and appears to have been a man of
+some property, but of little education. He was a popular landlord. In
+January, 1718, the corporation paid Obadiah Hunt �4 6s 9d, for expenses at
+his house by the corporation on the anniversary of the coronation,
+October 26th last, and on the anniversary of Gunpowder Treason Day,
+November 5th. The dinner, wine, beer, cider and other expenses at the
+house of Obadiah Hunt on the occasion of the entertainment given to
+Governor Burnet, on September 20, 1720, shortly after his arrival in the
+province, cost the corporation �21 8s 6d. Meetings were held at his house
+for the transaction of business of various kinds connected with the city,
+such as auditing accounts, leasing the ferry, leasing the docks and slips,
+etc., and on the arrival of a new governor, in April, 1728, his house was
+again the scene of an entertainment in his honor, which cost the city �15
+6s 6d.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+THE BLACK HORSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Horse Tavern]
+
+In the early part of the eighteenth century, there stood on the southern
+corner of Smith and Garden Streets, the present William Street and
+Exchange Place, the Black Horse Tavern, kept by John DeHoneur, who seems
+to have been its landlord for many years. John or Johannes DeHoneur was
+recommended for the office of captain of militia in June, 1709. Whether he
+was a tavern-keeper at this time, or how soon after he became one, we do
+not know, but on October 18, 1727, the assembly directed that the
+Committee on Grievances meet every Tuesday and Friday, during the
+sessions, at five o'clock in the afternoon, at the house of John DeHoneur,
+and that the first meeting be on Friday next. The next year the Committee
+on Grievances requested permission to meet at other place and time than at
+the place and time appointed for their meeting, and they were allowed by
+the assembly to meet at such other times and places as they should judge
+necessary, but they, nevertheless, must meet every Thursday evening at the
+house of John DeHoneur. It continued to be the meeting place of
+committees, and ten years after, in 1737, it was the meeting place, by
+appointment of the assembly, of the Committee of Privileges and Elections.
+In the record it is sometimes named as the house of John DeHoneur, and at
+other times as the Black Horse Tavern. In the contest between Cornelius
+Van Horne and Adolph Phillipse, they were ordered to exchange lists at the
+house of John DeHoneur.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLACK HORSE TAVERN]
+
+The assembly, like the common council, were inclined to meet at taverns
+for the transaction of public business, where they were evidently
+surrounded by a more cheerful atmosphere than in the cold halls of
+legislation and justice. Where the room was warmed by a large and lively
+fire in the spacious fireplace, and the inner man warmed and exhilarated
+by good old wine, business was transacted with more cheerfulness and
+alacrity. The Black Horse Tavern was the scene of many such meetings, and,
+no doubt, of some very exciting ones. In the contest over the votes for
+Van Horne and Phillipse there were, very likely, some lively discussions.
+The Black Horse was for many years one of the most prominent taverns in
+the city.
+
+Governor Montgomerie, after being governor of New York about two years,
+died on the 1st of July, 1731, and Rip Van Dam, as senior member of the
+council, and president of that body, became, _ex officio_, acting
+governor of the province.
+
+[Illustration: Rip van Dam]
+
+Governor Cosby was appointed to succeed Montgomerie, but did not arrive
+until the 1st of August, 1732, so that Van Dam was acting governor for a
+period of thirteen months. He had been invested with all the powers,
+duties, and rights of the office, and had been allowed to draw the full
+amount of the salary from the public funds. Governor Cosby, like almost
+all the governors sent out to the provinces, had a sharp eye to his own
+profit, and had obtained, before he left England, an order on Van Dam for
+one-half of the salary, emoluments and perquisites of the office during
+the time that the latter had exercised the chief authority; and,
+accordingly, made demand shortly after his arrival. Van Dam was willing to
+surrender one-half of the salary which he had received if Cosby would pay
+to him one-half of the receipts, other than salary, and not otherwise, Van
+Dam resisting, Cosby instituted suit by way of information in the equity
+side of the court of exchequer, where he was confident of a decision in
+his favor. The counsel for Van Dam excepted to the jurisdiction of the
+court as being illegal. Great excitement ensued in consequence of a
+division in the court itself. Chief Justice Morris supported the
+exception, the two associate judges, DeLancey and Phillipse, voting
+against the plea. The decision of Chief Justice Morris annoyed the
+governor, who demanded a copy of it. Morris, to prevent misrepresentation,
+had it printed and sent it to the governor with a letter. Both the
+decision and the letter were published in the Gazette. This exasperated
+the governor beyond all bounds, and almost immediately Morris was removed
+from the bench. Shortly after James DeLancey, who afterwards became
+prominent, was appointed chief justice in his place.
+
+[Illustration: W. Cosby]
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Morris]
+
+The contest between Cosby and Van Dam, at first personal, soon involved
+the people, and divided them into two parties. Those in office, and their
+following, supported the governor, while the party of the people,
+especially after the removal of the chief justice, were violently opposed
+to the arbitrary act of the governor in removing a judge because his
+decision was not as he wished, and to the favoritism which could, by an
+_ex post facto_ order, divest any of the colonial officers of salary
+earned and appropriated to individual use, and direct the amount to be
+paid to a stranger who had performed no service for it. If this were
+conceded, there would be little stability in the rights of British
+subjects.
+
+In the fall of 1733, Lewis Morris, being removed from the office of chief
+justice, offered himself as a candidate for representative for the county
+of Westchester in the assembly. Opposed to him was William Forster,
+supported by the chief justice, James DeLancey, and the second judge,
+Frederick Phillipse, who both appeared in person on the ground, and
+exerted their influence to the utmost to defeat the election of Morris.
+The account of this election, as told in the first number of the New York
+Weekly Journal, reads like a page from the history of feudal times, when
+the lords appeared upon the scene, followed by their retainers, ready for
+contests in the lists or on the field of battle.
+
+The high sheriff of the county, having, by papers affixed to the church of
+East Chester and other public places, given notice of the day and place,
+without stating any time of day when the election was to take place, the
+electors for Morris were very suspicious of some intended fraud. To
+prevent this, about fifty of them kept watch upon and about the Green at
+East Chester, the place of election, from twelve o'clock the night before
+until the morning of the appointed day.
+
+The electors of the eastern part of the county began to move on Sunday
+afternoon and evening, so as to be at New Rochelle by midnight. On their
+way through Harrison's Purchase, the inhabitants provided for their
+entertainment, there being a table at each house plentifully provided for
+that purpose. About midnight they all met at the home of William LeCount,
+at New Rochelle, whose house not being large enough to entertain so many,
+a large fire was made in the street, at which they sat till daylight, when
+they again began to move. On the hill, at the east end of town, they were
+joined by about seventy horsemen, electors of the lower part of the
+county, and then proceeded to the place of election in the following
+order: First, rode two trumpeters and three violinists; next, four of the
+principal freeholders, one of whom carried a banner, on one side of which
+was affixed in golden capitals, KING GEORGE, and on the other side, in
+like golden capitals, LIBERTY & LAW; next followed the candidate, Lewis
+Morris, formerly chief justice of the province; then two colors. Thus, at
+sunrise, they entered the Green of East Chester, the place of election,
+followed by about three hundred horsemen, the principal freeholders of the
+county (a greater number than had appeared for one man since the
+settlement of the county). After riding three times around the Green, they
+went to the houses of Joseph Fowler and Mr. Child, who were well prepared
+for their reception.
+
+About eleven o'clock appeared William Forster, the candidate of the other
+side; after him came two _ensigns_, borne by two of the freeholders; then
+came the Honorable James DeLancey, chief justice of the province of New
+York, and the Honorable Frederick Phillipse, second judge of the province
+and Baron of the Exchequer, attended by about one hundred and seventy
+horsemen, freeholders, and friends of Forster. They entered the Green on
+the east side and rode round it twice. As they passed, the second judge
+very civilly saluted the former chief justice by taking off his hat, a
+salutation which the former judge returned in the same manner. After this,
+they retired to the house of Mr. Baker, who was prepared to receive and
+entertain them.
+
+About an hour after this the high sheriff came to town, finely mounted,
+with housings and holster caps of scarlet, richly laced with silver. Upon
+his appearance the electors on both sides went into the Green. After
+reading his majesty's writ the sheriff directed the electors to proceed to
+their choice, which they then did, a great majority appearing for Morris.
+A poll was demanded and the sheriff insisted that a poll must be taken. A
+poll was taken, and did not close until about eleven o'clock at night.
+Morris, although the votes cast for him by thirty-eight Quakers were
+rejected, because they would not take the oath, was elected by a large
+majority.
+
+The indentures being sealed, the whole body of electors waited on the new
+representative, at his lodgings, with trumpets sounding and violins
+playing and then took leave of him.
+
+The foregoing follows the account which appeared in the New York Weekly
+Journal, which was friendly to Morris. In the same number of this paper
+the only item of local news is the following, which we reproduce in
+fac-simile.
+
+[Illustration: _NEW-YORK, Nov. 5._ On _Wednesday_ the 31st of _October_,
+the late Chief Justice, but new Representative for the County of
+_Westchester_, landed in this City, about 5 o'Clock in the Evening, at the
+Ferry-stairs: On His landing He was saluted by a general Fire of the Guns
+from the Merchants Vessels lying in the Road; and was receiv'd by great
+Numbers of the most considerable Merchants and Inhabitants of this City,
+and by them with loud Aclamations of the People as he walk'd the Streets,
+conducted to the _Black Horse_ Tavern, where a handsome Entertainment was
+prepar'd for Him, at the Charge of the Gentlemen who received Him; and in
+the Middle of one Side of the Room, was fix'd a Tabulet with golden
+Capitals, KING GEORGE, LIBERTY and LAW.
+
+On Thursday last the House of Representatives were adjourned to the third
+Teusday in _April_ next.]
+
+Thus the Black Horse Tavern had become the rallying place and rendezvous
+for the party of the people, and was, from this time, we have every reason
+to believe, the place where they continued to meet to concert on measures
+against prerogative and favoritism and against the arrogance and arbitrary
+acts of the governor and his supporters. These sentiments were not new to
+the people, but had been lying dormant, like smoldering embers, which
+needed only a slight agitation to fan them into a flame. Not since the
+time of Bellomont had there been so much bitterness displayed in party
+strife.
+
+Since 1725, a newspaper had been printed in New York, but William
+Bradford, its printer, was in the pay of the government, and no item in
+opposition to the governor or his friends was to be found in its pages. In
+November, 1733, appeared the first number of the New York Weekly Journal,
+printed by John Peter Zenger, and devoted to the support of the party of
+the people, at the head of which were Lewis Morris and Rip Van Dam. It
+soon began to make itself felt. It was eagerly read, its sarcastic,
+reflections on the government, and its biting criticisms, furnishing a
+weekly entertainment to the public, which drove the governor and his
+friends almost to madness. Its effect was so keenly felt that it was
+resolved, in council, that Zenger's papers, Nos. 7, 47, 48 and 49, and
+also two certain printed ballads, as containing many things tending to
+sedition and faction, to bring his majesty's government into contempt, and
+to disturb the peace thereof, should be burned by the common hangman or
+whipper, and that the mayor and magistrates should attend the ceremony.
+This they refused to do and forbade the whipper, who was in the employ of
+the city, to obey the order. His place was supplied by a negro slave of
+the sheriff. Attempts were made to have Zenger indicted, but the grand
+jury refused to bring in a bill.
+
+In November, 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned, by order of the
+council, for printing seditious libels, and, for a time, was denied the
+use of pen, ink and paper. In January, 1735, the grand jury not having
+indicted him, the attorney-general filed an information against him. In
+the meantime he was editing his paper through a hole in the door of his
+cell. At the April term of court his counsel, James Alexander and
+William Smith, the two ablest lawyers of New York, filed exceptions to the
+legality of the commissions of the two judges. For this they were
+silenced, and John Chambers was appointed by the court counsel for Zenger.
+
+[Illustration: A. Hamilton]
+
+[Sidenote: Trial of John Peter Zenger]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at The Black Horse]
+
+When the trial came on, in July, 1735, Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, a
+lawyer of great reputation, who had been secretly engaged, unexpectedly
+appeared by the side of the prisoner. He was capable, eloquent and
+audacious, and, in conjunction with Chambers, managed the case with so
+much ability and skill that the jury, after being out only ten minutes,
+returned with a verdict of _Not Guilty_, which was received with shouts
+and cheers. The judges threatened the leaders of the tumult with
+imprisonment, when a son of Admiral Norris, who was also a son-in-law of
+Lewis Morris, declared himself the leader and invited a repetition of the
+cheers, which were instantly repeated. Andrew Hamilton was hailed as the
+champion of liberty. The corporation of New York shortly presented him
+with the freedom of the city in a gold box, "for his learned and generous
+defence of the rights of mankind and the liberty of the press." Zenger was
+released from prison, after having been confined for more than eight
+months. After the trial was concluded, the enthusiasm and demonstrations
+of satisfaction centered at the Black Horse Tavern, where a splendid
+dinner was given to Andrew Hamilton in celebration of his great victory.
+At his departure, next day, "he was saluted with the great Guns of several
+Ships in the Harbour as a public Testimony of the glorious Defence he made
+in the Cause of Liberty in this Province." Governeur Morris stated to Dr.
+John W. Francis his belief that "the trial of Zenger, in 1735, was the
+germ of American freedom--the morning star of that liberty which
+subsequently revolutionized America." The Black Horse Tavern, therefore,
+if it was not the cradle of liberty, was certainly the nursery of those
+sentiments which ripened into the Declaration of Independence. No spot in
+New York is so closely identified with this victory for the rights of free
+speech and for the liberty of the press, as the site of the Black Horse
+Tavern, which is now occupied by an office building called Lord's Court.
+
+Lewis Morris at this time was in London, where he had gone to lay his
+grievances before the home government. His case came before the Committee
+of the Council in November, 1735, "when the Lords gave it as their opinion
+that the Governor's Reasons for Removing him were not sufficient." He was
+not, however, restored to the office of chief justice, but was appointed
+governor of New Jersey, where he had large interests, and where the people
+had long desired to have a government separate and distinct from New
+York.
+
+Many writers have erroneously asserted that the Black Horse Tavern was the
+resort of the friends of the governor, where balls were given by the
+aristocratic members of society, and that Robert Todd was its landlord;
+but all that is necessary to clear up this mistake is to pay careful
+attention to the files of the two rival newspapers of that day, Bradford's
+Gazette and Zenger's Journal.
+
+On Broad Street, near the corner of Dock Street (the present Pearl
+Street), Robert Todd, vintner, kept his house, which became, indeed, the
+favorite place for the balls and entertainments of the governor's party,
+as was the Black Horse Tavern for the party of the people. On October 9,
+1735, the governor was invited "to a very splendid entertainment provided
+for him at Mr. Todd's in order to Congratulate his Excellency upon his
+safe Return from Albany, where he had been to renew the Treaty of Peace
+and Friendship with the Six Nations of Indians." After dinner they drank
+the healths of the different members of the royal family and the health of
+his excellency and prosperity to his administration--"the music playing
+all the while." "His Excellency was also pleased to Drink Prosperity to
+Trade, and at the same time, in a very obliging manner, assured the
+Gentlemen there, That if they could think of any Methods to Promote and
+Encourage the Trade and Welfare of this Province, he would heartily
+contribute every Thing in his Power thereto." In the evening the house was
+illuminated.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary of the Coronation]
+
+Two days after this, on the 11th of October, the anniversary of the
+coronation was celebrated at the Fort, when the healths of the King and
+Queen and the other members of the royal family were drank under the
+discharge of cannon, "the two Independent Companies posted there, being
+under arms all the time." In the evening the governor and his friends were
+entertained at the house of Mr. Freeman, which was handsomely illuminated.
+"The whole was concluded with Dancing and all the Demonstrations of Joy
+suitable to the Day." Mr. Thomas Freeman was the son-in-law of Governor
+Cosby.
+
+At the same time, at the Black Horse Tavern, the house of John DeHoneur,
+was made "a very handsome Entertainment in Honour of the Day for Rip Van
+Dam Esq. President of His Majesty's Council. Matthias Norris Esq.
+Commander of His Majesty's Ship, _Tartar_, and Capt. Compton, Commander of
+His Majesty's Ship _Seaforth_." Thus we see that the commanders of the two
+men-of-war lying in the harbor, honored with their presence and were
+honored by the party of the people at the Black Horse Tavern; and this
+accounts for the salutes given by the guns of the ships in the harbor to
+honor Andrew Hamilton on his departure from the city the previous August.
+"At Noon the Company met, and while the great Guns of his Majesty's Ship
+Tartar were Firing they Drank the following Healths, the King, the Queen,
+the Prince, Duke and Royal Family, the Prince and Princess of Orange, the
+Glorious and immortal Memory of King William the third, Success to Coll.
+Morris, in his Undertaking, to the speedy Election of a new Assembly,
+Prosperity to the Corporation, my Lord Wiloughton, Duke of Dorset, Sir
+John Norris and General Compton, and then the Company Din'd, in the
+Evening the City was Illuminated, the Afternoon and Evening were spent
+with all the Joy and Dancing suitable to the Occasion."
+
+[Illustration: THE BALL AT THE BLACK HORSE]
+
+The account of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation at the
+Fort is found in the New York Gazette, which makes no mention of the
+celebration at the Black Horse Tavern. The New York Weekly Journal gives
+an account of the celebration at the Black Horse Tavern, but makes no
+mention of any celebration at the Fort. In the same way, the account of
+the celebration of the birthday of the Prince of Wales, by the party of
+the people, is given by the New York Weekly Journal of January 26, 1736,
+as follows:
+
+"The 19th instant being his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales's Birthday.
+It was celebrated at the Black Horse in a most elegant and genteel manner.
+There was a most magnificent Appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies. The Ball
+began with French Dances. And then the Company proceeded to Country
+Dances, upon which Mrs. Norris led up two new Country Dances upon the
+Occasion; the first of which was called _The Prince of Wales_, and the
+second, The Princess of Saxe-Gotha, in Honour of the Day. There was a most
+sumptuous Entertainment afterward. At the conclusion of which the
+Honourable Rip Van Dam Esq., President of His Majesty's Council, began the
+Royal Healths, which were all drank in Bumpers. The whole was conducted
+with the utmost Decency, Mirth and Cheerfulness."
+
+[Illustration: "WHICH WERE ALL DRANK IN BUMPERS"]
+
+No mention is made of any celebration at the Fort. The New York Gazette
+has the following account of the celebration of the governor's party:
+
+"On the 20th Instant, being the Anniversary of His Royal Highness the
+Prince of Wales's Birthday, the Royal Healths were drank at the Fort, by
+the Gentlemen of the Council, and the Principal Merchants and Gentlemen of
+the Place. The Continuance of the Governour's Indisposition hinder'd the
+Celebration of the day with the usual solemnity at the Fort; However there
+was a Ball in the Evening at Mr. Todd's, at which there was a very great
+appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies, and an Elegant Entertainment made by
+the Gentlemen, in honour of the Day."
+
+[Illustration: "THE VIOLIN AND THE GERMAN FLUTE BY 'PRIVATE HANDS'"]
+
+At the Black Horse, committees of the assembly met for the transaction of
+public business, but the conferences of committees of the two houses were
+held at the house of Robert Todd. Here, on the 4th of November, 1736, a
+conference was held of committees from the council and assembly, to
+prepare an address to his majesty on the nuptials of his Royal Highness
+the Prince of Wales. It seems also to have been a place for public
+entertainments. A concert of vocal and instrumental music was given here,
+January 21, 1736, for the benefit of Mr. Pachelbell, the harpsicord part
+performed by himself, the songs, violin and German flutes by "private
+hands." Again on the 9th of March, 1736, this was repeated, when it was
+announced that tickets could be had at the Coffee House, at the Black
+Horse and at Mr. Todd's; at 4 shillings each. Mr. Pachelbell was probably
+the music teacher, and was assisted in the concert by his pupils or
+friends. On the evening of January 6, 1745, a concert was given at the
+house of Robert Todd, for the benefit of Mr. Rice, which the newspaper
+affirms was "thought by all competent judges to exceed anything of the
+kind ever done here before."
+
+When Samuel Bayard died, in 1745, he left the house on Broad Street next
+adjoining the DeLancey house, which afterwards became the noted Fraunces
+Tavern, to his son, Nicholas, which he states in his will, was in the
+tenure of Robert Todd. It had been occupied by him for at least eight
+years; earlier, his house is described as next to the Exchange Coffee
+House.
+
+Among the last acts of Governor Cosby was that declaring Rip Van Dam
+suspended from the council. This was to prevent Van Dam, as senior member
+of the council, from succeeding him and again becoming acting governor.
+After the death of Cosby, Van Dam and his friends declared this
+suspension illegal, and Van Dam made an effort to obtain control, but
+George Clarke, next in order, was supported by the council and also by the
+assembly, when it convened, and in the course of a few months received his
+commission from England as lieutenant-governor, which put an end to the
+claims of Van Dam. Clarke received from Cosby a legacy of trouble, but he
+was an astute politician and a much abler man than Cosby. He is credited
+with the policy of making it appear that the governorship of New York was
+not a desirable post, and by this means held his office for many years,
+and then retired to England with a competency. The community continued to
+be divided by party strife. The government party were, in derision, called
+"courtiers," and they in turn characterized the opposition as a Dutch mob.
+A visitor to New York in 1739 describes the different parties as
+courtiers, Zengerites, the prudents and the no-party-men; and states that
+there was much bitterness displayed, and that the women were as zealous
+politicians as the men.
+
+[Sidenote: Exchange Coffee House]
+
+From the time of the establishment of a coffee house on Broadway, in 1696,
+until about 1738, there had been but one coffee house in New York, so far
+as we can ascertain. The first coffee house, called also the King's Arms
+Tavern, disappears from our view in 1709, and we hear no more of any
+coffee house until 1729, when we find that there was then a coffee house
+also called the King's Arms supposed to be situated in Broad Street near
+the exchange, and called the Exchange Coffee House. It had probably had a
+continued existence during this interval. During the time of political
+excitement preceding and following the trial of Zenger, it appears to have
+been, with the house of Robert Todd, the resort of the "courtiers," as the
+supporters of the governor and his party were called. In March, 1731,
+there was a sale of several lots of land by auction at this house, and
+after the death of Governor Montgomerie, his library, a collection of
+valuable books, was announced to be sold on the 1st of June, 1732, and
+notice was given that a catalogue of the books and conditions of sale
+might be seen at the Coffee House. In October, 1732, the late governor's
+barge, which he had used in making visits to his government of New Jersey,
+with awning, damask curtains, two sets of oars, sails and everything
+necessary for her, were sold by auction at the Coffee House. It seems at
+this time to have become a place for public sales of all kinds and for the
+transaction of all kinds of business.
+
+In 1747 it was on the corner of Broad and Dock (now Pearl) Streets and its
+landlord was David Cox, who gave it up in 1749, when Andrew Ramsay, who
+was then the landlord of a tavern in Dock Street, announced that he had
+opened the Exchange Coffee House next door to where Mr. Cox lately kept
+it. This was the house known some years before as the Fighting Cocks. When
+Ramsay purchased the unexpired part of the lease of the Long Island ferry,
+in 1750, and moved to the ferry house on the Long Island side of the
+river, he was succeeded by Richard Clarke Cooke, who describes his house
+as the Gentlemen's and Exchange Coffee House and Tavern at the Sign of the
+King's Arms. His occupancy was of short duration. Anne Stockton made an
+attempt to establish an ordinary in it, but at the end of about a month
+she gave notice that she "has declined, and is advised to teach young
+Ladies to sew and embroider and Millinery."
+
+George Burns then became the landlord of the King's Arms, which appears no
+longer to be known as a coffee house, and which was brought back to its
+former location on the corner. Benjamin Pain appropriated the name of
+"Gentlemen's Coffee House"--and carried it to Broadway, where he opened a
+house in April, 1751.
+
+In January, 1753, a committee of the common council met at the house of
+George Burns, the King's Arms, for the purpose of letting to farm the
+ferry between New York City and Long Island, when they were furnished with
+the usual entertainment provided for such occasions.
+
+On Monday, the 25th of June, 1753, in celebration of the anniversary of
+the festival of St. John the Baptist, "the Ancient and Right Worship
+Society of FREE and Accepted MASONS of this City assembled at the Spring
+Garden, and being properly cloathed made a regular Procession in due Form
+to the King's Arms Tavern in Broad Street, near the Long Bridge, where an
+elegant Entertainment was provided." Here, they drank his majesty's health
+and many other loyal healths and concluded the day in the most social and
+satisfactory manner. The King's Arms Tavern continued on or near the
+corner of Broad and Dock Streets for many years and was a well known
+tavern under various landlords.
+
+In 1696, what was called the Shoemakers' Pasture was divided into building
+lots, and soon after on lot number 58, of the map of this property, on the
+southeast side of the present William Street, about midway between John
+and Fulton Streets, was built a house which became a prominent and much
+frequented tavern, from its sign, known as the Horse and Cart. The part of
+William Street near this tavern became known as Horse and Cart Street. It
+has been said that this house was a tavern in the time of Captain Kidd,
+and that he was a frequent visitor to it before he went on his fateful
+voyage. This may be a mere tradition, but if true, the house, which is
+still standing, at No. 122 William Street, must be over two hundred years
+old. It is, at any rate, we think, the oldest house now standing on
+Manhattan Island. In October, 1733, it was advertised as the meeting place
+of the proprietors of a tract of 50,000 acres of land, "for concerting
+matters necessary for their mutual defence in law," and again, in 1737, a
+meeting of these proprietors or their proxies was called at the same
+house.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE AT 122 WILLIAM STREET]
+
+George Burns, who in 1750 was keeping a tavern opposite the Merchants
+Coffee House, moved to the noted sign of the Horse and Cart, where he
+announced that "to gratify his Customers he takes in the Boston,
+Philadelphia and New York papers." He soon gave place to Captain George
+Edmonds. It seems to have been a tavern that was patronized by travelers,
+especially those coming in from the north and east and was a favorite of
+the New England people, as is shown by the announcement made by Captain
+Edmonds when its landlord in 1751, that it had "lately been very much
+balked, to the great Disappointment of Numbers of Persons from New England
+that used to frequent that House." Notice was given in March, 1752, that
+"the once noted Horse and Cart Inn, in the City of New York, is now
+revived by Edward Willett." Thus there are indications that the house had
+lost the popularity which it once enjoyed. Throughout all its many
+vicissitudes it retained its name for a great many years. Landlords came
+and landlords went, but the sign of the Horse and Cart remained, and was
+well known as a landmark by which the locations of other houses and places
+were designated. The house was still known as the Horse and Cart as late
+as 1765. The old sign was probably taken down about this time, or a little
+later, and during the decade preceding the Revolution the house was known
+as the Golden Hill Inn.
+
+In 1733 there was a tavern on Broadway that hung out the sign of the Coach
+and Horses, kept by Thomas Welch, from London, where, it was announced,
+could be had "very good Entertainment for Man and Horse," and where were
+"also Horses to be let or stand at Livery."
+
+In 1738 Captain Norris, commander of the ship Tartar, then lying in the
+harbor of New York, was in need of men and made application to the mayor
+for permission to impress thirty seamen to man his ship. The governor and
+council ordered the mayor to comply with this request, but the mayor
+pre-emptorily refused to obey the order, and the governor and council
+prudently refrained from taking further action. Thus it seems that it was
+difficult at that time to obtain a crew for a man-of-war in New York
+harbor, but a year or two later there was no difficulty in obtaining
+volunteers for privateering.
+
+[Sidenote: Privateering]
+
+As soon as England had declared war with Spain the adventurous merchants
+of New York commenced fitting out privateers to prey upon the commerce of
+the enemy, and the taverns along the East River shore were all bustle and
+excitement. Many of them became headquarters for recruiting seamen for
+these adventurous expeditions. The vessels were commanded and manned in
+part by young men of the best families of New York, who left off
+cock-fighting and horse-racing to go a-privateering. The appeals for
+volunteers to join these expeditions were made to "Gentlemen Sailors" and
+to "Gentlemen Adventurers." Samuel Bayard went out in the sloop Ranger as
+its commander and soon returned with two prizes, taken at St. Jago, in
+the West Indies. These were offered to be sold, in June, 1740, and notice
+was given that the inventory could be seen at the Coffee House. He seems
+to have been a successful commander and brought in other prizes.
+
+The sign of the Pine Apple on the New Dock, kept by Benjamin Kierstede,
+was a place for recruiting seamen and also for enlisting men in the
+military companies then organizing to go out against the Spanish colonies
+in the West Indies. Another place of the same kind was the tavern at the
+sign of the Jamaica Arms, on Cruger's Wharf, kept by Benjamin Pain. At
+both of these places there was great activity in making up crews for
+privateers about to sail. Here the "articles" could be seen, and men were
+engaged. Here also prizes and cargoes were sold.
+
+In August, 1740, five companies of soldiers had been enlisted, commanded
+by Captains Clarke, Cosby, Provost, Cuyler and Stevens, and were encamped
+on the Common. In September the companies raised in Rhode Island were
+expected to join them. The New York Weekly Journal of August 4, 1740,
+contains the following:
+
+"An express arrived a few days since from the Earl of Waldegrave which
+Occasioned the holding of a Council which sat till 2 the next Morning. The
+Dispatch brought by the Courier occasions great Matter of Speculation
+among the Coffee House Politicians and some since talk of Peace while
+others say the French will no longer remain Neuter."
+
+When, in 1744, war was declared with France an additional impulse was
+given to the privateering business. For the five years preceding 1748 no
+less than thirty-one vessels, each carrying from ten to twenty-four guns,
+are named in the newspapers, and there is continually mention made of
+prizes being brought in, of cases before the court of admiralty, of sales
+of the captured ships and their cargoes and of the adjustments of disputes
+over the division of the spoils. In 1745, we find that arbitrators were to
+meet at the house of Robert Todd every Friday evening "for settling the
+Differences between the four Privateers formerly arrived here with six
+French Prizes." This continued from January to May. In September, 1744, a
+New York newspaper stated that, "'tis computed there will be before winter
+113 Sail of Privateers at Sea, from the British American Colonies, mostly
+stout Vessels and well manned. A Naval Force equal (some say) to that of
+Great Britain in the Time of Queen Elizabeth." In 1745 it was stated that
+at that time there were thirteen privateers at sea from the port of New
+York. The men for these vessels were not all supplied by New York City.
+The alluring promises of gain drew volunteers from all the neighboring
+country. Governor Hamilton, of New Jersey, complained that the
+privateers-men were sweeping into their ranks the flower of the youth of
+his province.
+
+In 1745 Captain Bevan, of the privateer sloop Clinton, brought into the
+port of New York a French prize, which he had taken after a short
+engagement, without the loss of a man. Her cargo, consisting of sugar,
+indigo and cotton, was valued at �40,000, and each man of the crew
+received �160 prize money. As a reward for complying with his request not
+to plunder the passengers, officers and sailors of the captured ship,
+Captain Bevan gave his crew a handsome treat of a hogshead of punch and an
+ox roasted whole in the fields at Dominie's Hook, which was quite handsome
+in Captain Bevan. The cargo of the prize ship Le Pomone (La Pomme),
+brought in by Captain Bevan, was sold at the house of widow Thomas. The
+prize ship Joseph of Egypt and cargo were sold in April, 1746, at the
+house of the widow Susannah Lawrence, on the Dock, near the Meal Market,
+at the lower end of Wall Street.
+
+When news came of the capture of Louisburg the common council, to
+celebrate the victory, ordered that Mr. DeJancourt, whose house was near
+the Meal Market, be directed to prepare a handsome dinner for the board
+and that the governor, the members of the council, the assembly members of
+the city, with the field officers, be invited to dine with them and that a
+bonfire be made "without the Spring Garden" in the evening. They also
+ordered that twenty gallons of good wine be sent to the bonfire for the
+people.
+
+[Sidenote: The Negro Plot]
+
+In 1741, during the Spanish war, New York City was thrown into a panic of
+excitement by the so-called negro plot. Each week the newspapers gave
+accounts of the numerous executions and of the trials resulting from the
+confessions of the victims, each one of whom was induced to accuse another
+in order to save himself. It seems to have seized on the inhabitants of
+New York in the same way that witchcraft overwhelmed the people of Salem,
+Massachusetts. In the intense excitement persons of better and better
+standing in the community were being accused until a halt was found
+necessary. Thomas Croker, at this time, was landlord of the Fighting Cocks
+in Dock Street, and it was at his house that John Ury, who was tried for
+complicity in the plot, lodged. Although Ury, the most prominent victim,
+was, no doubt, innocent of any criminal act, he was, nevertheless,
+convicted on the evidence of those who had been urged to accuse somebody
+to save themselves or to gain a reward. He was a stranger and fell a
+victim to the panic which pervaded the community.
+
+The sign of the Fighting Cocks had hung in Dock Street, next door to the
+corner of Broad Street, for many years. In 1736, the tavern was kept by
+Edward Eastham, who met with the loss of a silver quart tankard, marked
+on the handle with an E, taken from his house, for the recovery of which
+he offered a reward of three pounds. The next year a silver watch was
+taken from this house, "of a size rather larger than midling, Regmaiden at
+Dublin the Maker," for the return of which a reward of ten shillings was
+offered, "and no questions asked." Although though the Fighting Cocks
+Tavern, as its name implies, may have been the scene of many cock-fights,
+we do not think that at that time this would detract from its standing and
+respectability.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Birthday]
+
+In March, 1748, in celebration of the King's birthday, it is stated that a
+Jack was displayed all day from the flagstaff on the southwest bastion of
+Fort George. The city regiment of militia and troops were under arms and
+were reviewed by the governor from the piazza of the City Hall, as they
+passed from Broadway, where they had been drawn up, and, it is said, made
+a very handsome appearance. The governor and some of the gentlemen of the
+council who attended him were entertained by the mayor, corporation, and
+officers of the militia with some extraordinary wine ("such as is rare to
+be met with in any private house") from Hugh Crawford's, ford's, near at
+hand, and there they drank the health of his majesty and other royal
+healths under the discharge of twenty-one guns at the Fort.
+
+In honor of the day there were two halls, one at the Fort and another at
+Ramsay's tavern in Dock Street. We give an account of these two balls as
+it appeared in a newspaper of that period.
+
+"In the evening there was a private entertainment and ball at his
+Excellency's, consisting of a snug select company of the _choicest fruits_
+of the town, that were particularly invited for that purpose, the only
+entertainment of the kind that His Excellency's leisure has admitted of
+upon such public occasions during his administration; the company was very
+sociable, and the night concluded there as usual.
+
+"The gentlemen that had not the honour to be invited to His Excellency's
+ball resolved not to be behindhand in their demonstrations of loyalty on
+this occasion, and therefore ordered a public entertainment to be provided
+against the evening at Mr. Ramsay's tavern, where there was a very
+splendid and beautiful appearance of ladies, such as would have graced an
+Assembly in England. There were several gentlemen of Council and
+Corporation, and most of the principal merchants and other gentlemen in
+the city, that made up a gay and numerous assembly.
+
+"The ball was opened about six o'clock, the city being illuminated from
+one end to the other, the supper was served up about ten and
+notwithstanding the short warning given, there was the greatest variety
+this town or country could produce, and the tables were decorated in so
+neat and elegant a manner as raised a general admiration and 'twas
+declared by good judges that never was a more magnificent entertainment in
+this country. The whole tables were taken up with ladies the length of two
+rooms laid into one, that the gentlemen's time was generally employed in
+waiting on them, and when they were done the gentlemen supplied their
+places. After supper, His Majesty's, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and
+the other Royal Healths were drank, and then prosperity to the province, a
+speedy exportation of its enemies, etc.
+
+"The whole affair was conducted with the utmost decency and decorum; there
+was the greatest gaiety, cheerfulness and complacency in every
+countenance. The ball was concluded about 5 A. M. and the night was passed
+in the general satisfaction, without the least incivility offered or
+offence taken by any one, which is scarce to be said on the like
+occasions. We are told this was distinguished by the title of the Country
+Ball."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Meal Market]
+
+Trade had extended its territory along the East River shore until about
+the beginning of the eighteenth century it had reached and taken in Wall
+Street. In 1709 the first slave market was erected at the foot of this
+street, on the site of the Half Moon Battery and block house of the Dutch
+era, and for many years continued to be the established place where slaves
+were offered for sale and "stood for hire." A market house had been built,
+and in January, 1726-7, it was ordained by the common council of the city
+of New York that the market house at the lower end of Wall Street be
+appointed a public market for the sale of all sorts of corn, grain and
+meal, and a penalty was fixed for selling such in any public market
+elsewhere. From this time it was known as the Meal Market.
+
+In the course of time several taverns had been opened in the neighborhood
+of the market, and it had become the center of considerable business. In
+1726 the only newspaper in New York gave notice of servants to be sold by
+John Dunks at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat, on the Dock. In 1750
+the following appeared in the New York Gazette or Weekly Post Boy: "Just
+imported, a parcel of likely negros, to be sold at public vendue to-morrow
+at Ten o'clock at the Merchants' Coffee House."
+
+The tavern at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat stood on the northwest
+corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, then Wall and Burnet
+Streets. Francis Child, a wigmaker, owned it and advertised it for sale in
+1736 and 1737, when he described it as the corner house near the Meal
+Market, "a well frequented tavern for several years past" and in good
+repair.
+
+Daniel Bloom, mariner, who as captain of the Turtle Dove had met with a
+very unfortunate experience in the West Indies, his brig and all on board
+being stript of everything even to the clothing they wore, and who had
+lately arrived rived in New York, purchased the house and lot, in June,
+1738, the consideration mentioned in the deed being five hundred pounds
+(�500). Bloom was landlord of the house for more than a dozen years. While
+living here he, in December, 1747, took the lease of the ferry between the
+city and Nassau (Long) Island for the term of five years, for which he
+agreed to pay the sum of four hundred and fifty-five pounds (�455) per
+annum, to be paid in quarterly installments, and the common council
+ordered that the neighborhood of the Meal Market have leave, at their own
+expense, to make and erect a dock and stairs, for the convenience of the
+ferry boat which was to land there, in such manner as shall be directed
+by the committee appointed for that purpose. Bloom ran the ferry for about
+three years, when, in September, 1750, by permission of the common
+council, he transferred the lease to Andrew Ramsay, who at this time was
+the landlord of the Exchange Coffee House, from which he moved to the
+ferry house on the Long Island side of the river. Soon after this Bloom
+died. At the time of his death he was still indebted to the city for a
+portion of the rent of the ferry, and the corporation, in June, 1751,
+offered to take from the executors of his estate fifty pounds (�50) in
+settlement of all arrears due.
+
+[Sidenote: The Merchants' Coffee House]
+
+Long before Daniel Bloom purchased the house that hung out the sign of the
+Jamaica Pilot Boat, it had been kept by John Dunks. Bloom did not retain
+the sign, for we find that a few years later, it was used by the widow of
+John Dunks, who kept a house a little further up near the Fly Market.
+Bloom had seen considerable of the world, and appears to have been a man
+of some property, owning real estate in the city and in Westchester
+County. He probably had an acquaintance among the merchants, as sea
+captains generally had, and was able to make his house a resort for them.
+He called it the Merchants' Coffee House, and he was no doubt the first
+landlord of the house by that name, which, for more than half a century,
+was one of the most prominent houses of the city. As its name implies, it
+gradually became the place where the merchants of the city met and
+transacted business, and it became also the place where auctions, or
+vendues, as they were called, were held, especially such as were connected
+with the shipping business. The year after Bloom's death, its landlord was
+Captain James Ackland.
+
+The price paid for the lease of the ferry indicates that there must have
+been considerable travel over it and that the house at the landing place
+should have been a profitable one. On the next corner below, on Burnet's
+Key and Wall Street Slip, was the tavern of Widow Susannah Lawrence, which
+at one time was called the Red Lion, and on the opposite side of Wall
+Street stood, in 1735, St. George and the Dragon, which in 1750 was
+occupied by Thomas Leppers, from London, who hung out the sign of the Duke
+of Cumberland. He had succeeded George Burns, who became prominent as a
+tavern-keeper and was in turn the landlord of many well known houses. In
+May, 1750, announcement was made that "Thomas Leppers, living at the sign
+of the Duke of Cumberland, opposite the Merchants' Coffee House, proposes
+to open an Ordinary To-morrow, Dinner will be ready at half an Hour after
+One," and a few days later he gave notice that "Whereas, I have often
+heard Gentlemen Strangers and single Gentlemen of this City wish for a
+Regular Ordinary and since my removal to the Duke of Cumberland, opposite
+the Merchants' Coffee House, I have been frequently advised by Gentlemen
+my friends to keep one. These are to give Notice That I began to do so on
+Tuesday last, which shall be continued every Day. Dinner shall be ready at
+One o'clock. Per Thomas Leppers from London."
+
+[Sidenote: An Affair at Leppers' Tavern]
+
+In August, 1750, this house was the scene of a disturbance which must have
+caused much talk in the town, as an account of the affair occupies a whole
+page in one of the issues of the New York Gazette Revived in the Weekly
+Post Boy, a very unusual attention given any local news. It was claimed
+that the article had been written by spectators of the affair to set to
+right reports that were current in the town. On Tuesday evening, the 28th
+of August, several persons met as a club at Leppers' tavern, and one or
+two of the company, signifying a desire to have Mr. James Porterfield join
+them, one of the members went out and in a short time returned and
+introduced him to the company, who, it seems, were mostly physicians or
+interested in that profession. After supper he begged the attention of the
+club, and stated that he had received many civilities from the gentlemen
+of the club, for which he returned them thanks; but a friend had told him
+that having lately asked a member if Mr. Porterfield were admitted to it,
+the answer was, that he was not, and that his loquacity was the cause of
+it. He said that he submitted to the judgment of the club whether he had
+ever behaved in such a manner at the club as to deserve that reflection.
+The members of the club declined to pass judgment upon the question,
+stating that as he was not a member, it would be to no purpose to give any
+judgment about it, since if they thought him too talkative it was not in
+their power to prevent it as his conduct could not be regulated by any of
+their rules. Notwithstanding this definite answer, he still persisted in
+claiming a judgment whether he was faulty in being too talkative or not.
+The members of the club maintained their first position and begged him not
+to insist any further, as he was defeating the original intention of the
+meeting. He became violent, but was prevailed at length to be quiet while
+a paper was being read by one of the members. He seems to have worked
+himself up to a high state of resentment for he sneered and interrupted
+the reading, and after it was finished became so uncontrollable and
+insulting that he was threatened with expulsion. He then threw his glove
+upon the table as a challenge, and although no other person was armed,
+drew his sword. At this point the member, who had threatened to turn him
+out, took up the glove and threw it in his face, and being seated at the
+opposite side of a long table went round to him, and, with the assistance
+of some of the other members, disarmed him and broke his sword. They
+forced him to the door, but he used his cane, which was also broken by the
+company, who now went to another room, leaving him alone. He went down
+stairs and on his way out told Mr. Loppers that he would get another sword
+and return and run some of the members upstairs through the body, but Mr.
+Loppers told him that he could not again enter his house that night. He
+thereupon seated himself at the door with the stump of his sword in his
+hand waiting for revenge, but was induced by the member of the club who
+had introduced him to retire to his lodgings.
+
+This was not the end, for the next evening Mr. Porterfield came down to
+the Merchants' Coffee House, and at sight of Doctor Ayscough, drew his
+sword and shook it at the Doctor, who stood in the door, calling him
+villain and scoundrel and challenging him to fight. After some abuse of
+this kind Doctor Ayscough seized a cane from a bystander and struck
+Porterfield on the head, who immediately rushed towards him and made a
+pass at him. Doctor Ayscough, in retreating, fell down and Porterfield,
+thinking that he had pricked him, very quickly and prudently disappeared,
+as the resentment of the spectators was apparent. Doctor Ayscough was not
+injured.
+
+[Sidenote: Clubs]
+
+It seems to have been quite usual at this period for men of like tastes
+and inclinations to form themselves into clubs. A writer, describing New
+York and its people in 1756, states that, "New York is one of the most
+social places on the continent. The men collect themselves into weekly
+evening clubs. The ladies, in winter, are frequently entertained either at
+concerts of music or assemblies, and make a very good appearance." The
+clubs, as well as the assemblies for dancing, were held at the taverns.
+The first club in the colony of New York, of which we have any knowledge,
+was formed at the instance of Governor Lovelace, in the winter of 1668-69,
+composed of ten French and Dutch and six English families, to meet at each
+other's houses twice a week in winter and once a week in summer, from six
+to nine in the evening. It is said that the Governor was generally present
+and made himself agreeable. This, no doubt, was a select circle, and the
+enjoyment derived consisted of the social pleasures and the good things to
+eat and drink, the beverages being Madeira wine and rum and brandy punch
+served up in silver tankards. Governor Bellomont speaks of the men who
+were opposed to him meeting as a club and of Governor Fletcher's club
+night, which was Saturday. The club opposed to Bellomont met at the tavern
+of Lieutenant Matthews, which was in the South Ward. In 1734 there was a
+club in New York called the Hum Drum Club, which appears to have been
+honored by the presence of the Governor on two succeeding Saturdays. As
+we approach the period of the Revolution, we find the number of clubs
+increasing; they were organized with different objects in view. There was
+the purely social club, the political club, the club for the lawyer and
+the club for the physician, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Merchants' Exchange]
+
+The growing commercial importance of New York induced the building of a
+new Exchange for merchants in the middle of Broad Street, near the East
+River, which was commenced in 1752, on or near the site of one which had
+stood there since 1690. In June, permission for erecting it was given by
+the city and one hundred pounds appropriated towards its erection. The
+original intention was probably to build it like the old one, which was
+simply an open structure with nothing but roof above; but, in August, the
+corporation resolved that they would at their own expense, build or cause
+to be built a room twelve feet high over the Exchange, for which an
+appropriation was made of twelve hundred pounds (�1,200). A cupola was
+erected on it, but it had no bell until 1769, when one was provided. The
+large room in the upper story was for many years used by societies for
+their annual meetings and elections, for concerts and for dinners and
+entertainments to persons of distinction, and by the Common Council for
+their regular meetings while the City Hall was being repaired. It was
+leased to Oliver De Lancey for one year, from February 1, 1754. The next
+year it was let to Keen and Lightfoot, who opened in one end of it a
+coffee-room called the Exchange Coffee Room, which was continued for many
+years. In March, 1756, a show was given here called the microcosm, or the
+world in miniature. In 1756 the partnership of Keen and Lightfoot was
+broken up. Lightfoot continued the coffee room and Keen opened a tavern
+nearby which he called the Fountain Inn. Upon the death of Lightfoot, in
+1757, his widow, Sarah, obtained a renewal of the lease and continued the
+business, but the following year, the rent being raised, it passed into
+the hands of Roper Dawson, and was opened as a mercantile store.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL EXCHANGE]
+
+Business at the Merchants' Coffee House continually increased. It became
+the recognized place for public vendues or auctions of real estate,
+merchandise, negroes, horses, or any other article of sale. Several sales
+of vessels, dining the year 1753, were made here, where the inventories
+were posted. In May the sloop, Sea Flower, late commanded by Evert
+Evertson, and one-fourth part of the ship John, Richard Coffee, master,
+were offered for sale; in August the sloop, Catherine; and in September
+one-third part of the ship, Fame, Captain Seymour. When the sloop
+Catharine was offered for sale, notice was given that she could be seen in
+Rotten Row, almost opposite the Merchants' Coffee House. Rotten Row was a
+place on the East River shore which the extension of the dock to the north
+of Wall Street, and that at Cruger's Wharf, made into a sort of cove where
+the shipping received some protection. Between these two points the river
+came up to the southeast side of the present Water Street, and the dock
+was known as Hunter's Keys. The New York _Gazette_ of January 6, 1752,
+stated that the river was then full of ice and that many vessels had been
+detained from sailing, and, "with the rest of our shipping, squeezed into
+Rotten Row for Shelter. It was a happy Turn the Corporation acted with
+that Prudence in not consenting to the Views of a few self-interested
+People, to get the only Place for Shelter of our shipping fill'd up."
+
+In 1753 Governor Clinton, who had had a long fight with the assembly
+during his administration, retired from the office of Governor to a
+sinecure provided for him in England. He had accomplished the object of
+his mission as to his personal interests, and at his recommendation Sir
+Danvers Osborne became his successor.
+
+On Saturday, the 6th of October, 1753, the ship Arundal, Captain Lloyd,
+arrived at Sandy Hook, with Sir Danvers Osborne on board. He came up to
+the city the next day in the ship's barge, and landed at the Whitehall
+Slip, where he was received by the members of the Council, the Mayor and
+Aldermen, the officers of the militia and most of the principal gentlemen
+of the city. Governor Clinton being at his country seat at Flushing, Long
+Island, Osborne was escorted to the Governor's house in Fort George, where
+an elegant entertainment was prepared for his reception, when the healths
+of his majesty and of all the members of the royal family were drank, as
+was usual on such occasions. On Monday Governor Clinton came in from his
+country seat and Sir Danvers Osborne was elegantly entertained at a public
+dinner given by the gentlemen of the Council, and on Tuesday the
+corporation voted him the freedom of the city, presented to him in a
+golden box. On Wednesday the commission of Sir Danvers Osborne was first
+published in Council, and while the usual oaths were being taken, the
+corporation, the city representatives, the militia officers, the clergy
+and all the principal inhabitants assembled in the parade and, together
+with the Council, wailed on his excellency, attended by a company of foot
+and a vast concourse of people, to the City Hall, where his commission was
+a second time published. He then, amidst the shouts and acclamations of
+the people, attended in like manner, returned to the fort, where the usual
+royal healths were drank, the guns in the common and harbor firing, and
+the bells of all the churches of the city ringing. The corporation then
+waited on Sir Danvers with an address, to which he gave a short and
+agreeable reply.
+
+[Illustration: Danvers Osborn]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the New Governor]
+
+At the tavern of George Burns, opposite the Long Bridge, a grand dinner
+was ordered by the corporation. A committee had been appointed with
+instructions to invite his majesty's Council, such members of the Assembly
+as should be in town, the captain of the man-of-war, with such gentlemen
+as came over with the Governor, the treasurer of the colony, the King's
+attorney, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Penn and Mr. Oliver De Lancey to
+dine with his Excellency, Sir Danvers Osborn, Bart. The committee were,
+besides, instructed to provide for a bonfire on the common near the
+workhouse, and to procure three dozen of wine to be sent to the fire, that
+the City Hall, the Alms-House and the Ferry-House should be illuminated
+and that a half-barrel of cannon-powder be provided to discharge the
+cannon on the Common near the bonfire. The newspapers state that the
+dinner was "an elegant and splendid entertainment. In the evening two and
+forty cannon were discharged in the Common. Two large bonfires were
+erected. Some thousands of the populace crowded the Common and the whole
+town was for several hours most bountifully illuminated." Notwithstanding
+all this rejoicing, and the enthusiasm with which he was received, the new
+Governor became despondent and, on the morning of Friday, the 12th of
+October, his body was found hanging to the garden fence of Mr. Murray, at
+whose house he was staying. He had committed suicide.
+
+From the very fact that the house of George Burns was selected as the
+place for the dinner given to the new Governor, we may very confidently
+conclude that it was considered the best tavern in New York at that time.
+George Burns was the landlord of the King's Arms, which, until about this
+time, had also been called the Exchange Coffee House. The coffee house of
+this period was generally considered to be more a meeting place for the
+transaction of business than the tavern and until the Merchants' Coffee
+House was established the Exchange Coffee House had been the resort of
+merchants and the place where business transactions were made and where
+auctions were held for the sale of merchandise of all kinds.
+
+[Sidenote: The Province Arms]
+
+Before the year 1754 there had been no one tavern that had stood at the
+head and maintained a leading position for any length of time; but in this
+year Edward Willett, well known in New York as the landlord, at different
+times, of many prominent houses, opened a tavern in the house of James De
+Lancey on Broadway which from this time became the most prominent tavern
+in the city and so continued until after the Revolution, when on the same
+site was built in 1794 the City Hotel, which also for a long time held the
+lead as a public house. Willett moved into it from the Horse and Cart and
+described it as "the house of the honorable James De Lancey, Esq.,
+Lieutenant Governor, at the sign of the Province Arms in Broadway, near
+Oswego Market."
+
+While Willett was keeping the Horse and Cart, on Thursday, October 25,
+1753, the last day of the sitting of the Supreme Court, the justices of
+the court, the attorney-general, and the counsellors and attorneys
+attending the court, marched in a procession from the City Hall to the
+house of the Lieutenant Governor and presented him with an address, after
+which, accompanied by the Lieutenant Governor, they all marched to the
+house of Edward Willett, where a grand dinner was served to them.
+
+The house that Willett opened on Broadway at the Province Arms, or the New
+York Arms, as it was sometimes called, was one of the largest and finest
+in the city, and from the time it was opened as a tavern was patronized by
+the public societies and was the recognized place for giving all public
+entertainments of importance. It had been built by Stephen De Lancey about
+the year 1730 and, subsequently, came into the possession of his son,
+James De Lancey, the Lieutenant Governor. It was two stories high, with
+windows opening to the floor. It stood on the west side of Broadway,
+between the present Thames and Cedar Streets, commanding from its windows
+a beautiful view of the bay, the river and the opposite shores. Somewhat
+retired from the busy parts of the city, it was a beautiful and agreeable
+spot for a first-class public house. Broadway was becoming the favorite
+promenade. The church walk, in front of Trinity, near by, was the resort
+of the fashion of the town for the afternoon.
+
+On Tuesday, April 29, 1755, soon after Lieutenant Governor De Lancey had
+returned from a trip to the more southern colonies, where he had been
+received with all the honors due to his official station, and where he had
+met the other governors in consultation as to the situation on the French
+and Indian frontier, Governor William Shirley, of Massachusetts, and
+Governor Robert Hunter Morris, of Pennsylvania, arrived in New York from
+the westward and were welcomed to the city with great formality. On
+landing at Whitehall Slip they were saluted by a discharge of cannon from
+Fort George, and welcomed ashore by Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, members
+of his majesty's council and many of the principal gentlemen of the city.
+The city militia had been ordered to muster and were drawn up so as to
+line the street as the gentlemen passed on to the fort, where they drank
+his majesty's and all the loyal healths with success to the
+English-American enterprises. They then proceeded through the lines still
+formed by the militia to the New York Arms, on Broadway. Here a handsome
+entertainment was provided where the healths of his majesty and the royal
+family were repeated with "cheerfulness and alacrity." The newspaper
+account states that the doors, windows, balconies and the tops of the
+houses were decorated, red cloaks being largely used to brighten the scene
+and give it life and color.
+
+[Sidenote: Charter of King's College]
+
+On Wednesday, the 7th of May, 1755, the gentlemen who had been appointed
+governors of the College of the Province of New York (afterwards called
+King's College) met at the house of Edward Willett, at the sign of the New
+York Arms, "when the Deputy Secretary attended with his Majesty's Royal
+Charter of Incorporation." Lieutenant Governor De Lancey was pleased to
+order the charter read, and "after addressing himself to the governors in
+a very affectionate, genteel and suitable manner," delivered to them the
+Charter, and they were qualified to exercise the important trust reposed
+in them by taking the oaths (to the government and that of office), and
+subscribing the declaration as prescribed by the charter. This was the
+birth of King's College, now Columbia University. The next Tuesday, the
+13th of May, being the day appointed by the charter for the annual meeting
+of the governors, they accordingly met at the New York Arms to proceed
+upon business, and the meetings of the governors of the college continued
+to be held here for many years.
+
+[Sidenote: French and Indian War]
+
+The year 1755 was a sad one in the English colonies. The defeat of
+Braddock filled the land with gloom and depression which was only
+partially dispelled by the repulse of the French at Lake George and the
+capture of their commander, Dieskau. New York City was roused to exertion
+and the spirit of the colony rose to occasion. Troops of soldiers were
+passing through to the seat of war, the drumbeat was constantly heard in
+the streets, recruiting offices were opened at the taverns, and the
+prominent citizens met at their usual resorts to discuss the news of war.
+No formal declaration of war had been made by either England or France,
+yet war, in its most distressing forms, was raging on all the frontiers of
+the English colonies.
+
+[Illustration: "THE DRUMBEAT WAS CONSTANTLY HEARD IN THE STREETS"]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at the New York Arms]
+
+In the midst of this excitement his majesty's ship, The Sphinx, arrived
+with the new governor, Sir Charles Hardy. About ten o'clock on the morning
+of September 3, 1755, the people of New York heard the booming of cannon
+from The Sphinx, which had arrived the night before and was lying in the
+harbor. Sir Charles was on his way to the city in the ship's barge and the
+discharge of cannon was in his honor on his leaving the ship. This was
+soon answered from Fort George, when Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, the
+members of the council and the assembly, the mayor and aldermen, the
+clergy and the principal gentlemen of the city, at the Whitehall Stairs,
+welcomed him to the province, and through lines of militia, mustered for
+the occasion, escorted him to the Fort. After going through the usual
+ceremonies he was conducted to the City Hall, where his commission was
+published. He then returned to the Fort to receive the congratulations of
+the officials and the public. The new governor was then conducted to the
+New York Arms, where, by invitation of Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, he
+dined with the council and the assembly, and many other gentlemen, "and
+where repeated Healths of Loyalty, Success to His Majesty's Arms, both in
+Europe and America, Prosperity to the English-American Colonies, a speedy
+Defeat of the French from off the borders, and a total Extinction of their
+very name in America went round with great Unanimity and Dispatch." The
+newspapers state that "at night the Windows in the city were ornamented
+with lights and two large bonfires were erected on the Common where
+several hampers of good old Madeira (which proved brisker than bottled
+Ale) were given to the Populace and where Sir Charles' Presence, about
+eight o'clock in the Evening closed the joyful and merry Proceeding." The
+Sphinx not only brought to the province a new governor but she brought
+also something that was very acceptable and very much needed, good hard
+money to the amount of twenty thousand pounds for the use of the forces in
+America.
+
+[Illustration: Chas. Hardy]
+
+[Sidenote: The Assembly Balls]
+
+While Willett was landlord of the New York Arms, the dancing assemblies,
+which for a great many years were a feature of the life of the city, were
+commenced at this house. These were not new, for meetings for dancing had
+been customary for many years, but no tavern before had been able to
+afford a room so well suited for the purpose. These assemblies were held
+fortnightly on Thursday, during the winter season, and the subscription to
+each meeting was eight shillings. The ball was opened at eight o'clock and
+closed at midnight. In 1759 the managers were Messrs. Duane, Walton,
+McEvers and Banyer, names which convey to us the conviction that the
+company was quite select. Notice was given that "Strangers will not be
+admitted unless they apply for tickets before 5 o'clock of every assembly
+night at the Directors Houses."
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of Colonel Peter Schuyler]
+
+Colonel Peter Schuyler, of New Jersey, who was taken prisoner at Oswego,
+had distinguished himself by his generosity to his fellow prisoners in
+Canada and by his kindness and assistance to all of his countrymen in
+distress, making no distinction between Jerseymen and those from other
+provinces, spending money freely, which his captors were willing to supply
+on his personal drafts, knowing him to be wealthy. He had been released at
+Montreal on his parole to return in six months, unless an exchange had in
+the meantime been settled for him. Making his way through the forests to
+Fort Edward and thence to Albany, he arrived in New York on Saturday
+afternoon, November 19, 1757. He had many relatives and friends in the
+city and the people were so sensible of the services which he had rendered
+to the province of New York that, to honor him, the public buildings and
+most of the houses in town were illuminated, a bonfire was made on the
+Common and at the King's Arms Tavern an elegant entertainment was given in
+celebration of his return from captivity and there was great rejoicing
+at his safe arrival.
+
+[Illustration: Peter Schuyler]
+
+[Sidenote: Privateers]
+
+The profitable business of privateering, broken up by the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, was resumed with renewed vigor by the adventurous
+merchants and ship-owners of New York at the commencement of the war. The
+whole coast, from Maine to Georgia, was soon alive with daring,
+adventurous, some among them, no doubt, unscrupulous privateers, who,
+failing of success against the enemy did not hesitate, when a good
+opportunity offered, to plunder the vessels of friendly nations. In 1756
+there were over twenty ships from the port of New York carrying nearly two
+hundred and fifty guns and manned by nearly two thousand men scouring the
+seas, and before January, 1758, they had brought into New York fifty-nine
+prizes, besides those taken into other ports for adjudication. So popular
+was this business that Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, in 1758, complained
+"that men would no longer enlist in the army," and "that the country was
+drained of many able-bodied men by almost a kind of madness to go
+a-privateering." The old captains of the previous war again hoisted their
+flags and were joined by many younger men. Alexander McDougal and Isaac
+Sears, whose names became prominent in the history of the city, commanded
+the Tiger and Decoy and Thomas Doran, who kept a tavern at the Fly Market,
+in the fast-sailing pilot-boat, Flying Harlequin, with fourteen guns, and
+armed to the teeth, made rapid and successful trips.
+
+[Sidenote: The Press Gang]
+
+Much more dreaded than the enemy by the privateersmen were the press gangs
+sent out by the men-of-war. The captain of a British man-of-war did not
+hesitate, when in need of men, to board colonial vessels and take any
+number required or even to kidnap them from the city for service in the
+British navy. The privateersman was pressed with peculiar satisfaction.
+Attempts at impressment resulted in several bloody encounters. In 1760,
+the crew of the Sampson of Bristol, who had fired on the barge of H. M. S.
+Winchester, on attempting to board her, killing a number of men, were
+protected and concealed by the people from the reach of the sheriff and
+the militia ordered to his assistance. On July 10, 1764, four fishermen
+were taken from their vessel in the harbor and carried on board the tender
+of a man-of-war. The next day, when the captain of the tender came on
+shore, his boat was seized by a number of men, and with great shouting
+dragged through the streets to the middle of the green in the Fields,
+where they burned and destroyed her and then quickly dispersed. Meanwhile
+the captain publicly declared that he was not responsible for the seizure
+of the men, and, going into the Coffee House, wrote an order for their
+release. The order was carried on board the tender and the fishermen
+brought ashore. The magistrates, as soon as they had notice of the affair,
+sent out men to disperse the mob and secure the boat, but the mischief had
+been done. The court met in the afternoon, but were unable to discover any
+person concerned in the business, and the probability is that there was no
+great effort or desire to do so.
+
+[Illustration: THE PRESS GANG]
+
+[Sidenote: Sales of Prizes]
+
+We find continuously in the newspapers issued during the war notices of
+sales of prize ships and cargoes at the taverns, at the Coffee House and
+on the wharves near by. The Merchants' Coffee House, where the inventories
+were posted, had become the recognized place with the merchants for the
+transaction of all kinds of business, and many sales of ships and prizes
+taken by the privateers were made here. It had become a sort of maritime
+exchange. In 1758 Luke Roome was its landlord, and was also the owner of
+the house, which he offered for sale. It was purchased by Doctor Charles
+Arding, who retained possession of it until 1792, when it was acquired by
+the Tontine Association, who built on it and other contiguous lots the
+Tontine Coffee House. Luke Roome was afterwards assistant alderman and for
+several years leased the docks and slips of the city. How long he was
+landlord of the Merchants' Coffee House we do not know.
+
+It was customary in colonial times and even a good deal later to build
+market houses in the middle of streets. For a great many years in the
+middle of Wall Street, between Queen Street or Hanover Square and the
+river, had stood the Meal Market. In the course of time, as the building
+grew old, the merchants and those living in the neighborhood came to
+consider it as a nuisance, and in 1762 petitioned the authorities for its
+removal. They say in their petition: "It greatly obstructs the agreeable
+prospect of the East River, which those that live in Wall Street would
+otherwise enjoy; and, furthermore, occasions a dirty street, offensive to
+the inhabitants on each side and disagreeable to those who pass to and
+from the coffe-house, a place of great resort." Garrat Noel, the most
+prominent bookseller in New York, moved his store in 1757 and, in his
+announcements in the newspapers, gives its location as next door to the
+Merchants' Coffee House, opposite the Meal Market; but, in July, 1762, he
+announces his store as "next door to the Merchants' Coffee House, near
+where the Meal Market stood." This is pretty good evidence that it had
+been taken down very soon after the petition was presented for its
+removal.
+
+[Sidenote: The Crown and Thistle]
+
+Down near the water at Whitehall Slip stood the Crown and Thistle, a
+tavern kept by John Thompson, who preferred the cognomen of Scotch Johnny,
+by which he was familiarly known. Here good dinners were served to
+merchants, travellers and army officers, and here travellers could make
+arrangements for transportation in Captain O'Brien's stage-boat to Perth
+Amboy on their way to Philadelphia or by boat to Staten Island or
+Elizabethtown Point, which was the route taken by a large majority of
+travellers going south. Those landed on Staten Island passed along on the
+north shore to a point opposite Elizabethtown Point, where they crossed
+the Kills to that place by ferry. Scotch Johnny was not only the landlord
+of the Crown and Thistle and lodged and entertained travellers who landed
+near his house or waited there for boats to carry them across the bay, but
+was himself, in 1755, interested in transportation of travellers to Staten
+Island, and the next year to Perth Amboy, on their way to the south. On
+November 30, 1753, the anniversary of St. Andrew was celebrated at the
+Crown and Thistle by the gentlemen of the Scots' Society, where an elegant
+dinner was provided, the colors being displayed on the ships in the
+harbor, particularly the ship Prince William.
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Horse]
+
+All the travel to the north and east went out of the city over Bowery Lane
+to Harlem or King's Bridge. This was the Boston post road. In 1750, at the
+upper end of Queen Street, near Alderman Benson's, stood the Black Horse
+Tavern, kept by Jonathan Ogden, "where the Boston post puts up." This
+tavern in the suburbs was a convenient and suitable place for taking a
+parting glass with friends about to set out on a journey and wishing them
+godspeed, as was then the custom. Ogden and his successor, besides
+furnishing entertainment for travellers and stabling for horses, made it
+their business to supply travellers with horses, chairs, harness, saddles,
+etc., either for short drives on the island or for more extensive trips.
+In 1753, after the death of Ogden, John Halstead became the landlord of
+the Black Horse. At the public vendue of the household goods belonging to
+the estate of Ogden, there was offered for sale an article called a
+"Messacipia Table." We leave it to the reader to conjecture what it was
+for. In 1756 there was a Black Horse Tavern in Fair (Fulton) Street.
+
+[Illustration: THE BULL'S HEAD TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bull's Head]
+
+Just after entering the Bowery Lane the traveller would come to the Bull's
+Head Tavern, which in 1755 was kept by George Brewitson. This was the
+great resort and stopping place for the farmers and drovers who brought in
+cattle for the city market and where they were met by the butchers who
+purchased their stock. Thus it was not only a tavern but a sort of market
+for live stock or for the meat supply of the city and continued such for
+a great many years. The Bull's Head market survives to the present day,
+only a little further uptown. Three or four miles out was the Union Flag,
+and not far from this was a house which was described as a noted tavern
+where lived John Creiger, four miles from New York and ten miles from
+King's Bridge.
+
+At the northwest corner of the present 66th Street and Third Avenue stood
+the Dove Tavern. From this point the road continued northward for some
+distance, and then to avoid the swamps and inlets, turned to the westward,
+entering the present bounds of Central Park, and ascended the hill at the
+top of which was a large stone tavern. This had been built by Jacob
+Dyckman, Jr., near the year 1750, who, about ten years after, sold it to
+the Widow McGown, who, with the assistance of her son Andrew, kept the
+house, which became known as McGown's Pass Tavern. That the old stone
+tavern was a house of generous capacity is evident from its being selected
+as the place for the meeting of the colonial assembly, while the City Hall
+was being repaired, in October and November, 1752. Just a little south, on
+the opposite side of the road, was a tavern, which, shortly before the
+Revolution, was known as the Black Horse. It is thought to have been the
+headquarters of General Cornwallis during the battle of Harlem Heights.
+Dyckman's or McGown's Pass Tavern was about half way between New York and
+King's Bridge and there was doubtless a natural demand by travellers on
+this part of the road for entertainment, which induced Dyckman to build a
+capacious house. Once a week it received a visit from the post rider going
+out and once a week on his return. It must necessarily have received
+considerable trade from passing travellers, farmers and drovers, for it
+was on the one road which led out of the city, and its capacity to
+entertain attracted many a dinner party of those who followed the hounds,
+for fox-hunting was a sport indulged in by many New Yorkers at that time.
+
+McGown's Pass was the scene of some activity in the first year of the
+Revolution, and was fortified and occupied by the British troops during
+the whole seven years of the war. Early on the morning of September 15,
+1776, the English ships lying in the East River opened fire for the
+purpose of silencing the American battery at Horn's Hook and to cover the
+British landing at Kip's Bay. Washington had a few days previous removed
+his headquarters to the Roger Morris house, from which could be had an
+extensive view to the south, including the East River shores. Warned by
+the bombardment that something important was about to take place,
+Washington, in haste, mounted his horse and dashed down at utmost speed
+over the road past McGown's to the scene of action. This ride was
+something like that celebrated ride of General Phil Sheridan about ninety
+years later, but not with similar results. Before he arrived at Murray
+Hill, the British troops had landed, and the Americans were in full
+retreat. Two months later a sad spectacle was witnessed at McGown's Pass
+as the twenty-eight hundred prisoners taken at the surrender of Fort
+Washington filed down over the hills to New York. Many had been plundered
+by the Hessians, and all of them showed the effects of the desperately
+fought battle through which they had passed. They were on their way to
+years of suffering, many on their way to death in English prisons, which,
+happily for them, they did not then understand.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROGER MORRIS HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Blue Bell]
+
+On the road about a mile further north after leaving McGown's there was a
+tavern standing near where the present St. Nicholas Avenue crosses 126th
+Street, which, about the time of the Revolution and for many years after,
+was known as Day's Tavern; and about three miles further was the Blue
+Bell, which, although a small house, seems to have been well known at a
+very early period and to have continued its existence down to quite recent
+times. From the Blue Bell to King's Bridge was about two and a half miles.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLUE BELL TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: King's Bridge]
+
+At the most northern point of the island was the only place in its whole
+circumference from which, in early days, the mainland could be reached by
+a ford. It was called the Wading Place. Near this a ferry was established,
+but as early as 1680 the governor's council ordered "Spiting Devil" to be
+viewed for a bridge. Action was delayed. Governor Fletcher in 1692
+recommended its construction by the city, but the city declined on account
+of the expense. In January, 1693, Frederick Flypsen offered to build a
+bridge at his own expense, if he were allowed certain "easy and reasonable
+toles," and he was accordingly granted the franchise for ninety-nine
+years. A bridge was constructed by him the same year. It was to be
+twenty-four feet wide, with a draw for the passage of such vessels as
+navigated the stream; to be free for the King's forces and to be named the
+King's Bridge. This bridge was in possession of some member of the
+Philipse family, descendant of Frederick Flypsen, until the Revolutionary
+War, and was, no doubt, before the free bridge was built, a profitable
+investment. A tavern was opened on the northern side for the entertainment
+of travellers. Madam Sarah Knight, in returning to Boston in December,
+1704, set out with her companions "about one afternoon, and about three
+came to half-way house about ten miles out of town, where we Baited and
+went forward, and about 5 come to Spiting Devil, Else King's Bridge, where
+they pay three pence for passing over with a horse, which the man that
+keeps the Gate set up at the end of the Bridge receives." The half-way
+house, spoken of by Madam Knight, stood at the foot of the hill on the
+Kingsbridge Road on a line with the present 109th Street. We find that in
+1746 there was a public vendue of lots of land at the Half-Way House,
+near Harlem, which was very likely the same place.
+
+On account of the barrier gate and the tolls demanded, the King's Bridge,
+as travel increased, became unpopular and, in 1756, a project was set on
+foot for building a free bridge by voluntary subscriptions. When
+sufficient had been secured, Benjamin Palmer, who was active in the
+undertaking, began the work of building the bridge a little below the
+first bridge, from the land of Jacob Dyckman, on the island, to that of
+Thomas Vermilve on the Westchester side. Colonel Phillipse, the owner of
+King's Bridge, tried in every way to prevent its construction. Twice in
+one year he caused Palmer to be impressed "as a soldier to go to Canada,"
+which compelled him to procure and pay for substitutes. Nevertheless, in
+spite of all opposition, the bridge was finished, and the celebration of
+its completion was announced as follows:
+
+"These are to acquaint the public, That to-morrow the Free Bridge, erected
+and built across the Harlem River, will be finished and completed. And on
+the same day there will be a stately Ox roasted whole on the Green, for
+and as a small Entertainment to the Loyal People who come."
+
+[Sidenote: The Best Taverns]
+
+The following memoranda from the manuscript diary of Paymaster General
+Mortier, of the royal navy, indicates the taverns of New York that were
+probably most patronized by the fashionable gentlemen of the day, for the
+few years preceding 1761:
+
+  1758 Jan.  1 At the Assembly                        2. 6
+       Feb. 18 Dinner at the Glass House               3. 5
+       Mar.  1   "    "  Black Sam's                   1.10
+            28   "    "  Scotch Johnny's               5. 6
+            30 Willett's Assembly                      8.
+       June 10 To the Band of Music of the 46th        8.
+            18 Dinner at the Coffee House              5. 6
+  1759 May     Supper at Farrell's                     9.
+               Farrell Wine                         1. 1. 6
+  1760 Jan.    Towards a ball at King's Arms        1. 0.
+               Subscription to the Concert          1.12.
+               Subscription to a ball at Byrnes       12.
+               To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+       Feb.  2 To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+            19 To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+       Mar. 28 Dinner at the Fountain                  8.
+       Apr.  4 Supper at Byrnes'                       8.
+             5   "    "  the Fountain                  6.
+            18   "    "  the Fountain                  8.
+
+The piece of land, now the block inclosed by Broadway, Fulton, Nassau and
+Ann Streets, or nearly so, was, in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, a public resort, and known as Spring Garden. There was a tavern
+or public house on the premises known as Spring Garden House, standing on
+the site of the present St. Paul's Building, corner of Broadway and Ann
+Street, which in 1739 was occupied by Thomas Scurlock, who may have been
+in possession of it for some time. In an administration bond given by him
+in 1718 he is styled _vintner_. Spring Garden House appears to have been a
+well-known landmark, used as such in records and in the newspapers.
+
+After the death of Thomas Scurlock in 1747 the tavern was kept for some
+years by his widow, Eve. When the house was advertised for sale in 1759 it
+was described as "in Broadway at the corner of Spring Garden, now in use
+as a tavern, Sign of the King of Prussia, and next door to Dr. Johnson's"
+(President of King's College). In 1763 the landlord of the house was John
+Elkin. After about 1770 we hear no more of it as a tavern.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+TAVERN SIGNS
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Comforts of a Good Inn]
+
+Samuel Johnson, born in 1709, was in his prime about the middle of the
+eighteen the century. His description of the advantages afforded by a good
+inn has not yet been surpassed. Here it is:
+
+"There is no private house in which people can enjoy themselves so well as
+at a capital tavern. Let there be ever so great plenty of good things,
+ever so much grandeur, ever so much elegance, ever so much desire that
+everybody should be easy, in the nature of things it cannot be; there must
+always be some degree of care and anxiety. The master of the house is
+anxious to entertain his guests; the guests are anxious to be agreeable to
+him; and no man, but a very impudent dog indeed, can freely command what
+is in another man's house as if it were his own. Whereas, at a tavern
+there is general freedom from anxiety. You are sure you are welcome, and
+the more noise you make, the more trouble you give, the more good things
+you call for, the welcomer you are. No servant will attend you with the
+alacrity which waiters do, who are incited by the prospect of an immediate
+reward in proportion as they please. No sir, there is nothing which has
+yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a
+good inn."
+
+Another writer, whose name is unrecorded or lost in the sweep of time, has
+said that the tavern "is the busy man's recreation, the idle man's
+business, the melancholy man's sanctuary, the stranger's welcome."
+
+Samuel Johnson, if in New York, would not have found at any tavern such
+congenial companions as at the Turk's Head, in Soho. New York did not have
+an Oliver Goldsmith, nor a Sir Joshua Reynolds, nor an Edmund Burke,
+nor--but Boswell would have been with him. Barring the companionship of
+such men he could have been made as comfortable at the Queen's Head in
+Dock Street as at his familiar tavern in London. He could have taken his
+cup of tea, his favorite drink, in one of the boxes of the Merchants'
+Coffee House and then strolled into Garrat Noel's bookstore next door
+where he could have found food for his mind after his corporeal needs had
+been supplied. Here was literature of the solid sort, as Noel's
+announcements in the newspapers inform us, and Dr. Johnson might have
+easily imagined himself in the bookstore of Tom Davies--one of his
+familiar haunts.
+
+[Sidenote: The Landlord]
+
+The accomplished tavern-keeper of New York, as well as of London, knew how
+to welcome his guest and from long experience instinctively knew how to
+reach his heart. After receiving him with the most unbounded cordiality,
+occasionally dropping him a piece of news which he knew would interest
+him, or one of his newest jokes, he soon made him feel glad to be in his
+house. When the dinner was ready he was on hand to place the first dish on
+the table and to give him his company if he saw that it was desirable.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD TIME LANDLORD]
+
+In colonial times signs were extensively used. The hardware dealer placed
+above his door a sign of Crossed Daggers, or a Golden Handsaw, or a Golden
+Key; some used the sign of the Crossed Guns. A carriage-maker used the
+sign of the Gilded Wheel, a tailor that of the Hand and Shears. Thus the
+business streets were filled with signs, and a well-known or prominent
+sign was invariably used as a landmark to designate locations of other
+houses. Tavern signs were much used in this way. Houses were not numbered,
+and in the low state of education, numbers as well as worded signs would
+have been of little use. Taverns obtained their names from the signs hung
+out; and the tavern sign had a wider range of diversity than that of any
+other business. It was almost unlimited; but there were certain favorites.
+Sometimes tavern-keepers clung tenaciously to signs which they carried
+with them from place to place--and the tavern-keeper of colonial times
+appears to have been a roving character.
+
+[Illustration: "HARD DRINKING PREVAILED"]
+
+[Sidenote: Hard Drinking Prevailed]
+
+Some features of tavern life and some of the taverns of New York were not
+to be commended. The eighteenth century was a period when hard drinking
+pervaded not only the American colonies but England as well. Even
+preachers of the Gospel drank to excess. They were known to indulge at
+church meetings so as to lose control of both speech and gait. Unable to
+withstand the alluring temptations, they drank to excess without
+forfeiting the respect of their people. The Reverend Jacob G. Green, of
+Morris County, New Jersey, although so pious that he would not allow any
+member of his family to converse on any but religious subjects on a
+Sunday, did not hesitate to engage in the business of manufacturing
+distilled liquor. At funerals, as well as at weddings, wine and rum were
+consumed in excessive quantities, and it is a fact that persons were known
+to stagger in the funeral procession and at the brink of the grave. At the
+funeral of a colonial governor it is said that the minister's nose glowed
+like a coal of fire, and the aged bearers staggered as they bore the
+coffin. The Reverend Samuel Melyen, pastor of the First Church of
+Elizabethtown, was obliged to give up his church on account of
+intemperance; but this did not seem to the people to be a warning example,
+for when his successor, Jonathan Dickinson, a young man of twenty-one, was
+installed, we are told that "great quantities of toddy was consumed." When
+Philip Livingston died in 1749, funerals were held both at his Hudson
+River mansion and at his residence in Broad Street, New York. At each of
+these places a pipe of spiced rum was consumed, and to the eight bearers
+were given gloves, mourning rings, scarfs, handkerchiefs and monkey
+spoons. When intemperance was looked upon with such indulgence it is
+hardly to be expected that the young and gay men of the period would
+exercise much restraint; and many a convivial party at the tavern ended in
+a drinking bout, and sometimes in a riot of drunkenness and debauchery. A
+man in the condition which we of the present day would think quite drunk,
+and a proper subject for the care of his friends or relatives, was at
+that time considered to have taken only a proper modicum of drink. No man
+was looked upon as drunk until he was entirely down and out. The
+prevailing formula was:
+
+  "Not drunk is he who from the floor
+  Can rise again and still drink more,
+  But drunk is he who prostrate lies,
+  Without the power to drink or rise."
+
+[Illustration: GOOD OLD MADEIRA]
+
+In New England rum was so extensively made that the price became as low
+as twenty-five cents per gallon. It was popularly called "Kill-devil." In
+New Jersey large quantities of apple-jack were turned out, which, when
+new, was quite fiery, and this was called "Jersey lightning." Servants
+were not expected to be entirely free from the drinking habit, which,
+within certain bounds, was looked upon by their employers as pardonable.
+Announcement was made in the New York _Gazette_ and _Weekly Mercury_ of
+December 4, 1769, that
+
+    "An Hostler
+
+    That gets drunk no more than 12 times in a year and will bring with
+    him a good Recommendation, is wanted. Such person will meet with
+    encouragement by applying to H. Gaine."
+
+[Sidenote: Sports and Amusements]
+
+In the middle of the eighteenth century we find that New Yorkers were fond
+of all kinds of sports and all kinds of amusements that were available.
+The city was making rapid strides in increase of wealth and population.
+Many of her wealthy merchants had built large and handsome houses and
+there was more gaiety and desire for entertainment among her people. For
+balls, banquets, social clubs and exhibition of all sorts, each tavern of
+importance had, if possible, its "long room." There was no other provision
+or place for public assemblage. Some had delightful gardens attached to
+them, which, in summer evenings, were illuminated and sometimes the
+guests were entertained with music. Boating and fishing were largely
+indulged in and people of means who lived on the waterside had pleasure
+boats. In 1752 John Watson was keeping the Ferry House on Staten Island.
+In December of that year "a Whale 45 feet in length ran ashore at Van
+Buskirk's Point at the entrance of the Kills from our Bay, where, being
+discovered by People from Staten Island, a number of them went off and
+Killed him." Mr. Watson states in an advertisement in the New York
+_Gazette_ of December 11, 1752, that this whale may be seen at his house,
+and doubtless this announcement may have induced many to make the trip
+across the bay to see the whale and add to the profits of John Watson's
+tavern.
+
+The Reverend Mr. Burnaby, who visited the city about 1748, says: "The
+amusements are balls and sleighing expeditions in the winter, and in the
+summer going in parties upon the water and fishing, or making excursions
+into the country. There are several houses, pleasantly situated up the
+East River, near New York, where it is common to have turtle feasts. These
+happen once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies, meet
+and dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish and amuse themselves
+till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises (the fashionable
+carriage in this and most parts of America), a gentleman and lady in each
+chaise." These trips up the East River were made to Turtle Bay. One of
+the houses there about this time, or a little later, was well known as the
+Union Flag, situated on the post road. A lot of about 22 acres of land was
+attached to the tavern, extending to the river, on which was a good wharf
+and landing. Deep drinking and gambling were prevalent among the men,
+although tavern-keepers were forbidden by law from permitting gambling in
+their houses. Cock-fighting was a popular sport. At the sign of the
+Fighting Cocks--an appropriate sign--in Dock Street, "very good cocks"
+could be had, or at the Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot. Steel and silver
+spurs could be purchased in the stores. The loser of a broad cloth coat
+advertises in the newspaper that it was lost on a cockfighting night
+(supposed taken by mistake).
+
+The Common was a place where outdoor games were played in the daytime and
+bonfires built at night on festive occasions. On Monday, April 29, 1751, a
+great match at cricket was played here for a considerable wager by eleven
+Londoners against eleven New Yorkers. The newspaper account states that
+"The Game was play'd according to the London Method; and those who got
+most Notches in two Hands, to be the Winners:--The New Yorkers went in
+first and got 81; Then the Londoners went in and got but 43; Then the New
+Yorkers went in again and got 86; and the Londoners finished the Game with
+getting only 37 more."
+
+The game of bowls seems to have been quite popular in the early part of
+the eighteenth century. It was played upon a smooth, level piece of turf
+from forty to sixty feet square, surrounded by a ditch about six inches
+deep. At the further end of the ground was placed a white ball called the
+jack and the bowlers endeavored, with balls from six to eight inches in
+diameter that were not exactly round but weighted on one side so as to
+roll in a curve, to make their balls lie as near to the jack as possible.
+
+Back-gammon was an evening game at the taverns and at the coffee-house. In
+1734 a partisan of the governor's party, under the nom de plume of Peter
+Scheme wrote in reply to an article in Zenger's Journal: "I also frequent
+the Coffee House, to take a hitt at Back-Gammon, when I have an
+opportunity of hearing the curious sentiments of the Courtiers (since he
+is pleased to call the Gentlemen who frequent that place so) concerning
+his Journal." It is apparent that the popularity of the game continued for
+many years, for Alexander Mackraby, in a letter dated June 13, 1768, says:
+"They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to the city: I mean
+that of playing at back-gammon (a noise I detest), which is going forward
+at the public coffee-houses from morning till night, frequently a dozen
+tables at a time."
+
+[Sidenote: Horse-Racing]
+
+From the very beginning of English rule in New York, horse-racing seems to
+have been a fashionable sport among people of means. It has been stated
+how Governor Nicolls established a race-course on Hempstead Plains, and
+since that time interest in the sport had been kept up, increasing as the
+population and wealth of the city increased. Races were held yearly on the
+Hempstead course and it is more than likely that a course was soon
+established on Manhattan Island. In 1733 we find an announcement in a New
+York newspaper that a race would be run on the 8th of October on the
+course at New York for a purse of upwards of four pounds by any horse,
+mare or gelding carrying twelve stone and paying five shillings entrance,
+the entrance money to go to the second horse if not distanced. There is no
+mention made of the location of the course, but a notice that horses that
+have won plate here are excepted indicates that it was probably a yearly
+event. Three years later we find that a subscription plate of twenty
+pounds' value was to be run for on the course at New York on the 13th of
+October "by any horse, mare or gelding carrying ten stone (saddle and
+bridle included), the best of three heats, two miles each heat. Horses
+intended to Run for this Plate are to be entered the Day before the Race
+with Francis Child on Fresh Water Hill, paying a half Pistole each, or at
+the Post on the Day of Running, paying a Pistole." This course on Fresh
+Water Hill had probably been established for some time and its location
+was very likely near the present Chatham Square. In 1742 there was a
+race-course on the Church Farm in charge of Adam Vandenberg, the lessee of
+the farm, who was landlord of the Drovers' Tavern, which stood on or near
+the site of the present Astor House.
+
+In seeking information from the newspapers of the day in regard to
+horse-racing, we find very little, if any, in the news columns; but more
+is to be found among the advertisements. Thus, in January, 1743-4, it is
+announced that a race would be run on the first day of March "between a
+Mare called Ragged Kate, belonging to Mr. Peter De Lancey, and a Horse
+called Monk, belonging to the Hon. William Montagu, Esq., for �200." It is
+not stated where this race was to take place, but, in all probability, it
+was run either on the Fresh Water Hill course or on the Church Farm. It
+was for an unusually large wager, and, no doubt, attracted a great deal of
+attention. From about this date we hear no more of the race-course on
+Fresh Water Hill. It may have been disturbed by the line of palisades
+which was built across the island during the war with France, crossing the
+hill between the present Duane and Pearl Streets, at which point was a
+large gateway.
+
+In September, 1747, it was announced in the newspapers that a purse of not
+less than ten pistoles would be run for on the Church Farm on the 11th of
+October, two mile heats, horses that had won plate on the island and a
+horse called Parrot excepted, the entrance money to be run for by any of
+the horses entered, except the winner and those distanced. We have every
+reason to suppose that the races were at this period a yearly event on the
+Church Farm, taking place in October. In 1750 it was announced in the New
+York _Gazette_ in August and September that "on the Eleventh of October
+next, the New York Subscription Plate of Twenty Pounds' Value, will be Run
+for by any Horse, Mare or Gelding that never won a Plate before on this
+Island, carrying Ten Stone Weight, Saddle and Bridle included, the best in
+three Heats, two miles in each Heat," etc. A few days after the race the
+New York _Gazette_ announced that on "Thursday last the New York
+Subscription Plate was run for at the Church Farm by five Horses and won
+by a horse belonging to Mr. Lewis Morris, Jun."
+
+[Illustration: A RACING TROPHY]
+
+The next year similar announcements were made of the race, the difference
+being that the horses eligible must have been bred in America and that
+they should carry eight stone weight. The date is the same as that of the
+previous year, October 11. We find no record of this race in the
+newspapers, but the illustration which is given of the trophy won is
+sufficient to indicate the result. Lewis Morris, Jr., appears to have
+carried off the prize a second time. The plate was a silver bowl ten
+inches in diameter and four and one-half inches high, and the winner was a
+horse called Old Tenor. The bowl, represented in the cut, is in the
+possession of Dr. Lewis Morris, U. S. N., a lineal descendant of Lewis
+Morris, the signer of the Declaration of Independence and the owner of Old
+Tenor. The name of the horse was doubtless suggested by certain bills of
+credit then in circulation in New York. In an advertisement of two
+dwelling houses on the Church Farm for sale in April, 1755, notice is
+given that "Old Tenor will be taken in payment."
+
+The great course was on Hempstead Plains. On Friday, June 1, 1750, there
+was a great race here for a considerable wager, which attracted such
+attention that on Thursday, the day before the race, upward of seventy
+chairs and chaises were carried over the Long Island Ferry, besides a far
+greater number of horses, on their way out, and it is stated that the
+number of horses on the plains at the race far exceeded a thousand.
+
+In 1753 we find that the subscription plate, which had become a regular
+event, was run for at Greenwich, on the estate of Sir Peter Warren. Land
+about this time was being taken up on the Church Farm for building
+purposes, and this may have been the reason for the change. In 1754 there
+was a course on the Church Farm in the neighborhood of the present Warren
+Street. An account of a trial of speed and endurance was given on April
+29, 1754. "Tuesday morning last, a considerable sum was depending between
+a number of gentlemen in this city on a horse starting from one of the
+gates of the city to go to Kingsbridge and back again, being fourteen
+miles (each way) in two hours' time; which he performed with one rider in
+1 hr. and 46 min." The owner of this horse was Oliver De Lancey, one of
+the most enthusiastic sportsmen of that period. Members of the families of
+DeLancey and Morris were the most prominent owners of race horses. Other
+owners and breeders were General Monckton, Anthony Rutgers, Michael
+Kearney, Lord Sterling, Timothy Cornell and Roper Dawson. General
+Monckton, who lived for a time at the country seat called "Richmond,"
+owned a fine horse called Smoaker, with which John Leary, one of the best
+known horsemen of the day, won a silver bowl, which he refused to
+surrender to John Watts, the general's friend, even under threat of legal
+process. Several years later he was still holding it.
+
+In January, 1763, A. W. Waters, of Long Island, issued a challenge to all
+America. He says: "Since English Horses have been imported into New York,
+it is the Opinion of some People that they can outrun The True Britton,"
+and he offered to race the latter against any horse that could be produced
+in America for three hundred pounds or more. This challenge does not seem
+to have been taken up until 1765, when the most celebrated race of the
+period was run on the Philadelphia course for stakes of one thousand
+pounds. Samuel Galloway, of Maryland, with his horse, Selim, carried off
+the honors and the purse.
+
+Besides the course on Hempstead Plains, well known through all the
+colonies as well as in England, there was another on Long Island, around
+Beaver Pond, near Jamaica. A subscription plate was run for on this course
+in 1757, which was won by American Childers, belonging to Lewis Morris,
+Jr. There were also courses at Paulus Hook, Perth Amboy, Elizabethtown and
+Morristown, New Jersey, which were all thronged by the sporting gentry of
+New York City. James De Lancey, with his imported horse, Lath, in October,
+1769, won the one hundred pound race on the Centre course at Philadelphia.
+The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York men interested
+in horse-racing who had never met before, and in the few years
+intervening before the Revolution there sprang up a great rivalry between
+the northern and southern colonies.
+
+[Sidenote: Bull Baiting]
+
+The men of New York enjoyed rugged and cruel sports such as would not be
+tolerated at the present time. Among these were bear-baiting and
+bull-baiting. Bear-baiting became rare as the animals disappeared from the
+neighborhood and became scarce. Bulls were baited on Bayard's Hill and on
+the Bowery. A bull was baited in 1763 at the tavern in the Bowery Lane
+known as the sign of the De Lancey Arms. John Cornell, near St. George's
+Ferry, Long Island, gave notice in 1774 that there would be a bull baited
+on Tower Hill at three o'clock every Thursday afternoon during the season.
+
+[Illustration: BULL BAITING, FROM AN OLD ADVERTISEMENT]
+
+[Sidenote: Bowling]
+
+The taverns in the suburbs could, in many cases, have large grounds
+attached to the houses and they took advantage of this to make them
+attractive. From the very earliest period of the city there were places
+near by which were resorted to for pleasure and recreation. One of the
+earliest of these was the Cherry Garden. It was situated on the highest
+part of the road which led to the north--a continuation of the road which
+led to the ferry in the time of the Dutch--at the present junction of
+Pearl and Cherry Streets, and was originally the property of Egbert Van
+Borsum, the ferryman of New Amsterdam, who gave the sea captains such a
+magnificent dinner. In 1672 the seven acres of this property were
+purchased by Captain Delaval for the sum of one hundred and sixty-one
+guilders in beavers, and, after passing through several hands, became the
+property of Richard Sacket, who had settled in the neighborhood, and
+established himself as a maltster. On the land had been planted an orchard
+of cherry trees, which, after attaining moderate dimensions, attracted
+great attention. To turn this to account, a house of entertainment was
+erected and the place was turned into a pleasure resort known as the
+Cherry Garden. There were tables and seats under the trees, and a bowling
+green and other means of diversion attached to the premises. It had seen
+its best days before the end of the seventeenth century.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOWLING GREEN, FROM LYNE'S MAP]
+
+On the borders of the Common, now the City Hall Park, was the Vineyard,
+which is said to have been a popular place of recreation and near the
+junction of what are now Greenwich and Warren Streets was the Bowling
+Green Garden, established there soon after the opening of the eighteenth
+century. It was on a part of the Church Farm, quite out of town, for there
+were no streets then laid out above Crown, now Liberty Street, on the west
+side of the town and none above Frankfort on the east. In 1735 the house
+of the Bowling Green Garden was occupied by John Miller, who was offering
+garden seeds of several sorts for sale. On March 29, 1738, it took fire
+and in a few minutes was completely consumed, Miller, who was then living
+in it, saving himself with difficulty. A new house was erected and the
+place continued to attract visitors. There does not appear to have been
+any public road leading to it, but it was not a long walk or ride from the
+town and was finely situated on a hill near the river. In November, 1759,
+when it was occupied by John Marshall, the militia company of grenadiers
+met here to celebrate the king's birthday, when they roasted an ox and ate
+and drank loyally. Marshall solicited the patronage of ladies and
+gentlemen and proposed to open his house for breakfasting every morning
+during the season. He describes it as "handsomely situated on the North
+River at the place known by the name of the Old Bowling Green but now
+called Mount Pleasant." Some years later it became known as Vauxhall.
+
+Bowling must have had some attraction for the people of New York, for in
+March, 1732-3, the corporation resolved to "lease a piece of land lying at
+the lower end of Broadway fronting the Fort to some of the inhabitants of
+the said Broadway in Order to be Inclosed to make a Bowling Green thereof,
+with Walks therein, for the Beauty & Ornament of the Said Street, as well
+as for the Recreation and Delight of the Inhabitants of this City." In
+October, 1734, it was accordingly leased to Frederick Phillipse, John
+Chambers and John Roosevelt for ten years, for a bowling-green only, at
+the yearly rental of one pepper-corn. In 1742 the lease was renewed for
+eleven years; to commence from the expiration of the first lease, at a
+rental of twenty shillings per annum. In January, 1745, proposals were
+requested for laying it with turf and rendering it fit for bowling, which
+shows that it was then being used for that purpose. It was known as the
+New or Royal Bowlling Green and the one on the Church Farm as the Old
+Bowling Green.
+
+[Sidenote: The Glass House]
+
+Some time about 1754, an attempt was made in New York to make glass
+bottles and other glass ware. Thomas Leppers, who had been a
+tavern-keeper, was storekeeper for the Glass House Company, and advertised
+all sorts of bottles and a variety of glassware "too tedious to mention,
+at reasonable rates." He stated that gentlemen who wished bottles of any
+size with their names on them, "could be supplied with all expedition." A
+few years later, 1758, notice was given by Matthias Ernest that the
+newly-erected Glass House at New Foundland, within four miles of the city,
+was at work and ready to supply bottles, flasks and any sort of glassware.
+Newfoundland was the name of a farm of about thirty-three acres, four
+miles from the city on the North River, extending from the present
+Thirty-fifth Street northward, on which this glass house had been erected.
+It is not unlikely that the Glass House was visited by many persons,
+either on business or from curiosity, and that they were there entertained
+by the owner or manager of the property; at any rate, it seems to have
+acquired a reputation for good dinners. Paymaster General Mortier notes in
+his diary a dinner at the Glass House on February 18, 1758, which cost him
+3s. 6d. The manufacture of glass was not successful, but the place became
+a well-known suburban resort, where good dinners were served to visitors
+from the city. In 1764 the Glass House was kept by Edward Agar, who, in
+addition to serving dinners, could furnish apartments to ladies or
+gentlemen who wished to reside in the country for the benefit of their
+health. In 1768 it was kept by John Taylor, and it was evidently then a
+popular resort, for a stage wagon was advertised to run out to it every
+day, leaving Mr. Vandenberg's, where the Astor House now stands, at three
+o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+THE KING'S ARMS
+
+
+George Burns, as has been stated, was in 1753 keeping one of the best
+taverns in New York. Soon after this he left the city and took charge of
+the tavern at Trenton Ferry, which was on the great post road between New
+York and Philadelphia, over which flowed almost all travel between the two
+cities and to the south. The prospects must have been very enticing.
+Whether they were realized or not, Burns soon became anxious to make a
+change and, returning to New York, became the landlord of a tavern in Wall
+Street near Broadway, opposite the Presbyterian church, which was known as
+the Sign of Admiral Warren. Here he remained until June, 1758, when Scotch
+Johnny, retiring from the tavern near the Whitehall Slip, known as the
+Crown and Thistle, he moved into his house. The house of Scotch Johnny had
+been the meeting place for the St. Andrew's Society while it was kept by
+him and it so continued to be after Burns became landlord.
+
+[Sidenote: King's Head]
+
+Burns retained for a time the old sign of the Crown and Thistle, but some
+time about the middle of the year 1760, took it down and hung out in its
+stead the sign of King George's Head, and the tavern became known as the
+King's Head. It continued to be the meeting place of the Scots' Society.
+They held their anniversary meeting here on St. Andrew's Day, Monday,
+November 30, 1761, and elected the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander,
+president of the society. The members of the society dined together as
+usual and in the evening a splendid ball and entertainment was given,
+which was attended by the principal ladies and gentlemen in the town. It
+was a grand and notable ball. The newspapers state that "The Company was
+very numerous, everything was conducted with the greatest regularity and
+decorum and the whole made a most brilliant and elegant appearance."
+
+[Illustration: Stirling]
+
+In the latter part of the year 1761 the army was coming down from the
+north, there was a large camp of soldiers on Staten Island and New York
+City was full of officers. Burns' house, the King's Head, became the
+headquarters of the Scotch officers of the army when they were in the city
+and their favorite place of rendezvous. The effects of several of the
+Royal Highland officers, who had died, were sold at public vendue at
+Burns' Long Room in November, 1762. There must have been many articles to
+be disposed of, for the sale was to be continued from day to day until all
+were sold. The effects of Lieutenant Neal, late of the 22d Regiment,
+consisting of wearing apparel, etc., etc., etc., etc., were sold at public
+vendue at the same place in December.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Arms]
+
+We have been unable to find any record to establish the fact or even a
+hint to justify a deduction that there ever was at any time in the
+colonial period any house known as Burns' Coffee House. We believe this to
+be entirely a modern creation. The house described and illustrated in
+Valentine's Corporation Manual of 1865 as Burns' Coffee House, or the
+King's Arms Tavern, although the statements concerning it have been
+accepted by many writers, was never occupied by Burns; and the story of
+this house, as related in the Corporation Manual of 1854, is simply a
+strong draft on the imagination of the writer. The tavern which hung out
+the sign of the King's Arms, on the corner of Broad and Dock Streets, had
+been also known as the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen's Coffee
+House, but when Burns moved into it in 1751, he dropped the name Coffee
+House and called it simply the King's Arms. Mrs. Sarah Steel, in 1763,
+carried the sign to Broadway, as appears by the following announcement:
+
+    "Mrs. Steel Takes this Method to acquaint her Friends and Customers,
+    That the King's Arms Tavern, which she formerly kept opposite the
+    Exchange she hath now removed into Broadway (the lower end, opposite
+    the Fort), a more commodious house, where she will not only have it in
+    her power to accommodate Gentlemen with Conveniences requisite to a
+    Tavern, but also with genteel lodging Apartments, which she doubts not
+    will give Satisfaction to every One who will be pleased to give her
+    that Honour."
+
+Mrs. Steel, in February, 1767, advertised that the Broadway house was for
+sale and that the furniture, liquors, etc., would be sold whether the
+house were sold or not. A few months previous to this announcement, Edward
+Bardin, probably anticipating the retirement of Mrs. Steel from business,
+had acquired the sign, which we presume was a favorite one, and had hung
+it out at his house on upper Broadway, opposite the Common. The writer of
+the article in the Corporation Manual gives the following advertisement,
+which appears in Parker's Post Boy of May 27, 1762, as evidence that Burns
+occupied the house before Mrs. Steel moved into it.
+
+    "This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, Lovers and
+    Encouragers of Musick, That this day will be opened by Messrs. Leonard
+    & Dienval, Musick Masters of this city, at Mr. Burnes Room, near the
+    Battery, a public and weekly Concert of Musick. Tickets four
+    Shillings. N. B. The Concert is to begin exactly at 8 o'clock, and end
+    at ten, on account of the coolness of the evening. No Body will be
+    admitted without tickets, nor no mony will be taken at the door."
+
+This concert did not take place in the house on Broadway, but in the house
+of George Burns, the King's Head near the Battery. Burns had succeeded
+Scotch Johnny, and had in his house a long room where societies met and
+where concerts and dinners were given on special occasions. "Burns' Long
+Room" was well known at that time. The following appeared in the New York
+_Journal_ of April 7, 1768:
+
+    "To be let, from the 1st of May next, with or without Furniture, as
+    may suit the tenant, the large corner house wherein Mrs. Steel lately
+    kept the King's Arms Tavern, near the Fort now in the possession of
+    Col. Gabbet."
+
+The next year Col. Gabbet, having moved out, was living next door to the
+house of John Watts, who lived in Pearl Street near Moore. In 1770 Edward
+Bardin announced that he had taken "the large, commodious house known by
+the name of the King's Arms, near Whitehall, long kept by Mrs. Steel,
+which he will again open as a tavern." George Burns succeeded Bardin and
+kept the house for a short time in 1771.
+
+Before the Revolutionary War there was no Whitehall Street. What is now
+Whitehall Street was known as Broadway. There is no doubt about this. In a
+list of retailers of spirituous liquors in the city of New York in April,
+1776, we find one on Broadway near Pearl Street, one on Broadway near the
+Lower Barracks, another on Broadway opposite the Fort and two others on
+Broadway near the Breastworks. These were all on the present Whitehall
+Street. In Mrs. Steel's announcement she states that the King's Arms
+Tavern was on Broadway (the lower end opposite the Fort), that is, on the
+present Whitehall Street. As the house was on a corner, its location was
+probably the corner of the present Bridge and Whitehall Streets. If there
+were left any doubt about this, it should be thoroughly dissipated by the
+advertisement, December 30, 1765, of Hetty Hayes, who made and sold
+pickles in her home, which she states was on Wynkoop (now Bridge) Street,
+near the King's Arms Tavern. Notwithstanding the many statements to the
+contrary, no house known as the King's Arms Tavern or Burns' Coffee House
+ever stood on the west side of Broadway opposite the Bowling Green.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE BUILT BY CORNELIS STEENWYCK]
+
+Some time after the middle of the seventeenth century Cornelis Steenwyck
+built a fine house on the southeast corner of the present Whitehall and
+Bridge Streets, and it was here no doubt, the grand dinner was given to
+Governor Nicolls on his departure from the province. In an inventory of
+Steenwyck's estate in 1686 the house was valued at seven hundred pounds.
+This indicates that it was a large, and for that time, a very valuable
+dwelling. In the illustration copied from Valentine's Corporation Manual
+of 1864, there is a sign attached to the house. We do not know the source
+from which this illustration was obtained, but the sign we presume to be a
+tavern sign, and we are inclined to think, for various reasons, that this
+house was for many years used as a tavern and that for a time subsequent
+to 1763, it was the King's Arms. It was probably destroyed in the great
+fire of 1776.
+
+About this time a man made his appearance as a tavern-keeper whose name,
+although he was not a hero or a great man, has come down to us, and will
+go down to many future generations in connection with the revolutionary
+history of the city. Samuel Francis was a tavern-keeper without a peer,
+and when the time came to decide, struck for liberty and independence,
+abandoned his property and stuck to his colors like a true patriot. He
+came to New York from the West Indies. Although from the darkness of his
+complexion commonly called Black Sam, he was of French descent.
+
+Previous to 1750 Broadway did not extend to the north beyond the present
+Vesey Street. There was a road, however, following the line of the present
+Broadway, known as the road to Rutger's Farm, the residence of Anthony
+Rutger standing near the corner of the present Broadway and Thomas Street.
+Just subsequent to the year 1750 Trinity Church laid out streets through a
+portion of the Church Farm and leased lots on this road, on which houses
+were built. The first of these, as far as we can ascertain, were built by
+Bell and Brookman, in 1752, on lots just south of the present Murray
+Street, fronting on the Common, which was then an open field without fence
+of any kind. In 1760, Mr. Marschalk, one of the city surveyors, presented
+to the board of aldermen the draft or plan of a road which he had lately
+laid out, "beginning at the Spring Garden House and extending from thence
+north until it comes to the ground of the late widow Rutgers," which was
+approved by the board and ordered to be recorded. Other houses were built
+on the Church Farm, and a few years later we find one of these, situated
+on the north side of Murray Street, fronting the Common, was being used as
+a tavern or mead house, and occupied by San Francis. In 1761 he advertised
+sweatmeats, pickles, portable soups, etc., at the Mason's Arms, near the
+Green in the upper part of the Broadway near the Alms House. He was in New
+York in 1758, and his house at that time was patronized by those who
+frequented only the best taverns in the city.
+
+[Sidenote: The DeLancey House]
+
+The house with which his name is indissoluably connected, the DeLancey
+House, on the corner of the present Broad and Pearl Streets was purchased
+by him in 1762. It was quite a large house and very well suited for a
+tavern, where it was intended that public entertainments should be given,
+as it had a long room that could hardly be surpassed. The lot on which the
+house stood was given by Stephen Van Cortlandt to his son-in-law, Stephen
+DeLancey, in 1700, and it is said that in 1719 Stephen DeLancey built the
+house on it which is still standing.
+
+It was a handsome and conspicuous house for the period, but in the course
+of time DeLancey wished a change of location for his home. When he ceased
+to occupy it as a residence we do not know, probably on the completion of
+his new house on Broadway, which is said to have been built in 1730. Not
+long after this we find that it was being used for public purposes. In
+1737, Henry Holt, the dancing master, announced that a ball would be given
+at the house of Mr. DeLancey, next door to Mr. Todd's, and in February,
+1739, there was given in Holt's Long Room "the new Pantomine
+Entertainment, in Grotesque Characters, called _The Adventures of
+Harlequin and Scaramouch_, or the Spaniard Trick'd. To which will be added
+_An Optick_, wherein will be Represented, in Perspective, several of the
+most noted Cities and Remarkable Places in Europe and America, with a New
+Prologue and Epilogue address'd to the Town." The tickets were sold at
+five shillings each. This clearly shows that the long room, probably just
+as we can see it today, was then used for public entertainments.
+
+[Illustration: THE DELANCEY HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Head]
+
+The house was again used as a residence. Colonel Joseph Robinson was
+living in it in January, 1759, when it was offered for sale, at public
+vendue, at the Merchants' Coffee House. We find no record of transfer,
+but we are inclined to believe that it was purchased by the firm of
+DeLancey, Robinson and Company, dealers in East India goods and army
+supplies, composed of Oliver DeLancey. Beverly Robinson and James Parker,
+for they moved into it shortly after and were the owners of it in 1762,
+when it was purchased by Samuel Francis, the deed bearing date January
+15th of that year and the consideration named being two thousand pounds.
+The co-partnership of DeLancey, Robinson and Company did not expire until
+December, 1762; in all probability they remained in the house until that
+time; at any rate, Francis was in it in April, 1763, when he had hung out
+the sign of Queen Charlotte and opened an ordinary, announcing that dinner
+would be served every day at half past one o'clock. The house thereafter,
+for many years, was known as the Queen's Head.
+
+John Crawley succeeded Willett as landlord of the New York Arms. In 1762
+the Assembly were having their meetings here, in what they designated as
+"Crawley's New Rooms." In April, 1763, Crawley sold out the furnishings of
+the house at public vendue and George Burns moved in from the King's Head
+Tavern, in the Whitehall, who announced that he had "two excellent Grooms
+to attend to his Stables and takes in Travellers and their Horses by the
+Month, Quarter or Year on reasonable Terms." Burns occupied the house
+during the turbulent period of the Stamp Act, and it was the scene of much
+of the excitement incident to those times. In 1764, while Burns was
+keeping the Province Arms, the Paulus Hook Ferry was established and the
+road opened from Bergen to the Hudson River. This enabled the stage wagons
+from Philadelphia to bring their passengers to Paulus Hook, where they
+were taken over the ferry to New York. The opening of the Paulus Hook
+Ferry placed the Province Arms in direct line with travel passing through
+the city between New England and the South, and it became largely a
+traveler's tavern, and in later times the starting point in New York of
+the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia stages.
+
+[Sidenote: The Stamp Act]
+
+The French and Indian War, which had commenced in 1755, resulted in the
+conquest of Canada; and when the British army came down to New York for
+embarkation they met with an enthusiastic reception and the officers were
+entertained by the wealthy merchants in the most hospitable manner. The
+province had suffered from the constant conflict on its borders and the
+prospect of relief from the incursions of the French and the horrible
+terrors of savage warfare which had been instigated by them, was the cause
+for great satisfaction and rejoicing. No longer threatened by the French
+the people were filled with hopes of great prosperity. Trade and commerce
+soon revived and a period of remarkable activity had just opened when all
+the bright hopes of the merchants and of the people of New York were
+turned to gall and wormwood by the unwarrantable acts of Great Britain,
+who, instead of gratitude for the material assistance in the late war, was
+now calculating how much revenue might be counted upon from provinces that
+had shown such energy and such resources. The first important step in this
+direction was the passage of the Stamp Act, which received the King's
+signature on the 22d of March, 1765. It was not unexpected, for the
+colonists had for some time been in a nervous state, with the dread of
+some serious encroachment on their rights and liberties. The news of the
+passage of the act was received in New York in April with great
+indignation. It was distributed through the city with the title of "The
+folly of England, and the ruin of America." By law the act was to take
+effect on the first of November following. In the meantime it was proposed
+that the sense of the colonies should be taken and that they should all
+unite in a common petition to the King and parliament. Accordingly a
+congress of deputies met in New York in the early part of October, 1765,
+in which nine of the colonies were represented. Before this meeting the
+assembly of Massachusetts had denied the right of parliament to tax the
+colonies and Virginia had done the same. The sentiments of the congress
+were embodied in a very dignified and respectfully worded address to the
+King, drawn up by a committee of three, one of whom was Robert R.
+Livingston, of New York. Committees were also appointed to prepare
+petitions to parliament which were reported and agreed to on the 22d of
+October.
+
+[Sidenote: The Non-Importation Agreement]
+
+On the last day of the same month a meeting was held by the merchants of
+New York to consider what should be done with respect to the Stamp Act and
+the melancholy state of the North American commerce, so greatly restricted
+by the Acts of Trade. They resolved not to order any goods shipped from
+Great Britain nor to sell any goods on commission until the Stamp Act
+should be repealed. Two hundred merchants of the city subscribed these
+resolutions and the retailers of the city also agreed not to buy after the
+first of January, 1766, any goods imported from Great Britain, unless the
+Stamp Act should be repealed. This meeting was held at the Province Arms,
+the house of George Burns, and here was signed this celebrated
+non-importation agreement. This was the most important political event of
+this eventful period, and one which, combined with like resolutions made
+by the merchants of Boston and Philadelphia, had more influence in causing
+the repeal than all the addresses, petitions and other influences put
+together.
+
+On October 23d, while the Stamp Act Congress was in session, the ship
+Edward arrived with the obnoxious stamps on board, and was convoyed to
+the Fort by a man-of-war, all the vessels in the harbor lowering their
+colors in sign of mourning, and an excited crowd watching the proceedings
+from the river front. In a few days the stamps were deposited in the Fort.
+During the night after the arrival of the Edward, written notices were
+posted about the city warning any one who should distribute or make use of
+stamped paper, to take care of his house, person or effects. The
+excitement among the people grew more and more intense as the time
+approached for the law to take effect. The morning of November 1st was
+ushered in by the ringing of muffled bells and display of flags at
+half-mast. The magistrates notified Lieutenant-Governor Golden that they
+were apprehensive of a mob that night. The people gathered in the Fields,
+and after parading the streets with effigies of the lieutenant-governor,
+appeared before the Fort and demanded the stamps. They broke open the
+lieutenant-governor's coach-house, took out his coach, sleighs, harness
+and stable fittings and with the effigies burned them on the Bowling Green
+in front of the Fort. The mob then went to Vauxhall, the house of Major
+James, who had made himself very obnoxious by his braggart threats of what
+he would do to enforce the stamp act and stripping the house of all its
+furniture, books, liquors, etc., even to the doors and windows, made a
+bonfire of them.
+
+As the mob passed the Merchants' Coffee House, they were encouraged by
+the approbation of those who frequented that place. During the day there
+had been on view here an open letter addressed to Golden, assuring him of
+his fate if he should persist in trying to put the stamp act in force. It
+also stated--"We have heard of your design or menace to fire upon the town
+in case of disturbance, but assure yourself that if you dare to perpetrate
+any such murderous act you'll bring your gray hairs with sorrow to the
+grave." * * * and "any man who assists you will surely be put to death."
+This letter was delivered at the fort gate in the evening by an unknown
+hand. The next day threatening letters and messages were sent in to
+Governor Colden at the fort and he made a promise not to distribute the
+stamps, but to deliver them to Sir Henry Moore, the newly appointed
+governor, when he arrived. This did not satisfy the people, who demanded
+that they should be delivered out of the Fort and threatened to take them
+by force. It was then agreed that the stamps should be delivered to the
+mayor and deposited in the City Hall. This was done, the mayor giving his
+receipt for them, and tranquillity was restored.
+
+Sir Henry Moore, the new governor, arrived on the 13th of November, and
+was received with all the formalities usual on such an occasion. He
+evidently made a favorable impression. The situation of affairs, however,
+presented for him a difficult problem. His first question to the council
+was, Could the stamps be issued? which was answered unanimously in the
+negative. Business had come to a standstill, and the people were fretting
+under the restraints which the situation imposed. There were two classes;
+the men of property, who could afford to await the issue of conservative
+methods, and the middle and lower classes, who insisted that business
+should go on regardless of the stamps. Livingston says that a meeting of
+the conservatives was held at the Coffee House at ten o'clock in the
+morning and that although "all came prepared to form a Union, few cared
+openly to declare the necessity of it, so intimidated were they at the
+secret unknown party which had threatened such bold things." This secret
+society was known by various names, but in November we find that they had
+adopted the name, "Sons of Liberty," and this name was soon after used in
+the other colonies. The Sons of Liberty presented Sir Henry Moore a
+congratulatory address and on Friday, the 15th of November, met in the
+Fields, erected pyramids and inscriptions in his honor, and one of the
+grandest bonfires ever seen in the city.
+
+On November 25th notices were posted in all parts of the city with the
+heading, "Liberty, Property and no Stamps," inviting a general meeting of
+the inhabitants on the 26th at Burns' City Arms Tavern in order to agree
+upon instructions to their representatives in the general assembly.
+Although opposition to the Stamp Act was unanimous the people were not in
+accord on the means of redress. The notices were twice torn down by those
+who did not know or who were not in sympathy with the objects of the
+meeting, and were as often replaced by the promoters of the meeting. About
+twelve hundred persons assembled.[1] The committee appointed to present
+the instructions was composed of Henry Cruger, John Vanderspiegel, David
+Van Home, James Jauncey, Walter Rutherford, John Alsop, William
+Livingston, William Smith, Jr., Whitehead Hicks, John Morin Scott, James
+DeLancey and John Thurman, Jr., who fairly represented the different
+shades of opinion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sons of Liberty]
+
+Early in January, 1766, the Sons of Liberty threw off the mask of secrecy.
+On the evening of January 7th, a great number of members of the Society
+met at the house of William Howard, the tavern previously occupied by Sam
+Francis and John Jones, in the Fields, which for a time became their
+headquarters. They agreed to a series of resolutions advocating action of
+the most vigorous nature towards all those who "may either carry on their
+business on stamped paper or refuse to carry it on independently of the
+odious act." They adjourned to meet at the same place a fortnight later,
+and continued to meet at regular intervals thereafter. At a regular
+meeting on Tuesday, February 4th, a committee was appointed to correspond
+with the Sons of Liberty in the neighboring colonies, composed of Lamb,
+Sears, Robinson, Wiley and Mott. The next meeting was appointed to be held
+on Tuesday evening the 18th instant.
+
+[Sidenote: Repeal of the Stamp Act]
+
+On March 18, 1766, the King gave his assent to the repeal of the Stamp Act
+"in sorrow and despite." Thereupon there was great rejoicing in the
+English capital. The happy event was celebrated by dinner, bonfires and a
+general display of flags. On the 24th there was a meeting of the principal
+merchants concerned in the American trade, at the King's Head Tavern, in
+Cornhill, to consider an address to the King. They went from this place,
+about eleven o'clock in the morning, in coaches, to the House of Peers to
+pay their duty to his majesty and to express their satisfaction at his
+signing the bill repealing the American Stamp Act. There were upwards of
+fifty coaches in the procession.[2]
+
+On Tuesday, May 20th, the glorious news of the repeal was received in New
+York from different quarters, which was instantly spread throughout the
+city, creating the greatest excitement. All the bells of the different
+churches were rung and joy and satisfaction were on every face. The next
+day the Sons of Liberty caused to be printed and distributed the following
+Hand Bill:
+
+    "THIS DAY
+
+    "On the glorious Occasion of a total Repeal of the Stamp Act there
+    will be a general Meeting and Rejoicing at the House of Mr. Howard,
+    The Lovers of Their Country loyal Subjects of his Majesty, George
+    the Third, King of Great Britain, real Sons of Liberty of all
+    Denominations are hereby cordially invited to partake of the essential
+    and long look'd for Celebration.
+
+    "The city will be illuminated and every decent measure will be
+    observed in demonstrating a sensible Acknowledgement of Gratitude to
+    our illustrious Sovereign, and never to be forgotten Friends at Home
+    and Abroad, particularly the Guardian of America."
+
+Preparations were accordingly made and measures taken for carrying out
+these designs. The Sons of Liberty repaired to the "Field of Liberty," as
+they called the Common, where they had often met, where a royal salute of
+twenty-one guns was fired. Attended by a band of music they then marched
+to their usual resort, which was the house of William Howard, where an
+elegant entertainment had been prepared for them. After they had dined in
+the most social manner they drank cheerfully to twenty-eight toasts, the
+number of the years of the King's age. At the first toast--The King--the
+royal salute was repeated, and each of the following was saluted with
+seven guns. In the evening there were bonfires and a grand illumination.
+Announcement was made in the newspapers that "The Sons of Liberty of New
+York take this early opportunity of most cordially saluting and
+congratulating all their American Brethren on this glorious and happy
+event."
+
+Shortly after this occurred the anniversary of the King's birthday and the
+people were so rejoiced and elated by the repeal that they resolved to
+make of it an opportunity to show their gratitude and thanks, and so great
+preparations were made for the event, which was to be on the 4th of June.
+More extensive preparations were made than for any previous celebration of
+this kind. The day opened with the ringing of the bells of all the
+churches in the city. By seven o'clock preparations began for roasting
+whole, two large, fat oxen, on the Common, where the people soon began to
+gather to gaze at the "mighty roast beef." At 12 o'clock a gun was fired
+from the Fort as a signal for the council, the general, the militia
+officers, the corporation and gentlemen to wait on the governor to drink
+the King's health and never on such an occasion before was the company so
+numerous or splendid. Now the Battery breaks forth in a royal salute and
+the air is filled "with joyful Acclamations of Long Live the King, the
+Darling of the People." Soon after, this salute was answered by the
+men-of-war and the merchant vessels in the harbor, "decked in all the
+Pageantry of Colors." The people were gathered on the Common, where a
+large stage had been erected, on which were twenty-five barrels of strong
+beer, a hogshead of rum, sugar and water to make punch, bread and other
+provisions for the people, and on each side a roasted ox. At one end of
+the Common was a pile of twenty cords of wood, in the midst of which was a
+stout mast with a platform on top of it, on which had been hoisted twelve
+tar and pitch barrels. This was for the magnificent bonfire. At the other
+end of the Common were stationed twenty-five pieces of cannon for the
+salutes, and at the top of the mast which had been erected, was a
+flagstaff with colors displayed. The grand dinner on this unusual occasion
+was served at the New York Arms, the house of George Burns, on Broadway.
+It was prepared by order of the principal citizens and was honored by the
+presence of the governor, the general, the military officers, the clergy,
+the gentlemen of the city, and strangers. "It consisted of many Covers and
+produced near a hundred Dishes."[3] One newspaper states that there were
+about 340 in the company. At the King's health a royal salute was fired by
+the guns on the Common, and at each toast afterward a salute was given up
+to twenty-eight, the number of years of the King's age. The Common was in
+sight so that signals for these could easily be given. The toasts numbered
+forty-one, and are said to have been "respectfully preferred and eagerly
+swallowed." We feel justified in the belief that this was the largest
+dinner and one of the most important that had ever been served in New
+York. In the evening the whole town was illuminated in the grandest manner
+ever seen before, especially the houses of the governor and the general.
+
+[Illustration: LIBERTY BOYS]
+
+The assembly met on June 16th, and on the 23d a large meeting was held at
+the Merchants' Coffee Mouse, where a petition was prepared, addressed to
+the assembly, for the election of a brass statue of Pitt, who was
+considered the great friend of America. On the very day of this meeting
+the house, it appears, made provision for an equestrian statue of the King
+and a brass statue of William Pitt. Tranquillity seems to have been
+restored, but it was not long before new causes of dissatisfaction arose.
+
+[Sidenote: Liberty Pole]
+
+The victory of the colonists in causing the repeal of the Stamp Act could
+not fail to produce some feeling of bitterness in the officers of the
+crown, and there were some who took no pains to conceal their
+dissatisfaction. The soldiers, aware of the feeling of their officers,
+were ready on all occasions to show their hostility. The mast or flagpole
+which had been erected on the north side of the Common, opposite a point
+between Warren and Chambers Streets, on the anniversary of the King's
+birthday, and dedicated to King George, Pitt and Liberty, later called
+Liberty Pole, held by the citizens of New York as the emblem of their
+principles, was, in the night of Sunday, August 10, 1766, cut down by some
+of the soldiers of the 28th regiment, quartered in the barracks, nearby.
+The people considered the destruction of the pole an insult. When a large
+assemblage of two or three thousand people gathered on the Common the
+next day, headed by Isaac Sears, to take measures to replace their
+standard and demand an explanation, the soldiers interfered and a
+disturbance ensued in which the people used stones and brickbats to defend
+themselves and the soldiers used their bayonets. As the unarmed people
+retreated several were wounded with the weapons of the assailants. On the
+12th a new pole was erected on the site of the first. After this
+disturbance, the magistrates of the city and the officers of the regiment
+met in the presence of the governor, and an amicable conclusion was
+reached which it was supposed would prevent further trouble; but
+notwithstanding this the second pole was cut down on Tuesday, September
+23d. On the next day another was erected in its place, without any serious
+disturbance.
+
+The contest over the Liberty Pole continued until the opening of the War
+of the Revolution. It made the place where the pole stood a center of
+disturbance and the taverns on Broadway, near by, places, at times, of
+considerable excitement. On the first anniversary of the repeal
+preparations were made to celebrate the event. The people gathered at the
+Liberty Pole on the 18th of March and at the appointed time met at
+Bardin's King's Arms Tavern to dine and drink toasts appropriate to the
+occasion. This could not justly have given any offense, but such rejoicing
+by the people was unpleasant to the officers of the army, and the soldiers
+looked upon it as a celebration of the defeat of the King and parliament
+whom they served. That night the third pole was cut down by the soldiers,
+who had become excited by what they had seen during the day.
+
+The next day a larger and more substantial pole was erected in place of
+the one cut down, secured with iron to a considerable height above the
+ground. Attempts were made the same night both to cut it down and to
+undermine it, but without effect. On Saturday night, the 21st, there was
+an attempt made to destroy it by boring a hole into it and charging it
+with powder, but this also failed. On Sunday night a strong watch was set
+by the citizens at an adjacent house, probably Bardin's. During the night
+a small company of soldiers appeared with their coats turned, armed with
+bayonets and clubs, but finding that they were watched, after some words,
+retired. On Monday, about six o'clock in the evening, a party of soldiers
+marched past the pole and as they went by the King's Arms fired their
+muskets at the house. One ball passed through the house and another lodged
+in one of the timbers. On Tuesday, about one o'clock in the afternoon, the
+same company of soldiers, as is supposed, took a ladder from a new
+building and were proceeding towards the pole, when they were stopped and
+turned back. The governor, the general and the magistrates then took
+measures to prevent further trouble, and the newspaper states that "we
+hope this matter, in itself trivial and only considered of importance by
+the citizens as it showed an intention to offend and insult them will
+occasion no further difference."
+
+[Sidenote: Vauxhall Garden]
+
+Readers of the literature of the eighteenth century are familiar with the
+names of Ranelagh and Vauxhall, resorts of the idle and gay of London
+society. The success and reputation of these places brought forward
+imitators in all parts of the British dominions; and New York had both a
+Vauxhall and a Ranelagh. Sam Francis obtained possession of the place on
+the Church Farm, which had, early in the century, been known as the
+Bowling Green, later as Mount Pleasant, and opened it as a pleasure
+resort, which he called Vauxhall. A ball, which seems to have been of some
+importance, was given here about the first of June, 1765. Shortly after it
+became the residence of Major James, and was wrecked by the infuriated
+populace on November 1st. In June, 1768, Francis announced that while he
+had been absent from the city the house and garden had been occupied by
+Major James, that they were then in good order, and that he had provided
+everything necessary to accommodate his old friends and customers. The
+next month, still calling the place Vauxhall Garden, he gave notice that
+from eight in the morning till ten at night, at four shillings each
+person, could be seen at the garden a group of magnificent wax figures,
+"Ten in number, rich and elegantly dressed, according to the ancient
+Roman and present Mode; which figures bear the most striking resemblance
+to real life and represent the great Roman general, Publius Scipio, who
+conquered the city of Carthage, standing by his tent pitched in a grove of
+trees." Francis continued in the place, putting forward various
+attractions, until 1774. He appears to have been a man of much business.
+His absence from the city, which he alludes to, may have been caused by
+his interests in Philadelphia, where at that time he had a tavern in Water
+Street, in front of which he hung out the sign of Queen Charlotte, the
+same as at his New York house.
+
+[Sidenote: Ranelagh Garden]
+
+The Ranelagh Garden was opened by John Jones, in June, 1765, for breakfast
+and evening entertainment. It was said that the grounds had been laid out
+at great expense and that it was by far the most rural retreat near the
+city. Music by a complete band was promised for every Monday and Thursday
+evening during the summer season. In the garden was a commodious hall for
+dancing, with drawing rooms neatly fitted up. The very best "alamode
+beef," tarts, cakes, etc., were served, and on notice, dinners or other
+large entertainments would be provided. Mr. Leonard was announced to sing
+a solo and Mr. Jackson was to give three songs. The place had been the old
+homestead of Colonel Anthony Rutgers, where he had lived many years,
+near the present corner of Broadway and Thomas Street. It afterwards
+became the site of the New York Hospital, which stood there for almost a
+century. These summer entertainments were kept up for several years. In
+1768 the garden was opened in the latter part of June, and notice was
+given that there would be performed a concert of vocal and instrumental
+music, the vocal parts by Mr. Woods and Miss Wainright, and by particular
+request, "Thro' the Woods, Laddie," would be sung by Miss Wainright; after
+which would be exhibited some curious fireworks by the two Italian
+brothers, whose performances had given so much satisfaction to the public.
+Tickets to be had at the gate for two shillings.
+
+[Illustration: AT RANELAGH]
+
+When Edward Bardin opened the King's Arms Tavern, on Broadway, in 1766,
+following the example of Jones in his Ranelagh Garden, he opened a concert
+of music for the entertainment of ladies and gentlemen, to be continued on
+every Monday, Wednesday and Friday during the summer season at the King's
+Arms Garden. He gave notice that a convenient room had been filled up in
+the garden for the retreat of the company in unfavorable weather, and he
+stated that the countenance which had been given him warranted him, he
+thought, in expecting a continuance of the public favor. Having in mind
+the prejudice of the community against the theater he stated that he had
+provided an entertainment that would not offend "the most delecate of
+Mankind, as every possible precaution had been taken to prevent disorder
+and irregularity."
+
+During the exciting times following the passage of the Stamp Act there was
+a strong sentiment against the theatre among the people, "who thought it
+highly improper that such entertainments should be exhibited at this time
+of public distress." The managers of the theatre in Chapel Street
+announced in their advertisement that "As the packet is arrived, and has
+been the messenger of good news relative to the Repeal, it is hoped the
+public has no objection to the above performance." Although forewarned,
+the play was attempted and the house was wrecked by a mob. Under such
+circumstances it is not surprising that the people should turn to some
+more sober kind of entertainments. We give below the complete announcement
+of a concert of vocal and instrumental music, given at the New York Arms
+Tavern, in October, 1766, which is interesting in many ways.
+
+"By Particular Desire of a good number of Ladies and Gentlemen of Credit
+and Character in the City.
+
+There will be a Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Music at Mr. Burns' New
+Room, to-morrow being the 28 Instant; to begin at 6 o'clock in the
+Evening. This Concert will consist of nothing but Church Musick, in which
+will be introduced a new Te Deum, Jublate Deo, Cantata Domino and Deus
+Misereatur, with an Anthem (in which there is an Obligato Part for a Harp,
+as there is also in the Cantata Domino), with several other pieces of
+Church Musick intermixed with other Instrumental Performances in order to
+ease the Voices. The whole to conclude with a Martial Psalm, viz. the
+49th. Tate and Brady's Version, accompanied with all the instruments and a
+pair of Drums.
+
+N. B. There will be more than Forty Voices and Instruments in the Chorus.
+
+Tickets to be had of Mr. Tuckey in Pearl Street near the Battery at Four
+Shillings each, who would take it as a great favor of any Gentlemen who
+sing or play on any Instrument to lend him their kind assistance in the
+performance and give him timely notice that there may be a sufficient
+Number of Parts wrote out."
+
+In November, 1766, a call was issued to the merchants announcing that a
+petition to the House of Commons was being prepared, setting forth the
+grievances attending the trade of the colony, requesting redress therein,
+which would be produced at five o'clock on Friday evening, the 28th, at
+Burns' Long Room and publicly read. The merchants and traders of the city
+were requested to attend and subscribed their names, as it was a matter of
+great importance and would probably be productive of good results.[4] We
+can find no further notice of the meeting or the results. The critical
+situation of affairs may have prevented a consummation of the project.
+
+It was about this time that the menacing instructions to the governor in
+regard to compliance with the act for quartering troops arrived. England
+had determined to send troops to America, and required that the expense of
+quartering these troops should be borne by the colonies. The assembly of
+New York, in June, positively refused to comply with the act of parliament
+in this respect, agreeing only to supply barracks, furniture, etc., for
+two batallions of five hundred men each, declaring that they would do no
+more. The governor made his report and new instructions were sent out
+stating that it was the "indispensable duty of his majesty's subjects in
+America to obey the acts of the legislature of Great Britain," and
+requiring cheerful obedience to the act of parliament for quartering the
+King's troops "in the full extent and meaning of the act." The assembly
+did not recede from the stand they had taken at the previous session.
+
+The aspect of affairs grew unpromising and portentious. It seriously
+affected trade. News from England indicated that parliament would take
+measures to enforce the billeting act. When the assembly of New York met
+in the latter part of May, 1767, the house voted a supply for the
+quartering of the King's troops, which came up to the sum which had been
+prescribed by parliament. In the meantime it had been moved and enacted in
+parliament that until New York complied with the billeting act her
+governor should assent to no legislation, and by act of parliament a duty
+was placed on glass, paper, lead, colors and especially on tea. The
+disfranchisement of New York was of no practical effect, but it created
+great uneasiness and alarm in all the colonies.
+
+The position which the Merchants' Coffee House held in the community is
+shown by the fact that when Governor Moore received the news of the result
+of the unprecedented appeal made by Lieutenant-Governor Colden from the
+verdict of a jury in the case of Forsay and Cunningham he transmitted it
+to the people by obligingly sending intelligence to the Coffee House that
+the decision was that there could be no appeal from the verdict of a jury;
+which was very gratifying to the people, who were much stirred up over
+such action on the part of Colden.
+
+The Whitehall Coffee House, opened by Rogers and Humphreys, in 1762, whose
+announcement indicates that they aspired to a prominent place for their
+house, also shows what was the custom of a house of this kind to do for
+its patrons. They gave notice that "a correspondence is settled in London
+and Bristol to remit by every opportunity all the public prints and
+pamphlets as soon as published; and there will be a weekly supply of New
+York, Boston and other American papers." The undertaking was of short
+duration.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+HAMPDEN HALL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Head]
+
+In May, 1767, Bolton and Sigell moved into the house of Samuel Francis,
+near the Exchange, lately kept by John Jones, known as the Queen's Head
+Tavern, and, as strangers, solicited the favor of the public. This tavern
+shortly after, and for some time, was the scene of much of the excitement
+connected with the period.
+
+In January, 1768, the committee appointed at a meeting of the inhabitants
+of the city on the 29th of December just past to consider the expediency
+of entering into measures to promote frugality and industry and employ the
+poor, gave notice that they would be ready to make their report on the
+matter on Monday evening, the 25th, at five o'clock at Bolton and
+Sigell's, and the people were requested to attend in order to receive the
+report and consider the matter. The proposed meeting was adjourned for a
+week, when, on February 2d, the report was delivered, approved, and
+directions given for carrying it into execution.
+
+[Sidenote: Second Non-Importation Agreement]
+
+On March 31, 1768, a meeting was called at Bolton and Sigell's to answer
+letters from the merchants of Boston. This meeting not being well
+attended, a second was called for April 7. This resulted in the second
+non-importation agreement by the merchants of the city who came to "an
+agreement not to import any goods from Great Britain that shall be shipped
+there after the first of October next, until a certain Act of Parliament
+is repealed, provided the Merchants of Philadelphia and Boston come into
+the same Measures."
+
+[Sidenote: Chamber of Commerce New York]
+
+It is more than likely that the merchants of New York had for some time
+been aware of the necessity or advantage of some sort of organization
+among themselves for the benefit of trade. In March, 1764, we find that a
+call was issued, earnestly requesting the merchants of the city to meet at
+the Queen's Head Tavern, near the Exchange, on business of great
+importance to trade; and on May 5, 1766, the merchants of the city were
+requested to meet at the house of George Burns, the New York Arms, at four
+o'clock in the afternoon on business for the good of this province and
+continent in general. Following the Stamp Act and the non-importation
+agreement there was great political excitement; money was scarce; business
+was depressed; and foreign trade was unsettled and uncertain. In this
+situation the merchants of New York, having seen the success of union in
+the non-importation agreement, met in the Long Room of the Queen's Head
+Tavern, kept by Bolton and Sigell on April 8, 1768, and there formed
+themselves into a society which they styled the New York Chamber of
+Commerce, which has been in existence since that date, the oldest
+mercantile organization in America. The twenty-four members who then
+constituted the society elected John Cruger president, Hugh Wallace vice
+president and Elias Desbrosses treasurer.
+
+A meeting of the New York merchants was called at Bolton and Sigell's on
+August 25, 1768, to further consider the non-importation agreement, which
+had been signed very generally in the city, and in November, in
+consequence of reports in circulation, the principal merchants and traders
+of the city were waited on, and report was made that it appeared that they
+had in general inviolably adhered to the true spirit of their agreement in
+making out their orders. The subscribers to the agreement met at Bolton
+and Sigell's on Monday, March 13, 1769, when a "committee was appointed to
+inquire into and inspect all European importations, in order to a strict
+compliance with the said agreement and also to correspond with the other
+colonies." The assembly in April passed a vote of thanks to the merchants
+for their patriotic conduct, and instructed the speaker to signify the
+same to them at their next monthly meeting. John Cruger, the speaker of
+the house, was also president of the Chamber of Commerce, and this vote of
+thanks was delivered to the merchants at the first meeting of the Chamber
+of Commerce in their new quarters, the large room over the Royal Exchange,
+their previous meetings having been held in the Long Room of the Queen's
+Head Tavern.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary of the Repeal]
+
+The second anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated on
+Friday, the 18th of March, by a numerous company of the principal
+merchants and other respectable inhabitants of the city, "Friends to
+Constitutional Liberty and Trade," at Bardin's tavern opposite the Common
+on Broadway and at Jones's tavern which was said to be nearly adjoining.
+The meeting at Jones's was called by the "Friends of Liberty and Trade,"
+who requested those inclined to celebrate the day to give in their names
+by Wednesday at farthest to John Jones inn-holder in the Fields or to the
+printer, and receive tickets for the occasion. There were many who,
+although zealous in every measure for the repeal of the Stamp Act, now
+leaned to the side of moderation. They styled themselves Friends of
+Liberty and Trade, as distinct from the more orthodox or more radical Sons
+of Liberty. The two factions on this occasion seem to have met in perfect
+harmony, although later there appeared considerable feeling between them.
+Union flags were displayed and an elegant dinner was served at each
+place. A band of music was provided for the occasion and in the evening
+some curious fireworks were played off for the entertainment of the
+company. Among the toasts drunk were: "The Spirited Assembly of Virginia
+in 1765," "The Spirited Assembly of Boston" and "Unanimity to the Sons of
+Liberty in America."
+
+[Sidenote: Effigies Burned]
+
+On Monday, November 14, 1768, a report was current in the city that the
+effigies of Bernard, the obnoxious governor of Massachusetts, and
+Greenleaf, the sheriff of Boston, were to be exhibited in the streets that
+evening. At four o'clock in the afternoon the troops in the city appeared
+under arms at the lower barracks, where they remained until about ten
+o'clock at night, during which time parties of them continually patrolled
+the streets, in order, it is supposed, to intimidate the inhabitants and
+prevent the exposing of the effigies. Notwithstanding this vigilance on
+the part of the soldiers, the Sons of Liberty appeared in the streets with
+the effigies hanging on a gallows, between eight and nine o'clock,
+attended by a vast number of spectators, and were saluted with loud huzzas
+at the corner of every street they passed. After exposing the effigies at
+the Coffee House, they were publicly burned amidst the clamor of the
+people, who testified their approbation and then quietly dispersed to
+their homes. The city magistrates had received notice of what was
+intended, and constables were sent out to prevent it, but either deceived
+or by intention they did not reach the scene of action until all was over.
+This seems strange, as the Coffee House was not far from the City Hall,
+and the lime tree in front of it, the scene of the burning, was in full
+view.
+
+[Sidenote: The Boston Letter]
+
+The letter which the assembly of the Massachusetts colony had sent to her
+sister colonies in the early part of the year 1768, inviting united
+measures to obtain redress of grievances, was denounced by the Earl of
+Hillsborough, then lately appointed secretary of state for America, "as of
+a most dangerous and factious tendency." The colonies were forbidden to
+receive or reply to it, and an effort was made to prevent all
+correspondence between them. This was ineffectual. Committees were
+appointed to petition the King and to correspond with Massachusetts and
+Virginia. Some of the assemblies, for refusing to comply with the demands
+of Hillsborough, were prorogued by the governors. A great public meeting
+was called in New York for Thursday, November 24, at which instructions to
+the city members of the assembly were adopted and signed by many of the
+principal citizens. The instructions called for the reading in the
+assembly of the Boston letter, which had fallen under the censure of
+Hillsborough, and to which he had forbidden the colonies to make reply.
+That these instructions were delivered is more than probable. Whether
+influenced by them or not, the assembly, in committee of the whole on
+December 31, declared for "an exact equality of rights among all his
+Majesty's subjects in the several parts of the empire; the right of
+petition, that of internal legislature, and the undoubted right to
+correspond and consult with any of the neighboring colonies or with any
+other of his Majesty's subjects, outside of this colony, whenever they
+conceived the rights, liberties, interests or privileges of this house or
+its constituents to be affected," and appointed a committee of
+correspondence. These resolutions could not be tolerated by Governor
+Moore. He dissolved the assembly. This caused a new election which was
+attended with considerable excitement. It was called for Monday, January
+23, 1769. The Church of England party put up as candidates, James
+DeLancey, Jacob Walton, John Cruger and James Jauncey. These were the
+former members, with the exception of John Cruger, who took the place of
+Philip Livingston, who declined the office. A meeting in the interest of
+the above candidates was called at the house of George Burns, the New York
+Arms, for Saturday, the 21st, at five o'clock in the evening. They were
+elected and on Friday the 27th, after the closing of the polls, they were
+escorted from the City Hall with music playing and colors flying down
+Broadway and through the main street (now Pearl Street) to the Coffee
+House. The windows along the route were filled with ladies and numbers of
+the principal inhabitants graced the procession. It was "one of the
+finest and most agreeable sights ever seen in the city." The four
+gentlemen elected generously gave two hundred pounds for the benefit of
+the poor.
+
+Saturday, March 18, 1769, being the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act, the Liberty Colors, inscribed with "G. R. III, Liberty and Trade,"
+were hoisted on the ancient Liberty Pole, and at the house of Edward
+Smith, on the corner of Broadway and Murray street, the Genuine Sons of
+Liberty dined and drank toasts appropriate to the occasion, one of which
+was to "The ninety-two members of the Massachusetts assembly who voted the
+famous Boston letter." There was another meeting to celebrate the day at
+the house of Vandewater ("otherwise called Catemut's"), which was
+conducted in much the same manner and where similar toasts were drunk.
+
+By common consent the taverns on Broadway, fronting on the Common or
+Fields, near the Liberty Pole, were the places selected for celebrating
+the anniversaries of the important events connected with the stamp act
+period. It was on Wednesday, November 1, 1769, that a number of the Sons
+of Liberty met at the house of Abraham De La Montagnie to celebrate "the
+day on which the inhabitants of this colony nobly determined not to
+surrender their rights to arbitrary power, however august." De La
+Montagnie had succeeded Bardin, and was now the landlord of the house
+which Edward Bardin had occupied for some years, fronting on the Common.
+Here the entertainment was given and after dinner appropriate toasts were
+drank "in festive glasses." Among the first of these was "May the North
+American Colonies fully enjoy the British Constitution."
+
+[Illustration: CORNER OF BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET, 1816]
+
+[Sidenote: Liberty Pole Destroyed]
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Golden Hill]
+
+On the night of January 13, 1770, an attempt was made by the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole by sawing off the spurs or braces around it and
+by exploding gunpowder in a hole bored in the wood in order to split it.
+They were discovered and the attempt was unsuccessful. Exasperated at
+this, they attacked some citizens near, followed them into the house of De
+La Montagnie with drawn swords and bayonets, insulted the company, beat
+the waiter, assaulted the landlord in one of the passages of the house and
+then proceeded to break everything they could conveniently reach, among
+other things eighty-four panes of glass in the windows. Officers
+appearing, they quickly withdrew to their barracks. Three days after this,
+in the night of January 16, the soldiers succeeded in destroying the pole
+completely, which they sawed into pieces and piled before De La
+Montagnie's door. The next day there was a great meeting in the Fields,
+where the pole had stood, when it was resolved by the people that soldiers
+found out of barracks at night after roll-call should be treated as
+enemies of the peace of the city. In reply to these resolves a scurrilous
+placard was printed, signed "The Sixteenth Regiment of Foot," and posted
+through the city. Attempts to prevent this was the cause of several
+serious affrays, the principal one of which took place a little north of
+the present John street, a locality then called Golden Hill, in which one
+citizen was killed and several severely wounded. Many of the soldiers
+were badly beaten. This affair has been called the Battle of Golden Hill,
+and it has been claimed that here was shed the first blood in the cause of
+American Independence.
+
+At the meeting in the Fields on the 17th, a committee had been appointed
+who, as instructed, petitioned the corporation for permission to erect a
+new pole on the spot where the one destroyed had stood or if preferred,
+opposite Mr. Vandenbergh's, near St. Paul's Church, a small distance from
+where the two roads meet. It was stated in the petition that if the
+corporation should not think proper to grant permission for erecting the
+pole, the people were resolved to procure a place for it on private
+ground. The petition was rejected and purchase was made of a piece of
+ground, eleven feet wide and one hundred feet long, very near to the place
+where the former pole had stood. Here a hole was dug twelve feet deep to
+receive the pole which was being prepared at the shipyards. The lower part
+of the mast was covered to a considerable height with iron bars placed
+lengthwise, over which were fastened strong iron hoops. When finished the
+pole was drawn through the streets by six horses, decorated with ribbons
+and flags. Music was supplied by a band of French horns. The pole was
+strongly secured in the earth by timbers and great stones, so as to defy
+all further attempts to prostrate it. On the top was raised a mast
+twenty-two feet in height with a gilt vane and the word Liberty in large
+letters.
+
+[Sidenote: Hampden Hall]
+
+Abraham De La Montagnie had suffered his house to become the resort of
+many who belonged to the moderate party or the Friends of Liberty and
+Trade, who, early in the year 1770, engaged his house for the celebration
+of the anniversary of the repeal. The Sons of Liberty in the early part of
+February invited those who wished to celebrate the anniversary to join
+them at De La Montagnie's tavern, whereupon De La Montagnie issued a card,
+stating that his house had been engaged by a number of gentlemen for that
+purpose, and that he could entertain no others. The indications are that
+this was then the only tavern near the Liberty Pole that was available,
+Jones and Smith having left the neighborhood, but the more radical Sons of
+Liberty, not to be thus frustrated, purchased the house which had been
+formerly occupied by Edward Smith, and gave notice, inviting all those in
+sympathy with them to join them there in the celebration. They called the
+house they had purchased Hampden Hall, and it remained their headquarters
+for some time. It was managed by Henry Bicker as its landlord.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary Dinners]
+
+The 18th of March being Sunday, the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act was celebrated on Monday the 19th. At the tavern of De La Montagnie,
+while the Liberty Colors (ascribed to G. R. III, Liberty and Trade) were
+hoisted on the Liberty Pole, two hundred and thirty citizens, Friends to
+Liberty and Trade, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them.
+Appropriate toasts were drunk, one of which was "Liberty, Unanimity and
+Perseverance to the true Sons of Liberty in America." On the same day "in
+union and friendship" with these a number of gentlemen celebrated the day
+by a dinner at the house of Samuel Waldron, at the ferry on Long Island,
+where, it is said, the toasts drunk were the same as at De La Montagnie's.
+The radical party of the Sons of Liberty celebrated "the repeal of the
+detestable stamp act" at Hampden Hall, on which colors were displayed, as
+well as on the Liberty Pole opposite to it. The company, it is said,
+numbered about three hundred gentlemen, freeholders and freemen of the
+city, who met to celebrate "that memorable deliverance from the chains
+which had been forged for the Americans by a designing and despotic
+Ministry." An elegant dinner had been provided, but before they sat down
+the company "nominated ten of their number to dine with Captain McDougal
+at his chambers in the New-Gaol," where a suitable dinner had also been
+provided. Captain McDougal was being held in jail for libel as the author
+of a paper signed "A Son of Liberty," addressed "to the betrayed
+inhabitants of New York," which reflected the severest criticisms of the
+assembly for voting supplies to the King's troops. This paper was held by
+the assembly to be an infamous and scandalous libel. He was also accused
+of being the author of another paper signed "Legion," describing the
+action of the assembly as "base, inglorious conduct," which the assembly
+resolved was infamous and seditious. After dinner, a committee was
+appointed to send two barrels of beer and what was left of the dinner to
+the poor prisoners in the jail, which were received with great thanks.
+Many appropriate toasts were drunk as usual, and a little before sunset
+the company from Hampden Hall, joined by a number of people in the Fields,
+with music playing and colors flying, marched to the new jail, where they
+saluted Captain McDougal with cheers. He appeared at the grated window of
+the middle story, and in a short address thanked them for this mark of
+their respect. The company then returned to the Liberty Pole and as the
+sun was setting hauled down the flag. They then marched down Chapel Street
+to the Coffee House and back up Broadway to the Liberty Pole and quietly
+dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: A. McDougall]
+
+The celebration of the anniversary of the repeal apparently caused some
+bitterness of feeling between the factions which dined at De La
+Montagnie's and that which dined at Hampden Hall, if it did not previously
+exist. An article appeared in the newspaper declaring that the statement
+that about three hundred persons dined at Hampden Hall was not true, that
+only about one hundred and twenty-six dined there and paid for their
+dinners, including boys, and that the first toast which these _loyal_ Sons
+of Liberty actually drank was not "The King," as reported in the
+newspapers, but "May the American Colonies fully enjoy the British
+Constitution." The writer also took exception to many other statements in
+the account which was given in the papers. A reply was made to this in
+which affidavit was made by Henry Bicker that on the occasion there dined
+at his house, according to the best of his judgment, about three hundred
+persons, and that the assertion that there were no more than about one
+hundred and twenty-six was absolutely false. In the matter of the toasts,
+as showing in a measure how such affairs were conducted, we think it best
+to give the explanation in full as follows: "The truth of the Matter is
+just this. Several Gentlemen drew up a set of Toasts proper for the day,
+and to save the trouble of copying them, got a few printed to serve the
+different tables. When the committee who were appointed to conduct the
+business of the day came to peruse the toasts, they altered the one and
+transposed the one before dinner, and I do assert that they were drank in
+the manner and order they were published in this, Parker's and Gaine's
+papers; for the truth of this I appeal to every gentleman who dined at
+Hampden Hall that day."
+
+The house which Bicker occupied had always been used as a tavern. When the
+lease of the property, having eleven years to run, was offered for sale in
+1761, it was described as "two lots of ground on Trinity Church Farm, on
+which are two tenements fronting Broadway and a small tenement fronting
+Murray Street; the two tenements fronting Broadway may be occupied in one
+for a public house." It was purchased by John Jones, and when he offered
+it for sale in 1765, he stated that there was a very commodious dancing
+room adjoining, forty-five feet long, which was probably in the building
+fronting on Murray Street. Jones moved out of the house in 1766 to the
+Queen's Head, but returned when the Queen's Head was taken by Bolton and
+Sigell, and occupied for a time either a part of the house or the whole.
+It was purchased in 1768 by Roger Morris. When the Sons of Liberty
+purchased the lease, it had only a short time to run, not more than one or
+two years.
+
+[Sidenote: Hampden Hall Attacked by the Soldiers]
+
+About eleven o'clock on Saturday night, the 24th of March, fourteen or
+fifteen soldiers were seen about the Liberty Pole, which one of them had
+ascended in order to take off and carry away the topmast and vane. Finding
+they were discovered they attacked some young men who came up and drove
+them from the green and then retired. Soon after, about forty or fifty of
+them came out armed with cutlasses and attacked a number of people who had
+come up to the pole on the alarm given. A few of these retreated to the
+house of Mr. Bicker, which was soon besieged by the soldiers, who
+endeavored to force an entrance. Bicker, thinking himself and family in
+danger, stood with his bayonet fixed, determined to defend his family and
+his house to the last extremity, declaring that he would shoot the first
+man who should attempt to enter. He succeeded in getting the doors of the
+house closed and barred, when the soldiers tried to break open the front
+windows, one of which they forced open, broke all the glass and hacked
+the sash to pieces. They threatened to burn the house and destroy every
+one in it. Some citizens who had been on the ground, gave the alarm by
+ringing the Chapel bell, upon hearing which, the soldiers retreated
+precipitately. The men of the 16th regiment swore that they would carry
+away with them a part of the pole as a trophy, but a watch was kept by the
+people and they sailed away in a few days for Pensacola, without
+accomplishing their design. This was the last effort of the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole, which remained standing until prostrated by
+order of the notorious Cunningham, Provost Marshal of the British army in
+New York in 1776.
+
+To encourage the home manufacture of woolen cloth the Sons of Liberty met
+on Tuesday, April 6, 1769, at the Province Arms, and unanimously
+subscribed an agreement not to purchase nor eat any lamb in their families
+before the first of August next.
+
+The Freemasons met at Burns' tavern on May 27, 1769, at five o'clock in
+the afternoon, and from thence marched in procession to the John Street
+Theater, to witness the special performance of The Tender Husband, given
+here for the first time.
+
+In March, 1770, the partnership of Bolton and Sigell was dissolved, Bolton
+alone continuing in the Queen's Head, but only for a short time, for in
+May the place of George Burns, as landlord of the Province Arms, was
+taken by Richard Bolton, who moved in from the Queen's Head. Bolton, in
+his announcement, states that the house has been repaired and greatly
+improved and that the stables with stalls for fifty horses are let to
+James Wilkinson, "whose constant attention will be employed to oblige
+gentlemen in that department." These large stables had probably been built
+by the De Lancey family when they occupied the house. Lieutenant Governor
+James De Lancey, who once owned it, supported a coach and four, with
+outriders in handsome livery, and several members of this family became
+widely known as patrons of the turf.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival of the Earl of Dunmore]
+
+On Thursday, October 18, 1770, the Earl of Dunmore, who had been appointed
+by the Crown to succeed Sir Henry Moore, who had died very much lamented
+by the people of New York, arrived in his Majesty's ship, The Tweed, and
+was received on landing and escorted to the Fort with the usual salutes,
+and with all the honors due his station. From the Fort, accompanied by Sir
+William Draper, Lord Drummond, the commander of the Tweed, and Captain
+Foy, his lordship's secretary, his excellency proceeded to the New York
+Arms; and there they were entertained at a dinner given by Lieutenant
+Governor Colden, where the usual numerous toasts were drunk. The next day,
+Friday, after the new governor's commission had been read in council, and
+published at the City Hall, as was the custom, his excellency the
+Governor, General Gage, Sir William Draper, Lord Drummond, the members of
+his majesty's council, the city representatives, the gentlemen of the army
+and navy, the judges of the supreme court, the mayor, recorder, attorney
+general and other public officers, and many of the most respectable
+gentlemen of the city were entertained at another elegant dinner given by
+the lieutenant governor at the New York Arms. In the evening his lordship
+was pleased to favor the gentlemen of the army and navy "with his Company
+at a Ball, which consisted of a splendid and brilliant appearance of
+Gentlemen and Ladies."
+
+While Bolton was in possession of the Province Arms the political
+excitement somewhat abated. The long room in the old tavern continued to
+be the favorite dancing hall of the city, and in many of the notices of
+concerts given here for charity or for the benefit of musicians, etc., are
+announcements that they will be followed by balls. The young people of New
+York at that time must have been extremely fond of dancing.
+
+On Tuesday, April 23, 1771, the anniversary of St. George was celebrated
+with unusual ceremony. "A number of English gentlemen, and descendants of
+English parents, amounting in the whole to upwards of one hundred and
+twenty, had an elegant Entertainment at Bolton's in honor of the Day."
+John Tabor Kempe, Esq., his majesty's attorney general, presided, and the
+guests of honor were the Earl of Dunmore, General Gage, the gentlemen of
+his majesty's council, etc. The company parted early and in high good
+humor.
+
+[Sidenote: The New York Society]
+
+When Richard Bolton left the Queen's Head for the New York Arms, Sam
+Francis came back into his own house. In announcing his return, he states
+that when he formerly kept it, the best clubs met there, and the greatest
+entertainments in the city were given there, and that he flatters himself
+that the public are so well satisfied of his ability to serve them that it
+is useless to go into details. Francis was not only successful as a
+tavern-keeper in satisfying the needs of the public, but he was also
+successful financially, for he was the owner of both the Queen's Head and
+Vauxhall. While he was the landlord of the Queen's Head in 1765, the New
+York Society held their meetings there. It was announced that at a stated
+meeting to be held at the house of Mr. Francis on Monday, the first of
+April, at six o'clock in the evening, after some business before the
+society should be dispatched and the letters and proposals received since
+last meeting examined, the consideration of the questions last proposed on
+the paper currency and the bank statements would be resumed. This
+indicates that this was a society or club for the discussion of financial
+and economic subjects.
+
+[Sidenote: The Social Club]
+
+Francis speaks of his house being the resort of several clubs, but we have
+detailed information of only one; this was the Social Club, the membership
+of which indicates that it must have been one of the best, if not the
+best, in the city. In possession of the New York Historical Society is a
+list of the members of the Social Club which was found among the papers of
+John Moore, a member of the club, and presented to the society by his son,
+Thos. W. C. Moore. It contains remarks about the members which are very
+curious and interesting. We give it in full.
+
+"List of Members of the Social Club, which passed Saturday evenings at Sam
+Francis's, corner of Broad and Dock streets, in winter, and in summer at
+Kip's Bay, where they built a neat, large room, for the Club-house. The
+British landed at this spot the day they took the city, 15th September,
+1776.
+
+Members of this club dispersed in December, 1775, and never afterwards
+assembled.
+
+    John Jay (Disaffected)--Became Member of Congress, a Resident Minister
+    to Spain, Com'r to make peace, Chief Justice, Minister to England, and
+    on his return, Gov'r of N. York--a good and amiable man.
+
+    Gouverneur Morris (Disaffected)--Member of Congress, Minister to
+    France, etc.
+
+    Robt. R. Livingston (Disaffected)--Min'r to France, Chancellor of N.
+    York, etc.
+
+    Egbert Benson (Disaffected)--Dis. Judge, N. York, and in the
+    Legislature--Good man.
+
+    Morgan Lewis (Disaffected)--Gov'r of N. York, and a Gen. in the war of
+    1812.
+
+    Gulian Verplanck (Disaffected, but in Europe, till 1783)--Pres't of
+    New York Bank.
+
+    John Livingston and his brother Henry (Disaffected, but of no
+    political importance).
+
+    James Seagrove (Disaffected)--Went to the southward as a merchant.
+
+    Francis Lewis (Disaffected, but of no political importance).
+
+    John Watts (Doubtful)--During the war Recorder of New York.
+
+    Leonard Lispenard and his brother Anthony (Doubtful, but remained
+    quiet at New York).
+
+    Rich'd Harrison (Loyal, but has since been Recorder of N. York).
+
+    John Hay, Loyal, an officer in British Army--killed in West Indies.
+
+    Peter Van Shaack (Loyal)--A Lawyer, remained quiet at Kinderhook.
+
+    Daniel Ludlow, Loyal during the war--since Pres't of Manhattan Bank.
+
+    Dr. S. Bard, Loyal, tho' in 1775 doubtful, remained in N. York--a good
+    man.
+
+    George Ludlow (Loyal)--Remained on Long Island in quiet--A good man.
+
+    William, his brother, Loyal, or supposed so; remained on L.
+    Island--inoffensive man.
+
+    William Imlay, Loyal at first, but doubtful after 1777.
+
+    Edward Gould (Loyal)--At N. York all the war--a Merchant.
+
+    John Reade (Pro and Con)--W'd have proved loyal, no doubt, had not his
+    wife's family been otherwise.
+
+    J. Stevens (Disaffected).
+
+    Henry Kelly (Loyal)--Went to England, and did not return.
+
+    Stephen Rapelye turned out bad--died in N. York Hospital.
+
+    John Moore (Loyal)--In public life all the war, and from year 1765."
+
+[Sidenote: The Moot]
+
+In the fall of the year 1770, a club was formed by the principal lawyers
+of the city of New York, for the discussion of legal questions, which they
+called _The Moot_. The first meeting was held on Friday, the 23d of
+November. According to their journal, the members, "desirous of forming a
+club for social conservation, and the mutual improvement of each other,
+determined to meet on the evening of the first Friday of every month, at
+Bardin's, or such other place as a majority of the members shall from time
+to time appoint," and for the better regulating the said club agreed to
+certain articles of association, one of which was that "No member shall
+presume upon any pretence to introduce any discourse about the party
+politics of the province, and to persist in such discourse after being
+desired by the president to drop it, on pain of expulsion." William
+Livingston was chosen president and William Smith vice-president. This
+first meeting was, no doubt, held at the King's Arms Tavern on the lower
+part of Broadway, now Whitehall Street, which was in 1770 kept by Edward
+Bardin. From the character of the members their discussions were held in
+great respect. It was said that they even influenced the judgment of the
+Supreme Court, and that a question, connected with the taxation of costs,
+was sent to The Moot by the chief justice expressly for their opinion.
+Some of the members of this club were afterwards among the most prominent
+men of the country.
+
+The articles of association were signed by
+
+  Benjamin Kissam,
+  David Mathews,
+  William Wickham,
+  Thomas Smith,
+  Whitehead Hicks,
+  Rudolphus Ritzema,
+  William Livingston,
+  Richard Morris,
+  Samuel Jones,
+  John Jay,
+  William Smith,
+  John Morine Scott,
+  James Duane,
+  John T. Kempe,
+  Robert R. Livingston, Jr.,
+  Egbert Benson,
+  Peten Van Schaack,
+  Stephen De Lancey.
+
+On March 4, 1774, John Watts, Jr., and Gouverneur Morris were admitted to
+the Society. In the exciting times preceding the Revolution the meetings
+became irregular, and the members of the Moot came together for the last
+time on January 6, 1775.
+
+A number of gentlemen were accustomed to meet as a club at the house of
+Walter Brock, afterwards kept by his widow, familiarly called "Mother
+Brock," on Wall Street near the City Hall. It was probably a social and
+not very formal club. One of the most prominent of its members was William
+Livingston.
+
+In May, 1773, Francis offered Vauxhall for sale, when it was described as
+having an extremely pleasant and healthy situation, commanding an
+extensive prospect up and down the North River. The house, "a capital
+mansion in good repair," had four large rooms on each floor, twelve
+fireplaces and most excellent cellars. Adjoining the house was built a
+room fifty-six feet long and twenty-six feet wide, under which was a
+large, commodious kitchen. There were stables, a coach house and several
+out houses, also two large gardens planted with fruit trees, flowers and
+flowering shrubs in great profusion, one of which was plentifully stocked
+with vegetables of all kinds. The premises, containing twenty-seven and a
+half lots of ground, was a leasehold of Trinity Church, with sixty-one
+years to run. The ground rent was forty pounds per annum. It was purchased
+by Erasmus Williams, who, the next year, having changed the name back,
+"with great propriety," to Mount Pleasant, solicited the patronage of the
+public, particularly gentlemen with their families from the West Indies,
+Carolina, etc., and such as are travelling from distant parts, either on
+business or pleasure.
+
+Francis also offered the Queen's Head for sale in 1775. It was then
+described as three stories high, with a tile and lead roof, having
+fourteen fireplaces and a most excellent large kitchen; a corner house
+very open and airy, and in the most complete repair. Although Francis
+desired to sell his house, he stated that "so far from declining his
+present business he is determined to use every the utmost endeavor to
+carry on the same to the pleasure and satisfaction of his friends and the
+public in general." He did not succeed in selling the house and continued
+as landlord of the Queen's Head until he abandoned it when the British
+army entered the city.
+
+[Illustration: MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE AND COFFEE HOUSE SLIP]
+
+[Sidenote: The Merchants' Coffee House Moves]
+
+On May 1, 1772, Mrs. Ferrari, who had been keeping the Merchants' Coffee
+House on the northwest corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, which
+had been located there and been continuously in use as a coffee house
+since it was opened as such about the year 1738 by Daniel Bloom, removed
+to a new house which had recently been built by William Brownjohn on the
+opposite cross corner, that is, diagonally across to the southeast corner.
+Mrs. Ferrari did not move out of the Merchants' Coffee House, but she took
+it with her with all its patronage and trade. On opening the new house
+she prepared a treat for her old customers. The merchants and gentlemen
+of the city assembled in a numerous company and were regaled with arrack,
+punch, wine, cold ham, tongue, etc. The gentlemen of the two insurance
+companies, who likewise moved from the old to the new coffee house, each
+of them, with equal liberality regaled the company. A few days later the
+newspaper stated that the agreeable situation and the elegance of the new
+house had occasioned a great resort of company to it ever since it was
+opened. The old coffee house which had been occupied by Mrs. Ferrari
+before she moved into the new one was still owned by Dr. Charles Arding,
+who purchased it of Luke Roome in 1758. He offered it for sale in July,
+1771, before Mrs. Ferrari moved out of it and again in May, 1772, after
+she had left, when it was occupied by Mrs. Elizabeth Wragg, but did not
+succeed in making a sale. If it was any longer used as a coffee house, its
+use as such was of short duration. It was soon taken by Nesbitt Deane,
+hatter, who occupied it for many years, offering hats to exceed any "in
+fineness, cut, color or cock." John Austin Stevens, who has written very
+pleasantly and entertainingly of the old coffee houses of New York,
+speaking of the early history of the Merchants' Coffee House, says: "Its
+location, however, is beyond question. It stood on the southeast corner of
+Wall and Queen (now Water) Streets, on a site familiar to New Yorkers as
+that for many years occupied by the Journal of Commerce." Although so
+positive on this point, Stevens was, no doubt, mistaken, as can be easily
+proven by records. However, this was the site occupied by the Merchants'
+Coffee House subsequent to May 1, 1772. Stevens says that Mrs. Ferrari
+moved out of this house into a new house on the opposite cross corner,
+whereas she moved into it from the old coffee house on the opposite cross
+corner, and carried the business of the old house with her.
+
+In the early part of 1772, Robert Hull succeeded Richard Bolton and
+continued in possession of the Province Arms some time after the British
+army entered the city. In the fall of 1772, the two companies of the
+Governor's Guards, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Harris
+Cruger and Major William Walton, dressed in their very handsome uniforms,
+paraded in the Fields, where they were reviewed. They were very much
+admired for their handsome appearance, and received much applause from the
+spectators for the regularity and exactness with which they went through
+the exercises and evolutions. After the parade they spent the evening at
+Hull's Tavern, where a suitable entertainment had been provided.
+
+[Sidenote: Ball on the Governors Departure]
+
+On the King's birthday, Friday, June 4, 1773, the governor gave an elegant
+entertainment in the Fort, as was usual on such occasions, and, in the
+evening, the city was illuminated. General Gage, who was about to sail for
+England, celebrated the day by giving a grand dinner to a great number of
+the merchants and military gentlemen of the city at Hull's Tavern. He had
+been in command for ten years in America, and this dinner was made the
+occasion of a flattering address presented to him by the Corporation of
+the Chamber of Commerce of the City of New York. In February, 1774, a
+grand dinner was given at Hull's Tavern by the members of his majesty's
+council to the members of the assembly of the province, and the next month
+the governor gave a dinner to both the gentlemen of the king's council and
+the gentlemen of the general assembly at the same place. Shortly after
+this, on Monday evening, April 4, there was a grand ball given in Hull's
+assembly room at which there was "a most brilliant appearance of Ladies
+and Gentlemen," the occasion being on account of the departure of the
+governor and Mrs. Tryon for England. The different national societies held
+their anniversary celebrations at Hull's Tavern. The Welsh celebrated St.
+David's day, the Scotch St. Andrew's day, the Irish St. Patrick's day and
+the English St. George's day.
+
+By 1770, the obnoxious duties had been abolished on all articles except
+tea, and soon after the non-importation agreements of the merchants of
+Boston, New York and Philadelphia were discontinued, except as to tea, the
+duty on which had been retained. The New York merchants seem to have been
+the first to propose the discontinuance of the agreement. The Sons of
+Liberty met at Hampden Hall to protest against it; the inhabitants of
+Philadelphia presented their compliments to the inhabitants of New York,
+in a card, and sarcastically begged they would send them their Old Liberty
+Pole, as they imagined, by their late conduct, they could have no further
+use for it; and the Connecticut tavern-keepers, it is said, posted the
+names of the New York importers and determined that they would not
+entertain them nor afford them the least aid or assistance in passing
+through that government. Although Boston and Philadelphia were at first
+very strongly opposed to any relaxation in the agreements, they soon
+joined in terminating them; but the merchants and people alike determined
+that no tea should be imported liable to duty. The captains of ships
+sailing from London refused to carry tea as freight to American ports.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tax on Tea]
+
+On Friday morning, October 15, 1773, a printed handbill was distributed
+through the town calling a meeting of the inhabitants at twelve o'clock
+that day at the Coffee House to consult and agree on some manner of
+expressing the thanks of the people to the captains of the London ships
+trading with the port of New York and the merchants to whom they were
+consigned, for their refusal to take from the East India Company, as
+freight, tea on which a duty had been laid by parliament payable in
+America. At this meeting an address was accordingly drawn up which was
+unanimously approved by those present. In this address it was declared
+that "Stamp Officers and Tea Commissioners will ever be held in equal
+estimation."
+
+For two or three years the political situation had been uneventful, but
+early in the year 1773 it became apparent that an effort was about to be
+made to bring the question of taxation to an issue. The East India
+Company, acting as the instrument of the British parliament, arranged to
+send cargoes of tea to the ports of Boston, Newport, New York,
+Philadelphia and Charleston, at which places they appointed commissioners
+for its sale.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sons of Liberty Again Organize]
+
+The times were portentous. The people realized that Great Britain was
+about to test her power to tax the colonies by forcing the importation of
+tea through the East India Company in order to establish a precedent, and
+preparations were made to resist. The Sons of Liberty again organized in
+November, 1773, and prepared for action. They drew up a number of
+resolutions which expressed their sentiments and which they engaged to
+faithfully observe. The first of these was, "that whoever should aid or
+abet or in any manner assist in the introduction of Tea from any place
+whatsoever into this Colony, while it is subject by a British act of
+parliament to the payment of a duty for the purpose of raising a revenue
+in America, he shall be deemed an enemy to the Liberties of America." On
+the back of a printed copy of these resolutions was written a letter of
+appeal, signed by the committee of the association, addressed to the
+Friends of Liberty and Trade, inviting an union of all classes in a
+determined resistance, and urging harmony.
+
+At a meeting held at the City Hall on the 17th of December by the Sons of
+Liberty to which all friends of liberty and trade of America were
+invited, it was firmly resolved that the tea which was expected should not
+be landed.
+
+In Boston the consignee of the tea refusing to return it to England, the
+vessels were boarded by a number of men disguised as Indians, the chests
+of tea broken open and the contents cast overboard in the water. This
+occurred on the 16th of December, 1773.
+
+At a meeting held at the tavern of Captain Doran a committee was appointed
+to wait on the merchants who had been appointed commissioners for the sale
+of the East India Company's tea and ask their intentions. They replied to
+the committee that, finding that the tea will come liable to American
+duty, they have declined to receive it. Thomas Doran had been captain of a
+small but fast sailing privateer, and did good service in the late French
+war. He had since been keeping a tavern on the new dock near the Fly
+Market. His house had been the usual place of meeting of the Marine
+Society for many years. In May, 1774, notice was given that a committee of
+the Chamber of Commerce would meet at the house of Thomas Doran to receive
+claims for bounty on fish brought into the city markets. The assembly, in
+1773, had granted the sum of five hundred pounds per annum for five years,
+"for the encouragement of fishery on this coast for the better supplying
+of the markets of this city with fish," to be paid to the treasurer of the
+Chamber of Commerce, and the awarding of the premiums was entrusted to
+that association. This was the first distribution of premiums.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tea-Ship Arrives]
+
+The tea-ship for New York, long overdue, was anxiously expected. In March,
+1774, the Sons of Liberty were notified to meet every Thursday night at
+seven o'clock at the house of Jasper Drake till the arrival and departure
+of the tea-ship. The ships for the other ports had arrived at their
+destinations and been disposed of. No tea had been allowed to be sold. The
+ship Nancy, Captain Lockyer, with the tea for New York on board, driven
+off the coast by contrary winds, did not reach the port until April 18th,
+and the pilot, advised of the situation, refused to bring her up to the
+city. The people had resolved that the tea should not be landed. The
+captain was allowed to come up on condition that he would not enter his
+vessel at the custom house. He was received by a committee of the Sons of
+Liberty and conducted to the consignee, who, declining to receive his
+cargo, he at once made preparation to return. On Friday, April 22,
+handbills were distributed, stating that although the sense of the people
+had been signified to Captain Lockyer, nevertheless it was the desire of
+many of the citizens that, at his departure, he should see with his own
+eyes their detestation of the measures pursued by the ministry and the
+East India Company to enslave this country. Accordingly, on Saturday
+morning, about eight o'clock, all the bells in the city rang as a notice
+to the people that the tea which had been brought over in the Nancy was
+about to be sent back without allowing it to be landed. About nine o'clock
+the people assembled at the Coffee House in greater numbers than ever
+before known, Captain Lockyer came out of the Coffee House with the
+committee and was received with cheers, while a band provided for the
+occasion played "God Save the King." He was then conducted to Murray's
+Wharf, at the foot of Wall Street, where, amid the shouts of the people
+and the firing of guns, he was put on board the pilot boat and wished a
+safe passage. He joined his ship, the Nancy, at the Narrows, and the next
+morning put to sea.
+
+[Sidenote: Tea Thrown Overboard]
+
+On Friday, amidst all the excitement, Captain Chambers, who from
+information received from different sources was suspected of having tea on
+board his ship, the London, arrived at the Hook. The pilot asked him if he
+had any tea on board and he declared that he had none. Two of the
+committee of observation went on board, to whom he declared that he had no
+tea. When the ship came to the wharf about four o'clock in the afternoon
+she was boarded by a number of citizens and Captain Chambers was told that
+it was in vain for him to deny having tea on board his ship for there was
+good proof to the contrary, whereupon he confessed that he had on board
+eighteen chests. The owners of the vessel and the committee immediately
+met at Francis' Tavern to deliberate over the matter where Captain
+Chambers was ordered to attend. Here he stated that he was the sole owner
+of the tea. The Mohawks were prepared to do their duty but the people
+became impatient and about eight o'clock a number entered the ship, took
+out the tea, broke open the chests and threw their contents into the
+river. The resentment of the people was so great against Captain Chambers,
+whom they had considered a friend of their rights and deserving of their
+confidence, that it was thought that if he could have been found, his life
+would have been in danger. He was, however, concealed and succeeded the
+next day in getting on board the Nancy with Captain Lockyer and sailed
+away to England.
+
+The news of what had been done by the little tea-party in Boston Harbor,
+December 16, 1773, reached England on the 22d of January, 1774, and
+created intense excitement in London. On March 7 the King sent a special
+message to parliament on the American disturbances and soon after a bill
+was prepared providing for the closing of the port of Boston to all
+commerce on June 1, at the King's pleasure, and ordering indemnification
+to be made to the East India Company for the tea destroyed. This bill
+passed both houses of parliament without a dissenting vote. The news of
+its passage came to New York by the ship Samson, Captain Coupar, which
+arrived May 12, twenty-seven days from London. By the same packet came
+news that General Gage, commissioned governor of Massachusetts, had
+engaged with four regiments to reduce Boston to submission and was to sail
+for his government on April 15.
+
+[Sidenote: Committee of Correspondence]
+
+In consequence of the alarming news from England, a notice was posted at
+the Merchants' Coffee House inviting the merchants to meet at the tavern
+of Samuel Francis on Monday evening, the 16th, to consult on measures
+proper to be taken. Accordingly, a large number of merchants and other
+inhabitants appeared at the appointed place. The object was to appoint a
+committee of correspondence. There appeared some differences of opinion as
+to the number and composition of this committee, but the result was that
+fifty names were nominated, fifteen of the number to be sufficient to do
+business. To confirm the choice of this committee or to choose others, it
+was resolved before adjournment that the inhabitants of the city should be
+requested to meet at the Merchants' Coffee House on Thursday, the 19th, at
+one o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Paul Revere, the Post Rider]
+
+In the interim Paul Revere, the famous post-rider and express, arrived on
+the 17th with a message from the people of Boston, urging a cessation of
+all trade with Great Britain and the West Indies until the port bill
+should be repealed. In the evening of the same day there was a large
+meeting of the mechanics at Bardin's Tavern. Bardin had come to the
+neighborhood where he formerly lived and was keeping the house at one time
+kept by John Jones in the Fields, and known after that as Hampden Hall.
+The mechanics sided with the radical party.
+
+At the meeting called at the Merchants' Coffee House the merchants
+prevailed, as they had done at the previous meeting. The name of Francis
+Lewis was added to the committee and it was known as the committee of
+fifty-one. Gouverneur Morris, writing to Penn, said: "I stood on the
+balcony and on my right hand were ranged all the people of property with
+some few poor dependents, and on the other all the tradesmen, etc., who
+thought it worth their while to leave daily labor for the good of the
+country." There was some opposition to the committee named, but after the
+meeting those who had opposed it, for the sake of union, sent in their
+agreement to the choice. The mechanics also sent a letter to the committee
+concurring in the selection.
+
+[Sidenote: Answer to the Boston Letter]
+
+The committee of fifty-one met at the Merchants' Coffee House on Monday
+morning, the 23d, at ten o'clock for business, and after appointing a
+chairman, secretary and doorkeeper, and agreeing upon sundry rules for the
+conduct of business, the letters from Boston and Philadelphia were read.
+A committee composed of Messrs. MacDougal, Low, Duane and Jay was
+appointed to draw up an answer to the first and report at eight o'clock in
+the evening, to which time the meeting adjourned. At the appointed time
+the committee appointed to draw up an answer to the Boston letter made
+report of a draft of such letter, which was unanimously agreed to and
+ordered to be engrossed and forwarded with the utmost dispatch. On Tuesday
+it was delivered to Paul Revere, the express from Boston, who had been as
+far as Philadelphia and was now on his way back to Boston. He immediately
+set out on his return. A copy was ordered to be transmitted to the
+Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia. "The letter proposed to the
+people of Boston that a Congress of the colonies should be convoked
+without delay to determine and direct the measures to be pursued for
+relief of the town of Boston and the redress of all the American
+grievances," a recommendation which was accepted and resulted in the
+Congress which met at Philadelphia in September.
+
+Monday evening, June 6, the Committee of Correspondence met and read and
+answered the dispatches brought from Boston by the express rider,
+Cornelius Bradford, and on Monday, the 13th, the New York Mercury stated
+that they were to meet again that night, when, it was hoped, their
+proceedings would be made public, saying "the times are critical and big
+with interesting events." On Wednesday, June 15, the day on which the
+harbor of Boston was closed by act of parliament, a great number of the
+friends of American liberty in the city procured effigies of Governor
+Hutchinson, Lord North and Mr. Wedderburn, persons who were considered
+most unfriendly to the rights of America, and after carrying them through
+the principal streets of the city took them to the Coffee House, "where
+they were attended in the evening of that day, it is thought, by the
+greatest concourse of spectators ever seen on a similar occasion, and
+there destroyed by sulphurous Flames."
+
+The Committee of Correspondence held their meetings at the Merchants'
+Coffee House during the summer. It was the center of most of the political
+agitation and unrest which pervaded the community. On the evening of
+Wednesday, July 13, the committee met and drew up a set of resolutions on
+the alarming situation of affairs, which were printed in handbills and
+distributed about the town the next morning, for the approbation of the
+people who were to assemble at the Coffee House at twelve o'clock on the
+19th to approve or disapprove of them. It had been settled that there
+should be a Congress of the colonies, to meet at Philadelphia in
+September, and the people were at the same time to testify their
+approbation of the five gentlemen nominated by the committee to attend as
+delegates. These were James Duane, Philip Livingston, John Alsop, Isaac
+Low and John Jay. There was so much controversy that the men nominated
+declined to accept the trust until confirmed by the people. Accordingly,
+on the 24th an election was ordered in the ordinary manner by a poll in
+the several wards which was held on the 28th, resulting in the unanimous
+choice of the five gentlemen above named as delegates.
+
+[Sidenote: Delegates to Congress]
+
+About the first of September there was much excitement on account of the
+departure of the delegates for Philadelphia and the arrival of delegates
+from the New England colonies, passing through the city. On Monday, the
+29th of August, John Jay quietly set out for Philadelphia to attend the
+congress, and on Thursday, September 1st, the four other delegates left
+the city for the same laudable purpose. Isaac Low, accompanied by his
+wife, who wished to go by way of Paulus Hook, was escorted to the ferry
+stairs at the foot of Cortlandt Street by a large number of citizens, with
+colors flying, and with music. A few accompanied him over the river with
+musicians playing "God Save the King." The people then returned to the
+Coffee House in order to testify the same respect for the other three
+delegates, James Duane, John Alsop and Philip Livingston. The procession
+began about half past nine o'clock. When they arrived at the Royal
+Exchange, near which they embarked, James Duane, in a short speech,
+thanked the people for the honor they had conferred upon them and declared
+for himself and for his fellow delegates "that nothing in their Power
+should be wanting to relieve this once happy but now aggrieved Country."
+As they left the wharf, "they were saluted by several Pieces of Cannon,
+mounted for the occasion, which was answered by a greater Number from St.
+George's Ferry. These Testimonials and three Huzzas bid them go and
+proclaim to all Nations that they, and the virtuous People they represent,
+dare _defend their Rights as Protestant Englishmen_."
+
+The Massachusetts delegates, Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, Robert Treat
+Paine and John Adams, set out on their journey from Boston in one coach on
+the 10th of August and arrived in New York on the 20th. John Adams, in his
+diary, says: "We breakfasted at Day's and arrived in the city of New York
+at ten o'clock, at Hull's, a tavern, the sign of the Bunch of Grapes." The
+arms of the province on the old sign must have been pretty well
+weatherbeaten to have been taken for a bunch of grapes. The best tavern in
+Boston and the best tavern in Hartford each hung out this sign and Adams
+was thus easily led into an error.
+
+[Sidenote: The Congress at Philadelphia]
+
+The congress at Philadelphia passed a non-exportation act to take effect
+on September 15, and a non-importation act to be put in force on December
+1. A committee of observation or inspection was appointed in New York city
+to secure the strict observance of these acts. In the spring of 1775
+deputies were elected in New York to a provincial congress which met on
+April 20, and the next day appointed delegates to represent the province
+in the Continental Congress which was to assemble at Philadelphia in the
+following May. News of the battle of Lexington, forwarded by express
+riders from Watertown, Massachusetts, reached the chambers of the New York
+committee of correspondence at four o'clock in the afternoon of Sunday,
+April 23. It was war. The news reached Williamsburg, Virginia, on April
+28, and on the next day Alexander Purdie published it in an extra of his
+Gazette. In commenting on the situation his closing words were: "The sword
+is now drawn and God knows when it will be sheathed."
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+THE PROVINCE ARMS
+
+
+[Sidenote: Great Excitement in the City]
+
+In the early part of the year 1775 a state of uneasiness and expectancy
+pervaded the community. Trade was prostrate. The merchants met at the
+Exchange or at the Coffee House and nervously talked over the situation,
+for which there seemed to be no remedy; while they looked out on the quiet
+docks, now almost deserted. They were calmly waiting for something to
+happen, and it came in the news of the battle of Lexington. This was the
+crisis which produced a decided change in conditions. The dissatisfied
+people now showed that they had lost all respect for English rule.
+Companies of armed citizens paraded the streets aimlessly, and there was
+great excitement everywhere. The regular soldiers in garrison prudently
+confined themselves to their barracks. The machinery of government was out
+of joint and it was very soon apparent that something should be done to
+maintain order and form some regular plan of government.
+
+A meeting was called at the Merchants' Coffee House when it was agreed
+that the government of the city should be placed in the hands of a
+committee. Isaac Low, chairman of the committee of observation, issued a
+notice stating that the committee were unanimously of opinion that a new
+committee should be elected by the freeholders and freemen for the present
+unhappy exigency of affairs, to consist of one hundred persons,
+thirty-three to be a quorum. It was also recommended that they should at
+the same time choose deputies to represent them in a provincial congress
+which it was considered highly advisable should be summoned. A committee
+such as was recommended was chosen May 1, and, at the same time,
+twenty-one deputies for the city and county of New York, to meet the
+deputies of the other counties in provincial congress May 22.
+
+The excitement had in no wise abated when the eastern delegates to
+congress entered the city, Saturday, May 6, on their way to Philadelphia
+and were received with the greatest enthusiasm. They were met a few miles
+out of town by a great number of the principal gentlemen of the place and
+escorted into the city by near a thousand men under arms. John Adams, in
+his diary, says that from Kingsbridge the number of people continually
+increased, until he thought the whole city had come out to meet them. The
+roads, it is said, were lined with greater numbers of people than were
+known on any occasion before. All the bells of the city rang out a
+welcome. They were conducted to the tavern of Sam Francis, where they
+lodged, and a newspaper states that double sentries were placed at the
+doors of their lodgings, for what special purpose we are not informed,
+probably simply to keep the crowd in check and maintain order.
+
+The British soldiers garrisoned in the city were powerless to maintain the
+authority of the crown and were ordered to join the troops at Boston.
+There were some who advised that they should be made prisoners. The
+committee, however, agreed to let them depart with their arms and
+accoutrements without molestation. They accordingly marched out from the
+barracks to embark about ten o'clock on the morning of June 6, 1775. At
+the time there were at the tavern of Jasper Drake, in Water Street near
+Beekman Slip, a place well known as a rendezvous of the Liberty Boys and
+those opposed to the British measures, about half a dozen men, when word
+came to them that the British soldiers were leaving the barracks to embark
+and were taking with them several carts loaded with chests filled with
+arms.
+
+[Sidenote: Transfer of Arms Stopped]
+
+They immediately decided that these arms should not be taken from the
+city. One of the men was Marinus Willett, and what he did that day has
+become a landmark in the history of the city. They started out on
+different routes to notify their friends and obtain assistance. Willett
+went down Water Street to the Coffee House where he notified those who
+were there of what was to be done and then proceeded down to the Exchange
+at the foot of Broad Street. When he saw the troops and the carts laden
+with arms approaching he went up to meet them, and not hesitating a
+moment, seized the horse drawing the leading cart by the bridle, which
+caused a halt and brought the officer in command to the front. The crowd
+that immediately collected, including the mayor, gave Willett little
+support, but soon John Morin Scott came to his assistance, asserting that
+the committee had given no permission for the removal of the arms. The
+result was that the soldiers made no resistance to the seizure of the arms
+and quietly embarked without them. These arms were used by the first
+troops raised in New York under the orders of Congress.
+
+[Illustration: MARINUS WILLETT STOPPING THE TRANSFER OF ARMS]
+
+[Sidenote: The Coffee House]
+
+Nesbitt Deane, the hatter, whose shop was in the old Coffee House
+building, advertised in 1775, to let the two or three upper stories of the
+house, "being noted for a Notary Public's office these two years past,"
+which he further describes "as being so pleasantly situated that a person
+can see at once the river, shipping, Long Island and all the gentlemen
+resorting to the House on business from the most distant climes." Although
+the Coffee House was generally the resort of strangers as well as
+citizens, yet, in 1775, on account of the stagnation of business caused by
+the cessation of all trade with Great Britain, it was almost deserted.
+This is made plain by an article which appeared in the New York Journal of
+October 19; and as this has some interesting statements about coffee
+houses in general and about the Merchants' Coffee House in particular, we
+have thought it well to reproduce it entirely.
+
+    "TO THE INHABITANTS OF NEW YORK:
+
+    "It gives me concern, in this time of public difficulty and danger, to
+    find we have in this city no place of daily general meeting, where we
+    might hear and communicate intelligence from every quarter and freely
+    confer with one another on every matter that concerns us. Such a place
+    of general meeting is of very great advantage in many respects,
+    especially at such a time as this, besides the satisfaction it affords
+    and the sociable disposition it has a tendency to keep up among us,
+    which was never more wanted than at this time. To answer all these and
+    many other good and useful purposes, Coffee Houses have been
+    universally deemed the most convenient places of resort, because at a
+    small expense of time or money, persons wanted may be found and spoke
+    with, appointments may be made, current news heard, and whatever it
+    most concerns us to know. In all cities, therefore, and large towns
+    that I have seen in the British dominions, sufficient encouragement
+    has been given to support one or more Coffee Houses in a genteel
+    manner. How comes it then that New York, the most central, and one of
+    the largest and most prosperous cities in British America, cannot
+    support one Coffee House? It is a scandal to the city and its
+    inhabitants to be destitute of such a convenience, for want of due
+    encouragement. A coffee house, indeed, here is! a very good and
+    comfortable one, extremely well tended and accommodated, but it is
+    frequented but by an inconsiderable number of people; and I have
+    observed with surprise, that but a small part of those who do frequent
+    it, contribute anything at all to the expense, of it, but come in and
+    go out without calling for or paying anything to the house. In all the
+    Coffee Houses in London, it is customary for every one that comes in,
+    to call for at least a dish of Coffee, or leave the value of one,
+    which is but reasonable, because when the keepers of these houses have
+    been at the expense of setting them up and providing all necessaries
+    for the accommodation of company, every one that comes to receive the
+    benefit of these conveniences ought to contribute something towards
+    the expense of them.
+
+    "To each individual the expense is a trifle quite inconsiderable, but
+    to the keeper of one of these houses it is an article of great
+    importance, and essential to the support and continuance of it. I
+    have, therefore, since I frequented the Coffee House in this city and
+    observed the numbers that come in without spending anything, often
+    wondered how the expense of the house was supported, or what
+    inducement the person who kept it could have to continue it. At the
+    same time I could not help being equally surprised at the disposition
+    of people who acted in this manner; or their thoughtlessness in
+    neglecting to contribute to the support of a house which their
+    business or pleasure induced them to frequent; especially as I have
+    met with no Coffee House in my travels better accommodated with
+    attendance or any liquors that could be expected in a Coffee House.
+
+    "I have of late observed that the house is almost deserted, and don't
+    wonder that fire and candles are not lighted as usual; it is rather
+    surprising they were continued so long. I am convinced the interest of
+    the person who keeps it, must, without a speedy alteration, soon
+    induce her to drop the business and shut up her house; and I cannot
+    help feeling concern that a very useful and worthy person, who has
+    always behaved well in her station, should not be treated with more
+    generosity and kindness by her fellow citizens. I am concerned, too,
+    for my own conveniency and for the honor of the city, to find that it
+    will not support one Coffee House.
+
+    "A FRIEND TO THE CITY."
+
+When the American army came into the city to prepare for its defense Mrs.
+Ferrari was still the landlady of the Merchants' Coffee House, but on May
+1, 1776, it passed into the hands of Cornelius Bradford, who seems to have
+been a man of energy and enterprise. In his announcement in April he
+promised that he would endeavor to give satisfaction, that he would obtain
+all the newspapers for the use of his patrons and render the house as
+useful and convenient as possible. He says: "Interesting intelligence will
+be carefully collected and the greatest attention will be given to the
+arrival of vessels, when trade and navigation shall resume their former
+channels." He evidently was hopeful of better times, although preparations
+for war were being made around him on all sides. Bradford was an ardent
+supporter of the American cause and had been an express rider, carrying
+important confidential messages between New York and Boston and between
+New York and Philadelphia. His tenure of the Merchants' Coffee House at
+this time was of short duration. He abandoned his house and went out of
+the city with the American troops, but returned and took possession of it
+again as its landlord at the close of the war.
+
+[Sidenote: Flight from the City]
+
+The year 1776 was a sad one for New York. Before the first of July great
+numbers of the inhabitants, dreading the impending conflict, had left the
+city to place their families in security. Many loyalists had left to avoid
+military service. A letter written in the city July 30, 1776, says: "You
+would be surprised to see what numbers of empty houses there are in this
+place. Very few of the inhabitants remain in town that are not engaged in
+the service." Another by a physician, under date of August 9, says: "The
+air of the whole city seems infected. In almost every street there is a
+horrid smell--But, duty to my country, and another consideration, require
+that I should not quit my post at this juncture." A British document,
+relating to the commissary department during the war, makes the statement
+that nineteen-twentieths of the inhabitants with their families and
+effects had left the city before the entry of the British troops. Added to
+the calamity of war was a devastating fire which destroyed a large part
+of the city shortly after the British took possession.
+
+After the occupation of the city by the British troops, the Merchants'
+Coffee House evidently soon became a favorite resort of the officers of
+the army. When Captain Alexander Graydon, made prisoner at the battle of
+Fort Washington, was allowed the freedom of the city within certain
+limits, on his parole, he one day saw in the newspaper printed by Hugh
+Gaine something which stirred him with a great desire to write a squib
+addressed "to the officers of the British army," which he and Lieutenant
+Edwards, his fellow prisoner, agreed to endeavor to have placed in some
+conspicuous part of the Coffee House. For the small reward of a quarter of
+a dollar, a black boy succeeded in placing it in one of the boxes. Captain
+Davenport, whom Graydon characterizes as certainly a voluntary captive, if
+not a deserter, called upon them on the following evening and said to
+them: "You are a couple of pretty fellows. You have made a devil of an
+uproar at the Coffee House." Graydon and Edwards admitted nothing, for
+they knew if detected they would get lodgings in the provost prison.
+Captain Davenport was an Irishman who had joined the same regiment as
+Graydon as a lieutenant, afterwards becoming captain. After the retreat
+from Long Island he remained, Graydon says, in New York, sick or
+pretending to be sick, and stayed there until the British look possession
+of it. He called himself a prisoner but there was little doubt that he had
+renounced our cause and made his peace with the enemy. He states that as
+they had no absolute certainty of his baseness they did not think it
+necessary to discard him, for, as he frequented the Coffee House, mixed
+with the British officers and tories, they often received intelligence
+through him that they could get in no other way. Another officer of the
+American army who seemed to have made his peace with the enemy, although
+he called himself a prisoner, was Colonel Houssacker. He claimed that all
+was over, and in his conversation with the officers held as prisoners his
+inference was that they should immediately make their peace. He said to
+some of them: "Why don't you go to the Coffee House and mix with the
+British army as I do? They will use you well;" but he made no proselytes
+to his opinions or principles. Graydon describes him as "a man of no
+country or any country, a citizen of the world, a soldier of fortune and a
+true mercenary."
+
+When Graydon came into possession of his trunk which had been among the
+baggage captured at Fort Washington, stipulated for in its surrender, he
+dressed himself in a good suit of regimentals and hat, and against the
+advice of older officers, sallied forth alone and walked past the Coffee
+House down to the Battery. Finding the gate open, he strolled through it
+from one end to the other, every sentinel, to his great surprise,
+"handling his arms" to him as he passed. Making a considerable circuit in
+another part of the town, he regained his lodgings without the slightest
+molestation. He afterwards learned from Mr. Theophylact Bache that he saw
+him pass the Coffee House, and that he and some other gentlemen had to
+exert themselves to prevent his being insulted.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duel at Hull's]
+
+Hull did not abandon his house as some of the tavern-keepers did who were
+more patriotic, but held his post as keeper of the Province Arms, and his
+tavern soon became the resort of the British officers. It escaped the
+great fire which destroyed a large part of the city, including Trinity
+Church, near by. In September, 1777, a desperate duel took place in one of
+the rooms of Hull's Tavern. This was the encounter between Captain
+Tollemache, of his majesty's ship Zebra, and Captain Pennington, of the
+Guards, who came passenger in the Zebra. They fought with swords. The next
+day the body of Tollemache was placed under the cold sod of Trinity
+Churchyard, and Pennington was struggling for life, having received seven
+wounds. He survived.
+
+The next spring, 1778, Hull gave up the Province Arms and it was rented by
+the attorney of Captain John Peter De Lancey, the owner, to a Mr. Hicks,
+during whose management of the house it was the scene of much activity.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Head Popular]
+
+In March, 1777, the well known tavern on the Dock near the Fly Market,
+which had for many years been kept by Captain Thomas Doran, the usual
+meeting place of the Marine Society, was taken by Loosley and Elms, who
+called it The King's Head. Charles Loosley and Thomas Elms, when the war
+broke out, were paper makers in New York City. Called on to serve in the
+militia, they petitioned the Provincial Congress of New York for relief,
+pleading that they were engaged in a very useful occupation or business,
+which would be ruined if they were called away from its supervision. They
+stated that they had been subjected to several fines, which they had paid,
+and were still, according to the rules and orders, liable to the penalty
+of being advertised and held up as enemies of the country, though they had
+ever been hearty friends to it and were constantly laboring to the utmost
+of their abilities to promote its interests by carrying on and perfecting
+a most useful manufactory to supply the country with an important and
+absolutely necessary article. Another petition was sent in August to the
+convention of representatives of the State of New York, in session at
+Harlem, by Charles Loosley, Thomas Elms and John Holt, the printer,
+praying that an immediate order be issued to prevent the paper-makers from
+being compelled or permitted to go upon military service, as the paper
+they were making was the only supply to every department of business in
+the state, which, without it, would be laid under the most distressing
+difficulties. Loosley and Elms remained in the city, and becoming
+landlords of the King's Head, showed themselves the most pronounced
+loyalists and tried in every way to please the British officers. Their
+house became a favorite and they were very successful in their business.
+The officers of the army and navy and those connected with the service
+were the best customers of the taverns, and the tavern-keepers did
+everything they could to gain their favor. No tavern-keeper could do
+business if not loyal to the crown of England, in appearance, at least.
+
+James Rivington, whose press and type had been destroyed by some of the
+most radical of the Americans in November, 1775, on account of articles
+published in his paper, and the type, it is said, ultimately run into
+bullets, fled to England. Procuring a new outfit, he returned to New York,
+where the loyalists had the pleasure of welcoming him in September, 1777.
+On this occasion the King's Head Tavern of Loosley and Elms "was elegantly
+illuminated, to testify the joy of the true 'Sons of Freedom'." Rivington
+repaid Loosley and Elms for their kindness by a laudatory puff,
+contributed to his paper, which he soon re-established under the name of
+the Royal Gazette. It appeared in the issue of January 24, 1778. It was "a
+description of the grand and elegant illumination of the King's Head
+Tavern in honor of her Majesty's birthday," stating that "it is the desire
+of the public, as Messrs. Loosley and Elms have ever shown their
+attachment to the British Government, and a detestation of the present
+rebellion, that, through the channel of your much-esteemed paper, their
+conduct may be known and approved of in Europe, as well as by the
+loyalists of New York. The tavern was illuminated with upwards of two
+hundred wax-lights." A lengthy description was given of the
+transparencies; the royal arms being in the center, one of these was a
+view of the reduction of Fort Mud; another, the Congress, with the devil
+at the president's elbow telling him to persevere. "The Statue of Mr. Pitt
+without its head was placed near the Congress, as being one of their
+kidney, and gave a hint of what ought, long ago, to have been done. The
+verses over the tavern door were very proper on the occasion, and well
+illuminated. Much is due to Messrs. Loosley and Elms for their patriotic
+spirit, which meets the approbation of every man who is a friend to his
+king and country."
+
+Loosley and Elms gave notice in October, 1779, that the anniversary of
+Saint George's day would be celebrated at their house, the King's Head
+Tavern, on Friday, the 23d of that month, by a dinner, which would be
+served at precisely three o'clock in the afternoon. They promised that a
+good band of music would be provided for the occasion. One of the
+attractions of the house in 1779 was a billiard table.
+
+[Sidenote: The Theatre Royal]
+
+While the British army occupied New York the town, at times, was very gay.
+The John Street Theatre, which had been closed as injuriously affecting
+the morals of the country, was reopened in January, 1777, as the Theatre
+Royal by the Garrison Dramatic Club, composed of some of the brightest men
+in the British army, who managed the theatre and took parts in the
+performances, the proceeds from which were devoted to the care of the
+widows and orphans of soldiers. The orchestra was very good, being
+composed of volunteers from the regimental bands. It is said that the
+gross receipts of the club in one year amounted to nine thousand, five
+hundred pounds.
+
+During the winter of 1777-1778 the British made the staid city of
+Philadelphia also very gay. The grand fete called Meschianza was the
+climax of their efforts and was a great success. When, in the summer of
+1778, they left Philadelphia and came to New York, they added much to the
+gaiety of this city. The unfortunate Major Andr� had taken a prominent
+part in the Meschianza and also became very active in New York in
+promoting every kind of social and dramatic entertainment.
+
+Smith's Tavern, in Water Street between the Coffee House and the Fly
+Market, opposite Commissioner Loring's house, was a public house that
+enjoyed much popularity. Ephraim Smith had kept tavern in Philadelphia and
+states that he had been assistant to the managers of the Meschianza, and
+that he had opened his tavern at the desire of many gentlemen of the royal
+army and navy. He had followed the British troops from Philadelphia to New
+York.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ferry House Tavern]
+
+For some years previous to the Battle of Brooklyn, Adolph Waldron had been
+the landlord of the ferry house on the Long Island side of the East River,
+which had been noted as a tavern for many years. The city of New York had
+renewed the lease to him of the ferry-house, the barns and cattle pen on
+May 1, 1776, for two years. The tavern was a large stone building about
+sixty feet square and two stories high and was known as the Corporation
+House from its being owned by the corporation of the city of New York. It
+was the successor of the ferry-house erected in 1746, and which was burned
+down in 1748, supposed by the people of Brooklyn, who were engaged in
+bitter litigation with the corporation of New York concerning ferry
+rights.
+
+Waldron was a staunch Whig, and had in September, 1775, called a meeting
+of citizens at his house for the purpose of forming a military company for
+defense. He was chosen captain of the troop of horse which the assembled
+citizens voted should be organized. He proved to be a good and efficient
+officer and, with his troop of light horse, was employed in guarding the
+eastern coast of Long Island until relieved by Colonel Hand's regiment of
+riflemen. He, of course, was compelled to abandon his tavern, which, in
+1779, appears to have been in the hands of Captain Benson.
+
+[Sidenote: Horse Racing and Fox Hunting]
+
+In May, 1779, Loosley and Elms saw an opportunity for a larger field of
+operation, so, giving up the tavern on Brownjohn's Wharf, near the Fly
+Market, they took down their sign of the King's Head and carried it over
+the river to Brooklyn, where they established themselves in the old ferry
+house, succeeding Captain Benson. Large numbers of British troops were
+encamped in Brooklyn and vicinity and Loosley and Elms endeavored to get
+the patronage of the army officers. They furnished the house in a superior
+manner and kept it in a way that attracted great attention. They succeeded
+so well in pleasing their military friends and patrons that their house
+became a resort for the officers of the army and also for the fashionable
+people of the city as a place of amusement. They got up bull baitings,
+horse races, fox hunts and other amusements. They generally prefaced their
+announcements of these affairs with the motto "Pro Bono Publico," and
+sometimes closed with the warnings that rebels should not approach nearer
+than a specified spot. Cricket matches were gotten up, and the game of
+golf was indulged in. Rivington, the printer, could furnish "clubs for
+playing golf and the veritable Caledonian Balls."
+
+[Sidenote: Bull-Baiting]
+
+Loosley and Elms having brought over their old sign from New York, hung it
+out and the tavern was renamed the King's Head. It was also sometimes
+called Brooklyn Hall. They gave notice that they had purchased chaises,
+chairs, sulkies and able horses and were prepared to furnish carriages and
+horses to go to any part of Long Island. A cricket match was played here
+on Monday, September 27, 1779, between the Brooklyn and Greenwich clubs
+for fifty guineas. On Monday, July 3, 1780, Loosley and Elms gave notice
+that on Thursday next there would be a bull-baiting at Brooklyn ferry.
+They say: "The bull is remarkably strong and active; the best dogs in the
+country expected, and they that afford the best diversion will be rewarded
+with silver collars." The next year Elms having retired from the business,
+Charles Loosley gave notice that, "This day, being Wednesday, the 20th of
+June, will be exhibited at Brooklyn Ferry a Bull-Baiting after the true
+English manner. Taurus will be brought to the ring at half-past three
+o'clock; some good dogs are already provided, but every assistance of that
+sort will be esteemed a favor. A dinner exactly British will be upon
+Loosley's table at eleven o'clock, after which there is no doubt but that
+the song, 'Oh! the Roast Beef of Old England!' will be sung with harmony
+and glee." On September 20, 1780, notice was given that the "anniversary
+of the Coronation of our ever good and gracious King will be celebrated at
+Loosley's 22 inst. It is expected that no rebels will approach nearer than
+Flatbush wood."
+
+While the British occupied Brooklyn horse-races were more or less
+regularly held on the old course around Beaver Pond near Jamaica, at New
+Lots and at Flatlands, not far from the ferry. They were largely attended
+by the army officers and the people of New York, who crossed the ferry
+and, no doubt, added greatly to the profits of the King's Head.
+Bull-baiting was a cruel sport, but there were others that would hardly be
+tolerated at the present day, the principal object being, no doubt, to
+amuse and entertain the army officers. The Royal Gazette of November 4,
+1780, announced three days' sport at Ascot Heath, formerly Flatlands
+Plains. On the second day the first event was a ladies' subscription purse
+of �50; the second a race by women--quarter-mile heats--best two in three;
+the first to get a Holland smock and chintz gown, full-trimmed, of four
+guineas value, the second a guinea and the third a half-guinea. "If
+stormy, posponed--when notice will be given by Mr. Loosley's Union Flag
+being displayed by 7 o'clock in the morning. Gentlemen fond of fox-hunting
+will meet at Loosley's King's Head Tavern at day-break during the races.
+
+"God Save the King played every hour."
+
+The Royal Gazette of August 8, 1781, contains the following advertisement:
+"Pro Bono Publico,--Gentlemen that are fond of fox-hunting are requested
+to meet at Loosley's Tavern, on Ascot Heath, on Friday morning next,
+between the hours of five and six, as a pack of hounds will be there
+purposely for a trial of their abilities. Breakfasting and Relishes until
+the Races commence. At eleven o'clock will be run for, an elegant saddle,
+etc., value at least twenty pounds, for which upwards of twelve gentlemen
+will ride their own horses. At twelve a match will be rode by two
+gentlemen. Horse for Horse. At one, a match for thirty guineas, by two
+gentlemen, who will also ride their own horses. Dinner will be ready at
+two o'clock, after which and suitable regalements, racing and other
+diversions will be calculated to conclude the day with pleasure and
+harmony. Brooklyn Hall 6th August, 1781."
+
+Again in November: "Brooklyn Hunt.--The hounds will throw off at Denyse
+Ferry at 9, Thursday morning. A guinea or more will be given for a good
+strong bag fox by Charles Loosley." In April, 1782, "A sweepstakes of 300
+guineas was won by Jacob Jackson's mare, Slow and Easy, over Mercury and
+Goldfinder, on Ascot Heath."
+
+Loosley was evidently making it very lively and entertaining for his
+patrons, who seem to have been interested in such sports as were popular
+in England. Lieutenant Anbury, writing to a friend in England under date
+of October 30, 1781, refers thus to Loosley's King's Head Tavern: "On
+crossing the East River from New York, you land at Brooklyn, which is a
+scattered village, consisting of a few houses. At this place is an
+excellent tavern, where parties are made to go and eat fish; the landlord
+of which has saved an immense fortune during this war." Although Loosley
+was supposed to be doing a profitable business, it seems that such was not
+the case, for, in the latter part of the year 1782, notice was given that
+the furniture, etc., of Brooklyn Hall would be offered at public auction
+for the _benefit of the creditors_ of Charles Loosley. Among the articles
+mentioned, which indicate that the house was pretty nicely furnished, are
+mahogany bedsteads; chintz and other curtains; mahogany drawers; dining,
+tea and card tables; an elegant clock in mahogany case; _a curious
+collection of well chosen paintings and pictures_; large pier and other
+looking-glasses, in gilt and plain frames; table and tea sets of china,
+plate, etc.; _a capital well-toned organ_, made by one of the best hands
+in London; _a billiard table_ in thorough repair; wagons, horses, cows,
+etc.; "and several hundred transparent and tin lamps, _fit for
+illuminations_." Loosley had been a great illuminator, but his days for
+illuminations were now over. He went out with other loyalists to Nova
+Scotia, where a few years later he was keeping a tavern.
+
+[Sidenote: Activity at the Merchants' Coffee House]
+
+In 1779 sales of prizes and merchandise were quite numerous at the
+Merchants' Coffee House, indicating that it was a place of great activity.
+Its importance is further indicated by a notice in the newspaper by a
+person who wishes to hire a small dwelling, _not too far from the Coffee
+House_. In a proclamation issued March 6, 1779, Governor Tryon states that
+since September 18th last, the value of prizes brought into the port of
+New York amounted to above six hundred thousand (600,000) pounds. The New
+York Mercury states that in about this period one hundred and sixty-five
+(165) prizes were brought in, and a great deal of this was sold at the
+Coffee House. This same year, encouraged by the governor and the military
+commandant, the members of the Chamber of Commerce, who were in the city,
+met in the upper long room of the Merchants' Coffee House, and resumed
+their sessions, which had been suspended since 1775. They hired the room
+from Mrs. Smith, the landlady, at the rate of fifty pounds per annum and
+continued to meet here until the close of the war.
+
+In the spring of 1781 William Brownjohn, the owner of the Merchants'
+Coffee House, offered it to let, asking for written proposals. It was
+taken by John Strachan, who had succeeded Loosley and Elms in the old
+tavern on Brownjohn's Wharf, which he had kept for two years as the
+Queen's Head. He had opened in it an ordinary and gave turtle dinners and
+in a measure maintained its popularity. The Marine Society met here while
+he was its landlord, as it had done before the war. When Strachan went
+into the Coffee House he promised "to pay attention not only as a Coffee
+House but as a Tavern in the truest sense; and to distinguish the same as
+the City Tavern and Coffee House, with constant and best attendance.
+Breakfast from seven to eleven. Soups and relishes from eleven to
+half-past one. Tea, coffee, etc., in the afternoon as in England." He hung
+up letter-bags for letters to go out to England by the men-of-war,
+charging sixpence for each letter. This raised such a storm of protest
+that he was compelled to apologize in the public prints and to refund what
+he had received, which is said to have amounted to nineteen pounds (�19).
+He continued in the Coffee House until the return of peace. It seems to
+have been the meeting place of fraternal societies, but the cessasion of
+hostilities during the year 1783, the preparations for evacuating the city
+and the uncertainties of the future made times dull and Strachan issued an
+earnest appeal to those in his debt to come forward and settle their
+accounts.
+
+[Sidenote: Refugee Club]
+
+Besides the army, the population of New York had increased in numbers by
+returning loyalists and by refugees from all parts, who had come in
+through the lines. There was a Refugee Club, the members of which had a
+dinner at Hicks' Tavern, the Province Arms, on June 1, 1779, at which
+William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, and the last royal governor of
+New Jersey, presided. The refugees of the province of New York met, in
+August, 1779, at the tavern of John Amory, in the Fields, formerly the
+house of Abraham De La Montagnie and kept just before the war by his
+widow. This place seemed to be their headquarters. There was an
+organization known as the Board of Refugees, which issued a notice under
+date of November 27, 1779, signed by Anthony G. Stewart, President, and J.
+Hepburn, Secretary, stating that "the Representatives of the Loyal
+Refugees from the several Provinces now in rebellion are earnestly
+requested to give their attendance at the Coffee House on Tuesday evening
+at 5 o'clock." The New York refugees had doubtless appointed men to
+represent them in this board, for, on October 18, 1779, notice was given
+that "those gentlemen that were appointed to represent the Loyal Refugees
+of the Province of New York are requested to meet on Wednesday Morning
+next at 10 o'clock at the House commonly called La Montague's, now Mr.
+Amory's." The refugees from the province of Massachusetts Bay were
+requested to meet at Strachan's Tavern, the Queen's Head, on Friday,
+December 24, 1779, at six o'clock, when, it was promised, their committee
+would lay before them sundry matters of importance for their
+consideration. Many of the refugees were destitute and lotteries were
+gotten up for their benefit.
+
+[Sidenote: Gaiety at the Province Arms]
+
+The center of the gaiety of the city and the great resort of the army
+officers was the Province Arms Tavern. In 1779 the walk by the ruins of
+Trinity Church and the churchyard was railed in and the railing painted
+green. Lamps were affixed to the trees, and benches were placed in
+convenient places, so that ladies and gentlemen could walk and sit there
+in the evening. When the commander was present, a band played, and a
+sentry was placed there, so that the common people might not intrude. On
+the opposite side of Broadway was a house for the accommodation of ladies
+and wives of officers, "while," it was said, "many honest people, both of
+the inhabitants and refugees, cannot get a house or lodging to live in, or
+get their living."
+
+[Sidenote: A Grand Ball]
+
+On Tuesday, January 18, 1780, the anniversary of the Queen's birthday was
+celebrated "with uncommon splendor and magnificance." Governor Tryon gave
+a public dinner to General Knyphausen, Major General Phillips, Baron
+Riedesel, commander of the troops of his Serene Highness the Duke of
+Brunswick, Major General Pattison, commandant of the city and the other
+general officers of the garrison. At noon a royal salute was fired from
+Fort George and repeated by his Majesty's ships of war at one o'clock. In
+the evening the Generals were present at the most elegant ball and
+entertainment ever known on this side of the Atlantic, given at the
+Province Arms by the general, field and staff officers of the army, to the
+garrison and principal ladies and gentlemen of the city. The Royal Gazette
+stated that "the Public Rooms were on this occasion entirely newpainted
+and decorated in a Stile which reflects Honor on the Taste of the
+Managers. A Doric pediment was erected near the principal Entrance
+enclosing a transparent Painting of their Majesties at full length, in
+their Royal Robes, over which was an emblematical Piece, encircled with
+the motto of
+
+Britons, Strike Home.
+
+The whole illuminated with a beautiful variety of different colored Lamps.
+The Ball was opened at Eight o'clock by the Baroness De Riedesel and Major
+General Pattison, Commandant of the City and Garrison. Country dances
+commenced at half past Nine, and at Twelve the Company adjourned to
+Supper, prepared in the two Long Rooms. The Tables exhibited a most
+delightful appearance, being ornamented with Parterres and Arbours,
+displaying an elegant Assemblage of natural and artificial Flowers, China
+Images, etc. The Company retired about three in the Morning, highly
+satisfied with the Evening's Entertainment." The ball is said to have cost
+over two thousand (2,000) guineas, and the supper "consisted of three
+hundred and eighty dishes besides the ornamental appendages." Some of the
+wealthiest families of New York had remained loyal to the crown, and there
+was, no doubt, a sufficient number of ladies of these families in the city
+to make a ballroom very gay. The officers of the army, arrayed in all the
+splendor of gold lace and brilliant uniform, added their share to the
+magnificent scene.
+
+[Illustration: de Riedesel n�e de Masjeur]
+
+In the spring of 1780 General Pattison, the commandant of the city, in the
+most arbitrary and cruel manner and without consulting the owner, at the
+request of Mr. Commissioner Loring, turned Hicks out of the Province Arms,
+and substituted in his place one Roubalet, a dependent and servant of the
+commissioner. According to Jones, Loring obtained his influence through
+his wife, who was playing the part of Cleopatra to Sir Henry Clinton's
+Antony. Hicks applied to General Clinton and to Governor Robertson for
+redress and received fair words, but nothing more. When Pattison sailed
+for England he followed him, with the intention of bringing suit in an
+English court, but died on the passage.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Birthday]
+
+The King's birthday, the 4th of June, was celebrated on Monday, June 5,
+1780. At night there were fireworks on Long Island, and in the city there
+were great festivities. Previous to this the walk by the church yard had
+been widened so that the posts had to be sunk into the graves. The
+orchestra from the play house were seated against the walls of the church,
+and opposite this was erected another place for musicians, probably for
+the military band.
+
+The Dancing Assembly held their meetings at the Province Arms; those
+during the winter of 1779-80 were held on Wednesdays. There was also a
+Card Assembly which met at the Province Arms where they had their Card
+Rooms. It was the temporary home of many of the British officers. Here
+Benedict Arnold lived for a time, and it was from this place that Sergeant
+Champe planned to abduct him.
+
+[Sidenote: Attempt to Capture Arnold]
+
+After the treason of Benedict Arnold and the capture of Major Andr�,
+General Washington was anxious to gain positive information as to whether
+there was any other officers involved, as was by some suspected, and also
+if possible, to get possession of the person of Arnold. To carry out this
+delicate and dangerous enterprise he needed the services of a man who
+would be willing to enter the British lines as a deserter and do the work
+desired. Major Lee, who was to have charge of the undertaking, picked out
+among the men of his command, Sergeant Major Champe, of Loudoun County,
+Virginia, full of courage and perseverance, who was, at first, very
+reluctant to undertake the task, but this reluctance being overcome,
+entered into the project with the greatest enthusiasm. Major Lee and his
+men were in the neighborhood of Tappan and it was not easy to get beyond
+the American lines, for patrols were numerous, and the whole neighborhood
+to the south was covered by scouts.
+
+[Illustration: ESCAPE OF SERGEANT CHAMPE]
+
+To make this desertion appear genuine, Champe could receive no noticeable
+assistance, Major Lee only promising, in case his departure should be soon
+discovered, to delay pursuit as long as possible. This he did, but pursuit
+was made after Champe had been on his way about an hour, a few minutes
+after twelve o'clock. A little after break of day, the pursuing party
+caught sight of Champe in the distance. Once or twice they lost track of
+him. Champe, finding himself hard pressed, resolved to flee to the
+British galleys lying in Newark Bay, and as he dashed along prepared
+himself for the final act. He lashed his valise to his shoulders, divested
+himself of all unnecessary burdens, and when he got abreast of the
+galleys, quickly dismounted and plunged into the water, swimming for the
+boats and calling for help, which was readily given. His pursuers were
+only about two hundred yards behind him. All were convinced that he was a
+genuine deserter. Champe enlisted under Arnold. He soon discovered that
+the suspicion of any other officers being connected with the treason of
+Arnold was groundless; but the plans for the abduction of the arch-traitor
+miscarried. Champe, after suffering many hardships, finally escaped while
+serving under Cornwallis at Petersburg, Virginia. We give his own account
+of the affair, as related after the war to the British officer in whose
+company he served.
+
+"If I were to attempt to make you feel any portion of the excitement under
+which I labored during the period of my sojourn in New York, I should
+utterly waste my labor. My communications with spies were necessarily
+frequent; yet they were carried on with a degree of secrecy and caution
+which not only prevented your people from obtaining any suspicion of them,
+but kept each man from coming to the knowledge that the other was in my
+confidence. Of the political information which I forwarded to Gen.
+Washington, it is needless to say much. It was so complete, that there
+scarcely occurred a conversation over Clinton's dining table there never
+was formed a plan, nor a plan abandoned, of which I did not contrive to
+obtain an accurate report, and to transmit it to headquarters. But it was
+the project for seizing Arnold which most deeply engaged my attention.
+Several schemes were brought forward and rejected for that purpose; till
+at last the following, which but for an accident, must have succeeded, was
+matured.
+
+"The house in which Arnold dwelt, was situated, as you doubtless
+recollect, in one of the principal streets of the city, while its garden
+extended on one side along an obscure lane, from which it was separated by
+a close wooden rail fence. I found that every night, before going to bed,
+Arnold was in the habit of visiting that garden, and I immediately
+resolved what to do. Working after dark, I undid a portion of the fence,
+and placing it up again so nicely, that no cursory examination would have
+sufficed to detect the spot where the breach had been made, I warned my
+associate that he should provide a boat in the Hudson, manned by rowers in
+whom he could trust. I then furnished myself with a gag, and appointed a
+night when my confederate should be admitted within the garden, so that we
+might together seize and secure our prey. Everything was done as I wished.
+Maj. Lee was informed of the state of our preparations, and directed to
+come down with spare horses, and an escort, to a spot on the river which
+I named. How often have I regretted since, that I should set thus
+deliberately about the business! By Heavens! there occurred twenty
+opportunities, of which, had I been less anxious to accomplish my purpose,
+I might have availed myself. But I permitted them to pass, or rather, I
+felt myself unable to take advantage of them, because I had judged it
+imprudent to keep less trusty agents too often on the alert. So, however,
+it was to be.
+
+"Time passed, and now a few hours only intervened between the final
+adjustment of the details of our project and its accomplishment. Lee was
+on the stir--was willing to hazard all--the boat's crew was provided, and
+their station pointed out.
+
+"It was our purpose to seize Arnold unaware, to thrust the gag in his
+mouth, and placing each of us an arm within that of our prisoner, to hurry
+him through the least frequented of the streets towards the quary. We were
+to represent him as a drunken soldier, whom we were conveying to his
+quarters, should any person meet or question us,--and by G--, the deed was
+done, but the traitor's star prevailed. That very morning, an order was
+issued for the immediate embarkation of the legion, and I was hurried on
+board the ship without having had time so much as to warn Maj. Lee that
+the whole arrangement was blown up."
+
+The present Thames Street was undoubtedly the "obscure lane," down which
+Champe intended that he and his assistant should carry Arnold to the boat;
+there is no other that would so well fit into the story told by Champe.
+
+Roubalet retained possession of the Province Arms until near the time of
+the departure of the British troops, and it was at his house that many
+meetings were held by the refugees and loyalists in reference to
+provisions being made for them by grants of land in Nova Scotia.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+FRAUNCES' TAVERN
+
+
+[Sidenote: Return of The Exiles]
+
+News of the signing of the provisional treaty reached this country in
+March, 1783, and the return of peace was celebrated throughout the land in
+April, but the British army remained in possession of New York City until
+the latter part of the following November. During this time they were very
+busy caring for those who had remained loyal to the crown, and now sought
+and claimed its protection. Thousands came into the city, and it is said
+that more than twenty-nine thousand loyalists and refugees (including
+three thousand negroes), left the State of New York for Canada, Nova
+Scotia and other British possessions, during the year. After the news of
+peace, there was little restraint on going in or out of New York, and many
+who had abandoned their homes when the British entered the place, or
+before, now prepared to return, but found when they came into the city
+that they could not obtain possession of their own property. While those
+who had thus abandoned their property in the cause of independence were
+anxious to return, many of those who had remained loyal to the crown were
+preparing to leave the city for new homes to be made on land provided by
+the government; and between these two classes there was no friendly
+feeling. Few, therefore, ventured to bring in their families, or even
+remain themselves, until they could obtain the protection of the American
+army.
+
+General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton met near Tappan in May to arrange
+matters relative to the withdrawals of British troops in the vicinity of
+New York. On this occasion Sam Francis came up from the city to provide
+for the American officers and their British guests, whose bill, says a
+Philadelphia newspaper, amounted to the modest sum of five hundred pounds.
+Francis, after serving in the army, had gone back to New York on the news
+of peace to reclaim his abandoned property. When a dinner was to be served
+to do honor to the cause of liberty, there was no one among all the
+Americans who could so well do it as Sam Francis. He was well known to
+Washington, but whether his aid was sought on this occasion or whether he
+proffered his services we have no means of knowing. At any rate, we are
+confident that the thing was well and properly done. It is said that it
+was through the instrumentality of Francis's daughter, who was housekeeper
+at Richmond Hill, the headquarters of General Washington, that the attempt
+on his life and that of General Putnam, called the Hickey plot, was
+discovered and frustrated. The house of Francis was one of those which
+suffered when H. B. M. S. Asia fired on the city in August, 1775.
+
+Freneau thus speaks of it:
+
+  "Scarce a broadside was ended 'till another began again--
+  By Jove! It was nothing but fire away Flannagan!
+  Some thought him saluting his Sallys and Nancys
+  'Till he drove a round-shot thro' the roof of Sam Francis."
+
+On Tuesday, June 18, 1776, an elegant entertainment was given by the
+provincial congress to General Washington and his suite, the general and
+staff officers and the commanding officers of the different regiments in
+and near the city. The newspapers do not state where this dinner was
+served, but all the circumstances indicate that it was at the house of
+Samuel Francis. At this dinner many toasts were drunk, but instead of
+commencing with a toast to the King, as had formerly been customary, the
+first was Congress, the second, The American Army, the third, The American
+Navy, etc. Independence had not yet been declared. Francis had gone out
+with the defeated army of Washington, and was now returned and making
+preparations to receive the Americans when they should enter the city. He
+was the harbinger of Washington and the returning patriots.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at Orangetown]
+
+On Saturday, the 3d of May, 1783, General Washington and Governor
+Clinton, accompanied by General John Morin Scott, and Lieutenant Colonels
+Trumbull, Cobb, Humphreys and Varick, went down the river from
+headquarters in a large barge, dined with General Knox, in command at West
+Point, lodged at Peekskill and arrived at Tappan Sloat on Sunday morning,
+about ten o'clock. After partaking of a small repast provided by Francis
+they went up to Orangetown, where a dinner was provided for them. Sir Guy
+Carleton came up the river in the Perseverence Frigate, accompanied by
+Lieutenant Governor Andrew Elliot, Chief Justice William Smith, and
+others, but did not arrive till Monday evening. On Tuesday, General
+Washington, attended by two aides-de-camp only (Humphreys and Cobb), went
+down to Onderdonck's in Tappan Bay, met Sir Guy at landing and received
+him in his four horse carriage, which carried them up to Orangetown,
+followed by the other members of the party. Here, after a conference and
+much general conversation on the subject of the treaty and matters
+incident thereto, about four o'clock in the afternoon, a most sumptuous
+dinner was served by Sam Francis to about thirty, who ate and drank "in
+the Peace and good fellowship without drinking any Toasts." On Wednesday
+the Commander in Chief, the Governor, General Scott, Lieutenant Colonels
+Humphreys, Cobb, Trumbull, Smith and Varick, Major Fish, and Messrs. Duer
+and Parker went to dine on the Perseverence. They were received with a
+salute of seventeen guns. "An Elegant Dinner (tho' not equal to the
+American) was prepared," to which they "sat down in perfect Harmony and
+conviviality." Then, after a short conference between the two generals,
+the Americans left the ship, when they were again saluted with seventeen
+guns. "Thus," it is said, "ended that great formal Business." The British
+troops were drawn in from Westchester County on the 14th.
+
+It was about this time that Sam Francis seems to have assumed the name of
+Fraunces. Before the war we do not find other than Francis, and in the
+deed of the De Lancey house to him in 1765, the name is Francis. This
+celebrated old house is known to-day as Fraunces' Tavern.
+
+The celebration of the return of peace was held at Trenton, New Jersey, on
+April 15, 1783. After the governor's proclamation declaring a cessation of
+hostilities had been publicly read in the court house, a dinner was given
+at the house of John Cape, who was then landlord of the French Arms, a
+tavern at this place, and had been a lieutenant in the Continental line.
+Before the evacuation of New York by the British troops, Cape entered the
+city and secured control of the old Province Arms, and was here to welcome
+the army of Washington when they marched in. He took down the old sign
+which had swung in front of the house since 1754, and in its place hung
+out the sign of the Arms of the State of New York. From this time the
+house was known as the State Arms, or more generally as the City Tavern.
+
+A large number of the inhabitants of New York, _lately returned from a
+seven years' exile_, met at Cape's Tavern, Broadway, on Tuesday evening,
+November 18th. At this meeting it was requested that every person present,
+who had remained in the city during the late contest, should leave the
+room forthwith; and it was resolved that no one who had remained or
+returned within the British lines during the war, be admitted to any
+future meetings. They pledged themselves to prevent, to the utmost of
+their power, all disorder and confusion that might follow the evacuation
+of the city by the British troops, and a committee of thirteen was
+appointed to meet at Simmons' Tavern in Wall Street to settle on a badge
+of distinction to be worn on evacuation day, select the place of meeting,
+and agree as to the manner in which they should receive his Excellency,
+the Governor, on that day. This committee was directed to report at the
+next meeting at Cape's on Thursday. At the meeting on Thursday evening,
+Colonel Frederick Weissenfels in the chair, it was agreed that the badge
+of distinction to be worn at the reception of the Governor in the city
+should be "a Union Cockade of black and white ribband on the left breast
+and a Laurel in the Hat." The manner in which Governor Clinton, and
+General Washington, should he accompany him, should be received was
+arranged and a committee of thirteen was appointed to conduct the
+procession, who were directed to meet the next morning at the Coffee
+House. It was resolved that Daniel Green be requested to carry the Colors
+of the United States on this occasion. No loyalist or neutral was to be
+allowed any part or share in the reception.
+
+[Sidenote: The Evacuation]
+
+Tuesday, November 25, 1783, the time appointed for the evacuation of the
+city by the British troops, was a great day for New York. General
+Washington and Governor Clinton were at Day's Tavern on the Kingsbridge
+road, where they had been for three or four days. General Knox, in command
+of the American troops, marched down from McGown's Pass in the morning to
+the upper end of the Bowery, where he held a friendly parley with the
+British officer whose men were resting a little below. It was then about
+one o'clock in the afternoon. The programme of procedure which had been
+arranged was carried out nearly as agreed upon. As the British passed down
+the Bowery and Pearl Street to the river for embarkation, they were
+followed by the American troops, who passed through Chatham Street and
+Broadway to Cape's Tavern, where they formed in line. General Knox, with
+the Main Guard, passed on down to the Fort to take formal possession of
+the city; after which, joined by the citizens who had assembled at the
+Bowling Green, on horseback, each man wearing the Cockade and Laurel, he
+returned to the Bull's Head Tavern in the Bowery, where Washington and
+Clinton were waiting to make their formal entry. Here a civic procession
+was formed which marched down Pearl Street to Wall Street and then up to
+Broadway to Cape's Tavern. General Knox with his men had left the line of
+march, and going through Chatham Street and Broadway was here to receive
+them.
+
+At Cape's they dismounted and an address was presented to General
+Washington from "the Citizens of New York, who have returned from exile,
+in behalf of themselves and their suffering brethren." In it they said:
+"In this place, and at this moment of exultation and triumph, while the
+Ensigns of Slavery still linger in our sight, we look up to you, our
+deliverer, with unusual transports of Gratitude and Joy. Permit us to
+Welcome you to this city, long torn from us by the hand of oppression, but
+now, by your wisdom and energy, under the guidance of Providence, once
+more the seat of Peace and freedom; we forbear to speak our gratitude or
+your Praise--we should but echo the voice of applauding millions." A reply
+was made to this address by Washington. An address was also presented to
+Governor Clinton, which was replied to by him.
+
+After the formalities attending the reception Governor Clinton gave a
+public dinner at Fraunces' Tavern, at which the Commander-in-Chief and
+other general officers were present. After the dinner thirteen toasts were
+drunk; the twelfth was: "May a close Union of the States guard the Temple
+they have erected to Liberty."
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the French Ambassador]
+
+At Cape's Tavern on Friday, November 28th, an elegant entertainment was
+given by the citizens lately returned from exile to the Governor and
+Council for governing the city, to which Washington and the officers of
+the army were invited. On the following Tuesday, December 2d, at the same
+place, another such entertainment was given by Governor Clinton to the
+French Ambassador, Luzerne, to which invitations were also extended to
+Washington and his officers. For this Cape rendered a bill to the State,
+in which he made charge for 120 dinners, 135 bottles of Madeira, 36
+bottles of Port, 60 bottles of English Beer and 30 Bowls of Punch. In
+putting away this liberal supply of drink, they must have had a jolly
+time, and that some of them became very unsteady is indicated by a
+significant charge made by Cape for 60 broken wine glasses and 8 cut glass
+decanters. In the evening there was a grand display of fire works in
+celebration of the Definite Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the
+United States of North America, at the Bowling Green, in Broadway. These,
+it is said, infinitely exceeded every former exhibition of the kind in
+the United States. On the next day, December 3d, Washington wrote to Major
+General Knox, expressing his satisfaction and requesting him to present to
+Captain Price, under whose direction they were prepared, and to the
+officers who assisted him, his thanks for the great skill and attention
+shown on this occasion.
+
+Washington had issued, under date of November 2d, from Rocky Hill, near
+Princeton, New Jersey, his farewell address to the army of the United
+States, and he was now about to bid farewell to his officers. The place
+appointed for this formality was the Long Room of Fraunces' Tavern. It has
+given a celebrity to this house which can never be effaced. The Long Room
+of Fraunces' Tavern had recently been used for the dinner given by
+Governor Clinton on the day the American army entered the city. It was
+thirty-eight feet long and nineteen feet wide, its length extending along
+Broad Street, probably just as it exists to-day in the restored house. On
+the morning of December 4, 1783, Washington and his officers met here for
+the last time as soldiers of the Revolutionary Army. No exact record
+exists as to who were present on this memorable occasion, but it has been
+stated, that there were forty-four. Among these were Generals Greene,
+Knox, Wayne, Steuben, Carroll, Lincoln, Kosciusko, Moultrie, Gates, Lee,
+Putnam, Stark, Hamilton, Governor Clinton, and Colonels Tallmadge,
+Humphreys and Fish.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington's Farewell to his Officers]
+
+They had been assembled but a few minutes, when Washington entered the
+room. His emotion was too strong to be concealed, and was evidently
+reciprocated by all present. Alter partaking of a slight refreshment, and
+after a few moments of silence, the General filled his glass with wine,
+and turning to his officers said: "With a heart full of love and
+gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter
+days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+and honorable." After the officers had responded in a glass of wine, he
+requested that each one of them should come and take him by the hand.
+General Knox, who was nearest him, turned and grasped his hand and they
+embraced each other in silence. In the same affectionate manner every
+officer parted from the Commander-in-Chief, who then left the room without
+a word, and passing through lines of infantry drawn up to receive him,
+walked silently to Whitehall, where a barge was waiting to carry him to
+Paulus Hook. He was on his way to Annapolis, to surrender his commission
+to the Continental Congress, and then to his beloved Mount Vernon.
+
+These were the closing scenes of the war. The first act in the drama of A
+Nation's Growth was ended. After a seven years' struggle of blood and
+suffering a new nation had been born. The curtain drops. _Vivat
+Republica._
+
+[Illustration: IN THE COFFEE HOUSE]
+
+Cornelius Bradford, who had abandoned the Merchants' Coffee House, when
+the British entered the city, and had since been living at Rhinebeck, came
+back in October, and again took possession of it. In his announcement he
+calls it the New York Coffee House, but the name of the Merchants' Coffee
+House clung to it, and it is so spoken of in the public prints. He
+prepared a book in which he proposed to enter the names of vessels on
+their arrival, the ports from which they came and any particular
+occurrences of their voyages, so that merchants and travelers might obtain
+the earliest intelligence. Bradford's Marine List appears in the
+newspapers of that period. He also opened a register of merchants and
+others on which they were requested to enter their names and residences,
+the nearest approach to a city directory that had yet been made. Bradford,
+by his energy and intelligence, revived the good name of the house, and it
+became again the rendezvous of merchants and traders, and the daily scene
+of sales of merchandise of all kinds. The neighborhood again became a
+place of great importance and trade. Near the Coffee House, both sides of
+Wall Street were occupied by auction stores, and received the name of the
+Merchants' Promenade or the Auctioneers' Row.
+
+[Sidenote: A Bank Organized]
+
+New York had hardly been relieved of British control, when a project was
+set on foot to organize a bank. On the 24th of February, 1784, and again
+on the 26th the principal merchants and citizens of New York met at the
+Merchants' Coffee House, in response to a call, for the purpose of
+establishing a bank on liberal principles, the stock to consist of specie
+only. Proposals were made for the establishment of a bank with a capital
+of five hundred thousand dollars in gold or silver, which were
+unanimously agreed to, and a committee was appointed to receive
+subscriptions. When one-half of the stock had been taken, a meeting of the
+stockholders was held at the Coffee House at ten o'clock on the morning of
+Monday, March 15, 1784, when General Alexander McDougal was elected
+president, twelve directors, and William Seton cashier of the bank. Thus
+was organized the Bank of New York, the first bank of deposit in the
+State.
+
+[Sidenote: Chamber of Commerce Reorganized]
+
+The Chamber of Commerce and the Marine Society met regularly at the Coffee
+House. After the war it was held that the Chamber of Commerce had
+forfeited its charter and the State legislature then sitting in New York,
+in response to a petition, granted a new charter, April 13, 1784. The
+signers of the petition met at the Merchants' Coffee House April 20th and
+reorganized under the name of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
+York. By resolution of Congress, New York became the seat of government in
+December, 1784, and shortly after, on January 19, 1785, the Marine
+Society, to animate its members and promote the object of the society,
+provided an elegant dinner at the Merchants' Coffee House, and were
+honored with the company of the President and members of Congress, the
+mayor of the city, Major General McDougal, and a number of other
+gentlemen. In the early part of February the Chamber of Commerce had the
+honor of entertaining the same distinguished guests at a dinner, also
+given at the Merchants' Coffee House.
+
+The society for the promotion of manumission of slaves held its meetings
+at the Coffee House, also the society for promoting useful knowledge. Here
+the Masons had their Grand Lodge Room and here they gathered on the
+anniversary day of St. John the Baptist, in 1784, and marched in
+procession to St. Paul's Church, where a sermon was preached to them by
+the Rev. Samuel Provost. These formalities seem to have been of yearly
+occurrence.
+
+In 1785 the Governor of the State, the Chancellor, the Hon. John Jay and
+other distinguished citizens dined with the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
+at the Coffee House on the anniversary day of their saint, and on November
+30th the St. Andrew's Society of the State held its anniversary meeting
+here. At sunrise the Scottish flag was raised on the Coffee House and at
+twelve o'clock an election of officers was held, when the Hon. Robert R.
+Livingston, Chancellor of the State, was chosen president and Robert
+Lenox, secretary. The society, honored with the company of the Governor of
+the State and the Mayor and Recorder of the city, then sat down to dinner.
+The toasts were truly Scotch; among them a few that need be interpreted to
+us by some antiquarian Scot.
+
+On the 9th of November, 1786, Cornelius Bradford died, much regretted by
+his many friends, at the age of fifty-seven, and his funeral was held at
+four o'clock on the afternoon of the 17th at the Coffee House. He seems to
+have been a man much respected in the community. The New York Packet, in
+an obituary notice, says of him that not only "was he distinguished as a
+steady patriot during the arduous contest for American liberty, but that
+he always discovered a charitable disposition toward those who differed
+from him in sentiment," and adds that "the Coffee House under his
+management, was kept with great dignity, both before and since the war,
+and he revived its credit from the contempt into which it had fallen
+during the war." His widow kept the house after his death until 1792, and
+continued to enjoy the patronage of Bradford's old friends.
+
+Although Sam Fraunces came back to the city after the war and took up his
+old business in the house which had been known as the Queen's Head, he did
+not remain there long, but retired to a country life in New Jersey. He
+sold the house in 1785. The deed is dated April 23d of this year and
+states that "Samuel Fraunces, late of the City of New York, innkeeper, but
+at present of the County of Monmouth, New Jersey, farmer, and Elizabeth,
+his wife," sell to "George Powers, butcher, of Brooklyn," all his dwelling
+house and lot, bounded, etc. The price was �1,950.
+
+[Sidenote: The Assembly Balls Revived]
+
+The dancing assemblies which had been regularly held before the war at
+the Province Arms for many years, were renewed, the first one after the
+close of the Revolution being held at Cape's, or the City Tavern, on the
+evening of Thursday, December 19, 1783. James Rivington, the loyalist, in
+announcing the ball in his paper, added that he had "for sale a supply of
+white dancing gloves for gentlemen, with stockings, dress swords, and
+elegant London cocked hats," which were, no doubt, a part of the stock he
+was carrying during the war to supply the British officers. Mr. Pickens
+and Mr. Griffiths, dancing masters, both gave balls in the assembly room
+of Cape's Tavern. Mr. Griffiths was using the room for his dancing school
+in 1786, and announced that he would give a ball once a fortnight during
+the season. Tickets were six shillings each. A grand ball at the assembly
+rooms in Broadway was announced by Mr. Griffiths, to be held on February
+20, 1786. To insure an attendance of desirable persons it was stated that
+no person would be admitted whose appearance might give umbrage to the
+company. Such balls as those given by the dancing masters were continued
+for many years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cincinnati]
+
+A meeting of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati was called to
+meet at Cape's Tavern on the 2d of February, 1784, in order to frame
+By-Laws for the society and for other important purposes. Benjamin
+Walker, secretary of the society, gave notice "that such persons as are
+entitled to become members of the society and have not yet signed the
+institution, may have an opportunity of doing it by applying to him at
+Cape's Tavern." Major General Alexander McDougal had been elected
+president of the New York society in July, at Fishkill. John Cape, the
+landlord of the City Tavern, was a member of the Cincinnati, and he also
+appears to have been a Mason, for, although the rooms of the Grand Lodge
+were at the Coffee House, notice was given that the members of the Grand
+Lodge were desired to meet "at Brother Cape's Tavern" on Broadway on
+Wednesday evening, March 3, at six o'clock to install the Right Worshipful
+the Hon. Robert Livingston, Grand Master.
+
+In February, 1786, Cape suddenly disappeared, leaving his creditors in the
+lurch. The furniture and all the stock in the tavern were sold out under
+execution by the sheriff, and the house was taken in March by Joseph
+Corr�, who opened it as a traveler's house. Having been a professed cook
+he gave notice that "any person wishing to have their servants taught the
+art of cookery may apply to him for terms." Travelers, coming into the
+city from the north and east, put up at the City Tavern, and, on their way
+to the south, crossed the Paulus Hook Ferry from the foot of Cortlandt
+Street, and took the stage coach or wagon on the Jersey side for their
+destination. A line of stages had been established between New York and
+Albany and another between New York and Boston, and announcement was made
+in 1780 that the stage would leave the old City Tavern, kept by Joseph
+Corr�, during the six winter months on Monday and Thursday of each week,
+at precisely five o'clock in the morning, for Albany and Boston, and in
+summer on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
+
+Extensive preparations were made to celebrate the anniversary of the
+Independence of the United States on July 4, 1786. The opening of the day
+was announced at sunrise by a salute of thirteen guns and the ringing of
+all the bells in the city. At twelve o'clock a procession started from the
+City Hall, going through Broad Street and down Queen Street to the
+residence of the governor, who, joined by the lieutenant governor, the
+chancellor, the judges of the Supreme Court, and the other state officers,
+with the mayor and aldermen, the Marine Society, and the Chamber of
+Commerce, proceeded to the residence of the President of the United States
+Congress, where they presented to his excellency, the compliments of the
+day. They then proceeded to the City Tavern, attended by numerous
+citizens, and partook of a collation which had been provided by the
+corporation. As the procession moved from the City Hall, all the bells in
+the city commenced to ring, and continued to ring for two hours. As they
+arrived at the City Tavern thirteen guns were discharged, and at sunset
+another discharge of thirteen guns closed the day. Fireworks having been
+prohibited in the city by the common council, some brilliant pieces were
+exhibited on Governor's Island, which entertained a large concourse of
+citizens assembled on the Battery. The anniversary meeting of the Society
+of the Cincinnati, of the State of New York, in commemoration of the day,
+was held at the City Tavern, when the Hon. Baron de Steuben was elected
+president of the Society.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cincinnati]
+
+This year and for many years subsequent the annual meetings of the
+Cincinnati were attended with considerable ceremony. At a meeting of the
+Society held at the Merchants' Coffee House on January 21, 1786, a
+committee, composed of Baron Steuben, Colonel Samuel B. Webb, and David
+Brooks, Assistant Clothier, was appointed to draw up a plan of proper
+ceremonials to be observed in the delivery of diplomas to members of the
+Society, especially to the elected members. The report of this committee,
+made on June 21st, was that the ceremony should be performed in the
+Assembly Room of the City Tavern, and that the outside of the house should
+be decorated with laurel crowns and festoons. Explicit directions were
+given as to how the room for the ceremony should be arranged. The floor
+should be covered with carpet. The Chair of State for the President
+should be placed opposite the door of entrance. Places for the other
+officers and members were designated. The gallery above the door of
+entrance should be decorated and therein stationed kettle-drums and
+trumpets. That there should be,
+
+First. A Chair of State covered with light blue satin with white fringe,
+the carvings on the arms and feet painted white; on the top of the back a
+staff supported by two hands united holding up a Cap of Liberty, grasped
+by a bald eagle (as the order of the Society); below a white fillet with
+the motto
+
+"We Will Defend It."
+
+This chair to be elevated on two semi-circular steps covered on the top
+with light blue cloth and painted with white paint in front.
+
+Second. The Standard of the Society of silk (described).
+
+Third. A small square table covered with blue satin fringed with blue silk
+fringe and tassels.
+
+Fourth. Two Cushions of white satin fringed with blue silk fringe and
+tassels, on one of which the eagles and on the other the diplomas of the
+elected members will be displayed.
+
+The following form of ceremonies was presented and adopted and was first
+used at the annual meeting of the New York Society July 4, 1786. The
+foreign members and members belonging to other State societies, the
+spectators, kettle-drums and trumpets having occupied their places;
+Captain Isaac Guion, the Standard Bearer, escorted by four members, all in
+full uniform, wearing the Order of the Society, carried the Standard into
+the Hall and planted it in front, to the right of the steps of the Chair
+of State. The escort returning, the Society marched in procession into the
+Hall in the following order:
+
+    The Masters of Ceremony (Col. Webb and Maj. Giles).
+
+    The members, by twos.
+
+    The Secretary, carrying the original Institution of the Society, bound
+    in light blue satin, fringed with white (Capt. Robert Pemberton).
+
+    The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer, bearing the cushions containing
+    the eagles and diplomas (Col. Pierre Van Cortlandt and Maj. Richard
+    Platt).
+
+    The Vice-President (Gen. Philip Schuyler).
+
+    The President (Baron Steuben).
+
+On entering the Hall the members filed off to the right and left, and were
+placed by the Masters of Ceremony, and remained standing before their
+seats. The Secretary took his place behind the small table, placed to the
+left in front of the steps of the Chair of State. The Treasurer with the
+gold eagles, took position on the steps, on the right of the President,
+and the Deputy Treasurer, with the diplomas, on the steps to the left of
+the President. The Masters of Ceremony took their places, one on the
+right of the Standard and the other on the left of the Secretary. At the
+entrance of the President the Standard saluted, and the kettle-drums and
+trumpets gave a flourish, until he had taken his seat, then the Standard
+was raised and the members took their seats.
+
+The President then announced he was ready to receive candidates for
+membership and ordered the Masters of Ceremony to introduce the newly
+elected members, who were placed on seats opposite the Chair of State. The
+ceremony of Initiation was opened by an oration delivered by Colonel
+Alexander Hamilton. The Secretary read the Institution. The President,
+seated, addressed the newly elected members.
+
+The President, rising from his seat, put on his hat, when all the members
+of the Society arose at the same time. A Master of Ceremony conducted a
+candidate to the first step before the President, who asked him first
+whether he desired to be received into the Society and if so, to promise a
+strict observance of the Rules and Statutes just read. Upon answering in
+the affirmative, with one hand taking the Standard, he signed the
+Institution with the other.
+
+The President then taking one of the gold eagles from the cushion held by
+the Treasurer, pinned it on the left breast of the candidate, saying:
+"Receive this mark as a recompense for your merit and in remembrance of
+our glorious Independence." The drums and trumpets then gave a flourish.
+
+The President then taking a diploma, with the recipient's name inscribed,
+presented it to him, saying: "This will show your title as a member of our
+Society. Imitate the illustrious hero, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, whom we
+have chosen for our patron. Like him, be the defender of your country and
+a good citizen." Another flourish of drums and trumpets.
+
+The President then grasped the hand of the candidate and congratulated
+him. He was then presented by a Master of Ceremony to the officers of the
+Society and the members who rose and saluted him. He was then assigned to
+a seat provided for him at the upper end of the Hall, taking rank above
+the members of the Society for the day only.
+
+After the Initiation the President removed his hat, and the Society
+proceeded to the Banquet Hall, observing the following order of
+precedence.
+
+    The Masters of Ceremony.
+
+    The members of the Society, two by two.
+
+    The newly elected members.
+
+    The members of other State societies.
+
+    The foreign members.
+
+    The honorary members.
+
+    The Standard Bearer with Standard.
+
+    The Secretary.
+
+    The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer.
+
+    The Vice-President.
+
+    The President.
+
+The President and other officers passed to their places at the banquet
+table between the open lines of members. The President presided at the
+head of the table, surrounded by the foreign and newly elected members.
+After the cloth was removed thirteen toasts were drunk accompanied by a
+salute of thirteen cannon.
+
+On the first day of December the St. Andrew's Society gave a dinner at
+Corr�'s Tavern, at which his excellency the governor was present. They sat
+down to dinner at four o'clock and after dinner drank thirteen toasts
+which had become the customary number.
+
+The presence in the city of men who had remained loyal to England during
+the war was distasteful to many who had been ardent in the cause of
+Independence. A Whig Society was organized, whose avowed object was to
+obtain the removal of certain influential and offensive Tories from the
+state. Members of the society were men of prominence. Lewis Morris was
+president and John Pintard secretary. Public meetings were held and
+petitions sent to the legislature, but the status of the Tories was not
+materially disturbed. In such circumstances it is not to be wondered at
+that a company of Englishmen, spending the evening in one of the upper
+rooms of the Coffee House in the latter part of the month of June, 1786,
+and "in the height of their mirth and loyalty," breaking out with "Rule
+Britania," should give offense. A newspaper remarks that "if there are
+Englishmen, whose attachment to the laws of Bachus obliges them to make
+frequent meetings over old London porter and Madeira, they should always
+carry with them the reflection that in a republican government there are
+songs which may please their palates and be grating to the ears of
+freemen," and that "Rule Britania" was "a song very rediculous in a
+country like this, where their armies were conquered and their nation
+defeated."
+
+[Sidenote: The New Constitution]
+
+After the formation of the Federal Constitution at Philadelphia in
+September, 1787, there was much discussion in New York over its
+ratification. Although there were in the city some bitter opponents to its
+adoption, the prevailing sentiment was in its favor. When the state of
+Massachusetts ratified the new constitution on the 8th of February, 1788,
+the event was celebrated with much enthusiasm in New York on Saturday,
+February 16th. The flag of the United States was "joined on the Coffee
+House" at sunrise, on which was inscribed "The Constitution, September 17,
+1787," and at noon the old pine tree flag of Massachusetts was hung out,
+with the date of her adhesion. There was a numerous gathering of citizens.
+Several members of Congress and the mayor of the city honored them "by
+partaking of their repast, which (in true republican style), consisted of
+only two dishes--beef and salt fish." After dinner toasts were drunk under
+the fire of six guns to each toast, in honor of those states which had
+adopted the Constitution--Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut,
+Georgia, Massachusetts. The eleventh toast was, "New York, may it soon
+become an additional pillar to the new roof." It was confidently felt that
+the discussion and adoption of the new Constitution by their eastern
+neighbors would exert a strong influence in its favor, and that the
+conduct of Massachusetts would insure its ratification, not only in this
+state but in every other state of the Union.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grand Procession]
+
+As an expression of the intense interest felt in the fate of the new
+constitution, there were processions in different places, notably
+Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston and New York. The New York procession was
+the last and grandest, surpassing anything of its kind ever seen before in
+the country. It was held on July 23d, in honor of the adoption of the
+constitution by ten states, New York not having yet given in her adhesion.
+There were over six thousand in the line. What added greatly to the beauty
+and novelty of the parade was the ship Hamilton, a full-rigged man-of-war,
+carrying thirty guns with a crew of thirty men, complete in all its
+appointments, drawn by twelve horses and under the command of Commodore
+Nicholson. It was in the center of the procession and attracted great
+attention sailing down Broadway, the canvas waves dashing against its
+sides, the wheels of the car being concealed. At ten o'clock in the
+morning, a salute of thirteen guns was fired from the ship, and the
+procession passed down Broadway from the Fields, and then through the
+principal streets into the Bowery to Bayard's grounds, where two oxen
+roasted whole and other viands had been prepared. Tables were set for five
+thousand persons. The entire day was given up to festivities.
+
+[Sidenote: The Eleventh Pillar]
+
+While New York was in intense excitement, produced by these extensive
+demonstrations, news reached the city on Saturday evening about nine
+o'clock that the constitution had been adopted at Poughkeepsie on Friday,
+July 25th. New York was called the "Eleventh Pillar." "The bells in the
+city were immediately set to ringing, and from the Fort and the Federal
+Ship Hamilton were fired several salutes." The merchants at the Coffee
+House testified their joy and satisfaction by repeated cheers. The
+newspapers state that "a general joy ran through the whole city, and
+several of those who were of different sentiments drank freely of the
+Federal Bowl, and declared that they were now perfectly reconciled to the
+new constitution."
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversaries of Two Great Victories]
+
+The surrender of Earl Cornwallis and the army under his command at
+Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781, which marked the close of active
+hostilities, was a notable event in the history of the country, as was
+also the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. The
+anniversaries of these two great victories for the American cause were not
+far apart, and there were many in the city who had taken part in one or
+both of them and were quite willing and anxious for a reunion of their
+companions-in-arms. Accordingly on Monday, October 20, 1788, "a number of
+officers of the late American army and several gentlemen of distinction"
+dined together at the Coffee House in commemoration of these two great
+events. The following are the toasts drunk at this dinner, as reported in
+the newspapers:
+
+    1. The memorable 5th of September, 1774. Meeting of the First
+    Congress.
+
+    2. The memorable 17th of June, 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+    3. The memorable 4th of July, 1776. Declaration of Independence.
+
+    4. The memorable 26th of December, 1776. Battle of Trenton.
+
+    5. The memorable 17th of October, 1777. Capture of Burgoyne.
+
+    6. The memorable 6th of February, 1778. Alliance with France.
+
+    7. The memorable 16th of July, 1779. Stony Point taken by General
+    Wayne.
+
+    8. The memorable 17th of January, 1781. General Morgan defeats
+    Tarleton at Cowpens.
+
+    9. The memorable 19th of October, 1781. Capture of Lord Cornwallis.
+
+    10. The memorable 3d of September, 1783. Definite treaty of peace.
+
+    11. The memorable 25th of November, 1783. Final evacuation of the
+    United States by the British.
+
+    12. The memorable 17th of September, 1787. New Constitution.
+
+    13. General Washington.
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of Washington]
+
+The constitution had been adopted by eleven states. George Washington had
+been elected the first president of the United States and great
+preparations had been made to receive him in New York, then the capital of
+the Nation. On April 23, 1789, a Federal salute announced that he had
+arrived and was coming up the East River in the splendid barge which had
+been built especially for the occasion, accompanied by a large escort of
+boats, to Murray's Wharf, where an ornamented and carpeted stairway had
+been constructed to make his landing easy, safe and comfortable. At the
+City Coffee House, as it is termed in the newspapers, with a salute of
+thirteen guns, he was received by the governor and the officers of the
+state and corporation. The procession then formed and proceeded, with a
+military escort, from the Coffee House into Queen Street and then to the
+house which had been prepared for him. The Daily Advertiser, the next day,
+stated that: "On this great occasion the hand of industry was suspended
+and the various pleasures of the capital were concentrated to a single
+enjoyment." The illumination of the city in the evening was brilliant and
+remarkable. On Saturday, the 25th, the Chamber of Commerce met at the
+Coffee House, and headed by John Broome, Theophylact Bache and John Murray
+proceeded in form to the house of the president-elect to present their
+congratulations.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington at the Ball]
+
+The next regular assembly after the inauguration of the President was held
+at the City Tavern, then under the management of Edward Bardin, on
+Thursday, May 7th, which Washington was requested to honor with his
+presence. He accepted the invitation and was present as was also the
+Vice-President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, most of the
+members of both Houses of Congress, the Governor of New York, the
+Chancellor, the Chief Justice of the State, the Honorable John Jay, the
+Mayor of the city, the French and Spanish Ministers, Baron Steuben, the
+Count de Moustier, Colonel Duer and many other distinguished guests. A
+newspaper account states that "a numerous and brilliant collection of
+ladies graced the room with their appearance." Mrs. Washington had not yet
+arrived in the city. Among those present were Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Hamilton,
+Lady Stirling, Mrs. Watts, Mrs. Duer, Mrs. Peter Van Brugh Livingston,
+Mrs. Clinton, Mrs. Duane, Mrs. James Beekman, Lady Temple, Lady Christina
+Griffin, Mrs. Livingston, wife of the Chancellor, Mrs. Richard Montgomery,
+Mrs. John Langdon, Mrs. Elbridge Gerry, Mrs. Livingston of Clermont, the
+Misses Livingston, Mrs. William S. Smith, daughter of the Vice-President,
+Mrs. Maxwell, Mrs. Edgar, Mrs. McComb, Mrs. Dalton, the Misses Bayard,
+Madame de Brehan, Madame de la Forest and Mrs. Bishop Provost. It was a
+notable gathering of the men and women of the period, then in New York.
+The company numbered about three hundred. Washington was the guest of
+honor. The festivities closed about two o'clock in the morning.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1789, General Malcolm's brigade, under command of
+Colonel Chrystie, paraded on the race-ground early in the morning and on
+their way back to the city passed the house of the President. Washington,
+though ill, appeared at the door in full regimentals. At noon a salute was
+fired from the Fort and at four o'clock the officers dined at the tavern
+of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street. After dinner, at the third toast, to
+the President of the United States, the company rose and gave three cheers
+and the band played General Washington's March. The Society of the
+Cincinnati met at the City Tavern. After the election of officers, a
+committee was appointed to present its congratulations to the President,
+Vice-President and Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Society
+then went in procession, escorted by Bauman's Artillery to St. Paul's
+Chapel, where an eulogium upon General Nathaniel Greene was pronounced by
+Alexander Hamilton. A dinner at the City Tavern and the drinking of
+thirteen toasts closed the Society's celebration of the day.
+
+[Illustration: "GAMBLING WITH CARDS WAS PRETTY GENERAL"]
+
+During the year preceding March 1, 1789, three hundred and thirty tavern
+licenses were granted in the city and gambling with cards and dice was
+pretty general. A game of cards called Pharoah seems to have been one of
+the most popular for that purpose. Other games with cards were whist, loo
+and quadrille. It seems to have been thought necessary to place some
+restraint on gambling, for a law passed in 1788 prescribed the forfeiture
+of five times the amount won for the winner of more than �10 at a sitting.
+Tavern-keepers were subject to fine and imprisonment if they should allow
+cock-fighting, gaming, card-playing, dice, billiard-tables or shuffle
+boards in their houses; but the law was not completely effective.
+Drunkenness was unlawful, but a popular failing.
+
+[Sidenote: Simmons' Tavern]
+
+In Wall Street, on the corner of Nassau Street, was the tavern of John
+Simmons. In this tavern were witnessed the formalities which gave birth to
+the new American city of New York. Here, on the 9th of February, 1784,
+James Duane, at a special meeting of the City Council, having been
+appointed by the governor and board of appointment, was formally installed
+mayor of New York City and took the oath of office in the presence of that
+body and of the governor and lieutenant-governor of the State,
+representing the State Provisional Council, whose duties now ceased, the
+city corporation being now restored in all its forms and offices. The
+Regents of the University of the State met at Simmons' Tavern, at seven
+o'clock in the evening on Monday, August 2, 1790. It is said that Simmons
+was a man of such bulk that at the time of his funeral, the doorway of the
+house had to be enlarged to admit the passage of his coffin. His widow
+continued the business, and was still keeping the house in 1796.
+
+[Illustration: SIMMONS' TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: Sam Fraunces the Steward of Washington]
+
+When the new constitution had been adopted by eleven states and the
+prospect was that New York would, at least for a time, be the seat of
+government with Washington at its head, Sam Fraunces could no longer
+remain in retirement on his Jersey farm. He came to the city and became
+steward in the house of the President. He also opened a tavern in
+Cortlandt Street, which was managed by his wife. This tavern at No. 49
+Cortlandt Street had been kept, some years before, by Talmadge Hall, one
+of the proprietors of the Albany Stages, who was succeeded in 1787 by
+Christopher Beekman from Princeton, New Jersey. Beekman stated that the
+house had been commonly known as the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia Stage
+Office, and that he had agreed with the proprietors of the Albany and
+Boston stages to make his house the public stage house. The Society of
+Mechanics and Tradesmen held its anniversary meeting on the 6th of
+January, 1789, at the tavern of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street, and
+indulged in a dinner at which one of the patriotic toasts was: "A cobweb
+pair of breeches, a porcupine saddle, a trotting horse and a long journey
+to all the enemies of freedom." The election of governor of New York in
+1789 was energetically contested, but George Clinton, who was at the head
+of the party yet strongly opposed to the new constitution, was elected,
+although the vote in New York City was overwhelmingly against him. On the
+5th of June he and his friends held a grand jubilee at Fraunces' Tavern to
+celebrate their success. Sam Fraunces kept the Cortlandt Street house
+until November, 1790, when, as he says, "through the advice of some of his
+particular friends," he removed to a house in Broad Street near the
+Exchange, formerly occupied by the Widow Blaaw, and solicited the
+patronage of his brethren of the Tammany Society, and of the respective
+Lodges of the city. This, as far as we know, was the last place kept by
+Sam Fraunces in New York. He soon bid us a final farewell and left the
+city.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the Judges]
+
+John Francis, who, we have supposed, was a son of Sam Francis, in August,
+1785, opened the True American at No. 3 Great Dock, now Pearl Street. In
+May, 1789, he removed to the historic building now known as Fraunces'
+Tavern, on the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets. On February 2, 1790, the
+Supreme Court of the United States was opened in the city by James Duane,
+Judge of the district of New York, "in the presence of national and city
+dignitaries, of many gentlemen of the bar, members of Congress and a
+number of leading citizens. In the evening the Grand Jury of the United
+States for the district gave a very elegant entertainment in honor of the
+Court at Fraunces' Tavern on Broad Street." Among those present were John
+Jay, of New York, Chief Justice of the United States, William Cushing, of
+Massachusetts, John Rutledge, of South Carolina, James Wilson, of
+Pennsylvania, Robert Harrison, of Maryland, and John Blair, of Virginia,
+Associate Justices, also Edmond Randolph, of Virginia, Attorney-General of
+the United States. It was the first Grand Jury assembled in this state
+under the authority of the United States. In the list of jurors are the
+names of many prominent men.
+
+The promoters of the New York Manufacturing Society, for the encouragement
+of American manufacturers, met at Rawson's Tavern, 82 Water Street, on the
+7th of January, 1789, and chose the officers of the society. Melancthon
+Smith was chosen president. Subscriptions were received for the
+establishment of a woolen factory which was considered a very patriotic
+undertaking. At a meeting held at the Coffee House on the 24th of
+February, Alexander Robertson in the chair, a committee was appointed to
+prepare the draft of a constitution and to report on a plan of operation.
+The society was incorporated on the 16th of March, 1790, and appears to
+have been the owner of a factory and bleaching ground at Second River, New
+Jersey, but the business was not successful. The investment proved a total
+loss.
+
+On the corner of Nassau and George (now Spruce) Streets, was a tavern kept
+by Captain Aaron Aorson, who had seen service during the war and was
+present at the death of General Montgomery at Quebec. He was a member of
+the Society of the Cincinnati. In his house was a long room suitable for
+public gatherings. Notice was given that a lecture would be delivered here
+for charitable purposes October 6, 1789, by a man more than thirty years
+an atheist. Some years later this Long Room became the Wigwam and the
+house the headquarters of the Tammany Society.
+
+There was a tavern on Broadway just above Murray Street which, before the
+Revolution, had played a conspicuous part in the conflicts with the
+British soldiers over the liberty pole. During the latter part of the war
+John Amory had been its landlord. In June, 1785, Henry Kennedy announced
+that he had taken the well known house lately "occupied by Mrs. Montanye,
+the sign of the Two Friendly Brothers," but in 1786 or soon after it again
+passed into the hands of a member of the De La Montagnie family, after
+which we find it at times kept by Mrs. De La Montagnie, Mrs. Amory or
+Jacob De La Montagnie. In the Directory of 1795, Mary Amory and Jacob De
+La Montagnie are both set down as tavern-keepers at 253 Broadway.
+
+In December, 1791, the members of the Mechanics' and Traders' Society were
+notified that the anniversary of the society would be held on the first
+Tuesday of January next at the house of Mrs. De La Montagnie, and that
+members who wished to dine should apply for tickets, and were further
+requested to attend at 9 o'clock in the morning for election. In 1792, the
+house appears to have been kept by Mrs. Amory and known as Mechanics'
+Hall. The Mechanics celebrated Independence Day here that year, and it was
+probably their headquarters. In June, 1793, Mrs. Amory, heading her
+announcement--"Vauxhall, Rural Felicity"--gave notice that on the 25th,
+beginning at five o'clock in the afternoon, would be given a concert of
+instrumental music, consisting of the most favorite overtures and pieces
+from the compositions of Fisher and Handell. The notice states that, "At
+eight o'clock in the evening the garden will be beautifully illuminated,
+in the Chinese style, with upwards of 500 glass lamps," and that "the
+orchestra will be placed in the middle of a large tree elegantly
+illuminated." There was to be tight rope dancing by Mr. Miller, and
+fireworks on the tight rope, to be concluded with an exhibition of
+equilibriums on the slack rope. Tickets for admission were four shillings
+each. The triangular piece of open ground in front of the tavern, called
+the Fields or Common, had been, since the war, enclosed by a post and rail
+fence and had assumed the dignity of a park. The neighborhood was rapidly
+improving.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bull's Head Tavern]
+
+On the post road, in Bowery Lane, stood the Bull's Head Tavern, where the
+Boston and Albany stages picked up passengers as they left the city. This
+had been a well known tavern from a period long before the Revolution,
+much frequented by drovers and butchers as well as travelers. It was a
+market for live stock and stood not far from the slaughter house. Previous
+to 1763, it was kept by Caleb Hyatt, who was succeeded in that year by
+Thomas Bayeaux. From 1770 until the war of the Revolution, Richard Varian
+was its landlord, and also superintendent of the public slaughter house.
+In a petition to the common council after the evacuation, he states that
+he had been engaged in privateering until captured near the end of the
+war, after which, he returned to the city and found his wife in prosperous
+possession of the old tavern. He was the landlord of the house the year of
+Washington's inauguration and we find that in 1796 he was still the tenant
+of the property, then belonging to Henry Ashdor, a well-to-do butcher of
+the Fly Market, who resided a little north of the tavern. As appears by
+petitions to the common council, Henry Ashdor, or Astor, as the name
+sometimes appears, was accustomed to ride out on the post road to meet the
+incoming drovers and purchase their stock, thus securing the best, and
+obliging the other butchers to buy of him at a profit, which was
+characterized by the butchers in their petitions as "pernicious
+practices." The Bull's Head Tavern remained the meeting place of the
+butchers and drovers until 1826, when Henry Astor, associating himself
+with others, pulled it down and erected on its site the New York Theatre,
+since called the Bowery Theatre, the mayor of the city laying the corner
+stone.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOWERY THEATRE]
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Tammany Society]
+
+Long before the Revolution, there had been various societies in New York
+under such names as St. Andrew, St. George, St. David and St. John, all of
+which professed the most fervent loyalty to the King of Great Britain.
+This induced the projectors of a new society, composed of many who had
+belonged to the Sons of Liberty, of Stamp Act and Revolutionary times, to
+select for their patron saint a genuine American guardian, and thus was
+originated the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, in May, 1789. At
+first, it was strictly a national and patriotic society, "to connect in
+indisoluable bonds of friendship American brethren of known attachment to
+the political rights of human nature and the liberties of the country,"
+and it remained so for many years.
+
+Tammany, the celebrated chief of the Delawares, who has been described as
+a chief of great virtue, benevolence and love of country, to whose actual
+history has been added a great deal of legendary and mythical lore, was
+cannonized as a saint and adopted as their guardian spirit. The members
+of the society styled themselves the Sons of St. Tammany, and adopted
+aboriginal forms and customs as well as dress. This was not the first
+society that had claimed the patronage and adopted the name of that famous
+Indian saint, but the new organization proposed a wider scope and added to
+its title also that of "Columbian Order." It was organized also as a
+contrast or offset to the aristocratic and anti-republican principles
+attributed to the Society of the Cincinnati, the membership of which was
+hereditary.
+
+The birth of the new organization is set down as on May 12, 1789, which
+was spent in tents erected on the banks of the Hudson River, about two
+miles from the city, where a large number of members partook of an elegant
+entertainment, "served precisely at three o'clock; after which there was
+singing and smoking and universal expressions of brotherly love." During
+the year 1789 its meetings were held at the tavern of Sam Fraunces.
+
+In the year 1790, the 4th of July falling on Sunday, the anniversary of
+Independence was celebrated on the 5th. The Society of St. Tammany
+assembled early in the day, and, after a short address from the Grand
+Sachem, the Declaration of Independence was read. There was a grand
+military review. Colonel Bauman's regiment of Artillery appeared in their
+usual style as veterans of the war. At one o'clock they fired a federal
+salute and a feu-de-joie on the Battery, after which they escorted the
+Society of the Cincinnati to St. Paul's Church, where an elegant oration
+was delivered by Brockholst Livingston to a large audience, including the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, members of both Houses
+of Congress, and a brilliant assembly of ladies and gentlemen. The Society
+of the Cincinnati dined at Bardin's, the City Tavern, and the Grand Sachem
+and Fathers of the Council of the Society of St. Tammany were honored with
+an invitation to dine with them. After dinner the usual thirteen toasts
+were drunk with all the hilarity and good humor customary on such
+occasions.
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of the Indians by the Tammany Society]
+
+Shortly after this, a most interesting event occurred, which created
+considerable excitement among the people of New York and gave to the
+Tammany Society an opportunity to make an impression on the public mind
+not often presented, and which could not be neglected. Efforts had been
+made by the government of the United States to pacify the Creek Indians of
+the South and to make with them a treaty of peace and friendship. In
+March, 1790, Colonel Marinus Willett was sent out on this mission, and
+early in July news came that he was on his way to New York, accompanied by
+Colonel Alexander McGillivray, their half-breed chief, and about thirty
+warriors of the tribe, traveling northward at public expense and greeted
+at every stage of their journey by vast crowds of people. They arrived on
+the 21st of July. A boat was sent to Elizabethtown Point, under the
+direction of Major Stagg, to convey them to New York and the Tammany
+Society met in their Wigwam to make their preparations. This Wigwam, which
+they used as their headquarters for many years, was the old Exchange
+building at the foot of Broad Street. As the boat passed the Battery about
+two o'clock a Federal salute was fired and when the Indians landed at the
+Coffee House it was repeated. Here they were met by the Tammany Society,
+dressed in full Indian costume, which very much pleased McGillivray and
+his Indian warriors, and by General Malcolm with a military escort. They
+were conducted in procession to the house of General Knox, the Secretary
+of War, after which they had an audience with the President, who received
+them in a very handsome manner. They were also introduced to the Governor
+of the State, who gave them a friendly reception. They were then taken to
+the City Tavern where they dined in company with General Knox, the
+Senators and Representatives of Georgia, General Malcolm, the militia
+officers on duty, and the officers of the Saint Tammany Society. The
+Indians seemed greatly pleased with their friendly reception and a
+newspaper states that "the pleasure was considerably heightened by the
+conviviality and good humor which prevailed at the festive board." The
+usual number of toasts were drunk after the dinner.
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Banquet at the Wigwam]
+
+On the 2d of August the Indians were entertained by the Tammany Society
+with a grand banquet at their Great Wigwam in Broad Street, at which were
+present, the Governor of the State, the Chief Justice of the United
+States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Mayor of the
+City and Colonel Willett. The richly ornamented Calumet of Peace was
+passed around and wine flowed freely. Colonel Willett had delivered his
+big talk and partaken of their _black drink_ on his visit to them, and the
+Indians were now receiving a return of hospitality. Patriotic songs were
+sung by members of the society and the Indians danced. The Indian chief
+conferred on the grand sachem of Tammany the title of "Toliva Mico"--Chief
+of the White Town. The President of the United States was toasted as "The
+Beloved Chieftain of the Thirteen Fires." The President's last visit to
+Federal Hall was to sign a treaty with these Indians, which was attended
+with great ceremony. Tammany had taken the lead in all this Indian
+business and Tammany had made its mark.
+
+[Illustration: TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Tontine Coffee House]
+
+In the year 1791 an association of merchants was organized for the purpose
+of constructing a more commodious Coffee House than the Merchants' Coffee
+House, and to provide a business centre for the mercantile community. The
+company was formed on the Tontine principle of benefit to survivors, and
+the building they erected was called the Tontine Coffee House. Among the
+merchants who were interested in this enterprise were John Broome, John
+Watts, Gulian Verplanck, John Delafield and William Laight. On the 31st of
+January, 1792, these five merchants, as the first board of directors of
+the Tontine Association, purchased from Doctor Charles Arding and
+Abigail, his wife, the house and lot on the northwest corner of Wall and
+Water Streets, for �1,970. This was the house which had been known as the
+Merchants' Coffee House from about 1740, when it was first opened by
+Daniel Bloom until 1772, when its business was carried by Mrs. Ferrari
+diagonally across the street, where it had since remained. It was sold in
+1759, as related in a previous chapter, by Luke Roome, owner and landlord
+of the house, to Doctor Charles Arding, who had ever since been its owner.
+They had already purchased, December 1, 1791, for �2,510, the adjoining
+lot on Wall Street, and shortly after, for �1,000, they purchased the
+adjoining lot on Water Street. On the ground of these three lots the
+Tontine Coffee House was built. Thus the business originated on this spot
+was coming back to its old home.
+
+In January, 1792, "the committee to superintend the business of the
+Tontine Coffee House Institution," gave notice that they would pay a
+premium of ten guineas to the person who should hand in before the 20th of
+February next, the best plan for the proposed building, and a premium of
+five guineas for the second best plan. The objects to be considered in the
+plans were, "Solidity, Neatness and Useful Accommodation"; the building to
+be four stories high and to occupy a space of fifty feet by seventy. The
+plans in competition were to be sent to Mr. David Grim. A petition for the
+privilege of adding to the Tontine Coffee House a piazza to extend over
+the sidewalk, presented by John Watts and others in March, 1792, was
+refused, but, on May 11 permission was given for a piazza to extend six
+feet over the Wall Street sidewalk. The corner-stone of the building was
+laid with considerable ceremony on the 5th of June. The first landlord of
+the house, when completed, was John Hyde.
+
+Just a year later, on Wednesday, June 5, 1793, one hundred and twenty
+gentlemen sat down to a dinner provided by Mr. Hyde at the Tontine Coffee
+House to celebrate the anniversary of the laying of the corner-stone of
+that building. After dinner when fifteen toasts had been drunk, the
+chairman offered an additional toast, which was: "Success to the Tontine
+Coffee House and may it long continue to reflect credit on the
+subscribers."
+
+[Sidenote: The Cap of Liberty]
+
+During the French revolution the sympathies of the people of the United
+States were greatly excited, but many of those who wished success to
+France were filled with disgust and indignation at the behavior of the
+French Minister Genet, and of Bompard, the commander of the French ship,
+L'Ambuscade, who, after landing Genet at Charleston, South Carolina, made
+his way north to Philadelphia, boarding American ships on his way and
+seizing British merchantmen near the coast and even in the very bays of
+the United States. Bompard and his officers were received at Philadelphia
+with great enthusiasm. On the 12th of June, 1793, they arrived in New
+York. Instantly there was great excitement. Those friendly to them carried
+things to extremes. Opposed to them were the supporters of government and
+good order, joined to the strong English faction that had long prevailed.
+Two days after their arrival, the Cap of Liberty was set up in the Tontine
+Coffee House, according to one account, by "the friends of Liberty,
+Equality, and the Rights of Man, amid the acclamations of their fellow
+citizens, in defiance of all despotic tyrants. It was a beautiful crimson
+adorned with a white torsel and supported by a staff." The cap, "Sacred to
+Liberty," was declared to be under the protection of the old Whigs, and
+the aristocrats, as the opposite party was tauntingly called, were defied
+to take it down. This defiance brought forth a threat that it would be
+done, and, in expectation that its removal would be attempted, for several
+days, hundreds of people gathered in front of the house. No attempt, at
+that time, seems to have been made to remove the cap, and the excitement
+gradually subsided.
+
+The Cap of Liberty remained undisturbed in its place for almost two years.
+A newspaper of May 19, 1795, states that "the Liberty Cap having been
+removed from the Barr of the Tontine Coffee House by some unknown person,
+the ceremony of its re-establishment in the Coffee House took place
+yesterday afternoon. A well designed, carved Liberty Cap, suspended on
+the point of an American Tomahawk, and the flags of the Republics of
+America and France, attached on each side, formed a handsome figure." A
+large gathering of people attended "the consecration of the emblem of
+Liberty," and the meeting was highly entertained by numerous patriotic
+songs. Voluntary detachments from several of the Uniform Companies joined
+in the celebration.
+
+On the 22d of May, only four days after being placed in the Coffee House,
+the French flag was removed. An attempt was made to recover it and arrest
+the person who took it down. A boat was dispatched in pursuit of the
+person who was supposed to have taken it, but it returned without success.
+Colonel Walter Bicker, in behalf of a number of citizens of New York,
+offered a reward of one hundred and fifty dollars for the capture of the
+thief who stole the French flag from the Coffee House, with what result is
+unknown.
+
+[Sidenote: New York Stock Exchange]
+
+An English traveler, who visited New York in 1794, writes that: "The
+Tontine Tavern and Coffee House is a handsome, large brick building; you
+ascend six or eight steps under a portico, into a large public room, which
+is the Stock Exchange of New York, where all bargains are made. Here are
+two books kept, as at Lloyd's, of every ship's arrival and clearing out.
+This house was built for the accommodation of the merchants, by Tontine
+shares of two hundred pounds each. It is kept by Mr. Hyde, formerly a
+woolen draper in London. You can lodge and board there at a common table,
+and you pay ten shillings currency a day, whether you dine out or not."
+
+As stated above, the Tontine Coffee House had become the Stock Exchange of
+New York. In the first directory of the city, published in 1786, there is
+only one stock-broker, Archibald Blair. On January 9, 1786, Archibald
+Blair announced that he "has a Broker's Office and Commission Store at 16
+Little Queen Street, where he buys and sells all kinds of public and state
+securities, also old continental money. He has for sale Jamaica rum, loaf
+sugar, bar iron, lumber and dry goods." A few years later several
+announcements of such brokers are found in the newspapers, among others
+the following which appeared in the Daily Advertiser of December 9, 1790.
+
+    "Sworn Stock Broker's Office.
+
+    No. 57 King Street.
+
+    The Subscriber, having opened an office for negociating the funds of
+    the United States of America, has been duly qualified before the Mayor
+    of the City, that he will truly and faithfully execute the duties of a
+
+    Stock Broker,
+
+    and that he will not directly or indirectly interest himself in any
+    purchase or sale of the funds of the United States of America, on his
+    own private account, for the term of six months from the date hereof.
+
+    The opinion of many respectable characters has confirmed his own ideas
+    of the utility of establishing an office in this city upon the
+    principles of a sworn Broker of Europe. The advantages of negociating
+    through the medium of an agent no ways interested in purchases or
+    sales on his own account, is too evident to every person of
+    discernment to need any comment.
+
+    Every business committed to his care shall be executed by the
+    subscriber with diligence, faithfulness and secrecy, and he trusts
+    that his conduct will confirm the confidence, and secure the patronage
+    of his friends and fellow citizens.
+
+    John Pintard."
+
+The first evidence of an approach to anything like organization was an
+announcement made in the early part of March, 1792, that "The Stock
+Exchange Office" would be open at No. 22 Wall Street for the accommodation
+of dealers in stocks, in which public sales would be daily held at noon,
+as usual, in rotation. Soon after this, on Wednesday, March 21st, a
+meeting of merchants and dealers in stocks was held at Corre's Hotel, when
+they came to a resolution that after the 21st of April next, they would
+not attend any sales of stocks at public auction. They appointed a
+committee "to provide a proper room for them to assemble in, and to
+report such regulations relative to the mode of transacting business as in
+their opinion may be proper." This resulted in the first agreement of the
+dealers in securities, the oldest record in the archives of the New York
+Stock Exchange, dated May 17, 1792, fixing the rate of brokerage. It was
+signed by twenty-four brokers for the sale of public stocks. For some time
+the brokers do not appear to have had a settled place of meeting. Their
+favorite place was in the open air in the shadow of a large buttonwood
+tree, which stood on the north side of Wall Street, opposite the division
+line of Nos. 68 and 70. Here they met and transacted business something
+like our curb brokers of to-day, but in a much more leisurely way. When
+the Tontine Coffee House was completed in 1793, it became the Stock
+Exchange of New York and remained so for a great many years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Roger Morris House]
+
+A stage coach line was opened to Boston in 1784 and to Albany the next
+year, when the Roger Morris House on the Kingsbridge road was opened by
+Talmadge Hall as a tavern for the accommodation of the stage coach
+passengers, and was probably the first stopping place going out. It
+continued to be kept as a tavern for many years after this and is said to
+have been a favorite place of resort for pleasure parties from the city.
+It became known as Calumet Hall. Its landlord in 1789 was Captain William
+Marriner. In October, 1789, President Washington visited, by appointment,
+the fruit gardens of Mr. Prince at Flushing, Long Island. He was taken
+over in his barge, accompanied by the Vice-President, the Governor of the
+State, Mr. Izard, Colonel Smith and Major Jackson. On their way back they
+visited the seat of Gouverneur Morris at Morrisania, and then went to
+Harlem, where they met Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith,
+daughter of the Vice-President, dined at Marriner's and came home in the
+evening. In July following a large party was formed to visit Fort
+Washington. Washington, in his diary, does not state that Mrs. Washington
+was of the party, but it is to be presumed that she was; the others,
+beside himself, were "the Vice-President, his Lady, Son and Mrs. Smith;
+the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War and the ladies of the two
+latter; with all the Gentlemen of my family, Mrs. Lear, and the two
+children." This was a notable party. They dined at Marriner's, who, no
+doubt, felt the importance of the occasion and exerted himself
+accordingly.
+
+[Illustration: OLD SLEIGH]
+
+Marriner's Tavern, the Roger Morris house, was situated at such a distance
+from the city, on the only road of any length on the island, as to make it
+a good objective point for pleasure parties. An English traveler who
+visited New York in 1796, writes: "The amusement of which they seem most
+passionately fond is that of riding on the snow in what _you_ would call a
+sledge, drawn by two horses. It is astonishing to see how anxiously
+persons of all ages and both sexes look out for a good fall of snow, that
+they may enjoy their favorite amusement; and when the happy time comes, to
+see how eager they are to engage every sleigh that is to be had. Parties
+of twenty or thirty will sometimes go out of town in these vehicles
+towards evening, about six or eight miles, when, having sent for a
+fiddler, and danced till they are tired, they will return home again by
+moonlight or perhaps more often by daylight. Whilst the snow is on the
+ground no other carriages are made use of, either for pleasure or
+service." Marriner's house was well suited for just such parties of
+pleasure and we can easily imagine that the large octagonal room was about
+this time, of crisp winter nights, the scene of many a merry dance. The
+English traveler is supported in what he says by the announcement of
+Christopher Colles in a New York newspaper in January, 1789, that so long
+as the sleighing lasted he would continue his electrical experiments and
+exhibition of curiosities, at Halsey's celebrated tavern in Harlem. It
+would seem from this that his lectures needed the incentive of a sleigh
+ride to make them more popular.
+
+Captain Marriner was still keeping the house in the summer of 1794 when it
+was visited by an Englishman who thus writes about his visit to the place:
+"Whoever has a vacant day and fine weather, while at New York, let him go
+to Haarlem, eleven miles distant. There is _a pleasant tavern_ on an
+eminence near the church; a branch of the sea, or Eastern River, runs
+close beneath you, where you may have excellent fishing. On the opposite
+side are two pleasant houses, belonging to Colonel Morris, and a Captain
+Lambert, an English gentleman, who retired hither after the war. Mr.
+Marriner, the landlord, is a very intelligent, well educated man; I fished
+with him for an hour and received a great deal of pleasure from his
+conversation." * * * "He pressed me very much to stay at his house for a
+week, and I should pay what I pleased. On our return Mr. L---- and myself
+drank tea and coffee at Brannon's Tea Garden. Here was a good greenhouse,
+with orange and lemon trees, a great quantity of geraniums, aloes and
+other curious shrubs and plants. Iced creams and iced liquors are much
+drank here during the hot weather by parties from New York." Brannon's Tea
+Garden was on the road leading to the village of Greenwich at the present
+junction of Hudson and Spring Streets, and had been there since previous
+to the Revolution.
+
+Captain Marriner is said to have been eccentric, but whether this be so or
+not, he was undoubtedly a brave man and was engaged during the war in
+several daring adventures. He presented a picturesque character in the
+history of that period.
+
+[Sidenote: Capt. Marriner's Raid]
+
+When Captain Marriner was held as a prisoner in the early part of the war,
+on his parole, quartered with Rem Van Pelt, of New Utrecht, Long Island,
+one day at Dr. Van Buren's Tavern in Flatbush, his sarcastic wit brought
+on him abusive language from Major Sherbrook of the British army. When
+Marriner was exchanged, he determined to capture the Major and some
+others. For this purpose he repaired to New Jersey and procured a
+whale-boat, which he manned with a crew of twenty-two well armed
+volunteers, with whom he proceeded to New Utrecht, landing on the beach
+about half-past nine o'clock in the evening. Leaving two men in charge of
+the boat, with the rest he marched unmolested to Flatbush Church, where he
+divided his men into four squads, assigning a house to each party, who,
+provided with a heavy post, were to break in the door when they should
+hear Marriner strike. General Jeremiah Johnson, in his account of the
+affair states that Marriner captured the Major, whom he found hidden
+behind a large chimney in the garret, but the New York newspapers state
+that he carried back with him to New Jersey Major Montcrieffe and Mr.
+Theophylact Bache. On another visit to Long Island, Captain Marriner
+carried off Simon Cortelyou, of New Utrecht, in return for his uncivil
+conduct to the American prisoners. On a large rock in the North River, not
+far from the shore, stood a bath house surmounted by a flagstaff. Noting
+this, Marriner determined to give the English fresh cause for chagrin. He
+accordingly procured the new American flag which had just been adopted,
+and taking with him a few men, boldly rowed into the river one night and
+nailed it to the pole, where it was discovered early next morning.
+Sailors, sent to remove it, were obliged to cut away the pole, amid the
+jeers and protests of the boys gathered on the beach.
+
+Marriner was keeping a tavern in New York City before the war. An
+important meeting was held at Marriner's Tavern at the time of the
+election of delegates to the first Continental Congress, in 1774. After
+the war he returned to the same business, and in 1786 was the landlord of
+a house on the corner of John and Nassau Streets, where he offered to
+serve his customers "in the neatest and most elegant manner," with
+oysters, cooked in a variety of ways, beef steaks, etc., with the very
+best of liquors. He, at one time kept the Ferry House at Harlem, and ran
+the ferry to Morrisania. In the early part of the nineteenth century
+Captain Benson built a large tavern at the junction of the Kingsbridge
+road with the road from Harlem, which was for some years conducted by
+Captain Marriner, who gained great celebrity for the excellent table he
+set, and for the stories of whale-boat exploits during the war, which he
+was never tired of relating.
+
+When the St. Andrew's Society celebrated their anniversary on November 30,
+1790, at the City Tavern, they had as guests at their dinner, Governor
+Clinton, the Mayor of the City, General Horatio Gates and the principal
+officers of the other humane national societies of the city. In an account
+given of the dinner, it is stated that, "A few hours passed happily away,
+divided between the animating tale, the cheerful glass and the heart
+enlivening song."
+
+The annual election of officers of the Society of the Cincinnati was held
+on the 4th of July each year, after which there was a dinner, followed by
+toasts. For several year its meeting place was at Corr�'s Hotel in
+Broadway. Joseph Corr�, at one time landlord of the City Tavern, opened,
+in 1790, a house at No. 24 Broadway, which was for some years one of the
+best and most popular taverns or hotels in the city. Meetings of
+societies, concerts, balls and political meetings were held here.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinners on Evacuation Day]
+
+On Monday, November 25, 1793, the tenth anniversary of the evacuation of
+New York by the British troops, was celebrated in the city with great
+enthusiasm. At sunrise a salute was fired from the Battery followed
+immediately by the ringing of all the bells in the city. This was repeated
+at noon, when the corporation, the officers of the militia, the French
+officers in town and many citizens waited on the Governor to congratulate
+him on the occasion. The militia officers then waited on the mayor of the
+city, the chief justice of the United States and the minister of the
+French Republic. The Ambuscade Frigate was elegantly decorated and at one
+o'clock fired a salute of twenty-one guns. The militia officers, honored
+with the company of the Governor, General Gates and a number of French
+officers, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them at the City
+Tavern, "where they spent the remainder of the day in great spirits and
+good fellowship." Toasts were drunk under the discharge of artillery. The
+gentlemen of the corporation celebrated the day at the Tontine Coffee
+House, where an elegant dinner was served up by Mr. Hyde and patriotic
+toasts were drunk. The Society of Tammany also celebrated the day. At the
+tavern of Robert Hunter, in Wall Street, a dinner was served up to a
+number of citizens in celebration of the day, and the same was done in
+several other of the principal taverns of the city. The dinner on
+Evacuation Day at Bardin's was one of the last notable dinners given in
+the old City Tavern. Preparations were being made to take it down and
+build on its site a fine hotel.
+
+In 1793 the City Tavern was still owned by John Peter De Lancey, son of
+Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, who sold it to the Tontine
+Association, who, taking down the old house, built upon its site the City
+Hotel. In the deed of transfer, dated March 3, 1793, John Peter De Lancey
+and Elizabeth, his wife, for the consideration of six thousand pounds
+(�6,000), lawful money of the State of New York, convey the property to
+Philip Livingston, John Watts, Thomas Buchanan, Gulian Verplanck, James
+Watson, Moses Rogers, James Farquhar, Richard Harrison and Daniel Ludlow,
+all of the city and state of New York, in trust for all the subscribers to
+the New York Tontine Hotel and Assembly Room and their heirs, upon such
+terms, conditions and restrictions, and with such right of survivorship as
+may be hereafter agreed upon and settled by the majority of the said
+subscribers or their representatives.
+
+In November, 1793, Nicholas Cruger, chairman of the committee having the
+business in charge, gave notice that they would pay a premium of twenty
+guineas for the best plan of the building about to be erected, to be
+handed in before the first day of January next, requesting that the plans
+may not be signed, but designated by a private mark, accompanied by a
+letter to the chairman, with the same mark on the outside.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel]
+
+The new house which was erected in the early part of the year 1794 was
+called the Tontine Hotel, but it soon came to be more generally spoken of
+as the City Hotel. Robert Hunter, who had been keeping a tavern in Wall
+Street, became its first landlord. He was in possession of it and meetings
+were being held there in the early part of June, 1794. It was considered
+the largest and finest hotel then in the United States. It became the
+meeting place of societies and associations and of the City Assembly which
+continued to flourish as it had done for many years. On Friday, October 7,
+1796, there was great rejoicing in the city over the French victories,
+news of which had just been received. The church bells were rung from
+twelve to one o'clock, "and in the evening, as it were by patriotic
+sympathy, a hall full of old Whigs and friends to the liberty of Man,
+assembled at Hunter's Hotel, where a number of patriotic songs were sung,
+a cold collation was served up and sixteen toasts were given apropos of
+the news of the day." The nineteenth anniversary of the signing of the
+treaty of alliance between France and the United States was celebrated on
+Monday, February 6, 1797, at Hunter's Hotel by a numerous assembly of
+patriotic citizens. Hunter remained landlord of the City Hotel until 1799,
+when he was succeeded by John Lovett, under whose management the house
+became quite popular.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HOTEL]
+
+Saturday, the 4th of July, 1795, the anniversary of our independence was
+celebrated in the city with more than usual attention, induced probably by
+the political excitement which then prevailed. The ringing of all the
+bells of the city with a Federal Salute from the Battery ushered in the
+day, which was repeated at noon and in the evening. There was a large
+procession, which about eleven o'clock moved from the Battery to the new
+Presbyterian Church where the Declaration of Independence was read by
+Edward Livingston and an elegant and patriotic discourse was delivered by
+the Rev. Mr. Miller. On returning to the Battery, where a feu-de-joie was
+fired the different societies that had taken part separated and at three
+o'clock sat down to entertainments prepared for them at different places
+in the city. After dinner, the Corporation, the Society of the Cincinnati,
+the Militia Officers, the Society of Tammany, the Mechanic and Democratic
+Societies and the Merchants at the Tontine Coffee House sent deputations
+to each other with congratulations upon the return of the day. The
+festivities closed with a beautiful display of fireworks under the
+direction of Colonel Bauman. The merchants, who celebrated the day by a
+dinner at the Tontine Coffee House were honored by the company of Governor
+Jay, Major-General Morris, Judge Iredell, Mr. Reed, Senator in Congress
+from South Carolina, Judge Hobart, Judge Lawrence, Colonel Hamilton, Mr.
+King, the Mayor of the City, Doctor Johnson, the Secretary of the State,
+the Attorney-General of the District, the Treasurer of the State, Captain
+Dennis, Captain Talbot, Captain Thomson. After the dinner toasts were
+drunk as usual.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tammany Wigwam]
+
+For some years the Tammany Society had their anniversary dinners and their
+Fourth of July dinners at Bardin's, the City Tavern. The Great Wigwam of
+the society was in the old Exchange in Broad Street, where it continued to
+be until the building was taken down in 1799. After this the Long Room of
+Abraham B. Martling's Tavern on the corner of Nassau and George (now
+Spruce) Streets, where the American Tract Society Building now stands,
+became the wigwam of the society. During the period of political
+excitement, from 1793 to 1795 and later, the Tammany Society is said to
+have been opposed to radical measures, which might have involved us in
+European difficulties. A toast drunk at one of their festivals was, "The
+hawks of war--may they be harmless." In 1795, during the excitement about
+the Jay treaty, the minority of the United States Senate who voted against
+it were toasted, thus showing that there was then in the society a strong
+anti-federal sentiment. On July 4, 1798, the Tammany Society met in their
+Great Wigwam in the evening, where a newspaper states "they partook of a
+collation and drank toasts which were in unison with their political
+opinions." This was about the beginning of Tammany's political career. The
+principles of Jefferson were in the ascendant; it had become a republican
+society. Martling's Tavern was a low, wooden building, with a very rough
+exterior devoid of paint, having an entrance on Nassau Street. The Long
+Room was in the rear of the house, and its somewhat dilapidated appearance
+caused it to be called the "Pig Pen," by those not friendly to Tammany.
+All the leading republicans of the day attended the meetings held here,
+and although the party was threatened by divisions of the Burrites, the
+Lewisites and the Clintonians, it was held together.
+
+[Illustration: MARTLING'S TAVERN]
+
+During the French Revolution there were many Frenchmen who had been driven
+from France and had taken refuge in New York City. One of these was the
+famous gastronome, Anthelme Brill�t-Savarin, author of La Physiologie du
+Gout, who tells us something of the way they enjoyed themselves while
+here. He says: "I sometimes passed the evening in a sort of caf�-taverne,
+kept by a Mr. Little, where he served in the morning turtle soup, and in
+the evening all the refreshments customary in the United States. I
+generally took with me Vicomte de la Massue and Jean Rodolphe Fehr,
+formerly a mercantile broker at Marseilles, both _emigr�s_ like myself. I
+treated them to welch-rabbit, which was washed down with ale or cider, and
+here we passed the evening talking over our misfortunes, our pleasures,
+and our hopes."
+
+[Sidenote: A Drinking Bout]
+
+Michael Little's Tavern, or Porter House, as it was called, was at 56 Pine
+Street, a little below William Street, and it speaks well for the house
+that it should have been selected by Brill�t-Savarin and his friends as a
+place for their suppers. Brill�t-Savarin spent two years in New York,
+1794-96, supporting himself by giving lessons in the French language and
+playing in the orchestra of the theater. He gives a very amusing account
+of a dinner party at Little's place, of which he and his two friends
+formed a part. He had met there Mr. Wilkinson, an Englishman from Jamaica
+and his friend, whose name he never knew, whom he described as a very
+taciturn man, with a square face, keen eyes, and features as
+expressionless as those of a blind man, who appeared to notice everything
+but never spoke; only, when he heard a witty remark or merry joke, his
+face would expand, his eyes close, and opening a mouth as large as the
+bell of a trumpet, he would send forth a sound between a laugh and a howl
+called by the English, horse laugh; after which he would relapse into his
+habitual taciturnity. Mr. Wilkinson appeared to be about fifty years of
+age, with the manners and all the bearing of a gentleman (_un homme comme
+il faut_).
+
+These two Englishmen, pleased with the society of Brill�t-Savarin and his
+friends, had many times partaken of the frugal collation which was offered
+them, when, one evening, Wilkinson took Brill�t-Savarin to one side and
+declared his intention of engaging all three of them to dine with him. The
+invitation was accepted and fixed for three o'clock in the afternoon of
+the third day after. As they were about to leave the waiter quietly told
+Brill�t-Savarin that the Jamaicans had ordered a good dinner and had given
+directions that the wine and liquor be carefully prepared, because they
+regarded the invitation as a challenge or test of drinking powers, and
+that the man with the big mouth had said that he hoped to put the
+Frenchmen under the table.
+
+For such a drinking bout Brill�t-Savarin had no relish, but the Frenchmen
+could not now very well avoid it without being accused of being
+frightened by the Englishmen. Although aware of the danger, following the
+maxim of Marshal de Saxe, "As the wine was drawn they prepared to drink
+it." ("_Le vin etait tir�, nous nous prepar�mes � le boire._")
+
+Brill�t-Savarin had no fear for himself, but he did not wish to see his
+two friends go down with the others; he wished to make it a national
+victory, and not an individual one. He, therefore, sent for his friends
+and gave them a lecture. He instructed them to restrain their appetites at
+the beginning so as to eat moderately with the wine throughout the whole
+dinner, to drink small draughts and even contrive to get rid of the wine
+sometimes without drinking it. They divided among them a quantity of
+bitter almonds, recommended for such an occasion.
+
+At the appointed time they all met at Little's Tavern, and soon after the
+dinner was served. It consisted of an enormous piece of roast beef, a
+turkey (_dindon cuit dans son jus_), vegetables, a salad and a tart
+(_tarte aux comfitures_). They drank after the French fashion, that is to
+say, the wine was served from the commencement. It was very good claret.
+Mr. Wilkinson did the honors of the table admirably. His friend appeared
+absorbed in his plate and said nothing.
+
+Brill�t-Savarin was charmed with his two friends. La Massue, although
+endowed with a sufficiently good appetite, was mincing his food like a
+delicate young lady, and Fehr was adroitly succeeding in passing glasses
+of wine into a beer pot at the end of the table. He himself was holding up
+well against the two Englishmen, and the more the dinner advanced the more
+confident he felt.
+
+After the claret came Port, after Port, Madeira, at which they stuck for a
+long time. On the arrival of the dessert, composed of butter, cheese and
+nuts, was the time for toasts. They drank to the power of kings, the
+liberty of the people and the beauty of women; particularly to the health
+of Mr. Wilkinson's daughter, Mariah, who, he assured his guests, was the
+most beautiful person in all the island of Jamaica.
+
+After the wine came spirits--rum, brandy and whiskey--and with the
+spirits, songs. Brill�t-Savarin avoided the spirits and called for punch.
+Little himself brought in a bowl of it, without doubt prepared in advance,
+sufficient for forty persons. No such vessel for drink was ever seen in
+France.
+
+Brill�t-Savarin says that he ate five or six slices of buttered toast
+(_roties d'un beurre extremement frais_) and felt his forces revived. He
+then took a survey of the situation, for he was becoming much concerned as
+to how it would all end. His two friends appeared quite fresh and drank as
+they picked the nuts. Wilkinson's face was scarlet, his eyes were troubled
+and he appeared to be giving way. His friend said nothing, but his head
+smoked like a boiling caldron. The catastrophe was approaching.
+
+Suddenly Mr. Wilkinson started to his feet and began to sing Rule
+Britannia, but he could get no farther than these words; his strength
+failed him; he felt himself drop into his chair and from there rolled
+under the table (_coula sous le table_). His friend seeing him in this
+state, emitted one of his noisiest laughs, and stooping to assist him fell
+by his side.
+
+Brill�t-Savarin, viewing the scene with considerable satisfaction and
+relief, rang the bell, and when Little came up, after addressing him the
+conventional phrase, "See to it that these gentlemen are properly cared
+for," with his friends drank with him their health in a parting glass of
+punch. The waiter, with his assistants, soon came in and bore away the
+vanquished, whom they carried out, according to the rule, _feet foremost_,
+which expression is used in English to designate those _dead or drunk_,
+Mr. Wilkinson still trying to sing Rule Britannia, his friend remaining
+absolutely motionless.
+
+Next day seeing in the newspapers an account of what had happened, with
+the remark that the Englishmen were ill, Brill�t-Savarin went to see them.
+He found the friend suffering from a severe attack of indigestion. Mr.
+Wilkinson was confined to his chair by the gout, brought on probably by
+his late dissipation. He seemed sensible to the attention and said to
+Brill�t-Savarin, among other things: "Oh! dear sir, you are very good
+company, indeed, but too hard a drinker for us."
+
+[Illustration: ANTHELME BRILLAT-SAVARIN]
+
+Brill�t-Savarin was a convivial soul, a lover of good cheer and openhanded
+hospitality. The time passed so pleasantly and he was so comfortable while
+in New York City, that on taking his departure for France, in 1796, he
+declared that all he asked of Heaven was, never to know greater sorrow in
+the Old World that he had known in the New. He settled in Paris, and after
+holding several offices under the Directory, became a judge in the Cour de
+Cassation, the French court of last resort, where he remained until his
+death, in 1826. While without special reputation as a jurist, as a judge
+and expounder of gastronomic excellence, his name has become immortalized.
+
+On the 16th of December, 1796, "the young men of the city who were willing
+to contribute to the preservation of the Public Safety, at that critical
+juncture," were invited to attend a meeting "at Mr. Little's Porter House
+in Pine Street that evening at seven o'clock in order to form an
+association for that laudable purpose." Soon after this Little moved to
+No. 42 Broad Street, the old Fraunces' Tavern. At this place, on
+Wednesday, July 28, 1802, the two friends of De Witt Clinton and Colonel
+John Swartwout met to make arrangements for the duel which took place at
+Hoboken on Saturday, July 31st. A meeting of the gentlemen of the bar of
+the City of New York was held here February 11, 1802.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+THE CITY HOTEL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Friars]
+
+The social ties that had existed before the Revolution were all broken up,
+and new connections had to be formed. Societies, like the St. Andrew and
+St. George, were revived, and patriotic societies, such as the Cincinnati
+and the Tammany were formed. The first purely social club after the war,
+of which we have any knowledge, was the Black Friars, founded November 10,
+1784, the officers of which were a Father, Chancellor, Cardinals and
+Priors. On May 9, 1789, the society held a festival at the Friary, dinner
+being served at half-past four, and on November 10th of the same year
+celebrated its anniversary, an oration being delivered by Dr. Tillery.
+After dinner, eleven toasts were drunk, only eleven states having then
+come into the union. One of these toasts was: "The Fair Daughters of
+Columbia, may they ever find a friend in a Friar." The society was
+charitable as well as social, and met twice a month at the Friary, No. 56
+Pine Street. Among its members at this time were Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+Benjamin Graves, John Stagg, Dr. James Tillery, Bernard Hart, Dr. Benjamin
+Kissam, Richard Harwood, John Fisher and Oliver Glean. In 1802 the Friary
+was at the hotel of John Adams, Jr., 68 William Street. Its meetings were
+also held at the Merchants' Coffee House; by order of the Father.
+
+[Sidenote: The Drone Club]
+
+The Friendly Club, under the presidency of General Laight, existed for
+some years about this period, and included among its members many
+prominent men of the city. It met at the houses of its members in rotation
+every Tuesday evening. It was the duty of the host to direct the
+conversation and at the close of the discussion light refreshments were
+served. The Drone Club, a select and literary circle, was instituted about
+the year 1792. Its aim was intellectual advancement and the cultivation of
+letters rather than social or festive enjoyment. Its members were
+recognized by proofs of authorship, and in its ranks was the best talent
+of the city. It seems to be a fact that social clubs that met at taverns
+had more vitality than those that held their meeting at the houses of
+members.
+
+[Sidenote: The Belvedere Club]
+
+The Belvedere House was built in the year 1792 by thirty-three gentlemen
+composing the Belvedere Club. It was situated near the East River, about a
+quarter of a mile beyond the paved streets of the east side of the city,
+its site being now about the center of the block bounded by Montgomery,
+Cherry, Clinton and Monroe Streets. The original intention was to build
+merely a couple of rooms for the use of the club, but the beauty of the
+situation induced them to extend their plan and they erected a building to
+answer the purposes of a public hotel or tavern as well as for their own
+accommodation. The ball-room, which included the whole of the second story
+of the east front of the house was octagon, forty-five feet long,
+twenty-four feet wide and seventeen feet high, with a music gallery. This
+room, finished and decorated in admirable style, was retained by the Club
+for their Saturday evening meetings, during the summer season, the only
+exclusive privilege which the proprietors held. Its windows opened to the
+floor, communicating with a balcony twelve feet wide which surrounded the
+eastern part of the house and afforded a most agreeable promenade. The
+room under this on the ground floor, of the same shape and size in length
+and breadth as the ball-room, was used as a dinner and supper room for
+large companies and public entertainments. On the west side of the house
+were two dining parlors, a bar-room, two card-rooms and a number of bed
+chambers. To the west of the house was a small courtyard with stables,
+coach house and other offices; to the east, although the grounds were
+small, was a bowling green, and there were graveled walks and some
+shrubbery. From the balcony of the house could be seen a great part of the
+city, the bay of New York, Long Island, the East River as far as Hell
+Gate, and the bold and magnificent Pallisades bordering the North River on
+the Jersey side.
+
+[Illustration: BELVEDERE CLUB HOUSE]
+
+The house when completed, was taken by John Avery, who in December, 1793,
+was prepared to supply ladies and gentlemen with dinners and suppers, and
+made it known that the use of the ball-room could be obtained on
+seasonable notice, for public or private parties, balls or concerts. In
+1798, the Society of the Cincinnati, after transacting at Federal Hall,
+the usual business of their anniversary meeting, on July 4th, adjourned to
+the Belvedere for the dinner which was served up to them in the usual
+style. The Belvedere was an hilarious association, the main object of
+which was social enjoyment. Its members were doubtless much interested in
+the pleasures of riding and driving and probably supported to some extent
+the races which are said to have been regularly held on the Bowery Lane,
+about the opening of the nineteenth century.
+
+[Sidenote: Improvement in the City Hotel]
+
+John Lovett was landlord of the City Hotel until 1807, when he was
+succeeded by Chenelette Dusseaussoir, who had been a confectioner, with a
+store at No. 102, on the opposite side of Broadway, below the hotel. He
+continued as landlord for two years, when in 1809, Solomon D. Gibson took
+charge of the house, and two years later, after making some alterations,
+informs the public that, "The Ordinary of the Hotel is always supplied
+with every variety and delicacy which the season will permit, while the
+Bar can boast an ample stock of superior wines calculated to tempt the
+taste of the epicure. A new and elegant Bar-Room and Coffee-Room, fronting
+on Broadway, have lately been added; which, unrivalled in point of pure
+air and salubrity, and commanding a delightful view of a street
+embellished with all the facinations of beauty and by all the graces of
+fashion, present irresistable attractions to gentlemen of taste."
+
+The City Hotel afforded better accommodations for balls and concerts than
+any other place in the city, and the most important affairs of such a
+nature were held here. What was called the Old Assembly Room in William
+Street was also used for such purposes. In February, 1802, announcement
+was made that the second Juvenile Assembly would be held on the 18th at
+this place. This was probably a rival of the City Assembly. In the
+announcement their rules are given out, which appear to have been very
+strict.
+
+[Sidenote: City Assembly]
+
+An English traveler who visited New York in 1807 states that the City
+Hotel nearly resembles in size and architecture the London Tavern in
+Bishopgate Street. He also says: "Dancing is an amusement that the New
+York ladies are passionately fond of, and they are said to excel those of
+every other city in the Union. I visited the City Assembly, which is held
+at the City Hotel in the Broadway, and considered as the best in New York.
+It was the first night of the season, and there was not more than one
+hundred and fifty persons present. I did not perceive anything different
+from an English assembly, except the cotillions, which were danced in an
+admirable manner, alternately with the country dances. Several French
+gentlemen were present, and figured away in the cotillions with
+considerable taste and agility. The subscription is two dollars and a half
+for each night, and includes tea, coffee, and cold collation. None but the
+first class of society can become subscribers to this assembly. Another
+has, however, been recently established, in which the genteel part of the
+second class are admitted, who were shut out from the City Assembly. A
+spirit of jealousy and pride has caused the subscribers of the new
+assembly to make their subscriptions three dollars, and to have their
+balls also at the City Hotel. It was so well conducted, that many of the
+subscribers of the City Assembly seceded, and joined the opposition one,
+or subscribed to both."
+
+[Sidenote: Musical Societies]
+
+About the opening of the nineteenth century there were several musical
+societies in New York. Some of these were short-lived, but others arose to
+take their places. The Euterpean was of this period. It lasted until the
+middle of the century and exercised a considerable influence on the
+musical taste of the time. There was also a Philharmonic Society. On the
+16th of February, 1802, the Columbian Anacreontic Society gave their
+annual Ladies' Concert at the Tontine Assembly Rooms, in the City Hotel,
+Broadway. It must have been considered a very fine affair, for the account
+of it in the Evening Post next day fills more than a column of the paper.
+The article states that the concert was "given in a style of superior
+elegance. The whole suite of apartments occupied by the City Assemblies
+were thrown open on this occasion. No pains or expense had been spared to
+provide suitable entertainment. * * * The company assembled at an early
+hour and were numerous beyond any former occasion." Between the acts
+refreshments were served from the tea-room, which part of the
+entertainment was received by the company with marks of appreciation. The
+newspaper article concludes: "We beg permission to express our hope that
+an institution so honorable to the taste and manners of our city, may
+continue to receive the electric applause of Beauty and Fashion."
+
+[Sidenote: Second Hudson Centennial]
+
+New York celebrated the second centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+the Hudson River on Monday, the 4th of September, 1809, under the auspices
+of the New York Historical Society. It was not so grand and elaborate an
+affair as that of the third centennial celebration, gotten up by the city
+two years ago, yet, nevertheless, it was an appropriate celebration. At
+the request of the society the Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller delivered a learned
+and interesting address concerning this event, before a large and
+respectable audience of ladies and gentlemen at the City Hall, among whom
+were the governor, the mayor and the corporation of the city. At four
+o'clock the members of the society with the invited guests sat down to an
+elegant dinner prepared for them by Messrs. Fay and Gibson at the City
+Hotel. Shell fish and other fish, with which our waters abound, were
+served, with wild pigeon and corn and beans or succotash, the old Dutch
+or Indian dish, the favorite dish of the season, and the different meats
+introduced into the country by the early settlers. Such dishes were served
+as were common in the early history of the city. One of the toasts, which
+was offered by Simeon DeWitt, was: "May our successors a century hence
+celebrate the same event which we this day commemorate." The spirit of
+Simeon DeWitt may have been the guardian angel of our recent celebration.
+
+[Sidenote: St. Andrew's Society Dinners]
+
+The dinners of the St. Andrew's Society seem to have surpassed all others.
+The St. Andrew's Society of the State of New York celebrated its
+anniversary on Monday, November 30, 1801, at the Tontine Coffee House.
+Here, after disposing of the usual business of the society, they sat down
+to a dinner prepared by James Rathwell, the landlord of the house, which,
+it is said "was never exceeded in this city for elegance and variety, and
+spent the evening to a pretty late hour with much conviviality and
+friendship." They were honored with the company of the mayor, his
+predecessor in that office, and that of the British consul. One account of
+the dinner states: "We have never heard so many original and appropriate
+songs as were sung on this occasion, and never witnessed more genuine
+satisfaction beam in every eye." In 1802, and in 1803, the society
+celebrated their anniversary at the same place and the dinner each year
+was prepared by Mr. Rathwell in the same superior style as in 1801.
+
+In 1804 the society celebrated their anniversary at the Tontine Coffee
+House, and at four o'clock sat down to a dinner prepared in the best style
+by Mr. Hyde, who was again the landlord of the house, "and spent their
+convivial hour with the dignified festivity of men attached to each other
+by personal respect, by love to their native and adopted country, and by a
+generous concurrance in extending a generous proportion of their own
+comforts to their suffering brethren." The mayor of the city, the British
+consul general, Captain Beresford, of the navy, and other gentlemen of
+distinction honored the society with their company. On the wall of the
+room hung a full length portrait of General Hamilton, the property of the
+Chamber of Commerce. Pointing to this, a member of the society gave the
+toast: "Our Silent Monitor--May we ever emulate his virtues."
+
+When the society celebrated their anniversary, November 30, 1805, the
+landlord of the Tontine Coffee House was Thomas Vaughan, who prepared for
+them a dinner "unusually sumptuous and elegant." The guests were the mayor
+of the city, the British consul general, the Hon. Robert R. Livingston and
+Captain Porteous. At this meeting the society passed a resolution, offered
+by Dr. Tillery "to erect a plain, neat Monument in memory of that great
+and good man, Major General Hamilton, on the spot where he received the
+wound which terminated in his death and which deprived America of her
+greatest pride and ornament." The next year Mr. Vaughan again prepared the
+anniversary dinner for the society at the Tontine Coffee House, when "they
+allowed themselves to indulge in that degree of innocent mirth and decent
+conviviality, which comports with the character of those whose flow of
+soul must not extend beyond the feast of reason." After dinner toasts were
+drunk interspersed with Scottish songs and "tales of other times."
+
+In 1810, honored by the company of several distinguished guests, the St.
+Andrew's Society celebrated their anniversary at the City Hotel, then kept
+by Solomon D. Gibson. A newspaper states: "It would be a want of justice
+in us towards Mr. Gibson not to state that the style in which the dinner
+was gotten up and the quality of his wines were such as gave entire
+satisfaction to the company and did himself much credit." "After the cloth
+was removed a number of appropriate toasts were given and the social
+glass, the cheerful song and 'Weel timed Daffin,' kept a considerable
+party together till 'Some wee short hour ayont the T'wai' hinted to each
+to 'Tak the way that pleased himsel,' highly gratified with the agreeable
+manner in which the day had been spent."
+
+[Sidenote: A Supper at Dyde's Hotel]
+
+For more than ten years the Long Room of Martling's Tavern was the wigwam
+of the Tammany Society. Immediately after the election of Jefferson, when
+the Tammany Society had become thoroughly Republican, a division arose
+between the friends of De Witt Clinton, Chancellor Livingston and Colonel
+Burr. Each accused the other of faithlessness, dishonesty and duplicity.
+Clinton became involved with Colonel John Swartwout, a friend of Burr,
+which led to a duel between them at Hoboken, in which Swartwout was
+wounded. Bitterness between these factions was intense until 1806, when a
+coalition was entered into between the Clintonians and Burrites, which was
+kept secret until the 20th of February, 1806, when they assembled at
+Dyde's Hotel to celebrate the union by a supper. The coalition was a
+surprise to all and was denounced in the strongest terms as an unnatural
+union, a public outrage, etc. One paper states that "verily a supper was
+very appropriate; for such deeds of dark and terrible infamy ought to be
+enacted in the night only," and calls it a political rascality. The
+factions had accused each other of all sorts of political crimes and now
+they had joined forces.
+
+  "Come let us chant our joys,
+    We now are foes no more;
+  Now we are _honest_ boys,
+    However so before."
+
+Dyde's house was next door to the Park Theatre, facing the Park. He called
+it the London Hotel and proposed to keep it "in the true Old English
+Style, the principles of which are cleanliness, civility, comfort and good
+cheer." In March, 1806, the Park Theatre announced the play of Macbeth, to
+be followed by the comedy of the Farm House, the curtain to rise at
+half-past six o'clock. The announcement was followed by a card stating
+that there could be obtained "an excellent supper at Dyde's Hotel between
+the play and farce at 50 cents each; the same every other night at
+half-past 9 o'clock." Verily our ancestors took their pleasures in large
+and heavy doses. For a time Dyde's Hotel was quite popular. On Sunday,
+January 11, 1807, Mr. Foster preached a sermon here, and a meeting of the
+Philharmonic Society was held at Dyde's Hotel, next to the Theater, on
+Thursday, January 29, 1807. The Philharmonic Society met here again in
+December of the same year for the election of officers of the society when
+it was called the Washington Hotel. When a public ball was given here in
+February, 1808, by Mr. Armour, a teacher of dancing, it was still known as
+the Washington Hotel. In the early part of the year 1809, it appears to
+have been called the Mercantile Coffee House, and also the Commercial
+Coffee House, but neither of these names clung to it very long.
+
+[Illustration: WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: Tea Gardens]
+
+The so-called gardens, where ice cream, tea and other beverages were
+served to the sound of music, were, about the beginning of the century,
+and had been for some time, popular with the people of New York. During
+the war, while the city was occupied by the British, near the present
+corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, there was a public house called the
+White Conduit House, so called from a popular tavern of that name in
+London. On the 24th of June, 1779, the Freemasons, in remembrance of St.
+John, their patron saint, went in procession to St. Paul's Church, where
+an excellent sermon was preached by Dr. Seabury; "from thence they
+proceeded, accompanied by the clergy and band of music to the White
+Conduit House, where there was an elegant dinner prepared, and the day was
+celebrated with great harmony and brotherly love." At the close of the war
+the place became a public garden and pleasure resort. In 1796 it was under
+the control of William Byram. Soon after, when the street was cut through,
+it came into the possession of Joseph Corr�, who some years before, had
+been the landlord of the City Tavern, and was at the time keeper of an ice
+cream and tea garden on State Street, called the Columbian Garden. Under
+his management it was known as the Mt. Vernon Garden. The cutting through
+of the street left the house high above the level, and it was reached by a
+flight of steps. Flying horses and other like amusements were the
+attractions of the place. Corr� opened here a Summer Theater, in which
+members of the Park Theater company played during the time their own
+theater was closed.
+
+[Sidenote: Second Vauxhall]
+
+Bayard's Mount, or Bunker Hill, as it was sometimes called, at the present
+junction of Grand and Mulberry Streets, the highest point on the island
+near the city, was a well known landmark in its time, overlooking the city
+and a wide extent of country including the North and East Rivers. There is
+no sign to-day that such an elevation ever existed at that place. Nearby
+was the Bayard homestead which had been the residence of the Bayard family
+for fifty years. In 1798, this, with the surrounding premises, was
+converted by Joseph Delacroix, a Frenchman, into a popular resort, known
+as Vauxhall Garden. It was the second of the name, the first, at the
+corner of Warren and Greenwich Streets, which, before the war, flourished
+under the management of Sam Francis, having been converted, some years
+previous, into a pottery.
+
+On Independence Day, 1802, particular exertions were made by the summer
+gardens to attract visitors. It was announced that the open air theatre at
+the Mount Vernon Garden, under the management of John Hodgkinson, of the
+Park Theatre, would open the season on Monday, July 5th, in celebration of
+Independence Day, with the play of "All the World's a Stage," after which
+would be recitations and songs, followed by "The Sailor's Landlady or Jack
+in Distress"; concluding with a grand display of fireworks. Tickets to
+Box, six shillings, Pit and Gallery, four shillings. Refreshments as
+usual. Joseph Delacroix informed his friends and the public in general
+that on Monday, July 5th, the anniversary of American Independence would
+be celebrated at Vauxhall with great splendor, surpassing everything ever
+yet exhibited in America. A beautiful drawing of the Triumphal Car which
+was to take part in the spectacular scene could be seen at the Tontine
+Coffee House. Doors open at four o'clock. Tickets, four shillings. Grand
+illuminations and transparencies were promised at the Columbian Garden, in
+State Street, opposite the Battery. Open from six o'clock in the morning
+until ten o'clock at night. Tickets, two shillings.
+
+[Sidenote: Third Vauxhall]
+
+Another place of great notoriety for many years was situated south of the
+present Astor Place, between the Bowery and Broadway, the narrower end of
+the property on Broadway, the entrance being on the Bowery. Jacob Sperry,
+a native of Switzerland, although he had studied physic, purchased the
+property and for many years devoted himself to the raising of fruits and
+flowers. In 1803 he sold the garden to John Jacob Astor for nine thousand
+pounds (�9,000), then considered a good sale. Astor leased it to Joseph
+Delacroix, who was then conducting the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard
+estate, at Grand and Mulberry Streets, and who, when he moved to it,
+carried with him the name. Under his management it became a noted resort.
+Vauxhall Garden was an inclosure said to contain three acres of ground,
+handsomely laid out with gravel walks and grass plots, and adorned with
+shrubs, trees, flowers, busts, statues, and arbors. In the center was a
+large equestrian statue of General Washington. There were summer houses,
+and tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and boxes or rather
+stalls around the inside, close up to the high board fence which inclosed
+the garden, where visitors were served with light refreshments. In the
+front of the grounds was a building where a theatrical company performed
+during the summer season. The price of admission was fifty cents to Box,
+Pit or Gallery, for they were all one and the same thing, the spectators
+sitting in the open air. The orchestra was among the trees. A resident of
+Philadelphia relates how on a visit to New York, in 1806, he was carried
+out to the garden in a hackney coach with three other passengers for
+twenty-five cents each, and there, for fifty cents, saw performed "The
+Agreeable Surprise," in which Twaits played the principal part. Delacroix
+succeeded in making the garden a very popular resort. All the town flocked
+to it. It was to the New York of that day something like what Coney Island
+is to the New York of to-day. With its numerous lamps among the trees and
+shrubbery and arbors, its artistic adornments, its fireworks and balloons,
+its music and its theatrical performances and singing, the people of New
+York considered it about as gay a place of recreation as could be found
+anywhere. Lafayette Place was cut through the property in 1826, but the
+garden continued to flourish for more than twenty years after. During the
+later years of its existence it became a favorite place for public
+meetings.
+
+[Sidenote: The Old Coffee House]
+
+About the time that the Tontine Coffee House was built, in 1793, Mrs.
+Bradford, who had kept the Merchants' Coffee House since the death of her
+husband, in 1786, retired. She lived in Cortlandt until her death, in May,
+1822. She was succeeded in the old house by John Byrne, who opened it as
+the New York Hotel, but it was generally called "The Old Coffee House."
+Byrne remained there until 1798, when he crossed over to the Tontine and
+was succeeded by Edward Bardin, who had been a well known tavern-keeper in
+New York since 1764. Many of the old societies continued to patronize the
+house. The Free Masons clung to it. The Sons of St. Patrick celebrated
+here their anniversaries, and the Black Friars--a social club--met here by
+order of the "Fathers." The Marine Society continued here their regular
+meetings. Bardin was in possession of it when it was burned down in the
+fire of 1804. The building, which was of brick, was valued at $7,500. When
+the house was rebuilt, Bardin returned to it and opened it as the Phoenix
+Coffee House, and continued in it until he, too, like his predecessor,
+went over to the Tontine, in 1812.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Robert R. Livingston]
+
+A grand dinner was given to the Honorable Robert R. Livingston at the
+Tontine Coffee House, December 7, 1805. Although circumstances prevented
+many from attending, yet the room was crowded, and it is said that on no
+similar occasion was there ever witnessed a more elegant entertainment or
+a more respectable company. John Watts presided. Among those who attended
+were: The Reverend Doctor Rodgers, the Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor, the
+Foreign Consuls, Mr. Morris, Mr. King and Mr. Van Rensselear. After
+dinner, Mr. Livingston being called on by the president, gave the toast,
+"New York--Its ports fortified--its commerce prosperous--its mechanics
+encouraged and its citizens united and happy." Mr. Livingston having
+retired amidst the applause of the company the president gave: "Robert B.
+Livingston--the successful negociator--the friend of agriculture and the
+patron of fine arts," which was received with cheers.
+
+[Illustration: Robert R. Livingston]
+
+[Sidenote: The Embargo]
+
+The embargo of 1807 prostrated the business of the city. In the spring of
+1808, the streets, wharfs and quays along the East River appeared almost
+deserted; the bustle and activity of former days no longer prevailed.
+There were many ships at the wharfs, but they were dismantled and laid up;
+their decks were cleared, their hatches were fastened down and hardly a
+sailor was to be seen. Not a box, barrel, bale or package was on the
+wharfs and many of the counting houses were closed. A few merchants,
+clerks, porters and laborers could be seen aimlessly strolling about with
+their hands in their pockets. Where there used to be sixty to a hundred
+carts standing in the street for hire there were scarcely a dozen, and
+they were unemployed. A few coasting sloops and schooners, clearing out
+for the ports of the United States, were all that remained of that immense
+business which was carried on only a few months before. The Tontine Coffee
+House was almost empty, the few to be seen, appearing to be there merely
+to pass away the time, which hung heavy on their hands. There appeared to
+be little or no business doing there except perhaps a few transactions in
+securities or stocks. Grass had begun to grow upon the wharfs, and the
+people seemed to have taken leave of all their former gaiety and
+cheerfulness. The embargo did not accomplish the results desired. It was
+lifted in the early part of the year 1809, and the activities of business
+were again resumed.
+
+[Sidenote: Mechanics' Hall]
+
+The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, founded November 17, 1785,
+incorporated March 14, 1792, erected a hall of their own on the corner of
+Broadway and Robinson Street (now Park Place), in 1802. They held their
+annual celebration in it for the first time on the 6th of January, 1803.
+After the election of officers and other business before the society, the
+two hundred and fifteen members in attendance sat down to a dinner
+prepared for them by Mr. Borowsen, who was then in charge of the house.
+The day was spent with the utmost hilarity and good humor, enlivened by
+appropriate toasts and songs. The mayor of the city was a guest of the
+society. Mechanics' Hall is described as a building eighty by twenty-seven
+and a half feet. In the basement was a spacious kitchen, etc.; on the
+first floor a large coffee room, bar, dining room and landlady's room; on
+the second floor, ceiling sixteen feel high, a large hall fifty-two by
+twenty-five feet, with a handsome orchestra and a drawing room twenty feet
+square. On the third floor were five spacious rooms for the use of clubs
+and meetings of any kind and on the fourth twelve bedrooms. In the spring
+of 1803, the house was taken by Michael Little, and soon became a popular
+place for balls and concerts. It was for some years one of the prominent
+hotels of the city. The twelfth anniversary of the society was celebrated
+here in 1804, when Mr. Little was the landlord of the house.
+
+[Sidenote: New England Society]
+
+New York, as headquarters of the British forces in the Revolutionary war,
+had attracted much attention to her advantageous situation, and when peace
+returned men of energy flocked to it, as offering a good field for
+enterprise. Among these were many from New England, and it is claimed that
+the city owes much to this element, endowed with intelligence, vitality
+and perseverance. Soon after the opening of the nineteenth century the New
+England Society was formed. Their first dinner was given December 21,
+1805. For some years their meetings were held at the Tontine Coffee House
+and at other prominent public houses, but about 1812 the society settled
+on Niblo's Bank Coffee House as the regular place for their annual
+dinners. On December 22, 1807, the society held a grand celebration of
+their anniversary at the City Hotel, where at three o'clock in the
+afternoon, four hundred gentlemen sat down to an elegant dinner prepared
+by Mr. Dusseaussoir. The Reverend Doctor Rodgers and several of the
+venerable clergy from New England sat at the head of the table on the
+right of the president. It seems to have been a very merry dinner. An
+account of it, with the songs and toasts, fills over a column of the
+Evening Post. To honor the day, the proprietors and masters of all vessels
+in the port of New York, belonging to New England, were requested to hoist
+their colors on the 22d.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington Hall]
+
+The Washington Benevolent Society was organized on the 12th of July, 1808.
+On Washington's birthday, February 22, 1809, after electing officers of
+the society, they repaired to Zion Church, where an oration was delivered.
+In the evening, about one thousand members of the society sat down to
+suppers provided for them at five different houses. On the next Fourth of
+July the society celebrated the day with more than usual enthusiasm,
+taking a leading part. They had a grand parade and laid the corner stone
+of Washington Hall on the corner of Broadway and Reade Streets. The
+president of the society, Isaac Sebring, after going through the
+formalities of the occasion, turned to the society and thus impressively
+addressed them: "While I congratulate the society on this occasion, I
+cannot but express the hope that the Hall, to be erected on this spot, may
+be sacredly devoted to the cultivation of Friendship, of Charity, of
+correct principles and of ardent Patriotism. Built by the friends of
+Washington, may it never be polluted by the enemies of that illustrious
+and revered statesman. * * * Designed as the seat of rational republican
+sentiments, may it be forever preserved from the infuriated footsteps of
+Monarchy, Aristocracy, Anarchy and Jacobinism. And may our descendants in
+the latest generation, meet at this spot to commemorate the virtues of
+their revolutionary ancestors."
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON HALL]
+
+Although the Washington Benevolent Society was not organized as a
+political association there is no doubt that its members were mostly of
+the Federal party. The Hamilton Society, whose headquarters were at the
+Hamilton Hotel in Cherry Street, was very friendly. This, too, no doubt,
+was strongly Federal, and Washington Hall, where the two societies joined
+in celebrating Washington's birthday, became, soon after its completion,
+the headquarters of the Federal party, in opposition to Tammany Hall,
+completed about the same time, as that of the Republicans or Democrats.
+Washington Hall, at the time of its erection, was considered one of the
+handsomest structures in the city. Although intended to be used as a
+public hall for meetings, assemblies, etc., it was also kept as a hotel.
+Its first landlord was Daniel W. Crocker.
+
+[Sidenote: Tammany Hall]
+
+The corner-stone of Tammany Hall, corner of the present Park Place and
+Frankfort Street, was laid on Monday, May 13, 1811, the twenty-second
+anniversary of Tammany Society. Abraham M. Valentine was the grand marshal
+of the day. The members of the society appeared in aboriginal costume,
+wore the buck-tail as usual and marched in Indian file. Clarkson Crolius,
+grand sachem, laid the corner-stone and made a short and spirited address.
+Alpheus Sherman delivered the oration. Joseph Delacroix, proprietor of
+Vauxhall Garden and a good Tammanyite, celebrated the twenty-second
+anniversary of the Tammany Society and the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Great Wigwam by an unusual exhibition and a grand feu-de-joie at the
+garden at half-past eight o'clock in the evening. When the hall was
+completed, besides being used as the Great Wigwam of the Tammany Society,
+it was taken by Abraham B. Martling, and with his nephew, William B.
+Cozzens, conducted as a hotel.
+
+[Illustration: TAMMANY HALL]
+
+The Fraunces Tavern in Broad Street during the first decade of the
+nineteenth century continued to be one of the prominent taverns or hotels
+of the city. The Society of the Cincinnati had their annual dinner here
+on the Fourth of July, 1804, after a meeting at Federal Hall. It was then
+kept by David Ross, who had succeeded Michael Little as its landlord when
+he went to Mechanics' Hall. Shortly after this, and for some years, it was
+known as Washington Hotel. In 1813, on the celebration of the thirtieth
+anniversary of the Evacuation, the Independent Veteran Corps of Artillery,
+after performing the duties of the day, partook of a dinner at this old
+historic tavern, which seems to have been their headquarters. It was then
+kept by Rudolphus Kent. This was repeated the next year on Evacuation Day.
+
+[Illustration: FRAUNCES' TAVERN ABOUT 1830]
+
+[Sidenote: The Battery]
+
+Between State Street and the hay was the Battery, a beautifully situated
+open space of ground, where military parades were frequently held. On the
+Fourth of July and other anniversary days, there were brilliant
+exhibitions here of the artillery and other uniform troops. It was a
+public ground, where the citizens could enjoy the fresh breezes from the
+bay and the cool shade of the trees on hot summer days. The prospect
+afforded of the Jersey Shore, Staten Island, Long Island and the other
+small islands, of the ships at anchor and of others passing and repassing,
+made a scene at once variegated and delightful. For those who desired it,
+music, ice cream and other delicacies could be had at Corr�'s public
+garden on State Street, not far away.
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Ranelagh]
+
+We have described Vauxhall Garden, but there was also a Ranelagh, a
+suburban resort, situated about at the junction of Grand and Division
+Streets, near Corlear's Hook. It had been formerly known by the name of
+Mount Pitt. The adjoining grounds were shady and agreeable and from in
+front of the house was an extensive view of the city and of the eastern
+and southern parts of the harbor. At a short distance were the ruins of a
+battery erected during the Revolutionary War, behind Belvedere, and on
+these mouldering ramparts was a pleasant walk and prospect. Behind
+Ranelagh were considerable remains of the line of entrenchments, made by
+the British in 1781, across the island from Corlear's Hook to Lispenard's
+Brewery, to defend the city against the American army.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ugly Club]
+
+On the 4th of July, 1807, the Society of the Cincinnati partook of their
+annual dinner at the house of Joseph Baker, No. 4 Wall Street, corner of
+New, which for many years after this was a well known and popular house.
+About 1815, a select little circle, composed of the handsomest and most
+companionable young men of that day to be found in New York City, made
+this little tavern their rendezvous, where they held frequent convivial
+meetings. This was the Ugly Club and Baker's Tavern, or porter house, was
+styled Ugly Hall. Fitz-Greene Halleck was a member of this club and was
+honored by the appointment of "Poet Laureate to the Ugly Club."
+
+Baker's Tavern was for a time the starting place, or terminus of the
+route, of the stages which ran to Greenwich village. On the road to
+Greenwich a little beyond Canal Street was Tyler's, a popular suburban
+resort, some years before known as Brannon's Tea Garden. Many of the old
+graduates of Columbia College, who were living not so many years ago,
+cherished pleasant memories of Commencement suppers indulged in at this
+place.
+
+The sportsman could find not far from the city, on Manhattan Island,
+abundance of game; and it was no unusual thing in the gaming season to see
+well known men with guns on their shoulders and followed by their dogs,
+making their way up Broadway or Greenwich Street to the open country. In
+the Bowery Lane, at the second mile stone, was the Dog and Duck Tavern,
+which was frequented by those who chose to visit the salt meadows which
+were covered in the autumn with water-fowl. Further up the island, near
+the five mile stone, was the Dove Tavern, where those had their quarters
+who sought the woodcock and quail in the fields and glades, or the wild
+pigeon in the woods which covered a large part of the land.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN
+
+
+[Sidenote: War]
+
+On June 19, 1812, President Madison issued his formal proclamation of war
+with Great Britain. The news reached New York at nine o'clock on the
+morning of Saturday, June 20th. On the same day orders came to Commodore
+Rodgers to sail on a cruise against the enemy. He was in entire readiness
+and put to sea within an hour after receiving his instructions. He passed
+Sandy Hook on the afternoon of June 21st, with his squadron consisting of
+the President, 44; the United States, 44; the Congress, 38; the Hornet,
+18; and the Argus, 16--in all, five vessels, carrying 160 guns. The
+British force cruising off the coast consisted of eight men-of-war,
+carrying 312 guns, with a number of corvettes and sloops. In a few months
+the victories of the American ships thrilled the country with satisfaction
+and delight and fairly stunned the English who had regarded the American
+navy as beneath contempt.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT NAVAL DINNER AT THE CITY HOTEL]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Naval Heroes]
+
+On Tuesday, December 29, 1812, a magnificent banquet was given by the
+corporation and citizens of New York at the City Hotel, then kept by
+Gibson, in honor of Captain Decatur, Captain Hull and Captain Jones, to
+celebrate their recent victories. The dinner was served at five o'clock in
+the afternoon and five hundred gentlemen sat down to table. It was a naval
+dinner and marine decorations prevailed. The large dining-room "was
+colonaded round with the masts of ships entwined with laurels and bearing
+the flags of all the world." Each table had on it a ship in miniature
+flying the American flag. At the head of the room, at a long table raised
+about three feet above the others, sat the mayor of the city, DeWitt
+Clinton, the president of the feast, with Decatur upon his right and Hull
+upon his left. In front of this, in a space covered with green grass was
+a lake of real water, on which floated a miniature frigate. Across the end
+of the room, back of all, hung on the wall the large main sail of a ship.
+At the toast, "To our Navy," the main-sail was furled, exposing to view
+two large transparent paintings, one representing the battles between the
+Constitution and the Guerriere, the United States and the Macedonian and
+the Wasp and the Frolic, and the other representing the American Eagle
+holding in his beak three civic crowns, on which were the following
+inscriptions: "Hull and the Guerriere"--"Jones and the Frolic"--"Decatur
+and the Macedonian," which produced great enthusiasm among the guests. The
+dinner was a great success. At the very time it was being served,
+Commodore Bainbridge, in the Constitution, was engaged with the British
+frigate, Java, in a hot action, lasting nearly two hours, in which he
+silenced all her guns and made of her a riddled and dismantled hulk, not
+worth bringing to port. In this same banquet room, the decorations having
+been retained, the crew of the United States were entertained on Thursday,
+January 7, 1813, by the corporation. Alderman Vanderbilt delivered the
+address of welcome to the sailors, of whom there were about four hundred
+present. After dinner, by invitation, they attended the Park Theatre,
+where the drop-curtain had on it a painting representing the fight of the
+United States and the Macedonian.
+
+[Illustration: Stephen Decatur]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Captain Lawrence]
+
+On the 13th of May, 1813, by a vote of the common council, a dinner was
+given to Captain Lawrence, of the Hornet, and his gallant crew at
+Washington Hall. The seamen landed at Whitehall Slip about half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon, attended by the band of the Eleventh Regiment
+and marched through Pearl Street, Wall Street and Broadway to Washington
+Hall. At half-past three o'clock the petty officers, seamen and marines
+sat down to a bountiful repast. Paintings representing the victories of
+Hull, Decatur, Jones and Bainbridge decorated the walls of the room, and
+over the chair of the boatswain of the Hornet, who was the presiding
+officer, was an elegant view by Holland of the action of the Hornet with
+the Peacock. The table was decorated with a great variety of flags and
+with emblems appropriate to the occasion. After the meats were removed a
+visit to the room was made by the common council, accompanied by Captain
+Lawrence. At the sight of their commander the sailors rose from their
+seats and heartily cheered him with three times three. Perfect order and
+decorum were preserved and the bottle, the toast and the song went round
+with hilarity and glee.
+
+[Illustration: Isaac Hull]
+
+[Illustration: J. Lawrence]
+
+In another room a dinner was served to the corporation and its guests,
+among whom were Captain Lawrence and all his officers, the commanders of
+all the ships of war on the New York Station, many of the judges of the
+courts and Colonel Joseph G. Swift, the commander of the corps of
+engineers. This room was decorated by many emblematic paintings by Mr.
+Holland, descriptive of our naval victories; some of them had been used at
+the great naval dinner given to Decatur, Hull and Jones at the City Hotel
+in the previous December.
+
+The crew were invited to attend the performance at the theater that
+evening, the front of the theater being illuminated and the pit set apart
+for their accommodation. They marched in a body from the dinner table to
+the theater at six o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to General Harrison]
+
+A dinner was given to General Harrison in the afternoon of December 1,
+1813, at Tammany Hall under the direction of the State Republican
+(Democratic) general committee of New York. Besides the distinguished
+guest, there were Governor Tompkins, Major-Generals Dearborn and Hampton,
+Judge Brockholst Livingston, of the United States Supreme Court, and a
+great number of officers of the army and navy and of the volunteer corps
+of the city. The dining hall was handsomely decorated under the direction
+of Mr. Holland. There were five tables, containing sixty covers each,
+ornamented by representations of castles, pyramids, etc., provided by
+Martling and Cozzens, the proprietors, in their usual elegant and liberal
+manner.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Commodore Bainbridge]
+
+The Federalists, in their turn, on the 8th of the same month, in the
+afternoon, gave a splendid dinner to Commodore Bainbridge at Washington
+Hall, at which John B. Coles presided. Notwithstanding the unpleasant
+weather there were nearly three hundred persons present. Among the number
+were Governor Tompkins, Mayor Clinton, Major-Generals Dearborn and
+Stevens, Judges Brockholst Livingston, Van Ness and Benson and the
+officers of the navy on the New York Station. The room was handsomely
+decorated and the dinner was provided by Captain Crocker and served up in
+a very correct and elegant style.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Commodore Perry]
+
+The next public dinner during the winter season was given to Commodore
+Perry on the afternoon of the 11th of January, 1814, at Tammany Hall, at
+which about three hundred and fifty persons were present. Major James
+Fairlie presided. There were seven tables; one of these, on an elevated
+platform, at which the honored guests were seated, crossed the eastern end
+of the room, the others led from it to the lower end, and all were
+beautifully embellished with numerous ornaments. The pillars of the hall
+were surrounded with clusters of American flags, and the decorations of
+the hall were arranged under the gratuitous direction of Mr. Holland. Five
+transparent paintings from his pencil adorned the walls. One of these,
+covering about one hundred and fifty square feet, represented a large
+eagle bearing in his beak and talons a scroll inscribed in large capitals:
+"We have Met the Enemy and they are Ours." In the evening Commodore Perry
+attended a ball at Washington Hall which followed a concert given at that
+place.
+
+[Sidenote: Patriotic Demonstrations by the Two Parties]
+
+As before the war, the people were divided into two great parties, one for
+war, the other for peace, but both claiming to be acting for the good of
+the general government and the welfare of the people, while the fear of
+disunion of the states hung heavily over the country. At the anniversary
+dinner at Washington Hall on the 4th of July, 1813, one of the volunteer
+toasts was: "Our Country--Disgraced by the folly of democracy, may its
+character soon be retrieved by the virtue and talents of federalism." The
+war made the celebration of the Fourth of July particularly important, and
+the two parties vied with each other in patriotic demonstrations. The
+celebration of Independence Day, 1814, was made by two grand processions;
+one was led by the Tammany Society, which was joined and followed by
+several other societies; the other was led by the Washington Benevolent
+Society, joined by the Hamilton Society. The military parade, headed by
+the governor, was made entirely independent of any procession. After the
+procession the members of the Tammany Society sat down to a repast
+prepared by Martling and Cozzens, proprietors of Tammany Hall Hotel, and
+the members of the Washington Benevolent Society and of the Hamilton
+Society dined in the afternoon at Washington Hall, but in separate rooms.
+The State Society of the Cincinnati held their annual meeting at the City
+Hall, after which they retired to the Tontine Coffee House where a dinner
+was served to them at four o'clock. Commodore Decatur, lately elected an
+honorary member, dined with the Society. After dinner, eighteen toasts
+were drunk, each followed by an appropriate piece of music by Moffit's
+military band. At Vauxhall the celebration in the evening surpassed in
+display and grandeur any previous exhibitions of the kind.
+
+[Sidenote: News of Peace]
+
+At the close of the war of 1812 the news of peace was received in New York
+with the greatest joy. Mr. Carroll, the bearer of the treaty, on his
+arrival in the British sloop-of-war Favorite, about eight o'clock in the
+evening of Saturday, February 15, 1815, went directly to the City Hotel,
+which he made his quarters; and in less than twenty minutes after he
+entered the house most of the windows in the lower part of Broadway and
+the adjoining streets were illuminated, and the streets were densely
+filled with people who came forth to see and to hear and to rejoice.
+Samuel G. Goodrich, who was at a concert in the City Hotel, writes: "While
+listening to the music the door of the concert-room was thrown open and in
+rushed a man breathless with excitement. He mounted on a table and,
+swinging a white handkerchief aloft, cried out: "Peace! Peace! Peace!" The
+music ceased, the hall was speedily vacated, I rushed into the street, and
+oh, what a scene! In a few minutes thousands and tens of thousands of
+people were marching about with candles, lamps, torches, making the
+jubilant street appear like a gay and gorgeous procession. The whole night
+Broadway sang its song of peace." Swift expresses were sent out to
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Boston, Providence and Albany, and
+when the news was received from Washington of the ratification, which, by
+a combination of four newspapers was brought to New York in twenty-three
+hours, extensive preparations were made for a grand celebration and
+illumination on February 22, which on account of unfavorable weather was
+deferred and took place on the 27th. Fire works were gotten up and
+exhibited on a stage in front of the Government House under the
+superintendence of Joseph Delacroix, of Vauxhall Garden, which is said to
+have exceeded any former exhibition. The descriptions of the illuminations
+filled column after column of the newspapers. Among many others, lengthy
+descriptions were given of the illuminations of Tammany Hall, Washington
+Hall and the City Hotel.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grand Ball]
+
+Great preparations were soon made for a "superb ball" in honor of the
+joyful peace, which was given on March 16 at Washington Hall. The company
+consisted of upwards of six hundred ladies and gentlemen. The dancing
+room, eighty feet by sixty, was arranged to present the appearance of a
+beautiful elliptical pavilion, formed by eighteen pillars, on each of
+which was inscribed the name of a state, connected with the center of the
+lofty ceiling by garlands or festoons of laurel, and between the garlands,
+suspended from the ceiling, chandeliers composed of verdant and flowery
+wreaths. The garlands extending from the pillars were attached to a light
+central canopy, beneath which was a golden sun made to revolve rapidly, by
+means of machinery above the ceiling, so as to diffuse from its dazzling
+surface the reflected radiance of eight hundred lights. This was styled
+the Temple of Concord. On one side of the room, on a raised platform under
+a canopy of flags and surrounded with orange and lemon trees loaded with
+fruit, was the Bower of Peace, furnished with seats from which a good view
+of the cotillion parties could be had. The seats in each end of the room
+were also shaded with a profusion of orange trees and various rarer plants
+brought from the gardens and greenhouses of the vicinity. "The supper
+tables at which all the ladies were accommodated with seats at one time,
+though in two different apartments, were arranged and decorated in the
+most brilliant style; being lighted from above by illuminated arches
+entwined with flowers and supported by grouped columns from the center of
+the tables, and forming a line of arches from one extremity to the other.
+In short, the whole scene was one of the most splendid ever exhibited in
+this city; reflecting the highest credit on the managers and displaying a
+picture of female beauty, fashion and elegance not to be surpassed in any
+city of the union."[5] The landlord of Washington Hall at this time was
+Peter McIntyre, who had in February succeeded Daniel W. Crocker. He had
+formerly kept a porter house at 33 Nassau Street.
+
+[Sidenote: The Shakespeare Tavern]
+
+In the description of the grand illumination on the evening of February
+27, the decorations of the Shakespeare Tavern are particularly mentioned
+by the newspapers. This tavern had been for some years and continued to be
+for many years after, the resort of actors, poets and critics, as well as
+the rendezvous of the wits and literary men of the period. It stood on the
+southwest corner of Fulton and Nassau Streets, a low, old-fashioned, solid
+structure of small, yellow brick, two stories high, with dormer windows
+in the roof. Thomas Hodgkinson, brother of John Hodgkinson of the Park
+Theatre, became its landlord in 1808, and continued in it for sixteen
+years. He had formerly been the proprietor of a porter house at 17 Fair
+(Fulton) Street. In its early days the entrance to the house was by a
+green baize-covered door on Nassau Street, opening into a small hall with
+rooms on either side, the tap-room being the south front room on Nassau
+Street, in which was a circular bar of the old English pattern. It had
+been built many years before the Revolution, and in 1822 a modern
+extension was added on Fulton Street, three stories high. On the second
+floor was a large room for public meetings and military drills, and on the
+third floor another large room with arched ceiling for concerts and balls
+and for the accommodation of the political, literary and musical patrons
+of the house. The Euterpian Society met here once a month and once a year
+gave a public concert at the City Hotel, followed by a ball; while the
+older members of the society had a supper below. This was one of the
+events of the season, and the Assembly Room was crowded.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN]
+
+For many years the Shakespeare Tavern was closely connected with the
+military history of the city. The Veteran Corps of Artillery usually had
+their dinners here. A dinner was served here to Captain Swain's Company of
+the Third Regiment of Artillery on Evacuation Day, 1813. A few years ago a
+bronze tablet might have been seen on the corner of Fulton and Nassau
+Streets on which was the following inscription:
+
+  On this site in the
+  Old Shakespeare Tavern
+    Was organized
+  The Seventh Regiment
+  National Guards S. N. Y.
+  August 25, 1824.
+
+[Illustration: "AS CHOICE SPIRITS AS EVER SUPPED AT THE TURK'S HEAD"]
+
+The Old Shakespeare Tavern has been compared to the "Mermaid" of London in
+the days of Johnson and Shakespeare and to the "Turk's Head" in the time
+of Reynolds, Garrick and Goldsmith. To what degree this comparison may
+extend is left to individual opinion, but there is no doubt that the best
+talent of the city in many departments were at times to be found within
+its walls. Fitz-Greene Halleck and Robert C. Sands, James G. Percival,
+James K. Paulding and Willis Gaylord Clark were frequent visitors and
+passed here in each other's company many a merry evening. Here Sands first
+recited to his friends, William L. Stone, Gulian C. Verplanck and John
+Inman, his last and most remarkable poem, "The Dead of 1832." Here DeWitt
+Clinton discussed with his friends his pet project, the Erie Canal, and
+demonstrated the feasibility of that great undertaking. Here some of the
+liveliest of the "Croakers" were conceived and brought forth. William L.
+Stone, a frequent visitor, says: "The Old Shakespeare has entertained
+coteries composed of as choice spirits as ever supped at the Turk's Head."
+
+[Sidenote: The Krout Club]
+
+Under the management of Hodgkinson the Shakespeare became noted for the
+excellence of its wines and for the quaint style and quiet comfort of its
+suppers. About 1825 he was succeeded by James C. Stoneall, his son-in-law,
+who was an exceedingly courteous man and an attentive and obliging
+landlord. Before and after Stoneall became proprietor of the house it was
+the meeting place of the Krout Club, a social institution of the period,
+most of the members of which were supposed to be descendants of the early
+Dutch settlers. When the Grand Krout, as the presiding officer of the
+society was called, each year nodded his assent to a meeting and dinner,
+the announcement was made by piercing a cabbage and displaying it on the
+end of a long pole projected from an upper window of the place of meeting.
+It was customary, immediately after his election to his exalted position,
+to crown the newly-elected King of the Krouts with a cabbage head nicely
+hollowed out to fit his head and, at the same time, to throw over his
+shoulders a mantle of cabbage leaves. While thus arrayed as master of the
+feast, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill delivered a very amusing address on the
+cabbage, the closing words of which were: "Thy name has been abused as if
+'to cabbage' were to pilfer or steal. I repel with indignation the attempt
+to sully thy fame."
+
+The annual meeting of the Krouts was opened at nine o'clock in the morning
+and the fun and frolic was kept up until late at night. Just before the
+dinner the secretary read his annual report, which consisted of a humorous
+relation of some things that had occurred, but more especially of many
+things that had not occurred. At dinner were served smoked geese, ringlets
+(sausages), sauerkraut and cabbage in a great variety of dishes.
+
+Pleasant memories of the old vine-clad tavern were cherished by many who
+only a few years ago passed over to the Great Beyond.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the Peace Commissioners]
+
+Two of the five American Commissioners who had negociated the Treaty of
+Peace at Ghent and the Commercial Treaty at London, Messrs. Albert
+Gallatin and Henry Clay, arrived in New York on September 1, 1815, and on
+the afternoon of the 5th a complimentary dinner was given them at Tammany
+Hall. Judge Brockholst Livingston presided. William Bayard, James
+Fairlie, John Hone, Thomas Farmer and Gilbert Aspinwall were
+vice-presidents and among the distinguished guests were the Hon. Rufus
+King, the Hon. A. J. Dallas, the Mayor, General Macomb, General Swift,
+etc. The Evening Post, a Federal paper, expressed surprise and regret that
+the dinner, instead of appearing to be given as it ought to have been, by
+the respectable citizens of New York without distinction of party, should
+have been "made to wear an invidious complexion by being brought forward
+in the public papers as having been gotten up by 17 gentlemen, all of
+whom, with a single exception are considered to be of the Democratic
+party."
+
+[Sidenote: President Monroe's Visit]
+
+From the time of Washington no President of the United States, while in
+office, had visited New York city until President James Monroe, in June,
+1817, made his tour of inspection. On the morning of June 11th he came up
+from Staten Island, where he had been the guest of Vice President
+Tompkins, in the steamboat Richmond, escorted by the sloop of war Saranac,
+Captain Elton, and the Revenue Cutter, Captain Cahoone. He landed on the
+Battery about twelve o'clock from Commodore Evans' elegant barge,
+accompanied by the Vice President, General Swift and secretary, Captains
+Evans and Biddle of the United States navy, Major-General Morton and
+suite, Major-General Mapes and suite and the Committee of the
+Corporation, who had gone to Staten Island for that purpose, and was
+welcomed by a salute from a division of General Morton's artillery, under
+the command of Brigadier-General Scott, of the United States army.
+
+The President, after reviewing the line of troops, was escorted up
+Broadway to the City Hall, where, in the audience chamber, the Mayor, in
+the presence of the Governor and other prominent officials, presented him
+with an address. The State Society of the Cincinnati, headed by their
+Vice-President, General Stevens, also presented him a short address. After
+these ceremonies were concluded the President was escorted by a squadron
+of cavalry to the quarters provided for him at Gibson's elegant
+establishment, the Merchants' Hotel in Wall Street. After visiting the
+United States Arsenal, the President returned to the hotel at five o'clock
+and sat down to a sumptuous dinner prepared for the occasion. Among the
+guests were the Vice President of the United States, Governor Clinton,
+Hon. Rufus King, General Swift, General Scott, Mr. Mason, secretary to the
+President, General Stevens, General Morton, Col. Willett, Col. Platt,
+Major Fairlie, the President of the United States Bank and the Committee
+of the Corporation. The Merchants' Hotel at 41 and 43 Wall Street had been
+established there some years, and when Solomon D. Gibson, a landlord of
+experience and reputation, had taken charge of it and it had been selected
+as a proper place to lodge and entertain the President of the United
+States, there is hardly a doubt that it was considered second to none in
+the city. In the evening the City Hall and other public buildings were
+illuminated.
+
+[Sidenote: General Jackson at the Ball]
+
+There was a grand military ball at the City Hotel in celebration of
+Washington's birthday, on the 22d of February, 1819, and at the same time
+the opportunity was embraced to honor General Jackson, who was a visitor
+to the city at that time. "Everything was in great style. Seven hundred
+persons were present. When the General entered, he was saluted by a
+discharge of artillery from a miniature fort raised on the orchestra." The
+supper room was thrown open at twelve o'clock. Over the table was a
+transparency with the motto: "In the midst of festivity, forget not the
+services and sacrifices of those who have enabled you to enjoy it." After
+supper there was a flagging in the dancing from exhaustion, when suddenly,
+to the surprise of all, was displayed a flag with the revivifying motto:
+"Don't give up the ship." "The effect was electric--the band struck up
+'Washington's March,' and the ball seemed but beginning! The diffusion of
+light upon an assemblage, the most brilliant we ever beheld, the taste
+with which the room was decorated with nearly two hundred flags, including
+those of almost all the nations of the world, combined with the military
+glitter of about two hundred gentlemen in uniform, interspersed in the
+dance with the female beauty and elegance of the city, produced an effect
+of the most pleasing nature."
+
+[Sidenote: General Jackson's Toast]
+
+Jackson's visit was the occasion of much merriment by the wits of the town
+on account of the toast offered by the General, not at the City Hotel, as
+has been related by some, but at a dinner given in his honor at Tammany
+Hall, by the Tammany Society or Columbian Order, on the 23d. At this
+dinner, General Jackson being called on for his toast, his honor the
+Mayor, who presided, rose, and to the consternation and dismay of Sachem
+William Mooney and other prominent members, announced the toast: "DeWitt
+Clinton, the governor of the great and patriotic state of New York," after
+which the General left the room, according to one account, "amidst
+reiterated applause," but according to another, "there was a dead silence
+for the space of three minutes at least." A certain alderman, recovering
+his astonished senses a little, said, loud enough to be heard by all, that
+what he had just witnessed put him in mind of what Sir Peter Teazle says:
+"This is a damn'd wicked world we live in, Sir Oliver, and the fewer we
+praise the better." The Republicans, or Democrats as they were afterwards
+called, were at this time divided into two factions. Jackson was an
+admirer of Clinton, but the "Bucktails" of Tammany Hall considered him as
+their bitterest foe. The dinner was a grand affair, the tickets to it
+being sold at five dollars each.
+
+[Illustration: DeWitt Clinton]
+
+[Sidenote: The Erie Canal]
+
+There was a memorable meeting held at the City Hotel in the fall of 1815.
+Its purpose was to advance the project for building a canal to connect
+Lake Erie and the Hudson River, which had been before the public for some
+years and which was considered by some as abandoned. Judge Jonas Platt,
+Thomas Eddy and DeWitt Clinton, all earnestly interested in the
+enterprise, discussed the matter and agreed to make an effort to revive
+interest in it. It was proposed to send out invitations to the most
+prominent and influential citizens of New York to meet at the City Hotel.
+This was done. William Bayard was made chairman of the meeting and John
+Pintard secretary. Jonas Platt and DeWitt Clinton delivered addresses, and
+although there was some opposition, a resolution was nevertheless passed
+by a large majority in favor of the object, and a committee consisting of
+DeWitt Clinton, Thomas Eddy, Cadwallader D. Colden and John Swartwout was
+chosen to prepare and circulate a memorial to the legislature. This
+celebrated paper was written by DeWitt Clinton and attracted great
+attention. It gave new life to the enterprise, which was ultimately
+successful.
+
+[Sidenote: The First Savings Bank]
+
+In the autumn of 1816, at a meeting in the City Hotel, the first savings
+bank in New York was organized. The necessary capital was not raised until
+1819, when it went into operation with William Bayard as its first
+president.
+
+[Sidenote: What Englishmen Said About the City Hotel]
+
+H. B. Fearon, an English traveller, writes in 1817: "There are in New York
+many hotels, some of which are on an extensive scale. The City Hotel is as
+large as the London Tavern. The dining room and some of the apartments
+seem to have been fitted up regardless of expense." Quite different is the
+description given by Lieutenant Fred. Fitzgerald De Roos of the Royal
+Navy, who visited New York in May, 1826. He says: "We lodged at the City
+Hotel, which is the principal inn at New York. The house is immense and
+was full of company; but what a wretched place! The floors were without
+carpets, the beds without curtains; there was neither glass, mug nor cup,
+and a miserable little rag was dignified with the name of towel. The
+entrance to the house is constantly obstructed by crowds of people passing
+to and from the bar-room, where a person presides at a buffet formed upon
+the plan of a cage. This individual is engaged, 'from morn to dewy eve,'
+in preparing and issuing forth punch and spirits to strange-looking men,
+who come to the house to read the newspapers and talk politics. In this
+place may be seen in turn most of the respectable inhabitants of the town.
+There is a public breakfast at half-past seven o'clock, and a dinner at
+two o'clock, but to get anything in one's own room is impossible." Let us
+digress and note the happy return of this man to _English soil_. On his
+way back to Halifax to join his command, he crossed from Maine to Nova
+Scotia, stopping in the little town of Windsor. He writes: "Never in my
+whole life did I more fully appreciate the benefits of our good English
+customs, or feel in better humor with my country in general, than when I
+sat down in a clean parlor by myself, to the snug dinner prepared for me
+by the widow Wilcocks, landlady of a comfortable inn in the good town of
+Windsor. How different from an American _table d'hote_! where you are
+deafened by the clamor, and disgusted by the selfish gluttony of your
+companions; where you must either bolt your victuals, or starve, from the
+ravenous rapidity with which everything is dispatched; and where the
+inattention of the servants is only equalled by their insolence and
+familiarity."
+
+Englishmen never forgot that the United States was a brilliant gem plucked
+from the British crown, and the vein of sarcasm and resentment running
+through books of travel written by them about this time is apparent; so
+that their descriptions and opinions should be taken with some allowance
+for this feeling. Nevertheless, there was a foundation of truth in many of
+the disagreeable things they said, which made them, on that account, the
+more irritating to the people of the United States.
+
+[Sidenote: The Price-Wilson Duel]
+
+About the year 1818 or 1820, there was living for a time at the Washington
+Hotel, or as it was more generally called Washington Hall, Captain Wilson,
+of the British army, who, in conversation one day at dinner, remarked that
+he had been mainly instrumental in bringing about the duel between Major
+Green and Benjamin Price, and detailed the circumstances leading to it. A
+few years before this, Benjamin Price, a brother of Stephen Price, lessee
+and manager of the Park Theater, was at the theatre one evening in the
+company of a very handsome woman. In the adjoining box was Major Green, a
+British officer, who took the liberty of turning and staring the lady full
+in the face, which annoyed her and of which she complained to Price, who,
+on a repetition of the offense, reached over, caught the officer by the
+nose and gave it a vigorous twist. The officer soon after knocked at the
+door of Price's box, and when he opened it asked him with charming
+simplicity what he meant by such behavior, at the same time declaring that
+he had intended no offense, that he had not meant to insult the lady by
+what he had done. "Oh, very well," replied Price, "neither did I mean to
+insult you by what I did." Upon this they shook hands and it was supposed
+that the matter was settled and ended. When Major Green returned to his
+command in Canada the story of this affair followed him or had preceded
+him and was soon the subject of discussion among his comrades. It was
+brought to the attention of his brother officers, one of whom, Captain
+Wilson, insisted that Green should be sent to Coventry unless he returned
+to New York and challenged Price. This he did after practising with a
+pistol for five hours a day until he considered himself sufficiently
+expert. They fought at Weehawken on Sunday, May 12, 1816. Price was killed
+at the first fire. Spectators viewed the transaction from the neighboring
+rocks, and a more horrible sight could not have been imagined. The
+seconds ran off, and Green look a small boat, crossed the river and
+boarded a vessel about to sail for England.
+
+When the news that Captain Wilson was at the Washington Hotel and a
+statement of what he had said were carried to Stephen Price, who was lying
+ill of the gout at his home, his friends say that he obeyed implicitly the
+instructions of his physician and thereby obtained a short cessation of
+the gout so that he was able to hobble out of doors, his lower extremities
+swaddled in flannel. As soon as possible he made his way to the Washington
+Hotel, where he inquired for Captain Wilson. Ascertaining that he was in,
+he requested to be shown to his room. With a stout hickory cane in his
+hand he hobbled upstairs, cursing with equal vehemence the captain and the
+gout. Arriving at the room, as the captain rose to receive him he said:
+"Are you Captain Wilson?" "That is my name," replied the captain. "Sir,"
+said he, "my name is Stephen Price. You see, sir, that I can scarcely put
+one foot before the other. I am afflicted with the gout, but sir, I have
+come here with the deliberate intention of insulting you. Shall I have to
+knock you down or will you consider what I have said a sufficient insult
+for the purpose?" "Sir," replied the captain, smiling, "I shall consider
+what you have said quite sufficient and shall act accordingly. You shall
+hear from me." In due time there came a message from Captain Wilson to
+Stephen Price; time, place and weapons were appointed. Early one morning,
+a few days later, a barge left the city in which were seated Stephen
+Price, Captain Wilson and two friends. They all landed on Bedlow's Island.
+Captain Wilson never returned. He fell dead at the first fire. His body
+was buried on the island and many of his friends thought that he had been
+lost or died suddenly at sea.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+ROAD HOUSES
+
+
+[Sidenote: Prejudice Against Dancing]
+
+We have the evidence of persons who lived in the early part of the
+nineteenth century that among the old Dutch and Puritan families there was
+a strong prejudice against dancing, especially by young ladies in public
+places, and there is hardly a doubt that this was much increased by the
+introduction of the waltz, quite different from the dancing of old
+colonial days. Notwithstanding this, we find that in the accounts of the
+balls given on important occasions there does not seem to have been any
+disinclination to indulge in this pleasing diversion. There were dancing
+masters, and shortly after the erection of Washington Hall and Tammany
+Hall they were both being used by the instructors of dancing, and they
+held in them their "publics," which appear to have been well attended.
+Concerts, as formerly, were generally followed by balls.
+
+[Sidenote: Bachelors' Ball]
+
+Like the old Province Arms of colonial days, the City Hotel was used for a
+great many years for the assembly balls. These continued to be held here
+until after the close of the war of 1812, but a few years later seem to
+have ceased. It was about this time that, as related by Abram C. Dayton,
+the old ladies defeated the young men in a contest over dancing. The young
+men gave a series of sociables at the City Hotel, at which none but
+subscribers were admitted. Although very select, the old ladies, backed by
+the minister, denounced them. "The battle for supremacy was bravely waged
+on both sides, but the old ladies beat Young America and the City Hotel
+sociables were discontinued." But it was only a lull. Some years later the
+social feature was the annual ball given by the young men known as the
+Bachelors' Ball. It was the social event of each winter and exceeded
+anything of the kind ever previously attempted, being very select and
+gotten up with great care. All the managers wore knee breeches, silk
+stockings and pumps. The most noted of these was the Bachelors' Grand
+Fancy Ball given at the City Hotel on the 18th of March, 1831, which had
+long been the theme of conversation and the subject of preparation. Philip
+Hone, in his diary, says that "no expectations had been formed which were
+not realized by the results. My daughter Mary went as Sweet Anne Page and
+looked lovely in the part of Leslie's inimitable picture." Later the
+Bachelors' Balls were given on the evening of St. Valentine's Day. The
+tickets, printed on cardboard from elaborately engraved plates, were sold
+at ten dollars each.
+
+[Sidenote: The Forum]
+
+For the entertainment of those opposed to dancing there were meetings of
+the Forum, which were in 1817 at Mechanics' Hall, corner of Broadway and
+Park Place, and later at the City Hotel on Friday evenings. The exercises
+consisted of debates and addresses and the tickets of admission were sold
+at two shillings each, the debate commencing promptly at seven o'clock.
+Prominent members of the Forum were J. P. C. Sampson, Orville L. Holley,
+Thomas G. Fessenden, Hiram Ketchum, Rev. Richard Varick Dey, William
+Paxton Hallet and Charles G. Haines. At a meeting in the first part of
+January, 1817, the question discussed was: "Ought Legislative or other aid
+to be afforded in order to render the United States a Manufacturing
+nation?" About these meetings Fitz-Greene Halleck has given us a few
+descriptive lines:
+
+  "Resort of fashion, beauty, taste--
+  The Forum Hall was nightly grac'd
+  With all who blush'd their hours to waste
+    At balls--and such ungodly places;
+  And Quaker girls were there allow'd
+  To show, among the motley crowd
+    Their sweet blue eyes and pretty faces."
+
+[Sidenote: A British Veteran]
+
+John Batten, the garrulous friend of "Felix Oldboy," who considered him a
+valuable repository of reminiscences, was a veteran soldier who had come
+out with the British troops in the early part of the Revolutionary War.
+Better educated than the most of his companions in arms, he is said to
+have taught school in the old Dutch Church while the British occupied New
+York. He used sometimes to say in a pleasant, joking way: "I fought hard
+for this country," and after enjoying the effect produced on his young
+auditors, who were ready to admire his patriotic devotion, would slowly
+add, after looking around and winking at some elderly person who knew his
+history, "but we didn't get it."
+
+On one occasion Batten was present at a grand Fourth of July dinner and
+was taken to be a Revolutionary soldier, as of course, he verily was. The
+company drank his health in patriotic toasts and at last called upon him
+to respond. This he did and spoke so touchingly of the events of the war
+that his audience was very much affected, especially the feminine part of
+it. Then he said: "Yes, I did fight all through the old Revolution. I
+fought as bravely as the others. I liked this country and decided to stay
+here; so, when my regiment was preparing to embark, I slipped over to Long
+Island and stayed there until they had sailed for England." The astonished
+company realized that they had been cheering a British soldier and that
+Johnny Batten was not the sort of veteran they were accustomed to admire.
+Batten thought it a good joke.
+
+[Sidenote: The Blue Bell]
+
+After the war Batten opened a tavern at Jamaica, Long Island, and a few
+years after he came to New York City, where, in 1786, we find him the
+landlord of the Blue Bell in Slote Lane. After several changes he settled
+down at No. 37 Nassau Street, which he kept as a first-class tavern for
+several years. After this he became a merchant and opened a hosiery store
+on the west side of Broadway, between Dey and Cortlandt Streets. He was
+here in 1817. Batten lived to be a very old man. He was one of those they
+called "Battery Walkers" or "Peep o' Day Boys," who used to go down to the
+Battery at daybreak and walk about until breakfast time.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel]
+
+When, in 1816, Gibson became landlord of the Merchants' Hotel in Wall
+Street, he was succeeded in the City Hotel by Chester Jennings, who was
+the landlord of the house for more than twenty years. Under his management
+it acquired a high reputation, and in 1836 he retired with a competency.
+The very next year his fortune, which had been invested in United States
+Bank and other stocks, was swept away by the great revulsion of 1837.
+Samuel G. Mather was landlord of the City Hotel in 1838, but John Jacob
+Astor, the owner of the house, induced Jennings to again undertake its
+management with Willard, his former assistant, and together they assumed
+control of it and succeeded so well that in the course of a few years
+Jennings had placed himself in a position to retire again in comfort.
+
+During nearly the whole of the first half of the nineteenth century the
+City Hotel was not only the most celebrated house of entertainment in the
+city, but travellers declared that it had no equal in the United States.
+On its register were found the names of the most distinguished men of the
+nation as well as prominent citizens from every section of the land. It
+was a plain structure of four stories with no architectural pretensions,
+and the interior fittings and the furniture were also plain, but good and
+durable. The dining room was spacious, light, well ventilated, neat and
+scrupulously clean. The service was good and the table furnished with an
+abundant supply, selected with the greatest care. Chester Jennings was the
+unseen partner who provided supplies and superintended the details of the
+running of the house in all departments except the office. Willard's
+duties were in the office, where he was clerk, book-keeper, cashier,
+bar-keeper and anything necessary. He attended closely to business and was
+a well known man, though never seen outside of the hotel. Other hotels
+were built with greater pretensions but the old City Hotel maintained its
+prestige through all. It had become a general rendezvous for merchants and
+friends on their return from business to their homes, and there was about
+it a social atmosphere which could not be transferred. The National Hotel,
+on the corner of Broadway and Cedar Street, nearly opposite the City
+Hotel, erected by Joseph Delacroix of Vauxhall Garden, was opened for
+business in March, 1826, and the Adelphi Hotel, a building six stories
+high, on the corner of Broadway and Beaver Street, was erected in 1827.
+
+[Sidenote: Club at the City Hotel]
+
+In the palmy days of the City Hotel there were a number of men who made it
+their home, or dining place, and, brought together by similarity of tastes
+or for social enjoyment, had formed a coterie or sort of club. They were
+all men of some leisure who could afford to sit long after dinner and sip
+their wine and crack their jokes and discuss the gossip of the town. "This
+band of jolly good fellows, who lingered day after day for long years over
+their wine and nuts, were well known characters in the city and were
+especially familiar to such as visited the City Hotel, where they lived
+and died."[6] Colonel Nick Saltus, a retired merchant of wealth and a
+confirmed old bachelor, was the acknowledged chairman and spokesman of
+this peculiar group.
+
+In those days the captains of the packet-ships which sailed twice each
+month for European ports, were men of much importance. Many of them made
+the City Hotel their headquarters when in port and became boon-companions
+of the select coterie of the house, who often, when an arrival was
+announced at Sandy Hook, would proceed to the Battery to meet their friend
+who had been commissioned to procure some new gastronomical luxury for
+the company.
+
+When Billy Niblo had resolved to abandon his Pine Street Coffee House and
+open a suburban place for refreshment and entertainment on what was then
+upper Broadway, he invited many of his old customers and friends to the
+opening of his new garden, among whom were some who were residents of the
+City Hotel. They accepted the invitation of Niblo and determined that
+Willard should be one of the company. When the time arrived and he was
+duly notified he was noticed to be desperately in search of something that
+he could not find. At last he confessed that he had not been the owner of
+a hat for many years, and that he had been in search of one which had been
+long lying around without an owner, but had now disappeared. A hat was
+procured from a hatter directly opposite and everyone in the neighborhood
+was quite interested in the fact that Willard was going out.
+
+The cellar of the old hotel is said to have been stocked with wines of the
+finest brands, selected with the greatest care, which were pronounced by
+connoisseurs as unsurpassed in purity and flavor, and it was the delight
+of Chester Jennings to carefully uncork in person some choice variety for
+a favorite or important guest.
+
+With New Yorkers of an earlier date the dinner hour was at noon, but those
+returning from abroad and those who wished to imitate the customs of
+European cities were urgent for a change, and to fall into the line of
+modern ways the dinner hour of the hotel was gradually moved to three
+o'clock, although a mid-day meal was served to those who would not conform
+to the innovation.
+
+[Sidenote: Contoit's Garden]
+
+A well known public place of resort in the early part of the nineteenth
+century was John H. Contoit's Garden, in 1801 at 39 Greenwich Street, in
+1802 at 253 Broadway and in 1806 and for many years after at 355 Broadway,
+on the west side between Leonard and Franklin Streets, when it was known
+as the New York Garden. This was a long, narrow plot of ground densely
+shaded with trees; on either side were ranged boxes or compartments,
+brightened with whitewash and green paint, in each of which was a plain,
+bare table with seats to accommodate four persons. It appears to have been
+an eminently proper place for ladies of a summer afternoon and in the
+evening, lighted by many globes filled with oil and suspended from the
+lower branches of the trees, in each of which floated a lighted wick or
+paper, was well patronized by the ladies and gentlemen of the period.
+Colored waiters with white jackets and aprons supplied customers with
+vanilla and lemon ice cream, pound cake and lemonade, which made up the
+bill of fare. The inexpensive fittings of the place enabled Contoit to
+serve for a shilling an allowance of ice cream sufficient to satisfy any
+ordinary appetite and his place became very popular. Although the garden
+was supposed to be conducted on the temperance plan, it is said that wine
+or even cognac could be obtained without difficulty by those who knew how.
+
+[Illustration: CONTOIT'S GARDEN]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bank Coffee House]
+
+In 1814 William Niblo, an enterprising young man, who afterwards became
+well known as a landlord, opened the Bank Coffee House in the house
+formerly occupied by Frederick Phillips, a retired British officer, on the
+corner of Pine and William Streets, in the rear of the Bank of New York.
+He was the son-in-law of David King, a well known tavern-keeper, who for
+many years kept a tavern in the little frame house at No. 9 Wall Street
+and some years later at No. 6 Slote Lane. Niblo's house soon became very
+popular. A group of prominent merchants met here regularly, forming
+themselves into a sort of club, with a president and other officers. It
+was a famous place for dinners and dinner parties. On the news of peace at
+the close of the war of 1812, Niblo issued a card under date of February
+20, 1815, from the Bank Coffee House, stating that "William Niblo, in
+unison with the universal joy at the return of Peace, invites his friends
+to regale themselves at his Collation on Tuesday at 11 o'clock, in
+celebration of this happy event." In the great cholera epidemic of 1822 he
+removed his coffee house to the village of Greenwich and it was there the
+office of the Union Line to Philadelphia, the Boston Mail Coach and the
+New Haven Steamboat Line, where passengers were notified to apply for
+seats.
+
+[Sidenote: The Great Horse Race]
+
+When the great horse-race of May, 1823, between the northern horse Eclipse
+and the southern horse Henry took place on the Union Course, Long Island,
+Niblo rented the building on the grounds belonging to the "Association for
+the Promotion of the Breed of Horses," where he offered to serve
+refreshments of all kinds, especially Green Turtle, at all hours during
+the races. He also announced that at the termination of the match race he
+would dispatch a rider on a fleet horse with the result, which would be
+made known by displaying a white flag from the top of the Bank Coffee
+House if Eclipse should be victorious. If his opponent should win the race
+a red flag would be raised. By this arrangement the result, he stated,
+would be known in the city in about forty minutes after the race. Should
+the race not take place the United States flag would be displayed. This
+great horse-race attracted to New York City people from all parts of the
+country; the hotels and boarding houses were full to overflowing and the
+demand for vehicles of all or any kind was away beyond what could be
+supplied. It was estimated that there were as many as fifty thousand
+people at the race-course. The wager was twenty thousand dollars a side
+and excitement was very great.
+
+[Sidenote: Niblo's Garden]
+
+William Niblo opened a restaurant and pleasure garden or rural resort in
+1828 at the corner of Prince Street and Broadway which he called Sans
+Souci. In the middle of the block, north of Prince Street on Broadway,
+were two brick houses, one of which had been occupied for some time by
+James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. In the rear of these was a large
+building which had been used by a circus called The Stadium. Niblo
+occupied all these premises. The interior of the garden was spacious and
+adorned with shrubs and flowers; cages with singing birds were here and
+there suspended from the branches of trees, beneath which were placed
+seats with small tables where were served ice cream, wine negus and
+cooling lemonade; it was lighted in the evening by numerous clusters of
+many-colored glass lamps.
+
+[Illustration: NIBLO'S GARDEN]
+
+Shortly after Niblo had established himself in this place the new Bowery
+Theatre burned down and Charles Gilfert, the manager, opened a summer
+theater in the old circus building, then still standing in the middle of
+Niblo's Garden, where he gave theatrical performances, while his own
+theatre was being rebuilt, which was done in ninety days. Niblo continued
+to give here theatrical performances of a gay and attractive character
+which became so popular that he was induced to erect a new building with a
+blank wall on Broadway, the entrance being made from the garden. The
+garden was entered from Broadway. Some years later, this was destroyed by
+fire, but it was succeeded by another theatre, one of the finest in the
+city, with entrance from Broadway, and known for a great many years as
+Niblo's Garden, although there was no garden attached to it.
+
+About the year 1820 there stood on the corner of Thames and Temple Streets
+an ale house kept by William Reynolds, which became a favorite place for
+Englishmen in the city and the resort of many prominent merchants and
+politicians on account of the quality of the steaks and chops served up in
+this small and unpretentious looking place. Fitz-Greene Halleck frequented
+the place and formed a friendship for the gruff Englishman and his family
+which lasted for life. When Reynolds gave up the business and retired to
+Fort Lee, New Jersey, Halleck was there a frequent and welcome visitor.
+The old chop-house maintained a reputation for many years under the
+management of Reynolds' successors.
+
+[Illustration: REYNOLDS' BEER HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: Road Houses]
+
+On or near the old Boston Post Road, of which Bowery Lane and the
+Kingsbridge Road formed a part, there were taverns that gradually became
+rendezvous for those who drove out on the road for pleasure or diversion.
+While the old-fashioned chaise and gig were in use, the driver's seat in a
+box directly over the axle, there was little desire or demand for a fast
+road horse. The great popularity of the trotter began with the
+introduction of the light wagon or buggy with elliptic steel springs.
+Before this period practically the only fast trotting was done under the
+saddle.
+
+As early as 1818, the first trotting match against time of which we have
+any knowledge, took place on the Jamaica turnpike and was won by Boston
+Blue, or, as some say, by the Boston Pony, on a wager of one thousand
+dollars that no horse could be produced that could trot a mile in three
+minutes. The first race between trotters of which we have definite record
+took place in 1823 between Topgallant, owned by M. D. Green, and Dragon,
+owned by T. Carter. The course was from Brooklyn to Jamaica, a distance of
+twelve miles, and the race was won by Topgallant in thirty-nine minutes.
+The next year Topgallant, fourteen years old, won a three-mile race for
+stakes of two thousand dollars on the turnpike against Washington Costar's
+Betsy Baker, doing the distance in eight minutes and forty-two seconds.
+
+The advent of the light wagon created a great desire in those who drove
+out on the road to own a fast trotting horse. There was great rivalry and
+excitement and many of the wayside inns, formerly very quiet places,
+blossomed into profitable notoriety. The meeting of congenial spirits at
+these places, the gossiping of groups where the talk was all of the horse,
+the stories of the speed and stamina of the rival trotters produced much
+entertainment; matches were made at these places and decided on the road
+nearby.
+
+[Illustration: CATO'S HOUSE]
+
+For nearly half a century Cato Alexander kept a house of entertainment on
+the old Boston Post Road about four miles from the city. Cato had a great
+reputation for his "incomparable" dinners and suppers which brought to his
+house everybody who owned a rig or could occasionally hire one to drive
+out to his place. After Third Avenue was laid out and macadamized a bend
+in the old Post Road extending from Forty-fifth Street to Sixty-fifth
+Street was for some time kept open and in use. On this bend of the old
+road Cato's house was situated and it became known as Cato's Lane. It was
+about a mile long and was a great spurting place for drivers of fast
+horses. Among the reminiscences of those who used to go to Cato's in these
+days is the fact that Cato sold cigars--real cigars and good ones, too--at
+the rate of five for a shilling (12-1/2 cents) and pure brandy, such as
+can not now be obtained on the road at any price, at six pence (6-1/4
+cents) per glass. When the trotting horse became popular Cato's became one
+of the noted halting places. Cato was black, but his modest, unpretending
+dignity of manner "secured for his humble house such a widespread
+reputation that for years it was one of the prominent resorts of our
+citizens and attracted many of the prominent sightseers who made
+pilgrimages to the island of Manhattan."[7]
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD HAZZARD HOUSE]
+
+On Yorkville Hill at Eighty-second Street was the Hazzard House, famous in
+its day as being the resort of those who delighted in speed and loved to
+indulge in the talk of the horse to be heard at such places. Its stables
+were generally filled with horses awaiting purchasers, whose merits and
+good points were told of in a manner so truthful, so confidential, so
+convincing that purchases were numerous. In 1835, and until a much later
+period, Third Avenue was a magnificent drive, being macadamized from
+Twenty-eighth Street to the Harlem River, and was much used by our
+sporting citizens of that period. Races were of almost daily occurrence
+and the Hazzard House was the center of much activity in that line.
+
+About a mile further up, at One Hundred and Fifth Street, a lane on the
+east side of the avenue led down to the celebrated Red House, located on a
+plot of many acres. The main building was the old McGown house of colonial
+days, roomy and well adapted to a road house. On the place was a well kept
+half-mile trotting course, which offered extraordinary inducements to
+horse owners and consequently made it a popular resort. One of its
+earliest proprietors was Lewis Rogers, who is described by Abram C. Dayton
+as a dapper little man, always dressed in the tip of fashion and as neat
+and trim in the appointments of his house as in his personal attire.
+
+One mile beyond the Red House was Bradshaw's, on the corner of Third
+Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, not far from Harlem
+Bridge, and for most the turning point of their drive. A long rest was
+taken here by many who made it the only stopping place on the road,
+consequently, on a favorable day for driving it was crowded. Widow
+Bradshaw was noted for her chicken fricassee, universally acknowledged to
+be a marvel of excellence.
+
+On the Bloomingdale Road, a more quiet drive and more used by those who
+took with them their families or ladies, was Burnham's Mansion House, at
+first, as early as 1825, at Seventieth Street, and at a later period the
+fine Vanderheuval mansion and grounds at Seventy-eighth Street. This was
+fitly styled the family house on the drive and on fine summer afternoons
+the spacious grounds were filled with ladies and children who sauntered
+about at their leisure and convenience, having no fear of annoyance.
+
+[Illustration: BURNHAM'S MANSION HOUSE]
+
+Across the river on Long Island the Jamaica Turnpike was the great drive
+for horsemen. On this road were many notable public houses, frequented by
+horsemen. At Jamaica, nearly opposite the Union Course, was John R.
+Snedeker's tavern, a large three-story white frame house with a piaza
+along its whole front. For more than a quarter of a century this was the
+accepted rendezvous of the trotting-horse fraternity. The first authentic
+record made by a trotting horse on a track in the presence of judges was
+made in May, 1826, on the new track of the New York Trotting Club at
+Jamaica and a New York newspaper of May 16 states that "the owner and
+friends of the winning horse gave a splendid dinner and champagne at
+Snedecor's tavern." Snedeker's dinners became celebrated far and wide and
+horsemen from every section came to feast on his game, fish and asparagus
+which no one else could surpass or equal.
+
+[Sidenote: Visit of Lafayette]
+
+The year 1824 is notable for the visit to this country of General
+Lafayette, who, accompanied by his son, George Washington Lafayette,
+arrived at New York in the ship Cadmus on the 16th of August. Besides the
+committee of the corporation, members of the Society of the Cincinnati,
+Revolutionary officers and soldiers, a deputation from West Point and
+distinguished guests and official personages, more than six thousand
+persons went down the bay to meet him, and his welcome to our shores was
+such as no man had ever received before. The day was delightful, and the
+surface of the bay was dotted with every conceivable kind of craft. The
+ships and vessels were liberally decorated with all kinds of flags and
+signals. As the grand flotilla with the _guest of the nation_ approached
+the city, continual salutes rolled out their signs of welcome above the
+shouts of the people, while on shore hundreds of bells were ringing. The
+military, three thousand in number, formed in line, and on landing,
+Lafayette was received with a salute of twenty-one guns. After a review of
+the troops commanded by General James Benedict, he was conducted to the
+City Hall in a barouche drawn by four horses, escorted by a troop of horse
+and followed by a long line of citizen soldiery. Here a public reception
+was held till five o'clock, when the General was escorted to his quarters
+at the City Hotel, where a dinner was given in his honor by the civil and
+military authorities. In the evening the town was illuminated and
+fireworks and transparencies were displayed in honor of the occasion.
+
+At the City Hotel Lafayette was waited on by the clergy of the city, by
+the officers of the militia, by social societies, by the French Society,
+by delegations from Baltimore, from Philadelphia, from New England and
+from up the Hudson; and when on Friday morning the General prepared to
+leave the city, the military paraded at seven o'clock and repaired to the
+City Hotel, whence at eight o'clock Lafayette, the committee appointed to
+accompany him to Boston and the military escort, commanded by General
+Prosper M. Wetmore, moved up Broadway to Bond Street and thence up Third
+Avenue.
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Banquet at Washington Hall]
+
+On Lafayette's return from New England he arrived by steamboat about noon
+on the 4th of September amid salutes from the men-of-war, and on his
+landing was given the same hearty welcome he had received on his first
+arrival, and was escorted to his old lodgings at the City Hotel. He was
+informed that the Society of the Cincinnati intended to celebrate the
+anniversary of his birth on the 6th of September and was invited to dine
+with them at Washington Hall. "About 4 o'clock in the afternoon of that
+day a long line of venerable gentlemen, members of the Society of the
+Cincinnati, arrived at the hotel, preceded by a military band. The general
+was received into their ranks and an insignia of the Society, which had
+been worn by Washington, was attached to his coat. The old soldiers then
+marched to the hall where they were to dine. Crowds filled the streets
+through which they passed slowly and many feebly." The banquet hall was
+decorated with trophies of arms and banners bearing the names of
+Revolutionary heroes. At the top of the room, directly over the seat of
+Lafayette at the upper end of the table, was erected a rich triumphal arch
+of laurel, roses, etc., reaching to the ceiling. Directly in front, at the
+center of the arch, was a large spread eagle with a scroll in its beak on
+which was inscribed "Sept. 6, 1757" (the birthday of the "Nation's
+Guest"), and grasping in its talons a ribbon or scroll, one end passing to
+the right on which was "Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777," the other to the left
+bearing the words "Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781." Behind the General's chair
+was planted the grand standard of the Society entwined with the thirteen
+stripes of the flag of the nation. On the right was a shield bearing a
+rising sun and on the left a shield with the New York State arms. In the
+center of the room was a splendid star surrounded by others of less
+magnitude. From this star two broad pennants from the Franklin 74, were
+crossed and carried to the four corners of the room. At the lower end of
+the room was the transparency by Childs. A number of trophies of the navy
+were loaned by Captain Rogers and Lieutenant Goldsborough. Towards the
+close of the festival a grand transparency showing Washington and
+Lafayette holding each others' hands standing before the altar of Liberty,
+receiving a civic wreath from the hands of America, caused great applause,
+which was followed by the reading of the order of the day at Yorktown by
+General Swartwout. Then, amidst cheering, the gallant veteran, General
+Lamb, sang a ballad composed in 1792, while Lafayette was in the Austrian
+dungeon. The night was far spent when the old gentlemen reached their
+several homes. In the evening of September 11, Lafayette attended a dinner
+given by the French residents of New York at Washington Hall in
+celebration of the forty-seventh anniversary of the battle of Brandywine.
+A novel and remarkable decoration of the table on this occasion was a
+miniature of the new canal which traversed the state. It was sixty feet
+long and several inches deep, filled with water and the banks sodded. The
+bridges, locks and towns were properly indicated.
+
+[Sidenote: Ball at Castle Garden]
+
+The honor and respect shown to Lafayette culminated in the great ball
+given at Castle Garden on Wednesday, September 14, which, it is said, for
+splendor and magnificence surpassed anything of the kind ever seen in
+America. Six thousand persons attended, which included all the beauty and
+fashion of New York and vicinity. The castle, which was a circle, was
+enclosed with an awning to the height of seventy-five feet, the dome being
+supported in the center by a column, dressed with the colors of the
+Cincinnati. It was a magnificent affair, long remembered in the city.
+Lafayette and a large party went from the ball on board the steamboat,
+James Kent, chartered by the committee to take the nation's guest up the
+Hudson.
+
+[Illustration: Fitz-Greene Halleck]
+
+[Sidenote: Clubs]
+
+There were several social clubs in the city holding their meetings at
+hotels, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, a man whose society was sought
+and desired, appears to have been a member of every club in the city,
+great or small. He was one of a small circle who met occasionally at the
+City Hotel. Tuckerman says: "There was a select club many years ago in New
+York, the members of which dined together at stated intervals at the old
+City Hotel on Broadway; the utmost freedom of intercourse and good faith
+marked their prandial converse, and one day when a sudden silence followed
+the entrance of the host, it was proposed to elect him to the fraternity,
+that they might talk freely in his presence, which was frequent and
+indispensable. He kept a hotel after the old _r�gime_, was a gentleman in
+his feelings, an honest and intelligent fellow, who prided himself upon
+his method of serving up roast pig--in which viand his superiority was
+such that the gentle Elia, had he ever dined with the club, would have
+mentioned him with honor in the essay on that crispy and succulent dish.
+The proposition was opposed by only one individual, a clever man, who had
+made his fortune by buying up all the bristles at Odessa, thus securing a
+monopoly which enabled him to vend the article to the brushmakers at an
+enormous profit. His objection to Boniface was that he was famous for
+nothing but roasting a pig, and no fit associate for gentlemen. 'Your
+aristocratic standard is untenable,' said Halleck, 'for what essential
+difference is there between spurs won from roasting a porker or by selling
+his bristles?' and amid the laugh of his confreres, mine host was
+elected."
+
+The Bread and Cheese Club was organized in 1824 by James Fenimore Cooper.
+It included among its members conspicuous professional men in science,
+law, letters and philosophy, of whom were Fitz-Greene Halleck, William A.
+and John Duer, Professor Renwick, Philip Hone, James De Kay, the great
+naturalist, Charles Augustus Davis, Dr. John W. Francis, Charles King,
+Verplanck, Bryant and Sands. The selections for nomination rested
+entirely with Cooper; bread and cheese were used in balloting and one of
+cheese barred the way to membership. The club met at Washington Hall
+fortnightly and for fifteen years, either here or at the houses of its
+members were entertained nearly every distinguished person who visited New
+York during that period. Meetings of the club, often a large assembly,
+were attended by members of Congress and distinguished strangers, among
+whom were often found Daniel Webster, Henry R. Storrs, William Beach
+Lawrence and the French minister, Hyde De Neuville.
+
+[Illustration: J. Fenimore Cooper]
+
+A little later was the Book Club. Although said to have been founded by
+the Rev. Dr. Wainwright, and in spite of its name, it was rather convivial
+than literary. Philip Hone describes it as a club which met every other
+Thursday at Washington Hall, "where they sup, drink champagne and whisky
+punch, talk as well as they know how and run each other good humoredly."
+He did not understand why it should be called a Book Club, for the book of
+subscriptions to expenses was the only one it possessed. He declares that
+they were a very pleasant set of fellows, and sat late. The first time he
+met with them after being made a member of the club was in March, 1835,
+and when he came away at one o'clock he left them at the supper table. The
+party that evening consisted of about twenty, viz.: Davis, President Duer,
+Charles King, Wilkins, William Kent, Harvey, Arthur Barclay, Isaac Hone,
+Halleck, Ogden Hoffman, Patterson, Blunt, Dr. Francis, Baron Behr, Mr.
+Trelauney, author of "The Younger Son," Beverly Robinson, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Semi-Centennial of Washington's Inauguration]
+
+The semi-centennial anniversary of the inauguration of Washington as the
+first President of the United States was celebrated in the city of New
+York by the Historical Society on the 30th of April, 1839. At twelve
+o'clock an oration was delivered in the Middle Dutch Church by John Quincy
+Adams, the venerable ex-President of the United States, to a numerous and
+appreciative audience. At four o'clock the members of the society and
+their invited guests dined at the City Hotel. The president of the
+society, Peter G. Stuyvesant, sat at the head of the table, with two
+venerable contemporaries of the American Revolution, General Morgan Lewis,
+once governor of New York, and Colonel John Trumbull, the one at his right
+hand and the other at his left. Among the guests were William Pennington,
+governor of New Jersey, General Winfield Scott, Commodore Claxton, Samuel
+Southard and other distinguished individuals, together with delegates from
+other historical societies. Mr. Adams was toasted, and replied in a speech
+in which he claimed for the era of the American Revolution the title of
+the heroic age of America, and that it deserved this title with more
+justice than the title of heroic age bestowed upon the early history of
+Greece. In the course of the evening speeches were made by General Scott,
+Commodore Claxton of the American Navy, Mr. Southard and others, and an
+original ode was sung.
+
+In 1842, John Jacob Astor was the owner of the City Hotel, and by deed
+dated March 9th of that year conveyed to his granddaughter Sarah, wife of
+Robert Boreel, and daughter of Dorothea Langdon, a life interest in the
+property after his death, which after her death is to be divided among
+her children. The deed states: "Whereas I am desirous of providing by deed
+for my granddaughter Sarah, wife of Robert Boreel, and of disposing in the
+manner in these presents expressed, of the property which in my will I had
+designated for her," etc., "and whereas her husband is an alien, and
+although one of her sons is born in the state of New York, other children
+may be born to her without the United States, who will be aliens," etc.
+"Now these presents," etc. The property is described as "all the lands and
+buildings in the city of New York now known as the City Hotel." The deed
+allows her, in case the buildings are destroyed by fire to mortgage the
+land for the purpose of rebuilding and under certain conditions she may
+sell the property and place the proceeds in trust. The deed seems to be
+confirmatory or supplementary to the will.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel Ends Its Career]
+
+Chester Jennings was still the landlord of the City Hotel in 1847, and it
+was in the following year or soon after that it terminated its career as a
+house of entertainment, which, including the City Tavern on the same site,
+had lasted for very close to one hundred years, an eventful period in the
+city's history. The building was taken down and on its site was erected an
+office building seven stories high which was called the Boreel Building.
+It was the largest and for a long time was considered the finest building
+devoted to office purposes in the city. It was a conspicuous structure
+and well known to the citizens of New York. Sarah Boreel died in 1897. Her
+heirs sold the property in 1901.
+
+Plans had been made to acquire this and contiguous properties in order to
+erect an immense building. This, in the course of three or four years, was
+accomplished, and under the same control, the United States Realty
+Building and the Trinity Building, the two sometimes called the Twin
+Trinity Buildings, were erected.
+
+On April 6, 1906, the Board of Estimates and Apportionment passed a
+resolution by which an exchange of land was made by the city and the
+owners of this property. Temple Street, between Thames and Cedar Streets,
+and Thames Street, between Broadway and Trinity Place, were vacated, and
+in return Cedar Street was widened on the south side between Broadway and
+Trinity Place or Church Street, and a new Thames Street was laid out
+between Broadway and Trinity Place, with lines somewhat different from
+those of the former street, but covering nearly the same ground. This
+exchange of land allowed the United States Realty Building to be
+constructed so as to cover what had been formerly two blocks, extending
+from Broadway to Trinity Place.
+
+The large double brick house No. 39 Broadway, built in 1786 by General
+Alexander Macomb, and occupied by Washington when President of the United
+States, with the houses adjoining it on either side, was opened in the
+year 1821 by William I. Bunker and was known as Bunker's Mansion House. It
+became quite famous, being considered, in its most prosperous days, as a
+very large and commodious house. Kept with the utmost neatness and
+attention and usually filled with the best of people, being largely
+patronized by southern families, it possessed much of the comfort and
+quiet refinement of a private residence. Bunker, who was a very courteous
+and affable man, succeeded so well that in the course of a few years he
+sold out and retired from business.
+
+[Illustration: BUNKER'S MANSION HOUSE]
+
+In the year 1833 Stephen Holt erected on Fulton Street, from Pearl to
+Water, an hotel, which was the largest and most magnificent building for
+hotel purposes, up to that time, in the country. It was at first called
+Holt's Hotel, afterwards the United States Hotel, and its rate of one
+dollar and a half a day was thought to be exorbitant. Here steam was used
+probably for the first time in an hotel to save labor. Passenger elevators
+had not yet been thought of, but baggage was carried to the upper floors
+by steam power, and it was also used in turning spits, grinding and
+cleaning knives, etc., but the main purpose of the engine was the digging
+of an artesian well, which was sunk to the depth of over five hundred
+feet, and subsequently put down much further. Holt's experiment proved to
+him disastrous. The expenses exceeded the receipts. He failed and the
+hotel passed into other hands. The next large hotel to be erected in the
+city was the Astor House, three years later.
+
+The advent of the railroad and the great increase of travel created a
+decided change in the taverns or, as they had come to be called, hotels.
+It was no longer the custom of the landlord to meet the traveller at the
+door and welcome him as a friend or attend in person to his comfort. It
+was the beginning of a new era, in which the old tavern and the old-style
+landlord is unknown. With the opening of this era the story which I have
+undertaken to tell about the _Old Taverns of New York_ comes to an end.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Ackland, James, 130.
+
+  Adams, John, 269, 272.
+
+  Adams, John Quincy, 474.
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 269.
+
+  Adelphi Hotel, 451.
+
+  Admiral Warner, Sign of, 191.
+
+  Agar, Edward, 189.
+
+  Alexander, Cato, 461.
+
+  Alexander, James, 101, 103.
+
+  Alexander, William, 192.
+
+  Alsop, John, 209, 267, 268.
+
+  Amory, John, 295, 346.
+
+  Anbury, Lieutenant, 292.
+
+  Andr�, Major, 286, 300.
+
+  Anne, Queen, 76, 77, 84.
+
+  Andros, Governor, 81.
+
+  Aorson, Aaron, 395.
+
+  Arding, Charles, 154, 255, 357.
+
+  Arnold, Benedict, 300, 302, 303, 304.
+
+  Aspinwall, Gilbert, 434.
+
+  Assembly Balls, 148.
+
+  Astor Henry, 348, 349.
+
+  Astor House, 478.
+
+  Astor, John Jacob, 449, 474.
+
+  Atwood, Judge, 75.
+
+  Avery, John, 388.
+
+  Ayscough, Doctor, 133.
+
+
+  Bache, Theohylact, 282, 337, 368.
+
+  Bainbridge, Commodore, 419, 421, 423.
+
+  Baker, Joseph, 414.
+
+  Baker, Roger, 69, 71, 74, 76, 83.
+
+  Baker's Tavern, 414.
+
+  Bank Coffee House, 455, 456.
+
+  Barclay, Arthur, 473.
+
+  Bard, S., 249.
+
+  Bardin, Edwin, 195, 196, 216, 217, 221, 230, 234, 250, 251, 337, 403.
+
+  Bardin's Tavern, 265.
+
+  Batten, John, 447, 448, 449.
+
+  Bauman, Colonel, 352, 374.
+
+  Baxter, Captain, 10, 44, 45.
+
+  Bayard, Nicholas, 60, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75.
+
+  Bayard, Samuel, 112, 119.
+
+  Bayard, William, 433, 439.
+
+  Bayeaux, Thomas, 342, 347.
+
+  Beaulieu, Captain, 28.
+
+  Beekman, Christopher, 341.
+
+  Bell & Brookman, 199.
+
+  Bellomont, Earl of, 55, 60, 70, 72, 73, 82, 134.
+
+  Belvedere, 413.
+
+  Belvedere Club, 386.
+
+  Belvedere House, 386, 387, 388, 389.
+
+  Benedict, James, 466.
+
+  Benson, Captain, 288, 369.
+
+  Benson, Egbert, 249, 251.
+
+  Benson, Judge, 423.
+
+  Beresford, Captain, 394.
+
+  Bevan, Captain, 122.
+
+  Bicker, Henry, 238, 241, 242, 243.
+
+  Bicker, Walter, 360.
+
+  Blaaw, Widow, 343.
+
+  Black, Friars, 385, 403.
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, 91, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112, 156, 157,
+      158.
+
+  "Black John," 20.
+
+  Black Sam's, 164.
+
+  Blair, Archibald, 259.
+
+  Blair, John, 344.
+
+  Bloom, Daniel, 128, 129, 130, 253, 357.
+
+  Blue Bell, 161, 449.
+
+  Boelin, Jacob, 67.
+
+  Bogardus, Dominie, 10.
+
+  Bolton, Richard, 245, 246, 247, 255.
+
+  Bolton & Sigell, 227, 229, 243, 244.
+
+  Bompard, Captain, 358.
+
+  Book Club, 473.
+
+  Boreel, Robert, 474, 475.
+
+  Boreel, Sarah, 474, 475, 476.
+
+  Boston Letter, The, 232, 234.
+
+  Bowery Lane, 48.
+
+  Bowling, 185, 187.
+
+  Bowling Green, 14, 16, 187, 218.
+
+  Bowling Green, New, 188.
+
+  Bowling Green, Old, 187, 188.
+
+  Bowling Green Garden, 186.
+
+  Bradford, Cornelius, 266, 278, 318, 319, 321, 322.
+
+  Bradford, Widow, 322, 397, 402, 403.
+
+  Bradford, William, 97.
+
+  Bradshaw's, 463.
+
+  Bradshaw, Widow, 457, 463.
+
+  Brannon's Tea Garden, 366, 367, 414.
+
+  Bread and Cheese Club, 471.
+
+  Brewitson, George, 157.
+
+  Brill�t-Savarin, Anthelme, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382.
+
+  Brock, Walter, 252.
+
+  Brooklyn Hall, 289, 292.
+
+  Brooks, David, 326.
+
+  Broome, John, 333, 356.
+
+  Brownjohn, William, 253, 293.
+
+  Buchanan, Thomas, 371.
+
+  Buckley, John, 62.
+
+  Bull Baiting, 184, 289, 290.
+
+  Bull's Head Tavern, 157, 314, 347, 349.
+
+  Bunch of Grapes, 269.
+
+  Bunker's Mansion House, 277.
+
+  Bunker, William I., 477.
+
+  Burke, Edmund, 168.
+
+  Burns', 164.
+
+  Burns' Coffee House, 193, 197.
+
+  Burns, George, 115, 117, 130, 140, 141, 191, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203,
+      205, 208, 213, 222, 223, 228, 233.
+
+  Burns' Long Room, 195.
+
+  Burnham's Mansion House, 160.
+
+  Burr, Aaron, 396.
+
+  Byram, William, 399.
+
+  Byrne, John, 403.
+
+
+  Cape, John, 311, 315, 324.
+
+  Cape's Tavern, 312, 315, 323, 324.
+
+  Carleton, Sir Guy, 308, 310.
+
+  Carroll, Mr., 419, 425.
+
+  Carroll, General, 316.
+
+  Cato's House, 461.
+
+  Carter, T., 460.
+
+  Charles II, 68.
+
+  Chamber of Commerce, 228, 229, 230, 256, 260, 293, 320, 337.
+
+  Chambers, Captain, 262, 263.
+
+  Chambers, John, 103, 187.
+
+  Champe, Sergeant, 300, 301, 302, 305.
+
+  Cherry Garden, 185.
+
+  Child, Francis, 128, 178.
+
+  Chrystie, Colonel, 338.
+
+  Cincinnati, Society of the, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328.
+
+  City Arms Tavern, 208.
+
+  City Coffee House, 336.
+
+  City Hotel, 141, 372, 373, 389, 392, 395, 407, 417, 425, 427, 429, 430,
+      436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 466,
+      467, 470, 474, 475.
+
+  City Tavern, 312, 323, 324, 325, 326, 337, 339, 353, 354, 369, 370, 371,
+      375, 475.
+
+  City, Tavern, Dutch, 6, 7, 8.
+
+  Clapp, John, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53.
+
+  Clark, Willis Gaylord, 431.
+
+  Clarke, George, 113.
+
+  Claxton, Commodore, 474.
+
+  Clay, Henry, 433.
+
+  Clinton, DeWitt, 383, 396, 418, 423, 432, 435, 437, 438, 439.
+
+  Clinton, George, 137, 138, 310, 313, 314, 315, 316, 343, 369.
+
+  Clinton, Sir Henry, 299, 303.
+
+  Clubs, 60, 62, 131, 134, 135, 247, 248, 282, 469, 473.
+
+  Coach and Horse, 118.
+
+  Coats, Edward, 54.
+
+  Cobb, Colonel, 310.
+
+  Cock, Annetje, 25.
+
+  Cock, Peter, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 25.
+
+  Coffee House, 65, 67, 73, 75, 77, 112, 114, 120, 121, 152, 154, 155,
+      162, 177, 208, 231, 233, 240, 254, 262, 267, 268, 271, 273, 275,
+      276, 277, 278, 281, 291, 313, 318, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335, 337,
+      345, 354.
+
+  Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, 206, 207, 225, 245.
+
+  Colden, Cadwallader D., 439.
+
+  Coles, John B., 423.
+
+  Colles, Christopher, 366.
+
+  Columbian Garden, 399, 401.
+
+  Comforts of an Inn, 167.
+
+  Commercial Coffee House, 397.
+
+  Compton, Captain, 106.
+
+  Compton, General, 108.
+
+  Contoit's Garden, 453, 454.
+
+  Contoit, John H., 453.
+
+  Cooke, Richard Clarke, 115.
+
+  Cooper, James Fenimore, 456, 471, 472.
+
+  Corbett, Abraham, 44.
+
+  Cornbury, Lord, 72, 74, 77, 78, 81.
+
+  Cornell, John, 184.
+
+  Cornell, Timothy, 182.
+
+  Cornelissen, Adrien, 48, 49.
+
+  Cornwallis, General, 158.
+
+  Corporation House, 287.
+
+  Corre, Joseph, 324, 325, 331, 369, 370, 399, 413.
+
+  Cortelyou, Simon, 368.
+
+  Cosby, Governor, 93, 94, 96, 105, 106, 112, 113.
+
+  Coupar, Captain, 263.
+
+  Cox, David, 114.
+
+  Cozzens, William B., 411.
+
+  Crawford, Hugh, 124.
+
+  Crawley, John, 202.
+
+  Creiger, John, 158.
+
+  Crigier, Martin, 13, 15, 16, 17, 28.
+
+  Crocker, Daniel W., 410, 423, 428.
+
+  Croker, Thomas, 123.
+
+  Crolius, Clarkson, 410.
+
+  Crown and Thistle, 155, 191.
+
+  Cruger, Henry, 209.
+
+  Cruger, John, 229, 230, 233.
+
+  Cruger, John Harris, 256.
+
+  Cruger, Nicholas, 366, 372.
+
+  Cushing, Thomas, 269.
+
+  Cushing, William, 344.
+
+
+  Dallas, A. J., 434.
+
+  Damen, Jan, 19, 20.
+
+  Davenport, Captain, 280.
+
+  Davis, Charles Augustus, 411.
+
+  Dawson, Roper, 156, 182.
+
+  Day's Tavern, 161, 269, 313.
+
+  Dayton, Abram C., 446, 463.
+
+  Deane, Nesbitt, 255, 275.
+
+  Dearborn, General, 422, 423.
+
+  Decatur, Stephen, 417, 418, 419, 421, 425.
+
+  De Honeur, John, 90, 92, 106.
+
+  De Kay, James, 471.
+
+  Delacroix, Joseph, 400, 401, 410, 426, 450.
+
+  Delafield, John, 356.
+
+  De La Montagnie, Abraham, 234, 236, 238, 239, 240, 295.
+
+  De La Montagnie, Jacob, 346.
+
+  De Lancy Arms, 184.
+
+  De Lancy, James, 95, 96, 98, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 151, 183, 209,
+      233, 245, 371.
+
+  De Lancy, John Peter, 282, 371.
+
+  De Lancy, Oliver, 136, 140, 182, 202.
+
+  De Lancy, Peter, 179.
+
+  De Lancy, Robinson & Co., 202.
+
+  De Lancy, Stephen, 142, 200, 251.
+
+  Delanoy, Abraham, 7.
+
+  Delaval, Captain, 185.
+
+  De Neuville, Hyde, 472.
+
+  Dennis, Captain, 375.
+
+  De Peyster, Abraham, 71.
+
+  De Peyster, Johannes, 70.
+
+  De Reidesel, Baroness, 297, 298.
+
+  De Ross, Fred. Fitzgerald, 440.
+
+  Desbrosses, Elias, 225, 229.
+
+  De Witt, Simeon, 393.
+
+  Dey, Richard Varick, 447.
+
+  Dickinson, Jonathan, 172.
+
+  Dirks, Annetje, 25.
+
+  Dog and Duck Tavern, 415.
+
+  Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot, 176.
+
+  Dongan, Governor, 68.
+
+  Doran, Thomas, 151, 260, 283.
+
+  Dove Tavern, 168, 415.
+
+  Drake, Jasper, 261, 273.
+
+  Draper, Sir William, 245, 246.
+
+  Drone Club, 386.
+
+  Drover's Tavern, 179.
+
+  Drummond, Lord, 245, 246, 247.
+
+  Duane, James, 251, 267, 268, 340, 344.
+
+  Duer, Colonel, 338.
+
+  Duer, John, 471.
+
+  Duer, William A., 471.
+
+  Duke of Cumberland, 130, 131.
+
+  Dunks, John, 127, 129.
+
+  Dunmore, Earl of, 245.
+
+  Dusseaussoir, Chenelette, 389, 407.
+
+  Dutch Festivities, 82.
+
+  Dutch Houses, 4.
+
+  Dutch Tavern, 26.
+
+  Dyckman, Jacob, 158, 159, 163.
+
+  Dyde's Hotel, 396, 397.
+
+
+  Eastham, Edward, 123.
+
+  Eddy, Thomas, 438, 439.
+
+  Edmonds, George, 118.
+
+  Edwards, Lieutenant, 280.
+
+  Elkin, John, 165.
+
+  Elliott, Andrew, 310.
+
+  Ellis, John, 76.
+
+  Elms, Thomas, 283, 289.
+
+  Ernest, Matthias, 188.
+
+  Exchange Coffee House, 112, 114, 115, 129, 136, 141, 194.
+
+
+  Fairlie, James, 423, 434, 435.
+
+  Farmer, Thomas, 434.
+
+  Farquhar, James, 371.
+
+  Farrell's, 164.
+
+  Fearon, H. B., 439.
+
+  Fehr, Jean Rodolphe, 377, 379.
+
+  "Felix Oldboy," 447.
+
+  Ferrari, Mrs., 253, 254, 255, 278.
+
+  Ferry House Tavern, 175, 287, 369.
+
+  Ferry Tavern, 27, 28.
+
+  Fessenden, Thomas G., 447.
+
+  Fighting Cocks, 115, 123, 124, 176.
+
+  Fish, Colonel, 311, 317.
+
+  Fisher, John, 385.
+
+  Fletcher, Benjamin, 54, 55, 62, 66, 75, 82, 134, 162.
+
+  Flypsen, Frederick, 162.
+
+  Forster, William, 95, 96, 98.
+
+  Forum, The, 447.
+
+  Fowler, Joseph, 98.
+
+  Fountain Inn, 136, 164.
+
+  Fox Hunting, 288, 290, 291.
+
+  Foy, Captain, 245.
+
+  Francis, John, 344.
+
+  Francis, John W., 104, 471.
+
+  Francis, Samuel, 198, 202, 209, 218, 219, 227, 247, 248, 252, 253, 308,
+      309, 310, 311, 344, 400.
+
+  Francis' Tavern, 263, 264.
+
+  Franklin, William, 295.
+
+  Fraunces, Samuel, 311, 322, 338, 341, 343, 352.
+
+  Fraunces' Tavern, 310, 311, 315, 316, 344, 411.
+
+  Frederick, Kryn, 4.
+
+  Freeman, Thomas, 106.
+
+  French Arms, 311.
+
+  Friendly Club, 386.
+
+
+  Gabbet, Colonel, 196.
+
+  Gage, General, 246, 247, 256, 264.
+
+  Gallatin, Albert, 433.
+
+  Galloway, Samuel, 183.
+
+  Gates, Horatio, 316, 369, 370.
+
+  Genet, Minister, 358.
+
+  Gentlemen's Coffee House, 115, 194.
+
+  Gerard, Philip, 17, 18, 19, 20.
+
+  Gerritsen, Adriaen, 7.
+
+  Gerritsen, Philip, 7, 10.
+
+  Gibson, Solomon D., 389, 395, 417, 435, 449.
+
+  Giles, Major, 328.
+
+  Gilfert, Charles, 458.
+
+  Glass House, 164, 182, 183.
+
+  Glean, Oliver, 385.
+
+  Golden Hill, Battle of, 236, 237.
+
+  Golden Hill Inn, 118.
+
+  Goldsborough, Lieutenant, 468.
+
+  Goldsmith, Oliver, 168.
+
+  Gould, Edward, 250.
+
+  "Governor's Garden," 68.
+
+  Graham, James, 45, 46.
+
+  Graves, Benjamin, 385.
+
+  Graydon, Alexander, 280, 282.
+
+  Green, Daniel, 313.
+
+  Green, Jacob G., 171.
+
+  Green, M. D., 460.
+
+  Green, Major, 441, 442.
+
+  Greene, Nathaniel, 316, 317.
+
+  Grim, David, 357.
+
+  Guion, Isaac, 328.
+
+
+  Haines, Charles G., 418.
+
+  Half Way House, 163.
+
+  Hall, Talmadge, 341, 363.
+
+  Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 414, 431, 447, 458, 459, 469, 470, 471.
+
+  Hallet, William Paxton, 447.
+
+  Halsey's Tavern, 366.
+
+  Halstead, John, 156.
+
+  Hamilton, Alexander, 316, 329, 339, 375, 394.
+
+  Hamilton, Andrew, 100, 102, 105.
+
+  Hamilton, Governor, 121.
+
+  Hamilton Hotel, 409.
+
+  Hampden Hall, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 257, 265.
+
+  Hampton, General, 422.
+
+  Hand, Colonel, 288.
+
+  Hard Drinking, 170, 176.
+
+  Hardenbrook, Bernard, 87.
+
+  Hardy, Charles, 146, 147, 148.
+
+  Harris, Richard, 83, 84, 85.
+
+  Harrison, Richard, 249, 371.
+
+  Harrison, Robert, 344.
+
+  Harrison, William Henry, 422.
+
+  Hart, Bernard, 384.
+
+  Harwood, Richard, 384.
+
+  Hay, John, 249.
+
+  Hayes, Hetty, 197.
+
+  Hazzard House, 462, 463.
+
+  Hepburn, J., 295.
+
+  Hicks, Whitehead, 209, 251.
+
+  Hicks, Mr., 282, 299.
+
+  Hick's Tavern, 295.
+
+  Hillsborough, Earl of, 232.
+
+  Hobart, Judge, 375.
+
+  Hodgkinson, John, 400, 429.
+
+  Hodgkinson, Thomas, 429, 426.
+
+  Hoffman, Josiah Ogden, 385, 473.
+
+  Holley, Orville L., 447.
+
+  Holt, Henry, 200.
+
+  Holt's Hotel, 478.
+
+  Holt, John, 283.
+
+  Holt's Long Room, 200.
+
+  Holt, Stephen, 478.
+
+  Hone, Isaac, 473.
+
+  Hone, Philip, 446, 471, 473.
+
+  Hone, John, 434.
+
+  Home, John, 54.
+
+  Horse and Cart, 116, 117, 118, 142.
+
+  Horse-Racing, 177, 183, 288, 290.
+
+  Houssacker, Colonel, 281.
+
+  Howard, William, 209, 211.
+
+  Hudson, Hendrick, 1.
+
+  Hull, Isaac, 417, 418, 419, 421.
+
+  Hull, Robert, 255.
+
+  Hull's Tavern, 256, 257, 269, 282.
+
+  Hum Drum Club, 134.
+
+  Humphreys, Colonel, 310, 317.
+
+  Hunt, Obadiah, 88, 89.
+
+  Hunter, Governor, 81.
+
+  Hunter, Robert, 371, 372.
+
+  Hunter's Hotel, 372, 373.
+
+  Hutchins, John, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, 267.
+
+  Hyatt, Caleb, 347.
+
+  Hyde, John, 357, 361, 371, 394.
+
+
+  Imlay, William, 250.
+
+  Inman, John, 432.
+
+  Iredell, Judge, 374.
+
+  Irving, Washington, 33.
+
+  Izard, Ralph, 364.
+
+
+  Jamaica Arms, 120.
+
+  Jamaica Pilot Boat, 127, 129.
+
+  James, Major, 206, 218.
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 436, 437.
+
+  Jackson, Jacob, 291.
+
+  Jackson, Major, 364.
+
+  Jauncey, James, 209, 233.
+
+  Jay, John, 248, 251, 259, 267, 268, 321, 337, 344, 374.
+
+  Jennings, Chester, 449, 450, 452, 475.
+
+  Jochemsen, Andries, 23.
+
+  Johnson, Doctor, 374.
+
+  Johnson, Jeremiah, 368.
+
+  Johnson, Samuel, 165, 166, 167.
+
+  Jones, Captain, 417, 419, 421.
+
+  Jones, John, 209, 219, 221, 227, 230, 242, 243, 265.
+
+  Jones, Samuel, 251.
+
+  Jourdain, Elizabeth, 87.
+
+  Jourdain, Henry, 87.
+
+
+  Kearney, Michael, 182.
+
+  Keen & Lightfoot, 136.
+
+  Kelly, Henry, 250.
+
+  Kempe, John Tabor, 246, 247.
+
+  Kennedy, Henry, 346.
+
+  Kent, Rudolphus, 412.
+
+  Kent, William, 473.
+
+  Ketchum, Hiram, 447.
+
+  Kidd, Captain, 116.
+
+  Kieft, Governor, 6, 12.
+
+  Kiersted, Hans, 10.
+
+  Kierstede, Benjamin, 120.
+
+  King, Charles, 471, 473.
+
+  King, David, 455.
+
+  King George, 85.
+
+  King, Rufus, 434, 435.
+
+  King William, 108.
+
+  King of Prussia (Sign of the), 165.
+
+  King's Arms, 65, 67, 69, 77, 114, 115, 116, 141, 149, 164, 191, 193,
+      194, 196, 197, 198, 216, 217, 221, 251.
+
+  King's Birthday, 124.
+
+  King's College, 144.
+
+  King's Head, 69, 70, 71, 75, 84, 192, 193, 195, 202, 284, 285, 289, 290,
+      292.
+
+  King's Head, London, 210.
+
+  Kissam, Benjamin, 251, 385.
+
+  Knight, Sarah, 51, 162.
+
+  Knox, General, 310, 313, 314, 316, 317, 354.
+
+  Knyphausen, General, 398.
+
+  Kosciusko, General, 316.
+
+  Kray, Teunis, 29, 30.
+
+  Krout Club, 432, 433.
+
+
+  La Chair, Solomon Petersen, 29, 30.
+
+  Laight, General, 386.
+
+  Laight, William, 356.
+
+  Lafayette, George Washington, 465.
+
+  Lafayette, General, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469.
+
+  Lamb, General, 468.
+
+  Lambert, Captain, 366.
+
+  La Montagne, Doctor, 12.
+
+  Landlord, The, 169.
+
+  Langdon, Dorothea, 474.
+
+  Lawrence, Captain, 420, 421, 422.
+
+  Lawrence, Judge, 375.
+
+  Lawrence, Susannah, 122, 130.
+
+  Lawrence, William Beach, 472.
+
+  Leary, John, 182.
+
+  Le Count, William, 97.
+
+  Lee, General, 316.
+
+  Lee, Major, 300, 301, 303, 304.
+
+  Leendersen, Sander, 37.
+
+  Leete, Samuel, 44.
+
+  Leisler, Jacob, 49, 51, 53, 58, 66.
+
+  Lenox, Robert, 321.
+
+  Leppers, Thomas, 130, 131, 133, 188.
+
+  Lewis, Francis, 249, 265.
+
+  Lewis, Morgan, 249, 272.
+
+  Liberty Cap, 359, 360.
+
+  Liberty Pole, 215, 216, 217, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244,
+      257, 346.
+
+  Lincoln, General, 316.
+
+  Lispenard, Leonard, 249.
+
+  Little, Michael, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 407, 412.
+
+  Little's Tavern, 377, 383.
+
+  Litschoe, Annetje, 23.
+
+  Litschoe, Daniel, 22, 23, 28.
+
+  Livingston, Brockholst, 353, 422, 423, 433.
+
+  Livingston, Chancellor, 396.
+
+  Livingston, Edward, 374.
+
+  Livingston, Henry, 249.
+
+  Livingston, John, 249.
+
+  Livingston, Philip, 172, 233, 267, 268, 371.
+
+  Livingston, Robert, 324.
+
+  Livingston, Robert R., 205, 248, 321, 394, 403, 407.
+
+  Livingston, Robert R., Jr., 247.
+
+  Livingston, William, 209, 251, 252.
+
+  Lockyer, Captain, 261, 263.
+
+  "Locust Trees," 45.
+
+  London Hotel, 397.
+
+  London Tavern, 390, 439.
+
+  Loosley, Charles, 283, 289, 292.
+
+  Loosley & Elms, 283, 285, 288, 289, 293.
+
+  Loring, Commissioner, 299.
+
+  Lorelace, Governor, 40, 43, 81, 134.
+
+  Lovett, John, 373, 374, 389.
+
+  Low, Isaac, 267, 268, 271.
+
+  Ludlow, Daniel, 249, 371.
+
+  Ludlow, George, 249.
+
+  Ludlow, William, 249.
+
+
+  Macomb, Alexander, 476.
+
+  Mackraby, Alexander, 176.
+
+  Madison, James, 417.
+
+  Malcolm, General, 354.
+
+  Mapes, General, 434.
+
+  Marriner's Tavern, 364, 365, 368.
+
+  Marriner, William, 364, 366, 369.
+
+  Marshall, John, 187.
+
+  Martling, Abraham B., 375, 411.
+
+  Martling & Cozzens, 423, 425.
+
+  Martling's Tavern, 375, 376, 395.
+
+  Mason's Arms, 199.
+
+  Mason William, 54.
+
+  Massue, Viscombe de la, 377, 379.
+
+  Mather, Samuel G., 449.
+
+  Matthews, David, 251.
+
+  Matthews, James, 43.
+
+  Matthews, Peter, 62, 75, 134.
+
+  McComb, General, 434.
+
+  McDougal, Alexander, 151, 239, 241, 320, 324.
+
+  McGillivray, Alexander, 353, 354.
+
+  McGown, Andrew, 158.
+
+  McGown's Pass Tavern, 158.
+
+  McGown, widow, 158.
+
+  McIntyre, Peter, 428.
+
+  Meal Market, 127, 128.
+
+  Mechanics' Hall, 406, 447.
+
+  Melyen, Samuel, 172.
+
+  Mercantile Coffee House, 397.
+
+  Merchants' Coffee House, 117, 128, 131, 133, 136, 137, 141, 154, 155,
+      168, 201, 206, 207, 215, 225, 253, 255, 264, 265, 267, 271, 275,
+      278, 279, 280, 293, 294, 318, 321, 326, 356, 357, 386, 403.
+
+  Merchants' Exchange, 43, 135.
+
+  Merchants' Hotel, 435, 454.
+
+  Meschianza, The, 286, 287.
+
+  Miller, John, 186.
+
+  Minhorne, Jacob, 53, 58, 66.
+
+  Minuit, Peter, 2, 3.
+
+  Minvielle, Gabriel, 60, 69.
+
+  Mitchill, Samuel L., 433.
+
+  Monckton, General, 182.
+
+  Monroe, James, 434, 435.
+
+  Montagu, William, 179.
+
+  Montcrieffe, Major, 368.
+
+  Montgomerie, Governor, 91, 114.
+
+  Moody, Sir Henry, 23.
+
+  Mooney, William, 437.
+
+  Moore, Sir Henry, 207, 208, 225, 233, 245.
+
+  Moore, John, 248, 250.
+
+  Moore, Thomas W. C., 248.
+
+  Moot, The, 250, 251, 252.
+
+  Morris, General, 314.
+
+  Morris, Gouveneur, 101, 248, 251, 265, 364, 366.
+
+  Morris, Lewis, 95, 99, 101, 104, 108, 181, 331.
+
+  Morris, Lewis, Jr., 180, 181, 183.
+
+  Morris, Richard, 251.
+
+  Morris, Robert Hunter, 143.
+
+  Morris, Roger, 243.
+
+  Morris, William, 70.
+
+  Mortier, Paymaster General, 163, 189.
+
+  Morton, General, 434, 435.
+
+  Moultrie, General, 316.
+
+  Mount Pleasant, 187, 218, 252.
+
+  Mount Vernon Garden, 399, 400.
+
+  Murray, John, 337.
+
+
+  Nanfan, Lieutenant Governor, 72, 73.
+
+  National Hotel, 450.
+
+  New England Society, The, 407.
+
+  Negro Plot, 123, 318.
+
+  New York Coffee House, 318.
+
+  New York Arms, 142, 143, 144, 148, 202, 213, 222, 228, 233, 245, 246,
+      247.
+
+  New York Garden, 453, 454.
+
+  New York Hotel, 403.
+
+  New York Society, The, 247.
+
+  New York Stock Exchange, 360, 363.
+
+  Niblo's Coffee House, 407.
+
+  Niblo's Garden, 458.
+
+  Niblo, William, 452, 458, 459, 460, 462.
+
+  Nicolls, Governor, 37, 39, 178, 198, 199.
+
+  Noel, Garrat, 155.
+
+  Noel, Thomas, 65.
+
+  Non-Importation Agreement, 205.
+
+  Non-Importation Agreement, Second, 228.
+
+  Norris, Sir John, 108.
+
+  Norris, Matthias, 103, 106, 118.
+
+  Norris, Mrs., 108.
+
+  North, Lord, 267.
+
+
+  O'Brien, 155.
+
+  Ogden, Jonathan, 156.
+
+  Old Coffee House, 403.
+
+  Opdyck, Gysbert, 10.
+
+  Osborne, Sir Danvers, 139, 140.
+
+
+  Pain, Benjamin, 115, 120.
+
+  Paine, Robert Treat, 269.
+
+  Palmer, Benjamin, 163.
+
+  Parker, James, 202.
+
+  Parmyter, John, 85, 86.
+
+  Parmyter, Susannah, 86.
+
+  Pattison, General, 296, 297, 299.
+
+  Paulding, James K., 431.
+
+  Pelow, Vincent, 88.
+
+  Pemberton, Robert, 328.
+
+  Pennington, Captain, 282.
+
+  Pennington, William, 474.
+
+  Percival, James G., 431.
+
+  Perry, Commodore, 423, 424.
+
+  Phillips, Frederick, 455.
+
+  Phillips, General, 296.
+
+  Phillipse, Adolph, 92.
+
+  Phillipse, Frederick, 56, 95, 96, 98, 163, 187.
+
+  Phoenix Coffee House, 403.
+
+  Pine Apple, The, 120.
+
+  Pintard, John, 331, 362, 439.
+
+  Pirates, 57, 59.
+
+  Pitt, William, 215.
+
+  Platt, Jonas, 438, 439.
+
+  Platt, Richard, 328, 435.
+
+  Porteous, Captain, 394.
+
+  Porterfield, James, 131, 132, 133.
+
+  Post, Widow, 87, 88.
+
+  Powers, George, 322.
+
+  Price, Benjamin, 441, 442.
+
+  Price, Captain, 316.
+
+  Price, Stephen, 441, 443, 444.
+
+  Privateers, 119, 120, 121.
+
+  Province Arms, 142, 147, 203, 205, 244, 246, 255, 282, 295, 297, 299,
+      300, 305, 311, 323, 445.
+
+  Purdie, Alexander, 270.
+
+  Putnam, General, 207, 316.
+
+
+  Queen's Head, 168, 202, 227, 230, 243, 245, 247, 253, 294, 295, 317.
+
+
+  Radel, Margaret, 37.
+
+  Ramsay, Andrew, 114, 125, 129.
+
+  Randolph, Edmund, 344.
+
+  Ranelagh, 218, 221, 413.
+
+  Rapelye, Stephen, 250.
+
+  Rathwell, James, 393, 394.
+
+  Rawson's Tavern, 345.
+
+  Reade, John, 250.
+
+  Red House, 463.
+
+  Red Lion, 130.
+
+  Refugee Club, 295.
+
+  Regulation of Taverns, 20, 21.
+
+  Renwick, Professor, 471.
+
+  Revere, Paul, 260, 266.
+
+  Reynolds' Beer House, 459.
+
+  Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 168.
+
+  Reynolds, William, 458.
+
+  Riedesel, Baron, 296.
+
+  Ritzema, Rudolphus, 251.
+
+  Rivington, James, 284, 288, 323.
+
+  Road Houses, 459.
+
+  Robertson, Alexander, 299, 345.
+
+  Robin, Isaac, 86.
+
+  Robinson, Beverly, 202, 473.
+
+  Robinson, Joseph, 201.
+
+  Rodgers, Commodore, 417.
+
+  Rodgers, Doctor, 401.
+
+  Rogers, Captain, 468.
+
+  Rogers & Humphrey, 225.
+
+  Rogers, Lewis, 463.
+
+  Roger Morris House, 159, 363, 364.
+
+  Rogers, Moses, 371.
+
+  Roome, Luke, 154, 255, 357.
+
+  Roosevelt, John, 187.
+
+  Ross, David, 412.
+
+  Roubalet, 299, 305.
+
+  Royal Bowling Green, 188.
+
+  Royal Oak, 44.
+
+  Rutgers, Anthony, 182, 199, 219.
+
+  Rutherford, Walter, 209.
+
+  Rutledge, John, 344.
+
+
+  Sacket, Richard, 185.
+
+  Saint George and the Dragon, 37, 130.
+
+  Saltus, Nick, 451.
+
+  Sampson, J. P. C., 447.
+
+  Sands, Robert C., 431.
+
+  Sans, Souci, 455.
+
+  Santen, Lucas, 52.
+
+  Schuyler, Arent, 81.
+
+  Schuyler, Peter, 148, 149.
+
+  Schuyler, Philip, 328.
+
+  Scotch Johnny, 191, 195.
+
+  Scotch Johnny's, 164.
+
+  Scott, John Morin, 209, 251, 275, 310.
+
+  Scott, Winfield, 435, 474.
+
+  Scurlock, Thomas, 165.
+
+  Seabury, Doctor, 399.
+
+  Seagrave, James, 249.
+
+  Sears, Isaac, 151, 215.
+
+  Sebring, Isaac, 408.
+
+  Seton, William, 320.
+
+  Shakespeare Tavern, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432.
+
+  Shank, Matthew, 62.
+
+  Sherbrook, Major, 367.
+
+  Sherman, Alpheus, 410.
+
+  Shirley, William, 143.
+
+  Shoemakers' Pasture, 116.
+
+  Simmons, John, 340, 341.
+
+  Simmons' Tavern, 340, 341, 342.
+
+  Slave Market, 127.
+
+  Sloughter, Governor, 66.
+
+  Smith, Colonel, 310, 364.
+
+  Smith, Edward, 234, 238.
+
+  Smith, Ephraim, 287.
+
+  Smith, Melancthon, 345.
+
+  Smith, Mrs., 293.
+
+  Smith's Tavern, 286.
+
+  Smith, Thomas, 251.
+
+  Smith, William, 103, 251, 310.
+
+  Smith, William, Jr., 209.
+
+  Snedeker, John R., 465.
+
+  Social Club, The, 248.
+
+  Sons of Liberty, 208, 212, 214, 230, 231, 234, 236, 238, 239, 243, 244,
+      257, 259, 261, 273, 351.
+
+  Southard, Samuel, 474.
+
+  Sperry, Jacob, 401.
+
+  Sports and Amusements, 174.
+
+  Spring Garden, 116, 122, 165.
+
+  Spring Garden House, 165, 199.
+
+  Stagg, John, 354, 385.
+
+  Stamp Act, 204, 205, 202.
+
+  Stark, General, 316.
+
+  State Arms, 307.
+
+  Steel, Sarah, 194, 195, 196.
+
+  Steenwyck, Cornelis, 39, 198.
+
+  Steuben, General, 316, 326, 328, 337.
+
+  Stevens, Ebenezer, 423, 435.
+
+  Stevens, J., 250.
+
+  Stevens, John Austin, 255.
+
+  Stewart, Anthony G., 295.
+
+  Stirling, Lord, 182.
+
+  Stockton, Anne, 115.
+
+  Stone, William L., 431, 432.
+
+  Stoneall, James C., 432.
+
+  Storrs, Henry R., 472.
+
+  Strachan, John, 293, 294.
+
+  Strachan's Tavern, 295.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, 13, 20, 22, 34, 35, 47.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter G., 474.
+
+  Swain, Captain, 430.
+
+  Swartwout, John, 383, 396, 439, 468.
+
+  Swift, General, 434, 435.
+
+  Swift, Henry, 81.
+
+  Swift, Joseph G., 422.
+
+
+  Talbot, Captain, 375.
+
+  Talmadge, Colonel, 317.
+
+  Tammany Hall, 410, 422, 423, 427, 433, 437, 445.
+
+  Tammany Hall Hotel, 425.
+
+  Tammany Society, 351, 375, 395.
+
+  Tavern Life, 78, 79.
+
+  Tavern Regulations, 41.
+
+  Tavern Signs, 167.
+
+  Taylor, John, 189.
+
+  Tew, Thomas, 54, 58, 59.
+
+  Thomas, Widow, 122.
+
+  Thompson, Gabriel, 69, 70.
+
+  Thompson, John, 155, 156.
+
+  Thomson, Captain, 375.
+
+  Thurman, John, Jr., 209.
+
+  Tillery, James, 385, 394.
+
+  Todd, Robert, 105, 110, 112, 114, 121, 200.
+
+  Tollemache, Captain, 282.
+
+  Tompkins, Daniel D., 422, 423, 434, 435.
+
+  Tontine Coffee House, 154, 356, 361, 371, 374, 393, 395, 400, 403, 404,
+      407, 425.
+
+  Tontine Hotel, 371, 372.
+
+  Trumbull, John, 310, 474.
+
+  Tryon, Governor, 293, 296.
+
+  Turk's Head, The, 168, 431.
+
+  Two-Mile Tavern, 48.
+
+  Tyler's, 414.
+
+
+  Ugly Club, 414.
+
+  Ugly Hall, 414.
+
+  Underhill, John, 11, 12.
+
+  Union Flag, The, 158, 176.
+
+  United States Hotel, 478.
+
+  Ury, John, 123.
+
+
+  Valentine, Abraham M., 410.
+
+  Van Borsum, Annetje, 28, 29.
+
+  Van Borsum, Egbert, 27, 28, 29, 185.
+
+  Van Borsum, Hermanus, 29.
+
+  Van Buren's Tavern, Dr., 367.
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 328.
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Stephen, 200.
+
+  Van Dam, Rip, 92, 93, 94, 95, 101, 104, 110, 112, 113.
+
+  Vandenberg, Adam, 179.
+
+  Vandenberg's, 189.
+
+  Vanderbilt, John, 419.
+
+  Vandercliff, Dirck, 45, 46.
+
+  Vandercliff's Orchard, 45.
+
+  Vanderspiegel, John, 209.
+
+  Van Dyck, Hendrick, 20.
+
+  Van Horne, Cornelius, 92.
+
+  Van Horne, David, 205.
+
+  Van Ness, Judge, 423.
+
+  Van Pelt, Rem, 367.
+
+  Van Purmerendt, Claes Jansen, 25.
+
+  Van Shaack, Peter, 249, 251.
+
+  Van Tienhoven, Cornelis, 13.
+
+  Van Twiller, Wouter, 11.
+
+  Van Vorst, Annetje Cornelissen, 25.
+
+  Varian, Richard, 347.
+
+  Varick, Colonel, 310.
+
+  Vaughan, Thomas, 394, 395.
+
+  Vauxhall, 187, 206, 218, 247, 252, 425.
+
+  Vauxhall Garden, 218, 400, 401, 402.
+
+  Vermilye, Thomas, 163.
+
+  Verplanck, Gulian, 219, 356, 371.
+
+  Verplanck, Gulian C., 432.
+
+  Vineyard, The, 68, 185.
+
+
+  Wainwright, Doctor, 473.
+
+  Waldron, Adolph, 287.
+
+  Waldron, Samuel, 239.
+
+  Wales, Prince of, 108.
+
+  Walker, Benjamin, 324.
+
+  Wallace, Hugh, 229.
+
+  Walters, Robert, 66.
+
+  Walton, Jacob, 233.
+
+  Walton, William, 256.
+
+  Warren, Sir Peter, 182.
+
+  Washington, George, 159, 300, 302, 308, 309, 310, 313, 317, 336, 339,
+      341, 364, 367, 368, 473, 476.
+
+  Washington Hall, 408, 409, 410, 420, 423, 424, 425, 427, 441, 443, 445,
+      467, 469, 472.
+
+  Washington Hotel, 397, 412, 435.
+
+  Waters, A. W., 183.
+
+  Watson, James, 371.
+
+  Watson, John, 175.
+
+  Watts, John, 182, 249, 356, 358, 371, 404.
+
+  Watts, John, Jr., 247.
+
+  Wayne, General, 316.
+
+  Webb, James, 37.
+
+  Webb, Samuel B., 326, 328.
+
+  Webber, Wolfert, 46, 47.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 472.
+
+  Weissenfels, Frederick, 312.
+
+  Welch, Thomas, 118.
+
+  Wessels, Metje, 28, 30, 32, 33.
+
+  Wetmore, Prosper W., 467.
+
+  White Conduit House, 398, 399.
+
+  Whitehall Coffee House, 225.
+
+  White Horse Tavern, 18.
+
+  White Lion, 70, 71.
+
+  Wickham, William, 251.
+
+  Wilcocks, Widow, 440.
+
+  Wilkinson, James, 245.
+
+  Willard, Mr., 449, 450, 452.
+
+  Willett, Edward, 118, 141, 143, 144, 148, 202.
+
+  Willett, Marinus, 273, 274, 275, 353, 435.
+
+  Williams, Erasmus, 252.
+
+  Wilson, Captain, 441, 444.
+
+  Wilson, James, 344.
+
+  Wragg, Elizabeth, 255.
+
+
+  Zenger, John Peter, 101, 102, 104.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.
+
+[2] New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.
+
+[3] New York Mercury.
+
+[4] New York Gazette.
+
+[5] New York Evening Post.
+
+[6] Dayton.
+
+[7] Dayton.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK***
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Old Taverns of New York, by William Harrison Bayles</title>
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+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Old Taverns of New York, by William Harrison
+Bayles</h1>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
+<p>Title: Old Taverns of New York</p>
+<p>Author: William Harrison Bayles</p>
+<p>Release Date: November 20, 2013  [eBook #44240]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/oldtavernsofnewy00bayl">
+      https://archive.org/details/oldtavernsofnewy00bayl</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">Old Taverns of New York</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">By<br />
+<span class="large">W. Harrison Bayles</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><img src="images/printer.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Frank Allaben Genealogical Company<br />
+Forty-Second Street Building, New York</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Copyright, 1915, by Frank Allaben Genealogical Company</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h1><small>Old Taverns of New York</small></h1>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td>PREFACE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#I">I</a> DUTCH TAVERNS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Indian Trade&mdash;First Settlement&mdash;Purchase of Manhattan Island&mdash;Popular
+Taverns in New Amsterdam&mdash;Sunday Closing Under Stuyvesant&mdash;Dutch Festivities</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#II">II</a> NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The English Conquest&mdash;Horse Races&mdash;Regulations for Innkeepers&mdash;First
+Merchants’ Exchange&mdash;Famous Taverns of the Period&mdash;Early Buccaneers and
+Their Relations with Government Officials&mdash;Efforts of the Earl of Bellomont to Restrain Piracy</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#III">III</a> THE COFFEE HOUSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">An Exciting Election in 1701&mdash;Popularity of the Coffee House&mdash;Aftermath
+of the Leisler Troubles&mdash;Political Agitation under Lord
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>Cornbury&mdash;Trials of Nicholas Bayard and Roger Baker&mdash;Conferences
+at the Coffee House&mdash;Festivals under the English Rule&mdash;Official Meetings in Taverns and Coffee Houses</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#IV">IV</a> THE BLACK HORSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Black Horse Tavern, Scene of Many Political Conferences in
+the Early Eighteenth Century&mdash;Rip Van Dam and Governor Cosby&mdash;Lewis
+Morris’ Campaign&mdash;Zenger’s Victory for Liberty of
+the Press&mdash;Old New York Inns&mdash;Privateering&mdash;The Negro Plot</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#V">V</a> THE MERCHANTS’ COFFEE HOUSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Slave Market, Later the Meal Market&mdash;The Merchants’ Coffee
+House, Famous for More than Half a Century&mdash;Clubs of
+Colonial New York&mdash;The Merchants’ Exchange&mdash;Charter of
+King’s College, Now Columbia University&mdash;French and Indian
+War&mdash;The Assembly Balls&mdash;The Press Gang&mdash;Some Old Inns&mdash;Surrender of Fort Washington</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span><a href="#VI">VI</a> TAVERN SIGNS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Doctor Johnson on the Comforts of an Inn&mdash;Landlords of the Olden Time&mdash;Some Curious
+Tavern Signs&mdash;Intemperance in the Eighteenth Century&mdash;Sports and Amusements</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#VII">VII</a> THE KING’S ARMS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Crown and Thistle, Meeting Place of St. Andrew’s Society and Later Called the King’s
+Head&mdash;The King’s Arms, Formerly the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen’s Coffee House&mdash;Broadway
+of the Eighteenth Century&mdash;The Stamp Act and the Non-Importation Agreement&mdash;The Liberty Pole&mdash;Recreation Gardens</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#VIII">VIII</a> HAMPDEN HALL</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Queen’s Head Tavern, Where Was Organized the New York Chamber of Commerce&mdash;Pre-Revolutionary
+Excitement&mdash;Battle of Golden Hill&mdash;Hampden Hall, Meeting Place of the Sons
+of Liberty and Attacked by the British&mdash;List of Members of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>Social Club, 1775&mdash;Other Clubs and Societies of the Period&mdash;The
+Moot, a Lawyers’ Club and Its Charter Members&mdash;The Tax on
+Tea, Committee of Correspondence and Outbreak of the Revolution</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#IX">IX</a> THE PROVINCE ARMS</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Continental Congress&mdash;Marinus Willett’s Seizure of
+Arms&mdash;Flight of the Tories&mdash;Happenings at the Coffee House&mdash;The
+Province Arms, Resort of British Officers&mdash;Other Taverns&mdash;The
+Theatre Royal&mdash;Sports&mdash;The Refugee Club&mdash;Social Affairs Under the British Occupation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#X">X</a> FRAUNCES’ TAVERN</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Treaty of Peace&mdash;Celebration Dinners at Sam Fraunces’
+House and Other Taverns&mdash;Evacuation of New York&mdash;Washington’s
+Farewell to His Officers, at Fraunces’ Tavern, 1783&mdash;First
+New York Bank&mdash;Re-organization of Chamber of Commerce&mdash;Social,
+Philanthropic, and Learned Societies of the Day&mdash;The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span>Cincinnati&mdash;The New Constitution&mdash;Washington’s
+Inauguration&mdash;Sam Fraunces, Steward of the President</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XI">XI</a> THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The Tammany Society&mdash;Tontine Coffee House Founded by Prominent
+New York Merchants&mdash;New York Stock Exchange in the Tontine&mdash;Marriner’s Tavern,
+Later Called the Roger Morris House and the Jumel Mansion&mdash;The Tammany
+Wigwam&mdash;Brillât-Savarin in New York</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XII">XII</a> THE CITY HOTEL</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Club Life After the Revolution&mdash;The City Hotel and the Assembly
+Balls&mdash;Musical Societies&mdash;Second Hudson Centennial, 1809&mdash;St.
+Andrew’s Society Dinners and Other Feasts&mdash;Tea Gardens&mdash;The
+Embargo of 1807&mdash;Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen&mdash;New
+England Society&mdash;Political Associations&mdash;Tammany Hall&mdash;The Battery&mdash;The Ugly Club</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XIII">XIII</a> THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">The War of 1812&mdash;Dinner to Naval Victors at the City
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>Hotel&mdash;Dinners to Captain Lawrence, General Harrison, Commodores
+Bainbridge and Perry&mdash;News of Peace&mdash;The Shakespeare Tavern,
+a Musical and Literary Centre&mdash;Cradle of the Seventh Regiment&mdash;A
+New York Inn Comparable to London’s “Mermaid Tavern” and “Turk’s Head”&mdash;Visits
+of Monroe and Jackson&mdash;The Erie Canal&mdash;First New York Savings Bank&mdash;The Price-Wilson Duel</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#XIV">XIV</a> ROAD HOUSES</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_445">445</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="dent">Prejudice Against Dancing&mdash;Balls&mdash;Debates and Lectures&mdash;The
+City Hotel&mdash;Niblo’s Garden&mdash;Road Houses&mdash;Trotting
+Matches&mdash;Upper Third Avenue&mdash;Suburban Drives and Taverns&mdash;Lafayette’s
+Visit&mdash;Clubs&mdash;End of City Hotel&mdash;Era of Hotels</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>INDEX</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_481">481</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Illustrations</h2>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Beer Was the Dutchman’s Drink”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The City Tavern from the Justin Dancker’s View, 1650</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The White Horse Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Damen House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Water Gate, Foot of Wall Street</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“They Had Discovered the Toothsome Terrapin”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“The Man of the Knight of St. George”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Earl of Bellomont</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“As Genuine Pirates as Ever Sailed the Sea”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Captain Tew</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bayard Punch Bowl</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Viscount Cornbury</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Tankard</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Black Horse Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rip Van Dam</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Governor Cosby</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lewis Morris</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fac-Simile News Item from the New York Weekly Journal, November 5, 1733</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Andrew Hamilton</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Ball at the Black Horse</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Which Were All Drank in Bumpers”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“The Violin and Flute, by ‘Private Hands’”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>House at 122 William Street</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Royal Exchange</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sir Danvers Osborne, Governor of New York</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“The Drumbeat Was Constantly Heard in the Streets”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sir Charles Hardy, Governor of New York</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Colonel Peter Schuyler</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Press Gang</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bull’s Head Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Roger Morris House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Blue Bell Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Old Time Landlord</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Hard Drinking Prevailed”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">171</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Good Old Madeira</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>A Racing Trophy</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bull Baiting, From an Old Advertisement</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bowling Green, From Lyne’s Map</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>William Alexander, Earl of Stirling</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>House Built by Cornelis Steenwyck</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The De Lancey House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Liberty Boys</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>At Ranelagh</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">220</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corner of Broadway and Murray Street, 1816</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Captain A. McDougall</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Merchants’ Coffee House and Coffee House Slip</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Marinus Willett Stopping the Transfer of Arms</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baroness De Riedesel</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>In the Coffee House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“Gambling With Cards Was Pretty General”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Simmons’ Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fac-Simile Receipt of Sam Fraunces, as Washington’s Steward</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bowery Theatre</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">348</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tontine Coffee House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Old Sleigh</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The City Hotel</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_373">373</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Martling’s Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_376">376</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belvedere Club House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_388">382</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fac-Simile Bill of the City Hotel, 1807</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_384">384</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Anthelme Brillât-Savarin</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_382">387</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>White Conduit House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Robert R. Livingston</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_404">404</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washington Hall</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_409">409</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tammany Hall</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_411">411</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fraunces’ Tavern About 1830</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_412">412</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Great Naval Dinner at the City Hotel, December 29, 1812</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_417">416</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Commodore Stephen Decatur</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_419">418</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Commodore Isaac Hull</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_420">420</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Captain James Lawrence</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Shakespeare Tavern</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_430">429</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>“As Choice Spirits as Ever Supped at the Turk’s Head”</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_431">431</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>De Witt Clinton</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_438">438</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Contoit’s Garden</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Niblo’s Garden</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Reynolds’ Beer House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_459">459</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>Cato’s House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_461">461</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Old Hazzard House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_462">462</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Burnham’s Mansion House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_464">464</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fitz-Greene Halleck</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_470">470</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>J. Fenimore Cooper</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_472">472</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bunker’s Mansion House</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_477">477</a></td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Much has been written about the old taverns of New York in a disconnected
+way, but heretofore there has been no connected story linking them with
+the current events of the early history of the city. This story I have
+attempted to tell from the Dutch settlement down to the early part of the
+last century, when the growth of the city and extensive travel entirely
+changed their character. In doing this I have found myself at issue with
+many writers on the subject. In every such case the conclusions set down
+in this book rest I believe upon unquestionable documentary evidence, in
+part referred to in the text.</p>
+
+<p>Before any newspapers appeared the tavern was a very important institution
+in the community. It was the medium of all news both political and social,
+the one place where people of all kinds met to exchange views on every
+subject of interest to the general public. In this way it exercised an
+influence second only to the church.</p>
+
+<p>The connection of the taverns with the history of the city was very close.
+There was hardly an event of importance but had its inception in the
+taverns, where all questions of interest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> to the public were discussed as
+in no other place. They were frequented by all classes and the influence
+of each one of them on the community depended entirely on the character of
+those who patronized it. The merchants, the politicians and the men of
+letters each had their places of rendezvous.</p>
+
+<p>Following the history of the city chronologically I have endeavored to
+link with it the influence of the taverns on current events, and at the
+same time show up the interesting features of tavern life by details of
+happenings at these places. I have made no attempt to increase interest by
+any means except the plain, unvarnished truth, which I have considered
+sufficiently attractive. Tales of the old taverns are enhanced in interest
+by a glamour of antiquity surrounding the subject by which few can fail to
+be charmed.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing exists at the present day in any way resembling an old tavern of
+the first class in colonial times. It was the place for political
+discussion, for social clubs and for meetings of all kinds. Every one went
+to the tavern and from no other source could a person gain so much
+knowledge of public affairs.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">W. Harrison Bayles</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Dutch Taverns</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trading with the Indians</i></div>
+
+<p>On the return of Hendrick Hudson from his voyage of discovery in 1609, his
+reports were so favorable, especially, as to the abundance of valuable
+furs which were to be had at very little cost, that several merchants of
+Amsterdam, without delay, fitted out trading vessels and sent them to
+trade with the Indians in the territory he had visited. The returns were
+satisfactory, and they formed themselves into a company under the name of
+the United Netherland Company and established a trading post on the
+southern part of Manhattan Island. The exclusive privilege of trade, which
+had been granted them by Holland, expired in the year 1618, and they
+endeavored to have the grant renewed or extended, but succeeded only in
+obtaining a special license, expiring yearly, which they held for two or
+three years longer.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime a more extensive association had been formed by some
+merchants and capitalists of Holland, who in the year 1621<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> received a
+charter under the title of the West India Company, which gave to them the
+exclusive privilege of trade on the whole Atlantic coast, so far as the
+jurisdiction of Holland extended. Powers of government were conferred upon
+the company and the right to make treaties with the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>In 1623, they sent out a vessel which carried thirty families to begin the
+colony. The vessel landed her passengers and freight near the present site
+of Albany and a settlement was there established. The return cargo of
+skins and other freight was valued at about twelve thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>First Settlement</i></div>
+
+<p>It having been determined to fix the headquarters of the company in New
+Netherland on Manhattan Island, two ships cleared from Holland in 1625
+with a large number of settlers for this place. With these was sent out
+Peter Minuit, as Director-General, to superintend the interests of the
+company. On board the vessels were carried more than a hundred head of
+cattle, besides other domestic animals, such as would be needed by the
+people in a permanent settlement. This was the first real settlement on
+Manhattan Island. The few huts and storehouses, surrounded by a stockade
+for protection against the Indians, although it appears they were very
+friendly, which had been located here for many years, was not a
+settlement; it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> only a trading post; no attempt had been made to
+cultivate the land.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike the New England settlers and the Swedes upon the Delaware the Dutch
+did not make use of the log house, so well adapted by economy, ease of
+construction and comfort, as a temporary home. It is said that Dutch
+traders built huts very much like those of the Indian tribes of the
+neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian house or hut was made by placing in the ground two parallel
+rows of upright saplings adjoining each other and bringing their tops
+together, lapping them over each other in a curve. On this were fastened
+boughs and reeds, as a protection against wind and rain, the inside being
+lined with bark nicely joined together. If such skill were used in joining
+the bark on the inside as is displayed by some of the North American
+Indians in building their canoes, it must have presented a very neat and
+smooth appearance. There was no floor, the fire, in winter, being built
+upon the ground, the smoke escaping through an opening in the roof. The
+width of the house was invariably twenty feet, the length being regulated
+by the number of families occupying it.</p>
+
+<p>If the Dutch traders used such huts they undoubtedly modified them
+somewhat as to fireplace and chimney and probably made many other
+improvements to suit their needs.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Manhattan Island Purchased</i></div>
+
+<p>Peter Minuit, the Director-General, to obtain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> title to the island,
+purchased it from the Indian proprietors, and the settlers commenced their
+town by staking out a fort, under the direction of Kryn Frederick, an
+engineer sent out for that purpose, and set about the erection of their
+temporary homes, which were little better than those of their
+predecessors, the traders. The next year, 1626, the machinery for a saw
+mill arrived from Holland and a mill worked by wind power was erected on
+what is now Governor’s Island, which was then covered with a fine growth
+of forest trees, which after being cut up, could be easily floated to the
+little town. The settlers were thus supplied with lumber which enabled
+them to erect buildings more conformable to their needs. They built, as a
+rule, houses of only one story in height, with two rooms on the ground
+floor and a garret above. The roof was reed or straw thatch, and this
+material continued to be so used for about thirty years after the first
+settlement of New Amsterdam. The fireplace was built of stone to the
+height of about six feet, having an oven of the same material by the side
+of it, extending beyond the rear of the house. The chimney above the stone
+work was made of boards plastered inside with mortar. The average value of
+these houses was about one hundred and fifty dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutchman did not come to America for the sake of religious or
+political freedom or to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> escape persecution. He was lured by the profits
+of trade and the prospect of finding a better and more extensive home for
+himself and for his children. In the little village or town that had been
+formed by the first settlers on the southern point of Manhattan Island no
+Puritanical laws or regulations prevented him from dealing in beer or
+strong drink, or in drinking as much as he had a mind to. Beer was the
+Dutchman’s drink, and the West India Company very early erected the
+Company’s Brewery on the north side of Bridge Street, between the present
+Whitehall and Broad Streets, to supply the little town with its usual
+beverage.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img01.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“BEER WAS THE DUTCHMAN’S DRINK”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch trader bartered with the Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> for furs, and as the little
+cluster of houses near the fort grew in population some of the traders
+also sold, when they could, a little beer and other strong drink which
+their furs enabled them to obtain from the ships coming into port. For
+many years, except with the Indians, there does not appear to have been
+any restraint on this trade in liquor, but, although there were many
+houses where it was kept on tap for sale, no provision seems to have been
+made for the lodging of strangers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>The Dutch from up the river or from the nearby settlements, which were
+very scanty until the time of Stuyvesant, were, no doubt, always able to
+find relatives or friends with whom they could lodge; but the English
+skippers who stopped over on their trips between Virginia and the New
+England colonies were not only strangers but spoke a strange language,
+unknown to most of the inhabitants, and it is not difficult to understand
+the reluctance of having them as guests in the small houses where the
+accommodations were very limited. Governor Kieft says that he was put to
+great inconvenience in taking care of them, and so, in 1641 built a large
+stone house to accommodate and care for them and other strangers, which
+was known as the Stadt Herbergh or City Tavern. There must have been
+urgent need for such a house, for it was the most costly building that had
+been erected up to this time. The expenditure was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> much greater than for
+the building of a new and substantial church in the fort, a short time
+after. It was, no doubt, intended to impress and increase the respect of
+strangers and was an object of the admiration and pride of the citizens of
+New Amsterdam. It was located in a very conspicuous place, with one of its
+sides facing the East River, apart from the other houses of the town. It
+was two stories high with a basement underneath and spacious lofts above.
+In the rear was an extension or addition, a long, narrow structure which
+was apparently used for kitchen purposes and probably for other uses.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year 1643 the Stadt Herbergh, or City Tavern, was leased to
+Philip Gerritsen, its first landlord, at a rental of three hundred
+guilders, or about one hundred and twenty dollars, per annum and opened
+for the entertainment of the public; afterwards to Adriaen Gerritsen, down
+to the beginning of the year 1652, when the tavern was being conducted by
+Abraham Delanoy. According to agreement, Gerritsen was to sell the
+Company’s wine, brandy and beer, and no other, the Company agreeing not to
+allow any wine to be sold out of their cellar to the injury of the lessee.
+The Director-General also promised that a well should be dug near the
+house and that a brew-house should be erected in the rear or that
+Gerritsen should be permitted the use of the Company’s brew-house.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>Shortly after the opening of the tavern it was put to good use in
+sheltering the fugitives who came to it for protection. Among these were
+the settlers from Achter Col, across the Kills from Staten Island, on the
+mainland, who, driven from their homes, which were destroyed by the
+Indians, were lodged for a time at the City Tavern, at the expense of the
+West India Company.</p>
+
+<p>The tavern seems to have been in frequent use as a place of detention of
+persons obnoxious to the Director and his Council and of persons suspected
+of offenses against the orders of the Director-General, and it is probable
+that some part of the building was set apart for that purpose. Sometimes
+the prisoners were quite numerous, as when, in 1651, the crew of the ship
+“Nieuw Nederlandsche Fortuyn” were quartered here, and also when in 1656,
+after it had become the City Hall, were brought here the twenty-three
+Englishmen who had attempted to make a settlement in the present
+Westchester, hostile to the Dutch claim. Notwithstanding this, the tavern
+came to be patronized by many of the best people of the place and by the
+officers of the West India Company. It became a place where a great deal
+of business was transacted, both public and private, and was one of the
+places where all public notices were posted, the others being the fort and
+the barn of the West India Company. It was, too, before it became the City
+Hall, the place where the court frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> sat for the trial of minor
+cases. Here was held in the fall and winter of 1653 the Landtdag, or Diet,
+consisting of representatives from each of the Dutch towns, for the
+purpose of providing means of defence against the Indians. This was the
+most important popular convention that had ever been held in New
+Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Tavern Becomes the City Hall</i><br /><br />
+<i>Captain Underhill Makes Trouble</i></div>
+
+<p>In 1652 New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city under the government of a
+schout, two burgomasters and five schepens, and was allowed a separate
+magistracy, although not independent of Governor and Council. This made it
+necessary to have a city hall or town house, and soon after the City
+Tavern was ceded to the city and henceforth was known as the “stadt huys”
+or city hall.</p>
+
+<p>In the first settlement of New England the laws and regulations as to the
+sale of strong drink and as to restraint in indulgence were very rigid,
+but afterwards much relaxed. In New Amsterdam there was little restraint;
+so that when the notorious Puritan Captain John Underhill came down to New
+Amsterdam, however exemplary may have been his behavior while at home
+among his New England friends (although there had been some complaint), he
+let himself loose and became, as some would say, “gloriously drunk.” On
+the night of the 15th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> of March, 1644, in the parlor of Philip Gerritsen
+of the City Tavern, Doctor Hans Kiersted, Dominie Bogardus, Gysbert Opdyck
+and several others, with their wives, were having a supper and spending an
+agreeable evening. Some time after the supper, while they were enjoying
+themselves, Captain Underhill, with Lieutenant Baxter and a drummer, who
+had evidently made the rounds of the town and were in an advanced state of
+intoxication, appeared at the door. Gerritsen could not forbid entrance to
+the worthy captain, but told him that he was entertaining a party of
+friends with their wives and requested him to take a separate room where
+he would serve them. They were finally induced to do this after much talk.
+They invited some of the company to drink with them and they complied.
+Baxter invited Opdyck to join them but he refused. Thereupon Underhill and
+his companions drew their swords and cut in pieces the cans on the shelves
+in the tavern, hacked the door-posts and endeavored by force to get into
+the room where the supper party was. This was for some time resisted by
+the landlady with a leaden bolt and by the landlord trying to keep the
+door closed; but, in spite of all opposition, they succeeded in forcing
+their way in. Underhill was in such a state that it was quite uncertain at
+what moment he might take a notion to flesh his sword in any Dutchman who
+stood in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> his way. With his sword half drawn he cried: “Clear out of here,
+for I shall strike at random.” The fiscal and a guard from the fort were
+sent for, but they did not succeed in quieting the drunken Englishmen. In
+reply to some remarks of the Dominie, who suggested that the
+Director-General himself be sent for, Underhill said, as deposed by
+witnesses: “If the Director come here, ’tis well. I had rather speak to a
+wise man than a fool.” To prevent further and more serious mischief,
+fearing that at any moment Underhill might pink the Dominie, the supper
+party withdrew, leaving Underhill in possession of the field. Thus the
+gallant Captain scored another victory.</p>
+
+<p>When Wouter Van Twiller came out, in 1633, as Director-General, the
+pressing claims of England to the control of the whole territory on the
+Atlantic Coast, induced the West India Company to send out with him a
+military force of one hundred and four soldiers to garrison the fort.
+These were the first that had been sent over.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sergeant Peter Cock’s Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Among the soldiers, some years later, was a man by the name of Peter Cock,
+who held the rank of sergeant. He built, or had constructed for him, a
+little house, such as were being put up at that time, northwest from the
+fort, on ground now occupied by No. 1 Broadway. It was very likely the
+first house built on that side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> of the fort and was used as a tavern. It
+was no doubt more patronized by the soldiers than any other.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant Cock was in command of several regular soldiers under La Montagne
+in the expedition against the Indians on Staten Island in 1643. On their
+return to New Amsterdam, they were all immediately sent out to Greenwich
+and Stamford, where they scoured the country in search of the Indians. In
+November of the same year Governor Kieft dispatched one hundred and twenty
+men, under the command of Dr. La Montagne, Cock and Underhill, to
+exterminate the Canarsee Indians. They brought back from this expedition
+some prisoners, who were afterwards barbarously treated, inhumanly
+tortured and finally killed in the public streets of New Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>At Sergeant Cock’s tavern the details of these expeditions and the part
+taken in them by each individual were, doubtless, thoroughly discussed by
+the soldiers as they drank their beer or other beverages served out to
+them. They talked over the quarrels of the Dominie and the
+Director-General and the last sermon in which the Dominie fulminated his
+biting diatribes against the Director; how the drummer beat up the drum
+and the gunner touched off one of the big guns when the Dominie was in the
+midst of one of his harangues, which distracted the congregation and
+almost threw them into a panic.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>Next to the lot on which Sergeant Cock had built his house Martin Crigier
+obtained the grant of a lot in 1643, on which a house appears to have
+already been built, probably by himself. Crigier is said to have come out
+in the service of the West India Company when a young man, after his
+separation or release from which he had engaged in the business of trader
+and sloop captain on the North River and became an active and conspicuous
+citizen. He was certainly a doughty Dutchman, his name occupying a
+prominent place in the military annals of New Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>The military expeditions in which he was engaged were numerous. In 1657 he
+went out in command of forty men to settle difficulties on the Delaware.
+In 1659 he commanded a force of sixty men, sent out to the same region to
+repel a threatened invasion of the English. In 1663 he was in command of
+the force sent to Esopus to punish the savages for their massacre of the
+Dutch, and in this expedition he seems to have had the complete confidence
+of Governor Stuyvesant, himself a valiant soldier. With Cornelis Van
+Tienhoven he was sent to New Haven to treat with the English and he was
+Burgomaster of New Amsterdam in 1653, 1654, 1659, 1660 and 1663.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Burgomaster Martin Crigier, Tavern-Keeper</i></div>
+
+<p>He was an innkeeper and we can easily imagine that his house must have
+been the resort of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> all the Dutch politicians of his day, where were
+discussed not only plans of attack and defence, but also the policies of
+the little town in all its various aspects, both internally and in
+relation to the Indians and the English. The English, no doubt, were
+thoroughly discussed, for there was constant trouble with them at this
+time.</p>
+
+<p>The house was near the fort, on ground now occupied by No. 3 Broadway, and
+looked out on the open ground of the present Bowling Green, which was then
+the parade of the soldiers, being in front of the gate of the fort, the
+eastern side of it being used as a market field on appointed days, where
+were displayed all kinds of country produce brought in from the
+surrounding country. Here, also, in this open space, in 1656 and
+subsequent years, was held, in the latter part of October and all through
+November, the cattle market for store and fat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs,
+bucks, and such like. It was promised that stalls and other conveniences
+would be erected for those who brought such animals to market. This
+cattle-market, notice of which, by letter, had been sent out to the Dutch
+and English of Connecticut and Long Island, no doubt brought to New
+Amsterdam a great many from the surrounding country, even as far away as
+New Haven. The taverns were full and the life and activity of the city was
+much increased. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> young men drank in the conversations of the city
+burghers at the taverns, discussed with them the price of beaver skins and
+other articles of trade with the Indians, and in turn told of the arts of
+the trapper and hunter, as well as adventures with the Indians and with
+the wild animals of the forest. These visitors, for a time, made the
+taverns gay and lively, and sometimes there were, no doubt, heated talks
+and even quarrels and personal encounters.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img02.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE CITY TAVERN FROM THE JUSTIN DANCKER’S VIEW, 1650</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In front of the taverns of Captain Crigier and Sergeant Cock groups of men
+could be seen at such times bargaining and discussing prices and the news
+of the day. Beer was to be had and there was plenty of talk, for the
+outlying settlers brought in the news of their own sections and were very
+anxious to learn all the news of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> city and still more anxious to get
+news from the fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>Those who visited the city to bring in cattle and attend this market made
+of it a pleasure trip long to be remembered. Although New Amsterdam could
+not furnish any amusement that would intoxicate a modern New Yorker yet,
+to those who were passing their days in isolated homes, the gaiety of the
+little city was a source of great enjoyment; and in returning to their
+quiet homes they carried back with them all the little luxuries which they
+could afford and which the city could supply. They had also a great deal
+to tell their relatives and friends.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that when Peter Cock and Martin Crigier built their
+taverns to catch the patronage of the soldiers at the fort, the ground in
+the neighborhood to the west of the fort and along the river was in a
+perfect state of nature, untouched by the hand of man. The authorities
+kept the space in front of the fort clear of building; which, without any
+preconceived plan or intention on their part, resulted in leaving a
+triangular open space, which became the parade for the soldiers, the
+market place for cattle, and, afterwards, in the time of the English, the
+Bowling Green.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1659, transfer was made of a lot on the west side of the
+Heere Straat (Broadway), which was described as bounded on the south by
+the <i>newly-built house and lot of Burgomaster Martin Crigier</i>. It was
+about this time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> that improvements and a great advance were being made in
+the style of building, and as Crigier was at this time and had been some
+years previous a burgomaster, and was besides a conspicuous man in the
+community, it is natural to suppose that he would put up a good and
+substantial house.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the fort, close under the shelter of its eastern
+wall, at the corner of the present Whitehall and Stone Streets, where the
+Produce Exchange now stands, was a little tavern which had been built in
+the most economical manner in 1641, and was kept by a Frenchman, Philip
+Gerard, called by the Dutch Geraerdy, who had left the gay city of Paris
+for life among the Dutch of New Amsterdam. Geraerdy probably had good
+reasons for the change; perhaps it was to escape conscription in the wars
+then raging in Europe. Riding the wooden horse in the fort was a common
+punishment of the soldiers, and Philip Geraerdy, we presume from a sense
+of humor, or for some other good reason, called his house the Wooden
+Horse, or at least it is so called in the Dutch records. The soldiers no
+doubt much preferred the wooden horse (or bench) in Philip’s tavern to
+that in the fort. Philip was himself at one time a soldier, and had ridden
+the wooden horse, for May 27, 1642, “Philip Geraerdy, a soldier, for
+having been absent from the guard without leave,” was sentenced to ride
+the wooden horse during parade,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> with a pitcher in one hand and a drawn
+sword in the other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The White Horse Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>After a few years the name of Philip’s house underwent a change. This may
+have been the result of a sort of evolutionary process, induced by Philip,
+who erected in front of his house a sign on which was painted a white
+horse on a dark background, very conspicuous. The house became known as
+the Sign of the White Horse or the White Horse Tavern.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img03.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE WHITE HORSE TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Some lively scenes were connected with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> little tavern. One dark night
+in the spring of 1643, farmer Jan Damen, whose house was just beyond the
+present Wall Street near Broadway, drank deep in Philip’s house, and was
+in such a condition that Geraerdy thought it prudent to guide him home,
+which act of benevolence cost him dearly. Damen must have been in a mood
+that threatened trouble, for Geraerdy had taken the precaution to draw his
+sword from its scabbard and carry it himself. At the house Damen’s serving
+man, armed with a long knife, resisted his master’s entrance. Damen used
+the scabbard as a weapon and also secured a knife, and in the fight which
+ensued Geraerdy was, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> the surgeon declared, dangerously wounded, Damen
+having struck him in the dark under the shoulder blade.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img04.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE DAMEN HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It was a dramatic and semi-tragic scene when “Black John,” who hailed from
+the seaport town of Monnikendam, near Amsterdam, one morning, as they were
+at the house of Philip Geraerdy, addressed Ensign Hendrick Van Dyck,
+saying: “Brother, my service to you,” to which the ensign answered:
+“Brother, I thank you.” “Black John” did not hand over the can, but
+instead struck the ensign with it on his forehead so that blood flowed,
+saying that that was his Monnikendam fashion, and threw him over on his
+back. This, it is related, was done without having words or dispute of any
+kind.</p>
+
+<p>Geraerdy became a sergeant in the burgher troops, and while keeping a
+tavern was also a trader and a man of business. Besides his own language
+he could speak both Dutch and English, acting occasionally as an
+interpreter. He succeeded so well that in a few years he built for himself
+a substantial house on that part of his lot fifty or sixty feet down from
+the corner on Stone Street.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Taverns Regulated</i></div>
+
+<p>When Governor Peter Stuyvesant arrived, in May, 1647, he found New
+Amsterdam, to use an expression of the present day, “a wide open town.”
+Before the close of the month he issued an order requiring that all places
+where liquor was sold should remain closed on Sunday before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> two o’clock
+in the afternoon, and, in case of preaching in the fort, until four
+o’clock,&mdash;this, under penalty of the owners being deprived of their
+occupation, and besides being fined six Carolus guilders for each person
+who should be found drinking wine or beer within the stated time,
+excepting only travellers and those who were daily customers, fetching the
+drinks to their own homes; and that all such places should be closed every
+night at the ringing of the bell about nine o’clock. In issuing this order
+he says: “Whereas we have experienced the violence of our inhabitants,
+when drunk, their quarrelling, fighting and hitting each other, even on
+the Lord’s day of rest, of which we have ourselves witnessed the painful
+example last Sunday, in contravention of law, to the contempt and disgrace
+of our person and office, to the annoyance of our neighbors, and to the
+disregard and contempt of God’s holy laws and ordinances,” etc.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1648, he found that further action was necessary. He declared
+that one-fourth of the houses had been turned into taverns for the sale of
+brandy, tobacco and beer, and that they were detrimental to the welfare of
+the community; he therefore issued a set of rules for their regulation. No
+new tap-houses should be opened without the unanimous vote of the Director
+and Council. Those who had been tapsters could continue as such for four
+years at least, but in the meantime, should seek some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> other means of
+livelihood, so as not to be dependent on it. Orders as to closing at nine
+o’clock every night and on Sundays were repeated. Tapsters were to report
+all fights or disorderly conduct in their places, and physicians were to
+report all cases where they were called on to dress wounds received in
+such disturbances. This does not necessarily indicate that New Amsterdam
+was at this time a disorderly place, for like New York of the present day,
+it was a cosmopolitan city. The population at that time was not over five
+hundred souls, and it has been declared that eighteen different languages
+were spoken by the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Litschoe’s Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Some time previous to the year 1648 Daniel Litschoe established an inn on
+what is now Pearl Street in the outskirts of the town, which became the
+resort of the country people coming in from Long Island. Litschoe came out
+to New Amsterdam with the earliest settlers as ensign in the military
+service of the Dutch. He was with Stuyvesant at Beverwyck and on his order
+hauled down the lord’s colors. He also went out with Stuyvesant in the
+expedition against the Swedes on the Delaware as lieutenant.</p>
+
+<p>The tavern seems to have been a good-sized building, for it is spoken of
+as “the great house,” but this is to be taken as in comparison with its
+neighbors. It had at least a quarter of an acre of ground attached to it,
+and stood back some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> little distance from the street. A part of the lot is
+now covered by No. 125 Pearl Street. In the spring of 1651, Litschoe
+leased this house to Andries Jochemsen, who kept it as a tavern or ale
+house for many years and had lots of trouble with the authorities. He
+would tap on Sundays and after nine o’clock, and his house was the resort
+of disorderly persons. After keeping tavern for some years in a house
+which he had built just outside the city wall, Litschoe purchased a lot
+inside the wall between it and the house he had resided in some years
+before, and here he, and after his death in 1662, his wife, Annetje, kept
+a tavern for many years.</p>
+
+<p>When Sir Henry Moody came from Virginia in 1660 to exchange ratifications
+of the treaty to regulate commerce between that colony and New Netherland
+he was received with all the usual diplomatic honors. Two members of the
+council, under escort of halberdiers, were sent “to compliment him in his
+lodgings,” and Moody, appearing in the fort, presented his credentials. He
+resided a considerable time at the house of Daniel Litschoe and when he
+left the city he failed to settle his score, for which his library left at
+the house was sold. More people came into the city over the river road
+from the Long Island ferry than from any other direction, and Litschoe’s
+tavern near the city gate was an inviting resting place. It was one of the
+stations where fire-buckets were kept for use in cases of emergency.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img05.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">WATER GATE, FOOT OF WALL STREET</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The city wall, above mentioned, was a line of palisades straight across
+the island along the northerly side of the present Wall Street, passing
+through the present Trinity Churchyard. On the inside of the palisades was
+an embankment and a ditch. It was built in the year 1653, when England and
+Holland were at war and New Amsterdam was threatened by the New England
+colonists. Through this line of defence there were two gates, the
+land-gate at the present junction of Broadway and Wall Street and the
+water-gate at the river road or present Pearl Street.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Peter Cock’s Troubles to Obtain a Wife</i></div>
+
+<p>Peter Cock added much to the piquancy of the gossip of the taverns and the
+town when, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> 1653, probably no longer a soldier, he brought suit against
+Annetje Cornelissen Van Vorst, claiming the fulfillment of a promise of
+marriage. The case occupied the time and attention of the Court of
+Burgomasters and Schepens at a great many sessions, statements and
+counter-statements being presented to the Court, who, considering the case
+too large for them, sent it, with the papers, to the Director and Council
+for their decision. It was sent back to the Court of Burgomasters and
+Schepens, with a recommendation to appoint a committee to examine the
+papers and report. The final decision, pronounced May 18, 1654, was that
+the promise was a binding contract. From this decision Annetje appealed,
+but it was confirmed. In some way Annetje obtained a release, at any rate,
+she married November 11, 1656, Claes Jansen Van Purmerendt, a tobacco
+planter of Paulus Hook. Peter consoled himself with another Annetje, for
+on June 13, 1657, he married Annetje Dirks, of Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<p>In 1661 Annetje Cock was a widow and in control of the tavern which Peter
+Cock had left. She asked permission to build a new house on the southeast
+corner of the lot, which request was refused, as it would be too near the
+fort. Her husband had contracted for the building of a house on the lot,
+which she claimed was voided by his death, and wished to make a new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+contract with others, but the court decided that the old contract was
+binding. A new house was built which was kept by her as a tavern for many
+years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Dutch Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>The taverns of New Amsterdam were probably modeled somewhat after those of
+Holland, for the Dutch were a people who stuck to the customs of the
+fatherland. The description of a Dutch tavern, from the journal of one of
+our citizens who visited a part of the Netherlands where customs have not
+changed for centuries is here given.</p>
+
+<p>“It was the business of the good vrow or her maid to show up the
+traveller, and open the doors in the smooth partition of the box which was
+to receive his weary limbs for the night, and which otherwise he might not
+be able to discover, and after he crept into it, to come back again and
+blow out the candle, and in the morning to draw the curtains of the
+windows at the hour he fixed to rise. There was generally one room in
+which all the guests were received, and where there was a pleasant reunion
+in the evening, and all the visitors ate, drank and smoked. It had, in one
+corner, a closet, which, when opened (and, honestly, it was not
+unfrequently opened), disclosed sundry decanters, glasses and black
+bottles; and, on one side of the room, a rack in which were suspended by
+their bowls a score or two of very long pipes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> each one inscribed with
+the name of a neighbor or owner. This was the room of Mynheer the
+landlord. He had no care beyond this; mevrow was the head of the house;
+she attended to all the wants of the guests, and gave them the information
+which they might desire. She was always on the spot as when, with a ‘wet
+te rusten,’ like a good mother, she bade you good night, and when, with a
+‘hoo-y-reis,’ like an old friend, she bade you good-by.”</p>
+
+<p>In the contract for building the ferry house on the Long Island side of
+the East River for Egbert Van Borsum in 1655, provision was made for
+bedsteads to be built in the walls as described above. Thus an apartment
+could be made to accommodate several travellers at night and yet, in day
+time, present a neat appearance and be used as a public room. Provision
+was also made for the closet or pantry, for it was a source of profit.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later the Ferry Tavern of Van Borsum had acquired such a
+reputation, to which the culinary art of Annetje, his wife, greatly
+contributed, that it became the resort of the best citizens when they
+wished for something extra good, and of the officials of government, as we
+find that a bill rendered by Van Borsum in February, 1658, for wine and
+liquor furnished the Director and other officers was ordered to be paid.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Grand Dinner</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>When, in 1658, Captain Beaulieu wished to give a fine dinner to his
+friends, he did not go to the tavern of the Worshipful Burgomaster Martin
+Crigier nor to that of Lieutenant Litschoe, who entertained the English
+Ambassador a few years later, nor yet to the popular tavern of Metje
+Wessels; but was influenced, for some good reason, to go to the house of
+Egbert Van Borsum, the Ferry Tavern on the Long Island side of the river.
+Here the Captain and his thirteen friends sat down to a dinner for which
+Van Borsum, if the record is correct, charged him three hundred and ten
+florins, or at the rate of nine dollars per plate; and it appears that it
+was worth the price, for although Beaulieu was sued by Van Borsum for the
+bill, his defence was that he was to pay only one-half of the expense, the
+other half to be paid by a few of the other guests. No complaint was made
+that the amount charged was excessive. Annetje Van Borsum testified before
+the Court that she made the arrangement and bargain with Beaulieu alone
+and looked to him for payment. The Court took this view and gave a verdict
+against Beaulieu for the full amount. Annetje Van Borsum must certainly
+have been a fine cook, and the dinner must have been served with some
+expensive accessories, of the nature of which we can hardly surmise. It
+serves to show that New Amsterdam, even at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> this early period, was not
+entirely devoid of expensive luxuries (for such must have been the case).
+After the death of Egbert Van Borsum, his widow, Annetje, continued the
+business for several years, she herself managing the tavern, and her son,
+Hermanus, attending to the ferry. In her declining years she retired to
+the city of New Amsterdam where she died at a green old age.</p>
+
+<p>In 1655 Solomon Peterson La Chair, a gentleman of the legal profession,
+made his appearance in New Amsterdam, and, as there was not a promising
+prospect in that line of business, he rented the house of Teunis Kray, on
+the Graft, and petitioned the Burgomasters and Schepens for permission to
+keep it as a tavern, which could be managed by his wife in his absence on
+legal business, and would be of great assistance to him in gaining a
+livelihood. Permission was granted. He afterwards bought the house of
+Kray, agreeing to pay for it in instalments; but as Kray had formerly sued
+him for the rent he had now to sue him for the very first instalment; and
+he never succeeded in paying for it, the money, even when he had it ready,
+as he says, slipping through his fingers. He did not pay anyone he owed
+until forced to. He used every means which his learning in the law and his
+own ingenuity could devise to avoid paying his just debts. He was
+impecunious and improvident and constantly in trouble; yet he was a man of
+considerable learning and ability, as evinced by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> his register of business
+as a notary, a volume of some three hundred pages, which was discovered in
+the county clerk’s office some years ago. He obtained a license to
+practice as a notary in 1661. La Chair, defaulting in payment, Kray came
+again in possession of the house he had sold, and La Chair moved to a
+house in Hough Street, where he continued to keep a tavern until his
+death, a few years later. There was much discussion in the little town on
+political matters, and La Chair, as a man versed in the law, could
+probably attract many to his house, where, no doubt, such subjects were
+thoroughly discussed.</p>
+
+<p>November 26, 1656, a petition was presented to the Burgomasters and
+Schepens from Metje Wessels, requesting permission “to follow the trade of
+an eating house and to bring in and tap out wine and beer,” which was
+granted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Metje Wessels’ Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Metje Wessels’ house was situated on The Water, which was what is now the
+north side of Pearl Street, between Whitehall and Broad Streets, in the
+busiest part of the little city, and not far from the City Hall. It became
+a noted place for Burgomasters’ dinners, and was a popular place for
+festivities of all kinds, characteristic of the taverns of this period.
+The Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam had discovered the
+toothsome terrapin, for which their successors, the aldermen of New York
+City, were, years ago, known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> to be particularly partial, and their
+dinners at the widow’s tavern were no doubt supplied with this delicious
+viand. Van der Donck, writing in 1656, says: “Some persons prepare
+delicious dishes from the water terrapin which is luscious food.” Here men
+went on the arrival of a ship, to meet the skipper and hear the news from
+the fatherland or from other foreign ports. Here were discussed the
+tidings from up the river, where many young men were making adventurous
+excursions among the Indians, in the far-off northern wilderness, in the
+profitable business of gathering furs. The trade in furs, the Indian
+troubles, the military expeditions, the Dominie’s sermons and the
+Director-General’s proclamations,&mdash;these, and a great many more, both
+public and personal matters&mdash;were talked over. It was a sort of business
+and social exchange where were gathered and distributed news and gossip of
+all kinds.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img06.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THEY HAD DISCOVERED THE TOOTHSOME TERRAPIN”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dutch Festivities</i></div>
+
+<p>The Dutch of New Amsterdam had a large capacity for enjoyment and in their
+holiday season of Christmas and New Year, gave themselves up to every kind
+of festivity and sport that the place could afford. We find from records
+that some of these were firing of guns, beating of drums, dancing, playing
+of tick-tack, bowling, playing of ninepins, sleighing parties or wagon
+rides, etc. The taverns and taprooms were full of life and there were
+likewise many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> family festivities and amusements, where the tables were
+loaded with all the good things to eat and drink that were obtainable. Not
+only was it the season of the delight and enjoyment of the young and gay,
+but the older and graver citizens joined in the sports with enthusiasm and
+encouragement. Even the Burgomasters and Schepens, with the other
+officials, when the season of festivity approached, closed the public
+offices temporarily. “Whereas,” it is recorded, “the winter festivals are
+at hand, it is found good, that between this date and three weeks after
+Christmas the ordinary meetings of the Court shall be dispensed with.”</p>
+
+<p>Gathered together to celebrate one of the anniversaries of the festive
+season, the flickering lights from oil lamps and tallow candles, reflected
+from the whitewashed walls of Madame Wessels’ assembly room, shone on as
+happy and gay hearted a gathering as is found in the magnificent and
+brilliantly lighted halls of our present grand city. They shone on “fair
+women and brave men.” Notwithstanding the humorous caricatures of
+Washington Irving, the women were comely and the men were a sturdy and
+adventurous lot. Here was the government official, with his sword at his
+side. Here was the prosperous trader or merchant in his silk or velvet
+breeches and coat flowered with silver lace, with gold or silver buttons,
+lace neck cloth and silk stockings. He also wore a sword. The common
+burgher in his homespun breeches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> and Kersey coat also took a part.
+Handsome dresses, displayed on female forms were not numerous but there
+were some that indicated the success and prosperity of the heads of the
+families represented by the wearers. Gowns of thick embroidered silk and
+petticoats of cloth and quilted silk graced the festive dance.</p>
+
+<p>May-day was also celebrated with great spirit and on this occasion the
+people were accorded by the city magistrates the greatest license. It was
+announced that “any damage which may come from the general rejoicing
+within the city on May-day shall be made known to the Burgomasters at the
+City Hall immediately thereafter when means shall be taken to furnish
+reparation.”</p>
+
+<p>But Governor Stuyvesant had no sympathy for such “unprofitable customs,”
+and such “unnecessary waste of powder.” He forbade on New Year and
+May-days, the firing of guns, the beating of drums or the planting of
+May-poles, and ordered that at these times there shall not be “any wines,
+brandy-wines or beer dealt out.” It is supposed that this ordinance was
+not strictly enforced and that its restrictions were little observed.</p>
+
+<p>Stuyvesant also, in February, 1658, forbade the farmers and their servants
+to “ride the goose” at the feast of Bacchus and Shrovetide, which brought
+a protest from the Burgomasters and Schepens, who felt aggrieved that the
+Director General and Council should have done<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> so without their knowledge
+and consent. “Riding the goose,” or “pulling the goose,” was a cruel
+sport, but it was not the fate of the goose that moved the tender heart of
+Stuyvesant. He says in response to the protest that “in their time it has
+never been practiced here, and yet, notwithstanding the same may in some
+place of the fatherland <i>be tolerated and looked at through the fingers</i>,
+it is altogether unprofitable, unnecessary and criminal for subjects and
+neighbors to celebrate such pagan and Popish feasts, and to practice such
+evil customs.” He then gives the Burgomasters and Schepens a sound
+scolding for their presumption, and informs them “that the <i>institution of
+a little bench of Justice under the title of Schout, Burgomasters and
+Commissioners</i> does in no wise interfere with or diminish aught of the
+power and authority of the Director General and Councellors in the
+enacting of any ordinance or making any particular interdict, especially
+such as tend to the glory of God and the best interests of the
+Inhabitants.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">New York and the Pirates</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The English in New York</i></div>
+
+<p>When the English captured New Amsterdam, the heart of the British soldier
+was no doubt cheered and gladdened by the sight of the Sign of Saint
+George and the Dragon, which was boldly hung out in front of the house
+looking out on the river on the west side of the present Pearl Street just
+above Maiden Lane, kept by James Webb, from London. It was a stone house
+which had been built more than fifteen years before by Sander Leendertsen
+(Alexander Lindsay), upon the site of the present 211 Pearl Street. When
+in March, 1665, the citizens were called upon to state how many soldiers
+they could lodge, the entry is made in the records that “The Man of the
+Knight of St. George will take one,” which undoubtedly refers to the
+landlord of this house. Webb, in 1665, married Margaret Radel, a widow,
+and probably kept the house for some years. It was on the road leading to
+the Long Island ferry, a favorite location for taverns.</p>
+
+<p>Although Colonel Nicolls, the first deputy Governor for his Royal
+Highness, James, Duke of York, is said to have filled his purse from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> the
+proceeds of land grants and by compelling the holders of old grants to pay
+him for confirmation, and to have been active in adding to his profits in
+many other ways, and, although he was given despotic power, yet his rule
+was characterized by so much leniency and moderation, compared with the
+paternal, though arbitrary, rule of Peter Stuyvesant, that he became as
+popular with the inhabitants as, under the circumstances, could be
+expected. When, at the end of four years, he solicited and obtained his
+recall, a grand dinner was given him at the house of Cornelis Steenwyck,
+one of the most prominent Dutch merchants of the city, and two militia
+companies, the Dutch officers of which had received their commissions from
+him, escorted him to the ship which was to bear him to England.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img07.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THE MAN OF THE KNIGHT OF ST. GEORGE”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The English officials were naturally desirous of introducing English ways
+and customs. Moved by this spirit, Governor Nicolls, to encourage the
+English sport of horse-racing, established a race-course at Hempstead,
+Long Island, which was continued and kept up by his successors, who issued
+proclamations, directed to the justices, that races should be held in the
+month of May.</p>
+
+<p>New York, when it came into the hands of the English, was thoroughly
+Dutch, and the Englishman was not pleased by the ways and customs of the
+Dutch in tavern life, so different from the English. In a tavern conducted
+in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> Dutch way, where the landlord and all the attendants spoke the
+Dutch language, the government officials and the English officers did not
+feel that ease and comfort that they would in a truly English inn.</p>
+
+<p>The prominent Dutch taverns continued to flourish, but in the course of
+time, there was a gradual change, produced by the English influence. The
+Dutch tavern keeper differed much from the inn-keeper of England, and the
+newcomers, assuming the airs of conquerors, accustomed to the warm welcome
+of an English inn, chafed under the restrains which they found or fancied,
+and many broils occurred between the landlords and their Dutch countrymen
+on one side and the English soldiers and sailors on the other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Governor Builds a Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>Although previous to this time and some years subsequent, the records of
+public business transacted at taverns are numerous, for a long time after
+the English came into control, there is no indication that the taverns
+were thus much used by the English officials. The want of a tavern truly
+English, that would satisfy the officers of the government, may have been
+the cause which led Governor Lovelace to build, in 1672, on his own
+account, an inn or ordinary right next to the City Hall, and to ask the
+magistrates for permission to connect the upper story of the house with
+the City Hall by a door opening into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> Court’s Chambers. The
+proposition was agreed to by the magistrates, leaving it to the governor
+to pay what he thought fit for “the vacant strooke of ground” lying
+between the buildings and “not to cut off the entrance into the prison
+doore or common gaol.”</p>
+
+<p>This door connecting the City Hall and the tavern was meant to serve, in
+its way, a very useful purpose, but lacking reliable data in reference to
+the part it played in facilitating communication between the tavern
+taproom and the halls of justice, we leave each reader to supply the
+deficiency by his own opinions on the subject.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tavern Regulations</i></div>
+
+<p>It was a uniform custom in the English colonies to make provision for the
+care of strangers and to regulate by law the taverns and the sale of
+strong drink. By the duke’s laws, which were enacted, or rather accepted,
+by representatives of the people at the Hempstead convention, in 1665,
+inn-keepers were not allowed to charge “above eight pence a meal with
+small beer,” and were required to always have on hand a supply of “strong
+and wholesome” malted liquor.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1676, it was ordered that “all persons who keep publick houses
+shall sell beere as well as wyn and other liquors and keep lodgings for
+strangers.” It was proposed to the governor by the mayor and aldermen that
+six houses be appointed to sell “all sorts of wine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> brandy and rum and
+lodgings,” and eight to “sell beere, syder, mum and rum and to provide for
+strangers as the law directs,” that two of “the wine houses be ordinaryes,
+and four of the beere-houses.” Prices were fixed at which the tapsters
+should sell. French wines and Madeira were from one and three pence to two
+shillings per quart; brandy at six pence and rum at three pence per gill;
+beer and cider were three and four pence per quart. In the ordinary at the
+wine house the meal was one shilling and in that at the beer house it was
+eight pence; lodging at the wine house was four pence per night, and at
+the beer house it was three pence. Thus a sharp distinction was drawn
+between the two classes of houses and there was in all probability as
+great a difference in their keepers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>First Merchants’ Exchange</i></div>
+
+<p>Broad Street had become a desirable place of residence and many citizens
+of the better class made it their home. The canal or ditch through the
+middle of it, from the present Exchange Place to the river, would never
+have been there if New York had not been originally a Dutch town. Across
+the canal, near the river, between the present Stone and Bridge Streets,
+was a bridge. This was a favorite lounging place for idlers, where,
+leaning over the railing of the bridge, they could watch the ebb and flow
+of the tide and the various small boats which went a little way up the
+canal to discharge their cargoes of oysters, fish and country produce
+brought over from Long Island or other nearby<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> points. It was the center
+of probably more stir and activity than any other place in the little
+city. Here the merchants had become accustomed to meet for trade and the
+transaction of business of various kinds. This induced Governor Lovelace,
+March 24, 1669-70, to issue an order establishing a sort of business
+exchange. This order specified that the meeting of the merchants should be
+between the hours of eleven and twelve on Friday mornings, at present near
+the bridge, and the mayor was directed to take care that they should not
+be disturbed. The time of meeting and dispersing was to be announced by
+the ringing of a bell. It was the beginning of the merchants’ exchange.
+This continued to be the meeting place of the merchants, and near this
+spot a building called the Exchange was subsequently built.</p>
+
+<p>Not far away, on the present northwesterly corner of Broad and Pearl
+Streets, stood the tavern of James Matthews, who, besides keeping a
+tavern, was a merchant and a man of considerable means. The meeting place
+for merchants being almost in front of his door his house was a very
+convenient place for them to retire to, to consummate their bargains over
+a social glass. In 1678 and in 1685 he was one of the farmers of the
+excise. He died in the latter part of the year 1685, or early in 1686, and
+his widow continued to keep the house for about two years,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> when she also
+died. The executors of her estate petitioned, in March, 1688, for an
+abatement of £20 excise money.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1676, Abraham Corbett, “driven with his family from his home
+eastward of New England,” petitioned for a license to distill strong
+liquors, which was granted him. He became a lieutenant in the militia in
+1684; and was one of the farmers of the excise in 1688, which indicates
+that he was a man of respectability and deserving of public confidence. He
+was also a tavern keeper. When Samuel Leete, clerk of the Court of Mayor
+and Aldermen, and an Alderman of the city, died in 1679, he left to
+Abraham Corbett, “all my household goods in part payment of what I owe him
+for meat and drink.” By Governor Dongan’s Charter of 1686, Abraham Corbett
+was appointed an Assistant Alderman. In 1680 he purchased for sixty pounds
+sterling a house and lot on the east side of Broadway, two or three doors
+south of the present Exchange Place, and some years later on this lot he
+erected a fine tavern, which he called the “Royal Oak,” where he spent his
+declining years in its management. Considering the position which Corbett
+held in the esteem of the people there is no doubt that his house received
+the patronage of the best class of the community.</p>
+
+<p>In these early days there were no parks, but the open country was near at
+hand with all the charms of nature. Just south of the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> Trinity
+Churchyard was the Governor’s Garden. A large gateway led to it and to a
+charming spot&mdash;a piece of elevated ground covered with natural
+forest&mdash;called the “Locust Trees,” which was a resort for those who
+enjoyed the open air, where they could look out on the broad expanse of
+the Hudson. It was not then covered with that panorama of moving craft
+which it now presents. It was the same majestic river as now, but its
+surface was unbroken except by a lonely canoe or a small sail or two
+lazily drifting up or down the stream, with the green shores of Staten
+Island and Pavonia in the distance.</p>
+
+<p>The road along the East River, beyond the “water gate,” had a number of
+dwellings on its upper side. On the way to the ferry a road joined it
+called the “Maadge poadge,” or Maiden Lane, and a little way further
+another, the present John Street, led up to Vandercliff’s Orchard, which
+is said to have been a place of public resort, owned and kept by Dirck
+Vandercliff, who was also a merchant, and in 1687 was an assistant
+alderman.</p>
+
+<p>A singular incident occurred at this place in 1682. James Graham, who was
+an alderman of the city in 1681, recorder in 1683, and afterwards
+attorney-general, had, according to evidence, expressed a desire to make
+the acquaintance of Captain Baxter, an English officer recently arrived in
+the Province, and accordingly a party of several friends, including Graham
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> Baxter, met at the tavern of Dirck Vandercliff in “The Orchard,” to
+spend a social afternoon and evening. About nine o’clock, as the company
+was about to break up, Graham, after paying the reckoning, was called
+aside by Baxter, but not out of the sight of the company. Those present
+saw Baxter act as if to kiss Graham, when the latter called out that he
+had been stabbed. He had been struck with a knife under the collar bone,
+the wound being about four inches deep. Baxter was arrested and bound over
+to await his trial in case of Graham’s death, but the wound did not prove
+to be mortal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Wolfert Webber’s Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>On the hillside at the present Chatham Square, near the Collect or fresh
+water pond and the sparkling stream that fed it with the purest water on
+Manhattan Island, in a charming retreat, then considered far beyond the
+city wall, stood the tavern of Wolfert Webber, built in the time of the
+Dutch, and for a long time the farthest outlying dwelling on the eastern
+side. We find in the record that in 1655, a daughter of Wolfert Webber,
+tavernkeeper, had been returned to him from her captivity among the
+Indians. Notwithstanding the danger from attacks of the Indians, Webber
+continued to keep this house, and it was probably patronized by people who
+wished to enjoy the pleasures of the quiet and beautiful spot where it was
+located. In the marshes or swamps to the northwest, called the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> Kripple
+Bush, the sportsman could, in season, find woodcock in abundance, or he
+could enjoy the more gentle sport of angling in the Collect. Although the
+eastern side of the Collect was very attractive, the western side, at one
+time, was the residence of the very poorest class of people, and, on
+account of the stagnant water of the nearby swamps, considered very
+unhealthy.</p>
+
+<p>When the Dutch were in possession of the city for the second time and
+called it New Orange, Wolfert Webber was made a magistrate for the Outside
+People, or those beyond the Fresh Water, and under the English he was
+appointed by the Dongan Charter of 1686 an assistant alderman. He
+represented the Out Ward as assistant Alderman in 1688, 1689, 1706 and
+1707, and was still keeping the tavern at this same place. In April, 1715,
+“enjoying yet good health, but being ancient,” he made his will, and died
+a year or two after.</p>
+
+<p>In 1660, on account of the repeated attacks of the Indians on the outside
+settlements, an order was issued requiring the abandonment of isolated
+habitations, and the gathering of the people in hamlets or villages for
+mutual protection. In response to this order there came a petition from
+those living beyond the fresh water stream asking that their houses might
+be permitted to remain, and that encouragement be held out to others to
+build near them so as to form a village. This request was granted and a
+village was established near the bowery of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> Governor Stuyvesant. A tavern,
+a blacksmith shop and a few other buildings formed the settlement to which
+was added shortly after a small church, erected by the governor on a part
+of his farm. To this farm or bowery Stuyvesant retired when the English
+had relieved him of the cares of office. The road leading to this village
+became known as the Bowery Road or Lane.</p>
+
+<p>For a time this was the end of the road, but when the English came into
+possession of the city, they soon sought to open communication with the
+New England colonies by land and with the recently made settlement of New
+Harlem. A road was laid out which, in time, was extended through the whole
+length of the island to King’s Bridge, and became the highway of travel
+for all going to the north or east.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Two-Mile Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>The tavern which had been set up at the village, as travel increased
+became known as the two-mile stopping place, and is said to have been a
+famous place of resort. Its situation was admirable, for the purpose, and
+it was, no doubt, visited by those making excursions of pleasure from the
+city, especially sleighing parties. At this time and for a great many
+years this was the only road of any great length on which such a sport
+could be enjoyed. For a long time the tavern was occupied by Adriaen
+Cornelissen, who was farmer and tavern-keeper. He was living here in 1674,
+when the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> Dutch for the second time were in possession of New Amsterdam,
+which they then called New Orange, and was appointed one of the schepens
+or magistrates for the outside people or those beyond the wall. Under the
+English rule he was Assistant Alderman in 1684 and in 1687. In 1689 he was
+made a captain of militia, his commission bearing date, December 16th of
+that year.</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1690, commissioners came down from the New England colonies to
+confer with those of New York and deliberate on proper steps to be taken
+against the French and Indians, they declined to enter the city on account
+of the prevalence of small-pox, and Governor Leisler fixed upon this house
+as the place of meeting, describing it as a good, neat house, about two
+miles from the city, and kept by Captain Arian Cornelis. Here the
+commissioners met on the 1st of May, 1690.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>John Clapp Tavern-Keeper</i></div>
+
+<p>A few years later the landlord of this tavern was John Clapp, the maker
+and publisher of the first almanac by a resident of New York City, which
+he says was “the product of my many spare Minnits.” It was not the first
+printed in New York, for Bradford had, for several years, printed Leed’s
+Almanac. Clapp claims to have been the first person in New York to set up
+a hackney coach, and announces in his almanac that “about two miles
+without the City of New York, at the place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> called the Bowery, any
+Gentlemen Travellers that are strangers to the City, may have very good
+Entertainment, for themselves and Horses, where there is also a Hackney
+Coach and good Saddle Horses to be hired.” He was a promoter of social
+festivities, which well became him as a genial landlord. In the Almanac,
+under June, is found the following:</p>
+
+<p>“The 24th of this month is celebrated the Feast of St. John Baptist, in
+commemoration of which (and to keep up a happy union and lasting
+friendship by the sweet harmony of good society), a feast is held by the
+<i>Johns</i> of this city, at John Clapp’s in the Bowery, where any Gentleman
+whose Christian name is John may find a hearty wellcome to joyn in consort
+with his namesakes.” He notes that John Clapp’s in the Bowery, two miles
+from the postoffice, is generally the baiting place where gentlemen take
+leave of their Friends going on a long journey, “where a parting glass or
+two of generous Wine,</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">If well apply’d, makes the dull Horses feel,<br />
+One Spur i’ th’ Head is worth two in the heel.”</p></div>
+
+<p>Seven miles from Clapp’s was the half way house, nine miles further was
+King’s Bridge, and from King’s Bridge to Old Shute’s, at East Chester, was
+six miles.</p>
+
+<p>Excepting that of the governor, it is doubtful if there was a single
+equipage for pleasure in the City of New York at this time, and the ease
+with which a sled or sleigh could be constructed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> which would smoothly
+and silently glide over the snow, made sleigh-riding a great sport during
+the period when it could be enjoyed. That John Clapp’s house, at the two
+mile station, was a great place of resort at such times, is no mere
+supposition. We have the testimony of Madam Sarah Knight, who was in New
+York in 1704, that this was so. She had come from Boston to New York on
+horseback, and the quaint and humorous way in which she has told the story
+of her travels has made her little book a gem for the antiquarian. She
+says of the New Yorkers: “Their diversion in the winter is riding sleys
+about three miles out of town, where they have houses of entertainment at
+a place called the Bowery.” On an excursion with Mr. Burroughs, she says
+that she believes that she met that day as many as fifty or sixty “sleys,”
+which, she says, “fly with great swiftness, and some are so furious that
+they’ll turn out of the path for none but a Loden cart,” which surely
+indicates the enthusiasm with which the sport was enjoyed, and John Clapp,
+at such times, was, no doubt, a very busy man.</p>
+
+<p>John Clapp seems to have received an education which made him a prominent
+man among the settlers. In the time of Governor Leisler he was a resident
+of Flushing, when, “at a town meeting upon Long Island where divers of the
+freeholders of the Towns of Hamsted, Jamaica, Flushing and Newtown wer
+mett and assembled, to consult on the lamentable state and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> condition that
+Theire Maj’ties liege subjects lay under; by the severe oppressions and
+Tyranical usurpations of Jacob Leisler and his accomplices, it was desired
+by the freeholders aforesaid that Capt. John Clapp should write an humble
+letter to Their Maj’ties Secr’ty of Stat in all there behalves and signify
+to there Maj’ties in what a sad condition we are all in.&mdash;Nov. 7th, 1690.”
+This is followed by a long letter.</p>
+
+<p>He was clerk of the New York Assembly, in session in New York during the
+year 1692. He was also a tavern keeper at that time, and must have been a
+man to win the esteem and good will of those who became his guests. Lucas
+Santen, who was at one time collector of the port of New York, and a
+member of Governor Dongan’s Council, when he died, in 1692, left “to my
+landlord, Captain John Clapp, £40 to buy him a mourning ring, in
+consideration of the trouble I have given him.” The next year Clapp
+succeeded Cornelissen as landlord of the tavern in the Bowery village.
+Here all the travel to the north and east passed his door and we can
+hardly believe that any traveler would, without stopping, pass the door of
+such a genial and jovial landlord as we are convinced was John Clapp, and
+we have reason to believe that his house was a favorite resort for the
+people in the city. He was undoubtedly residing here in 1703, and at some
+time between this date and 1710 removed to Rye, in Westchester county, for
+in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> latter year John Clapp made returns of the names of men from 16 to
+60 in the County of Westchester, and he was interested there in large
+grants of land.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of the seventeenth century there were two features in
+the local history of New York City which attract attention. For many years
+before the close of the century it was regarded by the maritime countries
+of Europe as a protecting port for pirates, and the political disturbances
+which resulted in the execution of Jacob Leisler and Jacob Minhorne
+continued to divide the community into two contending factions composed of
+many bitter partisans.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trade With Pirates</i></div>
+
+<p>Respected merchants from New York sent out ships to the coast of Africa
+for slaves, loaded with liquors, arms, ammunition and other articles, just
+such as would be desired by pirates, which they exchanged at tremendous
+advance in prices for the plunder of these robbers of the seas, and
+returned to New York with slaves and the valuable goods they had thus
+obtained. One successful voyage was often sufficient to make the owners of
+the vessel wealthy, and they claimed that they were doing nothing wrong;
+that they had a perfect right to buy goods of any kind wherever they could
+purchase them to the best advantage. With some this trade in the plunder
+of pirates was, no doubt, incidental, but it was profitable, although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+they ran the risk of being the victims of pirates themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Pirates came into port and were received not only in a friendly manner,
+but were even honored by unusual attentions from the governor, who was
+apparently interested in their ventures.</p>
+
+<p>William Mason went out of the harbor of New York in 1689 with a commission
+as a privateer. He turned pirate, made war on East India commerce, and
+reaped a rich harvest of gold and East India goods, with which he filled
+his ship. When the ship returned under the command of Edward Coats, she
+put in on the east end of Long Island, where Coats and his crew found a
+friendly reception, and learning that they might be favorably received in
+New York, came into this port. Coats and his crew, by making valuable
+presents to the Governor and his family, and also to members of the
+Council, were unmolested. The ship was presented to the Governor, who sold
+it for £800. Coats said that his exemption from prosecution cost him
+£1,800.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Thomas Tew, who was known as a pirate, and had been the subject of
+complaint from the East India Company, came to New York in November, 1694,
+and was received by Governor Fletcher on terms of intimate companionship;
+was invited to his table, and rode by his side in his coach and six. He
+gave elegant presents to the Governor and his family, and left with a
+commission as privateer against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> the French, agreeing to discharge his
+cargo in this port. He went directly to his former field of activity and
+made his name still more notorious by his depredations upon the East India
+commerce.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bellomont’s Difficulties</i></div>
+
+<p>About this time, John Hoare came to New York and received the usual
+commission from Governor Fletcher to act against the French. He openly
+avowed that his destination was for the African coast and recruited for
+that purpose. From the sequel we can not avoid the conclusion that there
+was some kind of an understanding with some of the merchants of New York,
+for after he had been absent about a year they sent out the ship Fortune
+to Madagascar, loaded with goods suitable for pirates, where she was met
+by Hoare’s ship, filled with valuable plunder. The goods were transferred
+to the Fortune, and with a part of Hoare’s crew she returned to New York.
+At this time Governor Fletcher, whose dealings with pirates had been
+brought to the attention of the British government, had been superseded by
+the Earl of Bellomont, whose instructions were to put a stop to this
+illegal trade. The cargo of the Fortune, when she arrived in New York, was
+secretly gotten ashore in the night, and stored. By order of Bellomont the
+goods were seized and officers were about to remove them, when a large
+number of merchants interfered to prevent them from doing it, using
+violence and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> locking the officers in the house, who, after three hours,
+were only released by the appearance of the lieutenant-governor and three
+files of men. The ship Fortune was forfeited.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img08.jpg" alt="Bellomont" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Frederick Phillipse, one of the Governor’s Council, and reported the
+richest man in New York, expected a ship from Madagascar and to prevent
+her arrival in the port of New York with goods that might subject her to
+forfeiture, sent out his son Adolphus, on a vessel ostensibly bound for
+Virginia, which laid off the port until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> the expected vessel arrived, when
+the East India goods on board were transferred to her and carried to the
+Delaware, leaving the Madagascar ship to enter with only slaves as her
+cargo. The East India goods were sent to Hamburg, where they were seized.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img09.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“AS GENUINE PIRATES AS EVER SAILED THE SEA”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In taverns of medium and even in some of the better class, could have been
+met at this period men who had taken part in captures on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> African
+coast, and who, over their mugs of ale, entertained their companions with
+stories of their adventures, modified somewhat as suggested by prudence.
+They were not men of swarthy complexion and ferocious features, with knife
+and pistol in belt, as pictured by the imagination of writers of tales of
+the sea, yet they were, nevertheless, as genuine pirates as ever sailed
+the sea.</p>
+
+<p>For some time, in the latter part of the year 1694, Thomas Tew, the
+notorious pirate, was a well known and picturesque figure on the streets
+and in the taverns of New York, where he spent money lavishly, ordering
+brandy, ale and other beverages for whoever would drink with him. He was a
+man about forty years of age, of slight figure and dark complexion; richly
+and strikingly dressed. He wore a blue cap with a band of cloth of silver,
+and a blue jacket bordered with gold lace and ornamented with large pearl
+buttons. Loose trunks of white linen extended to his knees, where they
+were joined by curiously worked stockings. From his neck hung a rich chain
+of gold, and in his belt, curiously knit, he carried a dagger, its hilt
+set with the rarest gems.</p>
+
+<p>The exciting events of the Leisler period had left in the body politic a
+festering sore that would not heal. The Leislerians believed that the
+execution of Jacob Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Minhorne, had been
+nothing less than murder, and their relatives and friends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> were active in
+England in endeavors to revive the honor of their names and to reverse the
+attainder of their estates. In this situation of affairs it can readily be
+seen that there was much uneasiness and excitement in the community, and
+the taverns were the centers of all this boiling and agitated disturbance
+in the mercantile and political life of New York.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img10.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CAPTAIN TEW</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>The bitter opposition which Bellomont received from the merchants and the
+wealthiest of the people of New York compelled him to look to the
+Leislerians for support and to appoint to office members of that party. He
+seems besides to have been moved to take this step from a conviction that
+great injustice had been done. A few extracts from his letters will tend
+to show the situation as he viewed it.</p>
+
+<p>From a letter of the Earl of Bellomont to the Board of Trade, dated
+September 21, 1698:</p>
+
+<p>“The Jacobite party in this towne have a clubb commonly every Saturday
+(which was Colonel Fletcher’s clubb day). Last Saturday was seaven night,
+there mett twenty seaven of them, their ringleaders are Colonel Bayard,
+Colonel Minviele, both of the Councill, Mr. Nicolls, late of the Councill,
+and Wilson, late Sheriff of this towne; there is so great a rancor and
+inveterancy in these people that I think it by no means proper for me to
+leave this province till I have your Lordship’s orders upon the
+representations I made to your Lordships by the Richmond Frigatt, and
+since by Mr. Weaver;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> for I do verily believe if I should goe from hence,
+the people would fall together by the ears, besides, should I goe away, it
+would give the faction great advantage, and would tend very much to the
+revenue ceasing, and the measures I have proposed to myself for the
+obtaining the continuance of this present revenue would be thereby
+frustrated. This the Faction know very well, and therefore are very free
+in their wishes that I were gone to my other governments.”</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. Popple, Secretary of the Board of Trade, he writes:</p>
+
+<p>“This day another instance happen’d of the brutishness of some of the
+people here. The Master of the ship that carries this packet, was with me
+last Tuesday and promised to call on me on Thursday for the King’s
+packetts, but it seems intended to disappoint me and leave my letters
+behind and begon his voyage. I refer you for an account of this man’s
+behavior to the inclosed certificate and warrant, only this I must tell
+you, I sent yesterday the Commissioner of the Customes Mr. Hungerford to
+pray him to come to me and receive the King’s packetts, and he swore he
+would not for all the Governours in Christendom, and he would not be Post
+Boy to carry letters for any body; which refusal of his made me send a
+warrant to bring him by force. The angry merchants of this town had
+without doubt encouraged this man to be thus insolent, or he durst not
+have refused<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> to carry the letters, after promising me faithfully, he
+would call for and carry them. This is another specimen of the rage and
+malice of these people, who I am satisfied nothing but fear keeps from
+rebelling against the Government; unlawful trade and Arabian gold brought
+in by Pirat ships from the Red Sea are the things they thirst after.”</p>
+
+<p>On October 18, 1700, he wrote to Secretary Vernon, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“The Lords of the Councill of Trade direct me to make an experiment in
+working some navall Stores here, with the soldiers. I cannot go about it
+with such Officers who I believe would rather traverse me in such a design
+than further it; and would I fear stir up a mutiny among the sould’rs, if
+I should propose to ’em the working of Navall Stores for the King. I am
+not for breaking those Lieut’s, but exchanging them for honest, good
+Lieut’s in some of the Regiments in England. My first Lieut’s name is
+Peter Matthews, bred up from a child with Coll. Fletcher &amp; ’tis at his
+house that the angry people of this Town have a Club and hold their
+cabals; my second Lieut’s is John Buckley; there is also another Lieut, in
+Maj’r Ingoldesby’s Company whose name is Matthew Shank, a most sad drunken
+sott, and under no good character for manhood. I desire also he may be
+exchanged for a better man from England.”</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Fletcher, on his return to England, asked for an examination,
+which was accorded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> him by the Lords of Trade. Plausible explanations were
+made of his conduct, but they were not convincing, and the Lords of Trade
+recommended that the charges be referred to the Attorney-General for
+further action. The King, however, seems to have interposed, as there is
+no evidence of further proceedings against him. Of his subsequent career
+nothing is known.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Coffee House</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>An Exciting Election</i></div>
+
+<p>In September, 1701, a very exciting election took place in the city.
+Thomas Noell, the mayor, was commissioned and sworn into office on the
+14th day of October, 1701. The returns of the election for aldermen and
+assistant aldermen, which gave the Leislerians a majority in the board,
+were contested in some of the wards and a scrutiny was ordered by the
+mayor, who appointed committees, composed of members of both parties, to
+examine the votes in the contested wards. Some of the Leislerians, who
+were appointed on these committees, refused to serve, claiming that it was
+irregular; nevertheless, the scrutiny was completed, and those declared
+elected, after much excitement and disturbance, finally took their seats
+at the board. Among those who were declared elected was John Hutchins,
+landlord of the Coffee House or King’s Arms, situated on the west side of
+Broadway, next above Trinity Churchyard, where the Trinity Building now
+stands. He had represented the West Ward as alderman in 1697. In 1698 he
+was returned as elected, but his election was contested, and his
+opponent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> Robert Walters, was declared elected. He was now again alderman
+of the West Ward. He had come out with Governor Sloughter as a lieutenant
+in the regular service and had since then, for the most part of the time,
+made his residence in New York City. He was one of the signers of a
+petition stating grievances at New York in 1692 and 1693, during
+Fletcher’s rule. In this paper it is stated that Lieut. John Hutchins was
+imprisoned at Albany and sent to New York, and coming before Governor
+Fletcher, was suspended and kept out of his pay, because he had favored
+the cause of Leisler, and had endeavored to persuade Governor Sloughter
+not to order the execution of Leisler and Minhorne, it being contrary to
+his letter to the King for their reprieve and contrary to his commission
+from his majesty.</p>
+
+<p>After being thus deprived by Fletcher of his pay as an officer, he had to
+seek some means of livelihood and he turned to the occupation of keeping a
+tavern. Previous to 1696 he was keeping a house on the southwest corner of
+Broad and Wall Streets. In this year he purchased a lot on the west side
+of Broadway, the deed bearing date, October 1, 1696, which is described as
+“lying and being next and adjoining to the North side of ye Buriall
+without the North Gate of the City.” It had a frontage of sixty feet on
+Broadway. At the western end of this lot, one hundred and thirty-five feet
+from Broadway was a street running from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> churchyard to Crown Street
+(now Cedar Street), called Temple Street, a portion of which has since
+been vacated. Farther down, about ninety feet, was Lombard Street, where
+is now Trinity Place. The lot of land inclosed by Temple Street, Crown
+Street, Lombard Street and the churchyard, about ninety by one hundred and
+sixty feet, was also conveyed to Hutchins in the deed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Arms Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>On the Broadway lot Hutchins erected a house, which he opened as the
+King’s Arms, more generally known as the Coffee House. It was not large,
+but for a time it was the most fashionable public house in the city, and
+was considered the headquarters of the anti-Leislerians party. Upon the
+roof was a balcony, arranged with seats, commanding a beautiful view of
+the bay, the river and the city. North of the tavern there were only a few
+scattered buildings on Broadway, the principal of which was the store of
+Alderman Jacob Boelen, north of Liberty Street. The extent of Broadway was
+only to the present postoffice, the road thence continuing on the present
+line of Park Row, then the post road. The Commons or the Fields,
+originally the pasture ground for the cows of the Dutch settlers, was at
+first nearly square, and this road cut off a triangular piece of land on
+the east side, a part of which, before the charter gave to the city all
+“waste, vacant and unpatented lands” on the island, was selected and
+appropriated by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> Governor Dongan to his own use, on which he built a
+house, with an extensive garden attached to it. This place, embracing
+about two acres of land, became known as the “Governor’s Garden.” After
+the Governor left the province it is said to have been converted into a
+place of public resort, and became known as the “Vineyard.” We can find no
+record of details of any particular interest connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>During the latter part of the seventeenth century the use of coffee as a
+beverage had been introduced into England and on the continent of Europe.
+The first coffee-house in Paris was opened in 1672. Previous to this time
+coffee-houses had been opened in London, and in 1663 they were placed on
+the footing of taverns and a statute of Charles II of that year required
+that they should be licensed. In the English coffee-house the guest paid a
+penny for a cup of coffee. This gave him the privilege of sitting by the
+fire and reading the journals of the day, which the coffee-houses made a
+point of keeping on hand as one of their attractions, and he had also the
+opportunity of hearing discussions on political topics or to take part in
+them, if so disposed, or if he could find listeners. The sober, religious
+Puritan resorted to them in preference to the tavern. In the time of
+Charles II, they were places of political agitation-to such an extent that
+in 1675, the King, by proclamation, ordered that they should all be closed
+as “seminaries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> of sedition,” but the order was a few days later
+rescinded.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>When John Hutchins came to New York coffee-houses had become very popular
+and numerous in London and he was, no doubt, familiar with the way in
+which they were conducted, so that when he built his new house on
+Broadway, in addition to its designation as the King’s Arms, he called it
+the Coffee House. As it was the first and, in its day, the only
+coffee-house in New York, it had no distinguishing title, but was simply
+called the Coffee House. In the bar-room was a range of small boxes,
+screened with green curtains, where guests could sip their coffee or enjoy
+their chops and ale or Madeira in comparative seclusion. The upper rooms
+were used for special meetings.</p>
+
+<p>Although Hutchins had been favorable to the Leislerians in Fletcher’s
+time, he seems to have gone over to the anti-Leislerians, and had been
+elected alderman by the votes of that party. He had borrowed money from
+both Gabriel Minvielle and Nicholas Bayard, having mortgaged his house and
+lot in Broad Street to Minvielle and his house and lot on Broadway to
+Bayard. These two men are named by Bellomont as ringleaders in the party
+opposed to him. The mortgage to Bayard covered also the lot of ground
+between Temple and Lombard Streets, and the whole property subsequently
+came into the possession of Bayard, although, no doubt, Hutchins<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+continued in charge of the house until his death or removal from the city.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Two Rival Taverns</i></div>
+
+<p>In the election for aldermen there was great excitement in the East Ward,
+the returns of which were contested. In this ward Roger Baker was well
+known as the landlord of the King’s Head, and Gabriel Thompson was equally
+well known as the landlord of the White Lion. As revealed by the scrutiny
+of the votes, Baker and Thompson were on opposite sides. Baker voted for
+William Morris, the anti-Leislerian candidate for alderman, and Thompson
+voted for Johannes DePeyster, who was the Leislerian candidate. Baker had
+been commissioned by Bellomont a lieutenant of militia and Thompson had
+also been an officer in the militia. In 1664, Gabriel Thompson, as master
+of the sloop, Hopewell, cleared from New York for places up the river
+seven times during the year. He was an ensign at Albany in 1685, and a
+captain in the expedition against the French and Indians in Leisler’s
+time, and since then had probably been a resident of New York City, where
+he had kept a tavern. He petitioned, in 1693, that the sub-collector repay
+to him £36 excise money, which indicated that he was a tavern-keeper, but
+where his house was then located we do not know. He was one of the signers
+of the petition showing to the home government the grievances existing in
+New York in 1692 and 1693.</p>
+
+<p>These were exciting times and the citizens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> who gathered at these two
+taverns in all probability had not a few hot discussions over the
+political situation. On August 29, 1701, a committee of the council was
+appointed to meet in conference a committee of the assembly at three
+o’clock in the afternoon at Roger Baker’s, at the sign of the King’s Head.
+The conference accordingly met, and from thence adjourned to Gabriel
+Thompson’s at the White Lion.</p>
+
+<p>During the months of September and October, 1701, many conference
+committees of the council and the assembly met at the White Lion, the
+house of Gabriel Thompson. There was a conference meeting here on
+September 4th and on September 11th we find record of another. On
+September 28, 1701, we find the following record in the Journal of the
+House:</p>
+
+<p>“A message was sent to this House from the Council, that a Conference is
+desired by the Council, with a committee of this House at 3 of the Clock
+in the Afternoon, at Gabriel Thompson’s, at the White Lion,</p>
+
+<p>Which was agreed to and,</p>
+
+<p>Ordered, That Capt. Provoost, Col. Rutsen, Mr. Hanjen, Mr. Sebring and Mr.
+Veghte, be a Committee of this House, to confer with a Committee of
+Council this Afternoon.”</p>
+
+<p>A deed bearing date November 23, 1701, shows that Gabriel Thompson,
+tavern-keeper, purchased from Nicholas Bayard and Abraham De Peyster the
+lot on the northwest corner of the present Wall and William Streets, but
+whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> or not he ever kept a tavern here we have not been able to
+determine. Maps of this locality, of subsequent date, show no building
+between the City Hall and Bayard’s sugar house. Thompson’s house was
+undoubtedly in this neighborhood and probably not far from the City Hall,
+where the assembly held their sessions.</p>
+
+<p>It has been stated by some writers that the King’s Head, the house of
+Roger Baker, was at the corner of Pearl Street and Maiden Lane. Henry
+Coleman, butcher, mortgaged this property in February, 1701, to Roger
+Baker, vintner, for a loan of £348 10s. Baker may have eventually come
+into possession of it, and he may have kept a tavern here, but we can find
+no evidence of it. In the mortgage deed it is described as <i>lying without
+the fortifications</i> on the north side of a street called Queen Street and
+bounded on the east side by a street which leads to Green Lane.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Bellomont, during the brief rule of Lieutenant-Governor
+Nanfan, who was a relative of the Earl, the political agitation was active
+and aggressive. As soon as it became known in New York that Lord Cornbury
+had been appointed to succeed the Earl of Bellomont as governor of the
+province, measures were taken to secure the favor of that corrupt
+individual by the anti-Leislerian party. In this procedure Nicholas Bayard
+took the lead, and procured addresses to be signed to the King, to
+parliament and to Cornbury. To Cornbury, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> man very susceptible to
+flattery, they were profuse in their congratulations and in assertions
+calculated to prejudice him against those who had supported Bellomont and
+to gain his favor for themselves, that they might again become the
+dominant party. Not only were reflections freely cast on the Earl of
+Bellomont, but Nanfan, the lieutenant-governor, was accused of bribing
+members of the house of assembly.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Addresses Signed at the Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>The addresses were signed at the Coffee House, kept by John Hutchins, and
+as soon as it was known, Hutchins was summoned to appear before the
+lieutenant-governor and the council and ordered to produce the addresses.
+This he could not or would not do, and on the 19th of January, 1702, was
+arrested and committed to jail. Two days after, Bayard was also arrested
+and committed to prison on a warrant as a traitor. Nanfan was aware that
+Bayard had dug a pit for others that might be used for his own
+destruction. He had procured the passage of a law in 1691, when he was
+striving and hoping for the ruin of Leisler and his friends, by which,
+“whatsoever person or persons shall, by any manner of ways, or upon any
+pretence whatsoever, endeavor, by force of arms or otherwise, to disturb
+the peace, good and quiet of their majesties’ government, as it is now
+established, shall be deemed and esteemed as rebels and traitors unto
+their majesties, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> incur the pains, penalties and forfeitures as the
+laws of England have for such offences, made and provided.” The trial of
+Bayard was hastened that it might be concluded before the arrival of
+Cornbury. The prisoners petitioned that they might not be tried until the
+usual sitting of the Supreme Court. This, of course, was refused. All
+objections were overruled and Bayard was ordered for trial on Monday, the
+2d of March. He was convicted and sentenced to death, and Hutchins was
+tried and condemned in like manner. Bayard was granted a reprieve until
+her majesty’s pleasure might be known. Hutchins was released on bail.
+Bayard was held in confinement until the arrival of Cornbury, when all was
+reversed. Not very long after, by order of the government, Bayard and
+Hutchins were reinstated in all honor and estate, “as if no such trial had
+been.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img11.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BAYARD PUNCH BOWL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the trial of Bayard, testimony was given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> that the addresses were
+signed in an upper room in the Coffee House, and that Nicholas Bayard was
+present, “smoaking a pipe of tobacco.” One of the signers was Peter
+Matthews, who was a lieutenant in the service, and the landlord of the
+tavern where Bellomont declared the club met which was composed of men
+opposed to his administration. Lieutenant Matthews had come out with
+Governor Fletcher in 1692. He had previously been one of the household of
+the Governor, and by him had been made a lieutenant in the garrison at the
+fort. He subsequently rose to the rank of colonel and was one of the
+commissioners of Indian affairs in 1715. In 1703 his house was in the
+south ward. Soon after, he removed to Orange County, where he held a large
+grant of land.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trial of Roger Baker</i></div>
+
+<p>Another tavern-keeper who became entangled in the meshes of the law and
+suffered from his boldness in expressing his opinions was Roger Baker, the
+landlord of the King’s Head. We give an account of his trial taken from a
+letter from New York, May 4, 1702, which is probably not altogether
+impartial.</p>
+
+<p>“The Grand Jury brought in presentments.&mdash;* * * One against Roger Baker
+saying the 5 November last the King was made a nose of wax and no longer
+King than the English please. * * * Roger Baker came upon tryal with a
+packt petty Jury according to custome, whereof four happening to be
+absent, a tales was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> ordered, and although there were then spectators in
+Court above 30 Englishmen and he told so, yet the Sheriffe went out and
+brought in three Dutch men of their party, and finding no more he was
+forced to take one John Ellis an Englishman then in court. Three witnesses
+were sworn the first said, he Baker spoke the words; but that they were
+all very drunk it being Holy-day. The other two said they were always
+present with them, but heard no such words nor nothing like it, that they
+were all drunk but the other witness to that degree he could not stand.
+Judge Atwood gave charge to the Jury to bring Baker in Guilty; the Jury
+went out and stayed all night then came into Court and deliver’d their
+verdict Not Guilty; at which Judge Atwood was very angry refusing to the
+Verdict, sent them out again, when after 6 hours they returned again with
+Not Guilty. At which the Judge grew very passionate, and threatening them
+several times. They were sent out three several times more and persisted
+in Not Guilty. Upon which the Judge threatened to imprison and fine them.
+That so scared the 11 Dutch, that in Open Court being sent for (it being
+about an hour before the Court was to determine), were demanded why they
+were not agreed and who it was that would not agree to find Guilty. Answer
+was made John Ellis upon which the Judge fell upon him with such menacing
+language in open Court and a considerable time hectoring and threatening
+him, he so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> managed him too that at last he gave his consent in open Court
+where Baker was recorded Guilty and fined 400 pieces of Eight and to
+remain in Custody of the Sheriffe till his fine was paid and after that
+until he made such acknowledgments as the Governor should think fit.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Conferences at The Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>Conferences of committees of the council and of the assembly were
+appointed at taverns during the years 1701-2-3, or at the great room in
+the fort, but after the passage of an act in 1703, declaring the
+proceedings against Colonel Bayard and Alderman Hutchins, for pretended
+high treason illegal, and the judgments null and void, the Coffee House or
+the King’s Arms, kept by John Hutchins, became the place appointed for
+these conferences and they continued to be held here for several years.
+The Coffee House was the public house patronized by the wealthier class of
+citizens and by those in official life as well as by the military
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Cornbury, at this time governor of New York, is described by Macauley
+as “a young man of slender abilities, loose principles and violent temper.
+He had been early taught to consider his relationship to the Princess Anne
+as the ground work of his fortunes, and had been exhorted to pay her
+assiduous court.” He was cousin to the Queen, and believing that he
+resembled her in features, was led by his vanity, it is thought, to dress
+in women’s clothes and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> appear publicly on the ramparts of the fort and
+even in the street in that neighborhood. Lord Stanhope says that when Lord
+Cornbury was appointed governor of New York, and told that he should
+represent the Queen he fancied that it was necessary to dress himself as a
+woman. Still another reason is assigned for this silly behavior. It is
+said that in consequence of a vow he obliged himself for a month in every
+year to wear every day women’s clothes. He otherwise prided himself on his
+erratic doings, and the town was, at times, amused and entertained, or
+shocked by the pranks of this kinsman of the Queen. It is said that he
+once rode on horseback through the spacious front door of the Coffee
+House, and was thus served with a drink at the bar. It is easy to credit
+this of such a man.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img12.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">VISCOUNT CORNBURY</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>In the early part of the year 1709 there were several conferences held at
+the Coffee House by committees from the council and assembly. On September
+22d of that year a conference was appointed at the <i>New Coffee House</i>.
+What was meant by the New Coffee House, or where it was situated we are
+unable to state. The Coffee House as a place of conference does not appear
+in the journal of the assembly again for many years.</p>
+
+<p>The conferences of the committees of the council and assembly were, no
+doubt, held at the best taverns in the city, at those frequented by the
+members, where at other times they talked of the affairs of state over
+their wine and spent a pleasant evening in social converse, changes being
+made as the quality of the taverns changed. At this period there were no
+clubs, such as exist today, no theatre, no newspaper. There was hardly a
+man in the community who did not habitually visit some tavern, where he
+met his friends and neighbors to talk over the news of the town. It was
+the place where he obtained all the knowledge he possessed of what was
+taking place in the world around him. The political unrest of the period
+made the taverns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> more particularly places of life and excitement.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img13.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">OLD TANKARD</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The history of a people consists not only in their wars and treaties with
+foreign nations, and in the political disturbances and struggles within;
+the manner in which they lived, and what were their interests and
+pleasures, are likely to interest us quite as much. If we can succeed in
+picturing them in our imagination, put ourselves in contact with them in
+their everyday walks, it is a matter of great satisfaction. The life and
+activities of the early colonial days, before there were any newspapers,
+were reflected in the tavern as in no other place in the community. Here
+all classes met, and the good listener, could, by the conversations and
+talks of travelers and other visitors, gain more knowledge of the
+political and social condition of the neighboring country than in any
+other way.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Lord Lovelace</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>In September, 1708, Henry Swift was a tavern-keeper in New York and
+rendered a bill to the authorities for boarding the French captain and
+company who came down from Albany. He was one of a number of men who came
+out with Lord Cornbury and by order of the common council were made
+freeman of the city gratis. His house was on Broadway, near the Fort. When
+Lord Lovelace arrived as governor of the province a grand dinner was
+served in the Fort, which was provided by Henry Swift at a charge of £40,
+7s, 6d. Almost four years afterwards he was still petitioning for the
+payment of this bill. On the 13th of November, 1707, the corporation gave
+a dinner “as a treat to his Excellency the Governor on his arrival here
+from his other government of New Jersey.” It was provided by Henry Swift
+and the wine and dinner cost the corporation £8, 5s.</p>
+
+<p>In 1710, Henry Swift was made collector of customs for Perth Amboy,
+although Governor Hunter was much opposed to the appointment. Conference
+committees of the council and of the assembly met at his house on
+September 23, 1710; and again, on November 17 and 18, 1710, conference
+committees of the two houses were appointed to meet here. Mrs. Swift kept
+the house after her husband’s death. It was owned by Arent Schuyler, of
+New Barbadoes, New Jersey, and when he died, by will dated December<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> 17,
+1724, he left the house and two lots of ground to his daughters, Eva and
+Cornelia. Mrs. Swift was then living in the house, as stated in the will.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Festivals</i></div>
+
+<p>From the time of the English occupation, feast days and anniversaries had
+been observed with more or less spirit and display, which increased as the
+population of the city increased. The birthdays of the King and members of
+the royal family and the anniversaries of the coronation and the gunpowder
+plot were generally observed, and a new governor was always received with
+more or less enthusiasm, and his entry into the city was attended with
+imposing formalities. When Governor Andros came to New York, in 1688, he
+was accompanied by a large and brilliant retinue, and was received with
+great ceremony and escorted to the fort by the city guard&mdash;a regiment of
+foot and a troop of horse, in showy uniforms&mdash;where his commission was
+published, and later at the City Hall.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1692, the common council resolved that “a treat be made to
+welcome his Excellency, Benjamin Fletcher, now arrived in this city to the
+value of £20 or thereabouts,” and in December, 1697, they ordered that
+four barrels of powder be provided for saluting the Earl of Bellomont on
+his arrival; and after his arrival in the city, it was resolved by the
+common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> council that a dinner be given at the charge of the corporation
+for the entertainment of his Excellency, Earl of Bellomont,
+captain-general, etc., etc.; that a committee be appointed to make a bill
+of fare (two aldermen and two assistants), “and that for the effectual
+doing thereof, they call to their assistance such cooks as they shall
+think necessary to advise.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of February, 1703, the treasurer of the city was ordered to
+repay to the mayor £9 10s 3d, which he had expended for a bonfire, beer
+and wine, on her majesty’s birthday, the 6th of February, and on the 24th
+of this same month the common council ordered that a public bonfire be
+made at the usual place, and that ten gallons of wine and a barrel of beer
+be provided, at the expense of the city, to celebrate the success of her
+majesty’s arms at Vigo and in Flanders, and the housekeepers were ordered
+to illuminate.</p>
+
+<p>Much more deference was paid to the dignity of office two hundred years
+ago than at the present time. Not only were governors received with great
+honor at their appearance to assume the office, but often, when they left
+the city to visit Albany or New Jersey, they were, on their return,
+entertained by the corporation. In November, 1704, Lord Cornbury, on his
+return from his other government of New Jersey, was entertained at a
+dinner given by the corporation at the house of Richard Harris, which
+cost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> the city £10 18s 6d. This is the bill rendered, and which was
+ordered paid:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="right">1704. &nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">The Mayor, Aldermen, &amp;c., Dr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">£</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">s</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">d</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dec. 19. &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a piece of beef and cabbage</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a dish of tripe and cow-heel</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a leg of pork and turnips</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To 2 puddings</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a surloin of beef</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">13</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a turkey and onions</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a leg of mutton and pickles</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To a dish of chickens</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To minced pyes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To fruit, cheese, bread, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To butter for sauce</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To hire 2 negroes to assist</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To dressing dinner, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To 31 bottles wine</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To beer and syder</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">12</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Richard Harris married the widow of Roger Baker, who had been the landlord
+of the well known King’s Head, not long after the latter’s death, which
+occurred in 1702, and he may have continued this tavern, which is very
+likely, as it was probably being conducted by the widow when he married
+her. The year after his marriage, he was elected assistant alderman, and
+his house for many years was patronized by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> officials of the province
+and the city. He was assistant alderman for several years. In 1707 he was
+one of a committee for leasing the Long Island ferry. On the 10th of
+October, of that year, the committee met at his house for that purpose,
+and for their expenses he was paid by the city £1 12s. Five years after
+this, when he was no longer a member of the common council, the lease
+being about to expire, the committee for leasing the ferry met at his
+house on the 17th of December, 1712, and this time he charged the
+corporation £7 10s 9d. Conference committees from the council and assembly
+met at his house several times in November, 1710, and in 1712. On the 6th
+of October, 1714, the governor gave notice of the death of Queen Anne, and
+on the 11th, King George was proclaimed in the city. The common council
+ordered seven or eight cords of wood for a bonfire and twenty gallons of
+wine for the people. The expenses of the common council on this occasion
+at the house of Richard Harris amounted to £8 4s, which was ordered to be
+paid.</p>
+
+<p>On November 7, 1717, the council requested a conference at the house of
+John Parmyter on the subject matter of the bill for letting to farm the
+excise, and on October 20th of the same year a bonfire was ordered and a
+dinner was given by the corporation at his house in celebration of the
+anniversary of his majesty’s coronation. The aldermen seem to have been
+ever ready to celebrate any of the usual anniversaries by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> eating a good
+dinner and drinking good wine. The bill for this dinner was as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td align="right" valign="bottom">1717 &nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">Corporation of New York, Dr.<br />To John Parmyter</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">£</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">s</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">d</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oct. 20 &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To 32 bottles of wine</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To beer and cyder</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To eating</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To dressing supper</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">6</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">17</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>As on most occasions a large portion consisted of liquor exhilarants.</p>
+
+<p>John Parmyter had been a resident of New York since the time of Bellomont
+and probably had been a tavern-keeper for some years previous to the date
+of this dinner. His house was on or near the corner of Beaver and New
+Streets. In 1712 an act was passed by the legislature of the province
+prohibiting all but John Parmyter to make lamp-black, for five years,
+“this to encourage the first to set up that manufacture.” He no doubt
+continued to keep tavern and had the monopoly of the manufacture of
+lamp-black until his death, and it also appears that his widow continued
+to carry on both lines of business. An act to prohibit all persons but
+Susannah Parmyter, widow, and her assigns, to make lamp-black during the
+space of ten years,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> was passed by the legislature in 1724. She continued
+to keep the tavern and rendered a bill to the authorities in August, 1727,
+for the “board of the Governor of Canada (sic) and fourteen men and wine.”</p>
+
+<p>The custom of meeting in conference at the taverns continued and the names
+of the keepers of these houses are given in the journal of the assembly.
+In 1713 conference committees met several times at the house of Bernard
+Hardenbrook and in 1718, at the house of Elizabeth Jourdain, who was the
+widow of Henry Jourdain, captain of the sloop Dolphin, who died at sea in
+the latter part of the year 1702. The Dolphin was probably a slaver, for
+Henry Jourdain, in his will, evidently made at sea, directs that sixty-one
+elephants’ teeth marked <i>H. J.</i>, and some gold in bulk should be delivered
+to his wife in New York, which indicates that he had visited the African
+coast. His entire estate amounted to £426, which enabled his widow to set
+up a public house, where she entertained the committees from the council
+and assembly and “lodged his majesty’s soldiers.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tavern of the Widow Post</i></div>
+
+<p>The house of the widow Post appears to have been a favorite place for
+members of assembly, where according to Mr. Isaac Robin, secretary of
+council, they discussed matters of state over their wine, and committees
+met on business of various kinds. The popularity of her house seems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> to
+have continued for several years. In November, 1721, we have record of the
+examination of Vincent Pelow before the council at the house of the widow
+Post, in relation to the small pox raging in Boston, and on November 9,
+1726, the assembly, “taking in Consideration the Conveniency and
+Accommodation, which the Members of this House have every Sessions, as
+well at the Meeting of Committees as otherwise, at the House of the Widow
+Post, and that the Trouble and Expense, which is occasioned to her on such
+Occasions far exceeds her Gains. It is the Opinion of this House that she
+ought to be exempted from paying any Excise, from this Time until the
+first Day of November next,” and it was ordered that the commissioners for
+letting to farm the excise take notice thereof accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>Obadiah Hunt was a tavern-keeper whose house seems to have been used both
+by the provincial and city officers as a place for conference on
+consultation. He was a member of the common council for several years,
+which may have been one cause of his house being used by that body. It was
+situated on Dock Street between Whitehall and Broad Street, next door to
+the custom house. He owned the house and appears to have been a man of
+some property, but of little education. He was a popular landlord. In
+January, 1718, the corporation paid Obadiah Hunt £4 6s 9d, for expenses at
+his house by the corporation on the anniversary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> the coronation,
+October 26th last, and on the anniversary of Gunpowder Treason Day,
+November 5th. The dinner, wine, beer, cider and other expenses at the
+house of Obadiah Hunt on the occasion of the entertainment given to
+Governor Burnet, on September 20, 1720, shortly after his arrival in the
+province, cost the corporation £21 8s 6d. Meetings were held at his house
+for the transaction of business of various kinds connected with the city,
+such as auditing accounts, leasing the ferry, leasing the docks and slips,
+etc., and on the arrival of a new governor, in April, 1728, his house was
+again the scene of an entertainment in his honor, which cost the city £15
+6s 6d.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Black Horse</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Black Horse Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In the early part of the eighteenth century, there stood on the southern
+corner of Smith and Garden Streets, the present William Street and
+Exchange Place, the Black Horse Tavern, kept by John DeHoneur, who seems
+to have been its landlord for many years. John or Johannes DeHoneur was
+recommended for the office of captain of militia in June, 1709. Whether he
+was a tavern-keeper at this time, or how soon after he became one, we do
+not know, but on October 18, 1727, the assembly directed that the
+Committee on Grievances meet every Tuesday and Friday, during the
+sessions, at five o’clock in the afternoon, at the house of John DeHoneur,
+and that the first meeting be on Friday next. The next year the Committee
+on Grievances requested permission to meet at other place and time than at
+the place and time appointed for their meeting, and they were allowed by
+the assembly to meet at such other times and places as they should judge
+necessary, but they, nevertheless, must meet every Thursday evening at the
+house of John DeHoneur. It continued to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> be the meeting place of
+committees, and ten years after, in 1737, it was the meeting place, by
+appointment of the assembly, of the Committee of Privileges and Elections.
+In the record it is sometimes named as the house of John DeHoneur, and at
+other times as the Black Horse Tavern. In the contest between Cornelius
+Van Horne and Adolph Phillipse, they were ordered to exchange lists at the
+house of John DeHoneur.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img14.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BLACK HORSE TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The assembly, like the common council, were inclined to meet at taverns
+for the transaction of public business, where they were evidently
+surrounded by a more cheerful atmosphere than in the cold halls of
+legislation and justice. Where the room was warmed by a large and lively
+fire in the spacious fireplace, and the inner man warmed and exhilarated
+by good old wine, business was transacted with more cheerfulness and
+alacrity. The Black Horse Tavern was the scene of many such meetings, and,
+no doubt, of some very exciting ones. In the contest over the votes for
+Van Horne and Phillipse there were, very likely, some lively discussions.
+The Black Horse was for many years one of the most prominent taverns in
+the city.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Montgomerie, after being governor of New York about two years,
+died on the 1st of July, 1731, and Rip Van Dam, as senior member of the
+council, and president of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> body, became, <i>ex officio</i>, acting
+governor of the province.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img15.jpg" alt="Rip van Dam" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Governor Cosby was appointed to succeed Montgomerie, but did not arrive
+until the 1st of August, 1732, so that Van Dam was acting governor for a
+period of thirteen months. He had been invested with all the powers,
+duties, and rights of the office, and had been allowed to draw the full
+amount of the salary from the public funds. Governor Cosby, like almost
+all the governors sent out to the provinces, had a sharp eye to his own
+profit, and had obtained, before he left England, an order on Van Dam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> for
+one-half of the salary, emoluments and perquisites of the office during
+the time that the latter had exercised the chief authority; and,
+accordingly, made demand shortly after his arrival. Van Dam was willing to
+surrender one-half of the salary which he had received if Cosby would pay
+to him one-half of the receipts, other than salary, and not otherwise, Van
+Dam resisting, Cosby instituted suit by way of information in the equity
+side of the court of exchequer, where he was confident of a decision in
+his favor. The counsel for Van Dam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> excepted to the jurisdiction of the
+court as being illegal. Great excitement ensued in consequence of a
+division in the court itself. Chief Justice Morris supported the
+exception, the two associate judges, DeLancey and Phillipse, voting
+against the plea. The decision of Chief Justice Morris annoyed the
+governor, who demanded a copy of it. Morris, to prevent misrepresentation,
+had it printed and sent it to the governor with a letter. Both the
+decision and the letter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> were published in the Gazette. This exasperated
+the governor beyond all bounds, and almost immediately Morris was removed
+from the bench. Shortly after James DeLancey, who afterwards became
+prominent, was appointed chief justice in his place.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img16.jpg" alt="W. Cosby" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img17.jpg" alt="Lewis Morris" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The contest between Cosby and Van Dam, at first personal, soon involved
+the people, and divided them into two parties. Those in office, and their
+following, supported the governor, while the party of the people,
+especially after the removal of the chief justice, were violently opposed
+to the arbitrary act of the governor in removing a judge because his
+decision was not as he wished, and to the favoritism which could, by an
+<i>ex post facto</i> order, divest any of the colonial officers of salary
+earned and appropriated to individual use, and direct the amount to be
+paid to a stranger who had performed no service for it. If this were
+conceded, there would be little stability in the rights of British
+subjects.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1733, Lewis Morris, being removed from the office of chief
+justice, offered himself as a candidate for representative for the county
+of Westchester in the assembly. Opposed to him was William Forster,
+supported by the chief justice, James DeLancey, and the second judge,
+Frederick Phillipse, who both appeared in person on the ground, and
+exerted their influence to the utmost to defeat the election of Morris.
+The account of this election, as told in the first number of the New York
+Weekly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> Journal, reads like a page from the history of feudal times, when
+the lords appeared upon the scene, followed by their retainers, ready for
+contests in the lists or on the field of battle.</p>
+
+<p>The high sheriff of the county, having, by papers affixed to the church of
+East Chester and other public places, given notice of the day and place,
+without stating any time of day when the election was to take place, the
+electors for Morris were very suspicious of some intended fraud. To
+prevent this, about fifty of them kept watch upon and about the Green at
+East Chester, the place of election, from twelve o’clock the night before
+until the morning of the appointed day.</p>
+
+<p>The electors of the eastern part of the county began to move on Sunday
+afternoon and evening, so as to be at New Rochelle by midnight. On their
+way through Harrison’s Purchase, the inhabitants provided for their
+entertainment, there being a table at each house plentifully provided for
+that purpose. About midnight they all met at the home of William LeCount,
+at New Rochelle, whose house not being large enough to entertain so many,
+a large fire was made in the street, at which they sat till daylight, when
+they again began to move. On the hill, at the east end of town, they were
+joined by about seventy horsemen, electors of the lower part of the
+county, and then proceeded to the place of election in the following
+order: First, rode two trumpeters and three violinists;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> next, four of the
+principal freeholders, one of whom carried a banner, on one side of which
+was affixed in golden capitals, KING GEORGE, and on the other side, in
+like golden capitals, LIBERTY &amp; LAW; next followed the candidate, Lewis
+Morris, formerly chief justice of the province; then two colors. Thus, at
+sunrise, they entered the Green of East Chester, the place of election,
+followed by about three hundred horsemen, the principal freeholders of the
+county (a greater number than had appeared for one man since the
+settlement of the county). After riding three times around the Green, they
+went to the houses of Joseph Fowler and Mr. Child, who were well prepared
+for their reception.</p>
+
+<p>About eleven o’clock appeared William Forster, the candidate of the other
+side; after him came two <i>ensigns</i>, borne by two of the freeholders; then
+came the Honorable James DeLancey, chief justice of the province of New
+York, and the Honorable Frederick Phillipse, second judge of the province
+and Baron of the Exchequer, attended by about one hundred and seventy
+horsemen, freeholders, and friends of Forster. They entered the Green on
+the east side and rode round it twice. As they passed, the second judge
+very civilly saluted the former chief justice by taking off his hat, a
+salutation which the former judge returned in the same manner. After this,
+they retired to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> house of Mr. Baker, who was prepared to receive and
+entertain them.</p>
+
+<p>About an hour after this the high sheriff came to town, finely mounted,
+with housings and holster caps of scarlet, richly laced with silver. Upon
+his appearance the electors on both sides went into the Green. After
+reading his majesty’s writ the sheriff directed the electors to proceed to
+their choice, which they then did, a great majority appearing for Morris.
+A poll was demanded and the sheriff insisted that a poll must be taken. A
+poll was taken, and did not close until about eleven o’clock at night.
+Morris, although the votes cast for him by thirty-eight Quakers were
+rejected, because they would not take the oath, was elected by a large
+majority.</p>
+
+<p>The indentures being sealed, the whole body of electors waited on the new
+representative, at his lodgings, with trumpets sounding and violins
+playing and then took leave of him.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing follows the account which appeared in the New York Weekly
+Journal, which was friendly to Morris. In the same number of this paper
+the only item of local news is the following, which we reproduce in
+fac-simile.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img18.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center"><small><a href="#text">Text of Illustration</a></small></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Black Horse Tavern had become the rallying place and rendezvous
+for the party of the people, and was, from this time, we have every reason
+to believe, the place where they continued to meet to concert on measures
+against prerogative and favoritism and against the arrogance and arbitrary
+acts of the governor and his supporters. These sentiments were not new to
+the people, but had been lying dormant, like smoldering embers, which
+needed only a slight agitation to fan them into a flame. Not since the
+time of Bellomont had there been so much bitterness displayed in party
+strife.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1725, a newspaper had been printed in New York, but William
+Bradford, its printer, was in the pay of the government, and no item in
+opposition to the governor or his friends was to be found in its pages. In
+November, 1733, appeared the first number of the New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> Weekly Journal,
+printed by John Peter Zenger, and devoted to the support of the party of
+the people, at the head of which were Lewis Morris and Rip Van Dam. It
+soon began to make itself felt. It was eagerly read, its sarcastic,
+reflections on the government, and its biting criticisms, furnishing a
+weekly entertainment to the public, which drove the governor and his
+friends almost to madness. Its effect was so keenly felt that it was
+resolved, in council, that Zenger’s papers, Nos. 7, 47, 48 and 49, and
+also two certain printed ballads, as containing many things tending to
+sedition and faction, to bring his majesty’s government into contempt, and
+to disturb the peace thereof, should be burned by the common hangman or
+whipper, and that the mayor and magistrates should attend the ceremony.
+This they refused to do and forbade the whipper, who was in the employ of
+the city, to obey the order. His place was supplied by a negro slave of
+the sheriff. Attempts were made to have Zenger indicted, but the grand
+jury refused to bring in a bill.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned, by order of the
+council, for printing seditious libels, and, for a time, was denied the
+use of pen, ink and paper. In January, 1735, the grand jury not having
+indicted him, the attorney-general filed an information against him. In
+the meantime he was editing his paper through a hole in the door of his
+cell. At the April term of court his counsel, James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> Alexander and
+William Smith, the two ablest lawyers of New York, filed exceptions to the
+legality of the commissions of the two judges. For this they were
+silenced, and John Chambers was appointed by the court counsel for Zenger.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img19.jpg" alt="A. Hamilton" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Trial of John Peter Zenger</i><br /><br />
+<i>Dinner at The Black Horse</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>When the trial came on, in July, 1735, Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, a
+lawyer of great reputation, who had been secretly engaged, unexpectedly
+appeared by the side of the prisoner. He was capable, eloquent and
+audacious, and, in conjunction with Chambers, managed the case with so
+much ability and skill that the jury, after being out only ten minutes,
+returned with a verdict of <i>Not Guilty</i>, which was received with shouts
+and cheers. The judges threatened the leaders of the tumult with
+imprisonment, when a son of Admiral Norris, who was also a son-in-law of
+Lewis Morris, declared himself the leader and invited a repetition of the
+cheers, which were instantly repeated. Andrew Hamilton was hailed as the
+champion of liberty. The corporation of New York shortly presented him
+with the freedom of the city in a gold box, “for his learned and generous
+defence of the rights of mankind and the liberty of the press.” Zenger was
+released from prison, after having been confined for more than eight
+months. After the trial was concluded, the enthusiasm and demonstrations
+of satisfaction centered at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> the Black Horse Tavern, where a splendid
+dinner was given to Andrew Hamilton in celebration of his great victory.
+At his departure, next day, “he was saluted with the great Guns of several
+Ships in the Harbour as a public Testimony of the glorious Defence he made
+in the Cause of Liberty in this Province.” Governeur Morris stated to Dr.
+John W. Francis his belief that “the trial of Zenger, in 1735, was the
+germ of American freedom&mdash;the morning star of that liberty which
+subsequently revolutionized America.” The Black Horse Tavern, therefore,
+if it was not the cradle of liberty, was certainly the nursery of those
+sentiments which ripened into the Declaration of Independence. No spot in
+New York is so closely identified with this victory for the rights of free
+speech and for the liberty of the press, as the site of the Black Horse
+Tavern, which is now occupied by an office building called Lord’s Court.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis Morris at this time was in London, where he had gone to lay his
+grievances before the home government. His case came before the Committee
+of the Council in November, 1735, “when the Lords gave it as their opinion
+that the Governor’s Reasons for Removing him were not sufficient.” He was
+not, however, restored to the office of chief justice, but was appointed
+governor of New Jersey, where he had large interests, and where the people
+had long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> desired to have a government separate and distinct from New
+York.</p>
+
+<p>Many writers have erroneously asserted that the Black Horse Tavern was the
+resort of the friends of the governor, where balls were given by the
+aristocratic members of society, and that Robert Todd was its landlord;
+but all that is necessary to clear up this mistake is to pay careful
+attention to the files of the two rival newspapers of that day, Bradford’s
+Gazette and Zenger’s Journal.</p>
+
+<p>On Broad Street, near the corner of Dock Street (the present Pearl
+Street), Robert Todd, vintner, kept his house, which became, indeed, the
+favorite place for the balls and entertainments of the governor’s party,
+as was the Black Horse Tavern for the party of the people. On October 9,
+1735, the governor was invited “to a very splendid entertainment provided
+for him at Mr. Todd’s in order to Congratulate his Excellency upon his
+safe Return from Albany, where he had been to renew the Treaty of Peace
+and Friendship with the Six Nations of Indians.” After dinner they drank
+the healths of the different members of the royal family and the health of
+his excellency and prosperity to his administration&mdash;“the music playing
+all the while.” “His Excellency was also pleased to Drink Prosperity to
+Trade, and at the same time, in a very obliging manner, assured the
+Gentlemen there, That if they could think of any Methods to Promote and
+Encourage the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Trade and Welfare of this Province, he would heartily
+contribute every Thing in his Power thereto.” In the evening the house was
+illuminated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversary of the Coronation</i></div>
+
+<p>Two days after this, on the 11th of October, the anniversary of the
+coronation was celebrated at the Fort, when the healths of the King and
+Queen and the other members of the royal family were drank under the
+discharge of cannon, “the two Independent Companies posted there, being
+under arms all the time.” In the evening the governor and his friends were
+entertained at the house of Mr. Freeman, which was handsomely illuminated.
+“The whole was concluded with Dancing and all the Demonstrations of Joy
+suitable to the Day.” Mr. Thomas Freeman was the son-in-law of Governor
+Cosby.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, at the Black Horse Tavern, the house of John DeHoneur,
+was made “a very handsome Entertainment in Honour of the Day for Rip Van
+Dam Esq. President of His Majesty’s Council. Matthias Norris Esq.
+Commander of His Majesty’s Ship, <i>Tartar</i>, and Capt. Compton, Commander of
+His Majesty’s Ship <i>Seaforth</i>.” Thus we see that the commanders of the two
+men-of-war lying in the harbor, honored with their presence and were
+honored by the party of the people at the Black Horse Tavern; and this
+accounts for the salutes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> given by the guns of the ships in the harbor to
+honor Andrew Hamilton on his departure from the city the previous August.
+“At Noon the Company met, and while the great Guns of his Majesty’s Ship
+Tartar were Firing they Drank the following Healths, the King, the Queen,
+the Prince, Duke and Royal Family, the Prince and Princess of Orange, the
+Glorious and immortal Memory of King William the third, Success to Coll.
+Morris, in his Undertaking, to the speedy Election of a new Assembly,
+Prosperity to the Corporation, my Lord Wiloughton, Duke of Dorset, Sir
+John Norris and General Compton, and then the Company Din’d, in the
+Evening the City was Illuminated, the Afternoon and Evening were spent
+with all the Joy and Dancing suitable to the Occasion.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img20.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BALL AT THE BLACK HORSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>The account of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation at the
+Fort is found in the New York Gazette, which makes no mention of the
+celebration at the Black Horse Tavern. The New York Weekly Journal gives
+an account of the celebration at the Black Horse Tavern, but makes no
+mention of any celebration at the Fort. In the same way, the account of
+the celebration of the birthday of the Prince of Wales, by the party of
+the people, is given by the New York Weekly Journal of January 26, 1736,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“The 19th instant being his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales’s Birthday.
+It was celebrated at the Black Horse in a most elegant and genteel manner.
+There was a most magnificent Appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies. The Ball
+began with French Dances. And then the Company proceeded to Country
+Dances, upon which Mrs. Norris led up two new Country Dances upon the
+Occasion; the first of which was called <i>The Prince of Wales</i>, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+second, The Princess of Saxe-Gotha, in Honour of the Day. There was a most
+sumptuous Entertainment afterward. At the conclusion of which the
+Honourable Rip Van Dam Esq., President of His Majesty’s Council, began the
+Royal Healths, which were all drank in Bumpers. The whole was conducted
+with the utmost Decency, Mirth and Cheerfulness.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img21.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“WHICH WERE ALL DRANK IN BUMPERS”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>No mention is made of any celebration at the Fort. The New York Gazette
+has the following account of the celebration of the governor’s party:</p>
+
+<p>“On the 20th Instant, being the Anniversary of His Royal Highness the
+Prince of Wales’s Birthday, the Royal Healths were drank at the Fort, by
+the Gentlemen of the Council, and the Principal Merchants and Gentlemen of
+the Place. The Continuance of the Governour’s Indisposition hinder’d the
+Celebration of the day with the usual solemnity at the Fort; However there
+was a Ball in the Evening at Mr. Todd’s, at which there was a very great
+appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies, and an Elegant Entertainment made by
+the Gentlemen, in honour of the Day.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img22.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THE VIOLIN AND THE GERMAN FLUTE BY ‘PRIVATE HANDS’”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>At the Black Horse, committees of the assembly met for the transaction of
+public business, but the conferences of committees of the two houses were
+held at the house of Robert Todd. Here, on the 4th of November, 1736, a
+conference was held of committees from the council and assembly, to
+prepare an address to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> his majesty on the nuptials of his Royal Highness
+the Prince of Wales. It seems also to have been a place for public
+entertainments. A concert of vocal and instrumental music was given here,
+January 21, 1736, for the benefit of Mr. Pachelbell, the harpsicord part
+performed by himself, the songs, violin and German flutes by “private
+hands.” Again on the 9th of March, 1736, this was repeated, when it was
+announced that tickets could be had at the Coffee House, at the Black
+Horse and at Mr. Todd’s; at 4 shillings each. Mr. Pachelbell was probably
+the music teacher, and was assisted in the concert by his pupils or
+friends. On the evening of January 6, 1745, a concert was given at the
+house of Robert Todd, for the benefit of Mr. Rice, which the newspaper
+affirms was “thought by all competent judges to exceed anything of the
+kind ever done here before.”</p>
+
+<p>When Samuel Bayard died, in 1745, he left the house on Broad Street next
+adjoining the DeLancey house, which afterwards became the noted Fraunces
+Tavern, to his son, Nicholas, which he states in his will, was in the
+tenure of Robert Todd. It had been occupied by him for at least eight
+years; earlier, his house is described as next to the Exchange Coffee
+House.</p>
+
+<p>Among the last acts of Governor Cosby was that declaring Rip Van Dam
+suspended from the council. This was to prevent Van Dam, as senior member
+of the council, from succeeding him and again becoming acting governor.
+After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> the death of Cosby, Van Dam and his friends declared this
+suspension illegal, and Van Dam made an effort to obtain control, but
+George Clarke, next in order, was supported by the council and also by the
+assembly, when it convened, and in the course of a few months received his
+commission from England as lieutenant-governor, which put an end to the
+claims of Van Dam. Clarke received from Cosby a legacy of trouble, but he
+was an astute politician and a much abler man than Cosby. He is credited
+with the policy of making it appear that the governorship of New York was
+not a desirable post, and by this means held his office for many years,
+and then retired to England with a competency. The community continued to
+be divided by party strife. The government party were, in derision, called
+“courtiers,” and they in turn characterized the opposition as a Dutch mob.
+A visitor to New York in 1739 describes the different parties as
+courtiers, Zengerites, the prudents and the no-party-men; and states that
+there was much bitterness displayed, and that the women were as zealous
+politicians as the men.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Exchange Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>From the time of the establishment of a coffee house on Broadway, in 1696,
+until about 1738, there had been but one coffee house in New York, so far
+as we can ascertain. The first coffee house, called also the King’s Arms
+Tavern, disappears from our view in 1709, and we hear no more of any
+coffee house until 1729,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> when we find that there was then a coffee house
+also called the King’s Arms supposed to be situated in Broad Street near
+the exchange, and called the Exchange Coffee House. It had probably had a
+continued existence during this interval. During the time of political
+excitement preceding and following the trial of Zenger, it appears to have
+been, with the house of Robert Todd, the resort of the “courtiers,” as the
+supporters of the governor and his party were called. In March, 1731,
+there was a sale of several lots of land by auction at this house, and
+after the death of Governor Montgomerie, his library, a collection of
+valuable books, was announced to be sold on the 1st of June, 1732, and
+notice was given that a catalogue of the books and conditions of sale
+might be seen at the Coffee House. In October, 1732, the late governor’s
+barge, which he had used in making visits to his government of New Jersey,
+with awning, damask curtains, two sets of oars, sails and everything
+necessary for her, were sold by auction at the Coffee House. It seems at
+this time to have become a place for public sales of all kinds and for the
+transaction of all kinds of business.</p>
+
+<p>In 1747 it was on the corner of Broad and Dock (now Pearl) Streets and its
+landlord was David Cox, who gave it up in 1749, when Andrew Ramsay, who
+was then the landlord of a tavern in Dock Street, announced that he had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+opened the Exchange Coffee House next door to where Mr. Cox lately kept
+it. This was the house known some years before as the Fighting Cocks. When
+Ramsay purchased the unexpired part of the lease of the Long Island ferry,
+in 1750, and moved to the ferry house on the Long Island side of the
+river, he was succeeded by Richard Clarke Cooke, who describes his house
+as the Gentlemen’s and Exchange Coffee House and Tavern at the Sign of the
+King’s Arms. His occupancy was of short duration. Anne Stockton made an
+attempt to establish an ordinary in it, but at the end of about a month
+she gave notice that she “has declined, and is advised to teach young
+Ladies to sew and embroider and Millinery.”</p>
+
+<p>George Burns then became the landlord of the King’s Arms, which appears no
+longer to be known as a coffee house, and which was brought back to its
+former location on the corner. Benjamin Pain appropriated the name of
+“Gentlemen’s Coffee House”&mdash;and carried it to Broadway, where he opened a
+house in April, 1751.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1753, a committee of the common council met at the house of
+George Burns, the King’s Arms, for the purpose of letting to farm the
+ferry between New York City and Long Island, when they were furnished with
+the usual entertainment provided for such occasions.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, the 25th of June, 1753, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> celebration of the anniversary of
+the festival of St. John the Baptist, “the Ancient and Right Worship
+Society of FREE and Accepted MASONS of this City assembled at the Spring
+Garden, and being properly cloathed made a regular Procession in due Form
+to the King’s Arms Tavern in Broad Street, near the Long Bridge, where an
+elegant Entertainment was provided.” Here, they drank his majesty’s health
+and many other loyal healths and concluded the day in the most social and
+satisfactory manner. The King’s Arms Tavern continued on or near the
+corner of Broad and Dock Streets for many years and was a well known
+tavern under various landlords.</p>
+
+<p>In 1696, what was called the Shoemakers’ Pasture was divided into building
+lots, and soon after on lot number 58, of the map of this property, on the
+southeast side of the present William Street, about midway between John
+and Fulton Streets, was built a house which became a prominent and much
+frequented tavern, from its sign, known as the Horse and Cart. The part of
+William Street near this tavern became known as Horse and Cart Street. It
+has been said that this house was a tavern in the time of Captain Kidd,
+and that he was a frequent visitor to it before he went on his fateful
+voyage. This may be a mere tradition, but if true, the house, which is
+still standing, at No. 122 William Street, must be over two hundred years
+old. It is, at any rate, we think, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> oldest house now standing on
+Manhattan Island. In October, 1733, it was advertised as the meeting place
+of the proprietors of a tract of 50,000 acres of land, “for concerting
+matters necessary for their mutual defence in law,” and again, in 1737, a
+meeting of these proprietors or their proxies was called at the same
+house.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img23.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">HOUSE AT 122 WILLIAM STREET</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>George Burns, who in 1750 was keeping a tavern opposite the Merchants
+Coffee House, moved to the noted sign of the Horse and Cart, where he
+announced that “to gratify his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> Customers he takes in the Boston,
+Philadelphia and New York papers.” He soon gave place to Captain George
+Edmonds. It seems to have been a tavern that was patronized by travelers,
+especially those coming in from the north and east and was a favorite of
+the New England people, as is shown by the announcement made by Captain
+Edmonds when its landlord in 1751, that it had “lately been very much
+balked, to the great Disappointment of Numbers of Persons from New England
+that used to frequent that House.” Notice was given in March, 1752, that
+“the once noted Horse and Cart Inn, in the City of New York, is now
+revived by Edward Willett.” Thus there are indications that the house had
+lost the popularity which it once enjoyed. Throughout all its many
+vicissitudes it retained its name for a great many years. Landlords came
+and landlords went, but the sign of the Horse and Cart remained, and was
+well known as a landmark by which the locations of other houses and places
+were designated. The house was still known as the Horse and Cart as late
+as 1765. The old sign was probably taken down about this time, or a little
+later, and during the decade preceding the Revolution the house was known
+as the Golden Hill Inn.</p>
+
+<p>In 1733 there was a tavern on Broadway that hung out the sign of the Coach
+and Horses, kept by Thomas Welch, from London, where, it was announced,
+could be had “very good Entertainment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> for Man and Horse,” and where were
+“also Horses to be let or stand at Livery.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1738 Captain Norris, commander of the ship Tartar, then lying in the
+harbor of New York, was in need of men and made application to the mayor
+for permission to impress thirty seamen to man his ship. The governor and
+council ordered the mayor to comply with this request, but the mayor
+pre-emptorily refused to obey the order, and the governor and council
+prudently refrained from taking further action. Thus it seems that it was
+difficult at that time to obtain a crew for a man-of-war in New York
+harbor, but a year or two later there was no difficulty in obtaining
+volunteers for privateering.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Privateering</i></div>
+
+<p>As soon as England had declared war with Spain the adventurous merchants
+of New York commenced fitting out privateers to prey upon the commerce of
+the enemy, and the taverns along the East River shore were all bustle and
+excitement. Many of them became headquarters for recruiting seamen for
+these adventurous expeditions. The vessels were commanded and manned in
+part by young men of the best families of New York, who left off
+cock-fighting and horse-racing to go a-privateering. The appeals for
+volunteers to join these expeditions were made to “Gentlemen Sailors” and
+to “Gentlemen Adventurers.” Samuel Bayard went out in the sloop Ranger as
+its commander and soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> returned with two prizes, taken at St. Jago, in
+the West Indies. These were offered to be sold, in June, 1740, and notice
+was given that the inventory could be seen at the Coffee House. He seems
+to have been a successful commander and brought in other prizes.</p>
+
+<p>The sign of the Pine Apple on the New Dock, kept by Benjamin Kierstede,
+was a place for recruiting seamen and also for enlisting men in the
+military companies then organizing to go out against the Spanish colonies
+in the West Indies. Another place of the same kind was the tavern at the
+sign of the Jamaica Arms, on Cruger’s Wharf, kept by Benjamin Pain. At
+both of these places there was great activity in making up crews for
+privateers about to sail. Here the “articles” could be seen, and men were
+engaged. Here also prizes and cargoes were sold.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1740, five companies of soldiers had been enlisted, commanded
+by Captains Clarke, Cosby, Provost, Cuyler and Stevens, and were encamped
+on the Common. In September the companies raised in Rhode Island were
+expected to join them. The New York Weekly Journal of August 4, 1740,
+contains the following:</p>
+
+<p>“An express arrived a few days since from the Earl of Waldegrave which
+Occasioned the holding of a Council which sat till 2 the next Morning. The
+Dispatch brought by the Courier<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> occasions great Matter of Speculation
+among the Coffee House Politicians and some since talk of Peace while
+others say the French will no longer remain Neuter.”</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1744, war was declared with France an additional impulse was
+given to the privateering business. For the five years preceding 1748 no
+less than thirty-one vessels, each carrying from ten to twenty-four guns,
+are named in the newspapers, and there is continually mention made of
+prizes being brought in, of cases before the court of admiralty, of sales
+of the captured ships and their cargoes and of the adjustments of disputes
+over the division of the spoils. In 1745, we find that arbitrators were to
+meet at the house of Robert Todd every Friday evening “for settling the
+Differences between the four Privateers formerly arrived here with six
+French Prizes.” This continued from January to May. In September, 1744, a
+New York newspaper stated that, “’tis computed there will be before winter
+113 Sail of Privateers at Sea, from the British American Colonies, mostly
+stout Vessels and well manned. A Naval Force equal (some say) to that of
+Great Britain in the Time of Queen Elizabeth.” In 1745 it was stated that
+at that time there were thirteen privateers at sea from the port of New
+York. The men for these vessels were not all supplied by New York City.
+The alluring promises of gain drew volunteers from all the neighboring
+country. Governor Hamilton, of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> Jersey, complained that the
+privateers-men were sweeping into their ranks the flower of the youth of
+his province.</p>
+
+<p>In 1745 Captain Bevan, of the privateer sloop Clinton, brought into the
+port of New York a French prize, which he had taken after a short
+engagement, without the loss of a man. Her cargo, consisting of sugar,
+indigo and cotton, was valued at £40,000, and each man of the crew
+received £160 prize money. As a reward for complying with his request not
+to plunder the passengers, officers and sailors of the captured ship,
+Captain Bevan gave his crew a handsome treat of a hogshead of punch and an
+ox roasted whole in the fields at Dominie’s Hook, which was quite handsome
+in Captain Bevan. The cargo of the prize ship Le Pomone (La Pomme),
+brought in by Captain Bevan, was sold at the house of widow Thomas. The
+prize ship Joseph of Egypt and cargo were sold in April, 1746, at the
+house of the widow Susannah Lawrence, on the Dock, near the Meal Market,
+at the lower end of Wall Street.</p>
+
+<p>When news came of the capture of Louisburg the common council, to
+celebrate the victory, ordered that Mr. DeJancourt, whose house was near
+the Meal Market, be directed to prepare a handsome dinner for the board
+and that the governor, the members of the council, the assembly members of
+the city, with the field officers, be invited to dine with them and that a
+bonfire be made “without the Spring Garden”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> in the evening. They also
+ordered that twenty gallons of good wine be sent to the bonfire for the
+people.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Negro Plot</i></div>
+
+<p>In 1741, during the Spanish war, New York City was thrown into a panic of
+excitement by the so-called negro plot. Each week the newspapers gave
+accounts of the numerous executions and of the trials resulting from the
+confessions of the victims, each one of whom was induced to accuse another
+in order to save himself. It seems to have seized on the inhabitants of
+New York in the same way that witchcraft overwhelmed the people of Salem,
+Massachusetts. In the intense excitement persons of better and better
+standing in the community were being accused until a halt was found
+necessary. Thomas Croker, at this time, was landlord of the Fighting Cocks
+in Dock Street, and it was at his house that John Ury, who was tried for
+complicity in the plot, lodged. Although Ury, the most prominent victim,
+was, no doubt, innocent of any criminal act, he was, nevertheless,
+convicted on the evidence of those who had been urged to accuse somebody
+to save themselves or to gain a reward. He was a stranger and fell a
+victim to the panic which pervaded the community.</p>
+
+<p>The sign of the Fighting Cocks had hung in Dock Street, next door to the
+corner of Broad Street, for many years. In 1736, the tavern was kept by
+Edward Eastham, who met with the loss<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> of a silver quart tankard, marked
+on the handle with an E, taken from his house, for the recovery of which
+he offered a reward of three pounds. The next year a silver watch was
+taken from this house, “of a size rather larger than midling, Regmaiden at
+Dublin the Maker,” for the return of which a reward of ten shillings was
+offered, “and no questions asked.” Although though the Fighting Cocks
+Tavern, as its name implies, may have been the scene of many cock-fights,
+we do not think that at that time this would detract from its standing and
+respectability.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Birthday</i></div>
+
+<p>In March, 1748, in celebration of the King’s birthday, it is stated that a
+Jack was displayed all day from the flagstaff on the southwest bastion of
+Fort George. The city regiment of militia and troops were under arms and
+were reviewed by the governor from the piazza of the City Hall, as they
+passed from Broadway, where they had been drawn up, and, it is said, made
+a very handsome appearance. The governor and some of the gentlemen of the
+council who attended him were entertained by the mayor, corporation, and
+officers of the militia with some extraordinary wine (“such as is rare to
+be met with in any private house”) from Hugh Crawford’s, ford’s, near at
+hand, and there they drank the health of his majesty and other royal
+healths under the discharge of twenty-one guns at the Fort.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>In honor of the day there were two halls, one at the Fort and another at
+Ramsay’s tavern in Dock Street. We give an account of these two balls as
+it appeared in a newspaper of that period.</p>
+
+<p>“In the evening there was a private entertainment and ball at his
+Excellency’s, consisting of a snug select company of the <i>choicest fruits</i>
+of the town, that were particularly invited for that purpose, the only
+entertainment of the kind that His Excellency’s leisure has admitted of
+upon such public occasions during his administration; the company was very
+sociable, and the night concluded there as usual.</p>
+
+<p>“The gentlemen that had not the honour to be invited to His Excellency’s
+ball resolved not to be behindhand in their demonstrations of loyalty on
+this occasion, and therefore ordered a public entertainment to be provided
+against the evening at Mr. Ramsay’s tavern, where there was a very
+splendid and beautiful appearance of ladies, such as would have graced an
+Assembly in England. There were several gentlemen of Council and
+Corporation, and most of the principal merchants and other gentlemen in
+the city, that made up a gay and numerous assembly.</p>
+
+<p>“The ball was opened about six o’clock, the city being illuminated from
+one end to the other, the supper was served up about ten and
+notwithstanding the short warning given, there was the greatest variety
+this town or country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> could produce, and the tables were decorated in so
+neat and elegant a manner as raised a general admiration and ’twas
+declared by good judges that never was a more magnificent entertainment in
+this country. The whole tables were taken up with ladies the length of two
+rooms laid into one, that the gentlemen’s time was generally employed in
+waiting on them, and when they were done the gentlemen supplied their
+places. After supper, His Majesty’s, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and
+the other Royal Healths were drank, and then prosperity to the province, a
+speedy exportation of its enemies, etc.</p>
+
+<p>“The whole affair was conducted with the utmost decency and decorum; there
+was the greatest gaiety, cheerfulness and complacency in every
+countenance. The ball was concluded about 5 A. M. and the night was passed
+in the general satisfaction, without the least incivility offered or
+offence taken by any one, which is scarce to be said on the like
+occasions. We are told this was distinguished by the title of the Country
+Ball.”</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Merchants’ Coffee House</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Meal Market</i></div>
+
+<p>Trade had extended its territory along the East River shore until about
+the beginning of the eighteenth century it had reached and taken in Wall
+Street. In 1709 the first slave market was erected at the foot of this
+street, on the site of the Half Moon Battery and block house of the Dutch
+era, and for many years continued to be the established place where slaves
+were offered for sale and “stood for hire.” A market house had been built,
+and in January, 1726-7, it was ordained by the common council of the city
+of New York that the market house at the lower end of Wall Street be
+appointed a public market for the sale of all sorts of corn, grain and
+meal, and a penalty was fixed for selling such in any public market
+elsewhere. From this time it was known as the Meal Market.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of time several taverns had been opened in the neighborhood
+of the market, and it had become the center of considerable business. In
+1726 the only newspaper in New York gave notice of servants to be sold by
+John Dunks at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Dock. In 1750
+the following appeared in the New York Gazette or Weekly Post Boy: “Just
+imported, a parcel of likely negros, to be sold at public vendue to-morrow
+at Ten o’clock at the Merchants’ Coffee House.”</p>
+
+<p>The tavern at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat stood on the northwest
+corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, then Wall and Burnet
+Streets. Francis Child, a wigmaker, owned it and advertised it for sale in
+1736 and 1737, when he described it as the corner house near the Meal
+Market, “a well frequented tavern for several years past” and in good
+repair.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Bloom, mariner, who as captain of the Turtle Dove had met with a
+very unfortunate experience in the West Indies, his brig and all on board
+being stript of everything even to the clothing they wore, and who had
+lately arrived rived in New York, purchased the house and lot, in June,
+1738, the consideration mentioned in the deed being five hundred pounds
+(£500). Bloom was landlord of the house for more than a dozen years. While
+living here he, in December, 1747, took the lease of the ferry between the
+city and Nassau (Long) Island for the term of five years, for which he
+agreed to pay the sum of four hundred and fifty-five pounds (£455) per
+annum, to be paid in quarterly installments, and the common council
+ordered that the neighborhood of the Meal Market have leave, at their own
+expense, to make and erect a dock and stairs, for the convenience of the
+ferry boat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> which was to land there, in such manner as shall be directed
+by the committee appointed for that purpose. Bloom ran the ferry for about
+three years, when, in September, 1750, by permission of the common
+council, he transferred the lease to Andrew Ramsay, who at this time was
+the landlord of the Exchange Coffee House, from which he moved to the
+ferry house on the Long Island side of the river. Soon after this Bloom
+died. At the time of his death he was still indebted to the city for a
+portion of the rent of the ferry, and the corporation, in June, 1751,
+offered to take from the executors of his estate fifty pounds (£50) in
+settlement of all arrears due.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Merchants’ Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>Long before Daniel Bloom purchased the house that hung out the sign of the
+Jamaica Pilot Boat, it had been kept by John Dunks. Bloom did not retain
+the sign, for we find that a few years later, it was used by the widow of
+John Dunks, who kept a house a little further up near the Fly Market.
+Bloom had seen considerable of the world, and appears to have been a man
+of some property, owning real estate in the city and in Westchester
+County. He probably had an acquaintance among the merchants, as sea
+captains generally had, and was able to make his house a resort for them.
+He called it the Merchants’ Coffee House, and he was no doubt the first
+landlord of the house by that name, which, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> more than half a century,
+was one of the most prominent houses of the city. As its name implies, it
+gradually became the place where the merchants of the city met and
+transacted business, and it became also the place where auctions, or
+vendues, as they were called, were held, especially such as were connected
+with the shipping business. The year after Bloom’s death, its landlord was
+Captain James Ackland.</p>
+
+<p>The price paid for the lease of the ferry indicates that there must have
+been considerable travel over it and that the house at the landing place
+should have been a profitable one. On the next corner below, on Burnet’s
+Key and Wall Street Slip, was the tavern of Widow Susannah Lawrence, which
+at one time was called the Red Lion, and on the opposite side of Wall
+Street stood, in 1735, St. George and the Dragon, which in 1750 was
+occupied by Thomas Leppers, from London, who hung out the sign of the Duke
+of Cumberland. He had succeeded George Burns, who became prominent as a
+tavern-keeper and was in turn the landlord of many well known houses. In
+May, 1750, announcement was made that “Thomas Leppers, living at the sign
+of the Duke of Cumberland, opposite the Merchants’ Coffee House, proposes
+to open an Ordinary To-morrow, Dinner will be ready at half an Hour after
+One,” and a few days later he gave notice that “Whereas, I have often
+heard Gentlemen Strangers and single Gentlemen of this City wish for a
+Regular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> Ordinary and since my removal to the Duke of Cumberland, opposite
+the Merchants’ Coffee House, I have been frequently advised by Gentlemen
+my friends to keep one. These are to give Notice That I began to do so on
+Tuesday last, which shall be continued every Day. Dinner shall be ready at
+One o’clock. Per Thomas Leppers from London.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>An Affair at Leppers’ Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In August, 1750, this house was the scene of a disturbance which must have
+caused much talk in the town, as an account of the affair occupies a whole
+page in one of the issues of the New York Gazette Revived in the Weekly
+Post Boy, a very unusual attention given any local news. It was claimed
+that the article had been written by spectators of the affair to set to
+right reports that were current in the town. On Tuesday evening, the 28th
+of August, several persons met as a club at Leppers’ tavern, and one or
+two of the company, signifying a desire to have Mr. James Porterfield join
+them, one of the members went out and in a short time returned and
+introduced him to the company, who, it seems, were mostly physicians or
+interested in that profession. After supper he begged the attention of the
+club, and stated that he had received many civilities from the gentlemen
+of the club, for which he returned them thanks; but a friend had told him
+that having lately asked a member if Mr. Porterfield were admitted to it,
+the answer was,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> that he was not, and that his loquacity was the cause of
+it. He said that he submitted to the judgment of the club whether he had
+ever behaved in such a manner at the club as to deserve that reflection.
+The members of the club declined to pass judgment upon the question,
+stating that as he was not a member, it would be to no purpose to give any
+judgment about it, since if they thought him too talkative it was not in
+their power to prevent it as his conduct could not be regulated by any of
+their rules. Notwithstanding this definite answer, he still persisted in
+claiming a judgment whether he was faulty in being too talkative or not.
+The members of the club maintained their first position and begged him not
+to insist any further, as he was defeating the original intention of the
+meeting. He became violent, but was prevailed at length to be quiet while
+a paper was being read by one of the members. He seems to have worked
+himself up to a high state of resentment for he sneered and interrupted
+the reading, and after it was finished became so uncontrollable and
+insulting that he was threatened with expulsion. He then threw his glove
+upon the table as a challenge, and although no other person was armed,
+drew his sword. At this point the member, who had threatened to turn him
+out, took up the glove and threw it in his face, and being seated at the
+opposite side of a long table went round to him, and, with the assistance
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> some of the other members, disarmed him and broke his sword. They
+forced him to the door, but he used his cane, which was also broken by the
+company, who now went to another room, leaving him alone. He went down
+stairs and on his way out told Mr. Loppers that he would get another sword
+and return and run some of the members upstairs through the body, but Mr.
+Loppers told him that he could not again enter his house that night. He
+thereupon seated himself at the door with the stump of his sword in his
+hand waiting for revenge, but was induced by the member of the club who
+had introduced him to retire to his lodgings.</p>
+
+<p>This was not the end, for the next evening Mr. Porterfield came down to
+the Merchants’ Coffee House, and at sight of Doctor Ayscough, drew his
+sword and shook it at the Doctor, who stood in the door, calling him
+villain and scoundrel and challenging him to fight. After some abuse of
+this kind Doctor Ayscough seized a cane from a bystander and struck
+Porterfield on the head, who immediately rushed towards him and made a
+pass at him. Doctor Ayscough, in retreating, fell down and Porterfield,
+thinking that he had pricked him, very quickly and prudently disappeared,
+as the resentment of the spectators was apparent. Doctor Ayscough was not
+injured.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Clubs</i></div>
+
+<p>It seems to have been quite usual at this period for men of like tastes
+and inclinations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> to form themselves into clubs. A writer, describing New
+York and its people in 1756, states that, “New York is one of the most
+social places on the continent. The men collect themselves into weekly
+evening clubs. The ladies, in winter, are frequently entertained either at
+concerts of music or assemblies, and make a very good appearance.” The
+clubs, as well as the assemblies for dancing, were held at the taverns.
+The first club in the colony of New York, of which we have any knowledge,
+was formed at the instance of Governor Lovelace, in the winter of 1668-69,
+composed of ten French and Dutch and six English families, to meet at each
+other’s houses twice a week in winter and once a week in summer, from six
+to nine in the evening. It is said that the Governor was generally present
+and made himself agreeable. This, no doubt, was a select circle, and the
+enjoyment derived consisted of the social pleasures and the good things to
+eat and drink, the beverages being Madeira wine and rum and brandy punch
+served up in silver tankards. Governor Bellomont speaks of the men who
+were opposed to him meeting as a club and of Governor Fletcher’s club
+night, which was Saturday. The club opposed to Bellomont met at the tavern
+of Lieutenant Matthews, which was in the South Ward. In 1734 there was a
+club in New York called the Hum Drum Club, which appears to have been
+honored by the presence of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> Governor on two succeeding Saturdays. As
+we approach the period of the Revolution, we find the number of clubs
+increasing; they were organized with different objects in view. There was
+the purely social club, the political club, the club for the lawyer and
+the club for the physician, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Merchants’ Exchange</i></div>
+
+<p>The growing commercial importance of New York induced the building of a
+new Exchange for merchants in the middle of Broad Street, near the East
+River, which was commenced in 1752, on or near the site of one which had
+stood there since 1690. In June, permission for erecting it was given by
+the city and one hundred pounds appropriated towards its erection. The
+original intention was probably to build it like the old one, which was
+simply an open structure with nothing but roof above; but, in August, the
+corporation resolved that they would at their own expense, build or cause
+to be built a room twelve feet high over the Exchange, for which an
+appropriation was made of twelve hundred pounds (£1,200). A cupola was
+erected on it, but it had no bell until 1769, when one was provided. The
+large room in the upper story was for many years used by societies for
+their annual meetings and elections, for concerts and for dinners and
+entertainments to persons of distinction, and by the Common Council for
+their regular meetings while the City Hall was being repaired. It was
+leased to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> Oliver De Lancey for one year, from February 1, 1754. The next
+year it was let to Keen and Lightfoot, who opened in one end of it a
+coffee-room called the Exchange Coffee Room, which was continued for many
+years. In March, 1756, a show was given here called the microcosm, or the
+world in miniature. In 1756 the partnership of Keen and Lightfoot was
+broken up. Lightfoot continued the coffee room and Keen opened a tavern
+nearby which he called the Fountain Inn. Upon the death of Lightfoot, in
+1757, his widow, Sarah, obtained a renewal of the lease and continued the
+business, but the following year, the rent being raised, it passed into
+the hands of Roper Dawson, and was opened as a mercantile store.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img24.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE ROYAL EXCHANGE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Business at the Merchants’ Coffee House continually increased. It became
+the recognized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> place for public vendues or auctions of real estate,
+merchandise, negroes, horses, or any other article of sale. Several sales
+of vessels, dining the year 1753, were made here, where the inventories
+were posted. In May the sloop, Sea Flower, late commanded by Evert
+Evertson, and one-fourth part of the ship John, Richard Coffee, master,
+were offered for sale; in August the sloop, Catherine; and in September
+one-third part of the ship, Fame, Captain Seymour. When the sloop
+Catharine was offered for sale, notice was given that she could be seen in
+Rotten Row, almost opposite the Merchants’ Coffee House. Rotten Row was a
+place on the East River shore which the extension of the dock to the north
+of Wall Street, and that at Cruger’s Wharf, made into a sort of cove where
+the shipping received some protection. Between these two points the river
+came up to the southeast side of the present Water Street, and the dock
+was known as Hunter’s Keys. The New York <i>Gazette</i> of January 6, 1752,
+stated that the river was then full of ice and that many vessels had been
+detained from sailing, and, “with the rest of our shipping, squeezed into
+Rotten Row for Shelter. It was a happy Turn the Corporation acted with
+that Prudence in not consenting to the Views of a few self-interested
+People, to get the only Place for Shelter of our shipping fill’d up.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1753 Governor Clinton, who had had a long fight with the assembly
+during his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> administration, retired from the office of Governor to a
+sinecure provided for him in England. He had accomplished the object of
+his mission as to his personal interests, and at his recommendation Sir
+Danvers Osborne became his successor.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the 6th of October, 1753, the ship Arundal, Captain Lloyd,
+arrived at Sandy Hook, with Sir Danvers Osborne on board. He came up to
+the city the next day in the ship’s barge, and landed at the Whitehall
+Slip, where he was received by the members of the Council, the Mayor and
+Aldermen, the officers of the militia and most of the principal gentlemen
+of the city. Governor Clinton being at his country seat at Flushing, Long
+Island, Osborne was escorted to the Governor’s house in Fort George, where
+an elegant entertainment was prepared for his reception, when the healths
+of his majesty and of all the members of the royal family were drank, as
+was usual on such occasions. On Monday Governor Clinton came in from his
+country seat and Sir Danvers Osborne was elegantly entertained at a public
+dinner given by the gentlemen of the Council, and on Tuesday the
+corporation voted him the freedom of the city, presented to him in a
+golden box. On Wednesday the commission of Sir Danvers Osborne was first
+published in Council, and while the usual oaths were being taken, the
+corporation, the city representatives, the militia officers, the clergy
+and all the principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> inhabitants assembled in the parade and, together
+with the Council, wailed on his excellency, attended by a company of foot
+and a vast concourse of people, to the City Hall, where his commission was
+a second time published. He then, amidst the shouts and acclamations of
+the people, attended in like manner, returned to the fort, where the usual
+royal healths were drank, the guns in the common and harbor firing, and
+the bells of all the churches of the city ringing. The corporation then
+waited on Sir Danvers with an address, to which he gave a short and
+agreeable reply.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img25.jpg" alt="Danvers Osborn" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the New Governor</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>At the tavern of George Burns, opposite the Long Bridge, a grand dinner
+was ordered by the corporation. A committee had been appointed with
+instructions to invite his majesty’s Council, such members of the Assembly
+as should be in town, the captain of the man-of-war, with such gentlemen
+as came over with the Governor, the treasurer of the colony, the King’s
+attorney, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Penn and Mr. Oliver De Lancey to
+dine with his Excellency, Sir Danvers Osborn, Bart. The committee were,
+besides, instructed to provide for a bonfire on the common near the
+workhouse, and to procure three dozen of wine to be sent to the fire, that
+the City Hall, the Alms-House and the Ferry-House should be illuminated
+and that a half-barrel of cannon-powder be provided to discharge the
+cannon on the Common near the bonfire. The newspapers state that the
+dinner was “an elegant and splendid entertainment. In the evening two and
+forty cannon were discharged in the Common. Two large bonfires were
+erected. Some thousands of the populace crowded the Common and the whole
+town was for several hours most bountifully illuminated.” Notwithstanding
+all this rejoicing, and the enthusiasm with which he was received, the new
+Governor became despondent and, on the morning of Friday, the 12th of
+October, his body was found hanging to the garden fence of Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> Murray, at
+whose house he was staying. He had committed suicide.</p>
+
+<p>From the very fact that the house of George Burns was selected as the
+place for the dinner given to the new Governor, we may very confidently
+conclude that it was considered the best tavern in New York at that time.
+George Burns was the landlord of the King’s Arms, which, until about this
+time, had also been called the Exchange Coffee House. The coffee house of
+this period was generally considered to be more a meeting place for the
+transaction of business than the tavern and until the Merchants’ Coffee
+House was established the Exchange Coffee House had been the resort of
+merchants and the place where business transactions were made and where
+auctions were held for the sale of merchandise of all kinds.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Province Arms</i></div>
+
+<p>Before the year 1754 there had been no one tavern that had stood at the
+head and maintained a leading position for any length of time; but in this
+year Edward Willett, well known in New York as the landlord, at different
+times, of many prominent houses, opened a tavern in the house of James De
+Lancey on Broadway which from this time became the most prominent tavern
+in the city and so continued until after the Revolution, when on the same
+site was built in 1794 the City Hotel, which also for a long time held the
+lead as a public house. Willett moved into it from the Horse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> and Cart and
+described it as “the house of the honorable James De Lancey, Esq.,
+Lieutenant Governor, at the sign of the Province Arms in Broadway, near
+Oswego Market.”</p>
+
+<p>While Willett was keeping the Horse and Cart, on Thursday, October 25,
+1753, the last day of the sitting of the Supreme Court, the justices of
+the court, the attorney-general, and the counsellors and attorneys
+attending the court, marched in a procession from the City Hall to the
+house of the Lieutenant Governor and presented him with an address, after
+which, accompanied by the Lieutenant Governor, they all marched to the
+house of Edward Willett, where a grand dinner was served to them.</p>
+
+<p>The house that Willett opened on Broadway at the Province Arms, or the New
+York Arms, as it was sometimes called, was one of the largest and finest
+in the city, and from the time it was opened as a tavern was patronized by
+the public societies and was the recognized place for giving all public
+entertainments of importance. It had been built by Stephen De Lancey about
+the year 1730 and, subsequently, came into the possession of his son,
+James De Lancey, the Lieutenant Governor. It was two stories high, with
+windows opening to the floor. It stood on the west side of Broadway,
+between the present Thames and Cedar Streets, commanding from its windows
+a beautiful view of the bay, the river and the opposite shores. Somewhat
+retired from the busy parts of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> city, it was a beautiful and agreeable
+spot for a first-class public house. Broadway was becoming the favorite
+promenade. The church walk, in front of Trinity, near by, was the resort
+of the fashion of the town for the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, April 29, 1755, soon after Lieutenant Governor De Lancey had
+returned from a trip to the more southern colonies, where he had been
+received with all the honors due to his official station, and where he had
+met the other governors in consultation as to the situation on the French
+and Indian frontier, Governor William Shirley, of Massachusetts, and
+Governor Robert Hunter Morris, of Pennsylvania, arrived in New York from
+the westward and were welcomed to the city with great formality. On
+landing at Whitehall Slip they were saluted by a discharge of cannon from
+Fort George, and welcomed ashore by Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, members
+of his majesty’s council and many of the principal gentlemen of the city.
+The city militia had been ordered to muster and were drawn up so as to
+line the street as the gentlemen passed on to the fort, where they drank
+his majesty’s and all the loyal healths with success to the
+English-American enterprises. They then proceeded through the lines still
+formed by the militia to the New York Arms, on Broadway. Here a handsome
+entertainment was provided where the healths of his majesty and the royal
+family were repeated with “cheerfulness and alacrity.” The newspaper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+account states that the doors, windows, balconies and the tops of the
+houses were decorated, red cloaks being largely used to brighten the scene
+and give it life and color.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Charter of King’s College</i></div>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, the 7th of May, 1755, the gentlemen who had been appointed
+governors of the College of the Province of New York (afterwards called
+King’s College) met at the house of Edward Willett, at the sign of the New
+York Arms, “when the Deputy Secretary attended with his Majesty’s Royal
+Charter of Incorporation.” Lieutenant Governor De Lancey was pleased to
+order the charter read, and “after addressing himself to the governors in
+a very affectionate, genteel and suitable manner,” delivered to them the
+Charter, and they were qualified to exercise the important trust reposed
+in them by taking the oaths (to the government and that of office), and
+subscribing the declaration as prescribed by the charter. This was the
+birth of King’s College, now Columbia University. The next Tuesday, the
+13th of May, being the day appointed by the charter for the annual meeting
+of the governors, they accordingly met at the New York Arms to proceed
+upon business, and the meetings of the governors of the college continued
+to be held here for many years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>French and Indian War</i></div>
+
+<p>The year 1755 was a sad one in the English colonies. The defeat of
+Braddock filled the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> land with gloom and depression which was only
+partially dispelled by the repulse of the French at Lake George and the
+capture of their commander, Dieskau. New York City was roused to exertion
+and the spirit of the colony rose to occasion. Troops of soldiers were
+passing through to the seat of war, the drumbeat was constantly heard in
+the streets, recruiting offices were opened at the taverns, and the
+prominent citizens met at their usual resorts to discuss the news of war.
+No formal declaration of war had been made by either England or France,
+yet war, in its most distressing forms, was raging on all the frontiers of
+the English colonies.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img26.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“THE DRUMBEAT WAS CONSTANTLY HEARD IN THE STREETS”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner at the New York Arms</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>In the midst of this excitement his majesty’s ship, The Sphinx, arrived
+with the new governor, Sir Charles Hardy. About ten o’clock on the morning
+of September 3, 1755, the people of New York heard the booming of cannon
+from The Sphinx, which had arrived the night before and was lying in the
+harbor. Sir Charles was on his way to the city in the ship’s barge and the
+discharge of cannon was in his honor on his leaving the ship. This was
+soon answered from Fort George, when Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, the
+members of the council and the assembly, the mayor and aldermen, the
+clergy and the principal gentlemen of the city, at the Whitehall Stairs,
+welcomed him to the province, and through lines of militia, mustered for
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> occasion, escorted him to the Fort. After going through the usual
+ceremonies he was conducted to the City Hall, where his commission was
+published. He then returned to the Fort to receive the congratulations of
+the officials and the public. The new governor was then conducted to the
+New York Arms, where, by invitation of Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, he
+dined with the council and the assembly, and many other gentlemen, “and
+where repeated Healths of Loyalty, Success to His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> Majesty’s Arms, both in
+Europe and America, Prosperity to the English-American Colonies, a speedy
+Defeat of the French from off the borders, and a total Extinction of their
+very name in America went round with great Unanimity and Dispatch.” The
+newspapers state that “at night the Windows in the city were ornamented
+with lights and two large bonfires were erected on the Common where
+several hampers of good old Madeira (which proved brisker than bottled
+Ale) were given to the Populace and where Sir Charles’ Presence, about
+eight o’clock in the Evening closed the joyful and merry Proceeding.” The
+Sphinx not only brought to the province a new governor but she brought
+also something that was very acceptable and very much needed, good hard
+money to the amount of twenty thousand pounds for the use of the forces in
+America.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img27.jpg" alt="Chas. Hardy" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Assembly Balls</i></div>
+
+<p>While Willett was landlord of the New York Arms, the dancing assemblies,
+which for a great many years were a feature of the life of the city, were
+commenced at this house. These were not new, for meetings for dancing had
+been customary for many years, but no tavern before had been able to
+afford a room so well suited for the purpose. These assemblies were held
+fortnightly on Thursday, during the winter season, and the subscription to
+each meeting was eight shillings. The ball was opened at eight o’clock and
+closed at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> midnight. In 1759 the managers were Messrs. Duane, Walton,
+McEvers and Banyer, names which convey to us the conviction that the
+company was quite select. Notice was given that “Strangers will not be
+admitted unless they apply for tickets before 5 o’clock of every assembly
+night at the Directors Houses.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Reception of Colonel Peter Schuyler</i></div>
+
+<p>Colonel Peter Schuyler, of New Jersey, who was taken prisoner at Oswego,
+had distinguished himself by his generosity to his fellow prisoners in
+Canada and by his kindness and assistance to all of his countrymen in
+distress, making no distinction between Jerseymen and those from other
+provinces, spending money freely, which his captors were willing to supply
+on his personal drafts, knowing him to be wealthy. He had been released at
+Montreal on his parole to return in six months, unless an exchange had in
+the meantime been settled for him. Making his way through the forests to
+Fort Edward and thence to Albany, he arrived in New York on Saturday
+afternoon, November 19, 1757. He had many relatives and friends in the
+city and the people were so sensible of the services which he had rendered
+to the province of New York that, to honor him, the public buildings and
+most of the houses in town were illuminated, a bonfire was made on the
+Common and at the King’s Arms Tavern an elegant entertainment was given in
+celebration of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> return from captivity and there was great rejoicing
+at his safe arrival.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img28.jpg" alt="Peter Schuyler" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Privateers</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>The profitable business of privateering, broken up by the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, was resumed with renewed vigor by the adventurous
+merchants and ship-owners of New York at the commencement of the war. The
+whole coast, from Maine to Georgia, was soon alive with daring,
+adventurous, some among them, no doubt, unscrupulous privateers, who,
+failing of success against the enemy did not hesitate, when a good
+opportunity offered, to plunder the vessels of friendly nations. In 1756
+there were over twenty ships from the port of New York carrying nearly two
+hundred and fifty guns and manned by nearly two thousand men scouring the
+seas, and before January, 1758, they had brought into New York fifty-nine
+prizes, besides those taken into other ports for adjudication. So popular
+was this business that Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, in 1758, complained
+“that men would no longer enlist in the army,” and “that the country was
+drained of many able-bodied men by almost a kind of madness to go
+a-privateering.” The old captains of the previous war again hoisted their
+flags and were joined by many younger men. Alexander McDougal and Isaac
+Sears, whose names became prominent in the history of the city, commanded
+the Tiger and Decoy and Thomas Doran, who kept a tavern at the Fly Market,
+in the fast-sailing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> pilot-boat, Flying Harlequin, with fourteen guns, and
+armed to the teeth, made rapid and successful trips.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Press Gang</i></div>
+
+<p>Much more dreaded than the enemy by the privateersmen were the press gangs
+sent out by the men-of-war. The captain of a British man-of-war did not
+hesitate, when in need of men, to board colonial vessels and take any
+number required or even to kidnap them from the city for service in the
+British navy. The privateersman was pressed with peculiar satisfaction.
+Attempts at impressment resulted in several bloody encounters. In 1760,
+the crew of the Sampson of Bristol, who had fired on the barge of H. M. S.
+Winchester, on attempting to board her, killing a number of men, were
+protected and concealed by the people from the reach of the sheriff and
+the militia ordered to his assistance. On July 10, 1764, four fishermen
+were taken from their vessel in the harbor and carried on board the tender
+of a man-of-war. The next day, when the captain of the tender came on
+shore, his boat was seized by a number of men, and with great shouting
+dragged through the streets to the middle of the green in the Fields,
+where they burned and destroyed her and then quickly dispersed. Meanwhile
+the captain publicly declared that he was not responsible for the seizure
+of the men, and, going into the Coffee House, wrote an order for their
+release. The order was carried on board the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> tender and the fishermen
+brought ashore. The magistrates, as soon as they had notice of the affair,
+sent out men to disperse the mob and secure the boat, but the mischief had
+been done. The court met in the afternoon, but were unable to discover any
+person concerned in the business, and the probability is that there was no
+great effort or desire to do so.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img29.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE PRESS GANG</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sales of Prizes</i></div>
+
+<p>We find continuously in the newspapers issued during the war notices of
+sales of prize<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> ships and cargoes at the taverns, at the Coffee House and
+on the wharves near by. The Merchants’ Coffee House, where the inventories
+were posted, had become the recognized place with the merchants for the
+transaction of all kinds of business, and many sales of ships and prizes
+taken by the privateers were made here. It had become a sort of maritime
+exchange. In 1758 Luke Roome was its landlord, and was also the owner of
+the house, which he offered for sale. It was purchased by Doctor Charles
+Arding, who retained possession of it until 1792, when it was acquired by
+the Tontine Association, who built on it and other contiguous lots the
+Tontine Coffee House. Luke Roome was afterwards assistant alderman and for
+several years leased the docks and slips of the city. How long he was
+landlord of the Merchants’ Coffee House we do not know.</p>
+
+<p>It was customary in colonial times and even a good deal later to build
+market houses in the middle of streets. For a great many years in the
+middle of Wall Street, between Queen Street or Hanover Square and the
+river, had stood the Meal Market. In the course of time, as the building
+grew old, the merchants and those living in the neighborhood came to
+consider it as a nuisance, and in 1762 petitioned the authorities for its
+removal. They say in their petition: “It greatly obstructs the agreeable
+prospect of the East River, which those that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> live in Wall Street would
+otherwise enjoy; and, furthermore, occasions a dirty street, offensive to
+the inhabitants on each side and disagreeable to those who pass to and
+from the coffe-house, a place of great resort.” Garrat Noel, the most
+prominent bookseller in New York, moved his store in 1757 and, in his
+announcements in the newspapers, gives its location as next door to the
+Merchants’ Coffee House, opposite the Meal Market; but, in July, 1762, he
+announces his store as “next door to the Merchants’ Coffee House, near
+where the Meal Market stood.” This is pretty good evidence that it had
+been taken down very soon after the petition was presented for its
+removal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Crown and Thistle</i></div>
+
+<p>Down near the water at Whitehall Slip stood the Crown and Thistle, a
+tavern kept by John Thompson, who preferred the cognomen of Scotch Johnny,
+by which he was familiarly known. Here good dinners were served to
+merchants, travellers and army officers, and here travellers could make
+arrangements for transportation in Captain O’Brien’s stage-boat to Perth
+Amboy on their way to Philadelphia or by boat to Staten Island or
+Elizabethtown Point, which was the route taken by a large majority of
+travellers going south. Those landed on Staten Island passed along on the
+north shore to a point opposite Elizabethtown Point, where they crossed
+the Kills to that place by ferry. Scotch Johnny was not only the landlord
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> Crown and Thistle and lodged and entertained travellers who landed
+near his house or waited there for boats to carry them across the bay, but
+was himself, in 1755, interested in transportation of travellers to Staten
+Island, and the next year to Perth Amboy, on their way to the south. On
+November 30, 1753, the anniversary of St. Andrew was celebrated at the
+Crown and Thistle by the gentlemen of the Scots’ Society, where an elegant
+dinner was provided, the colors being displayed on the ships in the
+harbor, particularly the ship Prince William.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Black Horse</i></div>
+
+<p>All the travel to the north and east went out of the city over Bowery Lane
+to Harlem or King’s Bridge. This was the Boston post road. In 1750, at the
+upper end of Queen Street, near Alderman Benson’s, stood the Black Horse
+Tavern, kept by Jonathan Ogden, “where the Boston post puts up.” This
+tavern in the suburbs was a convenient and suitable place for taking a
+parting glass with friends about to set out on a journey and wishing them
+godspeed, as was then the custom. Ogden and his successor, besides
+furnishing entertainment for travellers and stabling for horses, made it
+their business to supply travellers with horses, chairs, harness, saddles,
+etc., either for short drives on the island or for more extensive trips.
+In 1753, after the death of Ogden, John Halstead became the landlord of
+the Black Horse. At the public vendue of the household goods belonging to
+the estate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> of Ogden, there was offered for sale an article called a
+“Messacipia Table.” We leave it to the reader to conjecture what it was
+for. In 1756 there was a Black Horse Tavern in Fair (Fulton) Street.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img30.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BULL’S HEAD TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Bull’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>Just after entering the Bowery Lane the traveller would come to the Bull’s
+Head Tavern, which in 1755 was kept by George Brewitson. This was the
+great resort and stopping place for the farmers and drovers who brought in
+cattle for the city market and where they were met by the butchers who
+purchased their stock. Thus it was not only a tavern but a sort of market
+for live stock or for the meat supply of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> city and continued such for
+a great many years. The Bull’s Head market survives to the present day,
+only a little further uptown. Three or four miles out was the Union Flag,
+and not far from this was a house which was described as a noted tavern
+where lived John Creiger, four miles from New York and ten miles from
+King’s Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>At the northwest corner of the present 66th Street and Third Avenue stood
+the Dove Tavern. From this point the road continued northward for some
+distance, and then to avoid the swamps and inlets, turned to the westward,
+entering the present bounds of Central Park, and ascended the hill at the
+top of which was a large stone tavern. This had been built by Jacob
+Dyckman, Jr., near the year 1750, who, about ten years after, sold it to
+the Widow McGown, who, with the assistance of her son Andrew, kept the
+house, which became known as McGown’s Pass Tavern. That the old stone
+tavern was a house of generous capacity is evident from its being selected
+as the place for the meeting of the colonial assembly, while the City Hall
+was being repaired, in October and November, 1752. Just a little south, on
+the opposite side of the road, was a tavern, which, shortly before the
+Revolution, was known as the Black Horse. It is thought to have been the
+headquarters of General Cornwallis during the battle of Harlem Heights.
+Dyckman’s or McGown’s Pass Tavern was about half way between New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> and
+King’s Bridge and there was doubtless a natural demand by travellers on
+this part of the road for entertainment, which induced Dyckman to build a
+capacious house. Once a week it received a visit from the post rider going
+out and once a week on his return. It must necessarily have received
+considerable trade from passing travellers, farmers and drovers, for it
+was on the one road which led out of the city, and its capacity to
+entertain attracted many a dinner party of those who followed the hounds,
+for fox-hunting was a sport indulged in by many New Yorkers at that time.</p>
+
+<p>McGown’s Pass was the scene of some activity in the first year of the
+Revolution, and was fortified and occupied by the British troops during
+the whole seven years of the war. Early on the morning of September 15,
+1776, the English ships lying in the East River opened fire for the
+purpose of silencing the American battery at Horn’s Hook and to cover the
+British landing at Kip’s Bay. Washington had a few days previous removed
+his headquarters to the Roger Morris house, from which could be had an
+extensive view to the south, including the East River shores. Warned by
+the bombardment that something important was about to take place,
+Washington, in haste, mounted his horse and dashed down at utmost speed
+over the road past McGown’s to the scene of action. This ride was
+something like that celebrated ride of General Phil Sheridan about ninety
+years later, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> not with similar results. Before he arrived at Murray
+Hill, the British troops had landed, and the Americans were in full
+retreat. Two months later a sad spectacle was witnessed at McGown’s Pass
+as the twenty-eight hundred prisoners taken at the surrender of Fort
+Washington filed down over the hills to New York. Many had been plundered
+by the Hessians, and all of them showed the effects of the desperately
+fought battle through which they had passed. They were on their way to
+years of suffering, many on their way to death in English prisons, which,
+happily for them, they did not then understand.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img31.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE ROGER MORRIS HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Blue Bell</i></div>
+
+<p>On the road about a mile further north after leaving McGown’s there was a
+tavern standing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> near where the present St. Nicholas Avenue crosses 126th
+Street, which, about the time of the Revolution and for many years after,
+was known as Day’s Tavern; and about three miles further was the Blue
+Bell, which, although a small house, seems to have been well known at a
+very early period and to have continued its existence down to quite recent
+times. From the Blue Bell to King’s Bridge was about two and a half miles.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img32.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BLUE BELL TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>King’s Bridge</i></div>
+
+<p>At the most northern point of the island was the only place in its whole
+circumference from which, in early days, the mainland could be reached by
+a ford. It was called the Wading Place. Near this a ferry was established,
+but as early as 1680 the governor’s council ordered “Spiting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> Devil” to be
+viewed for a bridge. Action was delayed. Governor Fletcher in 1692
+recommended its construction by the city, but the city declined on account
+of the expense. In January, 1693, Frederick Flypsen offered to build a
+bridge at his own expense, if he were allowed certain “easy and reasonable
+toles,” and he was accordingly granted the franchise for ninety-nine
+years. A bridge was constructed by him the same year. It was to be
+twenty-four feet wide, with a draw for the passage of such vessels as
+navigated the stream; to be free for the King’s forces and to be named the
+King’s Bridge. This bridge was in possession of some member of the
+Philipse family, descendant of Frederick Flypsen, until the Revolutionary
+War, and was, no doubt, before the free bridge was built, a profitable
+investment. A tavern was opened on the northern side for the entertainment
+of travellers. Madam Sarah Knight, in returning to Boston in December,
+1704, set out with her companions “about one afternoon, and about three
+came to half-way house about ten miles out of town, where we Baited and
+went forward, and about 5 come to Spiting Devil, Else King’s Bridge, where
+they pay three pence for passing over with a horse, which the man that
+keeps the Gate set up at the end of the Bridge receives.” The half-way
+house, spoken of by Madam Knight, stood at the foot of the hill on the
+Kingsbridge Road on a line with the present 109th Street. We find that in
+1746 there was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> public vendue of lots of land at the Half-Way House,
+near Harlem, which was very likely the same place.</p>
+
+<p>On account of the barrier gate and the tolls demanded, the King’s Bridge,
+as travel increased, became unpopular and, in 1756, a project was set on
+foot for building a free bridge by voluntary subscriptions. When
+sufficient had been secured, Benjamin Palmer, who was active in the
+undertaking, began the work of building the bridge a little below the
+first bridge, from the land of Jacob Dyckman, on the island, to that of
+Thomas Vermilve on the Westchester side. Colonel Phillipse, the owner of
+King’s Bridge, tried in every way to prevent its construction. Twice in
+one year he caused Palmer to be impressed “as a soldier to go to Canada,”
+which compelled him to procure and pay for substitutes. Nevertheless, in
+spite of all opposition, the bridge was finished, and the celebration of
+its completion was announced as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“These are to acquaint the public, That to-morrow the Free Bridge, erected
+and built across the Harlem River, will be finished and completed. And on
+the same day there will be a stately Ox roasted whole on the Green, for
+and as a small Entertainment to the Loyal People who come.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Best Taverns</i></div>
+
+<p>The following memoranda from the manuscript diary of Paymaster General
+Mortier, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> the royal navy, indicates the taverns of New York that were
+probably most patronized by the fashionable gentlemen of the day, for the
+few years preceding 1761:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>1758</td>
+    <td>Jan.</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>At the Assembly</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Feb.</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td>Dinner at the Glass House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3.</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Mar.</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Black Sam’s</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">28</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Scotch Johnny’s</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">30</td>
+    <td>Willett’s Assembly</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>June</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>To the Band of Music of the 46th</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td>Dinner at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1759</td>
+    <td>May</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Supper at Farrell’s</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Farrell Wine</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1760</td>
+    <td>Jan.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Towards a ball at King’s Arms</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">0.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Subscription to the Concert</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1.</td>
+    <td align="right">12.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Subscription to a ball at Byrnes</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>To one week at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Feb.</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>To one week at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">19</td>
+    <td>To one week at the Coffee House</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Mar.</td>
+    <td align="right">28</td>
+    <td>Dinner at the Fountain</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Apr.</td>
+    <td align="right">4</td>
+    <td>Supper at Byrnes’</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">the Fountain</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .5em;">the Fountain</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>The piece of land, now the block inclosed by Broadway, Fulton, Nassau and
+Ann Streets, or nearly so, was, in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, a public resort, and known as Spring Garden. There was a tavern
+or public house on the premises known as Spring Garden House, standing on
+the site of the present St. Paul’s Building, corner of Broadway and Ann
+Street, which in 1739 was occupied by Thomas Scurlock, who may have been
+in possession of it for some time. In an administration bond given by him
+in 1718 he is styled <i>vintner</i>. Spring Garden House appears to have been a
+well-known landmark, used as such in records and in the newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Thomas Scurlock in 1747 the tavern was kept for some
+years by his widow, Eve. When the house was advertised for sale in 1759 it
+was described as “in Broadway at the corner of Spring Garden, now in use
+as a tavern, Sign of the King of Prussia, and next door to Dr. Johnson’s”
+(President of King’s College). In 1763 the landlord of the house was John
+Elkin. After about 1770 we hear no more of it as a tavern.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Tavern Signs</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Comforts of a Good Inn</i></div>
+
+<p>Samuel Johnson, born in 1709, was in his prime about the middle of the
+eighteen the century. His description of the advantages afforded by a good
+inn has not yet been surpassed. Here it is:</p>
+
+<p>“There is no private house in which people can enjoy themselves so well as
+at a capital tavern. Let there be ever so great plenty of good things,
+ever so much grandeur, ever so much elegance, ever so much desire that
+everybody should be easy, in the nature of things it cannot be; there must
+always be some degree of care and anxiety. The master of the house is
+anxious to entertain his guests; the guests are anxious to be agreeable to
+him; and no man, but a very impudent dog indeed, can freely command what
+is in another man’s house as if it were his own. Whereas, at a tavern
+there is general freedom from anxiety. You are sure you are welcome, and
+the more noise you make, the more trouble you give, the more good things
+you call for, the welcomer you are. No servant will attend you with the
+alacrity which waiters do, who are incited by the prospect of an immediate
+reward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> in proportion as they please. No sir, there is nothing which has
+yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a
+good inn.”</p>
+
+<p>Another writer, whose name is unrecorded or lost in the sweep of time, has
+said that the tavern “is the busy man’s recreation, the idle man’s
+business, the melancholy man’s sanctuary, the stranger’s welcome.”</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Johnson, if in New York, would not have found at any tavern such
+congenial companions as at the Turk’s Head, in Soho. New York did not have
+an Oliver Goldsmith, nor a Sir Joshua Reynolds, nor an Edmund Burke,
+nor&mdash;but Boswell would have been with him. Barring the companionship of
+such men he could have been made as comfortable at the Queen’s Head in
+Dock Street as at his familiar tavern in London. He could have taken his
+cup of tea, his favorite drink, in one of the boxes of the Merchants’
+Coffee House and then strolled into Garrat Noel’s bookstore next door
+where he could have found food for his mind after his corporeal needs had
+been supplied. Here was literature of the solid sort, as Noel’s
+announcements in the newspapers inform us, and Dr. Johnson might have
+easily imagined himself in the bookstore of Tom Davies&mdash;one of his
+familiar haunts.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Landlord</i></div>
+
+<p>The accomplished tavern-keeper of New York, as well as of London, knew how
+to welcome his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> guest and from long experience instinctively knew how to
+reach his heart. After receiving him with the most unbounded cordiality,
+occasionally dropping him a piece of news which he knew would interest
+him, or one of his newest jokes, he soon made him feel glad to be in his
+house. When the dinner was ready he was on hand to place the first dish on
+the table and to give him his company if he saw that it was desirable.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img33.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE OLD TIME LANDLORD</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>In colonial times signs were extensively used. The hardware dealer placed
+above his door a sign of Crossed Daggers, or a Golden Handsaw, or a Golden
+Key; some used the sign of the Crossed Guns. A carriage-maker used the
+sign of the Gilded Wheel, a tailor that of the Hand and Shears. Thus the
+business streets were filled with signs, and a well-known or prominent
+sign was invariably used as a landmark to designate locations of other
+houses. Tavern signs were much used in this way. Houses were not numbered,
+and in the low state of education, numbers as well as worded signs would
+have been of little use. Taverns obtained their names from the signs hung
+out; and the tavern sign had a wider range of diversity than that of any
+other business. It was almost unlimited; but there were certain favorites.
+Sometimes tavern-keepers clung tenaciously to signs which they carried
+with them from place to place&mdash;and the tavern-keeper of colonial times
+appears to have been a roving character.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img34.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“HARD DRINKING PREVAILED”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Hard Drinking Prevailed</i></div>
+
+<p>Some features of tavern life and some of the taverns of New York were not
+to be commended. The eighteenth century was a period when hard drinking
+pervaded not only the American colonies but England as well. Even
+preachers of the Gospel drank to excess. They were known to indulge at
+church<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> meetings so as to lose control of both speech and gait. Unable to
+withstand the alluring temptations, they drank to excess without
+forfeiting the respect of their people. The Reverend Jacob G. Green, of
+Morris County, New Jersey, although so pious that he would not allow any
+member of his family to converse on any but religious subjects on a
+Sunday, did not hesitate to engage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> in the business of manufacturing
+distilled liquor. At funerals, as well as at weddings, wine and rum were
+consumed in excessive quantities, and it is a fact that persons were known
+to stagger in the funeral procession and at the brink of the grave. At the
+funeral of a colonial governor it is said that the minister’s nose glowed
+like a coal of fire, and the aged bearers staggered as they bore the
+coffin. The Reverend Samuel Melyen, pastor of the First Church of
+Elizabethtown, was obliged to give up his church on account of
+intemperance; but this did not seem to the people to be a warning example,
+for when his successor, Jonathan Dickinson, a young man of twenty-one, was
+installed, we are told that “great quantities of toddy was consumed.” When
+Philip Livingston died in 1749, funerals were held both at his Hudson
+River mansion and at his residence in Broad Street, New York. At each of
+these places a pipe of spiced rum was consumed, and to the eight bearers
+were given gloves, mourning rings, scarfs, handkerchiefs and monkey
+spoons. When intemperance was looked upon with such indulgence it is
+hardly to be expected that the young and gay men of the period would
+exercise much restraint; and many a convivial party at the tavern ended in
+a drinking bout, and sometimes in a riot of drunkenness and debauchery. A
+man in the condition which we of the present day would think quite drunk,
+and a proper subject for the care of his friends or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> relatives, was at
+that time considered to have taken only a proper modicum of drink. No man
+was looked upon as drunk until he was entirely down and out. The
+prevailing formula was:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Not drunk is he who from the floor<br />
+Can rise again and still drink more,<br />
+But drunk is he who prostrate lies,<br />
+Without the power to drink or rise.”</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img35.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">GOOD OLD MADEIRA</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In New England rum was so extensively made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> that the price became as low
+as twenty-five cents per gallon. It was popularly called “Kill-devil.” In
+New Jersey large quantities of apple-jack were turned out, which, when
+new, was quite fiery, and this was called “Jersey lightning.” Servants
+were not expected to be entirely free from the drinking habit, which,
+within certain bounds, was looked upon by their employers as pardonable.
+Announcement was made in the New York <i>Gazette</i> and <i>Weekly Mercury</i> of
+December 4, 1769, that</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">“An Hostler</p>
+
+<p>That gets drunk no more than 12 times in a year and will bring with
+him a good Recommendation, is wanted. Such person will meet with
+encouragement by applying to H. Gaine.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sports and Amusements</i></div>
+
+<p>In the middle of the eighteenth century we find that New Yorkers were fond
+of all kinds of sports and all kinds of amusements that were available.
+The city was making rapid strides in increase of wealth and population.
+Many of her wealthy merchants had built large and handsome houses and
+there was more gaiety and desire for entertainment among her people. For
+balls, banquets, social clubs and exhibition of all sorts, each tavern of
+importance had, if possible, its “long room.” There was no other provision
+or place for public assemblage. Some had delightful gardens attached to
+them, which, in summer evenings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> were illuminated and sometimes the
+guests were entertained with music. Boating and fishing were largely
+indulged in and people of means who lived on the waterside had pleasure
+boats. In 1752 John Watson was keeping the Ferry House on Staten Island.
+In December of that year “a Whale 45 feet in length ran ashore at Van
+Buskirk’s Point at the entrance of the Kills from our Bay, where, being
+discovered by People from Staten Island, a number of them went off and
+Killed him.” Mr. Watson states in an advertisement in the New York
+<i>Gazette</i> of December 11, 1752, that this whale may be seen at his house,
+and doubtless this announcement may have induced many to make the trip
+across the bay to see the whale and add to the profits of John Watson’s
+tavern.</p>
+
+<p>The Reverend Mr. Burnaby, who visited the city about 1748, says: “The
+amusements are balls and sleighing expeditions in the winter, and in the
+summer going in parties upon the water and fishing, or making excursions
+into the country. There are several houses, pleasantly situated up the
+East River, near New York, where it is common to have turtle feasts. These
+happen once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies, meet
+and dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish and amuse themselves
+till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises (the fashionable
+carriage in this and most parts of America), a gentleman and lady in each
+chaise.” These trips up the East<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> River were made to Turtle Bay. One of
+the houses there about this time, or a little later, was well known as the
+Union Flag, situated on the post road. A lot of about 22 acres of land was
+attached to the tavern, extending to the river, on which was a good wharf
+and landing. Deep drinking and gambling were prevalent among the men,
+although tavern-keepers were forbidden by law from permitting gambling in
+their houses. Cock-fighting was a popular sport. At the sign of the
+Fighting Cocks&mdash;an appropriate sign&mdash;in Dock Street, “very good cocks”
+could be had, or at the Dog’s Head in the Porridge Pot. Steel and silver
+spurs could be purchased in the stores. The loser of a broad cloth coat
+advertises in the newspaper that it was lost on a cockfighting night
+(supposed taken by mistake).</p>
+
+<p>The Common was a place where outdoor games were played in the daytime and
+bonfires built at night on festive occasions. On Monday, April 29, 1751, a
+great match at cricket was played here for a considerable wager by eleven
+Londoners against eleven New Yorkers. The newspaper account states that
+“The Game was play’d according to the London Method; and those who got
+most Notches in two Hands, to be the Winners:&mdash;The New Yorkers went in
+first and got 81; Then the Londoners went in and got but 43; Then the New
+Yorkers went in again and got 86; and the Londoners finished the Game with
+getting only 37 more.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>The game of bowls seems to have been quite popular in the early part of
+the eighteenth century. It was played upon a smooth, level piece of turf
+from forty to sixty feet square, surrounded by a ditch about six inches
+deep. At the further end of the ground was placed a white ball called the
+jack and the bowlers endeavored, with balls from six to eight inches in
+diameter that were not exactly round but weighted on one side so as to
+roll in a curve, to make their balls lie as near to the jack as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Back-gammon was an evening game at the taverns and at the coffee-house. In
+1734 a partisan of the governor’s party, under the nom de plume of Peter
+Scheme wrote in reply to an article in Zenger’s Journal: “I also frequent
+the Coffee House, to take a hitt at Back-Gammon, when I have an
+opportunity of hearing the curious sentiments of the Courtiers (since he
+is pleased to call the Gentlemen who frequent that place so) concerning
+his Journal.” It is apparent that the popularity of the game continued for
+many years, for Alexander Mackraby, in a letter dated June 13, 1768, says:
+“They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to the city: I mean
+that of playing at back-gammon (a noise I detest), which is going forward
+at the public coffee-houses from morning till night, frequently a dozen
+tables at a time.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Horse-Racing</i></div>
+
+<p>From the very beginning of English rule in New York, horse-racing seems to
+have been a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> fashionable sport among people of means. It has been stated
+how Governor Nicolls established a race-course on Hempstead Plains, and
+since that time interest in the sport had been kept up, increasing as the
+population and wealth of the city increased. Races were held yearly on the
+Hempstead course and it is more than likely that a course was soon
+established on Manhattan Island. In 1733 we find an announcement in a New
+York newspaper that a race would be run on the 8th of October on the
+course at New York for a purse of upwards of four pounds by any horse,
+mare or gelding carrying twelve stone and paying five shillings entrance,
+the entrance money to go to the second horse if not distanced. There is no
+mention made of the location of the course, but a notice that horses that
+have won plate here are excepted indicates that it was probably a yearly
+event. Three years later we find that a subscription plate of twenty
+pounds’ value was to be run for on the course at New York on the 13th of
+October “by any horse, mare or gelding carrying ten stone (saddle and
+bridle included), the best of three heats, two miles each heat. Horses
+intended to Run for this Plate are to be entered the Day before the Race
+with Francis Child on Fresh Water Hill, paying a half Pistole each, or at
+the Post on the Day of Running, paying a Pistole.” This course on Fresh
+Water Hill had probably been established for some time and its location
+was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> very likely near the present Chatham Square. In 1742 there was a
+race-course on the Church Farm in charge of Adam Vandenberg, the lessee of
+the farm, who was landlord of the Drovers’ Tavern, which stood on or near
+the site of the present Astor House.</p>
+
+<p>In seeking information from the newspapers of the day in regard to
+horse-racing, we find very little, if any, in the news columns; but more
+is to be found among the advertisements. Thus, in January, 1743-4, it is
+announced that a race would be run on the first day of March “between a
+Mare called Ragged Kate, belonging to Mr. Peter De Lancey, and a Horse
+called Monk, belonging to the Hon. William Montagu, Esq., for £200.” It is
+not stated where this race was to take place, but, in all probability, it
+was run either on the Fresh Water Hill course or on the Church Farm. It
+was for an unusually large wager, and, no doubt, attracted a great deal of
+attention. From about this date we hear no more of the race-course on
+Fresh Water Hill. It may have been disturbed by the line of palisades
+which was built across the island during the war with France, crossing the
+hill between the present Duane and Pearl Streets, at which point was a
+large gateway.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1747, it was announced in the newspapers that a purse of not
+less than ten pistoles would be run for on the Church Farm on the 11th of
+October, two mile heats, horses that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> had won plate on the island and a
+horse called Parrot excepted, the entrance money to be run for by any of
+the horses entered, except the winner and those distanced. We have every
+reason to suppose that the races were at this period a yearly event on the
+Church Farm, taking place in October. In 1750 it was announced in the New
+York <i>Gazette</i> in August and September that “on the Eleventh of October
+next, the New York Subscription Plate of Twenty Pounds’ Value, will be Run
+for by any Horse, Mare or Gelding that never won a Plate before on this
+Island, carrying Ten Stone Weight, Saddle and Bridle included, the best in
+three Heats, two miles in each Heat,” etc. A few days after the race the
+New York <i>Gazette</i> announced that on “Thursday last the New York
+Subscription Plate was run for at the Church Farm by five Horses and won
+by a horse belonging to Mr. Lewis Morris, Jun.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img36.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">A RACING TROPHY</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>The next year similar announcements were made of the race, the difference
+being that the horses eligible must have been bred in America and that
+they should carry eight stone weight. The date is the same as that of the
+previous year, October 11. We find no record of this race in the
+newspapers, but the illustration which is given of the trophy won is
+sufficient to indicate the result. Lewis Morris, Jr., appears to have
+carried off the prize a second time. The plate was a silver bowl ten
+inches in diameter and four and one-half inches high, and the winner was a
+horse called Old Tenor. The bowl, represented in the cut, is in the
+possession of Dr. Lewis Morris, U. S. N., a lineal descendant of Lewis
+Morris, the signer of the Declaration of Independence and the owner of Old
+Tenor. The name of the horse was doubtless suggested by certain bills of
+credit then in circulation in New York. In an advertisement of two
+dwelling houses on the Church Farm for sale in April, 1755, notice is
+given that “Old Tenor will be taken in payment.”</p>
+
+<p>The great course was on Hempstead Plains. On Friday, June 1, 1750, there
+was a great race here for a considerable wager, which attracted such
+attention that on Thursday, the day before the race, upward of seventy
+chairs and chaises were carried over the Long Island Ferry, besides a far
+greater number of horses, on their way out, and it is stated that the
+number of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> horses on the plains at the race far exceeded a thousand.</p>
+
+<p>In 1753 we find that the subscription plate, which had become a regular
+event, was run for at Greenwich, on the estate of Sir Peter Warren. Land
+about this time was being taken up on the Church Farm for building
+purposes, and this may have been the reason for the change. In 1754 there
+was a course on the Church Farm in the neighborhood of the present Warren
+Street. An account of a trial of speed and endurance was given on April
+29, 1754. “Tuesday morning last, a considerable sum was depending between
+a number of gentlemen in this city on a horse starting from one of the
+gates of the city to go to Kingsbridge and back again, being fourteen
+miles (each way) in two hours’ time; which he performed with one rider in
+1 hr. and 46 min.” The owner of this horse was Oliver De Lancey, one of
+the most enthusiastic sportsmen of that period. Members of the families of
+DeLancey and Morris were the most prominent owners of race horses. Other
+owners and breeders were General Monckton, Anthony Rutgers, Michael
+Kearney, Lord Sterling, Timothy Cornell and Roper Dawson. General
+Monckton, who lived for a time at the country seat called “Richmond,”
+owned a fine horse called Smoaker, with which John Leary, one of the best
+known horsemen of the day, won a silver bowl, which he refused to
+surrender to John Watts, the general’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> friend, even under threat of legal
+process. Several years later he was still holding it.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1763, A. W. Waters, of Long Island, issued a challenge to all
+America. He says: “Since English Horses have been imported into New York,
+it is the Opinion of some People that they can outrun The True Britton,”
+and he offered to race the latter against any horse that could be produced
+in America for three hundred pounds or more. This challenge does not seem
+to have been taken up until 1765, when the most celebrated race of the
+period was run on the Philadelphia course for stakes of one thousand
+pounds. Samuel Galloway, of Maryland, with his horse, Selim, carried off
+the honors and the purse.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the course on Hempstead Plains, well known through all the
+colonies as well as in England, there was another on Long Island, around
+Beaver Pond, near Jamaica. A subscription plate was run for on this course
+in 1757, which was won by American Childers, belonging to Lewis Morris,
+Jr. There were also courses at Paulus Hook, Perth Amboy, Elizabethtown and
+Morristown, New Jersey, which were all thronged by the sporting gentry of
+New York City. James De Lancey, with his imported horse, Lath, in October,
+1769, won the one hundred pound race on the Centre course at Philadelphia.
+The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York men interested
+in horse-racing who had never met before, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> the few years
+intervening before the Revolution there sprang up a great rivalry between
+the northern and southern colonies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bull Baiting</i></div>
+
+<p>The men of New York enjoyed rugged and cruel sports such as would not be
+tolerated at the present time. Among these were bear-baiting and
+bull-baiting. Bear-baiting became rare as the animals disappeared from the
+neighborhood and became scarce. Bulls were baited on Bayard’s Hill and on
+the Bowery. A bull was baited in 1763 at the tavern in the Bowery Lane
+known as the sign of the De Lancey Arms. John Cornell, near St. George’s
+Ferry, Long Island, gave notice in 1774 that there would be a bull baited
+on Tower Hill at three o’clock every Thursday afternoon during the season.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img37.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BULL BAITING, FROM AN OLD ADVERTISEMENT</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bowling</i></div>
+
+<p>The taverns in the suburbs could, in many cases, have large grounds
+attached to the houses and they took advantage of this to make them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+attractive. From the very earliest period of the city there were places
+near by which were resorted to for pleasure and recreation. One of the
+earliest of these was the Cherry Garden. It was situated on the highest
+part of the road which led to the north&mdash;a continuation of the road which
+led to the ferry in the time of the Dutch&mdash;at the present junction of
+Pearl and Cherry Streets, and was originally the property of Egbert Van
+Borsum, the ferryman of New Amsterdam, who gave the sea captains such a
+magnificent dinner. In 1672 the seven acres of this property were
+purchased by Captain Delaval for the sum of one hundred and sixty-one
+guilders in beavers, and, after passing through several hands, became the
+property of Richard Sacket, who had settled in the neighborhood, and
+established himself as a maltster. On the land had been planted an orchard
+of cherry trees, which, after attaining moderate dimensions, attracted
+great attention. To turn this to account, a house of entertainment was
+erected and the place was turned into a pleasure resort known as the
+Cherry Garden. There were tables and seats under the trees, and a bowling
+green and other means of diversion attached to the premises. It had seen
+its best days before the end of the seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img38.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BOWLING GREEN, FROM LYNE’S MAP</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On the borders of the Common, now the City Hall Park, was the Vineyard,
+which is said to have been a popular place of recreation and near the
+junction of what are now Greenwich and Warren Streets was the Bowling
+Green Garden, established there soon after the opening of the eighteenth
+century. It was on a part of the Church Farm, quite out of town, for there
+were no streets then laid out above Crown, now Liberty Street, on the west
+side of the town and none above Frankfort on the east. In 1735 the house
+of the Bowling Green Garden was occupied by John Miller, who was offering
+garden seeds of several sorts for sale. On March 29, 1738, it took fire
+and in a few minutes was completely consumed, Miller, who was then living
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> it, saving himself with difficulty. A new house was erected and the
+place continued to attract visitors. There does not appear to have been
+any public road leading to it, but it was not a long walk or ride from the
+town and was finely situated on a hill near the river. In November, 1759,
+when it was occupied by John Marshall, the militia company of grenadiers
+met here to celebrate the king’s birthday, when they roasted an ox and ate
+and drank loyally. Marshall solicited the patronage of ladies and
+gentlemen and proposed to open his house for breakfasting every morning
+during the season. He describes it as “handsomely situated on the North
+River at the place known by the name of the Old Bowling Green but now
+called Mount Pleasant.” Some years later it became known as Vauxhall.</p>
+
+<p>Bowling must have had some attraction for the people of New York, for in
+March, 1732-3, the corporation resolved to “lease a piece of land lying at
+the lower end of Broadway fronting the Fort to some of the inhabitants of
+the said Broadway in Order to be Inclosed to make a Bowling Green thereof,
+with Walks therein, for the Beauty &amp; Ornament of the Said Street, as well
+as for the Recreation and Delight of the Inhabitants of this City.” In
+October, 1734, it was accordingly leased to Frederick Phillipse, John
+Chambers and John Roosevelt for ten years, for a bowling-green only, at
+the yearly rental of one pepper-corn. In 1742 the lease was renewed for
+eleven years; to commence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> from the expiration of the first lease, at a
+rental of twenty shillings per annum. In January, 1745, proposals were
+requested for laying it with turf and rendering it fit for bowling, which
+shows that it was then being used for that purpose. It was known as the
+New or Royal Bowlling Green and the one on the Church Farm as the Old
+Bowling Green.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Glass House</i></div>
+
+<p>Some time about 1754, an attempt was made in New York to make glass
+bottles and other glass ware. Thomas Leppers, who had been a
+tavern-keeper, was storekeeper for the Glass House Company, and advertised
+all sorts of bottles and a variety of glassware “too tedious to mention,
+at reasonable rates.” He stated that gentlemen who wished bottles of any
+size with their names on them, “could be supplied with all expedition.” A
+few years later, 1758, notice was given by Matthias Ernest that the
+newly-erected Glass House at New Foundland, within four miles of the city,
+was at work and ready to supply bottles, flasks and any sort of glassware.
+Newfoundland was the name of a farm of about thirty-three acres, four
+miles from the city on the North River, extending from the present
+Thirty-fifth Street northward, on which this glass house had been erected.
+It is not unlikely that the Glass House was visited by many persons,
+either on business or from curiosity, and that they were there entertained
+by the owner or manager of the property; at any rate, it seems<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> to have
+acquired a reputation for good dinners. Paymaster General Mortier notes in
+his diary a dinner at the Glass House on February 18, 1758, which cost him
+3s. 6d. The manufacture of glass was not successful, but the place became
+a well-known suburban resort, where good dinners were served to visitors
+from the city. In 1764 the Glass House was kept by Edward Agar, who, in
+addition to serving dinners, could furnish apartments to ladies or
+gentlemen who wished to reside in the country for the benefit of their
+health. In 1768 it was kept by John Taylor, and it was evidently then a
+popular resort, for a stage wagon was advertised to run out to it every
+day, leaving Mr. Vandenberg’s, where the Astor House now stands, at three
+o’clock in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The King’s Arms</span></p>
+
+
+<p>George Burns, as has been stated, was in 1753 keeping one of the best
+taverns in New York. Soon after this he left the city and took charge of
+the tavern at Trenton Ferry, which was on the great post road between New
+York and Philadelphia, over which flowed almost all travel between the two
+cities and to the south. The prospects must have been very enticing.
+Whether they were realized or not, Burns soon became anxious to make a
+change and, returning to New York, became the landlord of a tavern in Wall
+Street near Broadway, opposite the Presbyterian church, which was known as
+the Sign of Admiral Warren. Here he remained until June, 1758, when Scotch
+Johnny, retiring from the tavern near the Whitehall Slip, known as the
+Crown and Thistle, he moved into his house. The house of Scotch Johnny had
+been the meeting place for the St. Andrew’s Society while it was kept by
+him and it so continued to be after Burns became landlord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>King’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>Burns retained for a time the old sign of the Crown and Thistle, but some
+time about the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> middle of the year 1760, took it down and hung out in its
+stead the sign of King George’s Head, and the tavern became known as the
+King’s Head. It continued to be the meeting place of the Scots’ Society.
+They held their anniversary meeting here on St. Andrew’s Day, Monday,
+November 30, 1761, and elected the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander,
+president of the society. The members of the society dined together as
+usual and in the evening a splendid ball and entertainment was given,
+which was attended by the principal ladies and gentlemen in the town. It
+was a grand and notable ball. The newspapers state that “The Company was
+very numerous, everything was conducted with the greatest regularity and
+decorum and the whole made a most brilliant and elegant appearance.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img39.jpg" alt="Stirling" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>In the latter part of the year 1761 the army was coming down from the
+north, there was a large camp of soldiers on Staten Island and New York
+City was full of officers. Burns’ house, the King’s Head, became the
+headquarters of the Scotch officers of the army when they were in the city
+and their favorite place of rendezvous. The effects of several of the
+Royal Highland officers, who had died, were sold at public vendue at
+Burns’ Long Room in November, 1762. There must have been many articles to
+be disposed of, for the sale was to be continued from day to day until all
+were sold. The effects of Lieutenant Neal, late of the 22d Regiment,
+consisting of wearing apparel, etc., etc., etc., etc., were sold at public
+vendue at the same place in December.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Arms</i></div>
+
+<p>We have been unable to find any record to establish the fact or even a
+hint to justify a deduction that there ever was at any time in the
+colonial period any house known as Burns’ Coffee House. We believe this to
+be entirely a modern creation. The house described and illustrated in
+Valentine’s Corporation Manual of 1865 as Burns’ Coffee House, or the
+King’s Arms Tavern, although the statements concerning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> it have been
+accepted by many writers, was never occupied by Burns; and the story of
+this house, as related in the Corporation Manual of 1854, is simply a
+strong draft on the imagination of the writer. The tavern which hung out
+the sign of the King’s Arms, on the corner of Broad and Dock Streets, had
+been also known as the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen’s Coffee
+House, but when Burns moved into it in 1751, he dropped the name Coffee
+House and called it simply the King’s Arms. Mrs. Sarah Steel, in 1763,
+carried the sign to Broadway, as appears by the following announcement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“Mrs. Steel Takes this Method to acquaint her Friends and Customers,
+That the King’s Arms Tavern, which she formerly kept opposite the
+Exchange she hath now removed into Broadway (the lower end, opposite
+the Fort), a more commodious house, where she will not only have it in
+her power to accommodate Gentlemen with Conveniences requisite to a
+Tavern, but also with genteel lodging Apartments, which she doubts not
+will give Satisfaction to every One who will be pleased to give her
+that Honour.”</p></div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Steel, in February, 1767, advertised that the Broadway house was for
+sale and that the furniture, liquors, etc., would be sold whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> the
+house were sold or not. A few months previous to this announcement, Edward
+Bardin, probably anticipating the retirement of Mrs. Steel from business,
+had acquired the sign, which we presume was a favorite one, and had hung
+it out at his house on upper Broadway, opposite the Common. The writer of
+the article in the Corporation Manual gives the following advertisement,
+which appears in Parker’s Post Boy of May 27, 1762, as evidence that Burns
+occupied the house before Mrs. Steel moved into it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, Lovers and
+Encouragers of Musick, That this day will be opened by Messrs. Leonard
+&amp; Dienval, Musick Masters of this city, at Mr. Burnes Room, near the
+Battery, a public and weekly Concert of Musick. Tickets four
+Shillings. N. B. The Concert is to begin exactly at 8 o’clock, and end
+at ten, on account of the coolness of the evening. No Body will be
+admitted without tickets, nor no mony will be taken at the door.”</p></div>
+
+<p>This concert did not take place in the house on Broadway, but in the house
+of George Burns, the King’s Head near the Battery. Burns had succeeded
+Scotch Johnny, and had in his house a long room where societies met and
+where concerts and dinners were given on special occasions. “Burns’ Long
+Room” was well known at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> that time. The following appeared in the New York
+<i>Journal</i> of April 7, 1768:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“To be let, from the 1st of May next, with or without Furniture, as
+may suit the tenant, the large corner house wherein Mrs. Steel lately
+kept the King’s Arms Tavern, near the Fort now in the possession of
+Col. Gabbet.”</p></div>
+
+<p>The next year Col. Gabbet, having moved out, was living next door to the
+house of John Watts, who lived in Pearl Street near Moore. In 1770 Edward
+Bardin announced that he had taken “the large, commodious house known by
+the name of the King’s Arms, near Whitehall, long kept by Mrs. Steel,
+which he will again open as a tavern.” George Burns succeeded Bardin and
+kept the house for a short time in 1771.</p>
+
+<p>Before the Revolutionary War there was no Whitehall Street. What is now
+Whitehall Street was known as Broadway. There is no doubt about this. In a
+list of retailers of spirituous liquors in the city of New York in April,
+1776, we find one on Broadway near Pearl Street, one on Broadway near the
+Lower Barracks, another on Broadway opposite the Fort and two others on
+Broadway near the Breastworks. These were all on the present Whitehall
+Street. In Mrs. Steel’s announcement she states that the King’s Arms
+Tavern was on Broadway (the lower end opposite the Fort),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> that is, on the
+present Whitehall Street. As the house was on a corner, its location was
+probably the corner of the present Bridge and Whitehall Streets. If there
+were left any doubt about this, it should be thoroughly dissipated by the
+advertisement, December 30, 1765, of Hetty Hayes, who made and sold
+pickles in her home, which she states was on Wynkoop (now Bridge) Street,
+near the King’s Arms Tavern. Notwithstanding the many statements to the
+contrary, no house known as the King’s Arms Tavern or Burns’ Coffee House
+ever stood on the west side of Broadway opposite the Bowling Green.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img40.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">HOUSE BUILT BY CORNELIS STEENWYCK</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Some time after the middle of the seventeenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> century Cornelis Steenwyck
+built a fine house on the southeast corner of the present Whitehall and
+Bridge Streets, and it was here no doubt, the grand dinner was given to
+Governor Nicolls on his departure from the province. In an inventory of
+Steenwyck’s estate in 1686 the house was valued at seven hundred pounds.
+This indicates that it was a large, and for that time, a very valuable
+dwelling. In the illustration copied from Valentine’s Corporation Manual
+of 1864, there is a sign attached to the house. We do not know the source
+from which this illustration was obtained, but the sign we presume to be a
+tavern sign, and we are inclined to think, for various reasons, that this
+house was for many years used as a tavern and that for a time subsequent
+to 1763, it was the King’s Arms. It was probably destroyed in the great
+fire of 1776.</p>
+
+<p>About this time a man made his appearance as a tavern-keeper whose name,
+although he was not a hero or a great man, has come down to us, and will
+go down to many future generations in connection with the revolutionary
+history of the city. Samuel Francis was a tavern-keeper without a peer,
+and when the time came to decide, struck for liberty and independence,
+abandoned his property and stuck to his colors like a true patriot. He
+came to New York from the West Indies. Although from the darkness of his
+complexion commonly called Black Sam, he was of French descent.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to 1750 Broadway did not extend to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> the north beyond the present
+Vesey Street. There was a road, however, following the line of the present
+Broadway, known as the road to Rutger’s Farm, the residence of Anthony
+Rutger standing near the corner of the present Broadway and Thomas Street.
+Just subsequent to the year 1750 Trinity Church laid out streets through a
+portion of the Church Farm and leased lots on this road, on which houses
+were built. The first of these, as far as we can ascertain, were built by
+Bell and Brookman, in 1752, on lots just south of the present Murray
+Street, fronting on the Common, which was then an open field without fence
+of any kind. In 1760, Mr. Marschalk, one of the city surveyors, presented
+to the board of aldermen the draft or plan of a road which he had lately
+laid out, “beginning at the Spring Garden House and extending from thence
+north until it comes to the ground of the late widow Rutgers,” which was
+approved by the board and ordered to be recorded. Other houses were built
+on the Church Farm, and a few years later we find one of these, situated
+on the north side of Murray Street, fronting the Common, was being used as
+a tavern or mead house, and occupied by San Francis. In 1761 he advertised
+sweatmeats, pickles, portable soups, etc., at the Mason’s Arms, near the
+Green in the upper part of the Broadway near the Alms House. He was in New
+York in 1758, and his house at that time was patronized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> by those who
+frequented only the best taverns in the city.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The DeLancey House</i></div>
+
+<p>The house with which his name is indissoluably connected, the DeLancey
+House, on the corner of the present Broad and Pearl Streets was purchased
+by him in 1762. It was quite a large house and very well suited for a
+tavern, where it was intended that public entertainments should be given,
+as it had a long room that could hardly be surpassed. The lot on which the
+house stood was given by Stephen Van Cortlandt to his son-in-law, Stephen
+DeLancey, in 1700, and it is said that in 1719 Stephen DeLancey built the
+house on it which is still standing.</p>
+
+<p>It was a handsome and conspicuous house for the period, but in the course
+of time DeLancey wished a change of location for his home. When he ceased
+to occupy it as a residence we do not know, probably on the completion of
+his new house on Broadway, which is said to have been built in 1730. Not
+long after this we find that it was being used for public purposes. In
+1737, Henry Holt, the dancing master, announced that a ball would be given
+at the house of Mr. DeLancey, next door to Mr. Todd’s, and in February,
+1739, there was given in Holt’s Long Room “the new Pantomine
+Entertainment, in Grotesque Characters, called <i>The Adventures of
+Harlequin and Scaramouch</i>, or the Spaniard Trick’d. To which will be added
+<i>An Optick</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> wherein will be Represented, in Perspective, several of the
+most noted Cities and Remarkable Places in Europe and America, with a New
+Prologue and Epilogue address’d to the Town.” The tickets were sold at
+five shillings each. This clearly shows that the long room, probably just
+as we can see it today, was then used for public entertainments.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img41.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE DELANCEY HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Queen’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>The house was again used as a residence. Colonel Joseph Robinson was
+living in it in January, 1759, when it was offered for sale, at public
+vendue, at the Merchants’ Coffee House. We<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> find no record of transfer,
+but we are inclined to believe that it was purchased by the firm of
+DeLancey, Robinson and Company, dealers in East India goods and army
+supplies, composed of Oliver DeLancey. Beverly Robinson and James Parker,
+for they moved into it shortly after and were the owners of it in 1762,
+when it was purchased by Samuel Francis, the deed bearing date January
+15th of that year and the consideration named being two thousand pounds.
+The co-partnership of DeLancey, Robinson and Company did not expire until
+December, 1762; in all probability they remained in the house until that
+time; at any rate, Francis was in it in April, 1763, when he had hung out
+the sign of Queen Charlotte and opened an ordinary, announcing that dinner
+would be served every day at half past one o’clock. The house thereafter,
+for many years, was known as the Queen’s Head.</p>
+
+<p>John Crawley succeeded Willett as landlord of the New York Arms. In 1762
+the Assembly were having their meetings here, in what they designated as
+“Crawley’s New Rooms.” In April, 1763, Crawley sold out the furnishings of
+the house at public vendue and George Burns moved in from the King’s Head
+Tavern, in the Whitehall, who announced that he had “two excellent Grooms
+to attend to his Stables and takes in Travellers and their Horses by the
+Month, Quarter or Year on reasonable Terms.” Burns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> occupied the house
+during the turbulent period of the Stamp Act, and it was the scene of much
+of the excitement incident to those times. In 1764, while Burns was
+keeping the Province Arms, the Paulus Hook Ferry was established and the
+road opened from Bergen to the Hudson River. This enabled the stage wagons
+from Philadelphia to bring their passengers to Paulus Hook, where they
+were taken over the ferry to New York. The opening of the Paulus Hook
+Ferry placed the Province Arms in direct line with travel passing through
+the city between New England and the South, and it became largely a
+traveler’s tavern, and in later times the starting point in New York of
+the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia stages.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Stamp Act</i></div>
+
+<p>The French and Indian War, which had commenced in 1755, resulted in the
+conquest of Canada; and when the British army came down to New York for
+embarkation they met with an enthusiastic reception and the officers were
+entertained by the wealthy merchants in the most hospitable manner. The
+province had suffered from the constant conflict on its borders and the
+prospect of relief from the incursions of the French and the horrible
+terrors of savage warfare which had been instigated by them, was the cause
+for great satisfaction and rejoicing. No longer threatened by the French
+the people were filled with hopes of great prosperity. Trade and commerce
+soon revived and a period of remarkable activity had just opened when all
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> bright hopes of the merchants and of the people of New York were
+turned to gall and wormwood by the unwarrantable acts of Great Britain,
+who, instead of gratitude for the material assistance in the late war, was
+now calculating how much revenue might be counted upon from provinces that
+had shown such energy and such resources. The first important step in this
+direction was the passage of the Stamp Act, which received the King’s
+signature on the 22d of March, 1765. It was not unexpected, for the
+colonists had for some time been in a nervous state, with the dread of
+some serious encroachment on their rights and liberties. The news of the
+passage of the act was received in New York in April with great
+indignation. It was distributed through the city with the title of “The
+folly of England, and the ruin of America.” By law the act was to take
+effect on the first of November following. In the meantime it was proposed
+that the sense of the colonies should be taken and that they should all
+unite in a common petition to the King and parliament. Accordingly a
+congress of deputies met in New York in the early part of October, 1765,
+in which nine of the colonies were represented. Before this meeting the
+assembly of Massachusetts had denied the right of parliament to tax the
+colonies and Virginia had done the same. The sentiments of the congress
+were embodied in a very dignified and respectfully worded address<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> to the
+King, drawn up by a committee of three, one of whom was Robert R.
+Livingston, of New York. Committees were also appointed to prepare
+petitions to parliament which were reported and agreed to on the 22d of
+October.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Non-Importation Agreement</i></div>
+
+<p>On the last day of the same month a meeting was held by the merchants of
+New York to consider what should be done with respect to the Stamp Act and
+the melancholy state of the North American commerce, so greatly restricted
+by the Acts of Trade. They resolved not to order any goods shipped from
+Great Britain nor to sell any goods on commission until the Stamp Act
+should be repealed. Two hundred merchants of the city subscribed these
+resolutions and the retailers of the city also agreed not to buy after the
+first of January, 1766, any goods imported from Great Britain, unless the
+Stamp Act should be repealed. This meeting was held at the Province Arms,
+the house of George Burns, and here was signed this celebrated
+non-importation agreement. This was the most important political event of
+this eventful period, and one which, combined with like resolutions made
+by the merchants of Boston and Philadelphia, had more influence in causing
+the repeal than all the addresses, petitions and other influences put
+together.</p>
+
+<p>On October 23d, while the Stamp Act Congress was in session, the ship
+Edward arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> with the obnoxious stamps on board, and was convoyed to
+the Fort by a man-of-war, all the vessels in the harbor lowering their
+colors in sign of mourning, and an excited crowd watching the proceedings
+from the river front. In a few days the stamps were deposited in the Fort.
+During the night after the arrival of the Edward, written notices were
+posted about the city warning any one who should distribute or make use of
+stamped paper, to take care of his house, person or effects. The
+excitement among the people grew more and more intense as the time
+approached for the law to take effect. The morning of November 1st was
+ushered in by the ringing of muffled bells and display of flags at
+half-mast. The magistrates notified Lieutenant-Governor Golden that they
+were apprehensive of a mob that night. The people gathered in the Fields,
+and after parading the streets with effigies of the lieutenant-governor,
+appeared before the Fort and demanded the stamps. They broke open the
+lieutenant-governor’s coach-house, took out his coach, sleighs, harness
+and stable fittings and with the effigies burned them on the Bowling Green
+in front of the Fort. The mob then went to Vauxhall, the house of Major
+James, who had made himself very obnoxious by his braggart threats of what
+he would do to enforce the stamp act and stripping the house of all its
+furniture, books, liquors, etc., even to the doors and windows, made a
+bonfire of them.</p>
+
+<p>As the mob passed the Merchants’ Coffee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> House, they were encouraged by
+the approbation of those who frequented that place. During the day there
+had been on view here an open letter addressed to Golden, assuring him of
+his fate if he should persist in trying to put the stamp act in force. It
+also stated&mdash;“We have heard of your design or menace to fire upon the town
+in case of disturbance, but assure yourself that if you dare to perpetrate
+any such murderous act you’ll bring your gray hairs with sorrow to the
+grave.” * * * and “any man who assists you will surely be put to death.”
+This letter was delivered at the fort gate in the evening by an unknown
+hand. The next day threatening letters and messages were sent in to
+Governor Colden at the fort and he made a promise not to distribute the
+stamps, but to deliver them to Sir Henry Moore, the newly appointed
+governor, when he arrived. This did not satisfy the people, who demanded
+that they should be delivered out of the Fort and threatened to take them
+by force. It was then agreed that the stamps should be delivered to the
+mayor and deposited in the City Hall. This was done, the mayor giving his
+receipt for them, and tranquillity was restored.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Henry Moore, the new governor, arrived on the 13th of November, and
+was received with all the formalities usual on such an occasion. He
+evidently made a favorable impression. The situation of affairs, however,
+presented for him a difficult problem. His first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> question to the council
+was, Could the stamps be issued? which was answered unanimously in the
+negative. Business had come to a standstill, and the people were fretting
+under the restraints which the situation imposed. There were two classes;
+the men of property, who could afford to await the issue of conservative
+methods, and the middle and lower classes, who insisted that business
+should go on regardless of the stamps. Livingston says that a meeting of
+the conservatives was held at the Coffee House at ten o’clock in the
+morning and that although “all came prepared to form a Union, few cared
+openly to declare the necessity of it, so intimidated were they at the
+secret unknown party which had threatened such bold things.” This secret
+society was known by various names, but in November we find that they had
+adopted the name, “Sons of Liberty,” and this name was soon after used in
+the other colonies. The Sons of Liberty presented Sir Henry Moore a
+congratulatory address and on Friday, the 15th of November, met in the
+Fields, erected pyramids and inscriptions in his honor, and one of the
+grandest bonfires ever seen in the city.</p>
+
+<p>On November 25th notices were posted in all parts of the city with the
+heading, “Liberty, Property and no Stamps,” inviting a general meeting of
+the inhabitants on the 26th at Burns’ City Arms Tavern in order to agree
+upon instructions to their representatives in the general assembly.
+Although opposition to the Stamp Act<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> was unanimous the people were not in
+accord on the means of redress. The notices were twice torn down by those
+who did not know or who were not in sympathy with the objects of the
+meeting, and were as often replaced by the promoters of the meeting. About
+twelve hundred persons assembled.<a name='fna_1' id='fna_1' href='#f_1'><small>[1]</small></a> The committee appointed to present
+the instructions was composed of Henry Cruger, John Vanderspiegel, David
+Van Home, James Jauncey, Walter Rutherford, John Alsop, William
+Livingston, William Smith, Jr., Whitehead Hicks, John Morin Scott, James
+DeLancey and John Thurman, Jr., who fairly represented the different
+shades of opinion.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Sons of Liberty</i></div>
+
+<p>Early in January, 1766, the Sons of Liberty threw off the mask of secrecy.
+On the evening of January 7th, a great number of members of the Society
+met at the house of William Howard, the tavern previously occupied by Sam
+Francis and John Jones, in the Fields, which for a time became their
+headquarters. They agreed to a series of resolutions advocating action of
+the most vigorous nature towards all those who “may either carry on their
+business on stamped paper or refuse to carry it on independently of the
+odious act.” They adjourned to meet at the same place a fortnight later,
+and continued to meet at regular intervals thereafter. At a regular
+meeting on Tuesday, February 4th, a committee was appointed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> correspond
+with the Sons of Liberty in the neighboring colonies, composed of Lamb,
+Sears, Robinson, Wiley and Mott. The next meeting was appointed to be held
+on Tuesday evening the 18th instant.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Repeal of the Stamp Act</i></div>
+
+<p>On March 18, 1766, the King gave his assent to the repeal of the Stamp Act
+“in sorrow and despite.” Thereupon there was great rejoicing in the
+English capital. The happy event was celebrated by dinner, bonfires and a
+general display of flags. On the 24th there was a meeting of the principal
+merchants concerned in the American trade, at the King’s Head Tavern, in
+Cornhill, to consider an address to the King. They went from this place,
+about eleven o’clock in the morning, in coaches, to the House of Peers to
+pay their duty to his majesty and to express their satisfaction at his
+signing the bill repealing the American Stamp Act. There were upwards of
+fifty coaches in the procession.<a name='fna_2' id='fna_2' href='#f_2'><small>[2]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, May 20th, the glorious news of the repeal was received in New
+York from different quarters, which was instantly spread throughout the
+city, creating the greatest excitement. All the bells of the different
+churches were rung and joy and satisfaction were on every face. The next
+day the Sons of Liberty caused to be printed and distributed the following
+Hand Bill:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>“THIS DAY</p>
+
+<p>“On the glorious Occasion of a total Repeal of the Stamp Act there will
+be a general Meeting and Rejoicing at the House of Mr. Howard, The
+Lovers of Their Country loyal Subjects of his Majesty, George the
+Third, King of Great Britain, real Sons of Liberty of all
+Denominations are hereby cordially invited to partake of the essential
+and long look’d for Celebration.</p>
+
+<p>“The city will be illuminated and every decent measure will be
+observed in demonstrating a sensible Acknowledgement of Gratitude to
+our illustrious Sovereign, and never to be forgotten Friends at Home
+and Abroad, particularly the Guardian of America.”</p></div>
+
+<p>Preparations were accordingly made and measures taken for carrying out
+these designs. The Sons of Liberty repaired to the “Field of Liberty,” as
+they called the Common, where they had often met, where a royal salute of
+twenty-one guns was fired. Attended by a band of music they then marched
+to their usual resort, which was the house of William Howard, where an
+elegant entertainment had been prepared for them. After they had dined in
+the most social manner they drank cheerfully to twenty-eight toasts, the
+number of the years of the King’s age. At the first toast&mdash;The King&mdash;the
+royal salute was repeated, and each of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> following was saluted with
+seven guns. In the evening there were bonfires and a grand illumination.
+Announcement was made in the newspapers that “The Sons of Liberty of New
+York take this early opportunity of most cordially saluting and
+congratulating all their American Brethren on this glorious and happy
+event.”</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this occurred the anniversary of the King’s birthday and the
+people were so rejoiced and elated by the repeal that they resolved to
+make of it an opportunity to show their gratitude and thanks, and so great
+preparations were made for the event, which was to be on the 4th of June.
+More extensive preparations were made than for any previous celebration of
+this kind. The day opened with the ringing of the bells of all the
+churches in the city. By seven o’clock preparations began for roasting
+whole, two large, fat oxen, on the Common, where the people soon began to
+gather to gaze at the “mighty roast beef.” At 12 o’clock a gun was fired
+from the Fort as a signal for the council, the general, the militia
+officers, the corporation and gentlemen to wait on the governor to drink
+the King’s health and never on such an occasion before was the company so
+numerous or splendid. Now the Battery breaks forth in a royal salute and
+the air is filled “with joyful Acclamations of Long Live the King, the
+Darling of the People.” Soon after, this salute was answered by the
+men-of-war and the merchant vessels in the harbor, “decked in all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+Pageantry of Colors.” The people were gathered on the Common, where a
+large stage had been erected, on which were twenty-five barrels of strong
+beer, a hogshead of rum, sugar and water to make punch, bread and other
+provisions for the people, and on each side a roasted ox. At one end of
+the Common was a pile of twenty cords of wood, in the midst of which was a
+stout mast with a platform on top of it, on which had been hoisted twelve
+tar and pitch barrels. This was for the magnificent bonfire. At the other
+end of the Common were stationed twenty-five pieces of cannon for the
+salutes, and at the top of the mast which had been erected, was a
+flagstaff with colors displayed. The grand dinner on this unusual occasion
+was served at the New York Arms, the house of George Burns, on Broadway.
+It was prepared by order of the principal citizens and was honored by the
+presence of the governor, the general, the military officers, the clergy,
+the gentlemen of the city, and strangers. “It consisted of many Covers and
+produced near a hundred Dishes.”<a name='fna_3' id='fna_3' href='#f_3'><small>[3]</small></a> One newspaper states that there were
+about 340 in the company. At the King’s health a royal salute was fired by
+the guns on the Common, and at each toast afterward a salute was given up
+to twenty-eight, the number of years of the King’s age. The Common was in
+sight so that signals for these could easily be given. The toasts numbered
+forty-one, and are said to have been “respectfully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> preferred and eagerly
+swallowed.” We feel justified in the belief that this was the largest
+dinner and one of the most important that had ever been served in New
+York. In the evening the whole town was illuminated in the grandest manner
+ever seen before, especially the houses of the governor and the general.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img42.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">LIBERTY BOYS</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>The assembly met on June 16th, and on the 23d a large meeting was held at
+the Merchants’ Coffee Mouse, where a petition was prepared, addressed to
+the assembly, for the election of a brass statue of Pitt, who was
+considered the great friend of America. On the very day of this meeting
+the house, it appears, made provision for an equestrian statue of the King
+and a brass statue of William Pitt. Tranquillity seems to have been
+restored, but it was not long before new causes of dissatisfaction arose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Liberty Pole</i></div>
+
+<p>The victory of the colonists in causing the repeal of the Stamp Act could
+not fail to produce some feeling of bitterness in the officers of the
+crown, and there were some who took no pains to conceal their
+dissatisfaction. The soldiers, aware of the feeling of their officers,
+were ready on all occasions to show their hostility. The mast or flagpole
+which had been erected on the north side of the Common, opposite a point
+between Warren and Chambers Streets, on the anniversary of the King’s
+birthday, and dedicated to King George, Pitt and Liberty, later called
+Liberty Pole, held by the citizens of New York as the emblem of their
+principles, was, in the night of Sunday, August 10, 1766, cut down by some
+of the soldiers of the 28th regiment, quartered in the barracks, nearby.
+The people considered the destruction of the pole an insult. When a large
+assemblage of two or three thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> people gathered on the Common the
+next day, headed by Isaac Sears, to take measures to replace their
+standard and demand an explanation, the soldiers interfered and a
+disturbance ensued in which the people used stones and brickbats to defend
+themselves and the soldiers used their bayonets. As the unarmed people
+retreated several were wounded with the weapons of the assailants. On the
+12th a new pole was erected on the site of the first. After this
+disturbance, the magistrates of the city and the officers of the regiment
+met in the presence of the governor, and an amicable conclusion was
+reached which it was supposed would prevent further trouble; but
+notwithstanding this the second pole was cut down on Tuesday, September
+23d. On the next day another was erected in its place, without any serious
+disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>The contest over the Liberty Pole continued until the opening of the War
+of the Revolution. It made the place where the pole stood a center of
+disturbance and the taverns on Broadway, near by, places, at times, of
+considerable excitement. On the first anniversary of the repeal
+preparations were made to celebrate the event. The people gathered at the
+Liberty Pole on the 18th of March and at the appointed time met at
+Bardin’s King’s Arms Tavern to dine and drink toasts appropriate to the
+occasion. This could not justly have given any offense, but such rejoicing
+by the people was unpleasant to the officers of the army, and the soldiers
+looked upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> it as a celebration of the defeat of the King and parliament
+whom they served. That night the third pole was cut down by the soldiers,
+who had become excited by what they had seen during the day.</p>
+
+<p>The next day a larger and more substantial pole was erected in place of
+the one cut down, secured with iron to a considerable height above the
+ground. Attempts were made the same night both to cut it down and to
+undermine it, but without effect. On Saturday night, the 21st, there was
+an attempt made to destroy it by boring a hole into it and charging it
+with powder, but this also failed. On Sunday night a strong watch was set
+by the citizens at an adjacent house, probably Bardin’s. During the night
+a small company of soldiers appeared with their coats turned, armed with
+bayonets and clubs, but finding that they were watched, after some words,
+retired. On Monday, about six o’clock in the evening, a party of soldiers
+marched past the pole and as they went by the King’s Arms fired their
+muskets at the house. One ball passed through the house and another lodged
+in one of the timbers. On Tuesday, about one o’clock in the afternoon, the
+same company of soldiers, as is supposed, took a ladder from a new
+building and were proceeding towards the pole, when they were stopped and
+turned back. The governor, the general and the magistrates then took
+measures to prevent further trouble, and the newspaper states that “we
+hope this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> matter, in itself trivial and only considered of importance by
+the citizens as it showed an intention to offend and insult them will
+occasion no further difference.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Vauxhall Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>Readers of the literature of the eighteenth century are familiar with the
+names of Ranelagh and Vauxhall, resorts of the idle and gay of London
+society. The success and reputation of these places brought forward
+imitators in all parts of the British dominions; and New York had both a
+Vauxhall and a Ranelagh. Sam Francis obtained possession of the place on
+the Church Farm, which had, early in the century, been known as the
+Bowling Green, later as Mount Pleasant, and opened it as a pleasure
+resort, which he called Vauxhall. A ball, which seems to have been of some
+importance, was given here about the first of June, 1765. Shortly after it
+became the residence of Major James, and was wrecked by the infuriated
+populace on November 1st. In June, 1768, Francis announced that while he
+had been absent from the city the house and garden had been occupied by
+Major James, that they were then in good order, and that he had provided
+everything necessary to accommodate his old friends and customers. The
+next month, still calling the place Vauxhall Garden, he gave notice that
+from eight in the morning till ten at night, at four shillings each
+person, could be seen at the garden a group of magnificent wax figures,
+“Ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> in number, rich and elegantly dressed, according to the ancient
+Roman and present Mode; which figures bear the most striking resemblance
+to real life and represent the great Roman general, Publius Scipio, who
+conquered the city of Carthage, standing by his tent pitched in a grove of
+trees.” Francis continued in the place, putting forward various
+attractions, until 1774. He appears to have been a man of much business.
+His absence from the city, which he alludes to, may have been caused by
+his interests in Philadelphia, where at that time he had a tavern in Water
+Street, in front of which he hung out the sign of Queen Charlotte, the
+same as at his New York house.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Ranelagh Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>The Ranelagh Garden was opened by John Jones, in June, 1765, for breakfast
+and evening entertainment. It was said that the grounds had been laid out
+at great expense and that it was by far the most rural retreat near the
+city. Music by a complete band was promised for every Monday and Thursday
+evening during the summer season. In the garden was a commodious hall for
+dancing, with drawing rooms neatly fitted up. The very best “alamode
+beef,” tarts, cakes, etc., were served, and on notice, dinners or other
+large entertainments would be provided. Mr. Leonard was announced to sing
+a solo and Mr. Jackson was to give three songs. The place had been the old
+homestead of Colonel Anthony Rutgers, where he had lived many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> years,
+near the present corner of Broadway and Thomas Street. It afterwards
+became the site of the New York Hospital, which stood there for almost a
+century. These summer entertainments were kept up for several years. In
+1768 the garden was opened in the latter part of June, and notice was
+given that there would be performed a concert of vocal and instrumental
+music, the vocal parts by Mr. Woods and Miss Wainright, and by particular
+request, “Thro’ the Woods, Laddie,” would be sung by Miss Wainright; after
+which would be exhibited some curious fireworks by the two Italian
+brothers, whose performances had given so much satisfaction to the public.
+Tickets to be had at the gate for two shillings.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img43.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">AT RANELAGH</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>When Edward Bardin opened the King’s Arms Tavern, on Broadway, in 1766,
+following the example of Jones in his Ranelagh Garden, he opened a concert
+of music for the entertainment of ladies and gentlemen, to be continued on
+every Monday, Wednesday and Friday during the summer season at the King’s
+Arms Garden. He gave notice that a convenient room had been filled up in
+the garden for the retreat of the company in unfavorable weather, and he
+stated that the countenance which had been given him warranted him, he
+thought, in expecting a continuance of the public favor. Having in mind
+the prejudice of the community against the theater he stated that he had
+provided an entertainment that would not offend “the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> delecate of
+Mankind, as every possible precaution had been taken to prevent disorder
+and irregularity.”</p>
+
+<p>During the exciting times following the passage of the Stamp Act there was
+a strong sentiment against the theatre among the people, “who thought it
+highly improper that such entertainments should be exhibited at this time
+of public distress.” The managers of the theatre in Chapel Street
+announced in their advertisement that “As the packet is arrived, and has
+been the messenger of good news relative to the Repeal, it is hoped the
+public has no objection to the above performance.” Although forewarned,
+the play was attempted and the house was wrecked by a mob. Under such
+circumstances it is not surprising that the people should turn to some
+more sober kind of entertainments. We give below the complete announcement
+of a concert of vocal and instrumental music, given at the New York Arms
+Tavern, in October, 1766, which is interesting in many ways.</p>
+
+<p>“By Particular Desire of a good number of Ladies and Gentlemen of Credit
+and Character in the City.</p>
+
+<p>There will be a Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Music at Mr. Burns’ New
+Room, to-morrow being the 28 Instant; to begin at 6 o’clock in the
+Evening. This Concert will consist of nothing but Church Musick, in which
+will be introduced a new Te Deum, Jublate Deo, Cantata<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> Domino and Deus
+Misereatur, with an Anthem (in which there is an Obligato Part for a Harp,
+as there is also in the Cantata Domino), with several other pieces of
+Church Musick intermixed with other Instrumental Performances in order to
+ease the Voices. The whole to conclude with a Martial Psalm, viz. the
+49th. Tate and Brady’s Version, accompanied with all the instruments and a
+pair of Drums.</p>
+
+<p>N. B. There will be more than Forty Voices and Instruments in the Chorus.</p>
+
+<p>Tickets to be had of Mr. Tuckey in Pearl Street near the Battery at Four
+Shillings each, who would take it as a great favor of any Gentlemen who
+sing or play on any Instrument to lend him their kind assistance in the
+performance and give him timely notice that there may be a sufficient
+Number of Parts wrote out.”</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1766, a call was issued to the merchants announcing that a
+petition to the House of Commons was being prepared, setting forth the
+grievances attending the trade of the colony, requesting redress therein,
+which would be produced at five o’clock on Friday evening, the 28th, at
+Burns’ Long Room and publicly read. The merchants and traders of the city
+were requested to attend and subscribed their names, as it was a matter of
+great importance and would probably be productive of good results.<a name='fna_4' id='fna_4' href='#f_4'><small>[4]</small></a> We
+can find no further notice of the meeting or the results. The critical
+situation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> affairs may have prevented a consummation of the project.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that the menacing instructions to the governor in
+regard to compliance with the act for quartering troops arrived. England
+had determined to send troops to America, and required that the expense of
+quartering these troops should be borne by the colonies. The assembly of
+New York, in June, positively refused to comply with the act of parliament
+in this respect, agreeing only to supply barracks, furniture, etc., for
+two batallions of five hundred men each, declaring that they would do no
+more. The governor made his report and new instructions were sent out
+stating that it was the “indispensable duty of his majesty’s subjects in
+America to obey the acts of the legislature of Great Britain,” and
+requiring cheerful obedience to the act of parliament for quartering the
+King’s troops “in the full extent and meaning of the act.” The assembly
+did not recede from the stand they had taken at the previous session.</p>
+
+<p>The aspect of affairs grew unpromising and portentious. It seriously
+affected trade. News from England indicated that parliament would take
+measures to enforce the billeting act. When the assembly of New York met
+in the latter part of May, 1767, the house voted a supply for the
+quartering of the King’s troops, which came up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> to the sum which had been
+prescribed by parliament. In the meantime it had been moved and enacted in
+parliament that until New York complied with the billeting act her
+governor should assent to no legislation, and by act of parliament a duty
+was placed on glass, paper, lead, colors and especially on tea. The
+disfranchisement of New York was of no practical effect, but it created
+great uneasiness and alarm in all the colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The position which the Merchants’ Coffee House held in the community is
+shown by the fact that when Governor Moore received the news of the result
+of the unprecedented appeal made by Lieutenant-Governor Colden from the
+verdict of a jury in the case of Forsay and Cunningham he transmitted it
+to the people by obligingly sending intelligence to the Coffee House that
+the decision was that there could be no appeal from the verdict of a jury;
+which was very gratifying to the people, who were much stirred up over
+such action on the part of Colden.</p>
+
+<p>The Whitehall Coffee House, opened by Rogers and Humphreys, in 1762, whose
+announcement indicates that they aspired to a prominent place for their
+house, also shows what was the custom of a house of this kind to do for
+its patrons. They gave notice that “a correspondence is settled in London
+and Bristol to remit by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> every opportunity all the public prints and
+pamphlets as soon as published; and there will be a weekly supply of New
+York, Boston and other American papers.” The undertaking was of short
+duration.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Hampden Hall</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Queen’s Head</i></div>
+
+<p>In May, 1767, Bolton and Sigell moved into the house of Samuel Francis,
+near the Exchange, lately kept by John Jones, known as the Queen’s Head
+Tavern, and, as strangers, solicited the favor of the public. This tavern
+shortly after, and for some time, was the scene of much of the excitement
+connected with the period.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1768, the committee appointed at a meeting of the inhabitants
+of the city on the 29th of December just past to consider the expediency
+of entering into measures to promote frugality and industry and employ the
+poor, gave notice that they would be ready to make their report on the
+matter on Monday evening, the 25th, at five o’clock at Bolton and
+Sigell’s, and the people were requested to attend in order to receive the
+report and consider the matter. The proposed meeting was adjourned for a
+week, when, on February 2d, the report was delivered, approved, and
+directions given for carrying it into execution.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Second Non-Importation Agreement</i></div>
+
+<p>On March 31, 1768, a meeting was called at Bolton and Sigell’s to answer
+letters from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> merchants of Boston. This meeting not being well
+attended, a second was called for April 7. This resulted in the second
+non-importation agreement by the merchants of the city who came to “an
+agreement not to import any goods from Great Britain that shall be shipped
+there after the first of October next, until a certain Act of Parliament
+is repealed, provided the Merchants of Philadelphia and Boston come into
+the same Measures.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Chamber of Commerce New York</i></div>
+
+<p>It is more than likely that the merchants of New York had for some time
+been aware of the necessity or advantage of some sort of organization
+among themselves for the benefit of trade. In March, 1764, we find that a
+call was issued, earnestly requesting the merchants of the city to meet at
+the Queen’s Head Tavern, near the Exchange, on business of great
+importance to trade; and on May 5, 1766, the merchants of the city were
+requested to meet at the house of George Burns, the New York Arms, at four
+o’clock in the afternoon on business for the good of this province and
+continent in general. Following the Stamp Act and the non-importation
+agreement there was great political excitement; money was scarce; business
+was depressed; and foreign trade was unsettled and uncertain. In this
+situation the merchants of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> New York, having seen the success of union in
+the non-importation agreement, met in the Long Room of the Queen’s Head
+Tavern, kept by Bolton and Sigell on April 8, 1768, and there formed
+themselves into a society which they styled the New York Chamber of
+Commerce, which has been in existence since that date, the oldest
+mercantile organization in America. The twenty-four members who then
+constituted the society elected John Cruger president, Hugh Wallace vice
+president and Elias Desbrosses treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting of the New York merchants was called at Bolton and Sigell’s on
+August 25, 1768, to further consider the non-importation agreement, which
+had been signed very generally in the city, and in November, in
+consequence of reports in circulation, the principal merchants and traders
+of the city were waited on, and report was made that it appeared that they
+had in general inviolably adhered to the true spirit of their agreement in
+making out their orders. The subscribers to the agreement met at Bolton
+and Sigell’s on Monday, March 13, 1769, when a “committee was appointed to
+inquire into and inspect all European importations, in order to a strict
+compliance with the said agreement and also to correspond with the other
+colonies.” The assembly in April passed a vote of thanks to the merchants
+for their patriotic conduct, and instructed the speaker to signify the
+same to them at their next monthly meeting. John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> Cruger, the speaker of
+the house, was also president of the Chamber of Commerce, and this vote of
+thanks was delivered to the merchants at the first meeting of the Chamber
+of Commerce in their new quarters, the large room over the Royal Exchange,
+their previous meetings having been held in the Long Room of the Queen’s
+Head Tavern.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversary of the Repeal</i></div>
+
+<p>The second anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated on
+Friday, the 18th of March, by a numerous company of the principal
+merchants and other respectable inhabitants of the city, “Friends to
+Constitutional Liberty and Trade,” at Bardin’s tavern opposite the Common
+on Broadway and at Jones’s tavern which was said to be nearly adjoining.
+The meeting at Jones’s was called by the “Friends of Liberty and Trade,”
+who requested those inclined to celebrate the day to give in their names
+by Wednesday at farthest to John Jones inn-holder in the Fields or to the
+printer, and receive tickets for the occasion. There were many who,
+although zealous in every measure for the repeal of the Stamp Act, now
+leaned to the side of moderation. They styled themselves Friends of
+Liberty and Trade, as distinct from the more orthodox or more radical Sons
+of Liberty. The two factions on this occasion seem to have met in perfect
+harmony, although later there appeared considerable feeling between them.
+Union flags were displayed and an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> elegant dinner was served at each
+place. A band of music was provided for the occasion and in the evening
+some curious fireworks were played off for the entertainment of the
+company. Among the toasts drunk were: “The Spirited Assembly of Virginia
+in 1765,” “The Spirited Assembly of Boston” and “Unanimity to the Sons of
+Liberty in America.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Effigies Burned</i></div>
+
+<p>On Monday, November 14, 1768, a report was current in the city that the
+effigies of Bernard, the obnoxious governor of Massachusetts, and
+Greenleaf, the sheriff of Boston, were to be exhibited in the streets that
+evening. At four o’clock in the afternoon the troops in the city appeared
+under arms at the lower barracks, where they remained until about ten
+o’clock at night, during which time parties of them continually patrolled
+the streets, in order, it is supposed, to intimidate the inhabitants and
+prevent the exposing of the effigies. Notwithstanding this vigilance on
+the part of the soldiers, the Sons of Liberty appeared in the streets with
+the effigies hanging on a gallows, between eight and nine o’clock,
+attended by a vast number of spectators, and were saluted with loud huzzas
+at the corner of every street they passed. After exposing the effigies at
+the Coffee House, they were publicly burned amidst the clamor of the
+people, who testified their approbation and then quietly dispersed to
+their homes. The city magistrates had received notice of what was
+intended, and constables<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> were sent out to prevent it, but either deceived
+or by intention they did not reach the scene of action until all was over.
+This seems strange, as the Coffee House was not far from the City Hall,
+and the lime tree in front of it, the scene of the burning, was in full
+view.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Boston Letter</i></div>
+
+<p>The letter which the assembly of the Massachusetts colony had sent to her
+sister colonies in the early part of the year 1768, inviting united
+measures to obtain redress of grievances, was denounced by the Earl of
+Hillsborough, then lately appointed secretary of state for America, “as of
+a most dangerous and factious tendency.” The colonies were forbidden to
+receive or reply to it, and an effort was made to prevent all
+correspondence between them. This was ineffectual. Committees were
+appointed to petition the King and to correspond with Massachusetts and
+Virginia. Some of the assemblies, for refusing to comply with the demands
+of Hillsborough, were prorogued by the governors. A great public meeting
+was called in New York for Thursday, November 24, at which instructions to
+the city members of the assembly were adopted and signed by many of the
+principal citizens. The instructions called for the reading in the
+assembly of the Boston letter, which had fallen under the censure of
+Hillsborough, and to which he had forbidden the colonies to make reply.
+That these instructions were delivered is more than probable. Whether
+influenced by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> them or not, the assembly, in committee of the whole on
+December 31, declared for “an exact equality of rights among all his
+Majesty’s subjects in the several parts of the empire; the right of
+petition, that of internal legislature, and the undoubted right to
+correspond and consult with any of the neighboring colonies or with any
+other of his Majesty’s subjects, outside of this colony, whenever they
+conceived the rights, liberties, interests or privileges of this house or
+its constituents to be affected,” and appointed a committee of
+correspondence. These resolutions could not be tolerated by Governor
+Moore. He dissolved the assembly. This caused a new election which was
+attended with considerable excitement. It was called for Monday, January
+23, 1769. The Church of England party put up as candidates, James
+DeLancey, Jacob Walton, John Cruger and James Jauncey. These were the
+former members, with the exception of John Cruger, who took the place of
+Philip Livingston, who declined the office. A meeting in the interest of
+the above candidates was called at the house of George Burns, the New York
+Arms, for Saturday, the 21st, at five o’clock in the evening. They were
+elected and on Friday the 27th, after the closing of the polls, they were
+escorted from the City Hall with music playing and colors flying down
+Broadway and through the main street (now Pearl Street) to the Coffee
+House. The windows along the route were filled with ladies and numbers of
+the principal inhabitants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> graced the procession. It was “one of the
+finest and most agreeable sights ever seen in the city.” The four
+gentlemen elected generously gave two hundred pounds for the benefit of
+the poor.</p>
+
+<p>Saturday, March 18, 1769, being the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act, the Liberty Colors, inscribed with “G. R. III, Liberty and Trade,”
+were hoisted on the ancient Liberty Pole, and at the house of Edward
+Smith, on the corner of Broadway and Murray street, the Genuine Sons of
+Liberty dined and drank toasts appropriate to the occasion, one of which
+was to “The ninety-two members of the Massachusetts assembly who voted the
+famous Boston letter.” There was another meeting to celebrate the day at
+the house of Vandewater (“otherwise called Catemut’s”), which was
+conducted in much the same manner and where similar toasts were drunk.</p>
+
+<p>By common consent the taverns on Broadway, fronting on the Common or
+Fields, near the Liberty Pole, were the places selected for celebrating
+the anniversaries of the important events connected with the stamp act
+period. It was on Wednesday, November 1, 1769, that a number of the Sons
+of Liberty met at the house of Abraham De La Montagnie to celebrate “the
+day on which the inhabitants of this colony nobly determined not to
+surrender their rights to arbitrary power, however august.” De La
+Montagnie had succeeded Bardin, and was now the landlord of the house
+which Edward Bardin had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> occupied for some years, fronting on the Common.
+Here the entertainment was given and after dinner appropriate toasts were
+drank “in festive glasses.” Among the first of these was “May the North
+American Colonies fully enjoy the British Constitution.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img44.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CORNER OF BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET, 1816</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Liberty Pole Destroyed</i><br /><br />
+<i>Battle of Golden Hill</i></div>
+
+<p>On the night of January 13, 1770, an attempt was made by the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> Pole by sawing off the spurs or braces around it and
+by exploding gunpowder in a hole bored in the wood in order to split it.
+They were discovered and the attempt was unsuccessful. Exasperated at
+this, they attacked some citizens near, followed them into the house of De
+La Montagnie with drawn swords and bayonets, insulted the company, beat
+the waiter, assaulted the landlord in one of the passages of the house and
+then proceeded to break everything they could conveniently reach, among
+other things eighty-four panes of glass in the windows. Officers
+appearing, they quickly withdrew to their barracks. Three days after this,
+in the night of January 16, the soldiers succeeded in destroying the pole
+completely, which they sawed into pieces and piled before De La
+Montagnie’s door. The next day there was a great meeting in the Fields,
+where the pole had stood, when it was resolved by the people that soldiers
+found out of barracks at night after roll-call should be treated as
+enemies of the peace of the city. In reply to these resolves a scurrilous
+placard was printed, signed “The Sixteenth Regiment of Foot,” and posted
+through the city. Attempts to prevent this was the cause of several
+serious affrays, the principal one of which took place a little north of
+the present John street, a locality then called Golden Hill, in which one
+citizen was killed and several<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> severely wounded. Many of the soldiers
+were badly beaten. This affair has been called the Battle of Golden Hill,
+and it has been claimed that here was shed the first blood in the cause of
+American Independence.</p>
+
+<p>At the meeting in the Fields on the 17th, a committee had been appointed
+who, as instructed, petitioned the corporation for permission to erect a
+new pole on the spot where the one destroyed had stood or if preferred,
+opposite Mr. Vandenbergh’s, near St. Paul’s Church, a small distance from
+where the two roads meet. It was stated in the petition that if the
+corporation should not think proper to grant permission for erecting the
+pole, the people were resolved to procure a place for it on private
+ground. The petition was rejected and purchase was made of a piece of
+ground, eleven feet wide and one hundred feet long, very near to the place
+where the former pole had stood. Here a hole was dug twelve feet deep to
+receive the pole which was being prepared at the shipyards. The lower part
+of the mast was covered to a considerable height with iron bars placed
+lengthwise, over which were fastened strong iron hoops. When finished the
+pole was drawn through the streets by six horses, decorated with ribbons
+and flags. Music was supplied by a band of French horns. The pole was
+strongly secured in the earth by timbers and great stones, so as to defy
+all further attempts to prostrate it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> On the top was raised a mast
+twenty-two feet in height with a gilt vane and the word Liberty in large
+letters.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Hampden Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>Abraham De La Montagnie had suffered his house to become the resort of
+many who belonged to the moderate party or the Friends of Liberty and
+Trade, who, early in the year 1770, engaged his house for the celebration
+of the anniversary of the repeal. The Sons of Liberty in the early part of
+February invited those who wished to celebrate the anniversary to join
+them at De La Montagnie’s tavern, whereupon De La Montagnie issued a card,
+stating that his house had been engaged by a number of gentlemen for that
+purpose, and that he could entertain no others. The indications are that
+this was then the only tavern near the Liberty Pole that was available,
+Jones and Smith having left the neighborhood, but the more radical Sons of
+Liberty, not to be thus frustrated, purchased the house which had been
+formerly occupied by Edward Smith, and gave notice, inviting all those in
+sympathy with them to join them there in the celebration. They called the
+house they had purchased Hampden Hall, and it remained their headquarters
+for some time. It was managed by Henry Bicker as its landlord.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversary Dinners</i></div>
+
+<p>The 18th of March being Sunday, the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act was celebrated on Monday the 19th. At the tavern of De La Montagnie,
+while the Liberty Colors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> (ascribed to G. R. III, Liberty and Trade) were
+hoisted on the Liberty Pole, two hundred and thirty citizens, Friends to
+Liberty and Trade, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them.
+Appropriate toasts were drunk, one of which was “Liberty, Unanimity and
+Perseverance to the true Sons of Liberty in America.” On the same day “in
+union and friendship” with these a number of gentlemen celebrated the day
+by a dinner at the house of Samuel Waldron, at the ferry on Long Island,
+where, it is said, the toasts drunk were the same as at De La Montagnie’s.
+The radical party of the Sons of Liberty celebrated “the repeal of the
+detestable stamp act” at Hampden Hall, on which colors were displayed, as
+well as on the Liberty Pole opposite to it. The company, it is said,
+numbered about three hundred gentlemen, freeholders and freemen of the
+city, who met to celebrate “that memorable deliverance from the chains
+which had been forged for the Americans by a designing and despotic
+Ministry.” An elegant dinner had been provided, but before they sat down
+the company “nominated ten of their number to dine with Captain McDougal
+at his chambers in the New-Gaol,” where a suitable dinner had also been
+provided. Captain McDougal was being held in jail for libel as the author
+of a paper signed “A Son of Liberty,” addressed “to the betrayed
+inhabitants of New York,” which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> reflected the severest criticisms of the
+assembly for voting supplies to the King’s troops. This paper was held by
+the assembly to be an infamous and scandalous libel. He was also accused
+of being the author of another paper signed “Legion,” describing the
+action of the assembly as “base, inglorious conduct,” which the assembly
+resolved was infamous and seditious. After dinner, a committee was
+appointed to send two barrels of beer and what was left of the dinner to
+the poor prisoners in the jail, which were received with great thanks.
+Many appropriate toasts were drunk as usual, and a little before sunset
+the company from Hampden Hall, joined by a number of people in the Fields,
+with music playing and colors flying, marched to the new jail, where they
+saluted Captain McDougal with cheers. He appeared at the grated window of
+the middle story, and in a short address thanked them for this mark of
+their respect. The company then returned to the Liberty Pole and as the
+sun was setting hauled down the flag. They then marched down Chapel Street
+to the Coffee House and back up Broadway to the Liberty Pole and quietly
+dispersed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img45.jpg" alt="A. McDougall" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The celebration of the anniversary of the repeal apparently caused some
+bitterness of feeling between the factions which dined at De La
+Montagnie’s and that which dined at Hampden Hall, if it did not previously
+exist. An article appeared in the newspaper declaring that the statement
+that about three hundred persons dined at Hampden Hall was not true, that
+only about one hundred and twenty-six dined there and paid for their
+dinners, including boys, and that the first toast which these <i>loyal</i> Sons
+of Liberty actually drank was not “The King,” as reported in the
+newspapers, but “May the American Colonies fully enjoy the British
+Constitution.” The writer also took exception to many other statements in
+the account which was given in the papers. A reply was made to this in
+which affidavit was made by Henry Bicker that on the occasion there dined
+at his house,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> according to the best of his judgment, about three hundred
+persons, and that the assertion that there were no more than about one
+hundred and twenty-six was absolutely false. In the matter of the toasts,
+as showing in a measure how such affairs were conducted, we think it best
+to give the explanation in full as follows: “The truth of the Matter is
+just this. Several Gentlemen drew up a set of Toasts proper for the day,
+and to save the trouble of copying them, got a few printed to serve the
+different tables. When the committee who were appointed to conduct the
+business of the day came to peruse the toasts, they altered the one and
+transposed the one before dinner, and I do assert that they were drank in
+the manner and order they were published in this, Parker’s and Gaine’s
+papers; for the truth of this I appeal to every gentleman who dined at
+Hampden Hall that day.”</p>
+
+<p>The house which Bicker occupied had always been used as a tavern. When the
+lease of the property, having eleven years to run, was offered for sale in
+1761, it was described as “two lots of ground on Trinity Church Farm, on
+which are two tenements fronting Broadway and a small tenement fronting
+Murray Street; the two tenements fronting Broadway may be occupied in one
+for a public house.” It was purchased by John Jones, and when he offered
+it for sale in 1765, he stated that there was a very commodious dancing
+room adjoining, forty-five feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> long, which was probably in the building
+fronting on Murray Street. Jones moved out of the house in 1766 to the
+Queen’s Head, but returned when the Queen’s Head was taken by Bolton and
+Sigell, and occupied for a time either a part of the house or the whole.
+It was purchased in 1768 by Roger Morris. When the Sons of Liberty
+purchased the lease, it had only a short time to run, not more than one or
+two years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Hampden Hall Attacked by the Soldiers</i></div>
+
+<p>About eleven o’clock on Saturday night, the 24th of March, fourteen or
+fifteen soldiers were seen about the Liberty Pole, which one of them had
+ascended in order to take off and carry away the topmast and vane. Finding
+they were discovered they attacked some young men who came up and drove
+them from the green and then retired. Soon after, about forty or fifty of
+them came out armed with cutlasses and attacked a number of people who had
+come up to the pole on the alarm given. A few of these retreated to the
+house of Mr. Bicker, which was soon besieged by the soldiers, who
+endeavored to force an entrance. Bicker, thinking himself and family in
+danger, stood with his bayonet fixed, determined to defend his family and
+his house to the last extremity, declaring that he would shoot the first
+man who should attempt to enter. He succeeded in getting the doors of the
+house closed and barred, when the soldiers tried to break open the front
+windows,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> one of which they forced open, broke all the glass and hacked
+the sash to pieces. They threatened to burn the house and destroy every
+one in it. Some citizens who had been on the ground, gave the alarm by
+ringing the Chapel bell, upon hearing which, the soldiers retreated
+precipitately. The men of the 16th regiment swore that they would carry
+away with them a part of the pole as a trophy, but a watch was kept by the
+people and they sailed away in a few days for Pensacola, without
+accomplishing their design. This was the last effort of the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole, which remained standing until prostrated by
+order of the notorious Cunningham, Provost Marshal of the British army in
+New York in 1776.</p>
+
+<p>To encourage the home manufacture of woolen cloth the Sons of Liberty met
+on Tuesday, April 6, 1769, at the Province Arms, and unanimously
+subscribed an agreement not to purchase nor eat any lamb in their families
+before the first of August next.</p>
+
+<p>The Freemasons met at Burns’ tavern on May 27, 1769, at five o’clock in
+the afternoon, and from thence marched in procession to the John Street
+Theater, to witness the special performance of The Tender Husband, given
+here for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1770, the partnership of Bolton and Sigell was dissolved, Bolton
+alone continuing in the Queen’s Head, but only for a short time, for in
+May the place of George Burns, as landlord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> of the Province Arms, was
+taken by Richard Bolton, who moved in from the Queen’s Head. Bolton, in
+his announcement, states that the house has been repaired and greatly
+improved and that the stables with stalls for fifty horses are let to
+James Wilkinson, “whose constant attention will be employed to oblige
+gentlemen in that department.” These large stables had probably been built
+by the De Lancey family when they occupied the house. Lieutenant Governor
+James De Lancey, who once owned it, supported a coach and four, with
+outriders in handsome livery, and several members of this family became
+widely known as patrons of the turf.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Arrival of the Earl of Dunmore</i></div>
+
+<p>On Thursday, October 18, 1770, the Earl of Dunmore, who had been appointed
+by the Crown to succeed Sir Henry Moore, who had died very much lamented
+by the people of New York, arrived in his Majesty’s ship, The Tweed, and
+was received on landing and escorted to the Fort with the usual salutes,
+and with all the honors due his station. From the Fort, accompanied by Sir
+William Draper, Lord Drummond, the commander of the Tweed, and Captain
+Foy, his lordship’s secretary, his excellency proceeded to the New York
+Arms; and there they were entertained at a dinner given by Lieutenant
+Governor Colden, where the usual numerous toasts were drunk. The next day,
+Friday, after the new governor’s commission had been read in council,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> and
+published at the City Hall, as was the custom, his excellency the
+Governor, General Gage, Sir William Draper, Lord Drummond, the members of
+his majesty’s council, the city representatives, the gentlemen of the army
+and navy, the judges of the supreme court, the mayor, recorder, attorney
+general and other public officers, and many of the most respectable
+gentlemen of the city were entertained at another elegant dinner given by
+the lieutenant governor at the New York Arms. In the evening his lordship
+was pleased to favor the gentlemen of the army and navy “with his Company
+at a Ball, which consisted of a splendid and brilliant appearance of
+Gentlemen and Ladies.”</p>
+
+<p>While Bolton was in possession of the Province Arms the political
+excitement somewhat abated. The long room in the old tavern continued to
+be the favorite dancing hall of the city, and in many of the notices of
+concerts given here for charity or for the benefit of musicians, etc., are
+announcements that they will be followed by balls. The young people of New
+York at that time must have been extremely fond of dancing.</p>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, April 23, 1771, the anniversary of St. George was celebrated
+with unusual ceremony. “A number of English gentlemen, and descendants of
+English parents, amounting in the whole to upwards of one hundred and
+twenty, had an elegant Entertainment at Bolton’s in honor of the Day.”
+John Tabor Kempe, Esq., his majesty’s attorney general, presided, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
+guests of honor were the Earl of Dunmore, General Gage, the gentlemen of
+his majesty’s council, etc. The company parted early and in high good
+humor.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The New York Society</i></div>
+
+<p>When Richard Bolton left the Queen’s Head for the New York Arms, Sam
+Francis came back into his own house. In announcing his return, he states
+that when he formerly kept it, the best clubs met there, and the greatest
+entertainments in the city were given there, and that he flatters himself
+that the public are so well satisfied of his ability to serve them that it
+is useless to go into details. Francis was not only successful as a
+tavern-keeper in satisfying the needs of the public, but he was also
+successful financially, for he was the owner of both the Queen’s Head and
+Vauxhall. While he was the landlord of the Queen’s Head in 1765, the New
+York Society held their meetings there. It was announced that at a stated
+meeting to be held at the house of Mr. Francis on Monday, the first of
+April, at six o’clock in the evening, after some business before the
+society should be dispatched and the letters and proposals received since
+last meeting examined, the consideration of the questions last proposed on
+the paper currency and the bank statements would be resumed. This
+indicates that this was a society or club for the discussion of financial
+and economic subjects.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Social Club</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>Francis speaks of his house being the resort of several clubs, but we have
+detailed information of only one; this was the Social Club, the membership
+of which indicates that it must have been one of the best, if not the
+best, in the city. In possession of the New York Historical Society is a
+list of the members of the Social Club which was found among the papers of
+John Moore, a member of the club, and presented to the society by his son,
+Thos. W. C. Moore. It contains remarks about the members which are very
+curious and interesting. We give it in full.</p>
+
+<p>“List of Members of the Social Club, which passed Saturday evenings at Sam
+Francis’s, corner of Broad and Dock streets, in winter, and in summer at
+Kip’s Bay, where they built a neat, large room, for the Club-house. The
+British landed at this spot the day they took the city, 15th September,
+1776.</p>
+
+<p>Members of this club dispersed in December, 1775, and never afterwards
+assembled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">John Jay (Disaffected)&mdash;Became Member of Congress, a Resident Minister
+to Spain, Com’r to make peace, Chief Justice, Minister to England, and
+on his return, Gov’r of N. York&mdash;a good and amiable man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Gouverneur Morris (Disaffected)&mdash;Member of Congress, Minister to
+France, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Robt. R. Livingston (Disaffected)&mdash;Min’r to France, Chancellor of N.
+York, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Egbert Benson (Disaffected)&mdash;Dis. Judge, N. York, and in the
+Legislature&mdash;Good man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Morgan Lewis (Disaffected)&mdash;Gov’r of N. York, and a Gen. in the war of
+1812.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Gulian Verplanck (Disaffected, but in Europe, till 1783)&mdash;Pres’t of
+New York Bank.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Livingston and his brother Henry (Disaffected, but of no
+political importance).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">James Seagrove (Disaffected)&mdash;Went to the southward as a merchant.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Francis Lewis (Disaffected, but of no political importance).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Watts (Doubtful)&mdash;During the war Recorder of New York.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Leonard Lispenard and his brother Anthony (Doubtful, but remained
+quiet at New York).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Rich’d Harrison (Loyal, but has since been Recorder of N. York).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Hay, Loyal, an officer in British Army&mdash;killed in West Indies.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Peter Van Shaack (Loyal)&mdash;A Lawyer, remained quiet at Kinderhook.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Daniel Ludlow, Loyal during the war&mdash;since Pres’t of Manhattan Bank.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Dr. S. Bard, Loyal, tho’ in 1775 doubtful, remained in N. York&mdash;a good
+man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">George Ludlow (Loyal)&mdash;Remained on Long Island in quiet&mdash;A good man.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">William, his brother, Loyal, or supposed so; remained on L.
+Island&mdash;inoffensive man.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang">William Imlay, Loyal at first, but doubtful after 1777.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Edward Gould (Loyal)&mdash;At N. York all the war&mdash;a Merchant.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Reade (Pro and Con)&mdash;W’d have proved loyal, no doubt, had not his
+wife’s family been otherwise.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">J. Stevens (Disaffected).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Henry Kelly (Loyal)&mdash;Went to England, and did not return.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Stephen Rapelye turned out bad&mdash;died in N. York Hospital.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">John Moore (Loyal)&mdash;In public life all the war, and from year 1765.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Moot</i></div>
+
+<p>In the fall of the year 1770, a club was formed by the principal lawyers
+of the city of New York, for the discussion of legal questions, which they
+called <i>The Moot</i>. The first meeting was held on Friday, the 23d of
+November. According to their journal, the members, “desirous of forming a
+club for social conservation, and the mutual improvement of each other,
+determined to meet on the evening of the first Friday of every month, at
+Bardin’s, or such other place as a majority of the members shall from time
+to time appoint,” and for the better regulating the said club agreed to
+certain articles of association, one of which was that “No member shall
+presume upon any pretence to introduce any discourse about the party
+politics of the province, and to persist in such discourse after being
+desired by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> president to drop it, on pain of expulsion.” William
+Livingston was chosen president and William Smith vice-president. This
+first meeting was, no doubt, held at the King’s Arms Tavern on the lower
+part of Broadway, now Whitehall Street, which was in 1770 kept by Edward
+Bardin. From the character of the members their discussions were held in
+great respect. It was said that they even influenced the judgment of the
+Supreme Court, and that a question, connected with the taxation of costs,
+was sent to The Moot by the chief justice expressly for their opinion.
+Some of the members of this club were afterwards among the most prominent
+men of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The articles of association were signed by</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">
+Benjamin Kissam,<br />
+David Mathews,<br />
+William Wickham,<br />
+Thomas Smith,<br />
+Whitehead Hicks,<br />
+Rudolphus Ritzema,<br />
+William Livingston,<br />
+Richard Morris,<br />
+Samuel Jones,<br />
+John Jay,<br />
+William Smith,<br />
+John Morine Scott,<br />
+James Duane,<br />
+John T. Kempe,<br />
+Robert R. Livingston, Jr.,<br />
+Egbert Benson,<br />
+Peten Van Schaack,<br />
+Stephen De Lancey.</p>
+
+<p>On March 4, 1774, John Watts, Jr., and Gouverneur Morris were admitted to
+the Society. In the exciting times preceding the Revolution the meetings
+became irregular, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> members of the Moot came together for the last
+time on January 6, 1775.</p>
+
+<p>A number of gentlemen were accustomed to meet as a club at the house of
+Walter Brock, afterwards kept by his widow, familiarly called “Mother
+Brock,” on Wall Street near the City Hall. It was probably a social and
+not very formal club. One of the most prominent of its members was William
+Livingston.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1773, Francis offered Vauxhall for sale, when it was described as
+having an extremely pleasant and healthy situation, commanding an
+extensive prospect up and down the North River. The house, “a capital
+mansion in good repair,” had four large rooms on each floor, twelve
+fireplaces and most excellent cellars. Adjoining the house was built a
+room fifty-six feet long and twenty-six feet wide, under which was a
+large, commodious kitchen. There were stables, a coach house and several
+out houses, also two large gardens planted with fruit trees, flowers and
+flowering shrubs in great profusion, one of which was plentifully stocked
+with vegetables of all kinds. The premises, containing twenty-seven and a
+half lots of ground, was a leasehold of Trinity Church, with sixty-one
+years to run. The ground rent was forty pounds per annum. It was purchased
+by Erasmus Williams, who, the next year, having changed the name back,
+“with great propriety,” to Mount Pleasant, solicited the patronage of the
+public, particularly gentlemen with their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> families from the West Indies,
+Carolina, etc., and such as are travelling from distant parts, either on
+business or pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Francis also offered the Queen’s Head for sale in 1775. It was then
+described as three stories high, with a tile and lead roof, having
+fourteen fireplaces and a most excellent large kitchen; a corner house
+very open and airy, and in the most complete repair. Although Francis
+desired to sell his house, he stated that “so far from declining his
+present business he is determined to use every the utmost endeavor to
+carry on the same to the pleasure and satisfaction of his friends and the
+public in general.” He did not succeed in selling the house and continued
+as landlord of the Queen’s Head until he abandoned it when the British
+army entered the city.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img46.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">MERCHANTS’ COFFEE HOUSE AND COFFEE HOUSE SLIP</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Merchants’ Coffee House Moves</i></div>
+
+<p>On May 1, 1772, Mrs. Ferrari, who had been keeping the Merchants’ Coffee
+House on the northwest corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, which
+had been located there and been continuously in use as a coffee house
+since it was opened as such about the year 1738 by Daniel Bloom, removed
+to a new house which had recently been built by William Brownjohn on the
+opposite cross corner, that is, diagonally across to the southeast corner.
+Mrs. Ferrari did not move out of the Merchants’ Coffee House, but she took
+it with her with all its patronage and trade. On opening the new house
+she prepared a treat for her old customers. The merchants and gentlemen
+of the city assembled in a numerous company and were regaled with arrack,
+punch, wine, cold ham, tongue, etc. The gentlemen of the two insurance
+companies, who likewise moved from the old to the new coffee house, each
+of them, with equal liberality regaled the company. A few days later the
+newspaper stated that the agreeable situation and the elegance of the new
+house had occasioned a great resort of company to it ever since it was
+opened. The old coffee house which had been occupied by Mrs. Ferrari
+before she moved into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> the new one was still owned by Dr. Charles Arding,
+who purchased it of Luke Roome in 1758. He offered it for sale in July,
+1771, before Mrs. Ferrari moved out of it and again in May, 1772, after
+she had left, when it was occupied by Mrs. Elizabeth Wragg, but did not
+succeed in making a sale. If it was any longer used as a coffee house, its
+use as such was of short duration. It was soon taken by Nesbitt Deane,
+hatter, who occupied it for many years, offering hats to exceed any “in
+fineness, cut, color or cock.” John Austin Stevens, who has written very
+pleasantly and entertainingly of the old coffee houses of New York,
+speaking of the early history of the Merchants’ Coffee House, says: “Its
+location, however, is beyond question. It stood on the southeast corner of
+Wall and Queen (now Water) Streets, on a site familiar to New Yorkers as
+that for many years occupied by the Journal of Commerce.” Although so
+positive on this point, Stevens was, no doubt, mistaken, as can be easily
+proven by records. However, this was the site occupied by the Merchants’
+Coffee House subsequent to May 1, 1772. Stevens says that Mrs. Ferrari
+moved out of this house into a new house on the opposite cross corner,
+whereas she moved into it from the old coffee house on the opposite cross
+corner, and carried the business of the old house with her.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of 1772, Robert Hull succeeded Richard Bolton and
+continued in possession of the Province Arms some time after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> the British
+army entered the city. In the fall of 1772, the two companies of the
+Governor’s Guards, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Harris
+Cruger and Major William Walton, dressed in their very handsome uniforms,
+paraded in the Fields, where they were reviewed. They were very much
+admired for their handsome appearance, and received much applause from the
+spectators for the regularity and exactness with which they went through
+the exercises and evolutions. After the parade they spent the evening at
+Hull’s Tavern, where a suitable entertainment had been provided.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Ball on the Governors Departure</i></div>
+
+<p>On the King’s birthday, Friday, June 4, 1773, the governor gave an elegant
+entertainment in the Fort, as was usual on such occasions, and, in the
+evening, the city was illuminated. General Gage, who was about to sail for
+England, celebrated the day by giving a grand dinner to a great number of
+the merchants and military gentlemen of the city at Hull’s Tavern. He had
+been in command for ten years in America, and this dinner was made the
+occasion of a flattering address presented to him by the Corporation of
+the Chamber of Commerce of the City of New York. In February, 1774, a
+grand dinner was given at Hull’s Tavern by the members of his majesty’s
+council to the members of the assembly of the province, and the next month
+the governor gave a dinner to both the gentlemen of the king’s council and
+the gentlemen of the general assembly at the same place. Shortly after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>
+this, on Monday evening, April 4, there was a grand ball given in Hull’s
+assembly room at which there was “a most brilliant appearance of Ladies
+and Gentlemen,” the occasion being on account of the departure of the
+governor and Mrs. Tryon for England. The different national societies held
+their anniversary celebrations at Hull’s Tavern. The Welsh celebrated St.
+David’s day, the Scotch St. Andrew’s day, the Irish St. Patrick’s day and
+the English St. George’s day.</p>
+
+<p>By 1770, the obnoxious duties had been abolished on all articles except
+tea, and soon after the non-importation agreements of the merchants of
+Boston, New York and Philadelphia were discontinued, except as to tea, the
+duty on which had been retained. The New York merchants seem to have been
+the first to propose the discontinuance of the agreement. The Sons of
+Liberty met at Hampden Hall to protest against it; the inhabitants of
+Philadelphia presented their compliments to the inhabitants of New York,
+in a card, and sarcastically begged they would send them their Old Liberty
+Pole, as they imagined, by their late conduct, they could have no further
+use for it; and the Connecticut tavern-keepers, it is said, posted the
+names of the New York importers and determined that they would not
+entertain them nor afford them the least aid or assistance in passing
+through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> that government. Although Boston and Philadelphia were at first
+very strongly opposed to any relaxation in the agreements, they soon
+joined in terminating them; but the merchants and people alike determined
+that no tea should be imported liable to duty. The captains of ships
+sailing from London refused to carry tea as freight to American ports.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tax on Tea</i></div>
+
+<p>On Friday morning, October 15, 1773, a printed handbill was distributed
+through the town calling a meeting of the inhabitants at twelve o’clock
+that day at the Coffee House to consult and agree on some manner of
+expressing the thanks of the people to the captains of the London ships
+trading with the port of New York and the merchants to whom they were
+consigned, for their refusal to take from the East India Company, as
+freight, tea on which a duty had been laid by parliament payable in
+America. At this meeting an address was accordingly drawn up which was
+unanimously approved by those present. In this address it was declared
+that “Stamp Officers and Tea Commissioners will ever be held in equal
+estimation.”</p>
+
+<p>For two or three years the political situation had been uneventful, but
+early in the year 1773 it became apparent that an effort was about to be
+made to bring the question of taxation to an issue. The East India
+Company, acting as the instrument of the British parliament, arranged to
+send cargoes of tea to the ports of Boston,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> Newport, New York,
+Philadelphia and Charleston, at which places they appointed commissioners
+for its sale.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Sons of Liberty Again Organize</i></div>
+
+<p>The times were portentous. The people realized that Great Britain was
+about to test her power to tax the colonies by forcing the importation of
+tea through the East India Company in order to establish a precedent, and
+preparations were made to resist. The Sons of Liberty again organized in
+November, 1773, and prepared for action. They drew up a number of
+resolutions which expressed their sentiments and which they engaged to
+faithfully observe. The first of these was, “that whoever should aid or
+abet or in any manner assist in the introduction of Tea from any place
+whatsoever into this Colony, while it is subject by a British act of
+parliament to the payment of a duty for the purpose of raising a revenue
+in America, he shall be deemed an enemy to the Liberties of America.” On
+the back of a printed copy of these resolutions was written a letter of
+appeal, signed by the committee of the association, addressed to the
+Friends of Liberty and Trade, inviting an union of all classes in a
+determined resistance, and urging harmony.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting held at the City Hall on the 17th of December by the Sons of
+Liberty to which all friends of liberty and trade of America were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+invited, it was firmly resolved that the tea which was expected should not
+be landed.</p>
+
+<p>In Boston the consignee of the tea refusing to return it to England, the
+vessels were boarded by a number of men disguised as Indians, the chests
+of tea broken open and the contents cast overboard in the water. This
+occurred on the 16th of December, 1773.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting held at the tavern of Captain Doran a committee was appointed
+to wait on the merchants who had been appointed commissioners for the sale
+of the East India Company’s tea and ask their intentions. They replied to
+the committee that, finding that the tea will come liable to American
+duty, they have declined to receive it. Thomas Doran had been captain of a
+small but fast sailing privateer, and did good service in the late French
+war. He had since been keeping a tavern on the new dock near the Fly
+Market. His house had been the usual place of meeting of the Marine
+Society for many years. In May, 1774, notice was given that a committee of
+the Chamber of Commerce would meet at the house of Thomas Doran to receive
+claims for bounty on fish brought into the city markets. The assembly, in
+1773, had granted the sum of five hundred pounds per annum for five years,
+“for the encouragement of fishery on this coast for the better supplying
+of the markets of this city with fish,” to be paid to the treasurer of the
+Chamber of Commerce, and the awarding of the premiums was entrusted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>
+that association. This was the first distribution of premiums.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tea-Ship Arrives</i></div>
+
+<p>The tea-ship for New York, long overdue, was anxiously expected. In March,
+1774, the Sons of Liberty were notified to meet every Thursday night at
+seven o’clock at the house of Jasper Drake till the arrival and departure
+of the tea-ship. The ships for the other ports had arrived at their
+destinations and been disposed of. No tea had been allowed to be sold. The
+ship Nancy, Captain Lockyer, with the tea for New York on board, driven
+off the coast by contrary winds, did not reach the port until April 18th,
+and the pilot, advised of the situation, refused to bring her up to the
+city. The people had resolved that the tea should not be landed. The
+captain was allowed to come up on condition that he would not enter his
+vessel at the custom house. He was received by a committee of the Sons of
+Liberty and conducted to the consignee, who, declining to receive his
+cargo, he at once made preparation to return. On Friday, April 22,
+handbills were distributed, stating that although the sense of the people
+had been signified to Captain Lockyer, nevertheless it was the desire of
+many of the citizens that, at his departure, he should see with his own
+eyes their detestation of the measures pursued by the ministry and the
+East India Company to enslave this country. Accordingly, on Saturday<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+morning, about eight o’clock, all the bells in the city rang as a notice
+to the people that the tea which had been brought over in the Nancy was
+about to be sent back without allowing it to be landed. About nine o’clock
+the people assembled at the Coffee House in greater numbers than ever
+before known, Captain Lockyer came out of the Coffee House with the
+committee and was received with cheers, while a band provided for the
+occasion played “God Save the King.” He was then conducted to Murray’s
+Wharf, at the foot of Wall Street, where, amid the shouts of the people
+and the firing of guns, he was put on board the pilot boat and wished a
+safe passage. He joined his ship, the Nancy, at the Narrows, and the next
+morning put to sea.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tea Thrown Overboard</i></div>
+
+<p>On Friday, amidst all the excitement, Captain Chambers, who from
+information received from different sources was suspected of having tea on
+board his ship, the London, arrived at the Hook. The pilot asked him if he
+had any tea on board and he declared that he had none. Two of the
+committee of observation went on board, to whom he declared that he had no
+tea. When the ship came to the wharf about four o’clock in the afternoon
+she was boarded by a number of citizens and Captain Chambers was told that
+it was in vain for him to deny having tea on board his ship for there was
+good proof to the contrary, whereupon he confessed that he had on board
+eighteen chests. The owners of the vessel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> and the committee immediately
+met at Francis’ Tavern to deliberate over the matter where Captain
+Chambers was ordered to attend. Here he stated that he was the sole owner
+of the tea. The Mohawks were prepared to do their duty but the people
+became impatient and about eight o’clock a number entered the ship, took
+out the tea, broke open the chests and threw their contents into the
+river. The resentment of the people was so great against Captain Chambers,
+whom they had considered a friend of their rights and deserving of their
+confidence, that it was thought that if he could have been found, his life
+would have been in danger. He was, however, concealed and succeeded the
+next day in getting on board the Nancy with Captain Lockyer and sailed
+away to England.</p>
+
+<p>The news of what had been done by the little tea-party in Boston Harbor,
+December 16, 1773, reached England on the 22d of January, 1774, and
+created intense excitement in London. On March 7 the King sent a special
+message to parliament on the American disturbances and soon after a bill
+was prepared providing for the closing of the port of Boston to all
+commerce on June 1, at the King’s pleasure, and ordering indemnification
+to be made to the East India Company for the tea destroyed. This bill
+passed both houses of parliament without a dissenting vote. The news of
+its passage came to New York by the ship Samson, Captain Coupar,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> which
+arrived May 12, twenty-seven days from London. By the same packet came
+news that General Gage, commissioned governor of Massachusetts, had
+engaged with four regiments to reduce Boston to submission and was to sail
+for his government on April 15.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Committee of Correspondence</i></div>
+
+<p>In consequence of the alarming news from England, a notice was posted at
+the Merchants’ Coffee House inviting the merchants to meet at the tavern
+of Samuel Francis on Monday evening, the 16th, to consult on measures
+proper to be taken. Accordingly, a large number of merchants and other
+inhabitants appeared at the appointed place. The object was to appoint a
+committee of correspondence. There appeared some differences of opinion as
+to the number and composition of this committee, but the result was that
+fifty names were nominated, fifteen of the number to be sufficient to do
+business. To confirm the choice of this committee or to choose others, it
+was resolved before adjournment that the inhabitants of the city should be
+requested to meet at the Merchants’ Coffee House on Thursday, the 19th, at
+one o’clock.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Paul Revere, the Post Rider</i></div>
+
+<p>In the interim Paul Revere, the famous post-rider and express, arrived on
+the 17th with a message from the people of Boston, urging a cessation of
+all trade with Great Britain and the West Indies until the port bill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+should be repealed. In the evening of the same day there was a large
+meeting of the mechanics at Bardin’s Tavern. Bardin had come to the
+neighborhood where he formerly lived and was keeping the house at one time
+kept by John Jones in the Fields, and known after that as Hampden Hall.
+The mechanics sided with the radical party.</p>
+
+<p>At the meeting called at the Merchants’ Coffee House the merchants
+prevailed, as they had done at the previous meeting. The name of Francis
+Lewis was added to the committee and it was known as the committee of
+fifty-one. Gouverneur Morris, writing to Penn, said: “I stood on the
+balcony and on my right hand were ranged all the people of property with
+some few poor dependents, and on the other all the tradesmen, etc., who
+thought it worth their while to leave daily labor for the good of the
+country.” There was some opposition to the committee named, but after the
+meeting those who had opposed it, for the sake of union, sent in their
+agreement to the choice. The mechanics also sent a letter to the committee
+concurring in the selection.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Answer to the Boston Letter</i></div>
+
+<p>The committee of fifty-one met at the Merchants’ Coffee House on Monday
+morning, the 23d, at ten o’clock for business, and after appointing a
+chairman, secretary and doorkeeper, and agreeing upon sundry rules for the
+conduct of business, the letters from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> Boston and Philadelphia were read.
+A committee composed of Messrs. MacDougal, Low, Duane and Jay was
+appointed to draw up an answer to the first and report at eight o’clock in
+the evening, to which time the meeting adjourned. At the appointed time
+the committee appointed to draw up an answer to the Boston letter made
+report of a draft of such letter, which was unanimously agreed to and
+ordered to be engrossed and forwarded with the utmost dispatch. On Tuesday
+it was delivered to Paul Revere, the express from Boston, who had been as
+far as Philadelphia and was now on his way back to Boston. He immediately
+set out on his return. A copy was ordered to be transmitted to the
+Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia. “The letter proposed to the
+people of Boston that a Congress of the colonies should be convoked
+without delay to determine and direct the measures to be pursued for
+relief of the town of Boston and the redress of all the American
+grievances,” a recommendation which was accepted and resulted in the
+Congress which met at Philadelphia in September.</p>
+
+<p>Monday evening, June 6, the Committee of Correspondence met and read and
+answered the dispatches brought from Boston by the express rider,
+Cornelius Bradford, and on Monday, the 13th, the New York Mercury stated
+that they were to meet again that night, when, it was hoped, their
+proceedings would be made public, saying “the times are critical and big
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> interesting events.” On Wednesday, June 15, the day on which the
+harbor of Boston was closed by act of parliament, a great number of the
+friends of American liberty in the city procured effigies of Governor
+Hutchinson, Lord North and Mr. Wedderburn, persons who were considered
+most unfriendly to the rights of America, and after carrying them through
+the principal streets of the city took them to the Coffee House, “where
+they were attended in the evening of that day, it is thought, by the
+greatest concourse of spectators ever seen on a similar occasion, and
+there destroyed by sulphurous Flames.”</p>
+
+<p>The Committee of Correspondence held their meetings at the Merchants’
+Coffee House during the summer. It was the center of most of the political
+agitation and unrest which pervaded the community. On the evening of
+Wednesday, July 13, the committee met and drew up a set of resolutions on
+the alarming situation of affairs, which were printed in handbills and
+distributed about the town the next morning, for the approbation of the
+people who were to assemble at the Coffee House at twelve o’clock on the
+19th to approve or disapprove of them. It had been settled that there
+should be a Congress of the colonies, to meet at Philadelphia in
+September, and the people were at the same time to testify their
+approbation of the five gentlemen nominated by the committee to attend as
+delegates. These were James Duane, Philip Livingston, John Alsop, Isaac
+Low and John Jay.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> There was so much controversy that the men nominated
+declined to accept the trust until confirmed by the people. Accordingly,
+on the 24th an election was ordered in the ordinary manner by a poll in
+the several wards which was held on the 28th, resulting in the unanimous
+choice of the five gentlemen above named as delegates.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Delegates to Congress</i></div>
+
+<p>About the first of September there was much excitement on account of the
+departure of the delegates for Philadelphia and the arrival of delegates
+from the New England colonies, passing through the city. On Monday, the
+29th of August, John Jay quietly set out for Philadelphia to attend the
+congress, and on Thursday, September 1st, the four other delegates left
+the city for the same laudable purpose. Isaac Low, accompanied by his
+wife, who wished to go by way of Paulus Hook, was escorted to the ferry
+stairs at the foot of Cortlandt Street by a large number of citizens, with
+colors flying, and with music. A few accompanied him over the river with
+musicians playing “God Save the King.” The people then returned to the
+Coffee House in order to testify the same respect for the other three
+delegates, James Duane, John Alsop and Philip Livingston. The procession
+began about half past nine o’clock. When they arrived at the Royal
+Exchange, near which they embarked, James Duane, in a short speech,
+thanked the people for the honor they had conferred upon them and declared
+for himself and for his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> fellow delegates “that nothing in their Power
+should be wanting to relieve this once happy but now aggrieved Country.”
+As they left the wharf, “they were saluted by several Pieces of Cannon,
+mounted for the occasion, which was answered by a greater Number from St.
+George’s Ferry. These Testimonials and three Huzzas bid them go and
+proclaim to all Nations that they, and the virtuous People they represent,
+dare <i>defend their Rights as Protestant Englishmen</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>The Massachusetts delegates, Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, Robert Treat
+Paine and John Adams, set out on their journey from Boston in one coach on
+the 10th of August and arrived in New York on the 20th. John Adams, in his
+diary, says: “We breakfasted at Day’s and arrived in the city of New York
+at ten o’clock, at Hull’s, a tavern, the sign of the Bunch of Grapes.” The
+arms of the province on the old sign must have been pretty well
+weatherbeaten to have been taken for a bunch of grapes. The best tavern in
+Boston and the best tavern in Hartford each hung out this sign and Adams
+was thus easily led into an error.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Congress at Philadelphia</i></div>
+
+<p>The congress at Philadelphia passed a non-exportation act to take effect
+on September 15, and a non-importation act to be put in force on December
+1. A committee of observation or inspection was appointed in New York city
+to secure the strict<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> observance of these acts. In the spring of 1775
+deputies were elected in New York to a provincial congress which met on
+April 20, and the next day appointed delegates to represent the province
+in the Continental Congress which was to assemble at Philadelphia in the
+following May. News of the battle of Lexington, forwarded by express
+riders from Watertown, Massachusetts, reached the chambers of the New York
+committee of correspondence at four o’clock in the afternoon of Sunday,
+April 23. It was war. The news reached Williamsburg, Virginia, on April
+28, and on the next day Alexander Purdie published it in an extra of his
+Gazette. In commenting on the situation his closing words were: “The sword
+is now drawn and God knows when it will be sheathed.”</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Province Arms</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Great Excitement in the City</i></div>
+
+<p>In the early part of the year 1775 a state of uneasiness and expectancy
+pervaded the community. Trade was prostrate. The merchants met at the
+Exchange or at the Coffee House and nervously talked over the situation,
+for which there seemed to be no remedy; while they looked out on the quiet
+docks, now almost deserted. They were calmly waiting for something to
+happen, and it came in the news of the battle of Lexington. This was the
+crisis which produced a decided change in conditions. The dissatisfied
+people now showed that they had lost all respect for English rule.
+Companies of armed citizens paraded the streets aimlessly, and there was
+great excitement everywhere. The regular soldiers in garrison prudently
+confined themselves to their barracks. The machinery of government was out
+of joint and it was very soon apparent that something should be done to
+maintain order and form some regular plan of government.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting was called at the Merchants’ Coffee House when it was agreed
+that the government of the city should be placed in the hands of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
+committee. Isaac Low, chairman of the committee of observation, issued a
+notice stating that the committee were unanimously of opinion that a new
+committee should be elected by the freeholders and freemen for the present
+unhappy exigency of affairs, to consist of one hundred persons,
+thirty-three to be a quorum. It was also recommended that they should at
+the same time choose deputies to represent them in a provincial congress
+which it was considered highly advisable should be summoned. A committee
+such as was recommended was chosen May 1, and, at the same time,
+twenty-one deputies for the city and county of New York, to meet the
+deputies of the other counties in provincial congress May 22.</p>
+
+<p>The excitement had in no wise abated when the eastern delegates to
+congress entered the city, Saturday, May 6, on their way to Philadelphia
+and were received with the greatest enthusiasm. They were met a few miles
+out of town by a great number of the principal gentlemen of the place and
+escorted into the city by near a thousand men under arms. John Adams, in
+his diary, says that from Kingsbridge the number of people continually
+increased, until he thought the whole city had come out to meet them. The
+roads, it is said, were lined with greater numbers of people than were
+known on any occasion before. All the bells of the city rang out a
+welcome. They were conducted to the tavern of Sam Francis, where they
+lodged,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> and a newspaper states that double sentries were placed at the
+doors of their lodgings, for what special purpose we are not informed,
+probably simply to keep the crowd in check and maintain order.</p>
+
+<p>The British soldiers garrisoned in the city were powerless to maintain the
+authority of the crown and were ordered to join the troops at Boston.
+There were some who advised that they should be made prisoners. The
+committee, however, agreed to let them depart with their arms and
+accoutrements without molestation. They accordingly marched out from the
+barracks to embark about ten o’clock on the morning of June 6, 1775. At
+the time there were at the tavern of Jasper Drake, in Water Street near
+Beekman Slip, a place well known as a rendezvous of the Liberty Boys and
+those opposed to the British measures, about half a dozen men, when word
+came to them that the British soldiers were leaving the barracks to embark
+and were taking with them several carts loaded with chests filled with
+arms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Transfer of Arms Stopped</i></div>
+
+<p>They immediately decided that these arms should not be taken from the
+city. One of the men was Marinus Willett, and what he did that day has
+become a landmark in the history of the city. They started out on
+different routes to notify their friends and obtain assistance. Willett
+went down Water Street to the Coffee House where he notified those who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
+were there of what was to be done and then proceeded down to the Exchange
+at the foot of Broad Street. When he saw the troops and the carts laden
+with arms approaching he went up to meet them, and not hesitating a
+moment, seized the horse drawing the leading cart by the bridle, which
+caused a halt and brought the officer in command to the front. The crowd
+that immediately collected, including the mayor, gave Willett little
+support, but soon John Morin Scott came to his assistance, asserting that
+the committee had given no permission for the removal of the arms. The
+result was that the soldiers made no resistance to the seizure of the arms
+and quietly embarked without them. These arms were used by the first
+troops raised in New York under the orders of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img47.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">MARINUS WILLETT STOPPING THE TRANSFER OF ARMS</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>Nesbitt Deane, the hatter, whose shop was in the old Coffee House
+building, advertised in 1775, to let the two or three upper stories of the
+house, “being noted for a Notary Public’s office these two years past,”
+which he further describes “as being so pleasantly situated that a person
+can see at once the river, shipping, Long Island and all the gentlemen
+resorting to the House on business from the most distant climes.” Although
+the Coffee House was generally the resort of strangers as well as
+citizens, yet, in 1775, on account of the stagnation of business caused by
+the cessation of all trade with Great Britain, it was almost deserted.
+This is made plain by an article which appeared in the New York Journal of
+October 19; and as this has some interesting statements about coffee
+houses in general and about the Merchants’ Coffee House in particular, we
+have thought it well to reproduce it entirely.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“<span class="smcap">To the Inhabitants of New York</span>:</p>
+
+<p>“It gives me concern, in this time of public difficulty and danger, to
+find we have in this city<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> no place of daily general meeting, where we
+might hear and communicate intelligence from every quarter and freely
+confer with one another on every matter that concerns us. Such a place
+of general meeting is of very great advantage in many respects,
+especially at such a time as this, besides the satisfaction it affords
+and the sociable disposition it has a tendency to keep up among us,
+which was never more wanted than at this time. To answer all these and
+many other good and useful purposes, Coffee Houses have been
+universally deemed the most convenient places of resort, because at a
+small expense of time or money, persons wanted may be found and spoke
+with, appointments may be made, current news heard, and whatever it
+most concerns us to know. In all cities, therefore, and large towns
+that I have seen in the British dominions, sufficient encouragement
+has been given to support one or more Coffee Houses in a genteel
+manner. How comes it then that New York, the most central, and one of
+the largest and most prosperous cities in British America, cannot
+support one Coffee House? It is a scandal to the city and its
+inhabitants to be destitute of such a convenience, for want of due
+encouragement. A coffee house, indeed, here is! a very good and
+comfortable one, extremely well tended and accommodated, but it is
+frequented but by an inconsiderable number of people; and I have
+observed with surprise, that but a small part of those who do frequent
+it, contribute<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> anything at all to the expense, of it, but come in and
+go out without calling for or paying anything to the house. In all the
+Coffee Houses in London, it is customary for every one that comes in,
+to call for at least a dish of Coffee, or leave the value of one,
+which is but reasonable, because when the keepers of these houses have
+been at the expense of setting them up and providing all necessaries
+for the accommodation of company, every one that comes to receive the
+benefit of these conveniences ought to contribute something towards
+the expense of them.</p>
+
+<p>“To each individual the expense is a trifle quite inconsiderable, but
+to the keeper of one of these houses it is an article of great
+importance, and essential to the support and continuance of it. I
+have, therefore, since I frequented the Coffee House in this city and
+observed the numbers that come in without spending anything, often
+wondered how the expense of the house was supported, or what
+inducement the person who kept it could have to continue it. At the
+same time I could not help being equally surprised at the disposition
+of people who acted in this manner; or their thoughtlessness in
+neglecting to contribute to the support of a house which their
+business or pleasure induced them to frequent; especially as I have
+met with no Coffee House in my travels better accommodated with
+attendance or any liquors that could be expected in a Coffee House.</p>
+
+<p>“I have of late observed that the house is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> almost deserted, and don’t
+wonder that fire and candles are not lighted as usual; it is rather
+surprising they were continued so long. I am convinced the interest of
+the person who keeps it, must, without a speedy alteration, soon
+induce her to drop the business and shut up her house; and I cannot
+help feeling concern that a very useful and worthy person, who has
+always behaved well in her station, should not be treated with more
+generosity and kindness by her fellow citizens. I am concerned, too,
+for my own conveniency and for the honor of the city, to find that it
+will not support one Coffee House.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">“<span class="smcap">A Friend to the City.</span>”</span></p></div>
+
+<p>When the American army came into the city to prepare for its defense Mrs.
+Ferrari was still the landlady of the Merchants’ Coffee House, but on May
+1, 1776, it passed into the hands of Cornelius Bradford, who seems to have
+been a man of energy and enterprise. In his announcement in April he
+promised that he would endeavor to give satisfaction, that he would obtain
+all the newspapers for the use of his patrons and render the house as
+useful and convenient as possible. He says: “Interesting intelligence will
+be carefully collected and the greatest attention will be given to the
+arrival of vessels, when trade and navigation shall resume their former
+channels.” He evidently was hopeful of better times, although preparations
+for war were being made around him on all sides. Bradford was an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> ardent
+supporter of the American cause and had been an express rider, carrying
+important confidential messages between New York and Boston and between
+New York and Philadelphia. His tenure of the Merchants’ Coffee House at
+this time was of short duration. He abandoned his house and went out of
+the city with the American troops, but returned and took possession of it
+again as its landlord at the close of the war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Flight from the City</i></div>
+
+<p>The year 1776 was a sad one for New York. Before the first of July great
+numbers of the inhabitants, dreading the impending conflict, had left the
+city to place their families in security. Many loyalists had left to avoid
+military service. A letter written in the city July 30, 1776, says: “You
+would be surprised to see what numbers of empty houses there are in this
+place. Very few of the inhabitants remain in town that are not engaged in
+the service.” Another by a physician, under date of August 9, says: “The
+air of the whole city seems infected. In almost every street there is a
+horrid smell&mdash;But, duty to my country, and another consideration, require
+that I should not quit my post at this juncture.” A British document,
+relating to the commissary department during the war, makes the statement
+that nineteen-twentieths of the inhabitants with their families and
+effects had left the city before the entry of the British troops. Added to
+the calamity of war was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> devastating fire which destroyed a large part
+of the city shortly after the British took possession.</p>
+
+<p>After the occupation of the city by the British troops, the Merchants’
+Coffee House evidently soon became a favorite resort of the officers of
+the army. When Captain Alexander Graydon, made prisoner at the battle of
+Fort Washington, was allowed the freedom of the city within certain
+limits, on his parole, he one day saw in the newspaper printed by Hugh
+Gaine something which stirred him with a great desire to write a squib
+addressed “to the officers of the British army,” which he and Lieutenant
+Edwards, his fellow prisoner, agreed to endeavor to have placed in some
+conspicuous part of the Coffee House. For the small reward of a quarter of
+a dollar, a black boy succeeded in placing it in one of the boxes. Captain
+Davenport, whom Graydon characterizes as certainly a voluntary captive, if
+not a deserter, called upon them on the following evening and said to
+them: “You are a couple of pretty fellows. You have made a devil of an
+uproar at the Coffee House.” Graydon and Edwards admitted nothing, for
+they knew if detected they would get lodgings in the provost prison.
+Captain Davenport was an Irishman who had joined the same regiment as
+Graydon as a lieutenant, afterwards becoming captain. After the retreat
+from Long Island he remained, Graydon says, in New York, sick or
+pretending to be sick, and stayed there until the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> British look possession
+of it. He called himself a prisoner but there was little doubt that he had
+renounced our cause and made his peace with the enemy. He states that as
+they had no absolute certainty of his baseness they did not think it
+necessary to discard him, for, as he frequented the Coffee House, mixed
+with the British officers and tories, they often received intelligence
+through him that they could get in no other way. Another officer of the
+American army who seemed to have made his peace with the enemy, although
+he called himself a prisoner, was Colonel Houssacker. He claimed that all
+was over, and in his conversation with the officers held as prisoners his
+inference was that they should immediately make their peace. He said to
+some of them: “Why don’t you go to the Coffee House and mix with the
+British army as I do? They will use you well;” but he made no proselytes
+to his opinions or principles. Graydon describes him as “a man of no
+country or any country, a citizen of the world, a soldier of fortune and a
+true mercenary.”</p>
+
+<p>When Graydon came into possession of his trunk which had been among the
+baggage captured at Fort Washington, stipulated for in its surrender, he
+dressed himself in a good suit of regimentals and hat, and against the
+advice of older officers, sallied forth alone and walked past the Coffee
+House down to the Battery. Finding the gate open, he strolled through it
+from one end to the other, every sentinel, to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> great surprise,
+“handling his arms” to him as he passed. Making a considerable circuit in
+another part of the town, he regained his lodgings without the slightest
+molestation. He afterwards learned from Mr. Theophylact Bache that he saw
+him pass the Coffee House, and that he and some other gentlemen had to
+exert themselves to prevent his being insulted.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Duel at Hull’s</i></div>
+
+<p>Hull did not abandon his house as some of the tavern-keepers did who were
+more patriotic, but held his post as keeper of the Province Arms, and his
+tavern soon became the resort of the British officers. It escaped the
+great fire which destroyed a large part of the city, including Trinity
+Church, near by. In September, 1777, a desperate duel took place in one of
+the rooms of Hull’s Tavern. This was the encounter between Captain
+Tollemache, of his majesty’s ship Zebra, and Captain Pennington, of the
+Guards, who came passenger in the Zebra. They fought with swords. The next
+day the body of Tollemache was placed under the cold sod of Trinity
+Churchyard, and Pennington was struggling for life, having received seven
+wounds. He survived.</p>
+
+<p>The next spring, 1778, Hull gave up the Province Arms and it was rented by
+the attorney of Captain John Peter De Lancey, the owner, to a Mr. Hicks,
+during whose management of the house it was the scene of much activity.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Head Popular</i></div>
+
+<p>In March, 1777, the well known tavern on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> Dock near the Fly Market,
+which had for many years been kept by Captain Thomas Doran, the usual
+meeting place of the Marine Society, was taken by Loosley and Elms, who
+called it The King’s Head. Charles Loosley and Thomas Elms, when the war
+broke out, were paper makers in New York City. Called on to serve in the
+militia, they petitioned the Provincial Congress of New York for relief,
+pleading that they were engaged in a very useful occupation or business,
+which would be ruined if they were called away from its supervision. They
+stated that they had been subjected to several fines, which they had paid,
+and were still, according to the rules and orders, liable to the penalty
+of being advertised and held up as enemies of the country, though they had
+ever been hearty friends to it and were constantly laboring to the utmost
+of their abilities to promote its interests by carrying on and perfecting
+a most useful manufactory to supply the country with an important and
+absolutely necessary article. Another petition was sent in August to the
+convention of representatives of the State of New York, in session at
+Harlem, by Charles Loosley, Thomas Elms and John Holt, the printer,
+praying that an immediate order be issued to prevent the paper-makers from
+being compelled or permitted to go upon military service, as the paper
+they were making was the only supply to every department of business in
+the state, which, without it, would be laid under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> the most distressing
+difficulties. Loosley and Elms remained in the city, and becoming
+landlords of the King’s Head, showed themselves the most pronounced
+loyalists and tried in every way to please the British officers. Their
+house became a favorite and they were very successful in their business.
+The officers of the army and navy and those connected with the service
+were the best customers of the taverns, and the tavern-keepers did
+everything they could to gain their favor. No tavern-keeper could do
+business if not loyal to the crown of England, in appearance, at least.</p>
+
+<p>James Rivington, whose press and type had been destroyed by some of the
+most radical of the Americans in November, 1775, on account of articles
+published in his paper, and the type, it is said, ultimately run into
+bullets, fled to England. Procuring a new outfit, he returned to New York,
+where the loyalists had the pleasure of welcoming him in September, 1777.
+On this occasion the King’s Head Tavern of Loosley and Elms “was elegantly
+illuminated, to testify the joy of the true ‘Sons of Freedom’.” Rivington
+repaid Loosley and Elms for their kindness by a laudatory puff,
+contributed to his paper, which he soon re-established under the name of
+the Royal Gazette. It appeared in the issue of January 24, 1778. It was “a
+description of the grand and elegant illumination of the King’s Head<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
+Tavern in honor of her Majesty’s birthday,” stating that “it is the desire
+of the public, as Messrs. Loosley and Elms have ever shown their
+attachment to the British Government, and a detestation of the present
+rebellion, that, through the channel of your much-esteemed paper, their
+conduct may be known and approved of in Europe, as well as by the
+loyalists of New York. The tavern was illuminated with upwards of two
+hundred wax-lights.” A lengthy description was given of the
+transparencies; the royal arms being in the center, one of these was a
+view of the reduction of Fort Mud; another, the Congress, with the devil
+at the president’s elbow telling him to persevere. “The Statue of Mr. Pitt
+without its head was placed near the Congress, as being one of their
+kidney, and gave a hint of what ought, long ago, to have been done. The
+verses over the tavern door were very proper on the occasion, and well
+illuminated. Much is due to Messrs. Loosley and Elms for their patriotic
+spirit, which meets the approbation of every man who is a friend to his
+king and country.”</p>
+
+<p>Loosley and Elms gave notice in October, 1779, that the anniversary of
+Saint George’s day would be celebrated at their house, the King’s Head
+Tavern, on Friday, the 23d of that month, by a dinner, which would be
+served at precisely three o’clock in the afternoon. They promised that a
+good band of music would be provided for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> the occasion. One of the
+attractions of the house in 1779 was a billiard table.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Theatre Royal</i></div>
+
+<p>While the British army occupied New York the town, at times, was very gay.
+The John Street Theatre, which had been closed as injuriously affecting
+the morals of the country, was reopened in January, 1777, as the Theatre
+Royal by the Garrison Dramatic Club, composed of some of the brightest men
+in the British army, who managed the theatre and took parts in the
+performances, the proceeds from which were devoted to the care of the
+widows and orphans of soldiers. The orchestra was very good, being
+composed of volunteers from the regimental bands. It is said that the
+gross receipts of the club in one year amounted to nine thousand, five
+hundred pounds.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1777-1778 the British made the staid city of
+Philadelphia also very gay. The grand fete called Meschianza was the
+climax of their efforts and was a great success. When, in the summer of
+1778, they left Philadelphia and came to New York, they added much to the
+gaiety of this city. The unfortunate Major André had taken a prominent
+part in the Meschianza and also became very active in New York in
+promoting every kind of social and dramatic entertainment.</p>
+
+<p>Smith’s Tavern, in Water Street between the Coffee House and the Fly
+Market, opposite Commissioner Loring’s house, was a public house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> that
+enjoyed much popularity. Ephraim Smith had kept tavern in Philadelphia and
+states that he had been assistant to the managers of the Meschianza, and
+that he had opened his tavern at the desire of many gentlemen of the royal
+army and navy. He had followed the British troops from Philadelphia to New
+York.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Ferry House Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>For some years previous to the Battle of Brooklyn, Adolph Waldron had been
+the landlord of the ferry house on the Long Island side of the East River,
+which had been noted as a tavern for many years. The city of New York had
+renewed the lease to him of the ferry-house, the barns and cattle pen on
+May 1, 1776, for two years. The tavern was a large stone building about
+sixty feet square and two stories high and was known as the Corporation
+House from its being owned by the corporation of the city of New York. It
+was the successor of the ferry-house erected in 1746, and which was burned
+down in 1748, supposed by the people of Brooklyn, who were engaged in
+bitter litigation with the corporation of New York concerning ferry
+rights.</p>
+
+<p>Waldron was a staunch Whig, and had in September, 1775, called a meeting
+of citizens at his house for the purpose of forming a military company for
+defense. He was chosen captain of the troop of horse which the assembled
+citizens voted should be organized. He proved to be a good and efficient
+officer and, with his troop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> of light horse, was employed in guarding the
+eastern coast of Long Island until relieved by Colonel Hand’s regiment of
+riflemen. He, of course, was compelled to abandon his tavern, which, in
+1779, appears to have been in the hands of Captain Benson.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Horse Racing and Fox Hunting</i></div>
+
+<p>In May, 1779, Loosley and Elms saw an opportunity for a larger field of
+operation, so, giving up the tavern on Brownjohn’s Wharf, near the Fly
+Market, they took down their sign of the King’s Head and carried it over
+the river to Brooklyn, where they established themselves in the old ferry
+house, succeeding Captain Benson. Large numbers of British troops were
+encamped in Brooklyn and vicinity and Loosley and Elms endeavored to get
+the patronage of the army officers. They furnished the house in a superior
+manner and kept it in a way that attracted great attention. They succeeded
+so well in pleasing their military friends and patrons that their house
+became a resort for the officers of the army and also for the fashionable
+people of the city as a place of amusement. They got up bull baitings,
+horse races, fox hunts and other amusements. They generally prefaced their
+announcements of these affairs with the motto “Pro Bono Publico,” and
+sometimes closed with the warnings that rebels should not approach nearer
+than a specified spot. Cricket matches were gotten up, and the game of
+golf was indulged in. Rivington, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span> printer, could furnish “clubs for
+playing golf and the veritable Caledonian Balls.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bull-Baiting</i></div>
+
+<p>Loosley and Elms having brought over their old sign from New York, hung it
+out and the tavern was renamed the King’s Head. It was also sometimes
+called Brooklyn Hall. They gave notice that they had purchased chaises,
+chairs, sulkies and able horses and were prepared to furnish carriages and
+horses to go to any part of Long Island. A cricket match was played here
+on Monday, September 27, 1779, between the Brooklyn and Greenwich clubs
+for fifty guineas. On Monday, July 3, 1780, Loosley and Elms gave notice
+that on Thursday next there would be a bull-baiting at Brooklyn ferry.
+They say: “The bull is remarkably strong and active; the best dogs in the
+country expected, and they that afford the best diversion will be rewarded
+with silver collars.” The next year Elms having retired from the business,
+Charles Loosley gave notice that, “This day, being Wednesday, the 20th of
+June, will be exhibited at Brooklyn Ferry a Bull-Baiting after the true
+English manner. Taurus will be brought to the ring at half-past three
+o’clock; some good dogs are already provided, but every assistance of that
+sort will be esteemed a favor. A dinner exactly British will be upon
+Loosley’s table at eleven o’clock, after which there is no doubt but that
+the song, ‘Oh! the Roast Beef of Old England!’ will be sung with harmony
+and glee.” On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> September 20, 1780, notice was given that the “anniversary
+of the Coronation of our ever good and gracious King will be celebrated at
+Loosley’s 22 inst. It is expected that no rebels will approach nearer than
+Flatbush wood.”</p>
+
+<p>While the British occupied Brooklyn horse-races were more or less
+regularly held on the old course around Beaver Pond near Jamaica, at New
+Lots and at Flatlands, not far from the ferry. They were largely attended
+by the army officers and the people of New York, who crossed the ferry
+and, no doubt, added greatly to the profits of the King’s Head.
+Bull-baiting was a cruel sport, but there were others that would hardly be
+tolerated at the present day, the principal object being, no doubt, to
+amuse and entertain the army officers. The Royal Gazette of November 4,
+1780, announced three days’ sport at Ascot Heath, formerly Flatlands
+Plains. On the second day the first event was a ladies’ subscription purse
+of £50; the second a race by women&mdash;quarter-mile heats&mdash;best two in three;
+the first to get a Holland smock and chintz gown, full-trimmed, of four
+guineas value, the second a guinea and the third a half-guinea. “If
+stormy, posponed&mdash;when notice will be given by Mr. Loosley’s Union Flag
+being displayed by 7 o’clock in the morning. Gentlemen fond of fox-hunting
+will meet at Loosley’s King’s Head Tavern at day-break during the races.</p>
+
+<p>“God Save the King played every hour.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>The Royal Gazette of August 8, 1781, contains the following advertisement:
+“Pro Bono Publico,&mdash;Gentlemen that are fond of fox-hunting are requested
+to meet at Loosley’s Tavern, on Ascot Heath, on Friday morning next,
+between the hours of five and six, as a pack of hounds will be there
+purposely for a trial of their abilities. Breakfasting and Relishes until
+the Races commence. At eleven o’clock will be run for, an elegant saddle,
+etc., value at least twenty pounds, for which upwards of twelve gentlemen
+will ride their own horses. At twelve a match will be rode by two
+gentlemen. Horse for Horse. At one, a match for thirty guineas, by two
+gentlemen, who will also ride their own horses. Dinner will be ready at
+two o’clock, after which and suitable regalements, racing and other
+diversions will be calculated to conclude the day with pleasure and
+harmony. Brooklyn Hall 6th August, 1781.”</p>
+
+<p>Again in November: “Brooklyn Hunt.&mdash;The hounds will throw off at Denyse
+Ferry at 9, Thursday morning. A guinea or more will be given for a good
+strong bag fox by Charles Loosley.” In April, 1782, “A sweepstakes of 300
+guineas was won by Jacob Jackson’s mare, Slow and Easy, over Mercury and
+Goldfinder, on Ascot Heath.”</p>
+
+<p>Loosley was evidently making it very lively and entertaining for his
+patrons, who seem to have been interested in such sports as were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> popular
+in England. Lieutenant Anbury, writing to a friend in England under date
+of October 30, 1781, refers thus to Loosley’s King’s Head Tavern: “On
+crossing the East River from New York, you land at Brooklyn, which is a
+scattered village, consisting of a few houses. At this place is an
+excellent tavern, where parties are made to go and eat fish; the landlord
+of which has saved an immense fortune during this war.” Although Loosley
+was supposed to be doing a profitable business, it seems that such was not
+the case, for, in the latter part of the year 1782, notice was given that
+the furniture, etc., of Brooklyn Hall would be offered at public auction
+for the <i>benefit of the creditors</i> of Charles Loosley. Among the articles
+mentioned, which indicate that the house was pretty nicely furnished, are
+mahogany bedsteads; chintz and other curtains; mahogany drawers; dining,
+tea and card tables; an elegant clock in mahogany case; <i>a curious
+collection of well chosen paintings and pictures</i>; large pier and other
+looking-glasses, in gilt and plain frames; table and tea sets of china,
+plate, etc.; <i>a capital well-toned organ</i>, made by one of the best hands
+in London; <i>a billiard table</i> in thorough repair; wagons, horses, cows,
+etc.; “and several hundred transparent and tin lamps, <i>fit for
+illuminations</i>.” Loosley had been a great illuminator, but his days for
+illuminations were now over. He went out with other loyalists to Nova
+Scotia, where a few years later he was keeping a tavern.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Activity at the Merchants’ Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>In 1779 sales of prizes and merchandise were quite numerous at the
+Merchants’ Coffee House, indicating that it was a place of great activity.
+Its importance is further indicated by a notice in the newspaper by a
+person who wishes to hire a small dwelling, <i>not too far from the Coffee
+House</i>. In a proclamation issued March 6, 1779, Governor Tryon states that
+since September 18th last, the value of prizes brought into the port of
+New York amounted to above six hundred thousand (600,000) pounds. The New
+York Mercury states that in about this period one hundred and sixty-five
+(165) prizes were brought in, and a great deal of this was sold at the
+Coffee House. This same year, encouraged by the governor and the military
+commandant, the members of the Chamber of Commerce, who were in the city,
+met in the upper long room of the Merchants’ Coffee House, and resumed
+their sessions, which had been suspended since 1775. They hired the room
+from Mrs. Smith, the landlady, at the rate of fifty pounds per annum and
+continued to meet here until the close of the war.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1781 William Brownjohn, the owner of the Merchants’
+Coffee House, offered it to let, asking for written proposals. It was
+taken by John Strachan, who had succeeded Loosley and Elms in the old
+tavern on Brownjohn’s Wharf, which he had kept for two years<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> as the
+Queen’s Head. He had opened in it an ordinary and gave turtle dinners and
+in a measure maintained its popularity. The Marine Society met here while
+he was its landlord, as it had done before the war. When Strachan went
+into the Coffee House he promised “to pay attention not only as a Coffee
+House but as a Tavern in the truest sense; and to distinguish the same as
+the City Tavern and Coffee House, with constant and best attendance.
+Breakfast from seven to eleven. Soups and relishes from eleven to
+half-past one. Tea, coffee, etc., in the afternoon as in England.” He hung
+up letter-bags for letters to go out to England by the men-of-war,
+charging sixpence for each letter. This raised such a storm of protest
+that he was compelled to apologize in the public prints and to refund what
+he had received, which is said to have amounted to nineteen pounds (£19).
+He continued in the Coffee House until the return of peace. It seems to
+have been the meeting place of fraternal societies, but the cessasion of
+hostilities during the year 1783, the preparations for evacuating the city
+and the uncertainties of the future made times dull and Strachan issued an
+earnest appeal to those in his debt to come forward and settle their
+accounts.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Refugee Club</i></div>
+
+<p>Besides the army, the population of New York had increased in numbers by
+returning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> loyalists and by refugees from all parts, who had come in
+through the lines. There was a Refugee Club, the members of which had a
+dinner at Hicks’ Tavern, the Province Arms, on June 1, 1779, at which
+William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, and the last royal governor of
+New Jersey, presided. The refugees of the province of New York met, in
+August, 1779, at the tavern of John Amory, in the Fields, formerly the
+house of Abraham De La Montagnie and kept just before the war by his
+widow. This place seemed to be their headquarters. There was an
+organization known as the Board of Refugees, which issued a notice under
+date of November 27, 1779, signed by Anthony G. Stewart, President, and J.
+Hepburn, Secretary, stating that “the Representatives of the Loyal
+Refugees from the several Provinces now in rebellion are earnestly
+requested to give their attendance at the Coffee House on Tuesday evening
+at 5 o’clock.” The New York refugees had doubtless appointed men to
+represent them in this board, for, on October 18, 1779, notice was given
+that “those gentlemen that were appointed to represent the Loyal Refugees
+of the Province of New York are requested to meet on Wednesday Morning
+next at 10 o’clock at the House commonly called La Montague’s, now Mr.
+Amory’s.” The refugees from the province of Massachusetts Bay were
+requested to meet at Strachan’s Tavern, the Queen’s Head, on Friday,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>
+December 24, 1779, at six o’clock, when, it was promised, their committee
+would lay before them sundry matters of importance for their
+consideration. Many of the refugees were destitute and lotteries were
+gotten up for their benefit.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Gaiety at the Province Arms</i></div>
+
+<p>The center of the gaiety of the city and the great resort of the army
+officers was the Province Arms Tavern. In 1779 the walk by the ruins of
+Trinity Church and the churchyard was railed in and the railing painted
+green. Lamps were affixed to the trees, and benches were placed in
+convenient places, so that ladies and gentlemen could walk and sit there
+in the evening. When the commander was present, a band played, and a
+sentry was placed there, so that the common people might not intrude. On
+the opposite side of Broadway was a house for the accommodation of ladies
+and wives of officers, “while,” it was said, “many honest people, both of
+the inhabitants and refugees, cannot get a house or lodging to live in, or
+get their living.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Grand Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, January 18, 1780, the anniversary of the Queen’s birthday was
+celebrated “with uncommon splendor and magnificance.” Governor Tryon gave
+a public dinner to General Knyphausen, Major General Phillips, Baron
+Riedesel, commander of the troops of his Serene Highness the Duke of
+Brunswick, Major General Pattison, commandant of the city and the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>
+general officers of the garrison. At noon a royal salute was fired from
+Fort George and repeated by his Majesty’s ships of war at one o’clock. In
+the evening the Generals were present at the most elegant ball and
+entertainment ever known on this side of the Atlantic, given at the
+Province Arms by the general, field and staff officers of the army, to the
+garrison and principal ladies and gentlemen of the city. The Royal Gazette
+stated that “the Public Rooms were on this occasion entirely newpainted
+and decorated in a Stile which reflects Honor on the Taste of the
+Managers. A Doric pediment was erected near the principal Entrance
+enclosing a transparent Painting of their Majesties at full length, in
+their Royal Robes, over which was an emblematical Piece, encircled with
+the motto of</p>
+
+<p class="center">Britons, Strike Home.</p>
+
+<p>The whole illuminated with a beautiful variety of different colored Lamps.
+The Ball was opened at Eight o’clock by the Baroness De Riedesel and Major
+General Pattison, Commandant of the City and Garrison. Country dances
+commenced at half past Nine, and at Twelve the Company adjourned to
+Supper, prepared in the two Long Rooms. The Tables exhibited a most
+delightful appearance, being ornamented with Parterres and Arbours,
+displaying an elegant Assemblage of natural and artificial Flowers, China
+Images, etc. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> Company retired about three in the Morning, highly
+satisfied with the Evening’s Entertainment.” The ball is said to have cost
+over two thousand (2,000) guineas, and the supper “consisted of three
+hundred and eighty dishes besides the ornamental appendages.” Some of the
+wealthiest families of New York had remained loyal to the crown, and there
+was, no doubt, a sufficient number of ladies of these families in the city
+to make a ballroom very gay. The officers of the army, arrayed in all the
+splendor of gold lace and brilliant uniform, added their share to the
+magnificent scene.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img48.jpg" alt="de Riedesel née de Masjeur" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>In the spring of 1780 General Pattison, the commandant of the city, in the
+most arbitrary and cruel manner and without consulting the owner, at the
+request of Mr. Commissioner Loring, turned Hicks out of the Province Arms,
+and substituted in his place one Roubalet, a dependent and servant of the
+commissioner. According to Jones, Loring obtained his influence through
+his wife, who was playing the part of Cleopatra to Sir Henry Clinton’s
+Antony. Hicks applied to General Clinton and to Governor Robertson for
+redress and received fair words, but nothing more. When Pattison sailed
+for England he followed him, with the intention of bringing suit in an
+English court, but died on the passage.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The King’s Birthday</i></div>
+
+<p>The King’s birthday, the 4th of June, was celebrated on Monday, June 5,
+1780. At night there were fireworks on Long Island, and in the city there
+were great festivities. Previous to this the walk by the church yard had
+been widened so that the posts had to be sunk into the graves. The
+orchestra from the play house were seated against the walls of the church,
+and opposite this was erected another place for musicians, probably for
+the military band.</p>
+
+<p>The Dancing Assembly held their meetings at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> the Province Arms; those
+during the winter of 1779-80 were held on Wednesdays. There was also a
+Card Assembly which met at the Province Arms where they had their Card
+Rooms. It was the temporary home of many of the British officers. Here
+Benedict Arnold lived for a time, and it was from this place that Sergeant
+Champe planned to abduct him.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Attempt to Capture Arnold</i></div>
+
+<p>After the treason of Benedict Arnold and the capture of Major André,
+General Washington was anxious to gain positive information as to whether
+there was any other officers involved, as was by some suspected, and also
+if possible, to get possession of the person of Arnold. To carry out this
+delicate and dangerous enterprise he needed the services of a man who
+would be willing to enter the British lines as a deserter and do the work
+desired. Major Lee, who was to have charge of the undertaking, picked out
+among the men of his command, Sergeant Major Champe, of Loudoun County,
+Virginia, full of courage and perseverance, who was, at first, very
+reluctant to undertake the task, but this reluctance being overcome,
+entered into the project with the greatest enthusiasm. Major Lee and his
+men were in the neighborhood of Tappan and it was not easy to get beyond
+the American lines, for patrols were numerous, and the whole neighborhood
+to the south was covered by scouts.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img49.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">ESCAPE OF SERGEANT CHAMPE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>To make this desertion appear genuine, Champe could receive no noticeable
+assistance, Major Lee only promising, in case his departure should be soon
+discovered, to delay pursuit as long as possible. This he did, but pursuit
+was made after Champe had been on his way about an hour, a few minutes
+after twelve o’clock. A little after break of day, the pursuing party
+caught sight of Champe in the distance. Once or twice they lost track of
+him. Champe, finding himself hard pressed, resolved to flee to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>
+British galleys lying in Newark Bay, and as he dashed along prepared
+himself for the final act. He lashed his valise to his shoulders, divested
+himself of all unnecessary burdens, and when he got abreast of the
+galleys, quickly dismounted and plunged into the water, swimming for the
+boats and calling for help, which was readily given. His pursuers were
+only about two hundred yards behind him. All were convinced that he was a
+genuine deserter. Champe enlisted under Arnold. He soon discovered that
+the suspicion of any other officers being connected with the treason of
+Arnold was groundless; but the plans for the abduction of the arch-traitor
+miscarried. Champe, after suffering many hardships, finally escaped while
+serving under Cornwallis at Petersburg, Virginia. We give his own account
+of the affair, as related after the war to the British officer in whose
+company he served.</p>
+
+<p>“If I were to attempt to make you feel any portion of the excitement under
+which I labored during the period of my sojourn in New York, I should
+utterly waste my labor. My communications with spies were necessarily
+frequent; yet they were carried on with a degree of secrecy and caution
+which not only prevented your people from obtaining any suspicion of them,
+but kept each man from coming to the knowledge that the other was in my
+confidence. Of the political information which I forwarded to Gen.
+Washington, it is needless to say much.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> It was so complete, that there
+scarcely occurred a conversation over Clinton’s dining table there never
+was formed a plan, nor a plan abandoned, of which I did not contrive to
+obtain an accurate report, and to transmit it to headquarters. But it was
+the project for seizing Arnold which most deeply engaged my attention.
+Several schemes were brought forward and rejected for that purpose; till
+at last the following, which but for an accident, must have succeeded, was
+matured.</p>
+
+<p>“The house in which Arnold dwelt, was situated, as you doubtless
+recollect, in one of the principal streets of the city, while its garden
+extended on one side along an obscure lane, from which it was separated by
+a close wooden rail fence. I found that every night, before going to bed,
+Arnold was in the habit of visiting that garden, and I immediately
+resolved what to do. Working after dark, I undid a portion of the fence,
+and placing it up again so nicely, that no cursory examination would have
+sufficed to detect the spot where the breach had been made, I warned my
+associate that he should provide a boat in the Hudson, manned by rowers in
+whom he could trust. I then furnished myself with a gag, and appointed a
+night when my confederate should be admitted within the garden, so that we
+might together seize and secure our prey. Everything was done as I wished.
+Maj. Lee was informed of the state of our preparations, and directed to
+come down with spare<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> horses, and an escort, to a spot on the river which
+I named. How often have I regretted since, that I should set thus
+deliberately about the business! By Heavens! there occurred twenty
+opportunities, of which, had I been less anxious to accomplish my purpose,
+I might have availed myself. But I permitted them to pass, or rather, I
+felt myself unable to take advantage of them, because I had judged it
+imprudent to keep less trusty agents too often on the alert. So, however,
+it was to be.</p>
+
+<p>“Time passed, and now a few hours only intervened between the final
+adjustment of the details of our project and its accomplishment. Lee was
+on the stir&mdash;was willing to hazard all&mdash;the boat’s crew was provided, and
+their station pointed out.</p>
+
+<p>“It was our purpose to seize Arnold unaware, to thrust the gag in his
+mouth, and placing each of us an arm within that of our prisoner, to hurry
+him through the least frequented of the streets towards the quary. We were
+to represent him as a drunken soldier, whom we were conveying to his
+quarters, should any person meet or question us,&mdash;and by G&mdash;, the deed was
+done, but the traitor’s star prevailed. That very morning, an order was
+issued for the immediate embarkation of the legion, and I was hurried on
+board the ship without having had time so much as to warn Maj. Lee that
+the whole arrangement was blown up.”</p>
+
+<p>The present Thames Street was undoubtedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> the “obscure lane,” down which
+Champe intended that he and his assistant should carry Arnold to the boat;
+there is no other that would so well fit into the story told by Champe.</p>
+
+<p>Roubalet retained possession of the Province Arms until near the time of
+the departure of the British troops, and it was at his house that many
+meetings were held by the refugees and loyalists in reference to
+provisions being made for them by grants of land in Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Fraunces’ Tavern</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Return of The Exiles</i></div>
+
+<p>News of the signing of the provisional treaty reached this country in
+March, 1783, and the return of peace was celebrated throughout the land in
+April, but the British army remained in possession of New York City until
+the latter part of the following November. During this time they were very
+busy caring for those who had remained loyal to the crown, and now sought
+and claimed its protection. Thousands came into the city, and it is said
+that more than twenty-nine thousand loyalists and refugees (including
+three thousand negroes), left the State of New York for Canada, Nova
+Scotia and other British possessions, during the year. After the news of
+peace, there was little restraint on going in or out of New York, and many
+who had abandoned their homes when the British entered the place, or
+before, now prepared to return, but found when they came into the city
+that they could not obtain possession of their own property. While those
+who had thus abandoned their property in the cause of independence were
+anxious to return, many of those who had remained loyal to the crown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> were
+preparing to leave the city for new homes to be made on land provided by
+the government; and between these two classes there was no friendly
+feeling. Few, therefore, ventured to bring in their families, or even
+remain themselves, until they could obtain the protection of the American
+army.</p>
+
+<p>General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton met near Tappan in May to arrange
+matters relative to the withdrawals of British troops in the vicinity of
+New York. On this occasion Sam Francis came up from the city to provide
+for the American officers and their British guests, whose bill, says a
+Philadelphia newspaper, amounted to the modest sum of five hundred pounds.
+Francis, after serving in the army, had gone back to New York on the news
+of peace to reclaim his abandoned property. When a dinner was to be served
+to do honor to the cause of liberty, there was no one among all the
+Americans who could so well do it as Sam Francis. He was well known to
+Washington, but whether his aid was sought on this occasion or whether he
+proffered his services we have no means of knowing. At any rate, we are
+confident that the thing was well and properly done. It is said that it
+was through the instrumentality of Francis’s daughter, who was housekeeper
+at Richmond Hill, the headquarters of General Washington, that the attempt
+on his life and that of General Putnam, called the Hickey plot, was
+discovered and frustrated. The house of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> Francis was one of those which
+suffered when H. B. M. S. Asia fired on the city in August, 1775.</p>
+
+<p>Freneau thus speaks of it:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Scarce a broadside was ended ’till another began again&mdash;<br />
+By Jove! It was nothing but fire away Flannagan!<br />
+Some thought him saluting his Sallys and Nancys<br />
+’Till he drove a round-shot thro’ the roof of Sam Francis.”</p></div>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, June 18, 1776, an elegant entertainment was given by the
+provincial congress to General Washington and his suite, the general and
+staff officers and the commanding officers of the different regiments in
+and near the city. The newspapers do not state where this dinner was
+served, but all the circumstances indicate that it was at the house of
+Samuel Francis. At this dinner many toasts were drunk, but instead of
+commencing with a toast to the King, as had formerly been customary, the
+first was Congress, the second, The American Army, the third, The American
+Navy, etc. Independence had not yet been declared. Francis had gone out
+with the defeated army of Washington, and was now returned and making
+preparations to receive the Americans when they should enter the city. He
+was the harbinger of Washington and the returning patriots.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner at Orangetown</i></div>
+
+<p>On Saturday, the 3d of May, 1783, General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> Washington and Governor
+Clinton, accompanied by General John Morin Scott, and Lieutenant Colonels
+Trumbull, Cobb, Humphreys and Varick, went down the river from
+headquarters in a large barge, dined with General Knox, in command at West
+Point, lodged at Peekskill and arrived at Tappan Sloat on Sunday morning,
+about ten o’clock. After partaking of a small repast provided by Francis
+they went up to Orangetown, where a dinner was provided for them. Sir Guy
+Carleton came up the river in the Perseverence Frigate, accompanied by
+Lieutenant Governor Andrew Elliot, Chief Justice William Smith, and
+others, but did not arrive till Monday evening. On Tuesday, General
+Washington, attended by two aides-de-camp only (Humphreys and Cobb), went
+down to Onderdonck’s in Tappan Bay, met Sir Guy at landing and received
+him in his four horse carriage, which carried them up to Orangetown,
+followed by the other members of the party. Here, after a conference and
+much general conversation on the subject of the treaty and matters
+incident thereto, about four o’clock in the afternoon, a most sumptuous
+dinner was served by Sam Francis to about thirty, who ate and drank “in
+the Peace and good fellowship without drinking any Toasts.” On Wednesday
+the Commander in Chief, the Governor, General Scott, Lieutenant Colonels
+Humphreys, Cobb, Trumbull, Smith and Varick,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> Major Fish, and Messrs. Duer
+and Parker went to dine on the Perseverence. They were received with a
+salute of seventeen guns. “An Elegant Dinner (tho’ not equal to the
+American) was prepared,” to which they “sat down in perfect Harmony and
+conviviality.” Then, after a short conference between the two generals,
+the Americans left the ship, when they were again saluted with seventeen
+guns. “Thus,” it is said, “ended that great formal Business.” The British
+troops were drawn in from Westchester County on the 14th.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that Sam Francis seems to have assumed the name of
+Fraunces. Before the war we do not find other than Francis, and in the
+deed of the De Lancey house to him in 1765, the name is Francis. This
+celebrated old house is known to-day as Fraunces’ Tavern.</p>
+
+<p>The celebration of the return of peace was held at Trenton, New Jersey, on
+April 15, 1783. After the governor’s proclamation declaring a cessation of
+hostilities had been publicly read in the court house, a dinner was given
+at the house of John Cape, who was then landlord of the French Arms, a
+tavern at this place, and had been a lieutenant in the Continental line.
+Before the evacuation of New York by the British troops, Cape entered the
+city and secured control of the old Province Arms, and was here to welcome
+the army of Washington when they marched in. He took down the old sign
+which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> had swung in front of the house since 1754, and in its place hung
+out the sign of the Arms of the State of New York. From this time the
+house was known as the State Arms, or more generally as the City Tavern.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of the inhabitants of New York, <i>lately returned from a
+seven years’ exile</i>, met at Cape’s Tavern, Broadway, on Tuesday evening,
+November 18th. At this meeting it was requested that every person present,
+who had remained in the city during the late contest, should leave the
+room forthwith; and it was resolved that no one who had remained or
+returned within the British lines during the war, be admitted to any
+future meetings. They pledged themselves to prevent, to the utmost of
+their power, all disorder and confusion that might follow the evacuation
+of the city by the British troops, and a committee of thirteen was
+appointed to meet at Simmons’ Tavern in Wall Street to settle on a badge
+of distinction to be worn on evacuation day, select the place of meeting,
+and agree as to the manner in which they should receive his Excellency,
+the Governor, on that day. This committee was directed to report at the
+next meeting at Cape’s on Thursday. At the meeting on Thursday evening,
+Colonel Frederick Weissenfels in the chair, it was agreed that the badge
+of distinction to be worn at the reception of the Governor in the city
+should be “a Union Cockade of black and white ribband on the left breast
+and a Laurel in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> Hat.” The manner in which Governor Clinton, and
+General Washington, should he accompany him, should be received was
+arranged and a committee of thirteen was appointed to conduct the
+procession, who were directed to meet the next morning at the Coffee
+House. It was resolved that Daniel Green be requested to carry the Colors
+of the United States on this occasion. No loyalist or neutral was to be
+allowed any part or share in the reception.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Evacuation</i></div>
+
+<p>Tuesday, November 25, 1783, the time appointed for the evacuation of the
+city by the British troops, was a great day for New York. General
+Washington and Governor Clinton were at Day’s Tavern on the Kingsbridge
+road, where they had been for three or four days. General Knox, in command
+of the American troops, marched down from McGown’s Pass in the morning to
+the upper end of the Bowery, where he held a friendly parley with the
+British officer whose men were resting a little below. It was then about
+one o’clock in the afternoon. The programme of procedure which had been
+arranged was carried out nearly as agreed upon. As the British passed down
+the Bowery and Pearl Street to the river for embarkation, they were
+followed by the American troops, who passed through Chatham Street and
+Broadway to Cape’s Tavern, where they formed in line. General Knox, with
+the Main Guard, passed on down to the Fort to take<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> formal possession of
+the city; after which, joined by the citizens who had assembled at the
+Bowling Green, on horseback, each man wearing the Cockade and Laurel, he
+returned to the Bull’s Head Tavern in the Bowery, where Washington and
+Clinton were waiting to make their formal entry. Here a civic procession
+was formed which marched down Pearl Street to Wall Street and then up to
+Broadway to Cape’s Tavern. General Knox with his men had left the line of
+march, and going through Chatham Street and Broadway was here to receive
+them.</p>
+
+<p>At Cape’s they dismounted and an address was presented to General
+Washington from “the Citizens of New York, who have returned from exile,
+in behalf of themselves and their suffering brethren.” In it they said:
+“In this place, and at this moment of exultation and triumph, while the
+Ensigns of Slavery still linger in our sight, we look up to you, our
+deliverer, with unusual transports of Gratitude and Joy. Permit us to
+Welcome you to this city, long torn from us by the hand of oppression, but
+now, by your wisdom and energy, under the guidance of Providence, once
+more the seat of Peace and freedom; we forbear to speak our gratitude or
+your Praise&mdash;we should but echo the voice of applauding millions.” A reply
+was made to this address by Washington. An address was also presented to
+Governor Clinton, which was replied to by him.</p>
+
+<p>After the formalities attending the reception<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> Governor Clinton gave a
+public dinner at Fraunces’ Tavern, at which the Commander-in-Chief and
+other general officers were present. After the dinner thirteen toasts were
+drunk; the twelfth was: “May a close Union of the States guard the Temple
+they have erected to Liberty.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the French Ambassador</i></div>
+
+<p>At Cape’s Tavern on Friday, November 28th, an elegant entertainment was
+given by the citizens lately returned from exile to the Governor and
+Council for governing the city, to which Washington and the officers of
+the army were invited. On the following Tuesday, December 2d, at the same
+place, another such entertainment was given by Governor Clinton to the
+French Ambassador, Luzerne, to which invitations were also extended to
+Washington and his officers. For this Cape rendered a bill to the State,
+in which he made charge for 120 dinners, 135 bottles of Madeira, 36
+bottles of Port, 60 bottles of English Beer and 30 Bowls of Punch. In
+putting away this liberal supply of drink, they must have had a jolly
+time, and that some of them became very unsteady is indicated by a
+significant charge made by Cape for 60 broken wine glasses and 8 cut glass
+decanters. In the evening there was a grand display of fire works in
+celebration of the Definite Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the
+United States of North America, at the Bowling Green, in Broadway. These,
+it is said, infinitely exceeded every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> former exhibition of the kind in
+the United States. On the next day, December 3d, Washington wrote to Major
+General Knox, expressing his satisfaction and requesting him to present to
+Captain Price, under whose direction they were prepared, and to the
+officers who assisted him, his thanks for the great skill and attention
+shown on this occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Washington had issued, under date of November 2d, from Rocky Hill, near
+Princeton, New Jersey, his farewell address to the army of the United
+States, and he was now about to bid farewell to his officers. The place
+appointed for this formality was the Long Room of Fraunces’ Tavern. It has
+given a celebrity to this house which can never be effaced. The Long Room
+of Fraunces’ Tavern had recently been used for the dinner given by
+Governor Clinton on the day the American army entered the city. It was
+thirty-eight feet long and nineteen feet wide, its length extending along
+Broad Street, probably just as it exists to-day in the restored house. On
+the morning of December 4, 1783, Washington and his officers met here for
+the last time as soldiers of the Revolutionary Army. No exact record
+exists as to who were present on this memorable occasion, but it has been
+stated, that there were forty-four. Among these were Generals Greene,
+Knox, Wayne, Steuben, Carroll, Lincoln, Kosciusko, Moultrie, Gates, Lee,
+Putnam, Stark, Hamilton, Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> Clinton, and Colonels Tallmadge,
+Humphreys and Fish.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Washington’s Farewell to his Officers</i></div>
+
+<p>They had been assembled but a few minutes, when Washington entered the
+room. His emotion was too strong to be concealed, and was evidently
+reciprocated by all present. Alter partaking of a slight refreshment, and
+after a few moments of silence, the General filled his glass with wine,
+and turning to his officers said: “With a heart full of love and
+gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter
+days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+and honorable.” After the officers had responded in a glass of wine, he
+requested that each one of them should come and take him by the hand.
+General Knox, who was nearest him, turned and grasped his hand and they
+embraced each other in silence. In the same affectionate manner every
+officer parted from the Commander-in-Chief, who then left the room without
+a word, and passing through lines of infantry drawn up to receive him,
+walked silently to Whitehall, where a barge was waiting to carry him to
+Paulus Hook. He was on his way to Annapolis, to surrender his commission
+to the Continental Congress, and then to his beloved Mount Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>These were the closing scenes of the war. The first act in the drama of A
+Nation’s Growth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> was ended. After a seven years’ struggle of blood and
+suffering a new nation had been born. The curtain drops. <i>Vivat
+Republica.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img50.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">IN THE COFFEE HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Cornelius Bradford, who had abandoned the Merchants’ Coffee House, when
+the British entered the city, and had since been living at Rhinebeck, came
+back in October, and again took possession of it. In his announcement he
+calls it the New York Coffee House, but the name of the Merchants’ Coffee
+House clung to it, and it is so spoken of in the public prints. He
+prepared a book in which he proposed to enter the names of vessels on
+their arrival, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> ports from which they came and any particular
+occurrences of their voyages, so that merchants and travelers might obtain
+the earliest intelligence. Bradford’s Marine List appears in the
+newspapers of that period. He also opened a register of merchants and
+others on which they were requested to enter their names and residences,
+the nearest approach to a city directory that had yet been made. Bradford,
+by his energy and intelligence, revived the good name of the house, and it
+became again the rendezvous of merchants and traders, and the daily scene
+of sales of merchandise of all kinds. The neighborhood again became a
+place of great importance and trade. Near the Coffee House, both sides of
+Wall Street were occupied by auction stores, and received the name of the
+Merchants’ Promenade or the Auctioneers’ Row.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Bank Organized</i></div>
+
+<p>New York had hardly been relieved of British control, when a project was
+set on foot to organize a bank. On the 24th of February, 1784, and again
+on the 26th the principal merchants and citizens of New York met at the
+Merchants’ Coffee House, in response to a call, for the purpose of
+establishing a bank on liberal principles, the stock to consist of specie
+only. Proposals were made for the establishment of a bank with a capital
+of five hundred thousand dollars in gold or silver, which were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>
+unanimously agreed to, and a committee was appointed to receive
+subscriptions. When one-half of the stock had been taken, a meeting of the
+stockholders was held at the Coffee House at ten o’clock on the morning of
+Monday, March 15, 1784, when General Alexander McDougal was elected
+president, twelve directors, and William Seton cashier of the bank. Thus
+was organized the Bank of New York, the first bank of deposit in the
+State.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Chamber of Commerce Reorganized</i></div>
+
+<p>The Chamber of Commerce and the Marine Society met regularly at the Coffee
+House. After the war it was held that the Chamber of Commerce had
+forfeited its charter and the State legislature then sitting in New York,
+in response to a petition, granted a new charter, April 13, 1784. The
+signers of the petition met at the Merchants’ Coffee House April 20th and
+reorganized under the name of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
+York. By resolution of Congress, New York became the seat of government in
+December, 1784, and shortly after, on January 19, 1785, the Marine
+Society, to animate its members and promote the object of the society,
+provided an elegant dinner at the Merchants’ Coffee House, and were
+honored with the company of the President and members of Congress, the
+mayor of the city, Major General McDougal, and a number of other
+gentlemen. In the early part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> February the Chamber of Commerce had the
+honor of entertaining the same distinguished guests at a dinner, also
+given at the Merchants’ Coffee House.</p>
+
+<p>The society for the promotion of manumission of slaves held its meetings
+at the Coffee House, also the society for promoting useful knowledge. Here
+the Masons had their Grand Lodge Room and here they gathered on the
+anniversary day of St. John the Baptist, in 1784, and marched in
+procession to St. Paul’s Church, where a sermon was preached to them by
+the Rev. Samuel Provost. These formalities seem to have been of yearly
+occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>In 1785 the Governor of the State, the Chancellor, the Hon. John Jay and
+other distinguished citizens dined with the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
+at the Coffee House on the anniversary day of their saint, and on November
+30th the St. Andrew’s Society of the State held its anniversary meeting
+here. At sunrise the Scottish flag was raised on the Coffee House and at
+twelve o’clock an election of officers was held, when the Hon. Robert R.
+Livingston, Chancellor of the State, was chosen president and Robert
+Lenox, secretary. The society, honored with the company of the Governor of
+the State and the Mayor and Recorder of the city, then sat down to dinner.
+The toasts were truly Scotch; among them a few that need be interpreted to
+us by some antiquarian Scot.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of November, 1786, Cornelius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> Bradford died, much regretted by
+his many friends, at the age of fifty-seven, and his funeral was held at
+four o’clock on the afternoon of the 17th at the Coffee House. He seems to
+have been a man much respected in the community. The New York Packet, in
+an obituary notice, says of him that not only “was he distinguished as a
+steady patriot during the arduous contest for American liberty, but that
+he always discovered a charitable disposition toward those who differed
+from him in sentiment,” and adds that “the Coffee House under his
+management, was kept with great dignity, both before and since the war,
+and he revived its credit from the contempt into which it had fallen
+during the war.” His widow kept the house after his death until 1792, and
+continued to enjoy the patronage of Bradford’s old friends.</p>
+
+<p>Although Sam Fraunces came back to the city after the war and took up his
+old business in the house which had been known as the Queen’s Head, he did
+not remain there long, but retired to a country life in New Jersey. He
+sold the house in 1785. The deed is dated April 23d of this year and
+states that “Samuel Fraunces, late of the City of New York, innkeeper, but
+at present of the County of Monmouth, New Jersey, farmer, and Elizabeth,
+his wife,” sell to “George Powers, butcher, of Brooklyn,” all his dwelling
+house and lot, bounded, etc. The price was £1,950.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Assembly Balls Revived</i></div>
+
+<p>The dancing assemblies which had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> regularly held before the war at
+the Province Arms for many years, were renewed, the first one after the
+close of the Revolution being held at Cape’s, or the City Tavern, on the
+evening of Thursday, December 19, 1783. James Rivington, the loyalist, in
+announcing the ball in his paper, added that he had “for sale a supply of
+white dancing gloves for gentlemen, with stockings, dress swords, and
+elegant London cocked hats,” which were, no doubt, a part of the stock he
+was carrying during the war to supply the British officers. Mr. Pickens
+and Mr. Griffiths, dancing masters, both gave balls in the assembly room
+of Cape’s Tavern. Mr. Griffiths was using the room for his dancing school
+in 1786, and announced that he would give a ball once a fortnight during
+the season. Tickets were six shillings each. A grand ball at the assembly
+rooms in Broadway was announced by Mr. Griffiths, to be held on February
+20, 1786. To insure an attendance of desirable persons it was stated that
+no person would be admitted whose appearance might give umbrage to the
+company. Such balls as those given by the dancing masters were continued
+for many years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Cincinnati</i></div>
+
+<p>A meeting of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati was called to
+meet at Cape’s Tavern on the 2d of February, 1784, in order to frame
+By-Laws for the society and for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> other important purposes. Benjamin
+Walker, secretary of the society, gave notice “that such persons as are
+entitled to become members of the society and have not yet signed the
+institution, may have an opportunity of doing it by applying to him at
+Cape’s Tavern.” Major General Alexander McDougal had been elected
+president of the New York society in July, at Fishkill. John Cape, the
+landlord of the City Tavern, was a member of the Cincinnati, and he also
+appears to have been a Mason, for, although the rooms of the Grand Lodge
+were at the Coffee House, notice was given that the members of the Grand
+Lodge were desired to meet “at Brother Cape’s Tavern” on Broadway on
+Wednesday evening, March 3, at six o’clock to install the Right Worshipful
+the Hon. Robert Livingston, Grand Master.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1786, Cape suddenly disappeared, leaving his creditors in the
+lurch. The furniture and all the stock in the tavern were sold out under
+execution by the sheriff, and the house was taken in March by Joseph
+Corré, who opened it as a traveler’s house. Having been a professed cook
+he gave notice that “any person wishing to have their servants taught the
+art of cookery may apply to him for terms.” Travelers, coming into the
+city from the north and east, put up at the City Tavern, and, on their way
+to the south, crossed the Paulus Hook Ferry from the foot of Cortlandt
+Street, and took the stage coach or wagon on the Jersey side for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> their
+destination. A line of stages had been established between New York and
+Albany and another between New York and Boston, and announcement was made
+in 1780 that the stage would leave the old City Tavern, kept by Joseph
+Corré, during the six winter months on Monday and Thursday of each week,
+at precisely five o’clock in the morning, for Albany and Boston, and in
+summer on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.</p>
+
+<p>Extensive preparations were made to celebrate the anniversary of the
+Independence of the United States on July 4, 1786. The opening of the day
+was announced at sunrise by a salute of thirteen guns and the ringing of
+all the bells in the city. At twelve o’clock a procession started from the
+City Hall, going through Broad Street and down Queen Street to the
+residence of the governor, who, joined by the lieutenant governor, the
+chancellor, the judges of the Supreme Court, and the other state officers,
+with the mayor and aldermen, the Marine Society, and the Chamber of
+Commerce, proceeded to the residence of the President of the United States
+Congress, where they presented to his excellency, the compliments of the
+day. They then proceeded to the City Tavern, attended by numerous
+citizens, and partook of a collation which had been provided by the
+corporation. As the procession moved from the City Hall, all the bells in
+the city commenced to ring, and continued to ring for two hours. As they
+arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> at the City Tavern thirteen guns were discharged, and at sunset
+another discharge of thirteen guns closed the day. Fireworks having been
+prohibited in the city by the common council, some brilliant pieces were
+exhibited on Governor’s Island, which entertained a large concourse of
+citizens assembled on the Battery. The anniversary meeting of the Society
+of the Cincinnati, of the State of New York, in commemoration of the day,
+was held at the City Tavern, when the Hon. Baron de Steuben was elected
+president of the Society.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Cincinnati</i></div>
+
+<p>This year and for many years subsequent the annual meetings of the
+Cincinnati were attended with considerable ceremony. At a meeting of the
+Society held at the Merchants’ Coffee House on January 21, 1786, a
+committee, composed of Baron Steuben, Colonel Samuel B. Webb, and David
+Brooks, Assistant Clothier, was appointed to draw up a plan of proper
+ceremonials to be observed in the delivery of diplomas to members of the
+Society, especially to the elected members. The report of this committee,
+made on June 21st, was that the ceremony should be performed in the
+Assembly Room of the City Tavern, and that the outside of the house should
+be decorated with laurel crowns and festoons. Explicit directions were
+given as to how the room for the ceremony should be arranged. The floor
+should be covered with carpet. The Chair of State for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> President
+should be placed opposite the door of entrance. Places for the other
+officers and members were designated. The gallery above the door of
+entrance should be decorated and therein stationed kettle-drums and
+trumpets. That there should be,</p>
+
+<p>First. A Chair of State covered with light blue satin with white fringe,
+the carvings on the arms and feet painted white; on the top of the back a
+staff supported by two hands united holding up a Cap of Liberty, grasped
+by a bald eagle (as the order of the Society); below a white fillet with
+the motto</p>
+
+<p class="center">“We Will Defend It.”</p>
+
+<p>This chair to be elevated on two semi-circular steps covered on the top
+with light blue cloth and painted with white paint in front.</p>
+
+<p>Second. The Standard of the Society of silk (described).</p>
+
+<p>Third. A small square table covered with blue satin fringed with blue silk
+fringe and tassels.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth. Two Cushions of white satin fringed with blue silk fringe and
+tassels, on one of which the eagles and on the other the diplomas of the
+elected members will be displayed.</p>
+
+<p>The following form of ceremonies was presented and adopted and was first
+used at the annual meeting of the New York Society July 4, 1786. The
+foreign members and members belonging to other State societies, the
+spectators,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> kettle-drums and trumpets having occupied their places;
+Captain Isaac Guion, the Standard Bearer, escorted by four members, all in
+full uniform, wearing the Order of the Society, carried the Standard into
+the Hall and planted it in front, to the right of the steps of the Chair
+of State. The escort returning, the Society marched in procession into the
+Hall in the following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">The Masters of Ceremony (Col. Webb and Maj. Giles).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The members, by twos.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Secretary, carrying the original Institution of the Society, bound
+in light blue satin, fringed with white (Capt. Robert Pemberton).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer, bearing the cushions containing
+the eagles and diplomas (Col. Pierre Van Cortlandt and Maj. Richard
+Platt).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Vice-President (Gen. Philip Schuyler).</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The President (Baron Steuben).</p></div>
+
+<p>On entering the Hall the members filed off to the right and left, and were
+placed by the Masters of Ceremony, and remained standing before their
+seats. The Secretary took his place behind the small table, placed to the
+left in front of the steps of the Chair of State. The Treasurer with the
+gold eagles, took position on the steps, on the right of the President,
+and the Deputy Treasurer, with the diplomas, on the steps to the left of
+the President. The Masters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> of Ceremony took their places, one on the
+right of the Standard and the other on the left of the Secretary. At the
+entrance of the President the Standard saluted, and the kettle-drums and
+trumpets gave a flourish, until he had taken his seat, then the Standard
+was raised and the members took their seats.</p>
+
+<p>The President then announced he was ready to receive candidates for
+membership and ordered the Masters of Ceremony to introduce the newly
+elected members, who were placed on seats opposite the Chair of State. The
+ceremony of Initiation was opened by an oration delivered by Colonel
+Alexander Hamilton. The Secretary read the Institution. The President,
+seated, addressed the newly elected members.</p>
+
+<p>The President, rising from his seat, put on his hat, when all the members
+of the Society arose at the same time. A Master of Ceremony conducted a
+candidate to the first step before the President, who asked him first
+whether he desired to be received into the Society and if so, to promise a
+strict observance of the Rules and Statutes just read. Upon answering in
+the affirmative, with one hand taking the Standard, he signed the
+Institution with the other.</p>
+
+<p>The President then taking one of the gold eagles from the cushion held by
+the Treasurer, pinned it on the left breast of the candidate, saying:
+“Receive this mark as a recompense for your merit and in remembrance of
+our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> glorious Independence.” The drums and trumpets then gave a flourish.</p>
+
+<p>The President then taking a diploma, with the recipient’s name inscribed,
+presented it to him, saying: “This will show your title as a member of our
+Society. Imitate the illustrious hero, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, whom we
+have chosen for our patron. Like him, be the defender of your country and
+a good citizen.” Another flourish of drums and trumpets.</p>
+
+<p>The President then grasped the hand of the candidate and congratulated
+him. He was then presented by a Master of Ceremony to the officers of the
+Society and the members who rose and saluted him. He was then assigned to
+a seat provided for him at the upper end of the Hall, taking rank above
+the members of the Society for the day only.</p>
+
+<p>After the Initiation the President removed his hat, and the Society
+proceeded to the Banquet Hall, observing the following order of
+precedence.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The Masters of Ceremony.<br />
+The members of the Society, two by two.<br />
+The newly elected members.<br />
+The members of other State societies.<br />
+The foreign members.<br />
+The honorary members.<br />
+The Standard Bearer with Standard.<br />
+The Secretary.<br />
+The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>The Vice-President.<br />
+The President.</p>
+
+<p>The President and other officers passed to their places at the banquet
+table between the open lines of members. The President presided at the
+head of the table, surrounded by the foreign and newly elected members.
+After the cloth was removed thirteen toasts were drunk accompanied by a
+salute of thirteen cannon.</p>
+
+<p>On the first day of December the St. Andrew’s Society gave a dinner at
+Corré’s Tavern, at which his excellency the governor was present. They sat
+down to dinner at four o’clock and after dinner drank thirteen toasts
+which had become the customary number.</p>
+
+<p>The presence in the city of men who had remained loyal to England during
+the war was distasteful to many who had been ardent in the cause of
+Independence. A Whig Society was organized, whose avowed object was to
+obtain the removal of certain influential and offensive Tories from the
+state. Members of the society were men of prominence. Lewis Morris was
+president and John Pintard secretary. Public meetings were held and
+petitions sent to the legislature, but the status of the Tories was not
+materially disturbed. In such circumstances it is not to be wondered at
+that a company of Englishmen, spending the evening in one of the upper
+rooms of the Coffee House in the latter part of the month of June, 1786,
+and “in the height of their mirth and loyalty,” breaking out with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> “Rule
+Britania,” should give offense. A newspaper remarks that “if there are
+Englishmen, whose attachment to the laws of Bachus obliges them to make
+frequent meetings over old London porter and Madeira, they should always
+carry with them the reflection that in a republican government there are
+songs which may please their palates and be grating to the ears of
+freemen,” and that “Rule Britania” was “a song very rediculous in a
+country like this, where their armies were conquered and their nation
+defeated.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The New Constitution</i></div>
+
+<p>After the formation of the Federal Constitution at Philadelphia in
+September, 1787, there was much discussion in New York over its
+ratification. Although there were in the city some bitter opponents to its
+adoption, the prevailing sentiment was in its favor. When the state of
+Massachusetts ratified the new constitution on the 8th of February, 1788,
+the event was celebrated with much enthusiasm in New York on Saturday,
+February 16th. The flag of the United States was “joined on the Coffee
+House” at sunrise, on which was inscribed “The Constitution, September 17,
+1787,” and at noon the old pine tree flag of Massachusetts was hung out,
+with the date of her adhesion. There was a numerous gathering of citizens.
+Several members of Congress and the mayor of the city honored them “by
+partaking of their repast, which (in true republican style),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> consisted of
+only two dishes&mdash;beef and salt fish.” After dinner toasts were drunk under
+the fire of six guns to each toast, in honor of those states which had
+adopted the Constitution&mdash;Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut,
+Georgia, Massachusetts. The eleventh toast was, “New York, may it soon
+become an additional pillar to the new roof.” It was confidently felt that
+the discussion and adoption of the new Constitution by their eastern
+neighbors would exert a strong influence in its favor, and that the
+conduct of Massachusetts would insure its ratification, not only in this
+state but in every other state of the Union.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Grand Procession</i></div>
+
+<p>As an expression of the intense interest felt in the fate of the new
+constitution, there were processions in different places, notably
+Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston and New York. The New York procession was
+the last and grandest, surpassing anything of its kind ever seen before in
+the country. It was held on July 23d, in honor of the adoption of the
+constitution by ten states, New York not having yet given in her adhesion.
+There were over six thousand in the line. What added greatly to the beauty
+and novelty of the parade was the ship Hamilton, a full-rigged man-of-war,
+carrying thirty guns with a crew of thirty men, complete in all its
+appointments, drawn by twelve horses and under the command of Commodore
+Nicholson. It was in the center of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> the procession and attracted great
+attention sailing down Broadway, the canvas waves dashing against its
+sides, the wheels of the car being concealed. At ten o’clock in the
+morning, a salute of thirteen guns was fired from the ship, and the
+procession passed down Broadway from the Fields, and then through the
+principal streets into the Bowery to Bayard’s grounds, where two oxen
+roasted whole and other viands had been prepared. Tables were set for five
+thousand persons. The entire day was given up to festivities.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Eleventh Pillar</i></div>
+
+<p>While New York was in intense excitement, produced by these extensive
+demonstrations, news reached the city on Saturday evening about nine
+o’clock that the constitution had been adopted at Poughkeepsie on Friday,
+July 25th. New York was called the “Eleventh Pillar.” “The bells in the
+city were immediately set to ringing, and from the Fort and the Federal
+Ship Hamilton were fired several salutes.” The merchants at the Coffee
+House testified their joy and satisfaction by repeated cheers. The
+newspapers state that “a general joy ran through the whole city, and
+several of those who were of different sentiments drank freely of the
+Federal Bowl, and declared that they were now perfectly reconciled to the
+new constitution.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Anniversaries of Two Great Victories</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>The surrender of Earl Cornwallis and the army under his command at
+Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781, which marked the close of active
+hostilities, was a notable event in the history of the country, as was
+also the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. The
+anniversaries of these two great victories for the American cause were not
+far apart, and there were many in the city who had taken part in one or
+both of them and were quite willing and anxious for a reunion of their
+companions-in-arms. Accordingly on Monday, October 20, 1788, “a number of
+officers of the late American army and several gentlemen of distinction”
+dined together at the Coffee House in commemoration of these two great
+events. The following are the toasts drunk at this dinner, as reported in
+the newspapers:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">1. The memorable 5th of September, 1774. Meeting of the First
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">2. The memorable 17th of June, 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">3. The memorable 4th of July, 1776. Declaration of Independence.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">4. The memorable 26th of December, 1776. Battle of Trenton.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">5. The memorable 17th of October, 1777. Capture of Burgoyne.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang">6. The memorable 6th of February, 1778. Alliance with France.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">7. The memorable 16th of July, 1779. Stony Point taken by General
+Wayne.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">8. The memorable 17th of January, 1781. General Morgan defeats
+Tarleton at Cowpens.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">9. The memorable 19th of October, 1781. Capture of Lord Cornwallis.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">10. The memorable 3d of September, 1783. Definite treaty of peace.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">11. The memorable 25th of November, 1783. Final evacuation of the
+United States by the British.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">12. The memorable 17th of September, 1787. New Constitution.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">13. General Washington.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Reception of Washington</i></div>
+
+<p>The constitution had been adopted by eleven states. George Washington had
+been elected the first president of the United States and great
+preparations had been made to receive him in New York, then the capital of
+the Nation. On April 23, 1789, a Federal salute announced that he had
+arrived and was coming up the East River in the splendid barge which had
+been built especially for the occasion, accompanied by a large escort of
+boats, to Murray’s Wharf, where an ornamented and carpeted stairway had
+been constructed to make his landing easy, safe and comfortable. At the
+City Coffee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> House, as it is termed in the newspapers, with a salute of
+thirteen guns, he was received by the governor and the officers of the
+state and corporation. The procession then formed and proceeded, with a
+military escort, from the Coffee House into Queen Street and then to the
+house which had been prepared for him. The Daily Advertiser, the next day,
+stated that: “On this great occasion the hand of industry was suspended
+and the various pleasures of the capital were concentrated to a single
+enjoyment.” The illumination of the city in the evening was brilliant and
+remarkable. On Saturday, the 25th, the Chamber of Commerce met at the
+Coffee House, and headed by John Broome, Theophylact Bache and John Murray
+proceeded in form to the house of the president-elect to present their
+congratulations.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Washington at the Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>The next regular assembly after the inauguration of the President was held
+at the City Tavern, then under the management of Edward Bardin, on
+Thursday, May 7th, which Washington was requested to honor with his
+presence. He accepted the invitation and was present as was also the
+Vice-President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, most of the
+members of both Houses of Congress, the Governor of New York, the
+Chancellor, the Chief Justice of the State, the Honorable John Jay, the
+Mayor of the city, the French and Spanish Ministers, Baron Steuben, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
+Count de Moustier, Colonel Duer and many other distinguished guests. A
+newspaper account states that “a numerous and brilliant collection of
+ladies graced the room with their appearance.” Mrs. Washington had not yet
+arrived in the city. Among those present were Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Hamilton,
+Lady Stirling, Mrs. Watts, Mrs. Duer, Mrs. Peter Van Brugh Livingston,
+Mrs. Clinton, Mrs. Duane, Mrs. James Beekman, Lady Temple, Lady Christina
+Griffin, Mrs. Livingston, wife of the Chancellor, Mrs. Richard Montgomery,
+Mrs. John Langdon, Mrs. Elbridge Gerry, Mrs. Livingston of Clermont, the
+Misses Livingston, Mrs. William S. Smith, daughter of the Vice-President,
+Mrs. Maxwell, Mrs. Edgar, Mrs. McComb, Mrs. Dalton, the Misses Bayard,
+Madame de Brehan, Madame de la Forest and Mrs. Bishop Provost. It was a
+notable gathering of the men and women of the period, then in New York.
+The company numbered about three hundred. Washington was the guest of
+honor. The festivities closed about two o’clock in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July, 1789, General Malcolm’s brigade, under command of
+Colonel Chrystie, paraded on the race-ground early in the morning and on
+their way back to the city passed the house of the President. Washington,
+though ill, appeared at the door in full regimentals. At noon a salute was
+fired from the Fort and at four o’clock the officers dined at the tavern
+of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street. After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> dinner, at the third toast, to
+the President of the United States, the company rose and gave three cheers
+and the band played General Washington’s March. The Society of the
+Cincinnati met at the City Tavern. After the election of officers, a
+committee was appointed to present its congratulations to the President,
+Vice-President and Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Society
+then went in procession, escorted by Bauman’s Artillery to St. Paul’s
+Chapel, where an eulogium upon General Nathaniel Greene was pronounced by
+Alexander Hamilton. A dinner at the City Tavern and the drinking of
+thirteen toasts closed the Society’s celebration of the day.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img51.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“GAMBLING WITH CARDS WAS PRETTY GENERAL”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>During the year preceding March 1, 1789, three hundred and thirty tavern
+licenses were granted in the city and gambling with cards and dice was
+pretty general. A game of cards called Pharoah seems to have been one of
+the most popular for that purpose. Other games with cards were whist, loo
+and quadrille. It seems to have been thought necessary to place some
+restraint on gambling, for a law passed in 1788 prescribed the forfeiture
+of five times the amount won for the winner of more than £10 at a sitting.
+Tavern-keepers were subject to fine and imprisonment if they should allow
+cock-fighting, gaming, card-playing, dice, billiard-tables or shuffle
+boards in their houses; but the law was not completely effective.
+Drunkenness was unlawful, but a popular failing.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Simmons’ Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In Wall Street, on the corner of Nassau Street, was the tavern of John
+Simmons. In this tavern were witnessed the formalities which gave birth to
+the new American city of New York. Here, on the 9th of February, 1784,
+James Duane, at a special meeting of the City Council, having been
+appointed by the governor and board of appointment, was formally installed
+mayor of New York City and took the oath of office in the presence of that
+body and of the governor and lieutenant-governor of the State,
+representing the State Provisional Council, whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> duties now ceased, the
+city corporation being now restored in all its forms and offices. The
+Regents of the University of the State met at Simmons’ Tavern, at seven
+o’clock in the evening on Monday, August 2, 1790. It is said that Simmons
+was a man of such bulk that at the time of his funeral, the doorway of the
+house had to be enlarged to admit the passage of his coffin. His widow
+continued the business, and was still keeping the house in 1796.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img52.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">SIMMONS’ TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Sam Fraunces the Steward of Washington</i></div>
+
+<p>When the new constitution had been adopted by eleven states and the
+prospect was that New York would, at least for a time, be the seat of
+government with Washington at its head, Sam Fraunces could no longer
+remain in retirement on his Jersey farm. He came to the city and became
+steward in the house of the President. He also opened a tavern in
+Cortlandt Street, which was managed by his wife. This tavern at No. 49
+Cortlandt Street had been kept, some years before, by Talmadge Hall, one
+of the proprietors of the Albany Stages, who was succeeded in 1787 by
+Christopher Beekman from Princeton, New Jersey. Beekman stated that the
+house had been commonly known as the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia Stage
+Office, and that he had agreed with the proprietors of the Albany and
+Boston stages to make his house the public stage house. The Society of
+Mechanics and Tradesmen held its anniversary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> meeting on the 6th of
+January, 1789, at the tavern of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street, and
+indulged in a dinner at which one of the patriotic toasts was: “A cobweb
+pair of breeches, a porcupine saddle, a trotting horse and a long journey
+to all the enemies of freedom.” The election of governor of New York in
+1789 was energetically contested, but George Clinton, who was at the head
+of the party yet strongly opposed to the new constitution, was elected,
+although the vote in New York City was overwhelmingly against him. On the
+5th of June he and his friends held a grand jubilee at Fraunces’ Tavern to
+celebrate their success. Sam Fraunces kept the Cortlandt Street house
+until November, 1790, when, as he says, “through the advice of some of his
+particular friends,” he removed to a house in Broad Street near the
+Exchange, formerly occupied by the Widow Blaaw, and solicited the
+patronage of his brethren of the Tammany Society, and of the respective
+Lodges of the city. This, as far as we know, was the last place kept by
+Sam Fraunces in New York. He soon bid us a final farewell and left the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img53.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the Judges</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>John Francis, who, we have supposed, was a son of Sam Francis, in August,
+1785, opened the True American at No. 3 Great Dock, now Pearl Street. In
+May, 1789, he removed to the historic building now known as Fraunces’
+Tavern, on the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets. On February 2, 1790, the
+Supreme Court of the United States was opened in the city by James Duane,
+Judge of the district of New York, “in the presence of national and city
+dignitaries, of many gentlemen of the bar, members of Congress and a
+number of leading citizens. In the evening the Grand Jury of the United
+States for the district gave a very elegant entertainment in honor of the
+Court at Fraunces’ Tavern on Broad Street.” Among those present were John
+Jay, of New York, Chief Justice of the United States, William Cushing, of
+Massachusetts, John Rutledge, of South Carolina, James Wilson, of
+Pennsylvania, Robert Harrison, of Maryland, and John Blair, of Virginia,
+Associate Justices, also Edmond Randolph, of Virginia, Attorney-General of
+the United States. It was the first Grand Jury assembled in this state
+under the authority of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span> United States. In the list of jurors are the
+names of many prominent men.</p>
+
+<p>The promoters of the New York Manufacturing Society, for the encouragement
+of American manufacturers, met at Rawson’s Tavern, 82 Water Street, on the
+7th of January, 1789, and chose the officers of the society. Melancthon
+Smith was chosen president. Subscriptions were received for the
+establishment of a woolen factory which was considered a very patriotic
+undertaking. At a meeting held at the Coffee House on the 24th of
+February, Alexander Robertson in the chair, a committee was appointed to
+prepare the draft of a constitution and to report on a plan of operation.
+The society was incorporated on the 16th of March, 1790, and appears to
+have been the owner of a factory and bleaching ground at Second River, New
+Jersey, but the business was not successful. The investment proved a total
+loss.</p>
+
+<p>On the corner of Nassau and George (now Spruce) Streets, was a tavern kept
+by Captain Aaron Aorson, who had seen service during the war and was
+present at the death of General Montgomery at Quebec. He was a member of
+the Society of the Cincinnati. In his house was a long room suitable for
+public gatherings. Notice was given that a lecture would be delivered here
+for charitable purposes October 6, 1789, by a man more than thirty years
+an atheist. Some years later this Long Room became the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> Wigwam and the
+house the headquarters of the Tammany Society.</p>
+
+<p>There was a tavern on Broadway just above Murray Street which, before the
+Revolution, had played a conspicuous part in the conflicts with the
+British soldiers over the liberty pole. During the latter part of the war
+John Amory had been its landlord. In June, 1785, Henry Kennedy announced
+that he had taken the well known house lately “occupied by Mrs. Montanye,
+the sign of the Two Friendly Brothers,” but in 1786 or soon after it again
+passed into the hands of a member of the De La Montagnie family, after
+which we find it at times kept by Mrs. De La Montagnie, Mrs. Amory or
+Jacob De La Montagnie. In the Directory of 1795, Mary Amory and Jacob De
+La Montagnie are both set down as tavern-keepers at 253 Broadway.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1791, the members of the Mechanics’ and Traders’ Society were
+notified that the anniversary of the society would be held on the first
+Tuesday of January next at the house of Mrs. De La Montagnie, and that
+members who wished to dine should apply for tickets, and were further
+requested to attend at 9 o’clock in the morning for election. In 1792, the
+house appears to have been kept by Mrs. Amory and known as Mechanics’
+Hall. The Mechanics celebrated Independence Day here that year, and it was
+probably their headquarters. In June, 1793, Mrs. Amory, heading her
+announcement&mdash;“Vauxhall, Rural Felicity”&mdash;gave notice that on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> the 25th,
+beginning at five o’clock in the afternoon, would be given a concert of
+instrumental music, consisting of the most favorite overtures and pieces
+from the compositions of Fisher and Handell. The notice states that, “At
+eight o’clock in the evening the garden will be beautifully illuminated,
+in the Chinese style, with upwards of 500 glass lamps,” and that “the
+orchestra will be placed in the middle of a large tree elegantly
+illuminated.” There was to be tight rope dancing by Mr. Miller, and
+fireworks on the tight rope, to be concluded with an exhibition of
+equilibriums on the slack rope. Tickets for admission were four shillings
+each. The triangular piece of open ground in front of the tavern, called
+the Fields or Common, had been, since the war, enclosed by a post and rail
+fence and had assumed the dignity of a park. The neighborhood was rapidly
+improving.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Bull’s Head Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>On the post road, in Bowery Lane, stood the Bull’s Head Tavern, where the
+Boston and Albany stages picked up passengers as they left the city. This
+had been a well known tavern from a period long before the Revolution,
+much frequented by drovers and butchers as well as travelers. It was a
+market for live stock and stood not far from the slaughter house. Previous
+to 1763, it was kept by Caleb Hyatt, who was succeeded in that year by
+Thomas Bayeaux. From 1770 until the war of the Revolution, Richard Varian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
+was its landlord, and also superintendent of the public slaughter house.
+In a petition to the common council after the evacuation, he states that
+he had been engaged in privateering until captured near the end of the
+war, after which, he returned to the city and found his wife in prosperous
+possession of the old tavern. He was the landlord of the house the year of
+Washington’s inauguration and we find that in 1796 he was still the tenant
+of the property, then belonging to Henry Ashdor, a well-to-do butcher of
+the Fly Market, who resided a little north of the tavern. As appears by
+petitions to the common council,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> Henry Ashdor, or Astor, as the name
+sometimes appears, was accustomed to ride out on the post road to meet the
+incoming drovers and purchase their stock, thus securing the best, and
+obliging the other butchers to buy of him at a profit, which was
+characterized by the butchers in their petitions as “pernicious
+practices.” The Bull’s Head Tavern remained the meeting place of the
+butchers and drovers until 1826, when Henry Astor, associating himself
+with others, pulled it down and erected on its site the New York Theatre,
+since called the Bowery Theatre, the mayor of the city laying the corner
+stone.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img54.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE BOWERY THEATRE</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Tontine Coffee House</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tammany Society</i></div>
+
+<p>Long before the Revolution, there had been various societies in New York
+under such names as St. Andrew, St. George, St. David and St. John, all of
+which professed the most fervent loyalty to the King of Great Britain.
+This induced the projectors of a new society, composed of many who had
+belonged to the Sons of Liberty, of Stamp Act and Revolutionary times, to
+select for their patron saint a genuine American guardian, and thus was
+originated the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, in May, 1789. At
+first, it was strictly a national and patriotic society, “to connect in
+indisoluable bonds of friendship American brethren of known attachment to
+the political rights of human nature and the liberties of the country,”
+and it remained so for many years.</p>
+
+<p>Tammany, the celebrated chief of the Delawares, who has been described as
+a chief of great virtue, benevolence and love of country, to whose actual
+history has been added a great deal of legendary and mythical lore, was
+cannonized as a saint and adopted as their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> guardian spirit. The members
+of the society styled themselves the Sons of St. Tammany, and adopted
+aboriginal forms and customs as well as dress. This was not the first
+society that had claimed the patronage and adopted the name of that famous
+Indian saint, but the new organization proposed a wider scope and added to
+its title also that of “Columbian Order.” It was organized also as a
+contrast or offset to the aristocratic and anti-republican principles
+attributed to the Society of the Cincinnati, the membership of which was
+hereditary.</p>
+
+<p>The birth of the new organization is set down as on May 12, 1789, which
+was spent in tents erected on the banks of the Hudson River, about two
+miles from the city, where a large number of members partook of an elegant
+entertainment, “served precisely at three o’clock; after which there was
+singing and smoking and universal expressions of brotherly love.” During
+the year 1789 its meetings were held at the tavern of Sam Fraunces.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1790, the 4th of July falling on Sunday, the anniversary of
+Independence was celebrated on the 5th. The Society of St. Tammany
+assembled early in the day, and, after a short address from the Grand
+Sachem, the Declaration of Independence was read. There was a grand
+military review. Colonel Bauman’s regiment of Artillery appeared in their
+usual style as veterans of the war. At one o’clock they fired a federal
+salute and a feu-de-joie on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> Battery, after which they escorted the
+Society of the Cincinnati to St. Paul’s Church, where an elegant oration
+was delivered by Brockholst Livingston to a large audience, including the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, members of both Houses
+of Congress, and a brilliant assembly of ladies and gentlemen. The Society
+of the Cincinnati dined at Bardin’s, the City Tavern, and the Grand Sachem
+and Fathers of the Council of the Society of St. Tammany were honored with
+an invitation to dine with them. After dinner the usual thirteen toasts
+were drunk with all the hilarity and good humor customary on such
+occasions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Reception of the Indians by the Tammany Society</i></div>
+
+<p>Shortly after this, a most interesting event occurred, which created
+considerable excitement among the people of New York and gave to the
+Tammany Society an opportunity to make an impression on the public mind
+not often presented, and which could not be neglected. Efforts had been
+made by the government of the United States to pacify the Creek Indians of
+the South and to make with them a treaty of peace and friendship. In
+March, 1790, Colonel Marinus Willett was sent out on this mission, and
+early in July news came that he was on his way to New York, accompanied by
+Colonel Alexander McGillivray, their half-breed chief, and about thirty
+warriors of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> the tribe, traveling northward at public expense and greeted
+at every stage of their journey by vast crowds of people. They arrived on
+the 21st of July. A boat was sent to Elizabethtown Point, under the
+direction of Major Stagg, to convey them to New York and the Tammany
+Society met in their Wigwam to make their preparations. This Wigwam, which
+they used as their headquarters for many years, was the old Exchange
+building at the foot of Broad Street. As the boat passed the Battery about
+two o’clock a Federal salute was fired and when the Indians landed at the
+Coffee House it was repeated. Here they were met by the Tammany Society,
+dressed in full Indian costume, which very much pleased McGillivray and
+his Indian warriors, and by General Malcolm with a military escort. They
+were conducted in procession to the house of General Knox, the Secretary
+of War, after which they had an audience with the President, who received
+them in a very handsome manner. They were also introduced to the Governor
+of the State, who gave them a friendly reception. They were then taken to
+the City Tavern where they dined in company with General Knox, the
+Senators and Representatives of Georgia, General Malcolm, the militia
+officers on duty, and the officers of the Saint Tammany Society. The
+Indians seemed greatly pleased with their friendly reception and a
+newspaper states that “the pleasure was considerably heightened by the
+conviviality and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> good humor which prevailed at the festive board.” The
+usual number of toasts were drunk after the dinner.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Grand Banquet at the Wigwam</i></div>
+
+<p>On the 2d of August the Indians were entertained by the Tammany Society
+with a grand banquet at their Great Wigwam in Broad Street, at which were
+present, the Governor of the State, the Chief Justice of the United
+States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Mayor of the
+City and Colonel Willett. The richly ornamented Calumet of Peace was
+passed around and wine flowed freely. Colonel Willett had delivered his
+big talk and partaken of their <i>black drink</i> on his visit to them, and the
+Indians were now receiving a return of hospitality. Patriotic songs were
+sung by members of the society and the Indians danced. The Indian chief
+conferred on the grand sachem of Tammany the title of “Toliva Mico”&mdash;Chief
+of the White Town. The President of the United States was toasted as “The
+Beloved Chieftain of the Thirteen Fires.” The President’s last visit to
+Federal Hall was to sign a treaty with these Indians, which was attended
+with great ceremony. Tammany had taken the lead in all this Indian
+business and Tammany had made its mark.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img55.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tontine Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>In the year 1791 an association of merchants was organized for the purpose
+of constructing a more commodious Coffee House than the Merchants’ Coffee
+House, and to provide a business centre for the mercantile community. The
+company was formed on the Tontine principle of benefit to survivors, and
+the building they erected was called the Tontine Coffee House. Among the
+merchants who were interested in this enterprise were John Broome, John
+Watts, Gulian Verplanck, John Delafield and William Laight. On the 31st of
+January, 1792, these five merchants, as the first board of directors of
+the Tontine Association,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> purchased from Doctor Charles Arding and
+Abigail, his wife, the house and lot on the northwest corner of Wall and
+Water Streets, for £1,970. This was the house which had been known as the
+Merchants’ Coffee House from about 1740, when it was first opened by
+Daniel Bloom until 1772, when its business was carried by Mrs. Ferrari
+diagonally across the street, where it had since remained. It was sold in
+1759, as related in a previous chapter, by Luke Roome, owner and landlord
+of the house, to Doctor Charles Arding, who had ever since been its owner.
+They had already purchased, December 1, 1791, for £2,510, the adjoining
+lot on Wall Street, and shortly after, for £1,000, they purchased the
+adjoining lot on Water Street. On the ground of these three lots the
+Tontine Coffee House was built. Thus the business originated on this spot
+was coming back to its old home.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1792, “the committee to superintend the business of the
+Tontine Coffee House Institution,” gave notice that they would pay a
+premium of ten guineas to the person who should hand in before the 20th of
+February next, the best plan for the proposed building, and a premium of
+five guineas for the second best plan. The objects to be considered in the
+plans were, “Solidity, Neatness and Useful Accommodation”; the building to
+be four stories high and to occupy a space of fifty feet by seventy. The
+plans in competition were to be sent to Mr. David Grim. A petition for the
+privilege of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> adding to the Tontine Coffee House a piazza to extend over
+the sidewalk, presented by John Watts and others in March, 1792, was
+refused, but, on May 11 permission was given for a piazza to extend six
+feet over the Wall Street sidewalk. The corner-stone of the building was
+laid with considerable ceremony on the 5th of June. The first landlord of
+the house, when completed, was John Hyde.</p>
+
+<p>Just a year later, on Wednesday, June 5, 1793, one hundred and twenty
+gentlemen sat down to a dinner provided by Mr. Hyde at the Tontine Coffee
+House to celebrate the anniversary of the laying of the corner-stone of
+that building. After dinner when fifteen toasts had been drunk, the
+chairman offered an additional toast, which was: “Success to the Tontine
+Coffee House and may it long continue to reflect credit on the
+subscribers.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Cap of Liberty</i></div>
+
+<p>During the French revolution the sympathies of the people of the United
+States were greatly excited, but many of those who wished success to
+France were filled with disgust and indignation at the behavior of the
+French Minister Genet, and of Bompard, the commander of the French ship,
+L’Ambuscade, who, after landing Genet at Charleston, South Carolina, made
+his way north to Philadelphia, boarding American ships on his way and
+seizing British merchantmen near the coast and even in the very bays of
+the United States. Bompard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> and his officers were received at Philadelphia
+with great enthusiasm. On the 12th of June, 1793, they arrived in New
+York. Instantly there was great excitement. Those friendly to them carried
+things to extremes. Opposed to them were the supporters of government and
+good order, joined to the strong English faction that had long prevailed.
+Two days after their arrival, the Cap of Liberty was set up in the Tontine
+Coffee House, according to one account, by “the friends of Liberty,
+Equality, and the Rights of Man, amid the acclamations of their fellow
+citizens, in defiance of all despotic tyrants. It was a beautiful crimson
+adorned with a white torsel and supported by a staff.” The cap, “Sacred to
+Liberty,” was declared to be under the protection of the old Whigs, and
+the aristocrats, as the opposite party was tauntingly called, were defied
+to take it down. This defiance brought forth a threat that it would be
+done, and, in expectation that its removal would be attempted, for several
+days, hundreds of people gathered in front of the house. No attempt, at
+that time, seems to have been made to remove the cap, and the excitement
+gradually subsided.</p>
+
+<p>The Cap of Liberty remained undisturbed in its place for almost two years.
+A newspaper of May 19, 1795, states that “the Liberty Cap having been
+removed from the Barr of the Tontine Coffee House by some unknown person,
+the ceremony of its re-establishment in the Coffee House took place
+yesterday afternoon. A well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> designed, carved Liberty Cap, suspended on
+the point of an American Tomahawk, and the flags of the Republics of
+America and France, attached on each side, formed a handsome figure.” A
+large gathering of people attended “the consecration of the emblem of
+Liberty,” and the meeting was highly entertained by numerous patriotic
+songs. Voluntary detachments from several of the Uniform Companies joined
+in the celebration.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of May, only four days after being placed in the Coffee House,
+the French flag was removed. An attempt was made to recover it and arrest
+the person who took it down. A boat was dispatched in pursuit of the
+person who was supposed to have taken it, but it returned without success.
+Colonel Walter Bicker, in behalf of a number of citizens of New York,
+offered a reward of one hundred and fifty dollars for the capture of the
+thief who stole the French flag from the Coffee House, with what result is
+unknown.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>New York Stock Exchange</i></div>
+
+<p>An English traveler, who visited New York in 1794, writes that: “The
+Tontine Tavern and Coffee House is a handsome, large brick building; you
+ascend six or eight steps under a portico, into a large public room, which
+is the Stock Exchange of New York, where all bargains are made. Here are
+two books kept, as at Lloyd’s, of every ship’s arrival and clearing out.
+This house was built for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> the accommodation of the merchants, by Tontine
+shares of two hundred pounds each. It is kept by Mr. Hyde, formerly a
+woolen draper in London. You can lodge and board there at a common table,
+and you pay ten shillings currency a day, whether you dine out or not.”</p>
+
+<p>As stated above, the Tontine Coffee House had become the Stock Exchange of
+New York. In the first directory of the city, published in 1786, there is
+only one stock-broker, Archibald Blair. On January 9, 1786, Archibald
+Blair announced that he “has a Broker’s Office and Commission Store at 16
+Little Queen Street, where he buys and sells all kinds of public and state
+securities, also old continental money. He has for sale Jamaica rum, loaf
+sugar, bar iron, lumber and dry goods.” A few years later several
+announcements of such brokers are found in the newspapers, among others
+the following which appeared in the Daily Advertiser of December 9, 1790.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">“Sworn Stock Broker’s Office.<br />
+No. 57 King Street.</p>
+
+<p>The Subscriber, having opened an office for negociating the funds of
+the United States of America, has been duly qualified before the Mayor
+of the City, that he will truly and faithfully execute the duties of a</p>
+
+<p class="center">Stock Broker,</p>
+
+<p>and that he will not directly or indirectly interest himself in any
+purchase or sale of the funds of the United States of America,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> on his
+own private account, for the term of six months from the date hereof.</p>
+
+<p>The opinion of many respectable characters has confirmed his own ideas
+of the utility of establishing an office in this city upon the
+principles of a sworn Broker of Europe. The advantages of negociating
+through the medium of an agent no ways interested in purchases or
+sales on his own account, is too evident to every person of
+discernment to need any comment.</p>
+
+<p>Every business committed to his care shall be executed by the
+subscriber with diligence, faithfulness and secrecy, and he trusts
+that his conduct will confirm the confidence, and secure the patronage
+of his friends and fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;">John Pintard.”</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The first evidence of an approach to anything like organization was an
+announcement made in the early part of March, 1792, that “The Stock
+Exchange Office” would be open at No. 22 Wall Street for the accommodation
+of dealers in stocks, in which public sales would be daily held at noon,
+as usual, in rotation. Soon after this, on Wednesday, March 21st, a
+meeting of merchants and dealers in stocks was held at Corre’s Hotel, when
+they came to a resolution that after the 21st of April next, they would
+not attend any sales of stocks at public auction. They appointed a
+committee “to provide a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> proper room for them to assemble in, and to
+report such regulations relative to the mode of transacting business as in
+their opinion may be proper.” This resulted in the first agreement of the
+dealers in securities, the oldest record in the archives of the New York
+Stock Exchange, dated May 17, 1792, fixing the rate of brokerage. It was
+signed by twenty-four brokers for the sale of public stocks. For some time
+the brokers do not appear to have had a settled place of meeting. Their
+favorite place was in the open air in the shadow of a large buttonwood
+tree, which stood on the north side of Wall Street, opposite the division
+line of Nos. 68 and 70. Here they met and transacted business something
+like our curb brokers of to-day, but in a much more leisurely way. When
+the Tontine Coffee House was completed in 1793, it became the Stock
+Exchange of New York and remained so for a great many years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Roger Morris House</i></div>
+
+<p>A stage coach line was opened to Boston in 1784 and to Albany the next
+year, when the Roger Morris House on the Kingsbridge road was opened by
+Talmadge Hall as a tavern for the accommodation of the stage coach
+passengers, and was probably the first stopping place going out. It
+continued to be kept as a tavern for many years after this and is said to
+have been a favorite place of resort for pleasure parties from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> the city.
+It became known as Calumet Hall. Its landlord in 1789 was Captain William
+Marriner. In October, 1789, President Washington visited, by appointment,
+the fruit gardens of Mr. Prince at Flushing, Long Island. He was taken
+over in his barge, accompanied by the Vice-President, the Governor of the
+State, Mr. Izard, Colonel Smith and Major Jackson. On their way back they
+visited the seat of Gouverneur Morris at Morrisania, and then went to
+Harlem, where they met Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith,
+daughter of the Vice-President, dined at Marriner’s and came home in the
+evening. In July following a large party was formed to visit Fort
+Washington. Washington, in his diary, does not state that Mrs. Washington
+was of the party, but it is to be presumed that she was; the others,
+beside himself, were “the Vice-President, his Lady, Son and Mrs. Smith;
+the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War and the ladies of the two
+latter; with all the Gentlemen of my family, Mrs. Lear, and the two
+children.” This was a notable party. They dined at Marriner’s, who, no
+doubt, felt the importance of the occasion and exerted himself
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img56.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">OLD SLEIGH</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Marriner’s Tavern, the Roger Morris house, was situated at such a distance
+from the city, on the only road of any length on the island, as to make it
+a good objective point for pleasure parties. An English traveler who
+visited New York in 1796, writes: “The amusement of which they seem most
+passionately fond is that of riding on the snow in what <i>you</i> would call a
+sledge, drawn by two horses. It is astonishing to see how anxiously
+persons of all ages and both sexes look out for a good fall of snow, that
+they may enjoy their favorite amusement; and when the happy time comes, to
+see how eager they are to engage every sleigh that is to be had. Parties
+of twenty or thirty will sometimes go out of town in these vehicles
+towards evening, about six or eight miles, when, having sent for a
+fiddler, and danced till they are tired, they will return home again by
+moonlight or perhaps more often by daylight. Whilst the snow is on the
+ground no other carriages are made use of, either for pleasure or
+service.” Marriner’s house was well suited for just such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> parties of
+pleasure and we can easily imagine that the large octagonal room was about
+this time, of crisp winter nights, the scene of many a merry dance. The
+English traveler is supported in what he says by the announcement of
+Christopher Colles in a New York newspaper in January, 1789, that so long
+as the sleighing lasted he would continue his electrical experiments and
+exhibition of curiosities, at Halsey’s celebrated tavern in Harlem. It
+would seem from this that his lectures needed the incentive of a sleigh
+ride to make them more popular.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Marriner was still keeping the house in the summer of 1794 when it
+was visited by an Englishman who thus writes about his visit to the place:
+“Whoever has a vacant day and fine weather, while at New York, let him go
+to Haarlem, eleven miles distant. There is <i>a pleasant tavern</i> on an
+eminence near the church; a branch of the sea, or Eastern River, runs
+close beneath you, where you may have excellent fishing. On the opposite
+side are two pleasant houses, belonging to Colonel Morris, and a Captain
+Lambert, an English gentleman, who retired hither after the war. Mr.
+Marriner, the landlord, is a very intelligent, well educated man; I fished
+with him for an hour and received a great deal of pleasure from his
+conversation.” * * * “He pressed me very much to stay at his house for a
+week, and I should pay what I pleased. On our return Mr. L&mdash;&mdash; and myself
+drank tea and coffee at Brannon’s Tea<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> Garden. Here was a good greenhouse,
+with orange and lemon trees, a great quantity of geraniums, aloes and
+other curious shrubs and plants. Iced creams and iced liquors are much
+drank here during the hot weather by parties from New York.” Brannon’s Tea
+Garden was on the road leading to the village of Greenwich at the present
+junction of Hudson and Spring Streets, and had been there since previous
+to the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Marriner is said to have been eccentric, but whether this be so or
+not, he was undoubtedly a brave man and was engaged during the war in
+several daring adventures. He presented a picturesque character in the
+history of that period.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Capt. Marriner’s Raid</i></div>
+
+<p>When Captain Marriner was held as a prisoner in the early part of the war,
+on his parole, quartered with Rem Van Pelt, of New Utrecht, Long Island,
+one day at Dr. Van Buren’s Tavern in Flatbush, his sarcastic wit brought
+on him abusive language from Major Sherbrook of the British army. When
+Marriner was exchanged, he determined to capture the Major and some
+others. For this purpose he repaired to New Jersey and procured a
+whale-boat, which he manned with a crew of twenty-two well armed
+volunteers, with whom he proceeded to New Utrecht, landing on the beach
+about half-past nine o’clock in the evening. Leaving two men in charge of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>
+the boat, with the rest he marched unmolested to Flatbush Church, where he
+divided his men into four squads, assigning a house to each party, who,
+provided with a heavy post, were to break in the door when they should
+hear Marriner strike. General Jeremiah Johnson, in his account of the
+affair states that Marriner captured the Major, whom he found hidden
+behind a large chimney in the garret, but the New York newspapers state
+that he carried back with him to New Jersey Major Montcrieffe and Mr.
+Theophylact Bache. On another visit to Long Island, Captain Marriner
+carried off Simon Cortelyou, of New Utrecht, in return for his uncivil
+conduct to the American prisoners. On a large rock in the North River, not
+far from the shore, stood a bath house surmounted by a flagstaff. Noting
+this, Marriner determined to give the English fresh cause for chagrin. He
+accordingly procured the new American flag which had just been adopted,
+and taking with him a few men, boldly rowed into the river one night and
+nailed it to the pole, where it was discovered early next morning.
+Sailors, sent to remove it, were obliged to cut away the pole, amid the
+jeers and protests of the boys gathered on the beach.</p>
+
+<p>Marriner was keeping a tavern in New York City before the war. An
+important meeting was held at Marriner’s Tavern at the time of the
+election of delegates to the first Continental Congress, in 1774. After
+the war he returned to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> same business, and in 1786 was the landlord of
+a house on the corner of John and Nassau Streets, where he offered to
+serve his customers “in the neatest and most elegant manner,” with
+oysters, cooked in a variety of ways, beef steaks, etc., with the very
+best of liquors. He, at one time kept the Ferry House at Harlem, and ran
+the ferry to Morrisania. In the early part of the nineteenth century
+Captain Benson built a large tavern at the junction of the Kingsbridge
+road with the road from Harlem, which was for some years conducted by
+Captain Marriner, who gained great celebrity for the excellent table he
+set, and for the stories of whale-boat exploits during the war, which he
+was never tired of relating.</p>
+
+<p>When the St. Andrew’s Society celebrated their anniversary on November 30,
+1790, at the City Tavern, they had as guests at their dinner, Governor
+Clinton, the Mayor of the City, General Horatio Gates and the principal
+officers of the other humane national societies of the city. In an account
+given of the dinner, it is stated that, “A few hours passed happily away,
+divided between the animating tale, the cheerful glass and the heart
+enlivening song.”</p>
+
+<p>The annual election of officers of the Society of the Cincinnati was held
+on the 4th of July each year, after which there was a dinner, followed by
+toasts. For several year its meeting place was at Corré’s Hotel in
+Broadway.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> Joseph Corré, at one time landlord of the City Tavern, opened,
+in 1790, a house at No. 24 Broadway, which was for some years one of the
+best and most popular taverns or hotels in the city. Meetings of
+societies, concerts, balls and political meetings were held here.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinners on Evacuation Day</i></div>
+
+<p>On Monday, November 25, 1793, the tenth anniversary of the evacuation of
+New York by the British troops, was celebrated in the city with great
+enthusiasm. At sunrise a salute was fired from the Battery followed
+immediately by the ringing of all the bells in the city. This was repeated
+at noon, when the corporation, the officers of the militia, the French
+officers in town and many citizens waited on the Governor to congratulate
+him on the occasion. The militia officers then waited on the mayor of the
+city, the chief justice of the United States and the minister of the
+French Republic. The Ambuscade Frigate was elegantly decorated and at one
+o’clock fired a salute of twenty-one guns. The militia officers, honored
+with the company of the Governor, General Gates and a number of French
+officers, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them at the City
+Tavern, “where they spent the remainder of the day in great spirits and
+good fellowship.” Toasts were drunk under the discharge of artillery. The
+gentlemen of the corporation celebrated the day at the Tontine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> Coffee
+House, where an elegant dinner was served up by Mr. Hyde and patriotic
+toasts were drunk. The Society of Tammany also celebrated the day. At the
+tavern of Robert Hunter, in Wall Street, a dinner was served up to a
+number of citizens in celebration of the day, and the same was done in
+several other of the principal taverns of the city. The dinner on
+Evacuation Day at Bardin’s was one of the last notable dinners given in
+the old City Tavern. Preparations were being made to take it down and
+build on its site a fine hotel.</p>
+
+<p>In 1793 the City Tavern was still owned by John Peter De Lancey, son of
+Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, who sold it to the Tontine
+Association, who, taking down the old house, built upon its site the City
+Hotel. In the deed of transfer, dated March 3, 1793, John Peter De Lancey
+and Elizabeth, his wife, for the consideration of six thousand pounds
+(£6,000), lawful money of the State of New York, convey the property to
+Philip Livingston, John Watts, Thomas Buchanan, Gulian Verplanck, James
+Watson, Moses Rogers, James Farquhar, Richard Harrison and Daniel Ludlow,
+all of the city and state of New York, in trust for all the subscribers to
+the New York Tontine Hotel and Assembly Room and their heirs, upon such
+terms, conditions and restrictions, and with such right of survivorship as
+may be hereafter agreed upon and settled by the majority of the said
+subscribers or their representatives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>In November, 1793, Nicholas Cruger, chairman of the committee having the
+business in charge, gave notice that they would pay a premium of twenty
+guineas for the best plan of the building about to be erected, to be
+handed in before the first day of January next, requesting that the plans
+may not be signed, but designated by a private mark, accompanied by a
+letter to the chairman, with the same mark on the outside.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>The new house which was erected in the early part of the year 1794 was
+called the Tontine Hotel, but it soon came to be more generally spoken of
+as the City Hotel. Robert Hunter, who had been keeping a tavern in Wall
+Street, became its first landlord. He was in possession of it and meetings
+were being held there in the early part of June, 1794. It was considered
+the largest and finest hotel then in the United States. It became the
+meeting place of societies and associations and of the City Assembly which
+continued to flourish as it had done for many years. On Friday, October 7,
+1796, there was great rejoicing in the city over the French victories,
+news of which had just been received. The church bells were rung from
+twelve to one o’clock, “and in the evening, as it were by patriotic
+sympathy, a hall full of old Whigs and friends to the liberty of Man,
+assembled at Hunter’s Hotel, where a number of patriotic songs were sung,
+a cold collation was served up and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> sixteen toasts were given apropos of
+the news of the day.” The nineteenth anniversary of the signing of the
+treaty of alliance between France and the United States was celebrated on
+Monday, February 6, 1797, at Hunter’s Hotel by a numerous assembly of
+patriotic citizens. Hunter remained landlord of the City Hotel until 1799,
+when he was succeeded by John Lovett, under whose management the house
+became quite popular.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img57.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE CITY HOTEL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>Saturday, the 4th of July, 1795, the anniversary of our independence was
+celebrated in the city with more than usual attention, induced probably by
+the political excitement which then prevailed. The ringing of all the
+bells of the city with a Federal Salute from the Battery ushered in the
+day, which was repeated at noon and in the evening. There was a large
+procession, which about eleven o’clock moved from the Battery to the new
+Presbyterian Church where the Declaration of Independence was read by
+Edward Livingston and an elegant and patriotic discourse was delivered by
+the Rev. Mr. Miller. On returning to the Battery, where a feu-de-joie was
+fired the different societies that had taken part separated and at three
+o’clock sat down to entertainments prepared for them at different places
+in the city. After dinner, the Corporation, the Society of the Cincinnati,
+the Militia Officers, the Society of Tammany, the Mechanic and Democratic
+Societies and the Merchants at the Tontine Coffee House sent deputations
+to each other with congratulations upon the return of the day. The
+festivities closed with a beautiful display of fireworks under the
+direction of Colonel Bauman. The merchants, who celebrated the day by a
+dinner at the Tontine Coffee House were honored by the company of Governor
+Jay, Major-General Morris, Judge Iredell, Mr. Reed, Senator in Congress
+from South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> Carolina, Judge Hobart, Judge Lawrence, Colonel Hamilton, Mr.
+King, the Mayor of the City, Doctor Johnson, the Secretary of the State,
+the Attorney-General of the District, the Treasurer of the State, Captain
+Dennis, Captain Talbot, Captain Thomson. After the dinner toasts were
+drunk as usual.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Tammany Wigwam</i></div>
+
+<p>For some years the Tammany Society had their anniversary dinners and their
+Fourth of July dinners at Bardin’s, the City Tavern. The Great Wigwam of
+the society was in the old Exchange in Broad Street, where it continued to
+be until the building was taken down in 1799. After this the Long Room of
+Abraham B. Martling’s Tavern on the corner of Nassau and George (now
+Spruce) Streets, where the American Tract Society Building now stands,
+became the wigwam of the society. During the period of political
+excitement, from 1793 to 1795 and later, the Tammany Society is said to
+have been opposed to radical measures, which might have involved us in
+European difficulties. A toast drunk at one of their festivals was, “The
+hawks of war&mdash;may they be harmless.” In 1795, during the excitement about
+the Jay treaty, the minority of the United States Senate who voted against
+it were toasted, thus showing that there was then in the society a strong
+anti-federal sentiment. On July 4, 1798, the Tammany Society met in their
+Great Wigwam in the evening, where a newspaper states<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> “they partook of a
+collation and drank toasts which were in unison with their political
+opinions.” This was about the beginning of Tammany’s political career. The
+principles of Jefferson were in the ascendant; it had become a republican
+society. Martling’s Tavern was a low, wooden building, with a very rough
+exterior devoid of paint, having an entrance on Nassau Street. The Long
+Room was in the rear of the house, and its somewhat dilapidated appearance
+caused it to be called the “Pig Pen,” by those not friendly to Tammany.
+All the leading republicans of the day attended the meetings held here,
+and although the party was threatened by divisions of the Burrites, the
+Lewisites and the Clintonians, it was held together.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img58.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">MARTLING’S TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>During the French Revolution there were many Frenchmen who had been driven
+from France and had taken refuge in New York City.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> One of these was the
+famous gastronome, Anthelme Brillât-Savarin, author of La Physiologie du
+Gout, who tells us something of the way they enjoyed themselves while
+here. He says: “I sometimes passed the evening in a sort of café-taverne,
+kept by a Mr. Little, where he served in the morning turtle soup, and in
+the evening all the refreshments customary in the United States. I
+generally took with me Vicomte de la Massue and Jean Rodolphe Fehr,
+formerly a mercantile broker at Marseilles, both <i>emigrés</i> like myself. I
+treated them to welch-rabbit, which was washed down with ale or cider, and
+here we passed the evening talking over our misfortunes, our pleasures,
+and our hopes.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Drinking Bout</i></div>
+
+<p>Michael Little’s Tavern, or Porter House, as it was called, was at 56 Pine
+Street, a little below William Street, and it speaks well for the house
+that it should have been selected by Brillât-Savarin and his friends as a
+place for their suppers. Brillât-Savarin spent two years in New York,
+1794-96, supporting himself by giving lessons in the French language and
+playing in the orchestra of the theater. He gives a very amusing account
+of a dinner party at Little’s place, of which he and his two friends
+formed a part. He had met there Mr. Wilkinson, an Englishman from Jamaica
+and his friend, whose name he never knew, whom he described as a very
+taciturn man, with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> square face, keen eyes, and features as
+expressionless as those of a blind man, who appeared to notice everything
+but never spoke; only, when he heard a witty remark or merry joke, his
+face would expand, his eyes close, and opening a mouth as large as the
+bell of a trumpet, he would send forth a sound between a laugh and a howl
+called by the English, horse laugh; after which he would relapse into his
+habitual taciturnity. Mr. Wilkinson appeared to be about fifty years of
+age, with the manners and all the bearing of a gentleman (<i>un homme comme
+il faut</i>).</p>
+
+<p>These two Englishmen, pleased with the society of Brillât-Savarin and his
+friends, had many times partaken of the frugal collation which was offered
+them, when, one evening, Wilkinson took Brillât-Savarin to one side and
+declared his intention of engaging all three of them to dine with him. The
+invitation was accepted and fixed for three o’clock in the afternoon of
+the third day after. As they were about to leave the waiter quietly told
+Brillât-Savarin that the Jamaicans had ordered a good dinner and had given
+directions that the wine and liquor be carefully prepared, because they
+regarded the invitation as a challenge or test of drinking powers, and
+that the man with the big mouth had said that he hoped to put the
+Frenchmen under the table.</p>
+
+<p>For such a drinking bout Brillât-Savarin had no relish, but the Frenchmen
+could not now very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> well avoid it without being accused of being
+frightened by the Englishmen. Although aware of the danger, following the
+maxim of Marshal de Saxe, “As the wine was drawn they prepared to drink
+it.” (“<i>Le vin etait tiré, nous nous preparâmes à le boire.</i>”)</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin had no fear for himself, but he did not wish to see his
+two friends go down with the others; he wished to make it a national
+victory, and not an individual one. He, therefore, sent for his friends
+and gave them a lecture. He instructed them to restrain their appetites at
+the beginning so as to eat moderately with the wine throughout the whole
+dinner, to drink small draughts and even contrive to get rid of the wine
+sometimes without drinking it. They divided among them a quantity of
+bitter almonds, recommended for such an occasion.</p>
+
+<p>At the appointed time they all met at Little’s Tavern, and soon after the
+dinner was served. It consisted of an enormous piece of roast beef, a
+turkey (<i>dindon cuit dans son jus</i>), vegetables, a salad and a tart
+(<i>tarte aux comfitures</i>). They drank after the French fashion, that is to
+say, the wine was served from the commencement. It was very good claret.
+Mr. Wilkinson did the honors of the table admirably. His friend appeared
+absorbed in his plate and said nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin was charmed with his two friends. La Massue, although
+endowed with a sufficiently good appetite, was mincing his food like a
+delicate young lady, and Fehr was adroitly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> succeeding in passing glasses
+of wine into a beer pot at the end of the table. He himself was holding up
+well against the two Englishmen, and the more the dinner advanced the more
+confident he felt.</p>
+
+<p>After the claret came Port, after Port, Madeira, at which they stuck for a
+long time. On the arrival of the dessert, composed of butter, cheese and
+nuts, was the time for toasts. They drank to the power of kings, the
+liberty of the people and the beauty of women; particularly to the health
+of Mr. Wilkinson’s daughter, Mariah, who, he assured his guests, was the
+most beautiful person in all the island of Jamaica.</p>
+
+<p>After the wine came spirits&mdash;rum, brandy and whiskey&mdash;and with the
+spirits, songs. Brillât-Savarin avoided the spirits and called for punch.
+Little himself brought in a bowl of it, without doubt prepared in advance,
+sufficient for forty persons. No such vessel for drink was ever seen in
+France.</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin says that he ate five or six slices of buttered toast
+(<i>roties d’un beurre extremement frais</i>) and felt his forces revived. He
+then took a survey of the situation, for he was becoming much concerned as
+to how it would all end. His two friends appeared quite fresh and drank as
+they picked the nuts. Wilkinson’s face was scarlet, his eyes were troubled
+and he appeared to be giving way. His friend said nothing, but his head
+smoked like a boiling caldron. The catastrophe was approaching.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>Suddenly Mr. Wilkinson started to his feet and began to sing Rule
+Britannia, but he could get no farther than these words; his strength
+failed him; he felt himself drop into his chair and from there rolled
+under the table (<i>coula sous le table</i>). His friend seeing him in this
+state, emitted one of his noisiest laughs, and stooping to assist him fell
+by his side.</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin, viewing the scene with considerable satisfaction and
+relief, rang the bell, and when Little came up, after addressing him the
+conventional phrase, “See to it that these gentlemen are properly cared
+for,” with his friends drank with him their health in a parting glass of
+punch. The waiter, with his assistants, soon came in and bore away the
+vanquished, whom they carried out, according to the rule, <i>feet foremost</i>,
+which expression is used in English to designate those <i>dead or drunk</i>,
+Mr. Wilkinson still trying to sing Rule Britannia, his friend remaining
+absolutely motionless.</p>
+
+<p>Next day seeing in the newspapers an account of what had happened, with
+the remark that the Englishmen were ill, Brillât-Savarin went to see them.
+He found the friend suffering from a severe attack of indigestion. Mr.
+Wilkinson was confined to his chair by the gout, brought on probably by
+his late dissipation. He seemed sensible to the attention and said to
+Brillât-Savarin, among other things: “Oh! dear sir, you are very good
+company, indeed, but too hard a drinker for us.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img59.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">ANTHELME BRILLAT-SAVARIN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Brillât-Savarin was a convivial soul, a lover of good cheer and openhanded
+hospitality. The time passed so pleasantly and he was so comfortable while
+in New York City, that on taking his departure for France, in 1796, he
+declared that all he asked of Heaven was, never to know greater sorrow in
+the Old World that he had known in the New. He settled in Paris, and after
+holding several offices under the Directory, became a judge in the Cour de
+Cassation, the French court of last resort, where he remained until his
+death, in 1826. While without special<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> reputation as a jurist, as a judge
+and expounder of gastronomic excellence, his name has become immortalized.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of December, 1796, “the young men of the city who were willing
+to contribute to the preservation of the Public Safety, at that critical
+juncture,” were invited to attend a meeting “at Mr. Little’s Porter House
+in Pine Street that evening at seven o’clock in order to form an
+association for that laudable purpose.” Soon after this Little moved to
+No. 42 Broad Street, the old Fraunces’ Tavern. At this place, on
+Wednesday, July 28, 1802, the two friends of De Witt Clinton and Colonel
+John Swartwout met to make arrangements for the duel which took place at
+Hoboken on Saturday, July 31st. A meeting of the gentlemen of the bar of
+the City of New York was held here February 11, 1802.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img60tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/img60.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The City Hotel</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Black Friars</i></div>
+
+<p>The social ties that had existed before the Revolution were all broken up,
+and new connections had to be formed. Societies, like the St. Andrew and
+St. George, were revived, and patriotic societies, such as the Cincinnati
+and the Tammany were formed. The first purely social club after the war,
+of which we have any knowledge, was the Black Friars, founded November 10,
+1784, the officers of which were a Father, Chancellor, Cardinals and
+Priors. On May 9, 1789, the society held a festival at the Friary, dinner
+being served at half-past four, and on November 10th of the same year
+celebrated its anniversary, an oration being delivered by Dr. Tillery.
+After dinner, eleven toasts were drunk, only eleven states having then
+come into the union. One of these toasts was: “The Fair Daughters of
+Columbia, may they ever find a friend in a Friar.” The society was
+charitable as well as social, and met twice a month at the Friary, No. 56
+Pine Street. Among its members at this time were Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+Benjamin Graves, John Stagg, Dr. James Tillery, Bernard Hart, Dr. Benjamin
+Kissam, Richard Harwood, John Fisher and Oliver Glean. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> 1802 the Friary
+was at the hotel of John Adams, Jr., 68 William Street. Its meetings were
+also held at the Merchants’ Coffee House; by order of the Father.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Drone Club</i></div>
+
+<p>The Friendly Club, under the presidency of General Laight, existed for
+some years about this period, and included among its members many
+prominent men of the city. It met at the houses of its members in rotation
+every Tuesday evening. It was the duty of the host to direct the
+conversation and at the close of the discussion light refreshments were
+served. The Drone Club, a select and literary circle, was instituted about
+the year 1792. Its aim was intellectual advancement and the cultivation of
+letters rather than social or festive enjoyment. Its members were
+recognized by proofs of authorship, and in its ranks was the best talent
+of the city. It seems to be a fact that social clubs that met at taverns
+had more vitality than those that held their meeting at the houses of
+members.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Belvedere Club</i></div>
+
+<p>The Belvedere House was built in the year 1792 by thirty-three gentlemen
+composing the Belvedere Club. It was situated near the East River, about a
+quarter of a mile beyond the paved streets of the east side of the city,
+its site being now about the center of the block bounded by Montgomery,
+Cherry, Clinton and Monroe Streets. The original intention was to build
+merely a couple of rooms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> for the use of the club, but the beauty of the
+situation induced them to extend their plan and they erected a building to
+answer the purposes of a public hotel or tavern as well as for their own
+accommodation. The ball-room, which included the whole of the second story
+of the east front of the house was octagon, forty-five feet long,
+twenty-four feet wide and seventeen feet high, with a music gallery. This
+room, finished and decorated in admirable style, was retained by the Club
+for their Saturday evening meetings, during the summer season, the only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>
+exclusive privilege which the proprietors held. Its windows opened to the
+floor, communicating with a balcony twelve feet wide which surrounded the
+eastern part of the house and afforded a most agreeable promenade. The
+room under this on the ground floor, of the same shape and size in length
+and breadth as the ball-room, was used as a dinner and supper room for
+large companies and public entertainments. On the west side of the house
+were two dining parlors, a bar-room, two card-rooms and a number of bed
+chambers. To the west of the house was a small courtyard with stables,
+coach house and other offices; to the east, although the grounds were
+small, was a bowling green, and there were graveled walks and some
+shrubbery. From the balcony of the house could be seen a great part of the
+city, the bay of New York, Long Island, the East River as far as Hell
+Gate, and the bold and magnificent Pallisades bordering the North River on
+the Jersey side.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img61.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BELVEDERE CLUB HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The house when completed, was taken by John Avery, who in December, 1793,
+was prepared to supply ladies and gentlemen with dinners and suppers, and
+made it known that the use of the ball-room could be obtained on
+seasonable notice, for public or private parties, balls or concerts. In
+1798, the Society of the Cincinnati, after transacting at Federal Hall,
+the usual business of their anniversary meeting, on July 4th, adjourned to
+the Belvedere for the dinner which was served up to them in the usual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>
+style. The Belvedere was an hilarious association, the main object of
+which was social enjoyment. Its members were doubtless much interested in
+the pleasures of riding and driving and probably supported to some extent
+the races which are said to have been regularly held on the Bowery Lane,
+about the opening of the nineteenth century.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Improvement in the City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>John Lovett was landlord of the City Hotel until 1807, when he was
+succeeded by Chenelette Dusseaussoir, who had been a confectioner, with a
+store at No. 102, on the opposite side of Broadway, below the hotel. He
+continued as landlord for two years, when in 1809, Solomon D. Gibson took
+charge of the house, and two years later, after making some alterations,
+informs the public that, “The Ordinary of the Hotel is always supplied
+with every variety and delicacy which the season will permit, while the
+Bar can boast an ample stock of superior wines calculated to tempt the
+taste of the epicure. A new and elegant Bar-Room and Coffee-Room, fronting
+on Broadway, have lately been added; which, unrivalled in point of pure
+air and salubrity, and commanding a delightful view of a street
+embellished with all the facinations of beauty and by all the graces of
+fashion, present irresistable attractions to gentlemen of taste.”</p>
+
+<p>The City Hotel afforded better accommodations for balls and concerts than
+any other place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span> in the city, and the most important affairs of such a
+nature were held here. What was called the Old Assembly Room in William
+Street was also used for such purposes. In February, 1802, announcement
+was made that the second Juvenile Assembly would be held on the 18th at
+this place. This was probably a rival of the City Assembly. In the
+announcement their rules are given out, which appear to have been very
+strict.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>City Assembly</i></div>
+
+<p>An English traveler who visited New York in 1807 states that the City
+Hotel nearly resembles in size and architecture the London Tavern in
+Bishopgate Street. He also says: “Dancing is an amusement that the New
+York ladies are passionately fond of, and they are said to excel those of
+every other city in the Union. I visited the City Assembly, which is held
+at the City Hotel in the Broadway, and considered as the best in New York.
+It was the first night of the season, and there was not more than one
+hundred and fifty persons present. I did not perceive anything different
+from an English assembly, except the cotillions, which were danced in an
+admirable manner, alternately with the country dances. Several French
+gentlemen were present, and figured away in the cotillions with
+considerable taste and agility. The subscription is two dollars and a half
+for each night, and includes tea, coffee, and cold collation. None but the
+first class of society can become subscribers to this assembly. Another
+has,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span> however, been recently established, in which the genteel part of the
+second class are admitted, who were shut out from the City Assembly. A
+spirit of jealousy and pride has caused the subscribers of the new
+assembly to make their subscriptions three dollars, and to have their
+balls also at the City Hotel. It was so well conducted, that many of the
+subscribers of the City Assembly seceded, and joined the opposition one,
+or subscribed to both.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Musical Societies</i></div>
+
+<p>About the opening of the nineteenth century there were several musical
+societies in New York. Some of these were short-lived, but others arose to
+take their places. The Euterpean was of this period. It lasted until the
+middle of the century and exercised a considerable influence on the
+musical taste of the time. There was also a Philharmonic Society. On the
+16th of February, 1802, the Columbian Anacreontic Society gave their
+annual Ladies’ Concert at the Tontine Assembly Rooms, in the City Hotel,
+Broadway. It must have been considered a very fine affair, for the account
+of it in the Evening Post next day fills more than a column of the paper.
+The article states that the concert was “given in a style of superior
+elegance. The whole suite of apartments occupied by the City Assemblies
+were thrown open on this occasion. No pains or expense had been spared to
+provide suitable entertainment. * * * The company assembled at an early
+hour and were numerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span> beyond any former occasion.” Between the acts
+refreshments were served from the tea-room, which part of the
+entertainment was received by the company with marks of appreciation. The
+newspaper article concludes: “We beg permission to express our hope that
+an institution so honorable to the taste and manners of our city, may
+continue to receive the electric applause of Beauty and Fashion.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Second Hudson Centennial</i></div>
+
+<p>New York celebrated the second centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+the Hudson River on Monday, the 4th of September, 1809, under the auspices
+of the New York Historical Society. It was not so grand and elaborate an
+affair as that of the third centennial celebration, gotten up by the city
+two years ago, yet, nevertheless, it was an appropriate celebration. At
+the request of the society the Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller delivered a learned
+and interesting address concerning this event, before a large and
+respectable audience of ladies and gentlemen at the City Hall, among whom
+were the governor, the mayor and the corporation of the city. At four
+o’clock the members of the society with the invited guests sat down to an
+elegant dinner prepared for them by Messrs. Fay and Gibson at the City
+Hotel. Shell fish and other fish, with which our waters abound, were
+served, with wild pigeon and corn and beans or succotash, the old Dutch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>
+or Indian dish, the favorite dish of the season, and the different meats
+introduced into the country by the early settlers. Such dishes were served
+as were common in the early history of the city. One of the toasts, which
+was offered by Simeon DeWitt, was: “May our successors a century hence
+celebrate the same event which we this day commemorate.” The spirit of
+Simeon DeWitt may have been the guardian angel of our recent celebration.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>St. Andrew’s Society Dinners</i></div>
+
+<p>The dinners of the St. Andrew’s Society seem to have surpassed all others.
+The St. Andrew’s Society of the State of New York celebrated its
+anniversary on Monday, November 30, 1801, at the Tontine Coffee House.
+Here, after disposing of the usual business of the society, they sat down
+to a dinner prepared by James Rathwell, the landlord of the house, which,
+it is said “was never exceeded in this city for elegance and variety, and
+spent the evening to a pretty late hour with much conviviality and
+friendship.” They were honored with the company of the mayor, his
+predecessor in that office, and that of the British consul. One account of
+the dinner states: “We have never heard so many original and appropriate
+songs as were sung on this occasion, and never witnessed more genuine
+satisfaction beam in every eye.” In 1802, and in 1803, the society
+celebrated their anniversary at the same place and the dinner each year
+was prepared by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span> Mr. Rathwell in the same superior style as in 1801.</p>
+
+<p>In 1804 the society celebrated their anniversary at the Tontine Coffee
+House, and at four o’clock sat down to a dinner prepared in the best style
+by Mr. Hyde, who was again the landlord of the house, “and spent their
+convivial hour with the dignified festivity of men attached to each other
+by personal respect, by love to their native and adopted country, and by a
+generous concurrance in extending a generous proportion of their own
+comforts to their suffering brethren.” The mayor of the city, the British
+consul general, Captain Beresford, of the navy, and other gentlemen of
+distinction honored the society with their company. On the wall of the
+room hung a full length portrait of General Hamilton, the property of the
+Chamber of Commerce. Pointing to this, a member of the society gave the
+toast: “Our Silent Monitor&mdash;May we ever emulate his virtues.”</p>
+
+<p>When the society celebrated their anniversary, November 30, 1805, the
+landlord of the Tontine Coffee House was Thomas Vaughan, who prepared for
+them a dinner “unusually sumptuous and elegant.” The guests were the mayor
+of the city, the British consul general, the Hon. Robert R. Livingston and
+Captain Porteous. At this meeting the society passed a resolution, offered
+by Dr. Tillery “to erect a plain, neat Monument in memory of that great
+and good man, Major General Hamilton, on the spot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> where he received the
+wound which terminated in his death and which deprived America of her
+greatest pride and ornament.” The next year Mr. Vaughan again prepared the
+anniversary dinner for the society at the Tontine Coffee House, when “they
+allowed themselves to indulge in that degree of innocent mirth and decent
+conviviality, which comports with the character of those whose flow of
+soul must not extend beyond the feast of reason.” After dinner toasts were
+drunk interspersed with Scottish songs and “tales of other times.”</p>
+
+<p>In 1810, honored by the company of several distinguished guests, the St.
+Andrew’s Society celebrated their anniversary at the City Hotel, then kept
+by Solomon D. Gibson. A newspaper states: “It would be a want of justice
+in us towards Mr. Gibson not to state that the style in which the dinner
+was gotten up and the quality of his wines were such as gave entire
+satisfaction to the company and did himself much credit.” “After the cloth
+was removed a number of appropriate toasts were given and the social
+glass, the cheerful song and ‘Weel timed Daffin,’ kept a considerable
+party together till ‘Some wee short hour ayont the T’wai’ hinted to each
+to ‘Tak the way that pleased himsel,’ highly gratified with the agreeable
+manner in which the day had been spent.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A Supper at Dyde’s Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>For more than ten years the Long Room of Martling’s Tavern was the wigwam
+of the Tammany Society. Immediately after the election<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span> of Jefferson, when
+the Tammany Society had become thoroughly Republican, a division arose
+between the friends of De Witt Clinton, Chancellor Livingston and Colonel
+Burr. Each accused the other of faithlessness, dishonesty and duplicity.
+Clinton became involved with Colonel John Swartwout, a friend of Burr,
+which led to a duel between them at Hoboken, in which Swartwout was
+wounded. Bitterness between these factions was intense until 1806, when a
+coalition was entered into between the Clintonians and Burrites, which was
+kept secret until the 20th of February, 1806, when they assembled at
+Dyde’s Hotel to celebrate the union by a supper. The coalition was a
+surprise to all and was denounced in the strongest terms as an unnatural
+union, a public outrage, etc. One paper states that “verily a supper was
+very appropriate; for such deeds of dark and terrible infamy ought to be
+enacted in the night only,” and calls it a political rascality. The
+factions had accused each other of all sorts of political crimes and now
+they had joined forces.</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Come let us chant our joys,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We now are foes no more;</span><br />
+Now we are <i>honest</i> boys,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">However so before.”</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>Dyde’s house was next door to the Park Theatre, facing the Park. He called
+it the London Hotel and proposed to keep it “in the true Old English
+Style, the principles of which are cleanliness, civility, comfort and good
+cheer.” In March, 1806, the Park Theatre announced the play of Macbeth, to
+be followed by the comedy of the Farm House, the curtain to rise at
+half-past six o’clock. The announcement was followed by a card stating
+that there could be obtained “an excellent supper at Dyde’s Hotel between
+the play and farce at 50 cents each; the same every other night at
+half-past 9 o’clock.” Verily our ancestors took their pleasures in large
+and heavy doses. For a time Dyde’s Hotel was quite popular. On Sunday,
+January 11, 1807, Mr. Foster preached a sermon here, and a meeting of the
+Philharmonic Society was held at Dyde’s Hotel, next to the Theater, on
+Thursday, January 29, 1807. The Philharmonic Society met here again in
+December of the same year for the election of officers of the society when
+it was called the Washington Hotel. When a public ball was given here in
+February, 1808, by Mr. Armour, a teacher of dancing, it was still known as
+the Washington Hotel. In the early part of the year 1809, it appears to
+have been called the Mercantile Coffee House, and also the Commercial
+Coffee House, but neither of these names clung to it very long.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img62.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tea Gardens</i></div>
+
+<p>The so-called gardens, where ice cream, tea and other beverages were
+served to the sound of music, were, about the beginning of the
+century, and had been for some time, popular with the people of New York.
+During the war, while the city was occupied by the British, near the
+present corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, there was a public house
+called the White Conduit House, so called from a popular tavern of that
+name in London. On the 24th of June, 1779, the Freemasons, in remembrance
+of St. John, their patron saint, went in procession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span> to St. Paul’s Church,
+where an excellent sermon was preached by Dr. Seabury; “from thence they
+proceeded, accompanied by the clergy and band of music to the White
+Conduit House, where there was an elegant dinner prepared, and the day was
+celebrated with great harmony and brotherly love.” At the close of the war
+the place became a public garden and pleasure resort. In 1796 it was under
+the control of William Byram. Soon after, when the street was cut through,
+it came into the possession of Joseph Corré, who some years before, had
+been the landlord of the City Tavern, and was at the time keeper of an ice
+cream and tea garden on State Street, called the Columbian Garden. Under
+his management it was known as the Mt. Vernon Garden. The cutting through
+of the street left the house high above the level, and it was reached by a
+flight of steps. Flying horses and other like amusements were the
+attractions of the place. Corré opened here a Summer Theater, in which
+members of the Park Theater company played during the time their own
+theater was closed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Second Vauxhall</i></div>
+
+<p>Bayard’s Mount, or Bunker Hill, as it was sometimes called, at the present
+junction of Grand and Mulberry Streets, the highest point on the island
+near the city, was a well known landmark in its time, overlooking the city
+and a wide extent of country including the North and East Rivers. There is
+no sign to-day that such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> an elevation ever existed at that place. Nearby
+was the Bayard homestead which had been the residence of the Bayard family
+for fifty years. In 1798, this, with the surrounding premises, was
+converted by Joseph Delacroix, a Frenchman, into a popular resort, known
+as Vauxhall Garden. It was the second of the name, the first, at the
+corner of Warren and Greenwich Streets, which, before the war, flourished
+under the management of Sam Francis, having been converted, some years
+previous, into a pottery.</p>
+
+<p>On Independence Day, 1802, particular exertions were made by the summer
+gardens to attract visitors. It was announced that the open air theatre at
+the Mount Vernon Garden, under the management of John Hodgkinson, of the
+Park Theatre, would open the season on Monday, July 5th, in celebration of
+Independence Day, with the play of “All the World’s a Stage,” after which
+would be recitations and songs, followed by “The Sailor’s Landlady or Jack
+in Distress”; concluding with a grand display of fireworks. Tickets to
+Box, six shillings, Pit and Gallery, four shillings. Refreshments as
+usual. Joseph Delacroix informed his friends and the public in general
+that on Monday, July 5th, the anniversary of American Independence would
+be celebrated at Vauxhall with great splendor, surpassing everything ever
+yet exhibited in America. A beautiful drawing of the Triumphal Car which
+was to take part in the spectacular scene could be seen at the Tontine
+Coffee House.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> Doors open at four o’clock. Tickets, four shillings. Grand
+illuminations and transparencies were promised at the Columbian Garden, in
+State Street, opposite the Battery. Open from six o’clock in the morning
+until ten o’clock at night. Tickets, two shillings.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Third Vauxhall</i></div>
+
+<p>Another place of great notoriety for many years was situated south of the
+present Astor Place, between the Bowery and Broadway, the narrower end of
+the property on Broadway, the entrance being on the Bowery. Jacob Sperry,
+a native of Switzerland, although he had studied physic, purchased the
+property and for many years devoted himself to the raising of fruits and
+flowers. In 1803 he sold the garden to John Jacob Astor for nine thousand
+pounds (£9,000), then considered a good sale. Astor leased it to Joseph
+Delacroix, who was then conducting the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard
+estate, at Grand and Mulberry Streets, and who, when he moved to it,
+carried with him the name. Under his management it became a noted resort.
+Vauxhall Garden was an inclosure said to contain three acres of ground,
+handsomely laid out with gravel walks and grass plots, and adorned with
+shrubs, trees, flowers, busts, statues, and arbors. In the center was a
+large equestrian statue of General Washington. There were summer houses,
+and tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and boxes or rather
+stalls around the inside, close up to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span> the high board fence which inclosed
+the garden, where visitors were served with light refreshments. In the
+front of the grounds was a building where a theatrical company performed
+during the summer season. The price of admission was fifty cents to Box,
+Pit or Gallery, for they were all one and the same thing, the spectators
+sitting in the open air. The orchestra was among the trees. A resident of
+Philadelphia relates how on a visit to New York, in 1806, he was carried
+out to the garden in a hackney coach with three other passengers for
+twenty-five cents each, and there, for fifty cents, saw performed “The
+Agreeable Surprise,” in which Twaits played the principal part. Delacroix
+succeeded in making the garden a very popular resort. All the town flocked
+to it. It was to the New York of that day something like what Coney Island
+is to the New York of to-day. With its numerous lamps among the trees and
+shrubbery and arbors, its artistic adornments, its fireworks and balloons,
+its music and its theatrical performances and singing, the people of New
+York considered it about as gay a place of recreation as could be found
+anywhere. Lafayette Place was cut through the property in 1826, but the
+garden continued to flourish for more than twenty years after. During the
+later years of its existence it became a favorite place for public
+meetings.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Old Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>About the time that the Tontine Coffee House was built, in 1793, Mrs.
+Bradford, who had kept<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> the Merchants’ Coffee House since the death of her
+husband, in 1786, retired. She lived in Cortlandt until her death, in May,
+1822. She was succeeded in the old house by John Byrne, who opened it as
+the New York Hotel, but it was generally called “The Old Coffee House.”
+Byrne remained there until 1798, when he crossed over to the Tontine and
+was succeeded by Edward Bardin, who had been a well known tavern-keeper in
+New York since 1764. Many of the old societies continued to patronize the
+house. The Free Masons clung to it. The Sons of St. Patrick celebrated
+here their anniversaries, and the Black Friars&mdash;a social club&mdash;met here by
+order of the “Fathers.” The Marine Society continued here their regular
+meetings. Bardin was in possession of it when it was burned down in the
+fire of 1804. The building, which was of brick, was valued at $7,500. When
+the house was rebuilt, Bardin returned to it and opened it as the Phoenix
+Coffee House, and continued in it until he, too, like his predecessor,
+went over to the Tontine, in 1812.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Robert R. Livingston</i></div>
+
+<p>A grand dinner was given to the Honorable Robert R. Livingston at the
+Tontine Coffee House, December 7, 1805. Although circumstances prevented
+many from attending, yet the room was crowded, and it is said that on no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>
+similar occasion was there ever witnessed a more elegant entertainment or
+a more respectable company. John Watts presided. Among those who attended
+were: The Reverend Doctor Rodgers, the Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor, the
+Foreign Consuls, Mr. Morris, Mr. King and Mr. Van Rensselear. After
+dinner, Mr. Livingston being called on by the president, gave the toast,
+“New York&mdash;Its ports fortified&mdash;its commerce prosperous&mdash;its mechanics
+encouraged and its citizens united and happy.” Mr. Livingston having
+retired amidst the applause of the company the president gave: “Robert B.
+Livingston&mdash;the successful negociator&mdash;the friend of agriculture and the
+patron of fine arts,” which was received with cheers.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img63.jpg" alt="Robert R. Livingston" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Embargo</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>The embargo of 1807 prostrated the business of the city. In the spring of
+1808, the streets, wharfs and quays along the East River appeared almost
+deserted; the bustle and activity of former days no longer prevailed.
+There were many ships at the wharfs, but they were dismantled and laid up;
+their decks were cleared, their hatches were fastened down and hardly a
+sailor was to be seen. Not a box, barrel, bale or package was on the
+wharfs and many of the counting houses were closed. A few merchants,
+clerks, porters and laborers could be seen aimlessly strolling about with
+their hands in their pockets. Where there used to be sixty to a hundred
+carts standing in the street for hire there were scarcely a dozen, and
+they were unemployed. A few coasting sloops and schooners, clearing out
+for the ports of the United States, were all that remained of that immense
+business which was carried on only a few months before. The Tontine Coffee
+House was almost empty, the few to be seen, appearing to be there merely
+to pass away the time, which hung heavy on their hands. There appeared to
+be little or no business doing there except perhaps a few transactions in
+securities or stocks. Grass had begun to grow upon the wharfs, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>
+people seemed to have taken leave of all their former gaiety and
+cheerfulness. The embargo did not accomplish the results desired. It was
+lifted in the early part of the year 1809, and the activities of business
+were again resumed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Mechanics’ Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, founded November 17, 1785,
+incorporated March 14, 1792, erected a hall of their own on the corner of
+Broadway and Robinson Street (now Park Place), in 1802. They held their
+annual celebration in it for the first time on the 6th of January, 1803.
+After the election of officers and other business before the society, the
+two hundred and fifteen members in attendance sat down to a dinner
+prepared for them by Mr. Borowsen, who was then in charge of the house.
+The day was spent with the utmost hilarity and good humor, enlivened by
+appropriate toasts and songs. The mayor of the city was a guest of the
+society. Mechanics’ Hall is described as a building eighty by twenty-seven
+and a half feet. In the basement was a spacious kitchen, etc.; on the
+first floor a large coffee room, bar, dining room and landlady’s room; on
+the second floor, ceiling sixteen feel high, a large hall fifty-two by
+twenty-five feet, with a handsome orchestra and a drawing room twenty feet
+square. On the third floor were five spacious rooms for the use of clubs
+and meetings of any kind and on the fourth twelve bedrooms. In the spring
+of 1803, the house was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> taken by Michael Little, and soon became a popular
+place for balls and concerts. It was for some years one of the prominent
+hotels of the city. The twelfth anniversary of the society was celebrated
+here in 1804, when Mr. Little was the landlord of the house.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>New England Society</i></div>
+
+<p>New York, as headquarters of the British forces in the Revolutionary war,
+had attracted much attention to her advantageous situation, and when peace
+returned men of energy flocked to it, as offering a good field for
+enterprise. Among these were many from New England, and it is claimed that
+the city owes much to this element, endowed with intelligence, vitality
+and perseverance. Soon after the opening of the nineteenth century the New
+England Society was formed. Their first dinner was given December 21,
+1805. For some years their meetings were held at the Tontine Coffee House
+and at other prominent public houses, but about 1812 the society settled
+on Niblo’s Bank Coffee House as the regular place for their annual
+dinners. On December 22, 1807, the society held a grand celebration of
+their anniversary at the City Hotel, where at three o’clock in the
+afternoon, four hundred gentlemen sat down to an elegant dinner prepared
+by Mr. Dusseaussoir. The Reverend Doctor Rodgers and several of the
+venerable clergy from New England sat at the head of the table on the
+right of the president. It seems to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span> been a very merry dinner. An
+account of it, with the songs and toasts, fills over a column of the
+Evening Post. To honor the day, the proprietors and masters of all vessels
+in the port of New York, belonging to New England, were requested to hoist
+their colors on the 22d.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Washington Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>The Washington Benevolent Society was organized on the 12th of July, 1808.
+On Washington’s birthday, February 22, 1809, after electing officers of
+the society, they repaired to Zion Church, where an oration was delivered.
+In the evening, about one thousand members of the society sat down to
+suppers provided for them at five different houses. On the next Fourth of
+July the society celebrated the day with more than usual enthusiasm,
+taking a leading part. They had a grand parade and laid the corner stone
+of Washington Hall on the corner of Broadway and Reade Streets. The
+president of the society, Isaac Sebring, after going through the
+formalities of the occasion, turned to the society and thus impressively
+addressed them: “While I congratulate the society on this occasion, I
+cannot but express the hope that the Hall, to be erected on this spot, may
+be sacredly devoted to the cultivation of Friendship, of Charity, of
+correct principles and of ardent Patriotism. Built by the friends of
+Washington, may it never be polluted by the enemies of that illustrious
+and revered statesman. * * * Designed as the seat of rational<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> republican
+sentiments, may it be forever preserved from the infuriated footsteps of
+Monarchy, Aristocracy, Anarchy and Jacobinism. And may our descendants in
+the latest generation, meet at this spot to commemorate the virtues of
+their revolutionary ancestors.”</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img64.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">WASHINGTON HALL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Although the Washington Benevolent Society was not organized as a
+political association there is no doubt that its members were mostly of
+the Federal party. The Hamilton Society, whose headquarters were at the
+Hamilton Hotel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> in Cherry Street, was very friendly. This, too, no doubt,
+was strongly Federal, and Washington Hall, where the two societies joined
+in celebrating Washington’s birthday, became, soon after its completion,
+the headquarters of the Federal party, in opposition to Tammany Hall,
+completed about the same time, as that of the Republicans or Democrats.
+Washington Hall, at the time of its erection, was considered one of the
+handsomest structures in the city. Although intended to be used as a
+public hall for meetings, assemblies, etc., it was also kept as a hotel.
+Its first landlord was Daniel W. Crocker.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Tammany Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>The corner-stone of Tammany Hall, corner of the present Park Place and
+Frankfort Street, was laid on Monday, May 13, 1811, the twenty-second
+anniversary of Tammany Society. Abraham M. Valentine was the grand marshal
+of the day. The members of the society appeared in aboriginal costume,
+wore the buck-tail as usual and marched in Indian file. Clarkson Crolius,
+grand sachem, laid the corner-stone and made a short and spirited address.
+Alpheus Sherman delivered the oration. Joseph Delacroix, proprietor of
+Vauxhall Garden and a good Tammanyite, celebrated the twenty-second
+anniversary of the Tammany Society and the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Great Wigwam by an unusual exhibition and a grand feu-de-joie at the
+garden at half-past eight o’clock in the evening. When the hall was
+completed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> besides being used as the Great Wigwam of the Tammany Society,
+it was taken by Abraham B. Martling, and with his nephew, William B.
+Cozzens, conducted as a hotel.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img65.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">TAMMANY HALL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Fraunces Tavern in Broad Street during the first decade of the
+nineteenth century continued to be one of the prominent taverns or hotels
+of the city. The Society of the Cincinnati<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> had their annual dinner here
+on the Fourth of July, 1804, after a meeting at Federal Hall. It was then
+kept by David Ross, who had succeeded Michael Little as its landlord when
+he went to Mechanics’ Hall. Shortly after this, and for some years, it was
+known as Washington Hotel. In 1813, on the celebration of the thirtieth
+anniversary of the Evacuation, the Independent Veteran Corps of Artillery,
+after performing the duties of the day, partook of a dinner at this old
+historic tavern, which seems to have been their headquarters. It was then
+kept by Rudolphus Kent. This was repeated the next year on Evacuation Day.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img66.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">FRAUNCES’ TAVERN ABOUT 1830</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Battery</i></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>Between State Street and the hay was the Battery, a beautifully situated
+open space of ground, where military parades were frequently held. On the
+Fourth of July and other anniversary days, there were brilliant
+exhibitions here of the artillery and other uniform troops. It was a
+public ground, where the citizens could enjoy the fresh breezes from the
+bay and the cool shade of the trees on hot summer days. The prospect
+afforded of the Jersey Shore, Staten Island, Long Island and the other
+small islands, of the ships at anchor and of others passing and repassing,
+made a scene at once variegated and delightful. For those who desired it,
+music, ice cream and other delicacies could be had at Corré’s public
+garden on State Street, not far away.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Second Ranelagh</i></div>
+
+<p>We have described Vauxhall Garden, but there was also a Ranelagh, a
+suburban resort, situated about at the junction of Grand and Division
+Streets, near Corlear’s Hook. It had been formerly known by the name of
+Mount Pitt. The adjoining grounds were shady and agreeable and from in
+front of the house was an extensive view of the city and of the eastern
+and southern parts of the harbor. At a short distance were the ruins of a
+battery erected during the Revolutionary War, behind Belvedere, and on
+these mouldering ramparts was a pleasant walk and prospect. Behind
+Ranelagh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> were considerable remains of the line of entrenchments, made by
+the British in 1781, across the island from Corlear’s Hook to Lispenard’s
+Brewery, to defend the city against the American army.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Ugly Club</i></div>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July, 1807, the Society of the Cincinnati partook of their
+annual dinner at the house of Joseph Baker, No. 4 Wall Street, corner of
+New, which for many years after this was a well known and popular house.
+About 1815, a select little circle, composed of the handsomest and most
+companionable young men of that day to be found in New York City, made
+this little tavern their rendezvous, where they held frequent convivial
+meetings. This was the Ugly Club and Baker’s Tavern, or porter house, was
+styled Ugly Hall. Fitz-Greene Halleck was a member of this club and was
+honored by the appointment of “Poet Laureate to the Ugly Club.”</p>
+
+<p>Baker’s Tavern was for a time the starting place, or terminus of the
+route, of the stages which ran to Greenwich village. On the road to
+Greenwich a little beyond Canal Street was Tyler’s, a popular suburban
+resort, some years before known as Brannon’s Tea Garden. Many of the old
+graduates of Columbia College, who were living not so many years ago,
+cherished pleasant memories of Commencement suppers indulged in at this
+place.</p>
+
+<p>The sportsman could find not far from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> city, on Manhattan Island,
+abundance of game; and it was no unusual thing in the gaming season to see
+well known men with guns on their shoulders and followed by their dogs,
+making their way up Broadway or Greenwich Street to the open country. In
+the Bowery Lane, at the second mile stone, was the Dog and Duck Tavern,
+which was frequented by those who chose to visit the salt meadows which
+were covered in the autumn with water-fowl. Further up the island, near
+the five mile stone, was the Dove Tavern, where those had their quarters
+who sought the woodcock and quail in the fields and glades, or the wild
+pigeon in the woods which covered a large part of the land.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">The Shakespeare Tavern</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>War</i></div>
+
+<p>On June 19, 1812, President Madison issued his formal proclamation of war
+with Great Britain. The news reached New York at nine o’clock on the
+morning of Saturday, June 20th. On the same day orders came to Commodore
+Rodgers to sail on a cruise against the enemy. He was in entire readiness
+and put to sea within an hour after receiving his instructions. He passed
+Sandy Hook on the afternoon of June 21st, with his squadron consisting of
+the President, 44; the United States, 44; the Congress, 38; the Hornet,
+18; and the Argus, 16&mdash;in all, five vessels, carrying 160 guns. The
+British force cruising off the coast consisted of eight men-of-war,
+carrying 312 guns, with a number of corvettes and sloops. In a few months
+the victories of the American ships thrilled the country with satisfaction
+and delight and fairly stunned the English who had regarded the American
+navy as beneath contempt.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img67tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/img67.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p class="center">THE GREAT NAVAL DINNER AT THE CITY HOTEL</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Naval Heroes</i></div>
+
+<p>On Tuesday, December 29, 1812, a magnificent banquet was given by the
+corporation and citizens of New York at the City Hotel, then kept by
+Gibson, in honor of Captain Decatur, Captain Hull and Captain Jones, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>
+celebrate their recent victories. The dinner was served at five o’clock in
+the afternoon and five hundred gentlemen sat down to table. It was a naval
+dinner and marine decorations prevailed. The large dining-room “was
+colonaded round with the masts of ships entwined with laurels and bearing
+the flags of all the world.” Each table had on it a ship in miniature
+flying the American flag. At the head of the room, at a long table raised
+about three feet above the others, sat the mayor of the city, DeWitt
+Clinton, the president of the feast, with Decatur upon his right and Hull
+upon his left. In front of this, in a space covered with green grass was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>
+a lake of real water, on which floated a miniature frigate. Across the end
+of the room, back of all, hung on the wall the large main sail of a ship.
+At the toast, “To our Navy,” the main-sail was furled, exposing to view
+two large transparent paintings, one representing the battles between the
+Constitution and the Guerriere, the United States and the Macedonian and
+the Wasp and the Frolic, and the other representing the American Eagle
+holding in his beak three civic crowns, on which were the following
+inscriptions: “Hull and the Guerriere”&mdash;“Jones and the Frolic”&mdash;“Decatur
+and the Macedonian,” which produced great enthusiasm among the guests. The
+dinner was a great success. At the very time it was being served,
+Commodore Bainbridge, in the Constitution, was engaged with the British
+frigate, Java, in a hot action, lasting nearly two hours, in which he
+silenced all her guns and made of her a riddled and dismantled hulk, not
+worth bringing to port. In this same banquet room, the decorations having
+been retained, the crew of the United States were entertained on Thursday,
+January 7, 1813, by the corporation. Alderman Vanderbilt delivered the
+address of welcome to the sailors, of whom there were about four hundred
+present. After dinner, by invitation, they attended the Park Theatre,
+where the drop-curtain had on it a painting representing the fight of the
+United States and the Macedonian.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img68.jpg" alt="Stephen Decatur" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Captain Lawrence</i></div>
+
+<p>On the 13th of May, 1813, by a vote of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span> common council, a dinner was
+given to Captain Lawrence, of the Hornet, and his gallant crew at
+Washington Hall. The seamen landed at Whitehall Slip about half-past two
+o’clock in the afternoon, attended by the band of the Eleventh Regiment
+and marched through Pearl Street, Wall Street and Broadway to Washington
+Hall. At half-past three o’clock the petty officers, seamen and marines
+sat down to a bountiful repast. Paintings representing the victories of
+Hull, Decatur, Jones and Bainbridge decorated the walls of the room, and
+over the chair of the boatswain of the Hornet, who was the presiding
+officer, was an elegant view by Holland of the action of the Hornet with
+the Peacock. The table was decorated with a great variety of flags and
+with emblems appropriate to the occasion. After the meats were removed a
+visit to the room was made by the common council, accompanied by Captain
+Lawrence. At the sight of their commander the sailors rose from their
+seats and heartily cheered him with three times three. Perfect order and
+decorum were preserved and the bottle, the toast and the song went round
+with hilarity and glee.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img69.jpg" alt="Isaac Hull" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img70.jpg" alt="J. Lawrence" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In another room a dinner was served to the corporation and its guests,
+among whom were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> Captain Lawrence and all his officers, the commanders of
+all the ships of war on the New York Station, many of the judges of the
+courts and Colonel Joseph G. Swift, the commander of the corps of
+engineers. This room was decorated by many emblematic paintings by Mr.
+Holland, descriptive of our naval victories; some of them had been used at
+the great naval dinner given to Decatur, Hull and Jones at the City Hotel
+in the previous December.</p>
+
+<p>The crew were invited to attend the performance at the theater that
+evening, the front of the theater being illuminated and the pit set apart
+for their accommodation. They marched in a body from the dinner table to
+the theater at six o’clock.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to General Harrison</i></div>
+
+<p>A dinner was given to General Harrison in the afternoon of December 1,
+1813, at Tammany Hall under the direction of the State Republican
+(Democratic) general committee of New York. Besides the distinguished
+guest, there were Governor Tompkins, Major-Generals Dearborn and Hampton,
+Judge Brockholst Livingston, of the United States Supreme Court, and a
+great number of officers of the army and navy and of the volunteer corps
+of the city. The dining hall was handsomely decorated under the direction
+of Mr. Holland. There were five tables, containing sixty covers each,
+ornamented by representations of castles, pyramids, etc., provided by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>
+Martling and Cozzens, the proprietors, in their usual elegant and liberal
+manner.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Commodore Bainbridge</i></div>
+
+<p>The Federalists, in their turn, on the 8th of the same month, in the
+afternoon, gave a splendid dinner to Commodore Bainbridge at Washington
+Hall, at which John B. Coles presided. Notwithstanding the unpleasant
+weather there were nearly three hundred persons present. Among the number
+were Governor Tompkins, Mayor Clinton, Major-Generals Dearborn and
+Stevens, Judges Brockholst Livingston, Van Ness and Benson and the
+officers of the navy on the New York Station. The room was handsomely
+decorated and the dinner was provided by Captain Crocker and served up in
+a very correct and elegant style.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to Commodore Perry</i></div>
+
+<p>The next public dinner during the winter season was given to Commodore
+Perry on the afternoon of the 11th of January, 1814, at Tammany Hall, at
+which about three hundred and fifty persons were present. Major James
+Fairlie presided. There were seven tables; one of these, on an elevated
+platform, at which the honored guests were seated, crossed the eastern end
+of the room, the others led from it to the lower end, and all were
+beautifully embellished with numerous ornaments. The pillars of the hall
+were surrounded with clusters of American flags, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> the decorations of
+the hall were arranged under the gratuitous direction of Mr. Holland. Five
+transparent paintings from his pencil adorned the walls. One of these,
+covering about one hundred and fifty square feet, represented a large
+eagle bearing in his beak and talons a scroll inscribed in large capitals:
+“We have Met the Enemy and they are Ours.” In the evening Commodore Perry
+attended a ball at Washington Hall which followed a concert given at that
+place.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Patriotic Demonstrations by the Two Parties</i></div>
+
+<p>As before the war, the people were divided into two great parties, one for
+war, the other for peace, but both claiming to be acting for the good of
+the general government and the welfare of the people, while the fear of
+disunion of the states hung heavily over the country. At the anniversary
+dinner at Washington Hall on the 4th of July, 1813, one of the volunteer
+toasts was: “Our Country&mdash;Disgraced by the folly of democracy, may its
+character soon be retrieved by the virtue and talents of federalism.” The
+war made the celebration of the Fourth of July particularly important, and
+the two parties vied with each other in patriotic demonstrations. The
+celebration of Independence Day, 1814, was made by two grand processions;
+one was led by the Tammany Society, which was joined and followed by
+several other societies; the other was led by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> the Washington Benevolent
+Society, joined by the Hamilton Society. The military parade, headed by
+the governor, was made entirely independent of any procession. After the
+procession the members of the Tammany Society sat down to a repast
+prepared by Martling and Cozzens, proprietors of Tammany Hall Hotel, and
+the members of the Washington Benevolent Society and of the Hamilton
+Society dined in the afternoon at Washington Hall, but in separate rooms.
+The State Society of the Cincinnati held their annual meeting at the City
+Hall, after which they retired to the Tontine Coffee House where a dinner
+was served to them at four o’clock. Commodore Decatur, lately elected an
+honorary member, dined with the Society. After dinner, eighteen toasts
+were drunk, each followed by an appropriate piece of music by Moffit’s
+military band. At Vauxhall the celebration in the evening surpassed in
+display and grandeur any previous exhibitions of the kind.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>News of Peace</i></div>
+
+<p>At the close of the war of 1812 the news of peace was received in New York
+with the greatest joy. Mr. Carroll, the bearer of the treaty, on his
+arrival in the British sloop-of-war Favorite, about eight o’clock in the
+evening of Saturday, February 15, 1815, went directly to the City Hotel,
+which he made his quarters; and in less than twenty minutes after he
+entered the house most of the windows in the lower part of Broadway and
+the adjoining streets were illuminated, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span> the streets were densely
+filled with people who came forth to see and to hear and to rejoice.
+Samuel G. Goodrich, who was at a concert in the City Hotel, writes: “While
+listening to the music the door of the concert-room was thrown open and in
+rushed a man breathless with excitement. He mounted on a table and,
+swinging a white handkerchief aloft, cried out: “Peace! Peace! Peace!” The
+music ceased, the hall was speedily vacated, I rushed into the street, and
+oh, what a scene! In a few minutes thousands and tens of thousands of
+people were marching about with candles, lamps, torches, making the
+jubilant street appear like a gay and gorgeous procession. The whole night
+Broadway sang its song of peace.” Swift expresses were sent out to
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Boston, Providence and Albany, and
+when the news was received from Washington of the ratification, which, by
+a combination of four newspapers was brought to New York in twenty-three
+hours, extensive preparations were made for a grand celebration and
+illumination on February 22, which on account of unfavorable weather was
+deferred and took place on the 27th. Fire works were gotten up and
+exhibited on a stage in front of the Government House under the
+superintendence of Joseph Delacroix, of Vauxhall Garden, which is said to
+have exceeded any former exhibition. The descriptions of the illuminations
+filled column after column of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> newspapers. Among many others, lengthy
+descriptions were given of the illuminations of Tammany Hall, Washington
+Hall and the City Hotel.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Grand Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>Great preparations were soon made for a “superb ball” in honor of the
+joyful peace, which was given on March 16 at Washington Hall. The company
+consisted of upwards of six hundred ladies and gentlemen. The dancing
+room, eighty feet by sixty, was arranged to present the appearance of a
+beautiful elliptical pavilion, formed by eighteen pillars, on each of
+which was inscribed the name of a state, connected with the center of the
+lofty ceiling by garlands or festoons of laurel, and between the garlands,
+suspended from the ceiling, chandeliers composed of verdant and flowery
+wreaths. The garlands extending from the pillars were attached to a light
+central canopy, beneath which was a golden sun made to revolve rapidly, by
+means of machinery above the ceiling, so as to diffuse from its dazzling
+surface the reflected radiance of eight hundred lights. This was styled
+the Temple of Concord. On one side of the room, on a raised platform under
+a canopy of flags and surrounded with orange and lemon trees loaded with
+fruit, was the Bower of Peace, furnished with seats from which a good view
+of the cotillion parties could be had. The seats in each end of the room
+were also shaded with a profusion of orange trees and various rarer plants
+brought from the gardens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span> and greenhouses of the vicinity. “The supper
+tables at which all the ladies were accommodated with seats at one time,
+though in two different apartments, were arranged and decorated in the
+most brilliant style; being lighted from above by illuminated arches
+entwined with flowers and supported by grouped columns from the center of
+the tables, and forming a line of arches from one extremity to the other.
+In short, the whole scene was one of the most splendid ever exhibited in
+this city; reflecting the highest credit on the managers and displaying a
+picture of female beauty, fashion and elegance not to be surpassed in any
+city of the union.”<a name='fna_5' id='fna_5' href='#f_5'><small>[5]</small></a> The landlord of Washington Hall at this time was
+Peter McIntyre, who had in February succeeded Daniel W. Crocker. He had
+formerly kept a porter house at 33 Nassau Street.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Shakespeare Tavern</i></div>
+
+<p>In the description of the grand illumination on the evening of February
+27, the decorations of the Shakespeare Tavern are particularly mentioned
+by the newspapers. This tavern had been for some years and continued to be
+for many years after, the resort of actors, poets and critics, as well as
+the rendezvous of the wits and literary men of the period. It stood on the
+southwest corner of Fulton and Nassau Streets, a low, old-fashioned, solid
+structure of small, yellow brick,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> two stories high, with dormer windows
+in the roof. Thomas Hodgkinson, brother of John Hodgkinson of the Park
+Theatre, became its landlord in 1808, and continued in it for sixteen
+years. He had formerly been the proprietor of a porter house at 17 Fair
+(Fulton) Street. In its early days the entrance to the house was by a
+green baize-covered door on Nassau Street, opening into a small hall with
+rooms on either side, the tap-room being the south front room on Nassau
+Street, in which was a circular bar of the old English pattern. It had
+been built many years before the Revolution, and in 1822<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> a modern
+extension was added on Fulton Street, three stories high. On the second
+floor was a large room for public meetings and military drills, and on the
+third floor another large room with arched ceiling for concerts and balls
+and for the accommodation of the political, literary and musical patrons
+of the house. The Euterpian Society met here once a month and once a year
+gave a public concert at the City Hotel, followed by a ball; while the
+older members of the society had a supper below. This was one of the
+events of the season, and the Assembly Room was crowded.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img71.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>For many years the Shakespeare Tavern was closely connected with the
+military history of the city. The Veteran Corps of Artillery usually had
+their dinners here. A dinner was served here to Captain Swain’s Company of
+the Third Regiment of Artillery on Evacuation Day, 1813. A few years ago a
+bronze tablet might have been seen on the corner of Fulton and Nassau
+Streets on which was the following inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">On this site in the<br />
+Old Shakespeare Tavern<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Was organized</span><br />
+The Seventh Regiment<br />
+National Guards S. N. Y.<br />
+August 25, 1824.</p></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img72.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">“AS CHOICE SPIRITS AS EVER SUPPED AT THE TURK’S HEAD”</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Old Shakespeare Tavern has been compared to the “Mermaid” of London in
+the days of Johnson and Shakespeare and to the “Turk’s Head” in the time
+of Reynolds, Garrick and Goldsmith. To what degree this comparison may
+extend is left to individual opinion, but there is no doubt that the best
+talent of the city in many departments were at times to be found within
+its walls. Fitz-Greene Halleck and Robert C. Sands, James G. Percival,
+James K. Paulding and Willis Gaylord Clark were frequent visitors and
+passed here in each other’s company many a merry evening. Here Sands first
+recited to his friends, William L. Stone, Gulian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span> C. Verplanck and John
+Inman, his last and most remarkable poem, “The Dead of 1832.” Here DeWitt
+Clinton discussed with his friends his pet project, the Erie Canal, and
+demonstrated the feasibility of that great undertaking. Here some of the
+liveliest of the “Croakers” were conceived and brought forth. William L.
+Stone, a frequent visitor, says: “The Old Shakespeare has entertained
+coteries composed of as choice spirits as ever supped at the Turk’s Head.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Krout Club</i></div>
+
+<p>Under the management of Hodgkinson the Shakespeare became noted for the
+excellence of its wines and for the quaint style and quiet comfort of its
+suppers. About 1825 he was succeeded by James C. Stoneall, his son-in-law,
+who was an exceedingly courteous man and an attentive and obliging
+landlord. Before and after Stoneall became proprietor of the house it was
+the meeting place of the Krout Club, a social institution of the period,
+most of the members of which were supposed to be descendants of the early
+Dutch settlers. When the Grand Krout, as the presiding officer of the
+society was called, each year nodded his assent to a meeting and dinner,
+the announcement was made by piercing a cabbage and displaying it on the
+end of a long pole projected from an upper window of the place of meeting.
+It was customary, immediately after his election to his exalted position,
+to crown the newly-elected King of the Krouts with a cabbage head nicely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span>
+hollowed out to fit his head and, at the same time, to throw over his
+shoulders a mantle of cabbage leaves. While thus arrayed as master of the
+feast, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill delivered a very amusing address on the
+cabbage, the closing words of which were: “Thy name has been abused as if
+‘to cabbage’ were to pilfer or steal. I repel with indignation the attempt
+to sully thy fame.”</p>
+
+<p>The annual meeting of the Krouts was opened at nine o’clock in the morning
+and the fun and frolic was kept up until late at night. Just before the
+dinner the secretary read his annual report, which consisted of a humorous
+relation of some things that had occurred, but more especially of many
+things that had not occurred. At dinner were served smoked geese, ringlets
+(sausages), sauerkraut and cabbage in a great variety of dishes.</p>
+
+<p>Pleasant memories of the old vine-clad tavern were cherished by many who
+only a few years ago passed over to the Great Beyond.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Dinner to the Peace Commissioners</i></div>
+
+<p>Two of the five American Commissioners who had negociated the Treaty of
+Peace at Ghent and the Commercial Treaty at London, Messrs. Albert
+Gallatin and Henry Clay, arrived in New York on September 1, 1815, and on
+the afternoon of the 5th a complimentary dinner was given them at Tammany
+Hall. Judge Brockholst Livingston presided. William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> Bayard, James
+Fairlie, John Hone, Thomas Farmer and Gilbert Aspinwall were
+vice-presidents and among the distinguished guests were the Hon. Rufus
+King, the Hon. A. J. Dallas, the Mayor, General Macomb, General Swift,
+etc. The Evening Post, a Federal paper, expressed surprise and regret that
+the dinner, instead of appearing to be given as it ought to have been, by
+the respectable citizens of New York without distinction of party, should
+have been “made to wear an invidious complexion by being brought forward
+in the public papers as having been gotten up by 17 gentlemen, all of
+whom, with a single exception are considered to be of the Democratic
+party.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>President Monroe’s Visit</i></div>
+
+<p>From the time of Washington no President of the United States, while in
+office, had visited New York city until President James Monroe, in June,
+1817, made his tour of inspection. On the morning of June 11th he came up
+from Staten Island, where he had been the guest of Vice President
+Tompkins, in the steamboat Richmond, escorted by the sloop of war Saranac,
+Captain Elton, and the Revenue Cutter, Captain Cahoone. He landed on the
+Battery about twelve o’clock from Commodore Evans’ elegant barge,
+accompanied by the Vice President, General Swift and secretary, Captains
+Evans and Biddle of the United States navy, Major-General Morton and
+suite, Major-General Mapes and suite and the Committee of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span> the
+Corporation, who had gone to Staten Island for that purpose, and was
+welcomed by a salute from a division of General Morton’s artillery, under
+the command of Brigadier-General Scott, of the United States army.</p>
+
+<p>The President, after reviewing the line of troops, was escorted up
+Broadway to the City Hall, where, in the audience chamber, the Mayor, in
+the presence of the Governor and other prominent officials, presented him
+with an address. The State Society of the Cincinnati, headed by their
+Vice-President, General Stevens, also presented him a short address. After
+these ceremonies were concluded the President was escorted by a squadron
+of cavalry to the quarters provided for him at Gibson’s elegant
+establishment, the Merchants’ Hotel in Wall Street. After visiting the
+United States Arsenal, the President returned to the hotel at five o’clock
+and sat down to a sumptuous dinner prepared for the occasion. Among the
+guests were the Vice President of the United States, Governor Clinton,
+Hon. Rufus King, General Swift, General Scott, Mr. Mason, secretary to the
+President, General Stevens, General Morton, Col. Willett, Col. Platt,
+Major Fairlie, the President of the United States Bank and the Committee
+of the Corporation. The Merchants’ Hotel at 41 and 43 Wall Street had been
+established there some years, and when Solomon D. Gibson, a landlord of
+experience and reputation, had taken charge of it and it had been selected
+as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span> proper place to lodge and entertain the President of the United
+States, there is hardly a doubt that it was considered second to none in
+the city. In the evening the City Hall and other public buildings were
+illuminated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>General Jackson at the Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>There was a grand military ball at the City Hotel in celebration of
+Washington’s birthday, on the 22d of February, 1819, and at the same time
+the opportunity was embraced to honor General Jackson, who was a visitor
+to the city at that time. “Everything was in great style. Seven hundred
+persons were present. When the General entered, he was saluted by a
+discharge of artillery from a miniature fort raised on the orchestra.” The
+supper room was thrown open at twelve o’clock. Over the table was a
+transparency with the motto: “In the midst of festivity, forget not the
+services and sacrifices of those who have enabled you to enjoy it.” After
+supper there was a flagging in the dancing from exhaustion, when suddenly,
+to the surprise of all, was displayed a flag with the revivifying motto:
+“Don’t give up the ship.” “The effect was electric&mdash;the band struck up
+‘Washington’s March,’ and the ball seemed but beginning! The diffusion of
+light upon an assemblage, the most brilliant we ever beheld, the taste
+with which the room was decorated with nearly two hundred flags, including
+those of almost all the nations of the world, combined with the military
+glitter of about two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span> hundred gentlemen in uniform, interspersed in the
+dance with the female beauty and elegance of the city, produced an effect
+of the most pleasing nature.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>General Jackson’s Toast</i></div>
+
+<p>Jackson’s visit was the occasion of much merriment by the wits of the town
+on account of the toast offered by the General, not at the City Hotel, as
+has been related by some, but at a dinner given in his honor at Tammany
+Hall, by the Tammany Society or Columbian Order, on the 23d. At this
+dinner, General Jackson being called on for his toast, his honor the
+Mayor, who presided, rose, and to the consternation and dismay of Sachem
+William Mooney and other prominent members, announced the toast: “DeWitt
+Clinton, the governor of the great and patriotic state of New York,” after
+which the General left the room, according to one account, “amidst
+reiterated applause,” but according to another, “there was a dead silence
+for the space of three minutes at least.” A certain alderman, recovering
+his astonished senses a little, said, loud enough to be heard by all, that
+what he had just witnessed put him in mind of what Sir Peter Teazle says:
+“This is a damn’d wicked world we live in, Sir Oliver, and the fewer we
+praise the better.” The Republicans, or Democrats as they were afterwards
+called, were at this time divided into two factions. Jackson was an
+admirer of Clinton, but the “Bucktails” of Tammany Hall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span> considered him as
+their bitterest foe. The dinner was a grand affair, the tickets to it
+being sold at five dollars each.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img73.jpg" alt="DeWitt Clinton" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Erie Canal</i></div>
+
+<p>There was a memorable meeting held at the City Hotel in the fall of 1815.
+Its purpose was to advance the project for building a canal to connect
+Lake Erie and the Hudson River, which had been before the public for some
+years and which was considered by some as abandoned. Judge Jonas Platt,
+Thomas Eddy and DeWitt Clinton, all earnestly interested in the
+enterprise, discussed the matter and agreed to make an effort to revive
+interest in it. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span> proposed to send out invitations to the most
+prominent and influential citizens of New York to meet at the City Hotel.
+This was done. William Bayard was made chairman of the meeting and John
+Pintard secretary. Jonas Platt and DeWitt Clinton delivered addresses, and
+although there was some opposition, a resolution was nevertheless passed
+by a large majority in favor of the object, and a committee consisting of
+DeWitt Clinton, Thomas Eddy, Cadwallader D. Colden and John Swartwout was
+chosen to prepare and circulate a memorial to the legislature. This
+celebrated paper was written by DeWitt Clinton and attracted great
+attention. It gave new life to the enterprise, which was ultimately
+successful.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The First Savings Bank</i><br /><br />
+<i>What Englishmen Said About the City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1816, at a meeting in the City Hotel, the first savings
+bank in New York was organized. The necessary capital was not raised until
+1819, when it went into operation with William Bayard as its first
+president.</p>
+
+<p>H. B. Fearon, an English traveller, writes in 1817: “There are in New York
+many hotels, some of which are on an extensive scale. The City Hotel is as
+large as the London Tavern. The dining room and some of the apartments
+seem to have been fitted up regardless of expense.” Quite different is the
+description given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> by Lieutenant Fred. Fitzgerald De Roos of the Royal
+Navy, who visited New York in May, 1826. He says: “We lodged at the City
+Hotel, which is the principal inn at New York. The house is immense and
+was full of company; but what a wretched place! The floors were without
+carpets, the beds without curtains; there was neither glass, mug nor cup,
+and a miserable little rag was dignified with the name of towel. The
+entrance to the house is constantly obstructed by crowds of people passing
+to and from the bar-room, where a person presides at a buffet formed upon
+the plan of a cage. This individual is engaged, ‘from morn to dewy eve,’
+in preparing and issuing forth punch and spirits to strange-looking men,
+who come to the house to read the newspapers and talk politics. In this
+place may be seen in turn most of the respectable inhabitants of the town.
+There is a public breakfast at half-past seven o’clock, and a dinner at
+two o’clock, but to get anything in one’s own room is impossible.” Let us
+digress and note the happy return of this man to <i>English soil</i>. On his
+way back to Halifax to join his command, he crossed from Maine to Nova
+Scotia, stopping in the little town of Windsor. He writes: “Never in my
+whole life did I more fully appreciate the benefits of our good English
+customs, or feel in better humor with my country in general, than when I
+sat down in a clean parlor by myself, to the snug dinner prepared for me
+by the widow Wilcocks, landlady<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> of a comfortable inn in the good town of
+Windsor. How different from an American <i>table d’hote</i>! where you are
+deafened by the clamor, and disgusted by the selfish gluttony of your
+companions; where you must either bolt your victuals, or starve, from the
+ravenous rapidity with which everything is dispatched; and where the
+inattention of the servants is only equalled by their insolence and
+familiarity.”</p>
+
+<p>Englishmen never forgot that the United States was a brilliant gem plucked
+from the British crown, and the vein of sarcasm and resentment running
+through books of travel written by them about this time is apparent; so
+that their descriptions and opinions should be taken with some allowance
+for this feeling. Nevertheless, there was a foundation of truth in many of
+the disagreeable things they said, which made them, on that account, the
+more irritating to the people of the United States.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Price-Wilson Duel</i></div>
+
+<p>About the year 1818 or 1820, there was living for a time at the Washington
+Hotel, or as it was more generally called Washington Hall, Captain Wilson,
+of the British army, who, in conversation one day at dinner, remarked that
+he had been mainly instrumental in bringing about the duel between Major
+Green and Benjamin Price, and detailed the circumstances leading to it. A
+few years before this, Benjamin Price, a brother of Stephen Price, lessee
+and manager of the Park Theater, was at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span> theatre one evening in the
+company of a very handsome woman. In the adjoining box was Major Green, a
+British officer, who took the liberty of turning and staring the lady full
+in the face, which annoyed her and of which she complained to Price, who,
+on a repetition of the offense, reached over, caught the officer by the
+nose and gave it a vigorous twist. The officer soon after knocked at the
+door of Price’s box, and when he opened it asked him with charming
+simplicity what he meant by such behavior, at the same time declaring that
+he had intended no offense, that he had not meant to insult the lady by
+what he had done. “Oh, very well,” replied Price, “neither did I mean to
+insult you by what I did.” Upon this they shook hands and it was supposed
+that the matter was settled and ended. When Major Green returned to his
+command in Canada the story of this affair followed him or had preceded
+him and was soon the subject of discussion among his comrades. It was
+brought to the attention of his brother officers, one of whom, Captain
+Wilson, insisted that Green should be sent to Coventry unless he returned
+to New York and challenged Price. This he did after practising with a
+pistol for five hours a day until he considered himself sufficiently
+expert. They fought at Weehawken on Sunday, May 12, 1816. Price was killed
+at the first fire. Spectators viewed the transaction from the neighboring
+rocks, and a more horrible sight could not have been imagined. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span>
+seconds ran off, and Green look a small boat, crossed the river and
+boarded a vessel about to sail for England.</p>
+
+<p>When the news that Captain Wilson was at the Washington Hotel and a
+statement of what he had said were carried to Stephen Price, who was lying
+ill of the gout at his home, his friends say that he obeyed implicitly the
+instructions of his physician and thereby obtained a short cessation of
+the gout so that he was able to hobble out of doors, his lower extremities
+swaddled in flannel. As soon as possible he made his way to the Washington
+Hotel, where he inquired for Captain Wilson. Ascertaining that he was in,
+he requested to be shown to his room. With a stout hickory cane in his
+hand he hobbled upstairs, cursing with equal vehemence the captain and the
+gout. Arriving at the room, as the captain rose to receive him he said:
+“Are you Captain Wilson?” “That is my name,” replied the captain. “Sir,”
+said he, “my name is Stephen Price. You see, sir, that I can scarcely put
+one foot before the other. I am afflicted with the gout, but sir, I have
+come here with the deliberate intention of insulting you. Shall I have to
+knock you down or will you consider what I have said a sufficient insult
+for the purpose?” “Sir,” replied the captain, smiling, “I shall consider
+what you have said quite sufficient and shall act accordingly. You shall
+hear from me.” In due time there came a message from Captain Wilson to
+Stephen Price; time,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span> place and weapons were appointed. Early one morning,
+a few days later, a barge left the city in which were seated Stephen
+Price, Captain Wilson and two friends. They all landed on Bedlow’s Island.
+Captain Wilson never returned. He fell dead at the first fire. His body
+was buried on the island and many of his friends thought that he had been
+lost or died suddenly at sea.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV</h2>
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Road Houses</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Prejudice Against Dancing</i></div>
+
+<p>We have the evidence of persons who lived in the early part of the
+nineteenth century that among the old Dutch and Puritan families there was
+a strong prejudice against dancing, especially by young ladies in public
+places, and there is hardly a doubt that this was much increased by the
+introduction of the waltz, quite different from the dancing of old
+colonial days. Notwithstanding this, we find that in the accounts of the
+balls given on important occasions there does not seem to have been any
+disinclination to indulge in this pleasing diversion. There were dancing
+masters, and shortly after the erection of Washington Hall and Tammany
+Hall they were both being used by the instructors of dancing, and they
+held in them their “publics,” which appear to have been well attended.
+Concerts, as formerly, were generally followed by balls.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Bachelors’ Ball</i></div>
+
+<p>Like the old Province Arms of colonial days, the City Hotel was used for a
+great many years for the assembly balls. These continued to be held here
+until after the close of the war of 1812, but a few years later seem to
+have ceased. It was about this time that, as related by Abram<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> C. Dayton,
+the old ladies defeated the young men in a contest over dancing. The young
+men gave a series of sociables at the City Hotel, at which none but
+subscribers were admitted. Although very select, the old ladies, backed by
+the minister, denounced them. “The battle for supremacy was bravely waged
+on both sides, but the old ladies beat Young America and the City Hotel
+sociables were discontinued.” But it was only a lull. Some years later the
+social feature was the annual ball given by the young men known as the
+Bachelors’ Ball. It was the social event of each winter and exceeded
+anything of the kind ever previously attempted, being very select and
+gotten up with great care. All the managers wore knee breeches, silk
+stockings and pumps. The most noted of these was the Bachelors’ Grand
+Fancy Ball given at the City Hotel on the 18th of March, 1831, which had
+long been the theme of conversation and the subject of preparation. Philip
+Hone, in his diary, says that “no expectations had been formed which were
+not realized by the results. My daughter Mary went as Sweet Anne Page and
+looked lovely in the part of Leslie’s inimitable picture.” Later the
+Bachelors’ Balls were given on the evening of St. Valentine’s Day. The
+tickets, printed on cardboard from elaborately engraved plates, were sold
+at ten dollars each.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Forum</i></div>
+
+<p>For the entertainment of those opposed to dancing there were meetings of
+the Forum,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span> which were in 1817 at Mechanics’ Hall, corner of Broadway and
+Park Place, and later at the City Hotel on Friday evenings. The exercises
+consisted of debates and addresses and the tickets of admission were sold
+at two shillings each, the debate commencing promptly at seven o’clock.
+Prominent members of the Forum were J. P. C. Sampson, Orville L. Holley,
+Thomas G. Fessenden, Hiram Ketchum, Rev. Richard Varick Dey, William
+Paxton Hallet and Charles G. Haines. At a meeting in the first part of
+January, 1817, the question discussed was: “Ought Legislative or other aid
+to be afforded in order to render the United States a Manufacturing
+nation?” About these meetings Fitz-Greene Halleck has given us a few
+descriptive lines:</p>
+
+<div class="container">
+<p class="poetry">“Resort of fashion, beauty, taste&mdash;<br />
+The Forum Hall was nightly grac’d<br />
+With all who blush’d their hours to waste<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At balls&mdash;and such ungodly places;</span><br />
+And Quaker girls were there allow’d<br />
+To show, among the motley crowd<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Their sweet blue eyes and pretty faces.”</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>A British Veteran</i></div>
+
+<p>John Batten, the garrulous friend of “Felix Oldboy,” who considered him a
+valuable repository of reminiscences, was a veteran soldier who had come
+out with the British troops in the early part of the Revolutionary War.
+Better<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span> educated than the most of his companions in arms, he is said to
+have taught school in the old Dutch Church while the British occupied New
+York. He used sometimes to say in a pleasant, joking way: “I fought hard
+for this country,” and after enjoying the effect produced on his young
+auditors, who were ready to admire his patriotic devotion, would slowly
+add, after looking around and winking at some elderly person who knew his
+history, “but we didn’t get it.”</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion Batten was present at a grand Fourth of July dinner and
+was taken to be a Revolutionary soldier, as of course, he verily was. The
+company drank his health in patriotic toasts and at last called upon him
+to respond. This he did and spoke so touchingly of the events of the war
+that his audience was very much affected, especially the feminine part of
+it. Then he said: “Yes, I did fight all through the old Revolution. I
+fought as bravely as the others. I liked this country and decided to stay
+here; so, when my regiment was preparing to embark, I slipped over to Long
+Island and stayed there until they had sailed for England.” The astonished
+company realized that they had been cheering a British soldier and that
+Johnny Batten was not the sort of veteran they were accustomed to admire.
+Batten thought it a good joke.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Blue Bell</i></div>
+
+<p>After the war Batten opened a tavern at Jamaica, Long Island, and a few
+years after he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span> came to New York City, where, in 1786, we find him the
+landlord of the Blue Bell in Slote Lane. After several changes he settled
+down at No. 37 Nassau Street, which he kept as a first-class tavern for
+several years. After this he became a merchant and opened a hosiery store
+on the west side of Broadway, between Dey and Cortlandt Streets. He was
+here in 1817. Batten lived to be a very old man. He was one of those they
+called “Battery Walkers” or “Peep o’ Day Boys,” who used to go down to the
+Battery at daybreak and walk about until breakfast time.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>When, in 1816, Gibson became landlord of the Merchants’ Hotel in Wall
+Street, he was succeeded in the City Hotel by Chester Jennings, who was
+the landlord of the house for more than twenty years. Under his management
+it acquired a high reputation, and in 1836 he retired with a competency.
+The very next year his fortune, which had been invested in United States
+Bank and other stocks, was swept away by the great revulsion of 1837.
+Samuel G. Mather was landlord of the City Hotel in 1838, but John Jacob
+Astor, the owner of the house, induced Jennings to again undertake its
+management with Willard, his former assistant, and together they assumed
+control of it and succeeded so well that in the course of a few years
+Jennings had placed himself in a position to retire again in comfort.</p>
+
+<p>During nearly the whole of the first half of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span> the nineteenth century the
+City Hotel was not only the most celebrated house of entertainment in the
+city, but travellers declared that it had no equal in the United States.
+On its register were found the names of the most distinguished men of the
+nation as well as prominent citizens from every section of the land. It
+was a plain structure of four stories with no architectural pretensions,
+and the interior fittings and the furniture were also plain, but good and
+durable. The dining room was spacious, light, well ventilated, neat and
+scrupulously clean. The service was good and the table furnished with an
+abundant supply, selected with the greatest care. Chester Jennings was the
+unseen partner who provided supplies and superintended the details of the
+running of the house in all departments except the office. Willard’s
+duties were in the office, where he was clerk, book-keeper, cashier,
+bar-keeper and anything necessary. He attended closely to business and was
+a well known man, though never seen outside of the hotel. Other hotels
+were built with greater pretensions but the old City Hotel maintained its
+prestige through all. It had become a general rendezvous for merchants and
+friends on their return from business to their homes, and there was about
+it a social atmosphere which could not be transferred. The National Hotel,
+on the corner of Broadway and Cedar Street, nearly opposite the City
+Hotel, erected by Joseph Delacroix of Vauxhall Garden, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> opened for
+business in March, 1826, and the Adelphi Hotel, a building six stories
+high, on the corner of Broadway and Beaver Street, was erected in 1827.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Club at the City Hotel</i></div>
+
+<p>In the palmy days of the City Hotel there were a number of men who made it
+their home, or dining place, and, brought together by similarity of tastes
+or for social enjoyment, had formed a coterie or sort of club. They were
+all men of some leisure who could afford to sit long after dinner and sip
+their wine and crack their jokes and discuss the gossip of the town. “This
+band of jolly good fellows, who lingered day after day for long years over
+their wine and nuts, were well known characters in the city and were
+especially familiar to such as visited the City Hotel, where they lived
+and died.”<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a> Colonel Nick Saltus, a retired merchant of wealth and a
+confirmed old bachelor, was the acknowledged chairman and spokesman of
+this peculiar group.</p>
+
+<p>In those days the captains of the packet-ships which sailed twice each
+month for European ports, were men of much importance. Many of them made
+the City Hotel their headquarters when in port and became boon-companions
+of the select coterie of the house, who often, when an arrival was
+announced at Sandy Hook, would proceed to the Battery to meet their friend
+who had been commissioned to procure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span> some new gastronomical luxury for
+the company.</p>
+
+<p>When Billy Niblo had resolved to abandon his Pine Street Coffee House and
+open a suburban place for refreshment and entertainment on what was then
+upper Broadway, he invited many of his old customers and friends to the
+opening of his new garden, among whom were some who were residents of the
+City Hotel. They accepted the invitation of Niblo and determined that
+Willard should be one of the company. When the time arrived and he was
+duly notified he was noticed to be desperately in search of something that
+he could not find. At last he confessed that he had not been the owner of
+a hat for many years, and that he had been in search of one which had been
+long lying around without an owner, but had now disappeared. A hat was
+procured from a hatter directly opposite and everyone in the neighborhood
+was quite interested in the fact that Willard was going out.</p>
+
+<p>The cellar of the old hotel is said to have been stocked with wines of the
+finest brands, selected with the greatest care, which were pronounced by
+connoisseurs as unsurpassed in purity and flavor, and it was the delight
+of Chester Jennings to carefully uncork in person some choice variety for
+a favorite or important guest.</p>
+
+<p>With New Yorkers of an earlier date the dinner hour was at noon, but those
+returning from abroad and those who wished to imitate the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> customs of
+European cities were urgent for a change, and to fall into the line of
+modern ways the dinner hour of the hotel was gradually moved to three
+o’clock, although a mid-day meal was served to those who would not conform
+to the innovation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Contoit’s Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>A well known public place of resort in the early part of the nineteenth
+century was John H. Contoit’s Garden, in 1801 at 39 Greenwich Street, in
+1802 at 253 Broadway and in 1806 and for many years after at 355 Broadway,
+on the west side between Leonard and Franklin Streets, when it was known
+as the New York Garden. This was a long, narrow plot of ground densely
+shaded with trees; on either side were ranged boxes or compartments,
+brightened with whitewash and green paint, in each of which was a plain,
+bare table with seats to accommodate four persons. It appears to have been
+an eminently proper place for ladies of a summer afternoon and in the
+evening, lighted by many globes filled with oil and suspended from the
+lower branches of the trees, in each of which floated a lighted wick or
+paper, was well patronized by the ladies and gentlemen of the period.
+Colored waiters with white jackets and aprons supplied customers with
+vanilla and lemon ice cream, pound cake and lemonade, which made up the
+bill of fare. The inexpensive fittings of the place enabled Contoit to
+serve for a shilling an allowance of ice cream<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> sufficient to satisfy any
+ordinary appetite and his place became very popular. Although the garden
+was supposed to be conducted on the temperance plan, it is said that wine
+or even cognac could be obtained without difficulty by those who knew how.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img74.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CONTOIT’S GARDEN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Bank Coffee House</i></div>
+
+<p>In 1814 William Niblo, an enterprising young man, who afterwards became
+well known as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span> landlord, opened the Bank Coffee House in the house
+formerly occupied by Frederick Phillips, a retired British officer, on the
+corner of Pine and William Streets, in the rear of the Bank of New York.
+He was the son-in-law of David King, a well known tavern-keeper, who for
+many years kept a tavern in the little frame house at No. 9 Wall Street
+and some years later at No. 6 Slote Lane. Niblo’s house soon became very
+popular. A group of prominent merchants met here regularly, forming
+themselves into a sort of club, with a president and other officers. It
+was a famous place for dinners and dinner parties. On the news of peace at
+the close of the war of 1812, Niblo issued a card under date of February
+20, 1815, from the Bank Coffee House, stating that “William Niblo, in
+unison with the universal joy at the return of Peace, invites his friends
+to regale themselves at his Collation on Tuesday at 11 o’clock, in
+celebration of this happy event.” In the great cholera epidemic of 1822 he
+removed his coffee house to the village of Greenwich and it was there the
+office of the Union Line to Philadelphia, the Boston Mail Coach and the
+New Haven Steamboat Line, where passengers were notified to apply for
+seats.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The Great Horse Race</i></div>
+
+<p>When the great horse-race of May, 1823, between the northern horse Eclipse
+and the southern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span> horse Henry took place on the Union Course, Long Island,
+Niblo rented the building on the grounds belonging to the “Association for
+the Promotion of the Breed of Horses,” where he offered to serve
+refreshments of all kinds, especially Green Turtle, at all hours during
+the races. He also announced that at the termination of the match race he
+would dispatch a rider on a fleet horse with the result, which would be
+made known by displaying a white flag from the top of the Bank Coffee
+House if Eclipse should be victorious. If his opponent should win the race
+a red flag would be raised. By this arrangement the result, he stated,
+would be known in the city in about forty minutes after the race. Should
+the race not take place the United States flag would be displayed. This
+great horse-race attracted to New York City people from all parts of the
+country; the hotels and boarding houses were full to overflowing and the
+demand for vehicles of all or any kind was away beyond what could be
+supplied. It was estimated that there were as many as fifty thousand
+people at the race-course. The wager was twenty thousand dollars a side
+and excitement was very great.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Niblo’s Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>William Niblo opened a restaurant and pleasure garden or rural resort in
+1828 at the corner of Prince Street and Broadway which he called Sans
+Souci. In the middle of the block, north of Prince Street on Broadway,
+were two brick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span> houses, one of which had been occupied for some time by
+James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. In the rear of these was a large
+building which had been used by a circus called The Stadium. Niblo
+occupied all these premises. The interior of the garden was spacious and
+adorned with shrubs and flowers; cages with singing birds were here and
+there suspended from the branches of trees, beneath which were placed
+seats with small tables where were served ice cream, wine negus and
+cooling lemonade; it was lighted in the evening by numerous clusters of
+many-colored glass lamps.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img75.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">NIBLO’S GARDEN</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span>Shortly after Niblo had established himself in this place the new Bowery
+Theatre burned down and Charles Gilfert, the manager, opened a summer
+theater in the old circus building, then still standing in the middle of
+Niblo’s Garden, where he gave theatrical performances, while his own
+theatre was being rebuilt, which was done in ninety days. Niblo continued
+to give here theatrical performances of a gay and attractive character
+which became so popular that he was induced to erect a new building with a
+blank wall on Broadway, the entrance being made from the garden. The
+garden was entered from Broadway. Some years later, this was destroyed by
+fire, but it was succeeded by another theatre, one of the finest in the
+city, with entrance from Broadway, and known for a great many years as
+Niblo’s Garden, although there was no garden attached to it.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1820 there stood on the corner of Thames and Temple Streets
+an ale house kept by William Reynolds, which became a favorite place for
+Englishmen in the city and the resort of many prominent merchants and
+politicians on account of the quality of the steaks and chops served up in
+this small and unpretentious looking place. Fitz-Greene Halleck frequented
+the place and formed a friendship for the gruff Englishman and his family
+which lasted for life. When Reynolds gave up the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span> business and retired to
+Fort Lee, New Jersey, Halleck was there a frequent and welcome visitor.
+The old chop-house maintained a reputation for many years under the
+management of Reynolds’ successors.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img76.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">REYNOLDS’ BEER HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Road Houses</i></div>
+
+<p>On or near the old Boston Post Road, of which Bowery Lane and the
+Kingsbridge Road formed a part, there were taverns that gradually became
+rendezvous for those who drove out on the road for pleasure or diversion.
+While the old-fashioned chaise and gig were in use, the driver’s seat in a
+box directly over the axle, there was little desire or demand for a fast
+road horse. The great popularity of the trotter began with the
+introduction of the light wagon or buggy with elliptic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> steel springs.
+Before this period practically the only fast trotting was done under the
+saddle.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1818, the first trotting match against time of which we have
+any knowledge, took place on the Jamaica turnpike and was won by Boston
+Blue, or, as some say, by the Boston Pony, on a wager of one thousand
+dollars that no horse could be produced that could trot a mile in three
+minutes. The first race between trotters of which we have definite record
+took place in 1823 between Topgallant, owned by M. D. Green, and Dragon,
+owned by T. Carter. The course was from Brooklyn to Jamaica, a distance of
+twelve miles, and the race was won by Topgallant in thirty-nine minutes.
+The next year Topgallant, fourteen years old, won a three-mile race for
+stakes of two thousand dollars on the turnpike against Washington Costar’s
+Betsy Baker, doing the distance in eight minutes and forty-two seconds.</p>
+
+<p>The advent of the light wagon created a great desire in those who drove
+out on the road to own a fast trotting horse. There was great rivalry and
+excitement and many of the wayside inns, formerly very quiet places,
+blossomed into profitable notoriety. The meeting of congenial spirits at
+these places, the gossiping of groups where the talk was all of the horse,
+the stories of the speed and stamina of the rival trotters produced much
+entertainment; matches were made at these places and decided on the road
+nearby.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img77.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">CATO’S HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>For nearly half a century Cato Alexander kept a house of entertainment on
+the old Boston Post Road about four miles from the city. Cato had a great
+reputation for his “incomparable” dinners and suppers which brought to his
+house everybody who owned a rig or could occasionally hire one to drive
+out to his place. After Third Avenue was laid out and macadamized a bend
+in the old Post Road extending from Forty-fifth Street to Sixty-fifth
+Street was for some time kept open and in use. On this bend of the old
+road Cato’s house was situated and it became known as Cato’s Lane. It was
+about a mile long and was a great spurting place for drivers of fast
+horses. Among the reminiscences of those who used to go to Cato’s in these
+days is the fact that Cato sold cigars&mdash;real cigars and good ones, too&mdash;at
+the rate of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span> five for a shilling (12½ cents) and pure brandy, such as
+can not now be obtained on the road at any price, at six pence (6¼
+cents) per glass. When the trotting horse became popular Cato’s became one
+of the noted halting places. Cato was black, but his modest, unpretending
+dignity of manner “secured for his humble house such a widespread
+reputation that for years it was one of the prominent resorts of our
+citizens and attracted many of the prominent sightseers who made
+pilgrimages to the island of Manhattan.”<a name='fna_7' id='fna_7' href='#f_7'><small>[7]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img78.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">THE OLD HAZZARD HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On Yorkville Hill at Eighty-second Street was the Hazzard House, famous in
+its day as being the resort of those who delighted in speed and loved to
+indulge in the talk of the horse to be heard at such places. Its stables
+were generally filled with horses awaiting purchasers, whose merits and
+good points were told of in a manner so truthful, so confidential, so
+convincing that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> purchases were numerous. In 1835, and until a much later
+period, Third Avenue was a magnificent drive, being macadamized from
+Twenty-eighth Street to the Harlem River, and was much used by our
+sporting citizens of that period. Races were of almost daily occurrence
+and the Hazzard House was the center of much activity in that line.</p>
+
+<p>About a mile further up, at One Hundred and Fifth Street, a lane on the
+east side of the avenue led down to the celebrated Red House, located on a
+plot of many acres. The main building was the old McGown house of colonial
+days, roomy and well adapted to a road house. On the place was a well kept
+half-mile trotting course, which offered extraordinary inducements to
+horse owners and consequently made it a popular resort. One of its
+earliest proprietors was Lewis Rogers, who is described by Abram C. Dayton
+as a dapper little man, always dressed in the tip of fashion and as neat
+and trim in the appointments of his house as in his personal attire.</p>
+
+<p>One mile beyond the Red House was Bradshaw’s, on the corner of Third
+Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, not far from Harlem
+Bridge, and for most the turning point of their drive. A long rest was
+taken here by many who made it the only stopping place on the road,
+consequently, on a favorable day for driving it was crowded. Widow
+Bradshaw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span> was noted for her chicken fricassee, universally acknowledged to
+be a marvel of excellence.</p>
+
+<p>On the Bloomingdale Road, a more quiet drive and more used by those who
+took with them their families or ladies, was Burnham’s Mansion House, at
+first, as early as 1825, at Seventieth Street, and at a later period the
+fine Vanderheuval mansion and grounds at Seventy-eighth Street. This was
+fitly styled the family house on the drive and on fine summer afternoons
+the spacious grounds were filled with ladies and children who sauntered
+about at their leisure and convenience, having no fear of annoyance.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img79.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BURNHAM’S MANSION HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Across the river on Long Island the Jamaica Turnpike was the great drive
+for horsemen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span> On this road were many notable public houses, frequented by
+horsemen. At Jamaica, nearly opposite the Union Course, was John R.
+Snedeker’s tavern, a large three-story white frame house with a piaza
+along its whole front. For more than a quarter of a century this was the
+accepted rendezvous of the trotting-horse fraternity. The first authentic
+record made by a trotting horse on a track in the presence of judges was
+made in May, 1826, on the new track of the New York Trotting Club at
+Jamaica and a New York newspaper of May 16 states that “the owner and
+friends of the winning horse gave a splendid dinner and champagne at
+Snedecor’s tavern.” Snedeker’s dinners became celebrated far and wide and
+horsemen from every section came to feast on his game, fish and asparagus
+which no one else could surpass or equal.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Visit of Lafayette</i></div>
+
+<p>The year 1824 is notable for the visit to this country of General
+Lafayette, who, accompanied by his son, George Washington Lafayette,
+arrived at New York in the ship Cadmus on the 16th of August. Besides the
+committee of the corporation, members of the Society of the Cincinnati,
+Revolutionary officers and soldiers, a deputation from West Point and
+distinguished guests and official personages, more than six thousand
+persons went down the bay to meet him, and his welcome to our shores was
+such as no man had ever received before. The day was delightful, and the
+surface of the bay was dotted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span> every conceivable kind of craft. The
+ships and vessels were liberally decorated with all kinds of flags and
+signals. As the grand flotilla with the <i>guest of the nation</i> approached
+the city, continual salutes rolled out their signs of welcome above the
+shouts of the people, while on shore hundreds of bells were ringing. The
+military, three thousand in number, formed in line, and on landing,
+Lafayette was received with a salute of twenty-one guns. After a review of
+the troops commanded by General James Benedict, he was conducted to the
+City Hall in a barouche drawn by four horses, escorted by a troop of horse
+and followed by a long line of citizen soldiery. Here a public reception
+was held till five o’clock, when the General was escorted to his quarters
+at the City Hotel, where a dinner was given in his honor by the civil and
+military authorities. In the evening the town was illuminated and
+fireworks and transparencies were displayed in honor of the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>At the City Hotel Lafayette was waited on by the clergy of the city, by
+the officers of the militia, by social societies, by the French Society,
+by delegations from Baltimore, from Philadelphia, from New England and
+from up the Hudson; and when on Friday morning the General prepared to
+leave the city, the military paraded at seven o’clock and repaired to the
+City Hotel, whence at eight o’clock Lafayette, the committee appointed to
+accompany him to Boston and the military escort, commanded by General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span>
+Prosper M. Wetmore, moved up Broadway to Bond Street and thence up Third
+Avenue.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Grand Banquet at Washington Hall</i></div>
+
+<p>On Lafayette’s return from New England he arrived by steamboat about noon
+on the 4th of September amid salutes from the men-of-war, and on his
+landing was given the same hearty welcome he had received on his first
+arrival, and was escorted to his old lodgings at the City Hotel. He was
+informed that the Society of the Cincinnati intended to celebrate the
+anniversary of his birth on the 6th of September and was invited to dine
+with them at Washington Hall. “About 4 o’clock in the afternoon of that
+day a long line of venerable gentlemen, members of the Society of the
+Cincinnati, arrived at the hotel, preceded by a military band. The general
+was received into their ranks and an insignia of the Society, which had
+been worn by Washington, was attached to his coat. The old soldiers then
+marched to the hall where they were to dine. Crowds filled the streets
+through which they passed slowly and many feebly.” The banquet hall was
+decorated with trophies of arms and banners bearing the names of
+Revolutionary heroes. At the top of the room, directly over the seat of
+Lafayette at the upper end of the table, was erected a rich triumphal arch
+of laurel, roses, etc., reaching to the ceiling. Directly in front, at the
+center of the arch, was a large spread eagle with a scroll in its beak on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span>
+which was inscribed “Sept. 6, 1757” (the birthday of the “Nation’s
+Guest”), and grasping in its talons a ribbon or scroll, one end passing to
+the right on which was “Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777,” the other to the left
+bearing the words “Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781.” Behind the General’s chair
+was planted the grand standard of the Society entwined with the thirteen
+stripes of the flag of the nation. On the right was a shield bearing a
+rising sun and on the left a shield with the New York State arms. In the
+center of the room was a splendid star surrounded by others of less
+magnitude. From this star two broad pennants from the Franklin 74, were
+crossed and carried to the four corners of the room. At the lower end of
+the room was the transparency by Childs. A number of trophies of the navy
+were loaned by Captain Rogers and Lieutenant Goldsborough. Towards the
+close of the festival a grand transparency showing Washington and
+Lafayette holding each others’ hands standing before the altar of Liberty,
+receiving a civic wreath from the hands of America, caused great applause,
+which was followed by the reading of the order of the day at Yorktown by
+General Swartwout. Then, amidst cheering, the gallant veteran, General
+Lamb, sang a ballad composed in 1792, while Lafayette was in the Austrian
+dungeon. The night was far spent when the old gentlemen reached their
+several homes. In the evening of September 11, Lafayette attended a dinner
+given by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> French residents of New York at Washington Hall in
+celebration of the forty-seventh anniversary of the battle of Brandywine.
+A novel and remarkable decoration of the table on this occasion was a
+miniature of the new canal which traversed the state. It was sixty feet
+long and several inches deep, filled with water and the banks sodded. The
+bridges, locks and towns were properly indicated.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Ball at Castle Garden</i></div>
+
+<p>The honor and respect shown to Lafayette culminated in the great ball
+given at Castle Garden on Wednesday, September 14, which, it is said, for
+splendor and magnificence surpassed anything of the kind ever seen in
+America. Six thousand persons attended, which included all the beauty and
+fashion of New York and vicinity. The castle, which was a circle, was
+enclosed with an awning to the height of seventy-five feet, the dome being
+supported in the center by a column, dressed with the colors of the
+Cincinnati. It was a magnificent affair, long remembered in the city.
+Lafayette and a large party went from the ball on board the steamboat,
+James Kent, chartered by the committee to take the nation’s guest up the
+Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span></p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img80.jpg" alt="Fitz-Greene Halleck" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Clubs</i></div>
+
+<p>There were several social clubs in the city holding their meetings at
+hotels, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, a man whose society was sought
+and desired, appears to have been a member of every club in the city,
+great or small. He was one of a small circle who met occasionally at the
+City Hotel. Tuckerman says: “There was a select club many years ago in New
+York, the members of which dined together at stated intervals at the old
+City Hotel on Broadway; the utmost freedom of intercourse and good faith
+marked their prandial converse, and one day when a sudden silence followed
+the entrance of the host, it was proposed to elect him to the fraternity,
+that they might talk freely in his presence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span> which was frequent and
+indispensable. He kept a hotel after the old <i>régime</i>, was a gentleman in
+his feelings, an honest and intelligent fellow, who prided himself upon
+his method of serving up roast pig&mdash;in which viand his superiority was
+such that the gentle Elia, had he ever dined with the club, would have
+mentioned him with honor in the essay on that crispy and succulent dish.
+The proposition was opposed by only one individual, a clever man, who had
+made his fortune by buying up all the bristles at Odessa, thus securing a
+monopoly which enabled him to vend the article to the brushmakers at an
+enormous profit. His objection to Boniface was that he was famous for
+nothing but roasting a pig, and no fit associate for gentlemen. ‘Your
+aristocratic standard is untenable,’ said Halleck, ‘for what essential
+difference is there between spurs won from roasting a porker or by selling
+his bristles?’ and amid the laugh of his confreres, mine host was
+elected.”</p>
+
+<p>The Bread and Cheese Club was organized in 1824 by James Fenimore Cooper.
+It included among its members conspicuous professional men in science,
+law, letters and philosophy, of whom were Fitz-Greene Halleck, William A.
+and John Duer, Professor Renwick, Philip Hone, James De Kay, the great
+naturalist, Charles Augustus Davis, Dr. John W. Francis, Charles King,
+Verplanck, Bryant and Sands. The selections for nomination rested
+entirely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span> with Cooper; bread and cheese were used in balloting and one of
+cheese barred the way to membership. The club met at Washington Hall
+fortnightly and for fifteen years, either here or at the houses of its
+members were entertained nearly every distinguished person who visited New
+York during that period. Meetings of the club, often a large assembly,
+were attended by members of Congress and distinguished strangers, among
+whom were often found Daniel Webster, Henry R. Storrs, William Beach
+Lawrence and the French minister, Hyde De Neuville.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img81.jpg" alt="J. Fenimore Cooper" /></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span>A little later was the Book Club. Although said to have been founded by
+the Rev. Dr. Wainwright, and in spite of its name, it was rather convivial
+than literary. Philip Hone describes it as a club which met every other
+Thursday at Washington Hall, “where they sup, drink champagne and whisky
+punch, talk as well as they know how and run each other good humoredly.”
+He did not understand why it should be called a Book Club, for the book of
+subscriptions to expenses was the only one it possessed. He declares that
+they were a very pleasant set of fellows, and sat late. The first time he
+met with them after being made a member of the club was in March, 1835,
+and when he came away at one o’clock he left them at the supper table. The
+party that evening consisted of about twenty, viz.: Davis, President
+Duer, Charles King, Wilkins, William Kent, Harvey, Arthur Barclay, Isaac
+Hone, Halleck, Ogden Hoffman, Patterson, Blunt, Dr. Francis, Baron Behr,
+Mr. Trelauney, author of “The Younger Son,” Beverly Robinson, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>Semi-Centennial of Washington’s Inauguration</i></div>
+
+<p>The semi-centennial anniversary of the inauguration of Washington as the
+first President of the United States was celebrated in the city of New
+York by the Historical Society on the 30th of April, 1839. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span> twelve
+o’clock an oration was delivered in the Middle Dutch Church by John Quincy
+Adams, the venerable ex-President of the United States, to a numerous and
+appreciative audience. At four o’clock the members of the society and
+their invited guests dined at the City Hotel. The president of the
+society, Peter G. Stuyvesant, sat at the head of the table, with two
+venerable contemporaries of the American Revolution, General Morgan Lewis,
+once governor of New York, and Colonel John Trumbull, the one at his right
+hand and the other at his left. Among the guests were William Pennington,
+governor of New Jersey, General Winfield Scott, Commodore Claxton, Samuel
+Southard and other distinguished individuals, together with delegates from
+other historical societies. Mr. Adams was toasted, and replied in a speech
+in which he claimed for the era of the American Revolution the title of
+the heroic age of America, and that it deserved this title with more
+justice than the title of heroic age bestowed upon the early history of
+Greece. In the course of the evening speeches were made by General Scott,
+Commodore Claxton of the American Navy, Mr. Southard and others, and an
+original ode was sung.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842, John Jacob Astor was the owner of the City Hotel, and by deed
+dated March 9th of that year conveyed to his granddaughter Sarah, wife of
+Robert Boreel, and daughter of Dorothea Langdon, a life interest in the
+property after his death, which after her death is to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span> divided among
+her children. The deed states: “Whereas I am desirous of providing by deed
+for my granddaughter Sarah, wife of Robert Boreel, and of disposing in the
+manner in these presents expressed, of the property which in my will I had
+designated for her,” etc., “and whereas her husband is an alien, and
+although one of her sons is born in the state of New York, other children
+may be born to her without the United States, who will be aliens,” etc.
+“Now these presents,” etc. The property is described as “all the lands and
+buildings in the city of New York now known as the City Hotel.” The deed
+allows her, in case the buildings are destroyed by fire to mortgage the
+land for the purpose of rebuilding and under certain conditions she may
+sell the property and place the proceeds in trust. The deed seems to be
+confirmatory or supplementary to the will.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><i>The City Hotel Ends Its Career</i></div>
+
+<p>Chester Jennings was still the landlord of the City Hotel in 1847, and it
+was in the following year or soon after that it terminated its career as a
+house of entertainment, which, including the City Tavern on the same site,
+had lasted for very close to one hundred years, an eventful period in the
+city’s history. The building was taken down and on its site was erected an
+office building seven stories high which was called the Boreel Building.
+It was the largest and for a long time was considered the finest building
+devoted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span> office purposes in the city. It was a conspicuous structure
+and well known to the citizens of New York. Sarah Boreel died in 1897. Her
+heirs sold the property in 1901.</p>
+
+<p>Plans had been made to acquire this and contiguous properties in order to
+erect an immense building. This, in the course of three or four years, was
+accomplished, and under the same control, the United States Realty
+Building and the Trinity Building, the two sometimes called the Twin
+Trinity Buildings, were erected.</p>
+
+<p>On April 6, 1906, the Board of Estimates and Apportionment passed a
+resolution by which an exchange of land was made by the city and the
+owners of this property. Temple Street, between Thames and Cedar Streets,
+and Thames Street, between Broadway and Trinity Place, were vacated, and
+in return Cedar Street was widened on the south side between Broadway and
+Trinity Place or Church Street, and a new Thames Street was laid out
+between Broadway and Trinity Place, with lines somewhat different from
+those of the former street, but covering nearly the same ground. This
+exchange of land allowed the United States Realty Building to be
+constructed so as to cover what had been formerly two blocks, extending
+from Broadway to Trinity Place.</p>
+
+<p>The large double brick house No. 39 Broadway, built in 1786 by General
+Alexander Macomb, and occupied by Washington when President of the United
+States, with the houses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span> adjoining it on either side, was opened in the
+year 1821 by William I. Bunker and was known as Bunker’s Mansion House. It
+became quite famous, being considered, in its most prosperous days, as a
+very large and commodious house. Kept with the utmost neatness and
+attention and usually filled with the best of people, being largely
+patronized by southern families, it possessed much of the comfort and
+quiet refinement of a private residence. Bunker, who was a very courteous
+and affable man, succeeded so well that in the course of a few years he
+sold out and retired from business.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="images/img82.jpg" alt="" /></p>
+<p class="center">BUNKER’S MANSION HOUSE</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span>In the year 1833 Stephen Holt erected on Fulton Street, from Pearl to
+Water, an hotel, which was the largest and most magnificent building for
+hotel purposes, up to that time, in the country. It was at first called
+Holt’s Hotel, afterwards the United States Hotel, and its rate of one
+dollar and a half a day was thought to be exorbitant. Here steam was used
+probably for the first time in an hotel to save labor. Passenger elevators
+had not yet been thought of, but baggage was carried to the upper floors
+by steam power, and it was also used in turning spits, grinding and
+cleaning knives, etc., but the main purpose of the engine was the digging
+of an artesian well, which was sunk to the depth of over five hundred
+feet, and subsequently put down much further. Holt’s experiment proved to
+him disastrous. The expenses exceeded the receipts. He failed and the
+hotel passed into other hands. The next large hotel to be erected in the
+city was the Astor House, three years later.</p>
+
+<p>The advent of the railroad and the great increase of travel created a
+decided change in the taverns or, as they had come to be called, hotels.
+It was no longer the custom of the landlord to meet the traveller at the
+door and welcome him as a friend or attend in person to his comfort.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> It
+was the beginning of a new era, in which the old tavern and the old-style
+landlord is unknown. With the opening of this era the story which I have
+undertaken to tell about the <i>Old Taverns of New York</i> comes to an end.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p>
+Ackland, James, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, John, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, John Quincy, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, Samuel, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adelphi Hotel, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Admiral Warner, Sign of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Agar, Edward, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, Cato, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, James, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, William, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alsop, John, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Amory, John, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anbury, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+André, Major, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anne, Queen, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Andros, Governor, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aorson, Aaron, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arding, Charles, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnold, Benedict, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aspinwall, Gilbert, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Assembly Balls, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Astor Henry, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Astor House, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Astor, John Jacob, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Atwood, Judge, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Avery, John, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ayscough, Doctor, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Bache, Theohylact, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bainbridge, Commodore, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baker, Joseph, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baker, Roger, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baker’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bank Coffee House, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barclay, Arthur, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bard, S., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bardin, Edwin, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bardin’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Batten, John, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bauman, Colonel, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baxter, Captain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayard, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayard, Samuel, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayard, William, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayeaux, Thomas, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beaulieu, Captain, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beekman, Christopher, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bell &amp; Brookman, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellomont, Earl of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belvedere, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belvedere Club, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belvedere House, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benedict, James, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benson, Captain, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benson, Egbert, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benson, Judge, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beresford, Captain, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bevan, Captain, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bicker, Henry, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bicker, Walter, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blaaw, Widow, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black, Friars, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Horse Tavern, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Black John,” <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Sam’s, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blair, Archibald, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blair, John, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bloom, Daniel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blue Bell, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boelin, Jacob, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bogardus, Dominie, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bolton, Richard, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bolton &amp; Sigell, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bompard, Captain, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Book Club, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boreel, Robert, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boreel, Sarah, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston Letter, The, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowery Lane, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green, New, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green, Old, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowling Green Garden, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span><br />
+Bradford, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradford, Widow, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradford, William, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradshaw’s, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradshaw, Widow, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brannon’s Tea Garden, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bread and Cheese Club, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brewitson, George, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brillât-Savarin, Anthelme, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brock, Walter, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brooklyn Hall, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brooks, David, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Broome, John, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brownjohn, William, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buchanan, Thomas, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buckley, John, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull Baiting, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull’s Head Tavern, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunch of Grapes, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunker’s Mansion House, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunker, William I., <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burke, Edmund, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns’, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns’ Coffee House, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns, George, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns’ Long Room, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burnham’s Mansion House, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burr, Aaron, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Byram, William, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Byrne, John, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cape, John, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cape’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carleton, Sir Guy, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carroll, Mr., <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carroll, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cato’s House, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carter, T., <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles II, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chamber of Commerce, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chambers, Captain, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chambers, John, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Champe, Sergeant, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cherry Garden, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Child, Francis, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chrystie, Colonel, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cincinnati, Society of the, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Arms Tavern, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Coffee House, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Hotel, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City Tavern, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+City, Tavern, Dutch, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clapp, John, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clark, Willis Gaylord, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clarke, George, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Claxton, Commodore, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clinton, DeWitt, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clinton, George, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clinton, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clubs, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coach and Horse, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coats, Edward, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cobb, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cock, Annetje, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cock, Peter, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coffee House, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colden, Cadwallader D., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coles, John B., <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colles, Christopher, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Columbian Garden, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Comforts of an Inn, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Commercial Coffee House, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Compton, Captain, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Compton, General, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Contoit’s Garden, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Contoit, John H., <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooke, Richard Clarke, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooper, James Fenimore, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Corbett, Abraham, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornbury, Lord, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornell, John, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornell, Timothy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornelissen, Adrien, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornwallis, General, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Corporation House, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span><br />
+Corre, Joseph, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cortelyou, Simon, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cosby, Governor, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coupar, Captain, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cox, David, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cozzens, William B., <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crawford, Hugh, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crawley, John, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Creiger, John, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crigier, Martin, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crocker, Daniel W., <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Croker, Thomas, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crolius, Clarkson, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crown and Thistle, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, Henry, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, John, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, John Harris, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cruger, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cushing, Thomas, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cushing, William, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Dallas, A. J., <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Damen, Jan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davenport, Captain, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davis, Charles Augustus, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dawson, Roper, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Day’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dayton, Abram C., <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Deane, Nesbitt, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dearborn, General, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Decatur, Stephen, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Honeur, John, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Kay, James, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delacroix, Joseph, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delafield, John, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De La Montagnie, Abraham, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De La Montagnie, Jacob, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy Arms, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, James, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, John Peter, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Oliver, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Peter, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Robinson &amp; Co., <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Lancy, Stephen, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delanoy, Abraham, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delaval, Captain, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Neuville, Hyde, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dennis, Captain, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Peyster, Abraham, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Peyster, Johannes, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Reidesel, Baroness, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Ross, Fred. Fitzgerald, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Desbrosses, Elias, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Witt, Simeon, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dey, Richard Varick, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dickinson, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dirks, Annetje, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dog and Duck Tavern, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dog’s Head in the Porridge Pot, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dongan, Governor, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doran, Thomas, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dove Tavern, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drake, Jasper, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Draper, Sir William, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drone Club, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drover’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Drummond, Lord, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duane, James, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duer, Colonel, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duer, John, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duer, William A., <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duke of Cumberland, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunks, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunmore, Earl of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dusseaussoir, Chenelette, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dutch Festivities, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dutch Houses, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dutch Tavern, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dyckman, Jacob, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dyde’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Eastham, Edward, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eddy, Thomas, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edmonds, George, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edwards, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elkin, John, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elliott, Andrew, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ellis, John, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elms, Thomas, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ernest, Matthias, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Exchange Coffee House, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fairlie, James, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farmer, Thomas, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farquhar, James, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farrell’s, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fearon, H. B., <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fehr, Jean Rodolphe, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Felix Oldboy,” <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferrari, Mrs., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferry House Tavern, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ferry Tavern, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fessenden, Thomas G., <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span><br />
+Fighting Cocks, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fish, Colonel, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fisher, John, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fletcher, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flypsen, Frederick, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Forster, William, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Forum, The, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fowler, Joseph, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fountain Inn, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fox Hunting, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Foy, Captain, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, John, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, John W., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, Samuel, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis’ Tavern, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franklin, William, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fraunces, Samuel, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fraunces’ Tavern, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frederick, Kryn, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Freeman, Thomas, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+French Arms, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Friendly Club, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Gabbet, Colonel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gage, General, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gallatin, Albert, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Galloway, Samuel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gates, Horatio, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Genet, Minister, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gentlemen’s Coffee House, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gerard, Philip, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gerritsen, Adriaen, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gerritsen, Philip, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gibson, Solomon D., <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Giles, Major, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gilfert, Charles, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glass House, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glean, Oliver, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Golden Hill, Battle of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Golden Hill Inn, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goldsborough, Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goldsmith, Oliver, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gould, Edward, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Governor’s Garden,” <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graham, James, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graves, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graydon, Alexander, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, Daniel, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, Jacob G., <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, M. D., <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, Major, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greene, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grim, David, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guion, Isaac, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Haines, Charles G., <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Half Way House, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hall, Talmadge, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halleck, Fitz-Greene, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hallet, William Paxton, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halsey’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halstead, John, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Andrew, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Governor, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton Hotel, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hampden Hall, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hampton, General, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hand, Colonel, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hard Drinking, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hardenbrook, Bernard, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hardy, Charles, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harris, Richard, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, Richard, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, Robert, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, William Henry, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hart, Bernard, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harwood, Richard, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hay, John, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hayes, Hetty, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hazzard House, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hepburn, J., <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hicks, Whitehead, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hicks, Mr., <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hick’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hillsborough, Earl of, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hobart, Judge, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hodgkinson, John, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hodgkinson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hoffman, Josiah Ogden, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holley, Orville L., <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt, Henry, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt, John, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt’s Long Room, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holt, Stephen, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hone, Isaac, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hone, Philip, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hone, John, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Home, John, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse and Cart, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horse-Racing, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Houssacker, Colonel, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Howard, William, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hudson, Hendrick, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hull, Isaac, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hull, Robert, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span><br />
+Hull’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hum Drum Club, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Humphreys, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunt, Obadiah, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunter, Governor, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunter, Robert, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hunter’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hutchins, John, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hutchinson, Governor, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hyatt, Caleb, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hyde, John, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Imlay, William, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Inman, John, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Iredell, Judge, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Irving, Washington, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Izard, Ralph, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Jamaica Arms, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jamaica Pilot Boat, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+James, Major, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Jacob, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, Major, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jauncey, James, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jay, John, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jennings, Chester, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jochemsen, Andries, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Doctor, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Samuel, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, Captain, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, John, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, Samuel, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jourdain, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jourdain, Henry, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Kearney, Michael, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Keen &amp; Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kelly, Henry, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kempe, John Tabor, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kennedy, Henry, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kent, Rudolphus, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kent, William, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ketchum, Hiram, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kidd, Captain, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kieft, Governor, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kiersted, Hans, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kierstede, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, Charles, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, David, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King George, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, Rufus, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King William, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King of Prussia (Sign of the), <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Arms, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Birthday, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s College, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Head, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King’s Head, London, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kissam, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knight, Sarah, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knox, General, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knyphausen, General, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kosciusko, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kray, Teunis, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Krout Club, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+La Chair, Solomon Petersen, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Laight, General, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Laight, William, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lafayette, George Washington, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lafayette, General, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lamb, General, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lambert, Captain, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+La Montagne, Doctor, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Landlord, The, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Langdon, Dorothea, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, Captain, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, Judge, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, Susannah, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence, William Beach, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leary, John, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Le Count, William, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lee, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lee, Major, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leendersen, Sander, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leete, Samuel, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leisler, Jacob, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lenox, Robert, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leppers, Thomas, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lewis, Francis, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lewis, Morgan, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liberty Cap, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liberty Pole, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lincoln, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lispenard, Leonard, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Little, Michael, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Little’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Litschoe, Annetje, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Litschoe, Daniel, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Brockholst, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Chancellor, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Edward, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span><br />
+Livingston, Henry, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, John, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Philip, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Robert, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Robert R., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, Robert R., Jr., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, William, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lockyer, Captain, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
+<br />
+“Locust Trees,” <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Hotel, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Tavern, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loosley, Charles, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loosley &amp; Elms, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Loring, Commissioner, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lorelace, Governor, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lovett, John, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Low, Isaac, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, Daniel, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, George, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, William, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Macomb, Alexander, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mackraby, Alexander, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Madison, James, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Malcolm, General, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mapes, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marriner’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marriner, William, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marshall, John, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martling, Abraham B., <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martling &amp; Cozzens, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martling’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mason’s Arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mason William, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Massue, Viscombe de la, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mather, Samuel G., <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matthews, David, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matthews, James, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matthews, Peter, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McComb, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McDougal, Alexander, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGillivray, Alexander, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGown, Andrew, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGown’s Pass Tavern, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGown, widow, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McIntyre, Peter, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Meal Market, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mechanics’ Hall, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Melyen, Samuel, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mercantile Coffee House, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Merchants’ Coffee House, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Merchants’ Exchange, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Merchants’ Hotel, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Meschianza, The, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miller, John, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minhorne, Jacob, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minuit, Peter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minvielle, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mitchill, Samuel L., <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monckton, General, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montagu, William, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montcrieffe, Major, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montgomerie, Governor, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moody, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mooney, William, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, John, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, Thomas W. C., <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moot, The, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, General, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Gouveneur, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Lewis, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Lewis, Jr., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Richard, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Robert Hunter, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, Roger, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, William, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mortier, Paymaster General, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morton, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moultrie, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mount Pleasant, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mount Vernon Garden, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murray, John, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nanfan, Lieutenant Governor, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+<br />
+National Hotel, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New England Society, The, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Negro Plot, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Coffee House, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Arms, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Garden, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Hotel, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Society, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span><br />
+New York Stock Exchange, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niblo’s Coffee House, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niblo’s Garden, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niblo, William, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nicolls, Governor, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noel, Garrat, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noel, Thomas, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Non-Importation Agreement, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Non-Importation Agreement, Second, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norris, Sir John, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norris, Matthias, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norris, Mrs., <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+North, Lord, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+O’Brien, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ogden, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Old Coffee House, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Opdyck, Gysbert, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Osborne, Sir Danvers, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Pain, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paine, Robert Treat, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Palmer, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parker, James, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parmyter, John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parmyter, Susannah, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pattison, General, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paulding, James K., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pelow, Vincent, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pemberton, Robert, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pennington, Captain, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pennington, William, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Percival, James G., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Perry, Commodore, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillips, Frederick, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillips, General, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillipse, Adolph, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillipse, Frederick, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phoenix Coffee House, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pine Apple, The, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pintard, John, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pirates, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pitt, William, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Platt, Jonas, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Platt, Richard, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Porteous, Captain, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Porterfield, James, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Post, Widow, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Powers, George, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Price, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Price, Captain, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Price, Stephen, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Privateers, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Province Arms, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Purdie, Alexander, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Putnam, General, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Queen’s Head, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Radel, Margaret, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ramsay, Andrew, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Randolph, Edmund, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ranelagh, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rapelye, Stephen, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rathwell, James, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rawson’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reade, John, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Red House, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Red Lion, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Refugee Club, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Regulation of Taverns, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Renwick, Professor, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reynolds’ Beer House, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reynolds, Sir Joshua, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reynolds, William, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Riedesel, Baron, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ritzema, Rudolphus, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rivington, James, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Road Houses, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robertson, Alexander, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robin, Isaac, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robinson, Beverly, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robinson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rodgers, Commodore, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rodgers, Doctor, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Captain, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers &amp; Humphrey, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Lewis, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roger Morris House, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, Moses, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roome, Luke, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roosevelt, John, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ross, David, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roubalet, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Royal Bowling Green, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Royal Oak, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rutgers, Anthony, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rutherford, Walter, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rutledge, John, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Sacket, Richard, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saint George and the Dragon, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saltus, Nick, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sampson, J. P. C., <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sands, Robert C., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sans, Souci, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Santen, Lucas, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schuyler, Arent, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span><br />
+Schuyler, Peter, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schuyler, Philip, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotch Johnny, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotch Johnny’s, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, John Morin, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, Winfield, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scurlock, Thomas, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seabury, Doctor, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seagrave, James, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sears, Isaac, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sebring, Isaac, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seton, William, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shakespeare Tavern, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shank, Matthew, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sherbrook, Major, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sherman, Alpheus, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shirley, William, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shoemakers’ Pasture, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Simmons, John, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Simmons’ Tavern, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Slave Market, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sloughter, Governor, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Edward, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Ephraim, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Melancthon, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Mrs., <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Thomas, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, William, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, William, Jr., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Snedeker, John R., <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Social Club, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sons of Liberty, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Southard, Samuel, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sperry, Jacob, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sports and Amusements, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spring Garden, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spring Garden House, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stagg, John, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stark, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+State Arms, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steel, Sarah, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steenwyck, Cornelis, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steuben, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevens, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevens, J., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevens, John Austin, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stewart, Anthony G., <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stirling, Lord, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stockton, Anne, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stone, William L., <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stoneall, James C., <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Storrs, Henry R., <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strachan, John, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strachan’s Tavern, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuyvesant, Peter, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuyvesant, Peter G., <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swain, Captain, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swartwout, John, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, General, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, Henry, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, Joseph G., <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Talbot, Captain, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Talmadge, Colonel, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tammany Hall, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tammany Hall Hotel, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tammany Society, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tavern Life, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tavern Regulations, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tavern Signs, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taylor, John, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tew, Thomas, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomas, Widow, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thompson, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thompson, John, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomson, Captain, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thurman, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tillery, James, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Todd, Robert, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tollemache, Captain, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tompkins, Daniel D., <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tontine Coffee House, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tontine Hotel, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trumbull, John, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tryon, Governor, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turk’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Two-Mile Tavern, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tyler’s, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ugly Club, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ugly Hall, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Underhill, John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Union Flag, The, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<br />
+United States Hotel, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ury, John, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Valentine, Abraham M., <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Borsum, Annetje, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Borsum, Egbert, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Borsum, Hermanus, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Buren’s Tavern, Dr., <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Cortlandt, Pierre, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Cortlandt, Stephen, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Dam, Rip, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandenberg, Adam, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandenberg’s, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vanderbilt, John, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandercliff, Dirck, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandercliff’s Orchard, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span><br />
+Vanderspiegel, John, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Dyck, Hendrick, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Horne, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Horne, David, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Ness, Judge, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Pelt, Rem, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Purmerendt, Claes Jansen, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Shaack, Peter, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Tienhoven, Cornelis, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Twiller, Wouter, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Vorst, Annetje Cornelissen, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Varian, Richard, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Varick, Colonel, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vaughan, Thomas, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vauxhall Garden, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vermilye, Thomas, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Verplanck, Gulian, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Verplanck, Gulian C., <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vineyard, The, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wainwright, Doctor, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waldron, Adolph, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waldron, Samuel, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wales, Prince of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walker, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wallace, Hugh, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walters, Robert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walton, Jacob, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walton, William, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warren, Sir Peter, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington, George, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington Hall, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington Hotel, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waters, A. W., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watson, James, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watson, John, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watts, John, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Watts, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wayne, General, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webb, James, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webb, Samuel B., <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webber, Wolfert, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Weissenfels, Frederick, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Welch, Thomas, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wessels, Metje, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wetmore, Prosper W., <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White Conduit House, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whitehall Coffee House, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White Horse Tavern, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br />
+<br />
+White Lion, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wickham, William, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilcocks, Widow, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilkinson, James, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willard, Mr., <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willett, Edward, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willett, Marinus, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Williams, Erasmus, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, Captain, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson, James, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wragg, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Zenger, John Peter, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><b>Footnotes:</b></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_1' id='f_1' href='#fna_1'>[1]</a> New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> New York Mercury.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> New York Gazette.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_5' id='f_5' href='#fna_5'>[5]</a> New York Evening Post.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> Dayton.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_7' id='f_7' href='#fna_7'>[7]</a> Dayton.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;<a name="text" id="text"></a></p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<p><i>NEW-YORK, Nov. 5.</i> On <i>Wednesday</i> the 31st of <i>October</i>,
+the late Chief Justice, but new Representative for the County of
+<i>Westchester</i>, landed in this City, about 5 o’Clock in the Evening, at the
+Ferry-stairs: On His landing He was saluted by a general Fire of the Guns
+from the Merchants Vessels lying in the Road; and was receiv’d by great
+Numbers of the most considerable Merchants and Inhabitants of this City,
+and by them with loud Aclamations of the People as he walk’d the Streets,
+conducted to the <i>Black Horse</i> Tavern, where a handsome Entertainment was
+prepar’d for Him, at the Charge of the Gentlemen who received Him; and in
+the Middle of one Side of the Room, was fix’d a Tabulet with golden
+Capitals, KING GEORGE, LIBERTY and LAW.</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday last the House of Representatives were adjourned to the third
+Teusday in <i>April</i> next.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 44240-h.txt or 44240-h.zip *******</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Old Taverns of New York, by William Harrison
+Bayles
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Old Taverns of New York
+
+
+Author: William Harrison Bayles
+
+
+
+Release Date: November 20, 2013  [eBook #44240]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK***
+
+
+E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 44240-h.htm or 44240-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44240/44240-h/44240-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44240/44240-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/oldtavernsofnewy00bayl
+
+
+
+
+
+OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK
+
+by
+
+W. HARRISON BAYLES
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Frank Allaben Genealogical Company
+Forty-Second Street Building, New York
+
+Copyright, 1915, by Frank Allaben Genealogical Company
+
+
+
+
+Old Taverns of New York
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+                                                                      Page
+
+  PREFACE                                                               xv
+
+  I DUTCH TAVERNS                                                        1
+
+    Indian Trade--First Settlement--Purchase of Manhattan
+    Island--Popular Taverns in New Amsterdam--Sunday Closing
+    Under Stuyvesant--Dutch Festivities
+
+  II NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES                                           37
+
+    The English Conquest--Horse Races--Regulations for
+    Innkeepers--First Merchants' Exchange--Famous Taverns of
+    the Period--Early Buccaneers and Their Relations with
+    Government Officials--Efforts of the Earl of Bellomont to
+    Restrain Piracy
+
+  III THE COFFEE HOUSE                                                  65
+
+    An Exciting Election in 1701--Popularity of the Coffee
+    House--Aftermath of the Leisler Troubles--Political
+    Agitation under Lord Cornbury--Trials of Nicholas Bayard
+    and Roger Baker--Conferences at the Coffee House--Festivals
+    under the English Rule--Official Meetings in Taverns and
+    Coffee Houses
+
+  IV THE BLACK HORSE                                                    91
+
+    The Black Horse Tavern, Scene of Many Political Conferences
+    in the Early Eighteenth Century--Rip Van Dam and Governor
+    Cosby--Lewis Morris' Campaign--Zenger's Victory for Liberty
+    of the Press--Old New York Inns--Privateering--The Negro
+    Plot
+
+  V THE MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE                                        127
+
+    The Slave Market, Later the Meal Market--The Merchants'
+    Coffee House, Famous for More than Half a Century--Clubs of
+    Colonial New York--The Merchants' Exchange--Charter of
+    King's College, Now Columbia University--French and Indian
+    War--The Assembly Balls--The Press Gang--Some Old
+    Inns--Surrender of Fort Washington
+
+  VI TAVERN SIGNS                                                      167
+
+    Doctor Johnson on the Comforts of an Inn--Landlords of the
+    Olden Time--Some Curious Tavern Signs--Intemperance in the
+    Eighteenth Century--Sports and Amusements
+
+  VII THE KING'S ARMS                                                  191
+
+    The Crown and Thistle, Meeting Place of St. Andrew's
+    Society and Later Called the King's Head--The King's Arms,
+    Formerly the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen's
+    Coffee House--Broadway of the Eighteenth Century--The Stamp
+    Act and the Non-Importation Agreement--The Liberty
+    Pole--Recreation Gardens
+
+  VIII HAMPDEN HALL                                                    227
+
+    The Queen's Head Tavern, Where Was Organized the New York
+    Chamber of Commerce--Pre-Revolutionary Excitement--Battle
+    of Golden Hill--Hampden Hall, Meeting Place of the Sons of
+    Liberty and Attacked by the British--List of Members of the
+    Social Club, 1775--Other Clubs and Societies of the
+    Period--The Moot, a Lawyers' Club and Its Charter
+    Members--The Tax on Tea, Committee of Correspondence and
+    Outbreak of the Revolution
+
+  IX THE PROVINCE ARMS                                                 271
+
+    The Continental Congress--Marinus Willett's Seizure of
+    Arms--Flight of the Tories--Happenings at the Coffee
+    House--The Province Arms, Resort of British Officers--Other
+    Taverns--The Theatre Royal--Sports--The Refugee
+    Club--Social Affairs Under the British Occupation
+
+  X FRAUNCES' TAVERN                                                   307
+
+    The Treaty of Peace--Celebration Dinners at Sam Fraunces'
+    House and Other Taverns--Evacuation of New
+    York--Washington's Farewell to His Officers, at Fraunces'
+    Tavern, 1783--First New York Bank--Re-organization of
+    Chamber of Commerce--Social, Philanthropic, and Learned
+    Societies of the Day--The Cincinnati--The New
+    Constitution--Washington's Inauguration--Sam Fraunces,
+    Steward of the President
+
+  XI THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE                                          351
+
+    The Tammany Society--Tontine Coffee House Founded by
+    Prominent New York Merchants--New York Stock Exchange in
+    the Tontine--Marriner's Tavern, Later Called the Roger
+    Morris House and the Jumel Mansion--The Tammany
+    Wigwam--Brillat-Savarin in New York
+
+  XII THE CITY HOTEL                                                   385
+
+    Club Life After the Revolution--The City Hotel and the
+    Assembly Balls--Musical Societies--Second Hudson
+    Centennial, 1809--St. Andrew's Society Dinners and Other
+    Feasts--Tea Gardens--The Embargo of 1807--Society of
+    Mechanics and Tradesmen--New England Society--Political
+    Associations--Tammany Hall--The Battery--The Ugly Club
+
+  XIII THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN                                          417
+
+    The War of 1812--Dinner to Naval Victors at the City
+    Hotel--Dinners to Captain Lawrence, General Harrison,
+    Commodores Bainbridge and Perry--News of Peace--The
+    Shakespeare Tavern, a Musical and Literary Centre--Cradle
+    of the Seventh Regiment--A New York Inn Comparable to
+    London's "Mermaid Tavern" and "Turk's Head"--Visits of
+    Monroe and Jackson--The Erie Canal--First New York Savings
+    Bank--The Price-Wilson Duel
+
+  XIV ROAD HOUSES                                                      445
+
+    Prejudice Against Dancing--Balls--Debates and Lectures--The
+    City Hotel--Niblo's Garden--Road Houses--Trotting
+    Matches--Upper Third Avenue--Suburban Drives and
+    Taverns--Lafayette's Visit--Clubs--End of City Hotel--Era
+    of Hotels
+
+  INDEX                                                                481
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+
+                                                                      Page
+
+  "Beer Was the Dutchman's Drink"                                        5
+
+  The City Tavern from the Justin Dancker's View, 1650                  15
+
+  The White Horse Tavern                                                18
+
+  The Damen House                                                       19
+
+  Water Gate, Foot of Wall Street                                       24
+
+  "They Had Discovered the Toothsome Terrapin"                          31
+
+  "The Man of the Knight of St. George"                                 38
+
+  The Earl of Bellomont                                                 56
+
+  "As Genuine Pirates as Ever Sailed the Sea"                           57
+
+  Captain Tew                                                           59
+
+  The Bayard Punch Bowl                                                 74
+
+  Viscount Cornbury                                                     78
+
+  Old Tankard                                                           80
+
+  The Black Horse Tavern                                                90
+
+  Rip Van Dam                                                           93
+
+  Governor Cosby                                                        94
+
+  Lewis Morris                                                          95
+
+  Fac-Simile News Item from the New York Weekly Journal, November
+  5, 1733                                                               99
+
+  Andrew Hamilton                                                      102
+
+  The Ball at the Black Horse                                          107
+
+  "Which Were All Drank in Bumpers"                                    109
+
+  "The Violin and Flute, by 'Private Hands'"                           111
+
+  House at 122 William Street                                          117
+
+  The Royal Exchange                                                   136
+
+  Sir Danvers Osborne, Governor of New York                            139
+
+  "The Drumbeat Was Constantly Heard in the Streets"                   145
+
+  Sir Charles Hardy, Governor of New York                              147
+
+  Colonel Peter Schuyler                                               150
+
+  The Press Gang                                                       153
+
+  The Bull's Head Tavern                                               157
+
+  The Roger Morris House                                               160
+
+  The Blue Bell Tavern                                                 161
+
+  The Old Time Landlord                                                169
+
+  "Hard Drinking Prevailed"                                            171
+
+  Good Old Madeira                                                     173
+
+  A Racing Trophy                                                      180
+
+  Bull Baiting, From an Old Advertisement                              184
+
+  The Bowling Green, From Lyne's Map                                   186
+
+  William Alexander, Earl of Stirling                                  192
+
+  House Built by Cornelis Steenwyck                                    197
+
+  The De Lancey House                                                  201
+
+  Liberty Boys                                                         214
+
+  At Ranelagh                                                          220
+
+  Corner of Broadway and Murray Street, 1816                           235
+
+  Captain A. McDougall                                                 241
+
+  Merchants' Coffee House and Coffee House Slip                        254
+
+  Marinus Willett Stopping the Transfer of Arms                        274
+
+  Baroness De Riedesel                                                 298
+
+  In the Coffee House                                                  318
+
+  "Gambling With Cards Was Pretty General"                             339
+
+  Simmons' Tavern                                                      342
+
+  Fac-Simile Receipt of Sam Fraunces, as Washington's Steward          343
+
+  The Bowery Theatre                                                   348
+
+  Tontine Coffee House                                                 356
+
+  Old Sleigh                                                           365
+
+  The City Hotel                                                       373
+
+  Martling's Tavern                                                    376
+
+  Belvedere Club House                                                 382
+
+  Fac-Simile Bill of the City Hotel, 1807                              384
+
+  Anthelme Brillat-Savarin                                             387
+
+  White Conduit House                                                  398
+
+  Robert R. Livingston                                                 404
+
+  Washington Hall                                                      409
+
+  Tammany Hall                                                         411
+
+  Fraunces' Tavern About 1830                                          412
+
+  The Great Naval Dinner at the City Hotel, December 29, 1812          416
+
+  Commodore Stephen Decatur                                            418
+
+  Commodore Isaac Hull                                                 420
+
+  Captain James Lawrence                                               421
+
+  The Shakespeare Tavern                                               429
+
+  "As Choice Spirits as Ever Supped at the Turk's Head"                431
+
+  De Witt Clinton                                                      438
+
+  Contoit's Garden                                                     454
+
+  Niblo's Garden                                                       457
+
+  Reynolds' Beer House                                                 459
+
+  Cato's House                                                         461
+
+  The Old Hazzard House                                                462
+
+  Burnham's Mansion House                                              464
+
+  Fitz-Greene Halleck                                                  470
+
+  J. Fenimore Cooper                                                   472
+
+  Bunker's Mansion House                                               477
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Much has been written about the old taverns of New York in a disconnected
+way, but heretofore there has been no connected story linking them with
+the current events of the early history of the city. This story I have
+attempted to tell from the Dutch settlement down to the early part of the
+last century, when the growth of the city and extensive travel entirely
+changed their character. In doing this I have found myself at issue with
+many writers on the subject. In every such case the conclusions set down
+in this book rest I believe upon unquestionable documentary evidence, in
+part referred to in the text.
+
+Before any newspapers appeared the tavern was a very important institution
+in the community. It was the medium of all news both political and social,
+the one place where people of all kinds met to exchange views on every
+subject of interest to the general public. In this way it exercised an
+influence second only to the church.
+
+The connection of the taverns with the history of the city was very close.
+There was hardly an event of importance but had its inception in the
+taverns, where all questions of interest to the public were discussed as
+in no other place. They were frequented by all classes and the influence
+of each one of them on the community depended entirely on the character of
+those who patronized it. The merchants, the politicians and the men of
+letters each had their places of rendezvous.
+
+Following the history of the city chronologically I have endeavored to
+link with it the influence of the taverns on current events, and at the
+same time show up the interesting features of tavern life by details of
+happenings at these places. I have made no attempt to increase interest by
+any means except the plain, unvarnished truth, which I have considered
+sufficiently attractive. Tales of the old taverns are enhanced in interest
+by a glamour of antiquity surrounding the subject by which few can fail to
+be charmed.
+
+Nothing exists at the present day in any way resembling an old tavern of
+the first class in colonial times. It was the place for political
+discussion, for social clubs and for meetings of all kinds. Every one went
+to the tavern and from no other source could a person gain so much
+knowledge of public affairs.
+
+W. Harrison Bayles
+
+
+
+
+OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+DUTCH TAVERNS
+
+
+[Sidenote: Trading with the Indians]
+
+On the return of Hendrick Hudson from his voyage of discovery in 1609, his
+reports were so favorable, especially, as to the abundance of valuable
+furs which were to be had at very little cost, that several merchants of
+Amsterdam, without delay, fitted out trading vessels and sent them to
+trade with the Indians in the territory he had visited. The returns were
+satisfactory, and they formed themselves into a company under the name of
+the United Netherland Company and established a trading post on the
+southern part of Manhattan Island. The exclusive privilege of trade, which
+had been granted them by Holland, expired in the year 1618, and they
+endeavored to have the grant renewed or extended, but succeeded only in
+obtaining a special license, expiring yearly, which they held for two or
+three years longer.
+
+In the meantime a more extensive association had been formed by some
+merchants and capitalists of Holland, who in the year 1621 received a
+charter under the title of the West India Company, which gave to them the
+exclusive privilege of trade on the whole Atlantic coast, so far as the
+jurisdiction of Holland extended. Powers of government were conferred upon
+the company and the right to make treaties with the Indians.
+
+In 1623, they sent out a vessel which carried thirty families to begin the
+colony. The vessel landed her passengers and freight near the present site
+of Albany and a settlement was there established. The return cargo of
+skins and other freight was valued at about twelve thousand dollars.
+
+[Sidenote: First Settlement]
+
+It having been determined to fix the headquarters of the company in New
+Netherland on Manhattan Island, two ships cleared from Holland in 1625
+with a large number of settlers for this place. With these was sent out
+Peter Minuit, as Director-General, to superintend the interests of the
+company. On board the vessels were carried more than a hundred head of
+cattle, besides other domestic animals, such as would be needed by the
+people in a permanent settlement. This was the first real settlement on
+Manhattan Island. The few huts and storehouses, surrounded by a stockade
+for protection against the Indians, although it appears they were very
+friendly, which had been located here for many years, was not a
+settlement; it was only a trading post; no attempt had been made to
+cultivate the land.
+
+Unlike the New England settlers and the Swedes upon the Delaware the Dutch
+did not make use of the log house, so well adapted by economy, ease of
+construction and comfort, as a temporary home. It is said that Dutch
+traders built huts very much like those of the Indian tribes of the
+neighborhood.
+
+The Indian house or hut was made by placing in the ground two parallel
+rows of upright saplings adjoining each other and bringing their tops
+together, lapping them over each other in a curve. On this were fastened
+boughs and reeds, as a protection against wind and rain, the inside being
+lined with bark nicely joined together. If such skill were used in joining
+the bark on the inside as is displayed by some of the North American
+Indians in building their canoes, it must have presented a very neat and
+smooth appearance. There was no floor, the fire, in winter, being built
+upon the ground, the smoke escaping through an opening in the roof. The
+width of the house was invariably twenty feet, the length being regulated
+by the number of families occupying it.
+
+If the Dutch traders used such huts they undoubtedly modified them
+somewhat as to fireplace and chimney and probably made many other
+improvements to suit their needs.
+
+[Sidenote: Manhattan Island Purchased]
+
+Peter Minuit, the Director-General, to obtain title to the island,
+purchased it from the Indian proprietors, and the settlers commenced their
+town by staking out a fort, under the direction of Kryn Frederick, an
+engineer sent out for that purpose, and set about the erection of their
+temporary homes, which were little better than those of their
+predecessors, the traders. The next year, 1626, the machinery for a saw
+mill arrived from Holland and a mill worked by wind power was erected on
+what is now Governor's Island, which was then covered with a fine growth
+of forest trees, which after being cut up, could be easily floated to the
+little town. The settlers were thus supplied with lumber which enabled
+them to erect buildings more conformable to their needs. They built, as a
+rule, houses of only one story in height, with two rooms on the ground
+floor and a garret above. The roof was reed or straw thatch, and this
+material continued to be so used for about thirty years after the first
+settlement of New Amsterdam. The fireplace was built of stone to the
+height of about six feet, having an oven of the same material by the side
+of it, extending beyond the rear of the house. The chimney above the stone
+work was made of boards plastered inside with mortar. The average value of
+these houses was about one hundred and fifty dollars.
+
+The Dutchman did not come to America for the sake of religious or
+political freedom or to escape persecution. He was lured by the profits
+of trade and the prospect of finding a better and more extensive home for
+himself and for his children. In the little village or town that had been
+formed by the first settlers on the southern point of Manhattan Island no
+Puritanical laws or regulations prevented him from dealing in beer or
+strong drink, or in drinking as much as he had a mind to. Beer was the
+Dutchman's drink, and the West India Company very early erected the
+Company's Brewery on the north side of Bridge Street, between the present
+Whitehall and Broad Streets, to supply the little town with its usual
+beverage.
+
+[Illustration: "BEER WAS THE DUTCHMAN'S DRINK"]
+
+The Dutch trader bartered with the Indians for furs, and as the little
+cluster of houses near the fort grew in population some of the traders
+also sold, when they could, a little beer and other strong drink which
+their furs enabled them to obtain from the ships coming into port. For
+many years, except with the Indians, there does not appear to have been
+any restraint on this trade in liquor, but, although there were many
+houses where it was kept on tap for sale, no provision seems to have been
+made for the lodging of strangers.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Tavern]
+
+The Dutch from up the river or from the nearby settlements, which were
+very scanty until the time of Stuyvesant, were, no doubt, always able to
+find relatives or friends with whom they could lodge; but the English
+skippers who stopped over on their trips between Virginia and the New
+England colonies were not only strangers but spoke a strange language,
+unknown to most of the inhabitants, and it is not difficult to understand
+the reluctance of having them as guests in the small houses where the
+accommodations were very limited. Governor Kieft says that he was put to
+great inconvenience in taking care of them, and so, in 1641 built a large
+stone house to accommodate and care for them and other strangers, which
+was known as the Stadt Herbergh or City Tavern. There must have been
+urgent need for such a house, for it was the most costly building that had
+been erected up to this time. The expenditure was much greater than for
+the building of a new and substantial church in the fort, a short time
+after. It was, no doubt, intended to impress and increase the respect of
+strangers and was an object of the admiration and pride of the citizens of
+New Amsterdam. It was located in a very conspicuous place, with one of its
+sides facing the East River, apart from the other houses of the town. It
+was two stories high with a basement underneath and spacious lofts above.
+In the rear was an extension or addition, a long, narrow structure which
+was apparently used for kitchen purposes and probably for other uses.
+
+Early in the year 1643 the Stadt Herbergh, or City Tavern, was leased to
+Philip Gerritsen, its first landlord, at a rental of three hundred
+guilders, or about one hundred and twenty dollars, per annum and opened
+for the entertainment of the public; afterwards to Adriaen Gerritsen, down
+to the beginning of the year 1652, when the tavern was being conducted by
+Abraham Delanoy. According to agreement, Gerritsen was to sell the
+Company's wine, brandy and beer, and no other, the Company agreeing not to
+allow any wine to be sold out of their cellar to the injury of the lessee.
+The Director-General also promised that a well should be dug near the
+house and that a brew-house should be erected in the rear or that
+Gerritsen should be permitted the use of the Company's brew-house.
+
+Shortly after the opening of the tavern it was put to good use in
+sheltering the fugitives who came to it for protection. Among these were
+the settlers from Achter Col, across the Kills from Staten Island, on the
+mainland, who, driven from their homes, which were destroyed by the
+Indians, were lodged for a time at the City Tavern, at the expense of the
+West India Company.
+
+The tavern seems to have been in frequent use as a place of detention of
+persons obnoxious to the Director and his Council and of persons suspected
+of offenses against the orders of the Director-General, and it is probable
+that some part of the building was set apart for that purpose. Sometimes
+the prisoners were quite numerous, as when, in 1651, the crew of the ship
+"Nieuw Nederlandsche Fortuyn" were quartered here, and also when in 1656,
+after it had become the City Hall, were brought here the twenty-three
+Englishmen who had attempted to make a settlement in the present
+Westchester, hostile to the Dutch claim. Notwithstanding this, the tavern
+came to be patronized by many of the best people of the place and by the
+officers of the West India Company. It became a place where a great deal
+of business was transacted, both public and private, and was one of the
+places where all public notices were posted, the others being the fort and
+the barn of the West India Company. It was, too, before it became the City
+Hall, the place where the court frequently sat for the trial of minor
+cases. Here was held in the fall and winter of 1653 the Landtdag, or Diet,
+consisting of representatives from each of the Dutch towns, for the
+purpose of providing means of defence against the Indians. This was the
+most important popular convention that had ever been held in New
+Amsterdam.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Tavern Becomes the City Hall]
+
+In 1652 New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city under the government of a
+schout, two burgomasters and five schepens, and was allowed a separate
+magistracy, although not independent of Governor and Council. This made it
+necessary to have a city hall or town house, and soon after the City
+Tavern was ceded to the city and henceforth was known as the "stadt huys"
+or city hall.
+
+[Sidenote: Captain Underhill Makes Trouble]
+
+In the first settlement of New England the laws and regulations as to the
+sale of strong drink and as to restraint in indulgence were very rigid,
+but afterwards much relaxed. In New Amsterdam there was little restraint;
+so that when the notorious Puritan Captain John Underhill came down to New
+Amsterdam, however exemplary may have been his behavior while at home
+among his New England friends (although there had been some complaint), he
+let himself loose and became, as some would say, "gloriously drunk." On
+the night of the 15th of March, 1644, in the parlor of Philip Gerritsen
+of the City Tavern, Doctor Hans Kiersted, Dominie Bogardus, Gysbert Opdyck
+and several others, with their wives, were having a supper and spending an
+agreeable evening. Some time after the supper, while they were enjoying
+themselves, Captain Underhill, with Lieutenant Baxter and a drummer, who
+had evidently made the rounds of the town and were in an advanced state of
+intoxication, appeared at the door. Gerritsen could not forbid entrance to
+the worthy captain, but told him that he was entertaining a party of
+friends with their wives and requested him to take a separate room where
+he would serve them. They were finally induced to do this after much talk.
+They invited some of the company to drink with them and they complied.
+Baxter invited Opdyck to join them but he refused. Thereupon Underhill and
+his companions drew their swords and cut in pieces the cans on the shelves
+in the tavern, hacked the door-posts and endeavored by force to get into
+the room where the supper party was. This was for some time resisted by
+the landlady with a leaden bolt and by the landlord trying to keep the
+door closed; but, in spite of all opposition, they succeeded in forcing
+their way in. Underhill was in such a state that it was quite uncertain at
+what moment he might take a notion to flesh his sword in any Dutchman who
+stood in his way. With his sword half drawn he cried: "Clear out of here,
+for I shall strike at random." The fiscal and a guard from the fort were
+sent for, but they did not succeed in quieting the drunken Englishmen. In
+reply to some remarks of the Dominie, who suggested that the
+Director-General himself be sent for, Underhill said, as deposed by
+witnesses: "If the Director come here, 'tis well. I had rather speak to a
+wise man than a fool." To prevent further and more serious mischief,
+fearing that at any moment Underhill might pink the Dominie, the supper
+party withdrew, leaving Underhill in possession of the field. Thus the
+gallant Captain scored another victory.
+
+When Wouter Van Twiller came out, in 1633, as Director-General, the
+pressing claims of England to the control of the whole territory on the
+Atlantic Coast, induced the West India Company to send out with him a
+military force of one hundred and four soldiers to garrison the fort.
+These were the first that had been sent over.
+
+[Sidenote: Sergeant Peter Cock's Tavern]
+
+Among the soldiers, some years later, was a man by the name of Peter Cock,
+who held the rank of sergeant. He built, or had constructed for him, a
+little house, such as were being put up at that time, northwest from the
+fort, on ground now occupied by No. 1 Broadway. It was very likely the
+first house built on that side of the fort and was used as a tavern. It
+was no doubt more patronized by the soldiers than any other.
+
+Sergeant Cock was in command of several regular soldiers under La Montagne
+in the expedition against the Indians on Staten Island in 1643. On their
+return to New Amsterdam, they were all immediately sent out to Greenwich
+and Stamford, where they scoured the country in search of the Indians. In
+November of the same year Governor Kieft dispatched one hundred and twenty
+men, under the command of Dr. La Montagne, Cock and Underhill, to
+exterminate the Canarsee Indians. They brought back from this expedition
+some prisoners, who were afterwards barbarously treated, inhumanly
+tortured and finally killed in the public streets of New Amsterdam.
+
+At Sergeant Cock's tavern the details of these expeditions and the part
+taken in them by each individual were, doubtless, thoroughly discussed by
+the soldiers as they drank their beer or other beverages served out to
+them. They talked over the quarrels of the Dominie and the
+Director-General and the last sermon in which the Dominie fulminated his
+biting diatribes against the Director; how the drummer beat up the drum
+and the gunner touched off one of the big guns when the Dominie was in the
+midst of one of his harangues, which distracted the congregation and
+almost threw them into a panic.
+
+Next to the lot on which Sergeant Cock had built his house Martin Crigier
+obtained the grant of a lot in 1643, on which a house appears to have
+already been built, probably by himself. Crigier is said to have come out
+in the service of the West India Company when a young man, after his
+separation or release from which he had engaged in the business of trader
+and sloop captain on the North River and became an active and conspicuous
+citizen. He was certainly a doughty Dutchman, his name occupying a
+prominent place in the military annals of New Amsterdam.
+
+The military expeditions in which he was engaged were numerous. In 1657 he
+went out in command of forty men to settle difficulties on the Delaware.
+In 1659 he commanded a force of sixty men, sent out to the same region to
+repel a threatened invasion of the English. In 1663 he was in command of
+the force sent to Esopus to punish the savages for their massacre of the
+Dutch, and in this expedition he seems to have had the complete confidence
+of Governor Stuyvesant, himself a valiant soldier. With Cornelis Van
+Tienhoven he was sent to New Haven to treat with the English and he was
+Burgomaster of New Amsterdam in 1653, 1654, 1659, 1660 and 1663.
+
+[Sidenote: Burgomaster Martin Crigier, Tavern-Keeper]
+
+He was an innkeeper and we can easily imagine that his house must have
+been the resort of all the Dutch politicians of his day, where were
+discussed not only plans of attack and defence, but also the policies of
+the little town in all its various aspects, both internally and in
+relation to the Indians and the English. The English, no doubt, were
+thoroughly discussed, for there was constant trouble with them at this
+time.
+
+The house was near the fort, on ground now occupied by No. 3 Broadway, and
+looked out on the open ground of the present Bowling Green, which was then
+the parade of the soldiers, being in front of the gate of the fort, the
+eastern side of it being used as a market field on appointed days, where
+were displayed all kinds of country produce brought in from the
+surrounding country. Here, also, in this open space, in 1656 and
+subsequent years, was held, in the latter part of October and all through
+November, the cattle market for store and fat cattle, sheep, goats, hogs,
+bucks, and such like. It was promised that stalls and other conveniences
+would be erected for those who brought such animals to market. This
+cattle-market, notice of which, by letter, had been sent out to the Dutch
+and English of Connecticut and Long Island, no doubt brought to New
+Amsterdam a great many from the surrounding country, even as far away as
+New Haven. The taverns were full and the life and activity of the city was
+much increased. The young men drank in the conversations of the city
+burghers at the taverns, discussed with them the price of beaver skins and
+other articles of trade with the Indians, and in turn told of the arts of
+the trapper and hunter, as well as adventures with the Indians and with
+the wild animals of the forest. These visitors, for a time, made the
+taverns gay and lively, and sometimes there were, no doubt, heated talks
+and even quarrels and personal encounters.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY TAVERN FROM THE JUSTIN DANCKER'S VIEW, 1650]
+
+In front of the taverns of Captain Crigier and Sergeant Cock groups of men
+could be seen at such times bargaining and discussing prices and the news
+of the day. Beer was to be had and there was plenty of talk, for the
+outlying settlers brought in the news of their own sections and were very
+anxious to learn all the news of the city and still more anxious to get
+news from the fatherland.
+
+Those who visited the city to bring in cattle and attend this market made
+of it a pleasure trip long to be remembered. Although New Amsterdam could
+not furnish any amusement that would intoxicate a modern New Yorker yet,
+to those who were passing their days in isolated homes, the gaiety of the
+little city was a source of great enjoyment; and in returning to their
+quiet homes they carried back with them all the little luxuries which they
+could afford and which the city could supply. They had also a great deal
+to tell their relatives and friends.
+
+There is no doubt that when Peter Cock and Martin Crigier built their
+taverns to catch the patronage of the soldiers at the fort, the ground in
+the neighborhood to the west of the fort and along the river was in a
+perfect state of nature, untouched by the hand of man. The authorities
+kept the space in front of the fort clear of building; which, without any
+preconceived plan or intention on their part, resulted in leaving a
+triangular open space, which became the parade for the soldiers, the
+market place for cattle, and, afterwards, in the time of the English, the
+Bowling Green.
+
+In September, 1659, transfer was made of a lot on the west side of the
+Heere Straat (Broadway), which was described as bounded on the south by
+the _newly-built house and lot of Burgomaster Martin Crigier_. It was
+about this time that improvements and a great advance were being made in
+the style of building, and as Crigier was at this time and had been some
+years previous a burgomaster, and was besides a conspicuous man in the
+community, it is natural to suppose that he would put up a good and
+substantial house.
+
+On the other side of the fort, close under the shelter of its eastern
+wall, at the corner of the present Whitehall and Stone Streets, where the
+Produce Exchange now stands, was a little tavern which had been built in
+the most economical manner in 1641, and was kept by a Frenchman, Philip
+Gerard, called by the Dutch Geraerdy, who had left the gay city of Paris
+for life among the Dutch of New Amsterdam. Geraerdy probably had good
+reasons for the change; perhaps it was to escape conscription in the wars
+then raging in Europe. Riding the wooden horse in the fort was a common
+punishment of the soldiers, and Philip Geraerdy, we presume from a sense
+of humor, or for some other good reason, called his house the Wooden
+Horse, or at least it is so called in the Dutch records. The soldiers no
+doubt much preferred the wooden horse (or bench) in Philip's tavern to
+that in the fort. Philip was himself at one time a soldier, and had ridden
+the wooden horse, for May 27, 1642, "Philip Geraerdy, a soldier, for
+having been absent from the guard without leave," was sentenced to ride
+the wooden horse during parade, with a pitcher in one hand and a drawn
+sword in the other.
+
+[Sidenote: The White Horse Tavern]
+
+After a few years the name of Philip's house underwent a change. This may
+have been the result of a sort of evolutionary process, induced by Philip,
+who erected in front of his house a sign on which was painted a white
+horse on a dark background, very conspicuous. The house became known as
+the Sign of the White Horse or the White Horse Tavern.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HORSE TAVERN]
+
+Some lively scenes were connected with the little tavern. One dark night
+in the spring of 1643, farmer Jan Damen, whose house was just beyond the
+present Wall Street near Broadway, drank deep in Philip's house, and was
+in such a condition that Geraerdy thought it prudent to guide him home,
+which act of benevolence cost him dearly. Damen must have been in a mood
+that threatened trouble, for Geraerdy had taken the precaution to draw his
+sword from its scabbard and carry it himself. At the house Damen's serving
+man, armed with a long knife, resisted his master's entrance. Damen used
+the scabbard as a weapon and also secured a knife, and in the fight which
+ensued Geraerdy was, as the surgeon declared, dangerously wounded, Damen
+having struck him in the dark under the shoulder blade.
+
+[Illustration: THE DAMEN HOUSE]
+
+It was a dramatic and semi-tragic scene when "Black John," who hailed from
+the seaport town of Monnikendam, near Amsterdam, one morning, as they were
+at the house of Philip Geraerdy, addressed Ensign Hendrick Van Dyck,
+saying: "Brother, my service to you," to which the ensign answered:
+"Brother, I thank you." "Black John" did not hand over the can, but
+instead struck the ensign with it on his forehead so that blood flowed,
+saying that that was his Monnikendam fashion, and threw him over on his
+back. This, it is related, was done without having words or dispute of any
+kind.
+
+Geraerdy became a sergeant in the burgher troops, and while keeping a
+tavern was also a trader and a man of business. Besides his own language
+he could speak both Dutch and English, acting occasionally as an
+interpreter. He succeeded so well that in a few years he built for himself
+a substantial house on that part of his lot fifty or sixty feet down from
+the corner on Stone Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Taverns Regulated]
+
+When Governor Peter Stuyvesant arrived, in May, 1647, he found New
+Amsterdam, to use an expression of the present day, "a wide open town."
+Before the close of the month he issued an order requiring that all places
+where liquor was sold should remain closed on Sunday before two o'clock
+in the afternoon, and, in case of preaching in the fort, until four
+o'clock,--this, under penalty of the owners being deprived of their
+occupation, and besides being fined six Carolus guilders for each person
+who should be found drinking wine or beer within the stated time,
+excepting only travellers and those who were daily customers, fetching the
+drinks to their own homes; and that all such places should be closed every
+night at the ringing of the bell about nine o'clock. In issuing this order
+he says: "Whereas we have experienced the violence of our inhabitants,
+when drunk, their quarrelling, fighting and hitting each other, even on
+the Lord's day of rest, of which we have ourselves witnessed the painful
+example last Sunday, in contravention of law, to the contempt and disgrace
+of our person and office, to the annoyance of our neighbors, and to the
+disregard and contempt of God's holy laws and ordinances," etc.
+
+In March, 1648, he found that further action was necessary. He declared
+that one-fourth of the houses had been turned into taverns for the sale of
+brandy, tobacco and beer, and that they were detrimental to the welfare of
+the community; he therefore issued a set of rules for their regulation. No
+new tap-houses should be opened without the unanimous vote of the Director
+and Council. Those who had been tapsters could continue as such for four
+years at least, but in the meantime, should seek some other means of
+livelihood, so as not to be dependent on it. Orders as to closing at nine
+o'clock every night and on Sundays were repeated. Tapsters were to report
+all fights or disorderly conduct in their places, and physicians were to
+report all cases where they were called on to dress wounds received in
+such disturbances. This does not necessarily indicate that New Amsterdam
+was at this time a disorderly place, for like New York of the present day,
+it was a cosmopolitan city. The population at that time was not over five
+hundred souls, and it has been declared that eighteen different languages
+were spoken by the inhabitants.
+
+[Sidenote: Litschoe's Tavern]
+
+Some time previous to the year 1648 Daniel Litschoe established an inn on
+what is now Pearl Street in the outskirts of the town, which became the
+resort of the country people coming in from Long Island. Litschoe came out
+to New Amsterdam with the earliest settlers as ensign in the military
+service of the Dutch. He was with Stuyvesant at Beverwyck and on his order
+hauled down the lord's colors. He also went out with Stuyvesant in the
+expedition against the Swedes on the Delaware as lieutenant.
+
+The tavern seems to have been a good-sized building, for it is spoken of
+as "the great house," but this is to be taken as in comparison with its
+neighbors. It had at least a quarter of an acre of ground attached to it,
+and stood back some little distance from the street. A part of the lot is
+now covered by No. 125 Pearl Street. In the spring of 1651, Litschoe
+leased this house to Andries Jochemsen, who kept it as a tavern or ale
+house for many years and had lots of trouble with the authorities. He
+would tap on Sundays and after nine o'clock, and his house was the resort
+of disorderly persons. After keeping tavern for some years in a house
+which he had built just outside the city wall, Litschoe purchased a lot
+inside the wall between it and the house he had resided in some years
+before, and here he, and after his death in 1662, his wife, Annetje, kept
+a tavern for many years.
+
+When Sir Henry Moody came from Virginia in 1660 to exchange ratifications
+of the treaty to regulate commerce between that colony and New Netherland
+he was received with all the usual diplomatic honors. Two members of the
+council, under escort of halberdiers, were sent "to compliment him in his
+lodgings," and Moody, appearing in the fort, presented his credentials. He
+resided a considerable time at the house of Daniel Litschoe and when he
+left the city he failed to settle his score, for which his library left at
+the house was sold. More people came into the city over the river road
+from the Long Island ferry than from any other direction, and Litschoe's
+tavern near the city gate was an inviting resting place. It was one of the
+stations where fire-buckets were kept for use in cases of emergency.
+
+[Illustration: WATER GATE, FOOT OF WALL STREET]
+
+The city wall, above mentioned, was a line of palisades straight across
+the island along the northerly side of the present Wall Street, passing
+through the present Trinity Churchyard. On the inside of the palisades was
+an embankment and a ditch. It was built in the year 1653, when England and
+Holland were at war and New Amsterdam was threatened by the New England
+colonists. Through this line of defence there were two gates, the
+land-gate at the present junction of Broadway and Wall Street and the
+water-gate at the river road or present Pearl Street.
+
+[Sidenote: Peter Cock's Troubles to Obtain a Wife]
+
+Peter Cock added much to the piquancy of the gossip of the taverns and the
+town when, in 1653, probably no longer a soldier, he brought suit against
+Annetje Cornelissen Van Vorst, claiming the fulfillment of a promise of
+marriage. The case occupied the time and attention of the Court of
+Burgomasters and Schepens at a great many sessions, statements and
+counter-statements being presented to the Court, who, considering the case
+too large for them, sent it, with the papers, to the Director and Council
+for their decision. It was sent back to the Court of Burgomasters and
+Schepens, with a recommendation to appoint a committee to examine the
+papers and report. The final decision, pronounced May 18, 1654, was that
+the promise was a binding contract. From this decision Annetje appealed,
+but it was confirmed. In some way Annetje obtained a release, at any rate,
+she married November 11, 1656, Claes Jansen Van Purmerendt, a tobacco
+planter of Paulus Hook. Peter consoled himself with another Annetje, for
+on June 13, 1657, he married Annetje Dirks, of Amsterdam.
+
+In 1661 Annetje Cock was a widow and in control of the tavern which Peter
+Cock had left. She asked permission to build a new house on the southeast
+corner of the lot, which request was refused, as it would be too near the
+fort. Her husband had contracted for the building of a house on the lot,
+which she claimed was voided by his death, and wished to make a new
+contract with others, but the court decided that the old contract was
+binding. A new house was built which was kept by her as a tavern for many
+years.
+
+[Sidenote: A Dutch Tavern]
+
+The taverns of New Amsterdam were probably modeled somewhat after those of
+Holland, for the Dutch were a people who stuck to the customs of the
+fatherland. The description of a Dutch tavern, from the journal of one of
+our citizens who visited a part of the Netherlands where customs have not
+changed for centuries is here given.
+
+"It was the business of the good vrow or her maid to show up the
+traveller, and open the doors in the smooth partition of the box which was
+to receive his weary limbs for the night, and which otherwise he might not
+be able to discover, and after he crept into it, to come back again and
+blow out the candle, and in the morning to draw the curtains of the
+windows at the hour he fixed to rise. There was generally one room in
+which all the guests were received, and where there was a pleasant reunion
+in the evening, and all the visitors ate, drank and smoked. It had, in one
+corner, a closet, which, when opened (and, honestly, it was not
+unfrequently opened), disclosed sundry decanters, glasses and black
+bottles; and, on one side of the room, a rack in which were suspended by
+their bowls a score or two of very long pipes, each one inscribed with
+the name of a neighbor or owner. This was the room of Mynheer the
+landlord. He had no care beyond this; mevrow was the head of the house;
+she attended to all the wants of the guests, and gave them the information
+which they might desire. She was always on the spot as when, with a 'wet
+te rusten,' like a good mother, she bade you good night, and when, with a
+'hoo-y-reis,' like an old friend, she bade you good-by."
+
+In the contract for building the ferry house on the Long Island side of
+the East River for Egbert Van Borsum in 1655, provision was made for
+bedsteads to be built in the walls as described above. Thus an apartment
+could be made to accommodate several travellers at night and yet, in day
+time, present a neat appearance and be used as a public room. Provision
+was also made for the closet or pantry, for it was a source of profit.
+
+A few years later the Ferry Tavern of Van Borsum had acquired such a
+reputation, to which the culinary art of Annetje, his wife, greatly
+contributed, that it became the resort of the best citizens when they
+wished for something extra good, and of the officials of government, as we
+find that a bill rendered by Van Borsum in February, 1658, for wine and
+liquor furnished the Director and other officers was ordered to be paid.
+
+[Sidenote: A Grand Dinner]
+
+When, in 1658, Captain Beaulieu wished to give a fine dinner to his
+friends, he did not go to the tavern of the Worshipful Burgomaster Martin
+Crigier nor to that of Lieutenant Litschoe, who entertained the English
+Ambassador a few years later, nor yet to the popular tavern of Metje
+Wessels; but was influenced, for some good reason, to go to the house of
+Egbert Van Borsum, the Ferry Tavern on the Long Island side of the river.
+Here the Captain and his thirteen friends sat down to a dinner for which
+Van Borsum, if the record is correct, charged him three hundred and ten
+florins, or at the rate of nine dollars per plate; and it appears that it
+was worth the price, for although Beaulieu was sued by Van Borsum for the
+bill, his defence was that he was to pay only one-half of the expense, the
+other half to be paid by a few of the other guests. No complaint was made
+that the amount charged was excessive. Annetje Van Borsum testified before
+the Court that she made the arrangement and bargain with Beaulieu alone
+and looked to him for payment. The Court took this view and gave a verdict
+against Beaulieu for the full amount. Annetje Van Borsum must certainly
+have been a fine cook, and the dinner must have been served with some
+expensive accessories, of the nature of which we can hardly surmise. It
+serves to show that New Amsterdam, even at this early period, was not
+entirely devoid of expensive luxuries (for such must have been the case).
+After the death of Egbert Van Borsum, his widow, Annetje, continued the
+business for several years, she herself managing the tavern, and her son,
+Hermanus, attending to the ferry. In her declining years she retired to
+the city of New Amsterdam where she died at a green old age.
+
+In 1655 Solomon Peterson La Chair, a gentleman of the legal profession,
+made his appearance in New Amsterdam, and, as there was not a promising
+prospect in that line of business, he rented the house of Teunis Kray, on
+the Graft, and petitioned the Burgomasters and Schepens for permission to
+keep it as a tavern, which could be managed by his wife in his absence on
+legal business, and would be of great assistance to him in gaining a
+livelihood. Permission was granted. He afterwards bought the house of
+Kray, agreeing to pay for it in instalments; but as Kray had formerly sued
+him for the rent he had now to sue him for the very first instalment; and
+he never succeeded in paying for it, the money, even when he had it ready,
+as he says, slipping through his fingers. He did not pay anyone he owed
+until forced to. He used every means which his learning in the law and his
+own ingenuity could devise to avoid paying his just debts. He was
+impecunious and improvident and constantly in trouble; yet he was a man of
+considerable learning and ability, as evinced by his register of business
+as a notary, a volume of some three hundred pages, which was discovered in
+the county clerk's office some years ago. He obtained a license to
+practice as a notary in 1661. La Chair, defaulting in payment, Kray came
+again in possession of the house he had sold, and La Chair moved to a
+house in Hough Street, where he continued to keep a tavern until his
+death, a few years later. There was much discussion in the little town on
+political matters, and La Chair, as a man versed in the law, could
+probably attract many to his house, where, no doubt, such subjects were
+thoroughly discussed.
+
+November 26, 1656, a petition was presented to the Burgomasters and
+Schepens from Metje Wessels, requesting permission "to follow the trade of
+an eating house and to bring in and tap out wine and beer," which was
+granted.
+
+[Sidenote: Metje Wessels' Tavern]
+
+Metje Wessels' house was situated on The Water, which was what is now the
+north side of Pearl Street, between Whitehall and Broad Streets, in the
+busiest part of the little city, and not far from the City Hall. It became
+a noted place for Burgomasters' dinners, and was a popular place for
+festivities of all kinds, characteristic of the taverns of this period.
+The Burgomasters and Schepens of New Amsterdam had discovered the
+toothsome terrapin, for which their successors, the aldermen of New York
+City, were, years ago, known to be particularly partial, and their
+dinners at the widow's tavern were no doubt supplied with this delicious
+viand. Van der Donck, writing in 1656, says: "Some persons prepare
+delicious dishes from the water terrapin which is luscious food." Here men
+went on the arrival of a ship, to meet the skipper and hear the news from
+the fatherland or from other foreign ports. Here were discussed the
+tidings from up the river, where many young men were making adventurous
+excursions among the Indians, in the far-off northern wilderness, in the
+profitable business of gathering furs. The trade in furs, the Indian
+troubles, the military expeditions, the Dominie's sermons and the
+Director-General's proclamations,--these, and a great many more, both
+public and personal matters--were talked over. It was a sort of business
+and social exchange where were gathered and distributed news and gossip of
+all kinds.
+
+[Illustration: "THEY HAD DISCOVERED THE TOOTHSOME TERRAPIN"]
+
+[Sidenote: Dutch Festivities]
+
+The Dutch of New Amsterdam had a large capacity for enjoyment and in their
+holiday season of Christmas and New Year, gave themselves up to every kind
+of festivity and sport that the place could afford. We find from records
+that some of these were firing of guns, beating of drums, dancing, playing
+of tick-tack, bowling, playing of ninepins, sleighing parties or wagon
+rides, etc. The taverns and taprooms were full of life and there were
+likewise many family festivities and amusements, where the tables were
+loaded with all the good things to eat and drink that were obtainable. Not
+only was it the season of the delight and enjoyment of the young and gay,
+but the older and graver citizens joined in the sports with enthusiasm and
+encouragement. Even the Burgomasters and Schepens, with the other
+officials, when the season of festivity approached, closed the public
+offices temporarily. "Whereas," it is recorded, "the winter festivals are
+at hand, it is found good, that between this date and three weeks after
+Christmas the ordinary meetings of the Court shall be dispensed with."
+
+Gathered together to celebrate one of the anniversaries of the festive
+season, the flickering lights from oil lamps and tallow candles, reflected
+from the whitewashed walls of Madame Wessels' assembly room, shone on as
+happy and gay hearted a gathering as is found in the magnificent and
+brilliantly lighted halls of our present grand city. They shone on "fair
+women and brave men." Notwithstanding the humorous caricatures of
+Washington Irving, the women were comely and the men were a sturdy and
+adventurous lot. Here was the government official, with his sword at his
+side. Here was the prosperous trader or merchant in his silk or velvet
+breeches and coat flowered with silver lace, with gold or silver buttons,
+lace neck cloth and silk stockings. He also wore a sword. The common
+burgher in his homespun breeches and Kersey coat also took a part.
+Handsome dresses, displayed on female forms were not numerous but there
+were some that indicated the success and prosperity of the heads of the
+families represented by the wearers. Gowns of thick embroidered silk and
+petticoats of cloth and quilted silk graced the festive dance.
+
+May-day was also celebrated with great spirit and on this occasion the
+people were accorded by the city magistrates the greatest license. It was
+announced that "any damage which may come from the general rejoicing
+within the city on May-day shall be made known to the Burgomasters at the
+City Hall immediately thereafter when means shall be taken to furnish
+reparation."
+
+But Governor Stuyvesant had no sympathy for such "unprofitable customs,"
+and such "unnecessary waste of powder." He forbade on New Year and
+May-days, the firing of guns, the beating of drums or the planting of
+May-poles, and ordered that at these times there shall not be "any wines,
+brandy-wines or beer dealt out." It is supposed that this ordinance was
+not strictly enforced and that its restrictions were little observed.
+
+Stuyvesant also, in February, 1658, forbade the farmers and their servants
+to "ride the goose" at the feast of Bacchus and Shrovetide, which brought
+a protest from the Burgomasters and Schepens, who felt aggrieved that the
+Director General and Council should have done so without their knowledge
+and consent. "Riding the goose," or "pulling the goose," was a cruel
+sport, but it was not the fate of the goose that moved the tender heart of
+Stuyvesant. He says in response to the protest that "in their time it has
+never been practiced here, and yet, notwithstanding the same may in some
+place of the fatherland _be tolerated and looked at through the fingers_,
+it is altogether unprofitable, unnecessary and criminal for subjects and
+neighbors to celebrate such pagan and Popish feasts, and to practice such
+evil customs." He then gives the Burgomasters and Schepens a sound
+scolding for their presumption, and informs them "that the _institution of
+a little bench of Justice under the title of Schout, Burgomasters and
+Commissioners_ does in no wise interfere with or diminish aught of the
+power and authority of the Director General and Councellors in the
+enacting of any ordinance or making any particular interdict, especially
+such as tend to the glory of God and the best interests of the
+Inhabitants."
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+NEW YORK AND THE PIRATES
+
+
+[Sidenote: The English in New York]
+
+When the English captured New Amsterdam, the heart of the British soldier
+was no doubt cheered and gladdened by the sight of the Sign of Saint
+George and the Dragon, which was boldly hung out in front of the house
+looking out on the river on the west side of the present Pearl Street just
+above Maiden Lane, kept by James Webb, from London. It was a stone house
+which had been built more than fifteen years before by Sander Leendertsen
+(Alexander Lindsay), upon the site of the present 211 Pearl Street. When
+in March, 1665, the citizens were called upon to state how many soldiers
+they could lodge, the entry is made in the records that "The Man of the
+Knight of St. George will take one," which undoubtedly refers to the
+landlord of this house. Webb, in 1665, married Margaret Radel, a widow,
+and probably kept the house for some years. It was on the road leading to
+the Long Island ferry, a favorite location for taverns.
+
+Although Colonel Nicolls, the first deputy Governor for his Royal
+Highness, James, Duke of York, is said to have filled his purse from the
+proceeds of land grants and by compelling the holders of old grants to pay
+him for confirmation, and to have been active in adding to his profits in
+many other ways, and, although he was given despotic power, yet his rule
+was characterized by so much leniency and moderation, compared with the
+paternal, though arbitrary, rule of Peter Stuyvesant, that he became as
+popular with the inhabitants as, under the circumstances, could be
+expected. When, at the end of four years, he solicited and obtained his
+recall, a grand dinner was given him at the house of Cornelis Steenwyck,
+one of the most prominent Dutch merchants of the city, and two militia
+companies, the Dutch officers of which had received their commissions from
+him, escorted him to the ship which was to bear him to England.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAN OF THE KNIGHT OF ST. GEORGE"]
+
+The English officials were naturally desirous of introducing English ways
+and customs. Moved by this spirit, Governor Nicolls, to encourage the
+English sport of horse-racing, established a race-course at Hempstead,
+Long Island, which was continued and kept up by his successors, who issued
+proclamations, directed to the justices, that races should be held in the
+month of May.
+
+New York, when it came into the hands of the English, was thoroughly
+Dutch, and the Englishman was not pleased by the ways and customs of the
+Dutch in tavern life, so different from the English. In a tavern conducted
+in the Dutch way, where the landlord and all the attendants spoke the
+Dutch language, the government officials and the English officers did not
+feel that ease and comfort that they would in a truly English inn.
+
+The prominent Dutch taverns continued to flourish, but in the course of
+time, there was a gradual change, produced by the English influence. The
+Dutch tavern keeper differed much from the inn-keeper of England, and the
+newcomers, assuming the airs of conquerors, accustomed to the warm welcome
+of an English inn, chafed under the restrains which they found or fancied,
+and many broils occurred between the landlords and their Dutch countrymen
+on one side and the English soldiers and sailors on the other.
+
+[Sidenote: The Governor Builds a Tavern]
+
+Although previous to this time and some years subsequent, the records of
+public business transacted at taverns are numerous, for a long time after
+the English came into control, there is no indication that the taverns
+were thus much used by the English officials. The want of a tavern truly
+English, that would satisfy the officers of the government, may have been
+the cause which led Governor Lovelace to build, in 1672, on his own
+account, an inn or ordinary right next to the City Hall, and to ask the
+magistrates for permission to connect the upper story of the house with
+the City Hall by a door opening into the Court's Chambers. The
+proposition was agreed to by the magistrates, leaving it to the governor
+to pay what he thought fit for "the vacant strooke of ground" lying
+between the buildings and "not to cut off the entrance into the prison
+doore or common gaol."
+
+This door connecting the City Hall and the tavern was meant to serve, in
+its way, a very useful purpose, but lacking reliable data in reference to
+the part it played in facilitating communication between the tavern
+taproom and the halls of justice, we leave each reader to supply the
+deficiency by his own opinions on the subject.
+
+[Sidenote: Tavern Regulations]
+
+It was a uniform custom in the English colonies to make provision for the
+care of strangers and to regulate by law the taverns and the sale of
+strong drink. By the duke's laws, which were enacted, or rather accepted,
+by representatives of the people at the Hempstead convention, in 1665,
+inn-keepers were not allowed to charge "above eight pence a meal with
+small beer," and were required to always have on hand a supply of "strong
+and wholesome" malted liquor.
+
+In January, 1676, it was ordered that "all persons who keep publick houses
+shall sell beere as well as wyn and other liquors and keep lodgings for
+strangers." It was proposed to the governor by the mayor and aldermen that
+six houses be appointed to sell "all sorts of wine, brandy and rum and
+lodgings," and eight to "sell beere, syder, mum and rum and to provide for
+strangers as the law directs," that two of "the wine houses be ordinaryes,
+and four of the beere-houses." Prices were fixed at which the tapsters
+should sell. French wines and Madeira were from one and three pence to two
+shillings per quart; brandy at six pence and rum at three pence per gill;
+beer and cider were three and four pence per quart. In the ordinary at the
+wine house the meal was one shilling and in that at the beer house it was
+eight pence; lodging at the wine house was four pence per night, and at
+the beer house it was three pence. Thus a sharp distinction was drawn
+between the two classes of houses and there was in all probability as
+great a difference in their keepers.
+
+[Sidenote: First Merchants' Exchange]
+
+Broad Street had become a desirable place of residence and many citizens
+of the better class made it their home. The canal or ditch through the
+middle of it, from the present Exchange Place to the river, would never
+have been there if New York had not been originally a Dutch town. Across
+the canal, near the river, between the present Stone and Bridge Streets,
+was a bridge. This was a favorite lounging place for idlers, where,
+leaning over the railing of the bridge, they could watch the ebb and flow
+of the tide and the various small boats which went a little way up the
+canal to discharge their cargoes of oysters, fish and country produce
+brought over from Long Island or other nearby points. It was the center
+of probably more stir and activity than any other place in the little
+city. Here the merchants had become accustomed to meet for trade and the
+transaction of business of various kinds. This induced Governor Lovelace,
+March 24, 1669-70, to issue an order establishing a sort of business
+exchange. This order specified that the meeting of the merchants should be
+between the hours of eleven and twelve on Friday mornings, at present near
+the bridge, and the mayor was directed to take care that they should not
+be disturbed. The time of meeting and dispersing was to be announced by
+the ringing of a bell. It was the beginning of the merchants' exchange.
+This continued to be the meeting place of the merchants, and near this
+spot a building called the Exchange was subsequently built.
+
+Not far away, on the present northwesterly corner of Broad and Pearl
+Streets, stood the tavern of James Matthews, who, besides keeping a
+tavern, was a merchant and a man of considerable means. The meeting place
+for merchants being almost in front of his door his house was a very
+convenient place for them to retire to, to consummate their bargains over
+a social glass. In 1678 and in 1685 he was one of the farmers of the
+excise. He died in the latter part of the year 1685, or early in 1686, and
+his widow continued to keep the house for about two years, when she also
+died. The executors of her estate petitioned, in March, 1688, for an
+abatement of L20 excise money.
+
+In September, 1676, Abraham Corbett, "driven with his family from his home
+eastward of New England," petitioned for a license to distill strong
+liquors, which was granted him. He became a lieutenant in the militia in
+1684; and was one of the farmers of the excise in 1688, which indicates
+that he was a man of respectability and deserving of public confidence. He
+was also a tavern keeper. When Samuel Leete, clerk of the Court of Mayor
+and Aldermen, and an Alderman of the city, died in 1679, he left to
+Abraham Corbett, "all my household goods in part payment of what I owe him
+for meat and drink." By Governor Dongan's Charter of 1686, Abraham Corbett
+was appointed an Assistant Alderman. In 1680 he purchased for sixty pounds
+sterling a house and lot on the east side of Broadway, two or three doors
+south of the present Exchange Place, and some years later on this lot he
+erected a fine tavern, which he called the "Royal Oak," where he spent his
+declining years in its management. Considering the position which Corbett
+held in the esteem of the people there is no doubt that his house received
+the patronage of the best class of the community.
+
+In these early days there were no parks, but the open country was near at
+hand with all the charms of nature. Just south of the present Trinity
+Churchyard was the Governor's Garden. A large gateway led to it and to a
+charming spot--a piece of elevated ground covered with natural
+forest--called the "Locust Trees," which was a resort for those who
+enjoyed the open air, where they could look out on the broad expanse of
+the Hudson. It was not then covered with that panorama of moving craft
+which it now presents. It was the same majestic river as now, but its
+surface was unbroken except by a lonely canoe or a small sail or two
+lazily drifting up or down the stream, with the green shores of Staten
+Island and Pavonia in the distance.
+
+The road along the East River, beyond the "water gate," had a number of
+dwellings on its upper side. On the way to the ferry a road joined it
+called the "Maadge poadge," or Maiden Lane, and a little way further
+another, the present John Street, led up to Vandercliff's Orchard, which
+is said to have been a place of public resort, owned and kept by Dirck
+Vandercliff, who was also a merchant, and in 1687 was an assistant
+alderman.
+
+A singular incident occurred at this place in 1682. James Graham, who was
+an alderman of the city in 1681, recorder in 1683, and afterwards
+attorney-general, had, according to evidence, expressed a desire to make
+the acquaintance of Captain Baxter, an English officer recently arrived in
+the Province, and accordingly a party of several friends, including Graham
+and Baxter, met at the tavern of Dirck Vandercliff in "The Orchard," to
+spend a social afternoon and evening. About nine o'clock, as the company
+was about to break up, Graham, after paying the reckoning, was called
+aside by Baxter, but not out of the sight of the company. Those present
+saw Baxter act as if to kiss Graham, when the latter called out that he
+had been stabbed. He had been struck with a knife under the collar bone,
+the wound being about four inches deep. Baxter was arrested and bound over
+to await his trial in case of Graham's death, but the wound did not prove
+to be mortal.
+
+[Sidenote: Wolfert Webber's Tavern]
+
+On the hillside at the present Chatham Square, near the Collect or fresh
+water pond and the sparkling stream that fed it with the purest water on
+Manhattan Island, in a charming retreat, then considered far beyond the
+city wall, stood the tavern of Wolfert Webber, built in the time of the
+Dutch, and for a long time the farthest outlying dwelling on the eastern
+side. We find in the record that in 1655, a daughter of Wolfert Webber,
+tavernkeeper, had been returned to him from her captivity among the
+Indians. Notwithstanding the danger from attacks of the Indians, Webber
+continued to keep this house, and it was probably patronized by people who
+wished to enjoy the pleasures of the quiet and beautiful spot where it was
+located. In the marshes or swamps to the northwest, called the Kripple
+Bush, the sportsman could, in season, find woodcock in abundance, or he
+could enjoy the more gentle sport of angling in the Collect. Although the
+eastern side of the Collect was very attractive, the western side, at one
+time, was the residence of the very poorest class of people, and, on
+account of the stagnant water of the nearby swamps, considered very
+unhealthy.
+
+When the Dutch were in possession of the city for the second time and
+called it New Orange, Wolfert Webber was made a magistrate for the Outside
+People, or those beyond the Fresh Water, and under the English he was
+appointed by the Dongan Charter of 1686 an assistant alderman. He
+represented the Out Ward as assistant Alderman in 1688, 1689, 1706 and
+1707, and was still keeping the tavern at this same place. In April, 1715,
+"enjoying yet good health, but being ancient," he made his will, and died
+a year or two after.
+
+In 1660, on account of the repeated attacks of the Indians on the outside
+settlements, an order was issued requiring the abandonment of isolated
+habitations, and the gathering of the people in hamlets or villages for
+mutual protection. In response to this order there came a petition from
+those living beyond the fresh water stream asking that their houses might
+be permitted to remain, and that encouragement be held out to others to
+build near them so as to form a village. This request was granted and a
+village was established near the bowery of Governor Stuyvesant. A tavern,
+a blacksmith shop and a few other buildings formed the settlement to which
+was added shortly after a small church, erected by the governor on a part
+of his farm. To this farm or bowery Stuyvesant retired when the English
+had relieved him of the cares of office. The road leading to this village
+became known as the Bowery Road or Lane.
+
+For a time this was the end of the road, but when the English came into
+possession of the city, they soon sought to open communication with the
+New England colonies by land and with the recently made settlement of New
+Harlem. A road was laid out which, in time, was extended through the whole
+length of the island to King's Bridge, and became the highway of travel
+for all going to the north or east.
+
+[Sidenote: The Two-Mile Tavern]
+
+The tavern which had been set up at the village, as travel increased
+became known as the two-mile stopping place, and is said to have been a
+famous place of resort. Its situation was admirable, for the purpose, and
+it was, no doubt, visited by those making excursions of pleasure from the
+city, especially sleighing parties. At this time and for a great many
+years this was the only road of any great length on which such a sport
+could be enjoyed. For a long time the tavern was occupied by Adriaen
+Cornelissen, who was farmer and tavern-keeper. He was living here in 1674,
+when the Dutch for the second time were in possession of New Amsterdam,
+which they then called New Orange, and was appointed one of the schepens
+or magistrates for the outside people or those beyond the wall. Under the
+English rule he was Assistant Alderman in 1684 and in 1687. In 1689 he was
+made a captain of militia, his commission bearing date, December 16th of
+that year.
+
+When, in 1690, commissioners came down from the New England colonies to
+confer with those of New York and deliberate on proper steps to be taken
+against the French and Indians, they declined to enter the city on account
+of the prevalence of small-pox, and Governor Leisler fixed upon this house
+as the place of meeting, describing it as a good, neat house, about two
+miles from the city, and kept by Captain Arian Cornelis. Here the
+commissioners met on the 1st of May, 1690.
+
+[Sidenote: John Clapp Tavern-Keeper]
+
+A few years later the landlord of this tavern was John Clapp, the maker
+and publisher of the first almanac by a resident of New York City, which
+he says was "the product of my many spare Minnits." It was not the first
+printed in New York, for Bradford had, for several years, printed Leed's
+Almanac. Clapp claims to have been the first person in New York to set up
+a hackney coach, and announces in his almanac that "about two miles
+without the City of New York, at the place called the Bowery, any
+Gentlemen Travellers that are strangers to the City, may have very good
+Entertainment, for themselves and Horses, where there is also a Hackney
+Coach and good Saddle Horses to be hired." He was a promoter of social
+festivities, which well became him as a genial landlord. In the Almanac,
+under June, is found the following:
+
+"The 24th of this month is celebrated the Feast of St. John Baptist, in
+commemoration of which (and to keep up a happy union and lasting
+friendship by the sweet harmony of good society), a feast is held by the
+_Johns_ of this city, at John Clapp's in the Bowery, where any Gentleman
+whose Christian name is John may find a hearty wellcome to joyn in consort
+with his namesakes." He notes that John Clapp's in the Bowery, two miles
+from the postoffice, is generally the baiting place where gentlemen take
+leave of their Friends going on a long journey, "where a parting glass or
+two of generous Wine,
+
+  If well apply'd, makes the dull Horses feel,
+  One Spur i' th' Head is worth two in the heel."
+
+Seven miles from Clapp's was the half way house, nine miles further was
+King's Bridge, and from King's Bridge to Old Shute's, at East Chester, was
+six miles.
+
+Excepting that of the governor, it is doubtful if there was a single
+equipage for pleasure in the City of New York at this time, and the ease
+with which a sled or sleigh could be constructed, which would smoothly
+and silently glide over the snow, made sleigh-riding a great sport during
+the period when it could be enjoyed. That John Clapp's house, at the two
+mile station, was a great place of resort at such times, is no mere
+supposition. We have the testimony of Madam Sarah Knight, who was in New
+York in 1704, that this was so. She had come from Boston to New York on
+horseback, and the quaint and humorous way in which she has told the story
+of her travels has made her little book a gem for the antiquarian. She
+says of the New Yorkers: "Their diversion in the winter is riding sleys
+about three miles out of town, where they have houses of entertainment at
+a place called the Bowery." On an excursion with Mr. Burroughs, she says
+that she believes that she met that day as many as fifty or sixty "sleys,"
+which, she says, "fly with great swiftness, and some are so furious that
+they'll turn out of the path for none but a Loden cart," which surely
+indicates the enthusiasm with which the sport was enjoyed, and John Clapp,
+at such times, was, no doubt, a very busy man.
+
+John Clapp seems to have received an education which made him a prominent
+man among the settlers. In the time of Governor Leisler he was a resident
+of Flushing, when, "at a town meeting upon Long Island where divers of the
+freeholders of the Towns of Hamsted, Jamaica, Flushing and Newtown wer
+mett and assembled, to consult on the lamentable state and condition that
+Theire Maj'ties liege subjects lay under; by the severe oppressions and
+Tyranical usurpations of Jacob Leisler and his accomplices, it was desired
+by the freeholders aforesaid that Capt. John Clapp should write an humble
+letter to Their Maj'ties Secr'ty of Stat in all there behalves and signify
+to there Maj'ties in what a sad condition we are all in.--Nov. 7th, 1690."
+This is followed by a long letter.
+
+He was clerk of the New York Assembly, in session in New York during the
+year 1692. He was also a tavern keeper at that time, and must have been a
+man to win the esteem and good will of those who became his guests. Lucas
+Santen, who was at one time collector of the port of New York, and a
+member of Governor Dongan's Council, when he died, in 1692, left "to my
+landlord, Captain John Clapp, L40 to buy him a mourning ring, in
+consideration of the trouble I have given him." The next year Clapp
+succeeded Cornelissen as landlord of the tavern in the Bowery village.
+Here all the travel to the north and east passed his door and we can
+hardly believe that any traveler would, without stopping, pass the door of
+such a genial and jovial landlord as we are convinced was John Clapp, and
+we have reason to believe that his house was a favorite resort for the
+people in the city. He was undoubtedly residing here in 1703, and at some
+time between this date and 1710 removed to Rye, in Westchester county, for
+in the latter year John Clapp made returns of the names of men from 16 to
+60 in the County of Westchester, and he was interested there in large
+grants of land.
+
+Towards the close of the seventeenth century there were two features in
+the local history of New York City which attract attention. For many years
+before the close of the century it was regarded by the maritime countries
+of Europe as a protecting port for pirates, and the political disturbances
+which resulted in the execution of Jacob Leisler and Jacob Minhorne
+continued to divide the community into two contending factions composed of
+many bitter partisans.
+
+[Sidenote: Trade With Pirates]
+
+Respected merchants from New York sent out ships to the coast of Africa
+for slaves, loaded with liquors, arms, ammunition and other articles, just
+such as would be desired by pirates, which they exchanged at tremendous
+advance in prices for the plunder of these robbers of the seas, and
+returned to New York with slaves and the valuable goods they had thus
+obtained. One successful voyage was often sufficient to make the owners of
+the vessel wealthy, and they claimed that they were doing nothing wrong;
+that they had a perfect right to buy goods of any kind wherever they could
+purchase them to the best advantage. With some this trade in the plunder
+of pirates was, no doubt, incidental, but it was profitable, although
+they ran the risk of being the victims of pirates themselves.
+
+Pirates came into port and were received not only in a friendly manner,
+but were even honored by unusual attentions from the governor, who was
+apparently interested in their ventures.
+
+William Mason went out of the harbor of New York in 1689 with a commission
+as a privateer. He turned pirate, made war on East India commerce, and
+reaped a rich harvest of gold and East India goods, with which he filled
+his ship. When the ship returned under the command of Edward Coats, she
+put in on the east end of Long Island, where Coats and his crew found a
+friendly reception, and learning that they might be favorably received in
+New York, came into this port. Coats and his crew, by making valuable
+presents to the Governor and his family, and also to members of the
+Council, were unmolested. The ship was presented to the Governor, who sold
+it for L800. Coats said that his exemption from prosecution cost him
+L1,800.
+
+Captain Thomas Tew, who was known as a pirate, and had been the subject of
+complaint from the East India Company, came to New York in November, 1694,
+and was received by Governor Fletcher on terms of intimate companionship;
+was invited to his table, and rode by his side in his coach and six. He
+gave elegant presents to the Governor and his family, and left with a
+commission as privateer against the French, agreeing to discharge his
+cargo in this port. He went directly to his former field of activity and
+made his name still more notorious by his depredations upon the East India
+commerce.
+
+[Sidenote: Bellomont's Difficulties]
+
+About this time, John Hoare came to New York and received the usual
+commission from Governor Fletcher to act against the French. He openly
+avowed that his destination was for the African coast and recruited for
+that purpose. From the sequel we can not avoid the conclusion that there
+was some kind of an understanding with some of the merchants of New York,
+for after he had been absent about a year they sent out the ship Fortune
+to Madagascar, loaded with goods suitable for pirates, where she was met
+by Hoare's ship, filled with valuable plunder. The goods were transferred
+to the Fortune, and with a part of Hoare's crew she returned to New York.
+At this time Governor Fletcher, whose dealings with pirates had been
+brought to the attention of the British government, had been superseded by
+the Earl of Bellomont, whose instructions were to put a stop to this
+illegal trade. The cargo of the Fortune, when she arrived in New York, was
+secretly gotten ashore in the night, and stored. By order of Bellomont the
+goods were seized and officers were about to remove them, when a large
+number of merchants interfered to prevent them from doing it, using
+violence and locking the officers in the house, who, after three hours,
+were only released by the appearance of the lieutenant-governor and three
+files of men. The ship Fortune was forfeited.
+
+[Illustration: Bellomont]
+
+Frederick Phillipse, one of the Governor's Council, and reported the
+richest man in New York, expected a ship from Madagascar and to prevent
+her arrival in the port of New York with goods that might subject her to
+forfeiture, sent out his son Adolphus, on a vessel ostensibly bound for
+Virginia, which laid off the port until the expected vessel arrived, when
+the East India goods on board were transferred to her and carried to the
+Delaware, leaving the Madagascar ship to enter with only slaves as her
+cargo. The East India goods were sent to Hamburg, where they were seized.
+
+[Illustration: "AS GENUINE PIRATES AS EVER SAILED THE SEA"]
+
+In taverns of medium and even in some of the better class, could have been
+met at this period men who had taken part in captures on the African
+coast, and who, over their mugs of ale, entertained their companions with
+stories of their adventures, modified somewhat as suggested by prudence.
+They were not men of swarthy complexion and ferocious features, with knife
+and pistol in belt, as pictured by the imagination of writers of tales of
+the sea, yet they were, nevertheless, as genuine pirates as ever sailed
+the sea.
+
+For some time, in the latter part of the year 1694, Thomas Tew, the
+notorious pirate, was a well known and picturesque figure on the streets
+and in the taverns of New York, where he spent money lavishly, ordering
+brandy, ale and other beverages for whoever would drink with him. He was a
+man about forty years of age, of slight figure and dark complexion; richly
+and strikingly dressed. He wore a blue cap with a band of cloth of silver,
+and a blue jacket bordered with gold lace and ornamented with large pearl
+buttons. Loose trunks of white linen extended to his knees, where they
+were joined by curiously worked stockings. From his neck hung a rich chain
+of gold, and in his belt, curiously knit, he carried a dagger, its hilt
+set with the rarest gems.
+
+The exciting events of the Leisler period had left in the body politic a
+festering sore that would not heal. The Leislerians believed that the
+execution of Jacob Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Minhorne, had been
+nothing less than murder, and their relatives and friends were active in
+England in endeavors to revive the honor of their names and to reverse the
+attainder of their estates. In this situation of affairs it can readily be
+seen that there was much uneasiness and excitement in the community, and
+the taverns were the centers of all this boiling and agitated disturbance
+in the mercantile and political life of New York.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN TEW]
+
+The bitter opposition which Bellomont received from the merchants and the
+wealthiest of the people of New York compelled him to look to the
+Leislerians for support and to appoint to office members of that party. He
+seems besides to have been moved to take this step from a conviction that
+great injustice had been done. A few extracts from his letters will tend
+to show the situation as he viewed it.
+
+From a letter of the Earl of Bellomont to the Board of Trade, dated
+September 21, 1698:
+
+"The Jacobite party in this towne have a clubb commonly every Saturday
+(which was Colonel Fletcher's clubb day). Last Saturday was seaven night,
+there mett twenty seaven of them, their ringleaders are Colonel Bayard,
+Colonel Minviele, both of the Councill, Mr. Nicolls, late of the Councill,
+and Wilson, late Sheriff of this towne; there is so great a rancor and
+inveterancy in these people that I think it by no means proper for me to
+leave this province till I have your Lordship's orders upon the
+representations I made to your Lordships by the Richmond Frigatt, and
+since by Mr. Weaver; for I do verily believe if I should goe from hence,
+the people would fall together by the ears, besides, should I goe away, it
+would give the faction great advantage, and would tend very much to the
+revenue ceasing, and the measures I have proposed to myself for the
+obtaining the continuance of this present revenue would be thereby
+frustrated. This the Faction know very well, and therefore are very free
+in their wishes that I were gone to my other governments."
+
+To Mr. Popple, Secretary of the Board of Trade, he writes:
+
+"This day another instance happen'd of the brutishness of some of the
+people here. The Master of the ship that carries this packet, was with me
+last Tuesday and promised to call on me on Thursday for the King's
+packetts, but it seems intended to disappoint me and leave my letters
+behind and begon his voyage. I refer you for an account of this man's
+behavior to the inclosed certificate and warrant, only this I must tell
+you, I sent yesterday the Commissioner of the Customes Mr. Hungerford to
+pray him to come to me and receive the King's packetts, and he swore he
+would not for all the Governours in Christendom, and he would not be Post
+Boy to carry letters for any body; which refusal of his made me send a
+warrant to bring him by force. The angry merchants of this town had
+without doubt encouraged this man to be thus insolent, or he durst not
+have refused to carry the letters, after promising me faithfully, he
+would call for and carry them. This is another specimen of the rage and
+malice of these people, who I am satisfied nothing but fear keeps from
+rebelling against the Government; unlawful trade and Arabian gold brought
+in by Pirat ships from the Red Sea are the things they thirst after."
+
+On October 18, 1700, he wrote to Secretary Vernon, as follows:
+
+"The Lords of the Councill of Trade direct me to make an experiment in
+working some navall Stores here, with the soldiers. I cannot go about it
+with such Officers who I believe would rather traverse me in such a design
+than further it; and would I fear stir up a mutiny among the sould'rs, if
+I should propose to 'em the working of Navall Stores for the King. I am
+not for breaking those Lieut's, but exchanging them for honest, good
+Lieut's in some of the Regiments in England. My first Lieut's name is
+Peter Matthews, bred up from a child with Coll. Fletcher & 'tis at his
+house that the angry people of this Town have a Club and hold their
+cabals; my second Lieut's is John Buckley; there is also another Lieut, in
+Maj'r Ingoldesby's Company whose name is Matthew Shank, a most sad drunken
+sott, and under no good character for manhood. I desire also he may be
+exchanged for a better man from England."
+
+Colonel Fletcher, on his return to England, asked for an examination,
+which was accorded him by the Lords of Trade. Plausible explanations were
+made of his conduct, but they were not convincing, and the Lords of Trade
+recommended that the charges be referred to the Attorney-General for
+further action. The King, however, seems to have interposed, as there is
+no evidence of further proceedings against him. Of his subsequent career
+nothing is known.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: An Exciting Election]
+
+In September, 1701, a very exciting election took place in the city.
+Thomas Noell, the mayor, was commissioned and sworn into office on the
+14th day of October, 1701. The returns of the election for aldermen and
+assistant aldermen, which gave the Leislerians a majority in the board,
+were contested in some of the wards and a scrutiny was ordered by the
+mayor, who appointed committees, composed of members of both parties, to
+examine the votes in the contested wards. Some of the Leislerians, who
+were appointed on these committees, refused to serve, claiming that it was
+irregular; nevertheless, the scrutiny was completed, and those declared
+elected, after much excitement and disturbance, finally took their seats
+at the board. Among those who were declared elected was John Hutchins,
+landlord of the Coffee House or King's Arms, situated on the west side of
+Broadway, next above Trinity Churchyard, where the Trinity Building now
+stands. He had represented the West Ward as alderman in 1697. In 1698 he
+was returned as elected, but his election was contested, and his
+opponent, Robert Walters, was declared elected. He was now again alderman
+of the West Ward. He had come out with Governor Sloughter as a lieutenant
+in the regular service and had since then, for the most part of the time,
+made his residence in New York City. He was one of the signers of a
+petition stating grievances at New York in 1692 and 1693, during
+Fletcher's rule. In this paper it is stated that Lieut. John Hutchins was
+imprisoned at Albany and sent to New York, and coming before Governor
+Fletcher, was suspended and kept out of his pay, because he had favored
+the cause of Leisler, and had endeavored to persuade Governor Sloughter
+not to order the execution of Leisler and Minhorne, it being contrary to
+his letter to the King for their reprieve and contrary to his commission
+from his majesty.
+
+After being thus deprived by Fletcher of his pay as an officer, he had to
+seek some means of livelihood and he turned to the occupation of keeping a
+tavern. Previous to 1696 he was keeping a house on the southwest corner of
+Broad and Wall Streets. In this year he purchased a lot on the west side
+of Broadway, the deed bearing date, October 1, 1696, which is described as
+"lying and being next and adjoining to the North side of ye Buriall
+without the North Gate of the City." It had a frontage of sixty feet on
+Broadway. At the western end of this lot, one hundred and thirty-five feet
+from Broadway was a street running from the churchyard to Crown Street
+(now Cedar Street), called Temple Street, a portion of which has since
+been vacated. Farther down, about ninety feet, was Lombard Street, where
+is now Trinity Place. The lot of land inclosed by Temple Street, Crown
+Street, Lombard Street and the churchyard, about ninety by one hundred and
+sixty feet, was also conveyed to Hutchins in the deed.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Arms Tavern]
+
+On the Broadway lot Hutchins erected a house, which he opened as the
+King's Arms, more generally known as the Coffee House. It was not large,
+but for a time it was the most fashionable public house in the city, and
+was considered the headquarters of the anti-Leislerians party. Upon the
+roof was a balcony, arranged with seats, commanding a beautiful view of
+the bay, the river and the city. North of the tavern there were only a few
+scattered buildings on Broadway, the principal of which was the store of
+Alderman Jacob Boelen, north of Liberty Street. The extent of Broadway was
+only to the present postoffice, the road thence continuing on the present
+line of Park Row, then the post road. The Commons or the Fields,
+originally the pasture ground for the cows of the Dutch settlers, was at
+first nearly square, and this road cut off a triangular piece of land on
+the east side, a part of which, before the charter gave to the city all
+"waste, vacant and unpatented lands" on the island, was selected and
+appropriated by Governor Dongan to his own use, on which he built a
+house, with an extensive garden attached to it. This place, embracing
+about two acres of land, became known as the "Governor's Garden." After
+the Governor left the province it is said to have been converted into a
+place of public resort, and became known as the "Vineyard." We can find no
+record of details of any particular interest connected with it.
+
+During the latter part of the seventeenth century the use of coffee as a
+beverage had been introduced into England and on the continent of Europe.
+The first coffee-house in Paris was opened in 1672. Previous to this time
+coffee-houses had been opened in London, and in 1663 they were placed on
+the footing of taverns and a statute of Charles II of that year required
+that they should be licensed. In the English coffee-house the guest paid a
+penny for a cup of coffee. This gave him the privilege of sitting by the
+fire and reading the journals of the day, which the coffee-houses made a
+point of keeping on hand as one of their attractions, and he had also the
+opportunity of hearing discussions on political topics or to take part in
+them, if so disposed, or if he could find listeners. The sober, religious
+Puritan resorted to them in preference to the tavern. In the time of
+Charles II, they were places of political agitation-to such an extent that
+in 1675, the King, by proclamation, ordered that they should all be closed
+as "seminaries of sedition," but the order was a few days later
+rescinded.
+
+[Sidenote: The Coffee House]
+
+When John Hutchins came to New York coffee-houses had become very popular
+and numerous in London and he was, no doubt, familiar with the way in
+which they were conducted, so that when he built his new house on
+Broadway, in addition to its designation as the King's Arms, he called it
+the Coffee House. As it was the first and, in its day, the only
+coffee-house in New York, it had no distinguishing title, but was simply
+called the Coffee House. In the bar-room was a range of small boxes,
+screened with green curtains, where guests could sip their coffee or enjoy
+their chops and ale or Madeira in comparative seclusion. The upper rooms
+were used for special meetings.
+
+Although Hutchins had been favorable to the Leislerians in Fletcher's
+time, he seems to have gone over to the anti-Leislerians, and had been
+elected alderman by the votes of that party. He had borrowed money from
+both Gabriel Minvielle and Nicholas Bayard, having mortgaged his house and
+lot in Broad Street to Minvielle and his house and lot on Broadway to
+Bayard. These two men are named by Bellomont as ringleaders in the party
+opposed to him. The mortgage to Bayard covered also the lot of ground
+between Temple and Lombard Streets, and the whole property subsequently
+came into the possession of Bayard, although, no doubt, Hutchins
+continued in charge of the house until his death or removal from the city.
+
+[Sidenote: Two Rival Taverns]
+
+In the election for aldermen there was great excitement in the East Ward,
+the returns of which were contested. In this ward Roger Baker was well
+known as the landlord of the King's Head, and Gabriel Thompson was equally
+well known as the landlord of the White Lion. As revealed by the scrutiny
+of the votes, Baker and Thompson were on opposite sides. Baker voted for
+William Morris, the anti-Leislerian candidate for alderman, and Thompson
+voted for Johannes DePeyster, who was the Leislerian candidate. Baker had
+been commissioned by Bellomont a lieutenant of militia and Thompson had
+also been an officer in the militia. In 1664, Gabriel Thompson, as master
+of the sloop, Hopewell, cleared from New York for places up the river
+seven times during the year. He was an ensign at Albany in 1685, and a
+captain in the expedition against the French and Indians in Leisler's
+time, and since then had probably been a resident of New York City, where
+he had kept a tavern. He petitioned, in 1693, that the sub-collector repay
+to him L36 excise money, which indicated that he was a tavern-keeper, but
+where his house was then located we do not know. He was one of the signers
+of the petition showing to the home government the grievances existing in
+New York in 1692 and 1693.
+
+These were exciting times and the citizens who gathered at these two
+taverns in all probability had not a few hot discussions over the
+political situation. On August 29, 1701, a committee of the council was
+appointed to meet in conference a committee of the assembly at three
+o'clock in the afternoon at Roger Baker's, at the sign of the King's Head.
+The conference accordingly met, and from thence adjourned to Gabriel
+Thompson's at the White Lion.
+
+During the months of September and October, 1701, many conference
+committees of the council and the assembly met at the White Lion, the
+house of Gabriel Thompson. There was a conference meeting here on
+September 4th and on September 11th we find record of another. On
+September 28, 1701, we find the following record in the Journal of the
+House:
+
+"A message was sent to this House from the Council, that a Conference is
+desired by the Council, with a committee of this House at 3 of the Clock
+in the Afternoon, at Gabriel Thompson's, at the White Lion,
+
+Which was agreed to and,
+
+Ordered, That Capt. Provoost, Col. Rutsen, Mr. Hanjen, Mr. Sebring and Mr.
+Veghte, be a Committee of this House, to confer with a Committee of
+Council this Afternoon."
+
+A deed bearing date November 23, 1701, shows that Gabriel Thompson,
+tavern-keeper, purchased from Nicholas Bayard and Abraham De Peyster the
+lot on the northwest corner of the present Wall and William Streets, but
+whether or not he ever kept a tavern here we have not been able to
+determine. Maps of this locality, of subsequent date, show no building
+between the City Hall and Bayard's sugar house. Thompson's house was
+undoubtedly in this neighborhood and probably not far from the City Hall,
+where the assembly held their sessions.
+
+It has been stated by some writers that the King's Head, the house of
+Roger Baker, was at the corner of Pearl Street and Maiden Lane. Henry
+Coleman, butcher, mortgaged this property in February, 1701, to Roger
+Baker, vintner, for a loan of L348 10s. Baker may have eventually come
+into possession of it, and he may have kept a tavern here, but we can find
+no evidence of it. In the mortgage deed it is described as _lying without
+the fortifications_ on the north side of a street called Queen Street and
+bounded on the east side by a street which leads to Green Lane.
+
+After the death of Bellomont, during the brief rule of Lieutenant-Governor
+Nanfan, who was a relative of the Earl, the political agitation was active
+and aggressive. As soon as it became known in New York that Lord Cornbury
+had been appointed to succeed the Earl of Bellomont as governor of the
+province, measures were taken to secure the favor of that corrupt
+individual by the anti-Leislerian party. In this procedure Nicholas Bayard
+took the lead, and procured addresses to be signed to the King, to
+parliament and to Cornbury. To Cornbury, a man very susceptible to
+flattery, they were profuse in their congratulations and in assertions
+calculated to prejudice him against those who had supported Bellomont and
+to gain his favor for themselves, that they might again become the
+dominant party. Not only were reflections freely cast on the Earl of
+Bellomont, but Nanfan, the lieutenant-governor, was accused of bribing
+members of the house of assembly.
+
+[Sidenote: The Addresses Signed at the Coffee House]
+
+The addresses were signed at the Coffee House, kept by John Hutchins, and
+as soon as it was known, Hutchins was summoned to appear before the
+lieutenant-governor and the council and ordered to produce the addresses.
+This he could not or would not do, and on the 19th of January, 1702, was
+arrested and committed to jail. Two days after, Bayard was also arrested
+and committed to prison on a warrant as a traitor. Nanfan was aware that
+Bayard had dug a pit for others that might be used for his own
+destruction. He had procured the passage of a law in 1691, when he was
+striving and hoping for the ruin of Leisler and his friends, by which,
+"whatsoever person or persons shall, by any manner of ways, or upon any
+pretence whatsoever, endeavor, by force of arms or otherwise, to disturb
+the peace, good and quiet of their majesties' government, as it is now
+established, shall be deemed and esteemed as rebels and traitors unto
+their majesties, and incur the pains, penalties and forfeitures as the
+laws of England have for such offences, made and provided." The trial of
+Bayard was hastened that it might be concluded before the arrival of
+Cornbury. The prisoners petitioned that they might not be tried until the
+usual sitting of the Supreme Court. This, of course, was refused. All
+objections were overruled and Bayard was ordered for trial on Monday, the
+2d of March. He was convicted and sentenced to death, and Hutchins was
+tried and condemned in like manner. Bayard was granted a reprieve until
+her majesty's pleasure might be known. Hutchins was released on bail.
+Bayard was held in confinement until the arrival of Cornbury, when all was
+reversed. Not very long after, by order of the government, Bayard and
+Hutchins were reinstated in all honor and estate, "as if no such trial had
+been."
+
+[Illustration: THE BAYARD PUNCH BOWL]
+
+In the trial of Bayard, testimony was given that the addresses were
+signed in an upper room in the Coffee House, and that Nicholas Bayard was
+present, "smoaking a pipe of tobacco." One of the signers was Peter
+Matthews, who was a lieutenant in the service, and the landlord of the
+tavern where Bellomont declared the club met which was composed of men
+opposed to his administration. Lieutenant Matthews had come out with
+Governor Fletcher in 1692. He had previously been one of the household of
+the Governor, and by him had been made a lieutenant in the garrison at the
+fort. He subsequently rose to the rank of colonel and was one of the
+commissioners of Indian affairs in 1715. In 1703 his house was in the
+south ward. Soon after, he removed to Orange County, where he held a large
+grant of land.
+
+[Sidenote: Trial of Roger Baker]
+
+Another tavern-keeper who became entangled in the meshes of the law and
+suffered from his boldness in expressing his opinions was Roger Baker, the
+landlord of the King's Head. We give an account of his trial taken from a
+letter from New York, May 4, 1702, which is probably not altogether
+impartial.
+
+"The Grand Jury brought in presentments.--* * * One against Roger Baker
+saying the 5 November last the King was made a nose of wax and no longer
+King than the English please. * * * Roger Baker came upon tryal with a
+packt petty Jury according to custome, whereof four happening to be
+absent, a tales was ordered, and although there were then spectators in
+Court above 30 Englishmen and he told so, yet the Sheriffe went out and
+brought in three Dutch men of their party, and finding no more he was
+forced to take one John Ellis an Englishman then in court. Three witnesses
+were sworn the first said, he Baker spoke the words; but that they were
+all very drunk it being Holy-day. The other two said they were always
+present with them, but heard no such words nor nothing like it, that they
+were all drunk but the other witness to that degree he could not stand.
+Judge Atwood gave charge to the Jury to bring Baker in Guilty; the Jury
+went out and stayed all night then came into Court and deliver'd their
+verdict Not Guilty; at which Judge Atwood was very angry refusing to the
+Verdict, sent them out again, when after 6 hours they returned again with
+Not Guilty. At which the Judge grew very passionate, and threatening them
+several times. They were sent out three several times more and persisted
+in Not Guilty. Upon which the Judge threatened to imprison and fine them.
+That so scared the 11 Dutch, that in Open Court being sent for (it being
+about an hour before the Court was to determine), were demanded why they
+were not agreed and who it was that would not agree to find Guilty. Answer
+was made John Ellis upon which the Judge fell upon him with such menacing
+language in open Court and a considerable time hectoring and threatening
+him, he so managed him too that at last he gave his consent in open Court
+where Baker was recorded Guilty and fined 400 pieces of Eight and to
+remain in Custody of the Sheriffe till his fine was paid and after that
+until he made such acknowledgments as the Governor should think fit."
+
+[Sidenote: Conferences at The Coffee House]
+
+Conferences of committees of the council and of the assembly were
+appointed at taverns during the years 1701-2-3, or at the great room in
+the fort, but after the passage of an act in 1703, declaring the
+proceedings against Colonel Bayard and Alderman Hutchins, for pretended
+high treason illegal, and the judgments null and void, the Coffee House or
+the King's Arms, kept by John Hutchins, became the place appointed for
+these conferences and they continued to be held here for several years.
+The Coffee House was the public house patronized by the wealthier class of
+citizens and by those in official life as well as by the military
+officers.
+
+Lord Cornbury, at this time governor of New York, is described by Macauley
+as "a young man of slender abilities, loose principles and violent temper.
+He had been early taught to consider his relationship to the Princess Anne
+as the ground work of his fortunes, and had been exhorted to pay her
+assiduous court." He was cousin to the Queen, and believing that he
+resembled her in features, was led by his vanity, it is thought, to dress
+in women's clothes and appear publicly on the ramparts of the fort and
+even in the street in that neighborhood. Lord Stanhope says that when Lord
+Cornbury was appointed governor of New York, and told that he should
+represent the Queen he fancied that it was necessary to dress himself as a
+woman. Still another reason is assigned for this silly behavior. It is
+said that in consequence of a vow he obliged himself for a month in every
+year to wear every day women's clothes. He otherwise prided himself on his
+erratic doings, and the town was, at times, amused and entertained, or
+shocked by the pranks of this kinsman of the Queen. It is said that he
+once rode on horseback through the spacious front door of the Coffee
+House, and was thus served with a drink at the bar. It is easy to credit
+this of such a man.
+
+[Illustration: VISCOUNT CORNBURY]
+
+In the early part of the year 1709 there were several conferences held at
+the Coffee House by committees from the council and assembly. On September
+22d of that year a conference was appointed at the _New Coffee House_.
+What was meant by the New Coffee House, or where it was situated we are
+unable to state. The Coffee House as a place of conference does not appear
+in the journal of the assembly again for many years.
+
+The conferences of the committees of the council and assembly were, no
+doubt, held at the best taverns in the city, at those frequented by the
+members, where at other times they talked of the affairs of state over
+their wine and spent a pleasant evening in social converse, changes being
+made as the quality of the taverns changed. At this period there were no
+clubs, such as exist today, no theatre, no newspaper. There was hardly a
+man in the community who did not habitually visit some tavern, where he
+met his friends and neighbors to talk over the news of the town. It was
+the place where he obtained all the knowledge he possessed of what was
+taking place in the world around him. The political unrest of the period
+made the taverns more particularly places of life and excitement.
+
+[Illustration: OLD TANKARD]
+
+The history of a people consists not only in their wars and treaties with
+foreign nations, and in the political disturbances and struggles within;
+the manner in which they lived, and what were their interests and
+pleasures, are likely to interest us quite as much. If we can succeed in
+picturing them in our imagination, put ourselves in contact with them in
+their everyday walks, it is a matter of great satisfaction. The life and
+activities of the early colonial days, before there were any newspapers,
+were reflected in the tavern as in no other place in the community. Here
+all classes met, and the good listener, could, by the conversations and
+talks of travelers and other visitors, gain more knowledge of the
+political and social condition of the neighboring country than in any
+other way.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Lord Lovelace]
+
+In September, 1708, Henry Swift was a tavern-keeper in New York and
+rendered a bill to the authorities for boarding the French captain and
+company who came down from Albany. He was one of a number of men who came
+out with Lord Cornbury and by order of the common council were made
+freeman of the city gratis. His house was on Broadway, near the Fort. When
+Lord Lovelace arrived as governor of the province a grand dinner was
+served in the Fort, which was provided by Henry Swift at a charge of L40,
+7s, 6d. Almost four years afterwards he was still petitioning for the
+payment of this bill. On the 13th of November, 1707, the corporation gave
+a dinner "as a treat to his Excellency the Governor on his arrival here
+from his other government of New Jersey." It was provided by Henry Swift
+and the wine and dinner cost the corporation L8, 5s.
+
+In 1710, Henry Swift was made collector of customs for Perth Amboy,
+although Governor Hunter was much opposed to the appointment. Conference
+committees of the council and of the assembly met at his house on
+September 23, 1710; and again, on November 17 and 18, 1710, conference
+committees of the two houses were appointed to meet here. Mrs. Swift kept
+the house after her husband's death. It was owned by Arent Schuyler, of
+New Barbadoes, New Jersey, and when he died, by will dated December 17,
+1724, he left the house and two lots of ground to his daughters, Eva and
+Cornelia. Mrs. Swift was then living in the house, as stated in the will.
+
+[Sidenote: Festivals]
+
+From the time of the English occupation, feast days and anniversaries had
+been observed with more or less spirit and display, which increased as the
+population of the city increased. The birthdays of the King and members of
+the royal family and the anniversaries of the coronation and the gunpowder
+plot were generally observed, and a new governor was always received with
+more or less enthusiasm, and his entry into the city was attended with
+imposing formalities. When Governor Andros came to New York, in 1688, he
+was accompanied by a large and brilliant retinue, and was received with
+great ceremony and escorted to the fort by the city guard--a regiment of
+foot and a troop of horse, in showy uniforms--where his commission was
+published, and later at the City Hall.
+
+In August, 1692, the common council resolved that "a treat be made to
+welcome his Excellency, Benjamin Fletcher, now arrived in this city to the
+value of L20 or thereabouts," and in December, 1697, they ordered that
+four barrels of powder be provided for saluting the Earl of Bellomont on
+his arrival; and after his arrival in the city, it was resolved by the
+common council that a dinner be given at the charge of the corporation
+for the entertainment of his Excellency, Earl of Bellomont,
+captain-general, etc., etc.; that a committee be appointed to make a bill
+of fare (two aldermen and two assistants), "and that for the effectual
+doing thereof, they call to their assistance such cooks as they shall
+think necessary to advise."
+
+On the 15th of February, 1703, the treasurer of the city was ordered to
+repay to the mayor L9 10s 3d, which he had expended for a bonfire, beer
+and wine, on her majesty's birthday, the 6th of February, and on the 24th
+of this same month the common council ordered that a public bonfire be
+made at the usual place, and that ten gallons of wine and a barrel of beer
+be provided, at the expense of the city, to celebrate the success of her
+majesty's arms at Vigo and in Flanders, and the housekeepers were ordered
+to illuminate.
+
+Much more deference was paid to the dignity of office two hundred years
+ago than at the present time. Not only were governors received with great
+honor at their appearance to assume the office, but often, when they left
+the city to visit Albany or New Jersey, they were, on their return,
+entertained by the corporation. In November, 1704, Lord Cornbury, on his
+return from his other government of New Jersey, was entertained at a
+dinner given by the corporation at the house of Richard Harris, which
+cost the city L10 18s 6d. This is the bill rendered, and which was
+ordered paid:
+
+  1704. The Mayor, Aldermen, &c., Dr.
+
+                                               L  s d
+  Dec. 19. To a piece of beef and cabbage         7 6
+           To a dish of tripe and cow-heel        6 0
+           To a leg of pork and turnips           8 3
+           To 2 puddings                         14 6
+           To a surloin of beef                  13 6
+           To a turkey and onions                 9 0
+           To a leg of mutton and pickles         6 0
+           To a dish of chickens                 10 6
+           To minced pyes                      1  4 0
+           To fruit, cheese, bread, &c.           7 6
+           To butter for sauce                    7 9
+           To hire 2 negroes to assist            6 0
+           To dressing dinner, &c.             1  4 0
+           To 31 bottles wine                  3  2 0
+           To beer and syder                     12 0
+                                              -------
+                                              10 18 6
+
+Richard Harris married the widow of Roger Baker, who had been the landlord
+of the well known King's Head, not long after the latter's death, which
+occurred in 1702, and he may have continued this tavern, which is very
+likely, as it was probably being conducted by the widow when he married
+her. The year after his marriage, he was elected assistant alderman, and
+his house for many years was patronized by the officials of the province
+and the city. He was assistant alderman for several years. In 1707 he was
+one of a committee for leasing the Long Island ferry. On the 10th of
+October, of that year, the committee met at his house for that purpose,
+and for their expenses he was paid by the city L1 12s. Five years after
+this, when he was no longer a member of the common council, the lease
+being about to expire, the committee for leasing the ferry met at his
+house on the 17th of December, 1712, and this time he charged the
+corporation L7 10s 9d. Conference committees from the council and assembly
+met at his house several times in November, 1710, and in 1712. On the 6th
+of October, 1714, the governor gave notice of the death of Queen Anne, and
+on the 11th, King George was proclaimed in the city. The common council
+ordered seven or eight cords of wood for a bonfire and twenty gallons of
+wine for the people. The expenses of the common council on this occasion
+at the house of Richard Harris amounted to L8 4s, which was ordered to be
+paid.
+
+On November 7, 1717, the council requested a conference at the house of
+John Parmyter on the subject matter of the bill for letting to farm the
+excise, and on October 20th of the same year a bonfire was ordered and a
+dinner was given by the corporation at his house in celebration of the
+anniversary of his majesty's coronation. The aldermen seem to have been
+ever ready to celebrate any of the usual anniversaries by eating a good
+dinner and drinking good wine. The bill for this dinner was as follows:
+
+         Corporation of New York, Dr.
+  1717         To John Parmyter
+
+                                  L  s d
+  Oct. 20 To 32 bottles of wine   3 14 0
+       To beer and cyder             5 3
+       To eating                  1 12 0
+       To dressing supper            6
+                                  ------
+                                  5 17 3
+
+As on most occasions a large portion consisted of liquor exhilarants.
+
+John Parmyter had been a resident of New York since the time of Bellomont
+and probably had been a tavern-keeper for some years previous to the date
+of this dinner. His house was on or near the corner of Beaver and New
+Streets. In 1712 an act was passed by the legislature of the province
+prohibiting all but John Parmyter to make lamp-black, for five years,
+"this to encourage the first to set up that manufacture." He no doubt
+continued to keep tavern and had the monopoly of the manufacture of
+lamp-black until his death, and it also appears that his widow continued
+to carry on both lines of business. An act to prohibit all persons but
+Susannah Parmyter, widow, and her assigns, to make lamp-black during the
+space of ten years, was passed by the legislature in 1724. She continued
+to keep the tavern and rendered a bill to the authorities in August, 1727,
+for the "board of the Governor of Canada (sic) and fourteen men and wine."
+
+The custom of meeting in conference at the taverns continued and the names
+of the keepers of these houses are given in the journal of the assembly.
+In 1713 conference committees met several times at the house of Bernard
+Hardenbrook and in 1718, at the house of Elizabeth Jourdain, who was the
+widow of Henry Jourdain, captain of the sloop Dolphin, who died at sea in
+the latter part of the year 1702. The Dolphin was probably a slaver, for
+Henry Jourdain, in his will, evidently made at sea, directs that sixty-one
+elephants' teeth marked _H. J._, and some gold in bulk should be delivered
+to his wife in New York, which indicates that he had visited the African
+coast. His entire estate amounted to L426, which enabled his widow to set
+up a public house, where she entertained the committees from the council
+and assembly and "lodged his majesty's soldiers."
+
+[Sidenote: The Tavern of the Widow Post]
+
+The house of the widow Post appears to have been a favorite place for
+members of assembly, where according to Mr. Isaac Robin, secretary of
+council, they discussed matters of state over their wine, and committees
+met on business of various kinds. The popularity of her house seems to
+have continued for several years. In November, 1721, we have record of the
+examination of Vincent Pelow before the council at the house of the widow
+Post, in relation to the small pox raging in Boston, and on November 9,
+1726, the assembly, "taking in Consideration the Conveniency and
+Accommodation, which the Members of this House have every Sessions, as
+well at the Meeting of Committees as otherwise, at the House of the Widow
+Post, and that the Trouble and Expense, which is occasioned to her on such
+Occasions far exceeds her Gains. It is the Opinion of this House that she
+ought to be exempted from paying any Excise, from this Time until the
+first Day of November next," and it was ordered that the commissioners for
+letting to farm the excise take notice thereof accordingly.
+
+Obadiah Hunt was a tavern-keeper whose house seems to have been used both
+by the provincial and city officers as a place for conference on
+consultation. He was a member of the common council for several years,
+which may have been one cause of his house being used by that body. It was
+situated on Dock Street between Whitehall and Broad Street, next door to
+the custom house. He owned the house and appears to have been a man of
+some property, but of little education. He was a popular landlord. In
+January, 1718, the corporation paid Obadiah Hunt L4 6s 9d, for expenses at
+his house by the corporation on the anniversary of the coronation,
+October 26th last, and on the anniversary of Gunpowder Treason Day,
+November 5th. The dinner, wine, beer, cider and other expenses at the
+house of Obadiah Hunt on the occasion of the entertainment given to
+Governor Burnet, on September 20, 1720, shortly after his arrival in the
+province, cost the corporation L21 8s 6d. Meetings were held at his house
+for the transaction of business of various kinds connected with the city,
+such as auditing accounts, leasing the ferry, leasing the docks and slips,
+etc., and on the arrival of a new governor, in April, 1728, his house was
+again the scene of an entertainment in his honor, which cost the city L15
+6s 6d.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+THE BLACK HORSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Horse Tavern]
+
+In the early part of the eighteenth century, there stood on the southern
+corner of Smith and Garden Streets, the present William Street and
+Exchange Place, the Black Horse Tavern, kept by John DeHoneur, who seems
+to have been its landlord for many years. John or Johannes DeHoneur was
+recommended for the office of captain of militia in June, 1709. Whether he
+was a tavern-keeper at this time, or how soon after he became one, we do
+not know, but on October 18, 1727, the assembly directed that the
+Committee on Grievances meet every Tuesday and Friday, during the
+sessions, at five o'clock in the afternoon, at the house of John DeHoneur,
+and that the first meeting be on Friday next. The next year the Committee
+on Grievances requested permission to meet at other place and time than at
+the place and time appointed for their meeting, and they were allowed by
+the assembly to meet at such other times and places as they should judge
+necessary, but they, nevertheless, must meet every Thursday evening at the
+house of John DeHoneur. It continued to be the meeting place of
+committees, and ten years after, in 1737, it was the meeting place, by
+appointment of the assembly, of the Committee of Privileges and Elections.
+In the record it is sometimes named as the house of John DeHoneur, and at
+other times as the Black Horse Tavern. In the contest between Cornelius
+Van Horne and Adolph Phillipse, they were ordered to exchange lists at the
+house of John DeHoneur.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLACK HORSE TAVERN]
+
+The assembly, like the common council, were inclined to meet at taverns
+for the transaction of public business, where they were evidently
+surrounded by a more cheerful atmosphere than in the cold halls of
+legislation and justice. Where the room was warmed by a large and lively
+fire in the spacious fireplace, and the inner man warmed and exhilarated
+by good old wine, business was transacted with more cheerfulness and
+alacrity. The Black Horse Tavern was the scene of many such meetings, and,
+no doubt, of some very exciting ones. In the contest over the votes for
+Van Horne and Phillipse there were, very likely, some lively discussions.
+The Black Horse was for many years one of the most prominent taverns in
+the city.
+
+Governor Montgomerie, after being governor of New York about two years,
+died on the 1st of July, 1731, and Rip Van Dam, as senior member of the
+council, and president of that body, became, _ex officio_, acting
+governor of the province.
+
+[Illustration: Rip van Dam]
+
+Governor Cosby was appointed to succeed Montgomerie, but did not arrive
+until the 1st of August, 1732, so that Van Dam was acting governor for a
+period of thirteen months. He had been invested with all the powers,
+duties, and rights of the office, and had been allowed to draw the full
+amount of the salary from the public funds. Governor Cosby, like almost
+all the governors sent out to the provinces, had a sharp eye to his own
+profit, and had obtained, before he left England, an order on Van Dam for
+one-half of the salary, emoluments and perquisites of the office during
+the time that the latter had exercised the chief authority; and,
+accordingly, made demand shortly after his arrival. Van Dam was willing to
+surrender one-half of the salary which he had received if Cosby would pay
+to him one-half of the receipts, other than salary, and not otherwise, Van
+Dam resisting, Cosby instituted suit by way of information in the equity
+side of the court of exchequer, where he was confident of a decision in
+his favor. The counsel for Van Dam excepted to the jurisdiction of the
+court as being illegal. Great excitement ensued in consequence of a
+division in the court itself. Chief Justice Morris supported the
+exception, the two associate judges, DeLancey and Phillipse, voting
+against the plea. The decision of Chief Justice Morris annoyed the
+governor, who demanded a copy of it. Morris, to prevent misrepresentation,
+had it printed and sent it to the governor with a letter. Both the
+decision and the letter were published in the Gazette. This exasperated
+the governor beyond all bounds, and almost immediately Morris was removed
+from the bench. Shortly after James DeLancey, who afterwards became
+prominent, was appointed chief justice in his place.
+
+[Illustration: W. Cosby]
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Morris]
+
+The contest between Cosby and Van Dam, at first personal, soon involved
+the people, and divided them into two parties. Those in office, and their
+following, supported the governor, while the party of the people,
+especially after the removal of the chief justice, were violently opposed
+to the arbitrary act of the governor in removing a judge because his
+decision was not as he wished, and to the favoritism which could, by an
+_ex post facto_ order, divest any of the colonial officers of salary
+earned and appropriated to individual use, and direct the amount to be
+paid to a stranger who had performed no service for it. If this were
+conceded, there would be little stability in the rights of British
+subjects.
+
+In the fall of 1733, Lewis Morris, being removed from the office of chief
+justice, offered himself as a candidate for representative for the county
+of Westchester in the assembly. Opposed to him was William Forster,
+supported by the chief justice, James DeLancey, and the second judge,
+Frederick Phillipse, who both appeared in person on the ground, and
+exerted their influence to the utmost to defeat the election of Morris.
+The account of this election, as told in the first number of the New York
+Weekly Journal, reads like a page from the history of feudal times, when
+the lords appeared upon the scene, followed by their retainers, ready for
+contests in the lists or on the field of battle.
+
+The high sheriff of the county, having, by papers affixed to the church of
+East Chester and other public places, given notice of the day and place,
+without stating any time of day when the election was to take place, the
+electors for Morris were very suspicious of some intended fraud. To
+prevent this, about fifty of them kept watch upon and about the Green at
+East Chester, the place of election, from twelve o'clock the night before
+until the morning of the appointed day.
+
+The electors of the eastern part of the county began to move on Sunday
+afternoon and evening, so as to be at New Rochelle by midnight. On their
+way through Harrison's Purchase, the inhabitants provided for their
+entertainment, there being a table at each house plentifully provided for
+that purpose. About midnight they all met at the home of William LeCount,
+at New Rochelle, whose house not being large enough to entertain so many,
+a large fire was made in the street, at which they sat till daylight, when
+they again began to move. On the hill, at the east end of town, they were
+joined by about seventy horsemen, electors of the lower part of the
+county, and then proceeded to the place of election in the following
+order: First, rode two trumpeters and three violinists; next, four of the
+principal freeholders, one of whom carried a banner, on one side of which
+was affixed in golden capitals, KING GEORGE, and on the other side, in
+like golden capitals, LIBERTY & LAW; next followed the candidate, Lewis
+Morris, formerly chief justice of the province; then two colors. Thus, at
+sunrise, they entered the Green of East Chester, the place of election,
+followed by about three hundred horsemen, the principal freeholders of the
+county (a greater number than had appeared for one man since the
+settlement of the county). After riding three times around the Green, they
+went to the houses of Joseph Fowler and Mr. Child, who were well prepared
+for their reception.
+
+About eleven o'clock appeared William Forster, the candidate of the other
+side; after him came two _ensigns_, borne by two of the freeholders; then
+came the Honorable James DeLancey, chief justice of the province of New
+York, and the Honorable Frederick Phillipse, second judge of the province
+and Baron of the Exchequer, attended by about one hundred and seventy
+horsemen, freeholders, and friends of Forster. They entered the Green on
+the east side and rode round it twice. As they passed, the second judge
+very civilly saluted the former chief justice by taking off his hat, a
+salutation which the former judge returned in the same manner. After this,
+they retired to the house of Mr. Baker, who was prepared to receive and
+entertain them.
+
+About an hour after this the high sheriff came to town, finely mounted,
+with housings and holster caps of scarlet, richly laced with silver. Upon
+his appearance the electors on both sides went into the Green. After
+reading his majesty's writ the sheriff directed the electors to proceed to
+their choice, which they then did, a great majority appearing for Morris.
+A poll was demanded and the sheriff insisted that a poll must be taken. A
+poll was taken, and did not close until about eleven o'clock at night.
+Morris, although the votes cast for him by thirty-eight Quakers were
+rejected, because they would not take the oath, was elected by a large
+majority.
+
+The indentures being sealed, the whole body of electors waited on the new
+representative, at his lodgings, with trumpets sounding and violins
+playing and then took leave of him.
+
+The foregoing follows the account which appeared in the New York Weekly
+Journal, which was friendly to Morris. In the same number of this paper
+the only item of local news is the following, which we reproduce in
+fac-simile.
+
+[Illustration: _NEW-YORK, Nov. 5._ On _Wednesday_ the 31st of _October_,
+the late Chief Justice, but new Representative for the County of
+_Westchester_, landed in this City, about 5 o'Clock in the Evening, at the
+Ferry-stairs: On His landing He was saluted by a general Fire of the Guns
+from the Merchants Vessels lying in the Road; and was receiv'd by great
+Numbers of the most considerable Merchants and Inhabitants of this City,
+and by them with loud Aclamations of the People as he walk'd the Streets,
+conducted to the _Black Horse_ Tavern, where a handsome Entertainment was
+prepar'd for Him, at the Charge of the Gentlemen who received Him; and in
+the Middle of one Side of the Room, was fix'd a Tabulet with golden
+Capitals, KING GEORGE, LIBERTY and LAW.
+
+On Thursday last the House of Representatives were adjourned to the third
+Teusday in _April_ next.]
+
+Thus the Black Horse Tavern had become the rallying place and rendezvous
+for the party of the people, and was, from this time, we have every reason
+to believe, the place where they continued to meet to concert on measures
+against prerogative and favoritism and against the arrogance and arbitrary
+acts of the governor and his supporters. These sentiments were not new to
+the people, but had been lying dormant, like smoldering embers, which
+needed only a slight agitation to fan them into a flame. Not since the
+time of Bellomont had there been so much bitterness displayed in party
+strife.
+
+Since 1725, a newspaper had been printed in New York, but William
+Bradford, its printer, was in the pay of the government, and no item in
+opposition to the governor or his friends was to be found in its pages. In
+November, 1733, appeared the first number of the New York Weekly Journal,
+printed by John Peter Zenger, and devoted to the support of the party of
+the people, at the head of which were Lewis Morris and Rip Van Dam. It
+soon began to make itself felt. It was eagerly read, its sarcastic,
+reflections on the government, and its biting criticisms, furnishing a
+weekly entertainment to the public, which drove the governor and his
+friends almost to madness. Its effect was so keenly felt that it was
+resolved, in council, that Zenger's papers, Nos. 7, 47, 48 and 49, and
+also two certain printed ballads, as containing many things tending to
+sedition and faction, to bring his majesty's government into contempt, and
+to disturb the peace thereof, should be burned by the common hangman or
+whipper, and that the mayor and magistrates should attend the ceremony.
+This they refused to do and forbade the whipper, who was in the employ of
+the city, to obey the order. His place was supplied by a negro slave of
+the sheriff. Attempts were made to have Zenger indicted, but the grand
+jury refused to bring in a bill.
+
+In November, 1734, Zenger was arrested and imprisoned, by order of the
+council, for printing seditious libels, and, for a time, was denied the
+use of pen, ink and paper. In January, 1735, the grand jury not having
+indicted him, the attorney-general filed an information against him. In
+the meantime he was editing his paper through a hole in the door of his
+cell. At the April term of court his counsel, James Alexander and
+William Smith, the two ablest lawyers of New York, filed exceptions to the
+legality of the commissions of the two judges. For this they were
+silenced, and John Chambers was appointed by the court counsel for Zenger.
+
+[Illustration: A. Hamilton]
+
+[Sidenote: Trial of John Peter Zenger]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at The Black Horse]
+
+When the trial came on, in July, 1735, Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, a
+lawyer of great reputation, who had been secretly engaged, unexpectedly
+appeared by the side of the prisoner. He was capable, eloquent and
+audacious, and, in conjunction with Chambers, managed the case with so
+much ability and skill that the jury, after being out only ten minutes,
+returned with a verdict of _Not Guilty_, which was received with shouts
+and cheers. The judges threatened the leaders of the tumult with
+imprisonment, when a son of Admiral Norris, who was also a son-in-law of
+Lewis Morris, declared himself the leader and invited a repetition of the
+cheers, which were instantly repeated. Andrew Hamilton was hailed as the
+champion of liberty. The corporation of New York shortly presented him
+with the freedom of the city in a gold box, "for his learned and generous
+defence of the rights of mankind and the liberty of the press." Zenger was
+released from prison, after having been confined for more than eight
+months. After the trial was concluded, the enthusiasm and demonstrations
+of satisfaction centered at the Black Horse Tavern, where a splendid
+dinner was given to Andrew Hamilton in celebration of his great victory.
+At his departure, next day, "he was saluted with the great Guns of several
+Ships in the Harbour as a public Testimony of the glorious Defence he made
+in the Cause of Liberty in this Province." Governeur Morris stated to Dr.
+John W. Francis his belief that "the trial of Zenger, in 1735, was the
+germ of American freedom--the morning star of that liberty which
+subsequently revolutionized America." The Black Horse Tavern, therefore,
+if it was not the cradle of liberty, was certainly the nursery of those
+sentiments which ripened into the Declaration of Independence. No spot in
+New York is so closely identified with this victory for the rights of free
+speech and for the liberty of the press, as the site of the Black Horse
+Tavern, which is now occupied by an office building called Lord's Court.
+
+Lewis Morris at this time was in London, where he had gone to lay his
+grievances before the home government. His case came before the Committee
+of the Council in November, 1735, "when the Lords gave it as their opinion
+that the Governor's Reasons for Removing him were not sufficient." He was
+not, however, restored to the office of chief justice, but was appointed
+governor of New Jersey, where he had large interests, and where the people
+had long desired to have a government separate and distinct from New
+York.
+
+Many writers have erroneously asserted that the Black Horse Tavern was the
+resort of the friends of the governor, where balls were given by the
+aristocratic members of society, and that Robert Todd was its landlord;
+but all that is necessary to clear up this mistake is to pay careful
+attention to the files of the two rival newspapers of that day, Bradford's
+Gazette and Zenger's Journal.
+
+On Broad Street, near the corner of Dock Street (the present Pearl
+Street), Robert Todd, vintner, kept his house, which became, indeed, the
+favorite place for the balls and entertainments of the governor's party,
+as was the Black Horse Tavern for the party of the people. On October 9,
+1735, the governor was invited "to a very splendid entertainment provided
+for him at Mr. Todd's in order to Congratulate his Excellency upon his
+safe Return from Albany, where he had been to renew the Treaty of Peace
+and Friendship with the Six Nations of Indians." After dinner they drank
+the healths of the different members of the royal family and the health of
+his excellency and prosperity to his administration--"the music playing
+all the while." "His Excellency was also pleased to Drink Prosperity to
+Trade, and at the same time, in a very obliging manner, assured the
+Gentlemen there, That if they could think of any Methods to Promote and
+Encourage the Trade and Welfare of this Province, he would heartily
+contribute every Thing in his Power thereto." In the evening the house was
+illuminated.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary of the Coronation]
+
+Two days after this, on the 11th of October, the anniversary of the
+coronation was celebrated at the Fort, when the healths of the King and
+Queen and the other members of the royal family were drank under the
+discharge of cannon, "the two Independent Companies posted there, being
+under arms all the time." In the evening the governor and his friends were
+entertained at the house of Mr. Freeman, which was handsomely illuminated.
+"The whole was concluded with Dancing and all the Demonstrations of Joy
+suitable to the Day." Mr. Thomas Freeman was the son-in-law of Governor
+Cosby.
+
+At the same time, at the Black Horse Tavern, the house of John DeHoneur,
+was made "a very handsome Entertainment in Honour of the Day for Rip Van
+Dam Esq. President of His Majesty's Council. Matthias Norris Esq.
+Commander of His Majesty's Ship, _Tartar_, and Capt. Compton, Commander of
+His Majesty's Ship _Seaforth_." Thus we see that the commanders of the two
+men-of-war lying in the harbor, honored with their presence and were
+honored by the party of the people at the Black Horse Tavern; and this
+accounts for the salutes given by the guns of the ships in the harbor to
+honor Andrew Hamilton on his departure from the city the previous August.
+"At Noon the Company met, and while the great Guns of his Majesty's Ship
+Tartar were Firing they Drank the following Healths, the King, the Queen,
+the Prince, Duke and Royal Family, the Prince and Princess of Orange, the
+Glorious and immortal Memory of King William the third, Success to Coll.
+Morris, in his Undertaking, to the speedy Election of a new Assembly,
+Prosperity to the Corporation, my Lord Wiloughton, Duke of Dorset, Sir
+John Norris and General Compton, and then the Company Din'd, in the
+Evening the City was Illuminated, the Afternoon and Evening were spent
+with all the Joy and Dancing suitable to the Occasion."
+
+[Illustration: THE BALL AT THE BLACK HORSE]
+
+The account of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation at the
+Fort is found in the New York Gazette, which makes no mention of the
+celebration at the Black Horse Tavern. The New York Weekly Journal gives
+an account of the celebration at the Black Horse Tavern, but makes no
+mention of any celebration at the Fort. In the same way, the account of
+the celebration of the birthday of the Prince of Wales, by the party of
+the people, is given by the New York Weekly Journal of January 26, 1736,
+as follows:
+
+"The 19th instant being his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales's Birthday.
+It was celebrated at the Black Horse in a most elegant and genteel manner.
+There was a most magnificent Appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies. The Ball
+began with French Dances. And then the Company proceeded to Country
+Dances, upon which Mrs. Norris led up two new Country Dances upon the
+Occasion; the first of which was called _The Prince of Wales_, and the
+second, The Princess of Saxe-Gotha, in Honour of the Day. There was a most
+sumptuous Entertainment afterward. At the conclusion of which the
+Honourable Rip Van Dam Esq., President of His Majesty's Council, began the
+Royal Healths, which were all drank in Bumpers. The whole was conducted
+with the utmost Decency, Mirth and Cheerfulness."
+
+[Illustration: "WHICH WERE ALL DRANK IN BUMPERS"]
+
+No mention is made of any celebration at the Fort. The New York Gazette
+has the following account of the celebration of the governor's party:
+
+"On the 20th Instant, being the Anniversary of His Royal Highness the
+Prince of Wales's Birthday, the Royal Healths were drank at the Fort, by
+the Gentlemen of the Council, and the Principal Merchants and Gentlemen of
+the Place. The Continuance of the Governour's Indisposition hinder'd the
+Celebration of the day with the usual solemnity at the Fort; However there
+was a Ball in the Evening at Mr. Todd's, at which there was a very great
+appearance of Gentlemen and Ladies, and an Elegant Entertainment made by
+the Gentlemen, in honour of the Day."
+
+[Illustration: "THE VIOLIN AND THE GERMAN FLUTE BY 'PRIVATE HANDS'"]
+
+At the Black Horse, committees of the assembly met for the transaction of
+public business, but the conferences of committees of the two houses were
+held at the house of Robert Todd. Here, on the 4th of November, 1736, a
+conference was held of committees from the council and assembly, to
+prepare an address to his majesty on the nuptials of his Royal Highness
+the Prince of Wales. It seems also to have been a place for public
+entertainments. A concert of vocal and instrumental music was given here,
+January 21, 1736, for the benefit of Mr. Pachelbell, the harpsicord part
+performed by himself, the songs, violin and German flutes by "private
+hands." Again on the 9th of March, 1736, this was repeated, when it was
+announced that tickets could be had at the Coffee House, at the Black
+Horse and at Mr. Todd's; at 4 shillings each. Mr. Pachelbell was probably
+the music teacher, and was assisted in the concert by his pupils or
+friends. On the evening of January 6, 1745, a concert was given at the
+house of Robert Todd, for the benefit of Mr. Rice, which the newspaper
+affirms was "thought by all competent judges to exceed anything of the
+kind ever done here before."
+
+When Samuel Bayard died, in 1745, he left the house on Broad Street next
+adjoining the DeLancey house, which afterwards became the noted Fraunces
+Tavern, to his son, Nicholas, which he states in his will, was in the
+tenure of Robert Todd. It had been occupied by him for at least eight
+years; earlier, his house is described as next to the Exchange Coffee
+House.
+
+Among the last acts of Governor Cosby was that declaring Rip Van Dam
+suspended from the council. This was to prevent Van Dam, as senior member
+of the council, from succeeding him and again becoming acting governor.
+After the death of Cosby, Van Dam and his friends declared this
+suspension illegal, and Van Dam made an effort to obtain control, but
+George Clarke, next in order, was supported by the council and also by the
+assembly, when it convened, and in the course of a few months received his
+commission from England as lieutenant-governor, which put an end to the
+claims of Van Dam. Clarke received from Cosby a legacy of trouble, but he
+was an astute politician and a much abler man than Cosby. He is credited
+with the policy of making it appear that the governorship of New York was
+not a desirable post, and by this means held his office for many years,
+and then retired to England with a competency. The community continued to
+be divided by party strife. The government party were, in derision, called
+"courtiers," and they in turn characterized the opposition as a Dutch mob.
+A visitor to New York in 1739 describes the different parties as
+courtiers, Zengerites, the prudents and the no-party-men; and states that
+there was much bitterness displayed, and that the women were as zealous
+politicians as the men.
+
+[Sidenote: Exchange Coffee House]
+
+From the time of the establishment of a coffee house on Broadway, in 1696,
+until about 1738, there had been but one coffee house in New York, so far
+as we can ascertain. The first coffee house, called also the King's Arms
+Tavern, disappears from our view in 1709, and we hear no more of any
+coffee house until 1729, when we find that there was then a coffee house
+also called the King's Arms supposed to be situated in Broad Street near
+the exchange, and called the Exchange Coffee House. It had probably had a
+continued existence during this interval. During the time of political
+excitement preceding and following the trial of Zenger, it appears to have
+been, with the house of Robert Todd, the resort of the "courtiers," as the
+supporters of the governor and his party were called. In March, 1731,
+there was a sale of several lots of land by auction at this house, and
+after the death of Governor Montgomerie, his library, a collection of
+valuable books, was announced to be sold on the 1st of June, 1732, and
+notice was given that a catalogue of the books and conditions of sale
+might be seen at the Coffee House. In October, 1732, the late governor's
+barge, which he had used in making visits to his government of New Jersey,
+with awning, damask curtains, two sets of oars, sails and everything
+necessary for her, were sold by auction at the Coffee House. It seems at
+this time to have become a place for public sales of all kinds and for the
+transaction of all kinds of business.
+
+In 1747 it was on the corner of Broad and Dock (now Pearl) Streets and its
+landlord was David Cox, who gave it up in 1749, when Andrew Ramsay, who
+was then the landlord of a tavern in Dock Street, announced that he had
+opened the Exchange Coffee House next door to where Mr. Cox lately kept
+it. This was the house known some years before as the Fighting Cocks. When
+Ramsay purchased the unexpired part of the lease of the Long Island ferry,
+in 1750, and moved to the ferry house on the Long Island side of the
+river, he was succeeded by Richard Clarke Cooke, who describes his house
+as the Gentlemen's and Exchange Coffee House and Tavern at the Sign of the
+King's Arms. His occupancy was of short duration. Anne Stockton made an
+attempt to establish an ordinary in it, but at the end of about a month
+she gave notice that she "has declined, and is advised to teach young
+Ladies to sew and embroider and Millinery."
+
+George Burns then became the landlord of the King's Arms, which appears no
+longer to be known as a coffee house, and which was brought back to its
+former location on the corner. Benjamin Pain appropriated the name of
+"Gentlemen's Coffee House"--and carried it to Broadway, where he opened a
+house in April, 1751.
+
+In January, 1753, a committee of the common council met at the house of
+George Burns, the King's Arms, for the purpose of letting to farm the
+ferry between New York City and Long Island, when they were furnished with
+the usual entertainment provided for such occasions.
+
+On Monday, the 25th of June, 1753, in celebration of the anniversary of
+the festival of St. John the Baptist, "the Ancient and Right Worship
+Society of FREE and Accepted MASONS of this City assembled at the Spring
+Garden, and being properly cloathed made a regular Procession in due Form
+to the King's Arms Tavern in Broad Street, near the Long Bridge, where an
+elegant Entertainment was provided." Here, they drank his majesty's health
+and many other loyal healths and concluded the day in the most social and
+satisfactory manner. The King's Arms Tavern continued on or near the
+corner of Broad and Dock Streets for many years and was a well known
+tavern under various landlords.
+
+In 1696, what was called the Shoemakers' Pasture was divided into building
+lots, and soon after on lot number 58, of the map of this property, on the
+southeast side of the present William Street, about midway between John
+and Fulton Streets, was built a house which became a prominent and much
+frequented tavern, from its sign, known as the Horse and Cart. The part of
+William Street near this tavern became known as Horse and Cart Street. It
+has been said that this house was a tavern in the time of Captain Kidd,
+and that he was a frequent visitor to it before he went on his fateful
+voyage. This may be a mere tradition, but if true, the house, which is
+still standing, at No. 122 William Street, must be over two hundred years
+old. It is, at any rate, we think, the oldest house now standing on
+Manhattan Island. In October, 1733, it was advertised as the meeting place
+of the proprietors of a tract of 50,000 acres of land, "for concerting
+matters necessary for their mutual defence in law," and again, in 1737, a
+meeting of these proprietors or their proxies was called at the same
+house.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE AT 122 WILLIAM STREET]
+
+George Burns, who in 1750 was keeping a tavern opposite the Merchants
+Coffee House, moved to the noted sign of the Horse and Cart, where he
+announced that "to gratify his Customers he takes in the Boston,
+Philadelphia and New York papers." He soon gave place to Captain George
+Edmonds. It seems to have been a tavern that was patronized by travelers,
+especially those coming in from the north and east and was a favorite of
+the New England people, as is shown by the announcement made by Captain
+Edmonds when its landlord in 1751, that it had "lately been very much
+balked, to the great Disappointment of Numbers of Persons from New England
+that used to frequent that House." Notice was given in March, 1752, that
+"the once noted Horse and Cart Inn, in the City of New York, is now
+revived by Edward Willett." Thus there are indications that the house had
+lost the popularity which it once enjoyed. Throughout all its many
+vicissitudes it retained its name for a great many years. Landlords came
+and landlords went, but the sign of the Horse and Cart remained, and was
+well known as a landmark by which the locations of other houses and places
+were designated. The house was still known as the Horse and Cart as late
+as 1765. The old sign was probably taken down about this time, or a little
+later, and during the decade preceding the Revolution the house was known
+as the Golden Hill Inn.
+
+In 1733 there was a tavern on Broadway that hung out the sign of the Coach
+and Horses, kept by Thomas Welch, from London, where, it was announced,
+could be had "very good Entertainment for Man and Horse," and where were
+"also Horses to be let or stand at Livery."
+
+In 1738 Captain Norris, commander of the ship Tartar, then lying in the
+harbor of New York, was in need of men and made application to the mayor
+for permission to impress thirty seamen to man his ship. The governor and
+council ordered the mayor to comply with this request, but the mayor
+pre-emptorily refused to obey the order, and the governor and council
+prudently refrained from taking further action. Thus it seems that it was
+difficult at that time to obtain a crew for a man-of-war in New York
+harbor, but a year or two later there was no difficulty in obtaining
+volunteers for privateering.
+
+[Sidenote: Privateering]
+
+As soon as England had declared war with Spain the adventurous merchants
+of New York commenced fitting out privateers to prey upon the commerce of
+the enemy, and the taverns along the East River shore were all bustle and
+excitement. Many of them became headquarters for recruiting seamen for
+these adventurous expeditions. The vessels were commanded and manned in
+part by young men of the best families of New York, who left off
+cock-fighting and horse-racing to go a-privateering. The appeals for
+volunteers to join these expeditions were made to "Gentlemen Sailors" and
+to "Gentlemen Adventurers." Samuel Bayard went out in the sloop Ranger as
+its commander and soon returned with two prizes, taken at St. Jago, in
+the West Indies. These were offered to be sold, in June, 1740, and notice
+was given that the inventory could be seen at the Coffee House. He seems
+to have been a successful commander and brought in other prizes.
+
+The sign of the Pine Apple on the New Dock, kept by Benjamin Kierstede,
+was a place for recruiting seamen and also for enlisting men in the
+military companies then organizing to go out against the Spanish colonies
+in the West Indies. Another place of the same kind was the tavern at the
+sign of the Jamaica Arms, on Cruger's Wharf, kept by Benjamin Pain. At
+both of these places there was great activity in making up crews for
+privateers about to sail. Here the "articles" could be seen, and men were
+engaged. Here also prizes and cargoes were sold.
+
+In August, 1740, five companies of soldiers had been enlisted, commanded
+by Captains Clarke, Cosby, Provost, Cuyler and Stevens, and were encamped
+on the Common. In September the companies raised in Rhode Island were
+expected to join them. The New York Weekly Journal of August 4, 1740,
+contains the following:
+
+"An express arrived a few days since from the Earl of Waldegrave which
+Occasioned the holding of a Council which sat till 2 the next Morning. The
+Dispatch brought by the Courier occasions great Matter of Speculation
+among the Coffee House Politicians and some since talk of Peace while
+others say the French will no longer remain Neuter."
+
+When, in 1744, war was declared with France an additional impulse was
+given to the privateering business. For the five years preceding 1748 no
+less than thirty-one vessels, each carrying from ten to twenty-four guns,
+are named in the newspapers, and there is continually mention made of
+prizes being brought in, of cases before the court of admiralty, of sales
+of the captured ships and their cargoes and of the adjustments of disputes
+over the division of the spoils. In 1745, we find that arbitrators were to
+meet at the house of Robert Todd every Friday evening "for settling the
+Differences between the four Privateers formerly arrived here with six
+French Prizes." This continued from January to May. In September, 1744, a
+New York newspaper stated that, "'tis computed there will be before winter
+113 Sail of Privateers at Sea, from the British American Colonies, mostly
+stout Vessels and well manned. A Naval Force equal (some say) to that of
+Great Britain in the Time of Queen Elizabeth." In 1745 it was stated that
+at that time there were thirteen privateers at sea from the port of New
+York. The men for these vessels were not all supplied by New York City.
+The alluring promises of gain drew volunteers from all the neighboring
+country. Governor Hamilton, of New Jersey, complained that the
+privateers-men were sweeping into their ranks the flower of the youth of
+his province.
+
+In 1745 Captain Bevan, of the privateer sloop Clinton, brought into the
+port of New York a French prize, which he had taken after a short
+engagement, without the loss of a man. Her cargo, consisting of sugar,
+indigo and cotton, was valued at L40,000, and each man of the crew
+received L160 prize money. As a reward for complying with his request not
+to plunder the passengers, officers and sailors of the captured ship,
+Captain Bevan gave his crew a handsome treat of a hogshead of punch and an
+ox roasted whole in the fields at Dominie's Hook, which was quite handsome
+in Captain Bevan. The cargo of the prize ship Le Pomone (La Pomme),
+brought in by Captain Bevan, was sold at the house of widow Thomas. The
+prize ship Joseph of Egypt and cargo were sold in April, 1746, at the
+house of the widow Susannah Lawrence, on the Dock, near the Meal Market,
+at the lower end of Wall Street.
+
+When news came of the capture of Louisburg the common council, to
+celebrate the victory, ordered that Mr. DeJancourt, whose house was near
+the Meal Market, be directed to prepare a handsome dinner for the board
+and that the governor, the members of the council, the assembly members of
+the city, with the field officers, be invited to dine with them and that a
+bonfire be made "without the Spring Garden" in the evening. They also
+ordered that twenty gallons of good wine be sent to the bonfire for the
+people.
+
+[Sidenote: The Negro Plot]
+
+In 1741, during the Spanish war, New York City was thrown into a panic of
+excitement by the so-called negro plot. Each week the newspapers gave
+accounts of the numerous executions and of the trials resulting from the
+confessions of the victims, each one of whom was induced to accuse another
+in order to save himself. It seems to have seized on the inhabitants of
+New York in the same way that witchcraft overwhelmed the people of Salem,
+Massachusetts. In the intense excitement persons of better and better
+standing in the community were being accused until a halt was found
+necessary. Thomas Croker, at this time, was landlord of the Fighting Cocks
+in Dock Street, and it was at his house that John Ury, who was tried for
+complicity in the plot, lodged. Although Ury, the most prominent victim,
+was, no doubt, innocent of any criminal act, he was, nevertheless,
+convicted on the evidence of those who had been urged to accuse somebody
+to save themselves or to gain a reward. He was a stranger and fell a
+victim to the panic which pervaded the community.
+
+The sign of the Fighting Cocks had hung in Dock Street, next door to the
+corner of Broad Street, for many years. In 1736, the tavern was kept by
+Edward Eastham, who met with the loss of a silver quart tankard, marked
+on the handle with an E, taken from his house, for the recovery of which
+he offered a reward of three pounds. The next year a silver watch was
+taken from this house, "of a size rather larger than midling, Regmaiden at
+Dublin the Maker," for the return of which a reward of ten shillings was
+offered, "and no questions asked." Although though the Fighting Cocks
+Tavern, as its name implies, may have been the scene of many cock-fights,
+we do not think that at that time this would detract from its standing and
+respectability.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Birthday]
+
+In March, 1748, in celebration of the King's birthday, it is stated that a
+Jack was displayed all day from the flagstaff on the southwest bastion of
+Fort George. The city regiment of militia and troops were under arms and
+were reviewed by the governor from the piazza of the City Hall, as they
+passed from Broadway, where they had been drawn up, and, it is said, made
+a very handsome appearance. The governor and some of the gentlemen of the
+council who attended him were entertained by the mayor, corporation, and
+officers of the militia with some extraordinary wine ("such as is rare to
+be met with in any private house") from Hugh Crawford's, ford's, near at
+hand, and there they drank the health of his majesty and other royal
+healths under the discharge of twenty-one guns at the Fort.
+
+In honor of the day there were two halls, one at the Fort and another at
+Ramsay's tavern in Dock Street. We give an account of these two balls as
+it appeared in a newspaper of that period.
+
+"In the evening there was a private entertainment and ball at his
+Excellency's, consisting of a snug select company of the _choicest fruits_
+of the town, that were particularly invited for that purpose, the only
+entertainment of the kind that His Excellency's leisure has admitted of
+upon such public occasions during his administration; the company was very
+sociable, and the night concluded there as usual.
+
+"The gentlemen that had not the honour to be invited to His Excellency's
+ball resolved not to be behindhand in their demonstrations of loyalty on
+this occasion, and therefore ordered a public entertainment to be provided
+against the evening at Mr. Ramsay's tavern, where there was a very
+splendid and beautiful appearance of ladies, such as would have graced an
+Assembly in England. There were several gentlemen of Council and
+Corporation, and most of the principal merchants and other gentlemen in
+the city, that made up a gay and numerous assembly.
+
+"The ball was opened about six o'clock, the city being illuminated from
+one end to the other, the supper was served up about ten and
+notwithstanding the short warning given, there was the greatest variety
+this town or country could produce, and the tables were decorated in so
+neat and elegant a manner as raised a general admiration and 'twas
+declared by good judges that never was a more magnificent entertainment in
+this country. The whole tables were taken up with ladies the length of two
+rooms laid into one, that the gentlemen's time was generally employed in
+waiting on them, and when they were done the gentlemen supplied their
+places. After supper, His Majesty's, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and
+the other Royal Healths were drank, and then prosperity to the province, a
+speedy exportation of its enemies, etc.
+
+"The whole affair was conducted with the utmost decency and decorum; there
+was the greatest gaiety, cheerfulness and complacency in every
+countenance. The ball was concluded about 5 A. M. and the night was passed
+in the general satisfaction, without the least incivility offered or
+offence taken by any one, which is scarce to be said on the like
+occasions. We are told this was distinguished by the title of the Country
+Ball."
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Meal Market]
+
+Trade had extended its territory along the East River shore until about
+the beginning of the eighteenth century it had reached and taken in Wall
+Street. In 1709 the first slave market was erected at the foot of this
+street, on the site of the Half Moon Battery and block house of the Dutch
+era, and for many years continued to be the established place where slaves
+were offered for sale and "stood for hire." A market house had been built,
+and in January, 1726-7, it was ordained by the common council of the city
+of New York that the market house at the lower end of Wall Street be
+appointed a public market for the sale of all sorts of corn, grain and
+meal, and a penalty was fixed for selling such in any public market
+elsewhere. From this time it was known as the Meal Market.
+
+In the course of time several taverns had been opened in the neighborhood
+of the market, and it had become the center of considerable business. In
+1726 the only newspaper in New York gave notice of servants to be sold by
+John Dunks at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat, on the Dock. In 1750
+the following appeared in the New York Gazette or Weekly Post Boy: "Just
+imported, a parcel of likely negros, to be sold at public vendue to-morrow
+at Ten o'clock at the Merchants' Coffee House."
+
+The tavern at the sign of the Jamaica Pilot Boat stood on the northwest
+corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, then Wall and Burnet
+Streets. Francis Child, a wigmaker, owned it and advertised it for sale in
+1736 and 1737, when he described it as the corner house near the Meal
+Market, "a well frequented tavern for several years past" and in good
+repair.
+
+Daniel Bloom, mariner, who as captain of the Turtle Dove had met with a
+very unfortunate experience in the West Indies, his brig and all on board
+being stript of everything even to the clothing they wore, and who had
+lately arrived rived in New York, purchased the house and lot, in June,
+1738, the consideration mentioned in the deed being five hundred pounds
+(L500). Bloom was landlord of the house for more than a dozen years. While
+living here he, in December, 1747, took the lease of the ferry between the
+city and Nassau (Long) Island for the term of five years, for which he
+agreed to pay the sum of four hundred and fifty-five pounds (L455) per
+annum, to be paid in quarterly installments, and the common council
+ordered that the neighborhood of the Meal Market have leave, at their own
+expense, to make and erect a dock and stairs, for the convenience of the
+ferry boat which was to land there, in such manner as shall be directed
+by the committee appointed for that purpose. Bloom ran the ferry for about
+three years, when, in September, 1750, by permission of the common
+council, he transferred the lease to Andrew Ramsay, who at this time was
+the landlord of the Exchange Coffee House, from which he moved to the
+ferry house on the Long Island side of the river. Soon after this Bloom
+died. At the time of his death he was still indebted to the city for a
+portion of the rent of the ferry, and the corporation, in June, 1751,
+offered to take from the executors of his estate fifty pounds (L50) in
+settlement of all arrears due.
+
+[Sidenote: The Merchants' Coffee House]
+
+Long before Daniel Bloom purchased the house that hung out the sign of the
+Jamaica Pilot Boat, it had been kept by John Dunks. Bloom did not retain
+the sign, for we find that a few years later, it was used by the widow of
+John Dunks, who kept a house a little further up near the Fly Market.
+Bloom had seen considerable of the world, and appears to have been a man
+of some property, owning real estate in the city and in Westchester
+County. He probably had an acquaintance among the merchants, as sea
+captains generally had, and was able to make his house a resort for them.
+He called it the Merchants' Coffee House, and he was no doubt the first
+landlord of the house by that name, which, for more than half a century,
+was one of the most prominent houses of the city. As its name implies, it
+gradually became the place where the merchants of the city met and
+transacted business, and it became also the place where auctions, or
+vendues, as they were called, were held, especially such as were connected
+with the shipping business. The year after Bloom's death, its landlord was
+Captain James Ackland.
+
+The price paid for the lease of the ferry indicates that there must have
+been considerable travel over it and that the house at the landing place
+should have been a profitable one. On the next corner below, on Burnet's
+Key and Wall Street Slip, was the tavern of Widow Susannah Lawrence, which
+at one time was called the Red Lion, and on the opposite side of Wall
+Street stood, in 1735, St. George and the Dragon, which in 1750 was
+occupied by Thomas Leppers, from London, who hung out the sign of the Duke
+of Cumberland. He had succeeded George Burns, who became prominent as a
+tavern-keeper and was in turn the landlord of many well known houses. In
+May, 1750, announcement was made that "Thomas Leppers, living at the sign
+of the Duke of Cumberland, opposite the Merchants' Coffee House, proposes
+to open an Ordinary To-morrow, Dinner will be ready at half an Hour after
+One," and a few days later he gave notice that "Whereas, I have often
+heard Gentlemen Strangers and single Gentlemen of this City wish for a
+Regular Ordinary and since my removal to the Duke of Cumberland, opposite
+the Merchants' Coffee House, I have been frequently advised by Gentlemen
+my friends to keep one. These are to give Notice That I began to do so on
+Tuesday last, which shall be continued every Day. Dinner shall be ready at
+One o'clock. Per Thomas Leppers from London."
+
+[Sidenote: An Affair at Leppers' Tavern]
+
+In August, 1750, this house was the scene of a disturbance which must have
+caused much talk in the town, as an account of the affair occupies a whole
+page in one of the issues of the New York Gazette Revived in the Weekly
+Post Boy, a very unusual attention given any local news. It was claimed
+that the article had been written by spectators of the affair to set to
+right reports that were current in the town. On Tuesday evening, the 28th
+of August, several persons met as a club at Leppers' tavern, and one or
+two of the company, signifying a desire to have Mr. James Porterfield join
+them, one of the members went out and in a short time returned and
+introduced him to the company, who, it seems, were mostly physicians or
+interested in that profession. After supper he begged the attention of the
+club, and stated that he had received many civilities from the gentlemen
+of the club, for which he returned them thanks; but a friend had told him
+that having lately asked a member if Mr. Porterfield were admitted to it,
+the answer was, that he was not, and that his loquacity was the cause of
+it. He said that he submitted to the judgment of the club whether he had
+ever behaved in such a manner at the club as to deserve that reflection.
+The members of the club declined to pass judgment upon the question,
+stating that as he was not a member, it would be to no purpose to give any
+judgment about it, since if they thought him too talkative it was not in
+their power to prevent it as his conduct could not be regulated by any of
+their rules. Notwithstanding this definite answer, he still persisted in
+claiming a judgment whether he was faulty in being too talkative or not.
+The members of the club maintained their first position and begged him not
+to insist any further, as he was defeating the original intention of the
+meeting. He became violent, but was prevailed at length to be quiet while
+a paper was being read by one of the members. He seems to have worked
+himself up to a high state of resentment for he sneered and interrupted
+the reading, and after it was finished became so uncontrollable and
+insulting that he was threatened with expulsion. He then threw his glove
+upon the table as a challenge, and although no other person was armed,
+drew his sword. At this point the member, who had threatened to turn him
+out, took up the glove and threw it in his face, and being seated at the
+opposite side of a long table went round to him, and, with the assistance
+of some of the other members, disarmed him and broke his sword. They
+forced him to the door, but he used his cane, which was also broken by the
+company, who now went to another room, leaving him alone. He went down
+stairs and on his way out told Mr. Loppers that he would get another sword
+and return and run some of the members upstairs through the body, but Mr.
+Loppers told him that he could not again enter his house that night. He
+thereupon seated himself at the door with the stump of his sword in his
+hand waiting for revenge, but was induced by the member of the club who
+had introduced him to retire to his lodgings.
+
+This was not the end, for the next evening Mr. Porterfield came down to
+the Merchants' Coffee House, and at sight of Doctor Ayscough, drew his
+sword and shook it at the Doctor, who stood in the door, calling him
+villain and scoundrel and challenging him to fight. After some abuse of
+this kind Doctor Ayscough seized a cane from a bystander and struck
+Porterfield on the head, who immediately rushed towards him and made a
+pass at him. Doctor Ayscough, in retreating, fell down and Porterfield,
+thinking that he had pricked him, very quickly and prudently disappeared,
+as the resentment of the spectators was apparent. Doctor Ayscough was not
+injured.
+
+[Sidenote: Clubs]
+
+It seems to have been quite usual at this period for men of like tastes
+and inclinations to form themselves into clubs. A writer, describing New
+York and its people in 1756, states that, "New York is one of the most
+social places on the continent. The men collect themselves into weekly
+evening clubs. The ladies, in winter, are frequently entertained either at
+concerts of music or assemblies, and make a very good appearance." The
+clubs, as well as the assemblies for dancing, were held at the taverns.
+The first club in the colony of New York, of which we have any knowledge,
+was formed at the instance of Governor Lovelace, in the winter of 1668-69,
+composed of ten French and Dutch and six English families, to meet at each
+other's houses twice a week in winter and once a week in summer, from six
+to nine in the evening. It is said that the Governor was generally present
+and made himself agreeable. This, no doubt, was a select circle, and the
+enjoyment derived consisted of the social pleasures and the good things to
+eat and drink, the beverages being Madeira wine and rum and brandy punch
+served up in silver tankards. Governor Bellomont speaks of the men who
+were opposed to him meeting as a club and of Governor Fletcher's club
+night, which was Saturday. The club opposed to Bellomont met at the tavern
+of Lieutenant Matthews, which was in the South Ward. In 1734 there was a
+club in New York called the Hum Drum Club, which appears to have been
+honored by the presence of the Governor on two succeeding Saturdays. As
+we approach the period of the Revolution, we find the number of clubs
+increasing; they were organized with different objects in view. There was
+the purely social club, the political club, the club for the lawyer and
+the club for the physician, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Merchants' Exchange]
+
+The growing commercial importance of New York induced the building of a
+new Exchange for merchants in the middle of Broad Street, near the East
+River, which was commenced in 1752, on or near the site of one which had
+stood there since 1690. In June, permission for erecting it was given by
+the city and one hundred pounds appropriated towards its erection. The
+original intention was probably to build it like the old one, which was
+simply an open structure with nothing but roof above; but, in August, the
+corporation resolved that they would at their own expense, build or cause
+to be built a room twelve feet high over the Exchange, for which an
+appropriation was made of twelve hundred pounds (L1,200). A cupola was
+erected on it, but it had no bell until 1769, when one was provided. The
+large room in the upper story was for many years used by societies for
+their annual meetings and elections, for concerts and for dinners and
+entertainments to persons of distinction, and by the Common Council for
+their regular meetings while the City Hall was being repaired. It was
+leased to Oliver De Lancey for one year, from February 1, 1754. The next
+year it was let to Keen and Lightfoot, who opened in one end of it a
+coffee-room called the Exchange Coffee Room, which was continued for many
+years. In March, 1756, a show was given here called the microcosm, or the
+world in miniature. In 1756 the partnership of Keen and Lightfoot was
+broken up. Lightfoot continued the coffee room and Keen opened a tavern
+nearby which he called the Fountain Inn. Upon the death of Lightfoot, in
+1757, his widow, Sarah, obtained a renewal of the lease and continued the
+business, but the following year, the rent being raised, it passed into
+the hands of Roper Dawson, and was opened as a mercantile store.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL EXCHANGE]
+
+Business at the Merchants' Coffee House continually increased. It became
+the recognized place for public vendues or auctions of real estate,
+merchandise, negroes, horses, or any other article of sale. Several sales
+of vessels, dining the year 1753, were made here, where the inventories
+were posted. In May the sloop, Sea Flower, late commanded by Evert
+Evertson, and one-fourth part of the ship John, Richard Coffee, master,
+were offered for sale; in August the sloop, Catherine; and in September
+one-third part of the ship, Fame, Captain Seymour. When the sloop
+Catharine was offered for sale, notice was given that she could be seen in
+Rotten Row, almost opposite the Merchants' Coffee House. Rotten Row was a
+place on the East River shore which the extension of the dock to the north
+of Wall Street, and that at Cruger's Wharf, made into a sort of cove where
+the shipping received some protection. Between these two points the river
+came up to the southeast side of the present Water Street, and the dock
+was known as Hunter's Keys. The New York _Gazette_ of January 6, 1752,
+stated that the river was then full of ice and that many vessels had been
+detained from sailing, and, "with the rest of our shipping, squeezed into
+Rotten Row for Shelter. It was a happy Turn the Corporation acted with
+that Prudence in not consenting to the Views of a few self-interested
+People, to get the only Place for Shelter of our shipping fill'd up."
+
+In 1753 Governor Clinton, who had had a long fight with the assembly
+during his administration, retired from the office of Governor to a
+sinecure provided for him in England. He had accomplished the object of
+his mission as to his personal interests, and at his recommendation Sir
+Danvers Osborne became his successor.
+
+On Saturday, the 6th of October, 1753, the ship Arundal, Captain Lloyd,
+arrived at Sandy Hook, with Sir Danvers Osborne on board. He came up to
+the city the next day in the ship's barge, and landed at the Whitehall
+Slip, where he was received by the members of the Council, the Mayor and
+Aldermen, the officers of the militia and most of the principal gentlemen
+of the city. Governor Clinton being at his country seat at Flushing, Long
+Island, Osborne was escorted to the Governor's house in Fort George, where
+an elegant entertainment was prepared for his reception, when the healths
+of his majesty and of all the members of the royal family were drank, as
+was usual on such occasions. On Monday Governor Clinton came in from his
+country seat and Sir Danvers Osborne was elegantly entertained at a public
+dinner given by the gentlemen of the Council, and on Tuesday the
+corporation voted him the freedom of the city, presented to him in a
+golden box. On Wednesday the commission of Sir Danvers Osborne was first
+published in Council, and while the usual oaths were being taken, the
+corporation, the city representatives, the militia officers, the clergy
+and all the principal inhabitants assembled in the parade and, together
+with the Council, wailed on his excellency, attended by a company of foot
+and a vast concourse of people, to the City Hall, where his commission was
+a second time published. He then, amidst the shouts and acclamations of
+the people, attended in like manner, returned to the fort, where the usual
+royal healths were drank, the guns in the common and harbor firing, and
+the bells of all the churches of the city ringing. The corporation then
+waited on Sir Danvers with an address, to which he gave a short and
+agreeable reply.
+
+[Illustration: Danvers Osborn]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the New Governor]
+
+At the tavern of George Burns, opposite the Long Bridge, a grand dinner
+was ordered by the corporation. A committee had been appointed with
+instructions to invite his majesty's Council, such members of the Assembly
+as should be in town, the captain of the man-of-war, with such gentlemen
+as came over with the Governor, the treasurer of the colony, the King's
+attorney, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Penn and Mr. Oliver De Lancey to
+dine with his Excellency, Sir Danvers Osborn, Bart. The committee were,
+besides, instructed to provide for a bonfire on the common near the
+workhouse, and to procure three dozen of wine to be sent to the fire, that
+the City Hall, the Alms-House and the Ferry-House should be illuminated
+and that a half-barrel of cannon-powder be provided to discharge the
+cannon on the Common near the bonfire. The newspapers state that the
+dinner was "an elegant and splendid entertainment. In the evening two and
+forty cannon were discharged in the Common. Two large bonfires were
+erected. Some thousands of the populace crowded the Common and the whole
+town was for several hours most bountifully illuminated." Notwithstanding
+all this rejoicing, and the enthusiasm with which he was received, the new
+Governor became despondent and, on the morning of Friday, the 12th of
+October, his body was found hanging to the garden fence of Mr. Murray, at
+whose house he was staying. He had committed suicide.
+
+From the very fact that the house of George Burns was selected as the
+place for the dinner given to the new Governor, we may very confidently
+conclude that it was considered the best tavern in New York at that time.
+George Burns was the landlord of the King's Arms, which, until about this
+time, had also been called the Exchange Coffee House. The coffee house of
+this period was generally considered to be more a meeting place for the
+transaction of business than the tavern and until the Merchants' Coffee
+House was established the Exchange Coffee House had been the resort of
+merchants and the place where business transactions were made and where
+auctions were held for the sale of merchandise of all kinds.
+
+[Sidenote: The Province Arms]
+
+Before the year 1754 there had been no one tavern that had stood at the
+head and maintained a leading position for any length of time; but in this
+year Edward Willett, well known in New York as the landlord, at different
+times, of many prominent houses, opened a tavern in the house of James De
+Lancey on Broadway which from this time became the most prominent tavern
+in the city and so continued until after the Revolution, when on the same
+site was built in 1794 the City Hotel, which also for a long time held the
+lead as a public house. Willett moved into it from the Horse and Cart and
+described it as "the house of the honorable James De Lancey, Esq.,
+Lieutenant Governor, at the sign of the Province Arms in Broadway, near
+Oswego Market."
+
+While Willett was keeping the Horse and Cart, on Thursday, October 25,
+1753, the last day of the sitting of the Supreme Court, the justices of
+the court, the attorney-general, and the counsellors and attorneys
+attending the court, marched in a procession from the City Hall to the
+house of the Lieutenant Governor and presented him with an address, after
+which, accompanied by the Lieutenant Governor, they all marched to the
+house of Edward Willett, where a grand dinner was served to them.
+
+The house that Willett opened on Broadway at the Province Arms, or the New
+York Arms, as it was sometimes called, was one of the largest and finest
+in the city, and from the time it was opened as a tavern was patronized by
+the public societies and was the recognized place for giving all public
+entertainments of importance. It had been built by Stephen De Lancey about
+the year 1730 and, subsequently, came into the possession of his son,
+James De Lancey, the Lieutenant Governor. It was two stories high, with
+windows opening to the floor. It stood on the west side of Broadway,
+between the present Thames and Cedar Streets, commanding from its windows
+a beautiful view of the bay, the river and the opposite shores. Somewhat
+retired from the busy parts of the city, it was a beautiful and agreeable
+spot for a first-class public house. Broadway was becoming the favorite
+promenade. The church walk, in front of Trinity, near by, was the resort
+of the fashion of the town for the afternoon.
+
+On Tuesday, April 29, 1755, soon after Lieutenant Governor De Lancey had
+returned from a trip to the more southern colonies, where he had been
+received with all the honors due to his official station, and where he had
+met the other governors in consultation as to the situation on the French
+and Indian frontier, Governor William Shirley, of Massachusetts, and
+Governor Robert Hunter Morris, of Pennsylvania, arrived in New York from
+the westward and were welcomed to the city with great formality. On
+landing at Whitehall Slip they were saluted by a discharge of cannon from
+Fort George, and welcomed ashore by Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, members
+of his majesty's council and many of the principal gentlemen of the city.
+The city militia had been ordered to muster and were drawn up so as to
+line the street as the gentlemen passed on to the fort, where they drank
+his majesty's and all the loyal healths with success to the
+English-American enterprises. They then proceeded through the lines still
+formed by the militia to the New York Arms, on Broadway. Here a handsome
+entertainment was provided where the healths of his majesty and the royal
+family were repeated with "cheerfulness and alacrity." The newspaper
+account states that the doors, windows, balconies and the tops of the
+houses were decorated, red cloaks being largely used to brighten the scene
+and give it life and color.
+
+[Sidenote: Charter of King's College]
+
+On Wednesday, the 7th of May, 1755, the gentlemen who had been appointed
+governors of the College of the Province of New York (afterwards called
+King's College) met at the house of Edward Willett, at the sign of the New
+York Arms, "when the Deputy Secretary attended with his Majesty's Royal
+Charter of Incorporation." Lieutenant Governor De Lancey was pleased to
+order the charter read, and "after addressing himself to the governors in
+a very affectionate, genteel and suitable manner," delivered to them the
+Charter, and they were qualified to exercise the important trust reposed
+in them by taking the oaths (to the government and that of office), and
+subscribing the declaration as prescribed by the charter. This was the
+birth of King's College, now Columbia University. The next Tuesday, the
+13th of May, being the day appointed by the charter for the annual meeting
+of the governors, they accordingly met at the New York Arms to proceed
+upon business, and the meetings of the governors of the college continued
+to be held here for many years.
+
+[Sidenote: French and Indian War]
+
+The year 1755 was a sad one in the English colonies. The defeat of
+Braddock filled the land with gloom and depression which was only
+partially dispelled by the repulse of the French at Lake George and the
+capture of their commander, Dieskau. New York City was roused to exertion
+and the spirit of the colony rose to occasion. Troops of soldiers were
+passing through to the seat of war, the drumbeat was constantly heard in
+the streets, recruiting offices were opened at the taverns, and the
+prominent citizens met at their usual resorts to discuss the news of war.
+No formal declaration of war had been made by either England or France,
+yet war, in its most distressing forms, was raging on all the frontiers of
+the English colonies.
+
+[Illustration: "THE DRUMBEAT WAS CONSTANTLY HEARD IN THE STREETS"]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at the New York Arms]
+
+In the midst of this excitement his majesty's ship, The Sphinx, arrived
+with the new governor, Sir Charles Hardy. About ten o'clock on the morning
+of September 3, 1755, the people of New York heard the booming of cannon
+from The Sphinx, which had arrived the night before and was lying in the
+harbor. Sir Charles was on his way to the city in the ship's barge and the
+discharge of cannon was in his honor on his leaving the ship. This was
+soon answered from Fort George, when Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, the
+members of the council and the assembly, the mayor and aldermen, the
+clergy and the principal gentlemen of the city, at the Whitehall Stairs,
+welcomed him to the province, and through lines of militia, mustered for
+the occasion, escorted him to the Fort. After going through the usual
+ceremonies he was conducted to the City Hall, where his commission was
+published. He then returned to the Fort to receive the congratulations of
+the officials and the public. The new governor was then conducted to the
+New York Arms, where, by invitation of Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, he
+dined with the council and the assembly, and many other gentlemen, "and
+where repeated Healths of Loyalty, Success to His Majesty's Arms, both in
+Europe and America, Prosperity to the English-American Colonies, a speedy
+Defeat of the French from off the borders, and a total Extinction of their
+very name in America went round with great Unanimity and Dispatch." The
+newspapers state that "at night the Windows in the city were ornamented
+with lights and two large bonfires were erected on the Common where
+several hampers of good old Madeira (which proved brisker than bottled
+Ale) were given to the Populace and where Sir Charles' Presence, about
+eight o'clock in the Evening closed the joyful and merry Proceeding." The
+Sphinx not only brought to the province a new governor but she brought
+also something that was very acceptable and very much needed, good hard
+money to the amount of twenty thousand pounds for the use of the forces in
+America.
+
+[Illustration: Chas. Hardy]
+
+[Sidenote: The Assembly Balls]
+
+While Willett was landlord of the New York Arms, the dancing assemblies,
+which for a great many years were a feature of the life of the city, were
+commenced at this house. These were not new, for meetings for dancing had
+been customary for many years, but no tavern before had been able to
+afford a room so well suited for the purpose. These assemblies were held
+fortnightly on Thursday, during the winter season, and the subscription to
+each meeting was eight shillings. The ball was opened at eight o'clock and
+closed at midnight. In 1759 the managers were Messrs. Duane, Walton,
+McEvers and Banyer, names which convey to us the conviction that the
+company was quite select. Notice was given that "Strangers will not be
+admitted unless they apply for tickets before 5 o'clock of every assembly
+night at the Directors Houses."
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of Colonel Peter Schuyler]
+
+Colonel Peter Schuyler, of New Jersey, who was taken prisoner at Oswego,
+had distinguished himself by his generosity to his fellow prisoners in
+Canada and by his kindness and assistance to all of his countrymen in
+distress, making no distinction between Jerseymen and those from other
+provinces, spending money freely, which his captors were willing to supply
+on his personal drafts, knowing him to be wealthy. He had been released at
+Montreal on his parole to return in six months, unless an exchange had in
+the meantime been settled for him. Making his way through the forests to
+Fort Edward and thence to Albany, he arrived in New York on Saturday
+afternoon, November 19, 1757. He had many relatives and friends in the
+city and the people were so sensible of the services which he had rendered
+to the province of New York that, to honor him, the public buildings and
+most of the houses in town were illuminated, a bonfire was made on the
+Common and at the King's Arms Tavern an elegant entertainment was given in
+celebration of his return from captivity and there was great rejoicing
+at his safe arrival.
+
+[Illustration: Peter Schuyler]
+
+[Sidenote: Privateers]
+
+The profitable business of privateering, broken up by the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, was resumed with renewed vigor by the adventurous
+merchants and ship-owners of New York at the commencement of the war. The
+whole coast, from Maine to Georgia, was soon alive with daring,
+adventurous, some among them, no doubt, unscrupulous privateers, who,
+failing of success against the enemy did not hesitate, when a good
+opportunity offered, to plunder the vessels of friendly nations. In 1756
+there were over twenty ships from the port of New York carrying nearly two
+hundred and fifty guns and manned by nearly two thousand men scouring the
+seas, and before January, 1758, they had brought into New York fifty-nine
+prizes, besides those taken into other ports for adjudication. So popular
+was this business that Lieutenant Governor De Lancey, in 1758, complained
+"that men would no longer enlist in the army," and "that the country was
+drained of many able-bodied men by almost a kind of madness to go
+a-privateering." The old captains of the previous war again hoisted their
+flags and were joined by many younger men. Alexander McDougal and Isaac
+Sears, whose names became prominent in the history of the city, commanded
+the Tiger and Decoy and Thomas Doran, who kept a tavern at the Fly Market,
+in the fast-sailing pilot-boat, Flying Harlequin, with fourteen guns, and
+armed to the teeth, made rapid and successful trips.
+
+[Sidenote: The Press Gang]
+
+Much more dreaded than the enemy by the privateersmen were the press gangs
+sent out by the men-of-war. The captain of a British man-of-war did not
+hesitate, when in need of men, to board colonial vessels and take any
+number required or even to kidnap them from the city for service in the
+British navy. The privateersman was pressed with peculiar satisfaction.
+Attempts at impressment resulted in several bloody encounters. In 1760,
+the crew of the Sampson of Bristol, who had fired on the barge of H. M. S.
+Winchester, on attempting to board her, killing a number of men, were
+protected and concealed by the people from the reach of the sheriff and
+the militia ordered to his assistance. On July 10, 1764, four fishermen
+were taken from their vessel in the harbor and carried on board the tender
+of a man-of-war. The next day, when the captain of the tender came on
+shore, his boat was seized by a number of men, and with great shouting
+dragged through the streets to the middle of the green in the Fields,
+where they burned and destroyed her and then quickly dispersed. Meanwhile
+the captain publicly declared that he was not responsible for the seizure
+of the men, and, going into the Coffee House, wrote an order for their
+release. The order was carried on board the tender and the fishermen
+brought ashore. The magistrates, as soon as they had notice of the affair,
+sent out men to disperse the mob and secure the boat, but the mischief had
+been done. The court met in the afternoon, but were unable to discover any
+person concerned in the business, and the probability is that there was no
+great effort or desire to do so.
+
+[Illustration: THE PRESS GANG]
+
+[Sidenote: Sales of Prizes]
+
+We find continuously in the newspapers issued during the war notices of
+sales of prize ships and cargoes at the taverns, at the Coffee House and
+on the wharves near by. The Merchants' Coffee House, where the inventories
+were posted, had become the recognized place with the merchants for the
+transaction of all kinds of business, and many sales of ships and prizes
+taken by the privateers were made here. It had become a sort of maritime
+exchange. In 1758 Luke Roome was its landlord, and was also the owner of
+the house, which he offered for sale. It was purchased by Doctor Charles
+Arding, who retained possession of it until 1792, when it was acquired by
+the Tontine Association, who built on it and other contiguous lots the
+Tontine Coffee House. Luke Roome was afterwards assistant alderman and for
+several years leased the docks and slips of the city. How long he was
+landlord of the Merchants' Coffee House we do not know.
+
+It was customary in colonial times and even a good deal later to build
+market houses in the middle of streets. For a great many years in the
+middle of Wall Street, between Queen Street or Hanover Square and the
+river, had stood the Meal Market. In the course of time, as the building
+grew old, the merchants and those living in the neighborhood came to
+consider it as a nuisance, and in 1762 petitioned the authorities for its
+removal. They say in their petition: "It greatly obstructs the agreeable
+prospect of the East River, which those that live in Wall Street would
+otherwise enjoy; and, furthermore, occasions a dirty street, offensive to
+the inhabitants on each side and disagreeable to those who pass to and
+from the coffe-house, a place of great resort." Garrat Noel, the most
+prominent bookseller in New York, moved his store in 1757 and, in his
+announcements in the newspapers, gives its location as next door to the
+Merchants' Coffee House, opposite the Meal Market; but, in July, 1762, he
+announces his store as "next door to the Merchants' Coffee House, near
+where the Meal Market stood." This is pretty good evidence that it had
+been taken down very soon after the petition was presented for its
+removal.
+
+[Sidenote: The Crown and Thistle]
+
+Down near the water at Whitehall Slip stood the Crown and Thistle, a
+tavern kept by John Thompson, who preferred the cognomen of Scotch Johnny,
+by which he was familiarly known. Here good dinners were served to
+merchants, travellers and army officers, and here travellers could make
+arrangements for transportation in Captain O'Brien's stage-boat to Perth
+Amboy on their way to Philadelphia or by boat to Staten Island or
+Elizabethtown Point, which was the route taken by a large majority of
+travellers going south. Those landed on Staten Island passed along on the
+north shore to a point opposite Elizabethtown Point, where they crossed
+the Kills to that place by ferry. Scotch Johnny was not only the landlord
+of the Crown and Thistle and lodged and entertained travellers who landed
+near his house or waited there for boats to carry them across the bay, but
+was himself, in 1755, interested in transportation of travellers to Staten
+Island, and the next year to Perth Amboy, on their way to the south. On
+November 30, 1753, the anniversary of St. Andrew was celebrated at the
+Crown and Thistle by the gentlemen of the Scots' Society, where an elegant
+dinner was provided, the colors being displayed on the ships in the
+harbor, particularly the ship Prince William.
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Horse]
+
+All the travel to the north and east went out of the city over Bowery Lane
+to Harlem or King's Bridge. This was the Boston post road. In 1750, at the
+upper end of Queen Street, near Alderman Benson's, stood the Black Horse
+Tavern, kept by Jonathan Ogden, "where the Boston post puts up." This
+tavern in the suburbs was a convenient and suitable place for taking a
+parting glass with friends about to set out on a journey and wishing them
+godspeed, as was then the custom. Ogden and his successor, besides
+furnishing entertainment for travellers and stabling for horses, made it
+their business to supply travellers with horses, chairs, harness, saddles,
+etc., either for short drives on the island or for more extensive trips.
+In 1753, after the death of Ogden, John Halstead became the landlord of
+the Black Horse. At the public vendue of the household goods belonging to
+the estate of Ogden, there was offered for sale an article called a
+"Messacipia Table." We leave it to the reader to conjecture what it was
+for. In 1756 there was a Black Horse Tavern in Fair (Fulton) Street.
+
+[Illustration: THE BULL'S HEAD TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bull's Head]
+
+Just after entering the Bowery Lane the traveller would come to the Bull's
+Head Tavern, which in 1755 was kept by George Brewitson. This was the
+great resort and stopping place for the farmers and drovers who brought in
+cattle for the city market and where they were met by the butchers who
+purchased their stock. Thus it was not only a tavern but a sort of market
+for live stock or for the meat supply of the city and continued such for
+a great many years. The Bull's Head market survives to the present day,
+only a little further uptown. Three or four miles out was the Union Flag,
+and not far from this was a house which was described as a noted tavern
+where lived John Creiger, four miles from New York and ten miles from
+King's Bridge.
+
+At the northwest corner of the present 66th Street and Third Avenue stood
+the Dove Tavern. From this point the road continued northward for some
+distance, and then to avoid the swamps and inlets, turned to the westward,
+entering the present bounds of Central Park, and ascended the hill at the
+top of which was a large stone tavern. This had been built by Jacob
+Dyckman, Jr., near the year 1750, who, about ten years after, sold it to
+the Widow McGown, who, with the assistance of her son Andrew, kept the
+house, which became known as McGown's Pass Tavern. That the old stone
+tavern was a house of generous capacity is evident from its being selected
+as the place for the meeting of the colonial assembly, while the City Hall
+was being repaired, in October and November, 1752. Just a little south, on
+the opposite side of the road, was a tavern, which, shortly before the
+Revolution, was known as the Black Horse. It is thought to have been the
+headquarters of General Cornwallis during the battle of Harlem Heights.
+Dyckman's or McGown's Pass Tavern was about half way between New York and
+King's Bridge and there was doubtless a natural demand by travellers on
+this part of the road for entertainment, which induced Dyckman to build a
+capacious house. Once a week it received a visit from the post rider going
+out and once a week on his return. It must necessarily have received
+considerable trade from passing travellers, farmers and drovers, for it
+was on the one road which led out of the city, and its capacity to
+entertain attracted many a dinner party of those who followed the hounds,
+for fox-hunting was a sport indulged in by many New Yorkers at that time.
+
+McGown's Pass was the scene of some activity in the first year of the
+Revolution, and was fortified and occupied by the British troops during
+the whole seven years of the war. Early on the morning of September 15,
+1776, the English ships lying in the East River opened fire for the
+purpose of silencing the American battery at Horn's Hook and to cover the
+British landing at Kip's Bay. Washington had a few days previous removed
+his headquarters to the Roger Morris house, from which could be had an
+extensive view to the south, including the East River shores. Warned by
+the bombardment that something important was about to take place,
+Washington, in haste, mounted his horse and dashed down at utmost speed
+over the road past McGown's to the scene of action. This ride was
+something like that celebrated ride of General Phil Sheridan about ninety
+years later, but not with similar results. Before he arrived at Murray
+Hill, the British troops had landed, and the Americans were in full
+retreat. Two months later a sad spectacle was witnessed at McGown's Pass
+as the twenty-eight hundred prisoners taken at the surrender of Fort
+Washington filed down over the hills to New York. Many had been plundered
+by the Hessians, and all of them showed the effects of the desperately
+fought battle through which they had passed. They were on their way to
+years of suffering, many on their way to death in English prisons, which,
+happily for them, they did not then understand.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROGER MORRIS HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Blue Bell]
+
+On the road about a mile further north after leaving McGown's there was a
+tavern standing near where the present St. Nicholas Avenue crosses 126th
+Street, which, about the time of the Revolution and for many years after,
+was known as Day's Tavern; and about three miles further was the Blue
+Bell, which, although a small house, seems to have been well known at a
+very early period and to have continued its existence down to quite recent
+times. From the Blue Bell to King's Bridge was about two and a half miles.
+
+[Illustration: THE BLUE BELL TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: King's Bridge]
+
+At the most northern point of the island was the only place in its whole
+circumference from which, in early days, the mainland could be reached by
+a ford. It was called the Wading Place. Near this a ferry was established,
+but as early as 1680 the governor's council ordered "Spiting Devil" to be
+viewed for a bridge. Action was delayed. Governor Fletcher in 1692
+recommended its construction by the city, but the city declined on account
+of the expense. In January, 1693, Frederick Flypsen offered to build a
+bridge at his own expense, if he were allowed certain "easy and reasonable
+toles," and he was accordingly granted the franchise for ninety-nine
+years. A bridge was constructed by him the same year. It was to be
+twenty-four feet wide, with a draw for the passage of such vessels as
+navigated the stream; to be free for the King's forces and to be named the
+King's Bridge. This bridge was in possession of some member of the
+Philipse family, descendant of Frederick Flypsen, until the Revolutionary
+War, and was, no doubt, before the free bridge was built, a profitable
+investment. A tavern was opened on the northern side for the entertainment
+of travellers. Madam Sarah Knight, in returning to Boston in December,
+1704, set out with her companions "about one afternoon, and about three
+came to half-way house about ten miles out of town, where we Baited and
+went forward, and about 5 come to Spiting Devil, Else King's Bridge, where
+they pay three pence for passing over with a horse, which the man that
+keeps the Gate set up at the end of the Bridge receives." The half-way
+house, spoken of by Madam Knight, stood at the foot of the hill on the
+Kingsbridge Road on a line with the present 109th Street. We find that in
+1746 there was a public vendue of lots of land at the Half-Way House,
+near Harlem, which was very likely the same place.
+
+On account of the barrier gate and the tolls demanded, the King's Bridge,
+as travel increased, became unpopular and, in 1756, a project was set on
+foot for building a free bridge by voluntary subscriptions. When
+sufficient had been secured, Benjamin Palmer, who was active in the
+undertaking, began the work of building the bridge a little below the
+first bridge, from the land of Jacob Dyckman, on the island, to that of
+Thomas Vermilve on the Westchester side. Colonel Phillipse, the owner of
+King's Bridge, tried in every way to prevent its construction. Twice in
+one year he caused Palmer to be impressed "as a soldier to go to Canada,"
+which compelled him to procure and pay for substitutes. Nevertheless, in
+spite of all opposition, the bridge was finished, and the celebration of
+its completion was announced as follows:
+
+"These are to acquaint the public, That to-morrow the Free Bridge, erected
+and built across the Harlem River, will be finished and completed. And on
+the same day there will be a stately Ox roasted whole on the Green, for
+and as a small Entertainment to the Loyal People who come."
+
+[Sidenote: The Best Taverns]
+
+The following memoranda from the manuscript diary of Paymaster General
+Mortier, of the royal navy, indicates the taverns of New York that were
+probably most patronized by the fashionable gentlemen of the day, for the
+few years preceding 1761:
+
+  1758 Jan.  1 At the Assembly                        2. 6
+       Feb. 18 Dinner at the Glass House               3. 5
+       Mar.  1   "    "  Black Sam's                   1.10
+            28   "    "  Scotch Johnny's               5. 6
+            30 Willett's Assembly                      8.
+       June 10 To the Band of Music of the 46th        8.
+            18 Dinner at the Coffee House              5. 6
+  1759 May     Supper at Farrell's                     9.
+               Farrell Wine                         1. 1. 6
+  1760 Jan.    Towards a ball at King's Arms        1. 0.
+               Subscription to the Concert          1.12.
+               Subscription to a ball at Byrnes       12.
+               To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+       Feb.  2 To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+            19 To one week at the Coffee House         2.
+       Mar. 28 Dinner at the Fountain                  8.
+       Apr.  4 Supper at Byrnes'                       8.
+             5   "    "  the Fountain                  6.
+            18   "    "  the Fountain                  8.
+
+The piece of land, now the block inclosed by Broadway, Fulton, Nassau and
+Ann Streets, or nearly so, was, in the early part of the eighteenth
+century, a public resort, and known as Spring Garden. There was a tavern
+or public house on the premises known as Spring Garden House, standing on
+the site of the present St. Paul's Building, corner of Broadway and Ann
+Street, which in 1739 was occupied by Thomas Scurlock, who may have been
+in possession of it for some time. In an administration bond given by him
+in 1718 he is styled _vintner_. Spring Garden House appears to have been a
+well-known landmark, used as such in records and in the newspapers.
+
+After the death of Thomas Scurlock in 1747 the tavern was kept for some
+years by his widow, Eve. When the house was advertised for sale in 1759 it
+was described as "in Broadway at the corner of Spring Garden, now in use
+as a tavern, Sign of the King of Prussia, and next door to Dr. Johnson's"
+(President of King's College). In 1763 the landlord of the house was John
+Elkin. After about 1770 we hear no more of it as a tavern.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+TAVERN SIGNS
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Comforts of a Good Inn]
+
+Samuel Johnson, born in 1709, was in his prime about the middle of the
+eighteen the century. His description of the advantages afforded by a good
+inn has not yet been surpassed. Here it is:
+
+"There is no private house in which people can enjoy themselves so well as
+at a capital tavern. Let there be ever so great plenty of good things,
+ever so much grandeur, ever so much elegance, ever so much desire that
+everybody should be easy, in the nature of things it cannot be; there must
+always be some degree of care and anxiety. The master of the house is
+anxious to entertain his guests; the guests are anxious to be agreeable to
+him; and no man, but a very impudent dog indeed, can freely command what
+is in another man's house as if it were his own. Whereas, at a tavern
+there is general freedom from anxiety. You are sure you are welcome, and
+the more noise you make, the more trouble you give, the more good things
+you call for, the welcomer you are. No servant will attend you with the
+alacrity which waiters do, who are incited by the prospect of an immediate
+reward in proportion as they please. No sir, there is nothing which has
+yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a
+good inn."
+
+Another writer, whose name is unrecorded or lost in the sweep of time, has
+said that the tavern "is the busy man's recreation, the idle man's
+business, the melancholy man's sanctuary, the stranger's welcome."
+
+Samuel Johnson, if in New York, would not have found at any tavern such
+congenial companions as at the Turk's Head, in Soho. New York did not have
+an Oliver Goldsmith, nor a Sir Joshua Reynolds, nor an Edmund Burke,
+nor--but Boswell would have been with him. Barring the companionship of
+such men he could have been made as comfortable at the Queen's Head in
+Dock Street as at his familiar tavern in London. He could have taken his
+cup of tea, his favorite drink, in one of the boxes of the Merchants'
+Coffee House and then strolled into Garrat Noel's bookstore next door
+where he could have found food for his mind after his corporeal needs had
+been supplied. Here was literature of the solid sort, as Noel's
+announcements in the newspapers inform us, and Dr. Johnson might have
+easily imagined himself in the bookstore of Tom Davies--one of his
+familiar haunts.
+
+[Sidenote: The Landlord]
+
+The accomplished tavern-keeper of New York, as well as of London, knew how
+to welcome his guest and from long experience instinctively knew how to
+reach his heart. After receiving him with the most unbounded cordiality,
+occasionally dropping him a piece of news which he knew would interest
+him, or one of his newest jokes, he soon made him feel glad to be in his
+house. When the dinner was ready he was on hand to place the first dish on
+the table and to give him his company if he saw that it was desirable.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD TIME LANDLORD]
+
+In colonial times signs were extensively used. The hardware dealer placed
+above his door a sign of Crossed Daggers, or a Golden Handsaw, or a Golden
+Key; some used the sign of the Crossed Guns. A carriage-maker used the
+sign of the Gilded Wheel, a tailor that of the Hand and Shears. Thus the
+business streets were filled with signs, and a well-known or prominent
+sign was invariably used as a landmark to designate locations of other
+houses. Tavern signs were much used in this way. Houses were not numbered,
+and in the low state of education, numbers as well as worded signs would
+have been of little use. Taverns obtained their names from the signs hung
+out; and the tavern sign had a wider range of diversity than that of any
+other business. It was almost unlimited; but there were certain favorites.
+Sometimes tavern-keepers clung tenaciously to signs which they carried
+with them from place to place--and the tavern-keeper of colonial times
+appears to have been a roving character.
+
+[Illustration: "HARD DRINKING PREVAILED"]
+
+[Sidenote: Hard Drinking Prevailed]
+
+Some features of tavern life and some of the taverns of New York were not
+to be commended. The eighteenth century was a period when hard drinking
+pervaded not only the American colonies but England as well. Even
+preachers of the Gospel drank to excess. They were known to indulge at
+church meetings so as to lose control of both speech and gait. Unable to
+withstand the alluring temptations, they drank to excess without
+forfeiting the respect of their people. The Reverend Jacob G. Green, of
+Morris County, New Jersey, although so pious that he would not allow any
+member of his family to converse on any but religious subjects on a
+Sunday, did not hesitate to engage in the business of manufacturing
+distilled liquor. At funerals, as well as at weddings, wine and rum were
+consumed in excessive quantities, and it is a fact that persons were known
+to stagger in the funeral procession and at the brink of the grave. At the
+funeral of a colonial governor it is said that the minister's nose glowed
+like a coal of fire, and the aged bearers staggered as they bore the
+coffin. The Reverend Samuel Melyen, pastor of the First Church of
+Elizabethtown, was obliged to give up his church on account of
+intemperance; but this did not seem to the people to be a warning example,
+for when his successor, Jonathan Dickinson, a young man of twenty-one, was
+installed, we are told that "great quantities of toddy was consumed." When
+Philip Livingston died in 1749, funerals were held both at his Hudson
+River mansion and at his residence in Broad Street, New York. At each of
+these places a pipe of spiced rum was consumed, and to the eight bearers
+were given gloves, mourning rings, scarfs, handkerchiefs and monkey
+spoons. When intemperance was looked upon with such indulgence it is
+hardly to be expected that the young and gay men of the period would
+exercise much restraint; and many a convivial party at the tavern ended in
+a drinking bout, and sometimes in a riot of drunkenness and debauchery. A
+man in the condition which we of the present day would think quite drunk,
+and a proper subject for the care of his friends or relatives, was at
+that time considered to have taken only a proper modicum of drink. No man
+was looked upon as drunk until he was entirely down and out. The
+prevailing formula was:
+
+  "Not drunk is he who from the floor
+  Can rise again and still drink more,
+  But drunk is he who prostrate lies,
+  Without the power to drink or rise."
+
+[Illustration: GOOD OLD MADEIRA]
+
+In New England rum was so extensively made that the price became as low
+as twenty-five cents per gallon. It was popularly called "Kill-devil." In
+New Jersey large quantities of apple-jack were turned out, which, when
+new, was quite fiery, and this was called "Jersey lightning." Servants
+were not expected to be entirely free from the drinking habit, which,
+within certain bounds, was looked upon by their employers as pardonable.
+Announcement was made in the New York _Gazette_ and _Weekly Mercury_ of
+December 4, 1769, that
+
+    "An Hostler
+
+    That gets drunk no more than 12 times in a year and will bring with
+    him a good Recommendation, is wanted. Such person will meet with
+    encouragement by applying to H. Gaine."
+
+[Sidenote: Sports and Amusements]
+
+In the middle of the eighteenth century we find that New Yorkers were fond
+of all kinds of sports and all kinds of amusements that were available.
+The city was making rapid strides in increase of wealth and population.
+Many of her wealthy merchants had built large and handsome houses and
+there was more gaiety and desire for entertainment among her people. For
+balls, banquets, social clubs and exhibition of all sorts, each tavern of
+importance had, if possible, its "long room." There was no other provision
+or place for public assemblage. Some had delightful gardens attached to
+them, which, in summer evenings, were illuminated and sometimes the
+guests were entertained with music. Boating and fishing were largely
+indulged in and people of means who lived on the waterside had pleasure
+boats. In 1752 John Watson was keeping the Ferry House on Staten Island.
+In December of that year "a Whale 45 feet in length ran ashore at Van
+Buskirk's Point at the entrance of the Kills from our Bay, where, being
+discovered by People from Staten Island, a number of them went off and
+Killed him." Mr. Watson states in an advertisement in the New York
+_Gazette_ of December 11, 1752, that this whale may be seen at his house,
+and doubtless this announcement may have induced many to make the trip
+across the bay to see the whale and add to the profits of John Watson's
+tavern.
+
+The Reverend Mr. Burnaby, who visited the city about 1748, says: "The
+amusements are balls and sleighing expeditions in the winter, and in the
+summer going in parties upon the water and fishing, or making excursions
+into the country. There are several houses, pleasantly situated up the
+East River, near New York, where it is common to have turtle feasts. These
+happen once or twice a week. Thirty or forty gentlemen and ladies, meet
+and dine together, drink tea in the afternoon, fish and amuse themselves
+till evening, and then return home in Italian chaises (the fashionable
+carriage in this and most parts of America), a gentleman and lady in each
+chaise." These trips up the East River were made to Turtle Bay. One of
+the houses there about this time, or a little later, was well known as the
+Union Flag, situated on the post road. A lot of about 22 acres of land was
+attached to the tavern, extending to the river, on which was a good wharf
+and landing. Deep drinking and gambling were prevalent among the men,
+although tavern-keepers were forbidden by law from permitting gambling in
+their houses. Cock-fighting was a popular sport. At the sign of the
+Fighting Cocks--an appropriate sign--in Dock Street, "very good cocks"
+could be had, or at the Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot. Steel and silver
+spurs could be purchased in the stores. The loser of a broad cloth coat
+advertises in the newspaper that it was lost on a cockfighting night
+(supposed taken by mistake).
+
+The Common was a place where outdoor games were played in the daytime and
+bonfires built at night on festive occasions. On Monday, April 29, 1751, a
+great match at cricket was played here for a considerable wager by eleven
+Londoners against eleven New Yorkers. The newspaper account states that
+"The Game was play'd according to the London Method; and those who got
+most Notches in two Hands, to be the Winners:--The New Yorkers went in
+first and got 81; Then the Londoners went in and got but 43; Then the New
+Yorkers went in again and got 86; and the Londoners finished the Game with
+getting only 37 more."
+
+The game of bowls seems to have been quite popular in the early part of
+the eighteenth century. It was played upon a smooth, level piece of turf
+from forty to sixty feet square, surrounded by a ditch about six inches
+deep. At the further end of the ground was placed a white ball called the
+jack and the bowlers endeavored, with balls from six to eight inches in
+diameter that were not exactly round but weighted on one side so as to
+roll in a curve, to make their balls lie as near to the jack as possible.
+
+Back-gammon was an evening game at the taverns and at the coffee-house. In
+1734 a partisan of the governor's party, under the nom de plume of Peter
+Scheme wrote in reply to an article in Zenger's Journal: "I also frequent
+the Coffee House, to take a hitt at Back-Gammon, when I have an
+opportunity of hearing the curious sentiments of the Courtiers (since he
+is pleased to call the Gentlemen who frequent that place so) concerning
+his Journal." It is apparent that the popularity of the game continued for
+many years, for Alexander Mackraby, in a letter dated June 13, 1768, says:
+"They have a vile practice here, which is peculiar to the city: I mean
+that of playing at back-gammon (a noise I detest), which is going forward
+at the public coffee-houses from morning till night, frequently a dozen
+tables at a time."
+
+[Sidenote: Horse-Racing]
+
+From the very beginning of English rule in New York, horse-racing seems to
+have been a fashionable sport among people of means. It has been stated
+how Governor Nicolls established a race-course on Hempstead Plains, and
+since that time interest in the sport had been kept up, increasing as the
+population and wealth of the city increased. Races were held yearly on the
+Hempstead course and it is more than likely that a course was soon
+established on Manhattan Island. In 1733 we find an announcement in a New
+York newspaper that a race would be run on the 8th of October on the
+course at New York for a purse of upwards of four pounds by any horse,
+mare or gelding carrying twelve stone and paying five shillings entrance,
+the entrance money to go to the second horse if not distanced. There is no
+mention made of the location of the course, but a notice that horses that
+have won plate here are excepted indicates that it was probably a yearly
+event. Three years later we find that a subscription plate of twenty
+pounds' value was to be run for on the course at New York on the 13th of
+October "by any horse, mare or gelding carrying ten stone (saddle and
+bridle included), the best of three heats, two miles each heat. Horses
+intended to Run for this Plate are to be entered the Day before the Race
+with Francis Child on Fresh Water Hill, paying a half Pistole each, or at
+the Post on the Day of Running, paying a Pistole." This course on Fresh
+Water Hill had probably been established for some time and its location
+was very likely near the present Chatham Square. In 1742 there was a
+race-course on the Church Farm in charge of Adam Vandenberg, the lessee of
+the farm, who was landlord of the Drovers' Tavern, which stood on or near
+the site of the present Astor House.
+
+In seeking information from the newspapers of the day in regard to
+horse-racing, we find very little, if any, in the news columns; but more
+is to be found among the advertisements. Thus, in January, 1743-4, it is
+announced that a race would be run on the first day of March "between a
+Mare called Ragged Kate, belonging to Mr. Peter De Lancey, and a Horse
+called Monk, belonging to the Hon. William Montagu, Esq., for L200." It is
+not stated where this race was to take place, but, in all probability, it
+was run either on the Fresh Water Hill course or on the Church Farm. It
+was for an unusually large wager, and, no doubt, attracted a great deal of
+attention. From about this date we hear no more of the race-course on
+Fresh Water Hill. It may have been disturbed by the line of palisades
+which was built across the island during the war with France, crossing the
+hill between the present Duane and Pearl Streets, at which point was a
+large gateway.
+
+In September, 1747, it was announced in the newspapers that a purse of not
+less than ten pistoles would be run for on the Church Farm on the 11th of
+October, two mile heats, horses that had won plate on the island and a
+horse called Parrot excepted, the entrance money to be run for by any of
+the horses entered, except the winner and those distanced. We have every
+reason to suppose that the races were at this period a yearly event on the
+Church Farm, taking place in October. In 1750 it was announced in the New
+York _Gazette_ in August and September that "on the Eleventh of October
+next, the New York Subscription Plate of Twenty Pounds' Value, will be Run
+for by any Horse, Mare or Gelding that never won a Plate before on this
+Island, carrying Ten Stone Weight, Saddle and Bridle included, the best in
+three Heats, two miles in each Heat," etc. A few days after the race the
+New York _Gazette_ announced that on "Thursday last the New York
+Subscription Plate was run for at the Church Farm by five Horses and won
+by a horse belonging to Mr. Lewis Morris, Jun."
+
+[Illustration: A RACING TROPHY]
+
+The next year similar announcements were made of the race, the difference
+being that the horses eligible must have been bred in America and that
+they should carry eight stone weight. The date is the same as that of the
+previous year, October 11. We find no record of this race in the
+newspapers, but the illustration which is given of the trophy won is
+sufficient to indicate the result. Lewis Morris, Jr., appears to have
+carried off the prize a second time. The plate was a silver bowl ten
+inches in diameter and four and one-half inches high, and the winner was a
+horse called Old Tenor. The bowl, represented in the cut, is in the
+possession of Dr. Lewis Morris, U. S. N., a lineal descendant of Lewis
+Morris, the signer of the Declaration of Independence and the owner of Old
+Tenor. The name of the horse was doubtless suggested by certain bills of
+credit then in circulation in New York. In an advertisement of two
+dwelling houses on the Church Farm for sale in April, 1755, notice is
+given that "Old Tenor will be taken in payment."
+
+The great course was on Hempstead Plains. On Friday, June 1, 1750, there
+was a great race here for a considerable wager, which attracted such
+attention that on Thursday, the day before the race, upward of seventy
+chairs and chaises were carried over the Long Island Ferry, besides a far
+greater number of horses, on their way out, and it is stated that the
+number of horses on the plains at the race far exceeded a thousand.
+
+In 1753 we find that the subscription plate, which had become a regular
+event, was run for at Greenwich, on the estate of Sir Peter Warren. Land
+about this time was being taken up on the Church Farm for building
+purposes, and this may have been the reason for the change. In 1754 there
+was a course on the Church Farm in the neighborhood of the present Warren
+Street. An account of a trial of speed and endurance was given on April
+29, 1754. "Tuesday morning last, a considerable sum was depending between
+a number of gentlemen in this city on a horse starting from one of the
+gates of the city to go to Kingsbridge and back again, being fourteen
+miles (each way) in two hours' time; which he performed with one rider in
+1 hr. and 46 min." The owner of this horse was Oliver De Lancey, one of
+the most enthusiastic sportsmen of that period. Members of the families of
+DeLancey and Morris were the most prominent owners of race horses. Other
+owners and breeders were General Monckton, Anthony Rutgers, Michael
+Kearney, Lord Sterling, Timothy Cornell and Roper Dawson. General
+Monckton, who lived for a time at the country seat called "Richmond,"
+owned a fine horse called Smoaker, with which John Leary, one of the best
+known horsemen of the day, won a silver bowl, which he refused to
+surrender to John Watts, the general's friend, even under threat of legal
+process. Several years later he was still holding it.
+
+In January, 1763, A. W. Waters, of Long Island, issued a challenge to all
+America. He says: "Since English Horses have been imported into New York,
+it is the Opinion of some People that they can outrun The True Britton,"
+and he offered to race the latter against any horse that could be produced
+in America for three hundred pounds or more. This challenge does not seem
+to have been taken up until 1765, when the most celebrated race of the
+period was run on the Philadelphia course for stakes of one thousand
+pounds. Samuel Galloway, of Maryland, with his horse, Selim, carried off
+the honors and the purse.
+
+Besides the course on Hempstead Plains, well known through all the
+colonies as well as in England, there was another on Long Island, around
+Beaver Pond, near Jamaica. A subscription plate was run for on this course
+in 1757, which was won by American Childers, belonging to Lewis Morris,
+Jr. There were also courses at Paulus Hook, Perth Amboy, Elizabethtown and
+Morristown, New Jersey, which were all thronged by the sporting gentry of
+New York City. James De Lancey, with his imported horse, Lath, in October,
+1769, won the one hundred pound race on the Centre course at Philadelphia.
+The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York men interested
+in horse-racing who had never met before, and in the few years
+intervening before the Revolution there sprang up a great rivalry between
+the northern and southern colonies.
+
+[Sidenote: Bull Baiting]
+
+The men of New York enjoyed rugged and cruel sports such as would not be
+tolerated at the present time. Among these were bear-baiting and
+bull-baiting. Bear-baiting became rare as the animals disappeared from the
+neighborhood and became scarce. Bulls were baited on Bayard's Hill and on
+the Bowery. A bull was baited in 1763 at the tavern in the Bowery Lane
+known as the sign of the De Lancey Arms. John Cornell, near St. George's
+Ferry, Long Island, gave notice in 1774 that there would be a bull baited
+on Tower Hill at three o'clock every Thursday afternoon during the season.
+
+[Illustration: BULL BAITING, FROM AN OLD ADVERTISEMENT]
+
+[Sidenote: Bowling]
+
+The taverns in the suburbs could, in many cases, have large grounds
+attached to the houses and they took advantage of this to make them
+attractive. From the very earliest period of the city there were places
+near by which were resorted to for pleasure and recreation. One of the
+earliest of these was the Cherry Garden. It was situated on the highest
+part of the road which led to the north--a continuation of the road which
+led to the ferry in the time of the Dutch--at the present junction of
+Pearl and Cherry Streets, and was originally the property of Egbert Van
+Borsum, the ferryman of New Amsterdam, who gave the sea captains such a
+magnificent dinner. In 1672 the seven acres of this property were
+purchased by Captain Delaval for the sum of one hundred and sixty-one
+guilders in beavers, and, after passing through several hands, became the
+property of Richard Sacket, who had settled in the neighborhood, and
+established himself as a maltster. On the land had been planted an orchard
+of cherry trees, which, after attaining moderate dimensions, attracted
+great attention. To turn this to account, a house of entertainment was
+erected and the place was turned into a pleasure resort known as the
+Cherry Garden. There were tables and seats under the trees, and a bowling
+green and other means of diversion attached to the premises. It had seen
+its best days before the end of the seventeenth century.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOWLING GREEN, FROM LYNE'S MAP]
+
+On the borders of the Common, now the City Hall Park, was the Vineyard,
+which is said to have been a popular place of recreation and near the
+junction of what are now Greenwich and Warren Streets was the Bowling
+Green Garden, established there soon after the opening of the eighteenth
+century. It was on a part of the Church Farm, quite out of town, for there
+were no streets then laid out above Crown, now Liberty Street, on the west
+side of the town and none above Frankfort on the east. In 1735 the house
+of the Bowling Green Garden was occupied by John Miller, who was offering
+garden seeds of several sorts for sale. On March 29, 1738, it took fire
+and in a few minutes was completely consumed, Miller, who was then living
+in it, saving himself with difficulty. A new house was erected and the
+place continued to attract visitors. There does not appear to have been
+any public road leading to it, but it was not a long walk or ride from the
+town and was finely situated on a hill near the river. In November, 1759,
+when it was occupied by John Marshall, the militia company of grenadiers
+met here to celebrate the king's birthday, when they roasted an ox and ate
+and drank loyally. Marshall solicited the patronage of ladies and
+gentlemen and proposed to open his house for breakfasting every morning
+during the season. He describes it as "handsomely situated on the North
+River at the place known by the name of the Old Bowling Green but now
+called Mount Pleasant." Some years later it became known as Vauxhall.
+
+Bowling must have had some attraction for the people of New York, for in
+March, 1732-3, the corporation resolved to "lease a piece of land lying at
+the lower end of Broadway fronting the Fort to some of the inhabitants of
+the said Broadway in Order to be Inclosed to make a Bowling Green thereof,
+with Walks therein, for the Beauty & Ornament of the Said Street, as well
+as for the Recreation and Delight of the Inhabitants of this City." In
+October, 1734, it was accordingly leased to Frederick Phillipse, John
+Chambers and John Roosevelt for ten years, for a bowling-green only, at
+the yearly rental of one pepper-corn. In 1742 the lease was renewed for
+eleven years; to commence from the expiration of the first lease, at a
+rental of twenty shillings per annum. In January, 1745, proposals were
+requested for laying it with turf and rendering it fit for bowling, which
+shows that it was then being used for that purpose. It was known as the
+New or Royal Bowlling Green and the one on the Church Farm as the Old
+Bowling Green.
+
+[Sidenote: The Glass House]
+
+Some time about 1754, an attempt was made in New York to make glass
+bottles and other glass ware. Thomas Leppers, who had been a
+tavern-keeper, was storekeeper for the Glass House Company, and advertised
+all sorts of bottles and a variety of glassware "too tedious to mention,
+at reasonable rates." He stated that gentlemen who wished bottles of any
+size with their names on them, "could be supplied with all expedition." A
+few years later, 1758, notice was given by Matthias Ernest that the
+newly-erected Glass House at New Foundland, within four miles of the city,
+was at work and ready to supply bottles, flasks and any sort of glassware.
+Newfoundland was the name of a farm of about thirty-three acres, four
+miles from the city on the North River, extending from the present
+Thirty-fifth Street northward, on which this glass house had been erected.
+It is not unlikely that the Glass House was visited by many persons,
+either on business or from curiosity, and that they were there entertained
+by the owner or manager of the property; at any rate, it seems to have
+acquired a reputation for good dinners. Paymaster General Mortier notes in
+his diary a dinner at the Glass House on February 18, 1758, which cost him
+3s. 6d. The manufacture of glass was not successful, but the place became
+a well-known suburban resort, where good dinners were served to visitors
+from the city. In 1764 the Glass House was kept by Edward Agar, who, in
+addition to serving dinners, could furnish apartments to ladies or
+gentlemen who wished to reside in the country for the benefit of their
+health. In 1768 it was kept by John Taylor, and it was evidently then a
+popular resort, for a stage wagon was advertised to run out to it every
+day, leaving Mr. Vandenberg's, where the Astor House now stands, at three
+o'clock in the afternoon.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+THE KING'S ARMS
+
+
+George Burns, as has been stated, was in 1753 keeping one of the best
+taverns in New York. Soon after this he left the city and took charge of
+the tavern at Trenton Ferry, which was on the great post road between New
+York and Philadelphia, over which flowed almost all travel between the two
+cities and to the south. The prospects must have been very enticing.
+Whether they were realized or not, Burns soon became anxious to make a
+change and, returning to New York, became the landlord of a tavern in Wall
+Street near Broadway, opposite the Presbyterian church, which was known as
+the Sign of Admiral Warren. Here he remained until June, 1758, when Scotch
+Johnny, retiring from the tavern near the Whitehall Slip, known as the
+Crown and Thistle, he moved into his house. The house of Scotch Johnny had
+been the meeting place for the St. Andrew's Society while it was kept by
+him and it so continued to be after Burns became landlord.
+
+[Sidenote: King's Head]
+
+Burns retained for a time the old sign of the Crown and Thistle, but some
+time about the middle of the year 1760, took it down and hung out in its
+stead the sign of King George's Head, and the tavern became known as the
+King's Head. It continued to be the meeting place of the Scots' Society.
+They held their anniversary meeting here on St. Andrew's Day, Monday,
+November 30, 1761, and elected the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander,
+president of the society. The members of the society dined together as
+usual and in the evening a splendid ball and entertainment was given,
+which was attended by the principal ladies and gentlemen in the town. It
+was a grand and notable ball. The newspapers state that "The Company was
+very numerous, everything was conducted with the greatest regularity and
+decorum and the whole made a most brilliant and elegant appearance."
+
+[Illustration: Stirling]
+
+In the latter part of the year 1761 the army was coming down from the
+north, there was a large camp of soldiers on Staten Island and New York
+City was full of officers. Burns' house, the King's Head, became the
+headquarters of the Scotch officers of the army when they were in the city
+and their favorite place of rendezvous. The effects of several of the
+Royal Highland officers, who had died, were sold at public vendue at
+Burns' Long Room in November, 1762. There must have been many articles to
+be disposed of, for the sale was to be continued from day to day until all
+were sold. The effects of Lieutenant Neal, late of the 22d Regiment,
+consisting of wearing apparel, etc., etc., etc., etc., were sold at public
+vendue at the same place in December.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Arms]
+
+We have been unable to find any record to establish the fact or even a
+hint to justify a deduction that there ever was at any time in the
+colonial period any house known as Burns' Coffee House. We believe this to
+be entirely a modern creation. The house described and illustrated in
+Valentine's Corporation Manual of 1865 as Burns' Coffee House, or the
+King's Arms Tavern, although the statements concerning it have been
+accepted by many writers, was never occupied by Burns; and the story of
+this house, as related in the Corporation Manual of 1854, is simply a
+strong draft on the imagination of the writer. The tavern which hung out
+the sign of the King's Arms, on the corner of Broad and Dock Streets, had
+been also known as the Exchange Coffee House and the Gentlemen's Coffee
+House, but when Burns moved into it in 1751, he dropped the name Coffee
+House and called it simply the King's Arms. Mrs. Sarah Steel, in 1763,
+carried the sign to Broadway, as appears by the following announcement:
+
+    "Mrs. Steel Takes this Method to acquaint her Friends and Customers,
+    That the King's Arms Tavern, which she formerly kept opposite the
+    Exchange she hath now removed into Broadway (the lower end, opposite
+    the Fort), a more commodious house, where she will not only have it in
+    her power to accommodate Gentlemen with Conveniences requisite to a
+    Tavern, but also with genteel lodging Apartments, which she doubts not
+    will give Satisfaction to every One who will be pleased to give her
+    that Honour."
+
+Mrs. Steel, in February, 1767, advertised that the Broadway house was for
+sale and that the furniture, liquors, etc., would be sold whether the
+house were sold or not. A few months previous to this announcement, Edward
+Bardin, probably anticipating the retirement of Mrs. Steel from business,
+had acquired the sign, which we presume was a favorite one, and had hung
+it out at his house on upper Broadway, opposite the Common. The writer of
+the article in the Corporation Manual gives the following advertisement,
+which appears in Parker's Post Boy of May 27, 1762, as evidence that Burns
+occupied the house before Mrs. Steel moved into it.
+
+    "This is to give Notice to all Gentlemen and Ladies, Lovers and
+    Encouragers of Musick, That this day will be opened by Messrs. Leonard
+    & Dienval, Musick Masters of this city, at Mr. Burnes Room, near the
+    Battery, a public and weekly Concert of Musick. Tickets four
+    Shillings. N. B. The Concert is to begin exactly at 8 o'clock, and end
+    at ten, on account of the coolness of the evening. No Body will be
+    admitted without tickets, nor no mony will be taken at the door."
+
+This concert did not take place in the house on Broadway, but in the house
+of George Burns, the King's Head near the Battery. Burns had succeeded
+Scotch Johnny, and had in his house a long room where societies met and
+where concerts and dinners were given on special occasions. "Burns' Long
+Room" was well known at that time. The following appeared in the New York
+_Journal_ of April 7, 1768:
+
+    "To be let, from the 1st of May next, with or without Furniture, as
+    may suit the tenant, the large corner house wherein Mrs. Steel lately
+    kept the King's Arms Tavern, near the Fort now in the possession of
+    Col. Gabbet."
+
+The next year Col. Gabbet, having moved out, was living next door to the
+house of John Watts, who lived in Pearl Street near Moore. In 1770 Edward
+Bardin announced that he had taken "the large, commodious house known by
+the name of the King's Arms, near Whitehall, long kept by Mrs. Steel,
+which he will again open as a tavern." George Burns succeeded Bardin and
+kept the house for a short time in 1771.
+
+Before the Revolutionary War there was no Whitehall Street. What is now
+Whitehall Street was known as Broadway. There is no doubt about this. In a
+list of retailers of spirituous liquors in the city of New York in April,
+1776, we find one on Broadway near Pearl Street, one on Broadway near the
+Lower Barracks, another on Broadway opposite the Fort and two others on
+Broadway near the Breastworks. These were all on the present Whitehall
+Street. In Mrs. Steel's announcement she states that the King's Arms
+Tavern was on Broadway (the lower end opposite the Fort), that is, on the
+present Whitehall Street. As the house was on a corner, its location was
+probably the corner of the present Bridge and Whitehall Streets. If there
+were left any doubt about this, it should be thoroughly dissipated by the
+advertisement, December 30, 1765, of Hetty Hayes, who made and sold
+pickles in her home, which she states was on Wynkoop (now Bridge) Street,
+near the King's Arms Tavern. Notwithstanding the many statements to the
+contrary, no house known as the King's Arms Tavern or Burns' Coffee House
+ever stood on the west side of Broadway opposite the Bowling Green.
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE BUILT BY CORNELIS STEENWYCK]
+
+Some time after the middle of the seventeenth century Cornelis Steenwyck
+built a fine house on the southeast corner of the present Whitehall and
+Bridge Streets, and it was here no doubt, the grand dinner was given to
+Governor Nicolls on his departure from the province. In an inventory of
+Steenwyck's estate in 1686 the house was valued at seven hundred pounds.
+This indicates that it was a large, and for that time, a very valuable
+dwelling. In the illustration copied from Valentine's Corporation Manual
+of 1864, there is a sign attached to the house. We do not know the source
+from which this illustration was obtained, but the sign we presume to be a
+tavern sign, and we are inclined to think, for various reasons, that this
+house was for many years used as a tavern and that for a time subsequent
+to 1763, it was the King's Arms. It was probably destroyed in the great
+fire of 1776.
+
+About this time a man made his appearance as a tavern-keeper whose name,
+although he was not a hero or a great man, has come down to us, and will
+go down to many future generations in connection with the revolutionary
+history of the city. Samuel Francis was a tavern-keeper without a peer,
+and when the time came to decide, struck for liberty and independence,
+abandoned his property and stuck to his colors like a true patriot. He
+came to New York from the West Indies. Although from the darkness of his
+complexion commonly called Black Sam, he was of French descent.
+
+Previous to 1750 Broadway did not extend to the north beyond the present
+Vesey Street. There was a road, however, following the line of the present
+Broadway, known as the road to Rutger's Farm, the residence of Anthony
+Rutger standing near the corner of the present Broadway and Thomas Street.
+Just subsequent to the year 1750 Trinity Church laid out streets through a
+portion of the Church Farm and leased lots on this road, on which houses
+were built. The first of these, as far as we can ascertain, were built by
+Bell and Brookman, in 1752, on lots just south of the present Murray
+Street, fronting on the Common, which was then an open field without fence
+of any kind. In 1760, Mr. Marschalk, one of the city surveyors, presented
+to the board of aldermen the draft or plan of a road which he had lately
+laid out, "beginning at the Spring Garden House and extending from thence
+north until it comes to the ground of the late widow Rutgers," which was
+approved by the board and ordered to be recorded. Other houses were built
+on the Church Farm, and a few years later we find one of these, situated
+on the north side of Murray Street, fronting the Common, was being used as
+a tavern or mead house, and occupied by San Francis. In 1761 he advertised
+sweatmeats, pickles, portable soups, etc., at the Mason's Arms, near the
+Green in the upper part of the Broadway near the Alms House. He was in New
+York in 1758, and his house at that time was patronized by those who
+frequented only the best taverns in the city.
+
+[Sidenote: The DeLancey House]
+
+The house with which his name is indissoluably connected, the DeLancey
+House, on the corner of the present Broad and Pearl Streets was purchased
+by him in 1762. It was quite a large house and very well suited for a
+tavern, where it was intended that public entertainments should be given,
+as it had a long room that could hardly be surpassed. The lot on which the
+house stood was given by Stephen Van Cortlandt to his son-in-law, Stephen
+DeLancey, in 1700, and it is said that in 1719 Stephen DeLancey built the
+house on it which is still standing.
+
+It was a handsome and conspicuous house for the period, but in the course
+of time DeLancey wished a change of location for his home. When he ceased
+to occupy it as a residence we do not know, probably on the completion of
+his new house on Broadway, which is said to have been built in 1730. Not
+long after this we find that it was being used for public purposes. In
+1737, Henry Holt, the dancing master, announced that a ball would be given
+at the house of Mr. DeLancey, next door to Mr. Todd's, and in February,
+1739, there was given in Holt's Long Room "the new Pantomine
+Entertainment, in Grotesque Characters, called _The Adventures of
+Harlequin and Scaramouch_, or the Spaniard Trick'd. To which will be added
+_An Optick_, wherein will be Represented, in Perspective, several of the
+most noted Cities and Remarkable Places in Europe and America, with a New
+Prologue and Epilogue address'd to the Town." The tickets were sold at
+five shillings each. This clearly shows that the long room, probably just
+as we can see it today, was then used for public entertainments.
+
+[Illustration: THE DELANCEY HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Head]
+
+The house was again used as a residence. Colonel Joseph Robinson was
+living in it in January, 1759, when it was offered for sale, at public
+vendue, at the Merchants' Coffee House. We find no record of transfer,
+but we are inclined to believe that it was purchased by the firm of
+DeLancey, Robinson and Company, dealers in East India goods and army
+supplies, composed of Oliver DeLancey. Beverly Robinson and James Parker,
+for they moved into it shortly after and were the owners of it in 1762,
+when it was purchased by Samuel Francis, the deed bearing date January
+15th of that year and the consideration named being two thousand pounds.
+The co-partnership of DeLancey, Robinson and Company did not expire until
+December, 1762; in all probability they remained in the house until that
+time; at any rate, Francis was in it in April, 1763, when he had hung out
+the sign of Queen Charlotte and opened an ordinary, announcing that dinner
+would be served every day at half past one o'clock. The house thereafter,
+for many years, was known as the Queen's Head.
+
+John Crawley succeeded Willett as landlord of the New York Arms. In 1762
+the Assembly were having their meetings here, in what they designated as
+"Crawley's New Rooms." In April, 1763, Crawley sold out the furnishings of
+the house at public vendue and George Burns moved in from the King's Head
+Tavern, in the Whitehall, who announced that he had "two excellent Grooms
+to attend to his Stables and takes in Travellers and their Horses by the
+Month, Quarter or Year on reasonable Terms." Burns occupied the house
+during the turbulent period of the Stamp Act, and it was the scene of much
+of the excitement incident to those times. In 1764, while Burns was
+keeping the Province Arms, the Paulus Hook Ferry was established and the
+road opened from Bergen to the Hudson River. This enabled the stage wagons
+from Philadelphia to bring their passengers to Paulus Hook, where they
+were taken over the ferry to New York. The opening of the Paulus Hook
+Ferry placed the Province Arms in direct line with travel passing through
+the city between New England and the South, and it became largely a
+traveler's tavern, and in later times the starting point in New York of
+the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia stages.
+
+[Sidenote: The Stamp Act]
+
+The French and Indian War, which had commenced in 1755, resulted in the
+conquest of Canada; and when the British army came down to New York for
+embarkation they met with an enthusiastic reception and the officers were
+entertained by the wealthy merchants in the most hospitable manner. The
+province had suffered from the constant conflict on its borders and the
+prospect of relief from the incursions of the French and the horrible
+terrors of savage warfare which had been instigated by them, was the cause
+for great satisfaction and rejoicing. No longer threatened by the French
+the people were filled with hopes of great prosperity. Trade and commerce
+soon revived and a period of remarkable activity had just opened when all
+the bright hopes of the merchants and of the people of New York were
+turned to gall and wormwood by the unwarrantable acts of Great Britain,
+who, instead of gratitude for the material assistance in the late war, was
+now calculating how much revenue might be counted upon from provinces that
+had shown such energy and such resources. The first important step in this
+direction was the passage of the Stamp Act, which received the King's
+signature on the 22d of March, 1765. It was not unexpected, for the
+colonists had for some time been in a nervous state, with the dread of
+some serious encroachment on their rights and liberties. The news of the
+passage of the act was received in New York in April with great
+indignation. It was distributed through the city with the title of "The
+folly of England, and the ruin of America." By law the act was to take
+effect on the first of November following. In the meantime it was proposed
+that the sense of the colonies should be taken and that they should all
+unite in a common petition to the King and parliament. Accordingly a
+congress of deputies met in New York in the early part of October, 1765,
+in which nine of the colonies were represented. Before this meeting the
+assembly of Massachusetts had denied the right of parliament to tax the
+colonies and Virginia had done the same. The sentiments of the congress
+were embodied in a very dignified and respectfully worded address to the
+King, drawn up by a committee of three, one of whom was Robert R.
+Livingston, of New York. Committees were also appointed to prepare
+petitions to parliament which were reported and agreed to on the 22d of
+October.
+
+[Sidenote: The Non-Importation Agreement]
+
+On the last day of the same month a meeting was held by the merchants of
+New York to consider what should be done with respect to the Stamp Act and
+the melancholy state of the North American commerce, so greatly restricted
+by the Acts of Trade. They resolved not to order any goods shipped from
+Great Britain nor to sell any goods on commission until the Stamp Act
+should be repealed. Two hundred merchants of the city subscribed these
+resolutions and the retailers of the city also agreed not to buy after the
+first of January, 1766, any goods imported from Great Britain, unless the
+Stamp Act should be repealed. This meeting was held at the Province Arms,
+the house of George Burns, and here was signed this celebrated
+non-importation agreement. This was the most important political event of
+this eventful period, and one which, combined with like resolutions made
+by the merchants of Boston and Philadelphia, had more influence in causing
+the repeal than all the addresses, petitions and other influences put
+together.
+
+On October 23d, while the Stamp Act Congress was in session, the ship
+Edward arrived with the obnoxious stamps on board, and was convoyed to
+the Fort by a man-of-war, all the vessels in the harbor lowering their
+colors in sign of mourning, and an excited crowd watching the proceedings
+from the river front. In a few days the stamps were deposited in the Fort.
+During the night after the arrival of the Edward, written notices were
+posted about the city warning any one who should distribute or make use of
+stamped paper, to take care of his house, person or effects. The
+excitement among the people grew more and more intense as the time
+approached for the law to take effect. The morning of November 1st was
+ushered in by the ringing of muffled bells and display of flags at
+half-mast. The magistrates notified Lieutenant-Governor Golden that they
+were apprehensive of a mob that night. The people gathered in the Fields,
+and after parading the streets with effigies of the lieutenant-governor,
+appeared before the Fort and demanded the stamps. They broke open the
+lieutenant-governor's coach-house, took out his coach, sleighs, harness
+and stable fittings and with the effigies burned them on the Bowling Green
+in front of the Fort. The mob then went to Vauxhall, the house of Major
+James, who had made himself very obnoxious by his braggart threats of what
+he would do to enforce the stamp act and stripping the house of all its
+furniture, books, liquors, etc., even to the doors and windows, made a
+bonfire of them.
+
+As the mob passed the Merchants' Coffee House, they were encouraged by
+the approbation of those who frequented that place. During the day there
+had been on view here an open letter addressed to Golden, assuring him of
+his fate if he should persist in trying to put the stamp act in force. It
+also stated--"We have heard of your design or menace to fire upon the town
+in case of disturbance, but assure yourself that if you dare to perpetrate
+any such murderous act you'll bring your gray hairs with sorrow to the
+grave." * * * and "any man who assists you will surely be put to death."
+This letter was delivered at the fort gate in the evening by an unknown
+hand. The next day threatening letters and messages were sent in to
+Governor Colden at the fort and he made a promise not to distribute the
+stamps, but to deliver them to Sir Henry Moore, the newly appointed
+governor, when he arrived. This did not satisfy the people, who demanded
+that they should be delivered out of the Fort and threatened to take them
+by force. It was then agreed that the stamps should be delivered to the
+mayor and deposited in the City Hall. This was done, the mayor giving his
+receipt for them, and tranquillity was restored.
+
+Sir Henry Moore, the new governor, arrived on the 13th of November, and
+was received with all the formalities usual on such an occasion. He
+evidently made a favorable impression. The situation of affairs, however,
+presented for him a difficult problem. His first question to the council
+was, Could the stamps be issued? which was answered unanimously in the
+negative. Business had come to a standstill, and the people were fretting
+under the restraints which the situation imposed. There were two classes;
+the men of property, who could afford to await the issue of conservative
+methods, and the middle and lower classes, who insisted that business
+should go on regardless of the stamps. Livingston says that a meeting of
+the conservatives was held at the Coffee House at ten o'clock in the
+morning and that although "all came prepared to form a Union, few cared
+openly to declare the necessity of it, so intimidated were they at the
+secret unknown party which had threatened such bold things." This secret
+society was known by various names, but in November we find that they had
+adopted the name, "Sons of Liberty," and this name was soon after used in
+the other colonies. The Sons of Liberty presented Sir Henry Moore a
+congratulatory address and on Friday, the 15th of November, met in the
+Fields, erected pyramids and inscriptions in his honor, and one of the
+grandest bonfires ever seen in the city.
+
+On November 25th notices were posted in all parts of the city with the
+heading, "Liberty, Property and no Stamps," inviting a general meeting of
+the inhabitants on the 26th at Burns' City Arms Tavern in order to agree
+upon instructions to their representatives in the general assembly.
+Although opposition to the Stamp Act was unanimous the people were not in
+accord on the means of redress. The notices were twice torn down by those
+who did not know or who were not in sympathy with the objects of the
+meeting, and were as often replaced by the promoters of the meeting. About
+twelve hundred persons assembled.[1] The committee appointed to present
+the instructions was composed of Henry Cruger, John Vanderspiegel, David
+Van Home, James Jauncey, Walter Rutherford, John Alsop, William
+Livingston, William Smith, Jr., Whitehead Hicks, John Morin Scott, James
+DeLancey and John Thurman, Jr., who fairly represented the different
+shades of opinion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sons of Liberty]
+
+Early in January, 1766, the Sons of Liberty threw off the mask of secrecy.
+On the evening of January 7th, a great number of members of the Society
+met at the house of William Howard, the tavern previously occupied by Sam
+Francis and John Jones, in the Fields, which for a time became their
+headquarters. They agreed to a series of resolutions advocating action of
+the most vigorous nature towards all those who "may either carry on their
+business on stamped paper or refuse to carry it on independently of the
+odious act." They adjourned to meet at the same place a fortnight later,
+and continued to meet at regular intervals thereafter. At a regular
+meeting on Tuesday, February 4th, a committee was appointed to correspond
+with the Sons of Liberty in the neighboring colonies, composed of Lamb,
+Sears, Robinson, Wiley and Mott. The next meeting was appointed to be held
+on Tuesday evening the 18th instant.
+
+[Sidenote: Repeal of the Stamp Act]
+
+On March 18, 1766, the King gave his assent to the repeal of the Stamp Act
+"in sorrow and despite." Thereupon there was great rejoicing in the
+English capital. The happy event was celebrated by dinner, bonfires and a
+general display of flags. On the 24th there was a meeting of the principal
+merchants concerned in the American trade, at the King's Head Tavern, in
+Cornhill, to consider an address to the King. They went from this place,
+about eleven o'clock in the morning, in coaches, to the House of Peers to
+pay their duty to his majesty and to express their satisfaction at his
+signing the bill repealing the American Stamp Act. There were upwards of
+fifty coaches in the procession.[2]
+
+On Tuesday, May 20th, the glorious news of the repeal was received in New
+York from different quarters, which was instantly spread throughout the
+city, creating the greatest excitement. All the bells of the different
+churches were rung and joy and satisfaction were on every face. The next
+day the Sons of Liberty caused to be printed and distributed the following
+Hand Bill:
+
+    "THIS DAY
+
+    "On the glorious Occasion of a total Repeal of the Stamp Act there
+    will be a general Meeting and Rejoicing at the House of Mr. Howard,
+    The Lovers of Their Country loyal Subjects of his Majesty, George
+    the Third, King of Great Britain, real Sons of Liberty of all
+    Denominations are hereby cordially invited to partake of the essential
+    and long look'd for Celebration.
+
+    "The city will be illuminated and every decent measure will be
+    observed in demonstrating a sensible Acknowledgement of Gratitude to
+    our illustrious Sovereign, and never to be forgotten Friends at Home
+    and Abroad, particularly the Guardian of America."
+
+Preparations were accordingly made and measures taken for carrying out
+these designs. The Sons of Liberty repaired to the "Field of Liberty," as
+they called the Common, where they had often met, where a royal salute of
+twenty-one guns was fired. Attended by a band of music they then marched
+to their usual resort, which was the house of William Howard, where an
+elegant entertainment had been prepared for them. After they had dined in
+the most social manner they drank cheerfully to twenty-eight toasts, the
+number of the years of the King's age. At the first toast--The King--the
+royal salute was repeated, and each of the following was saluted with
+seven guns. In the evening there were bonfires and a grand illumination.
+Announcement was made in the newspapers that "The Sons of Liberty of New
+York take this early opportunity of most cordially saluting and
+congratulating all their American Brethren on this glorious and happy
+event."
+
+Shortly after this occurred the anniversary of the King's birthday and the
+people were so rejoiced and elated by the repeal that they resolved to
+make of it an opportunity to show their gratitude and thanks, and so great
+preparations were made for the event, which was to be on the 4th of June.
+More extensive preparations were made than for any previous celebration of
+this kind. The day opened with the ringing of the bells of all the
+churches in the city. By seven o'clock preparations began for roasting
+whole, two large, fat oxen, on the Common, where the people soon began to
+gather to gaze at the "mighty roast beef." At 12 o'clock a gun was fired
+from the Fort as a signal for the council, the general, the militia
+officers, the corporation and gentlemen to wait on the governor to drink
+the King's health and never on such an occasion before was the company so
+numerous or splendid. Now the Battery breaks forth in a royal salute and
+the air is filled "with joyful Acclamations of Long Live the King, the
+Darling of the People." Soon after, this salute was answered by the
+men-of-war and the merchant vessels in the harbor, "decked in all the
+Pageantry of Colors." The people were gathered on the Common, where a
+large stage had been erected, on which were twenty-five barrels of strong
+beer, a hogshead of rum, sugar and water to make punch, bread and other
+provisions for the people, and on each side a roasted ox. At one end of
+the Common was a pile of twenty cords of wood, in the midst of which was a
+stout mast with a platform on top of it, on which had been hoisted twelve
+tar and pitch barrels. This was for the magnificent bonfire. At the other
+end of the Common were stationed twenty-five pieces of cannon for the
+salutes, and at the top of the mast which had been erected, was a
+flagstaff with colors displayed. The grand dinner on this unusual occasion
+was served at the New York Arms, the house of George Burns, on Broadway.
+It was prepared by order of the principal citizens and was honored by the
+presence of the governor, the general, the military officers, the clergy,
+the gentlemen of the city, and strangers. "It consisted of many Covers and
+produced near a hundred Dishes."[3] One newspaper states that there were
+about 340 in the company. At the King's health a royal salute was fired by
+the guns on the Common, and at each toast afterward a salute was given up
+to twenty-eight, the number of years of the King's age. The Common was in
+sight so that signals for these could easily be given. The toasts numbered
+forty-one, and are said to have been "respectfully preferred and eagerly
+swallowed." We feel justified in the belief that this was the largest
+dinner and one of the most important that had ever been served in New
+York. In the evening the whole town was illuminated in the grandest manner
+ever seen before, especially the houses of the governor and the general.
+
+[Illustration: LIBERTY BOYS]
+
+The assembly met on June 16th, and on the 23d a large meeting was held at
+the Merchants' Coffee Mouse, where a petition was prepared, addressed to
+the assembly, for the election of a brass statue of Pitt, who was
+considered the great friend of America. On the very day of this meeting
+the house, it appears, made provision for an equestrian statue of the King
+and a brass statue of William Pitt. Tranquillity seems to have been
+restored, but it was not long before new causes of dissatisfaction arose.
+
+[Sidenote: Liberty Pole]
+
+The victory of the colonists in causing the repeal of the Stamp Act could
+not fail to produce some feeling of bitterness in the officers of the
+crown, and there were some who took no pains to conceal their
+dissatisfaction. The soldiers, aware of the feeling of their officers,
+were ready on all occasions to show their hostility. The mast or flagpole
+which had been erected on the north side of the Common, opposite a point
+between Warren and Chambers Streets, on the anniversary of the King's
+birthday, and dedicated to King George, Pitt and Liberty, later called
+Liberty Pole, held by the citizens of New York as the emblem of their
+principles, was, in the night of Sunday, August 10, 1766, cut down by some
+of the soldiers of the 28th regiment, quartered in the barracks, nearby.
+The people considered the destruction of the pole an insult. When a large
+assemblage of two or three thousand people gathered on the Common the
+next day, headed by Isaac Sears, to take measures to replace their
+standard and demand an explanation, the soldiers interfered and a
+disturbance ensued in which the people used stones and brickbats to defend
+themselves and the soldiers used their bayonets. As the unarmed people
+retreated several were wounded with the weapons of the assailants. On the
+12th a new pole was erected on the site of the first. After this
+disturbance, the magistrates of the city and the officers of the regiment
+met in the presence of the governor, and an amicable conclusion was
+reached which it was supposed would prevent further trouble; but
+notwithstanding this the second pole was cut down on Tuesday, September
+23d. On the next day another was erected in its place, without any serious
+disturbance.
+
+The contest over the Liberty Pole continued until the opening of the War
+of the Revolution. It made the place where the pole stood a center of
+disturbance and the taverns on Broadway, near by, places, at times, of
+considerable excitement. On the first anniversary of the repeal
+preparations were made to celebrate the event. The people gathered at the
+Liberty Pole on the 18th of March and at the appointed time met at
+Bardin's King's Arms Tavern to dine and drink toasts appropriate to the
+occasion. This could not justly have given any offense, but such rejoicing
+by the people was unpleasant to the officers of the army, and the soldiers
+looked upon it as a celebration of the defeat of the King and parliament
+whom they served. That night the third pole was cut down by the soldiers,
+who had become excited by what they had seen during the day.
+
+The next day a larger and more substantial pole was erected in place of
+the one cut down, secured with iron to a considerable height above the
+ground. Attempts were made the same night both to cut it down and to
+undermine it, but without effect. On Saturday night, the 21st, there was
+an attempt made to destroy it by boring a hole into it and charging it
+with powder, but this also failed. On Sunday night a strong watch was set
+by the citizens at an adjacent house, probably Bardin's. During the night
+a small company of soldiers appeared with their coats turned, armed with
+bayonets and clubs, but finding that they were watched, after some words,
+retired. On Monday, about six o'clock in the evening, a party of soldiers
+marched past the pole and as they went by the King's Arms fired their
+muskets at the house. One ball passed through the house and another lodged
+in one of the timbers. On Tuesday, about one o'clock in the afternoon, the
+same company of soldiers, as is supposed, took a ladder from a new
+building and were proceeding towards the pole, when they were stopped and
+turned back. The governor, the general and the magistrates then took
+measures to prevent further trouble, and the newspaper states that "we
+hope this matter, in itself trivial and only considered of importance by
+the citizens as it showed an intention to offend and insult them will
+occasion no further difference."
+
+[Sidenote: Vauxhall Garden]
+
+Readers of the literature of the eighteenth century are familiar with the
+names of Ranelagh and Vauxhall, resorts of the idle and gay of London
+society. The success and reputation of these places brought forward
+imitators in all parts of the British dominions; and New York had both a
+Vauxhall and a Ranelagh. Sam Francis obtained possession of the place on
+the Church Farm, which had, early in the century, been known as the
+Bowling Green, later as Mount Pleasant, and opened it as a pleasure
+resort, which he called Vauxhall. A ball, which seems to have been of some
+importance, was given here about the first of June, 1765. Shortly after it
+became the residence of Major James, and was wrecked by the infuriated
+populace on November 1st. In June, 1768, Francis announced that while he
+had been absent from the city the house and garden had been occupied by
+Major James, that they were then in good order, and that he had provided
+everything necessary to accommodate his old friends and customers. The
+next month, still calling the place Vauxhall Garden, he gave notice that
+from eight in the morning till ten at night, at four shillings each
+person, could be seen at the garden a group of magnificent wax figures,
+"Ten in number, rich and elegantly dressed, according to the ancient
+Roman and present Mode; which figures bear the most striking resemblance
+to real life and represent the great Roman general, Publius Scipio, who
+conquered the city of Carthage, standing by his tent pitched in a grove of
+trees." Francis continued in the place, putting forward various
+attractions, until 1774. He appears to have been a man of much business.
+His absence from the city, which he alludes to, may have been caused by
+his interests in Philadelphia, where at that time he had a tavern in Water
+Street, in front of which he hung out the sign of Queen Charlotte, the
+same as at his New York house.
+
+[Sidenote: Ranelagh Garden]
+
+The Ranelagh Garden was opened by John Jones, in June, 1765, for breakfast
+and evening entertainment. It was said that the grounds had been laid out
+at great expense and that it was by far the most rural retreat near the
+city. Music by a complete band was promised for every Monday and Thursday
+evening during the summer season. In the garden was a commodious hall for
+dancing, with drawing rooms neatly fitted up. The very best "alamode
+beef," tarts, cakes, etc., were served, and on notice, dinners or other
+large entertainments would be provided. Mr. Leonard was announced to sing
+a solo and Mr. Jackson was to give three songs. The place had been the old
+homestead of Colonel Anthony Rutgers, where he had lived many years,
+near the present corner of Broadway and Thomas Street. It afterwards
+became the site of the New York Hospital, which stood there for almost a
+century. These summer entertainments were kept up for several years. In
+1768 the garden was opened in the latter part of June, and notice was
+given that there would be performed a concert of vocal and instrumental
+music, the vocal parts by Mr. Woods and Miss Wainright, and by particular
+request, "Thro' the Woods, Laddie," would be sung by Miss Wainright; after
+which would be exhibited some curious fireworks by the two Italian
+brothers, whose performances had given so much satisfaction to the public.
+Tickets to be had at the gate for two shillings.
+
+[Illustration: AT RANELAGH]
+
+When Edward Bardin opened the King's Arms Tavern, on Broadway, in 1766,
+following the example of Jones in his Ranelagh Garden, he opened a concert
+of music for the entertainment of ladies and gentlemen, to be continued on
+every Monday, Wednesday and Friday during the summer season at the King's
+Arms Garden. He gave notice that a convenient room had been filled up in
+the garden for the retreat of the company in unfavorable weather, and he
+stated that the countenance which had been given him warranted him, he
+thought, in expecting a continuance of the public favor. Having in mind
+the prejudice of the community against the theater he stated that he had
+provided an entertainment that would not offend "the most delecate of
+Mankind, as every possible precaution had been taken to prevent disorder
+and irregularity."
+
+During the exciting times following the passage of the Stamp Act there was
+a strong sentiment against the theatre among the people, "who thought it
+highly improper that such entertainments should be exhibited at this time
+of public distress." The managers of the theatre in Chapel Street
+announced in their advertisement that "As the packet is arrived, and has
+been the messenger of good news relative to the Repeal, it is hoped the
+public has no objection to the above performance." Although forewarned,
+the play was attempted and the house was wrecked by a mob. Under such
+circumstances it is not surprising that the people should turn to some
+more sober kind of entertainments. We give below the complete announcement
+of a concert of vocal and instrumental music, given at the New York Arms
+Tavern, in October, 1766, which is interesting in many ways.
+
+"By Particular Desire of a good number of Ladies and Gentlemen of Credit
+and Character in the City.
+
+There will be a Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Music at Mr. Burns' New
+Room, to-morrow being the 28 Instant; to begin at 6 o'clock in the
+Evening. This Concert will consist of nothing but Church Musick, in which
+will be introduced a new Te Deum, Jublate Deo, Cantata Domino and Deus
+Misereatur, with an Anthem (in which there is an Obligato Part for a Harp,
+as there is also in the Cantata Domino), with several other pieces of
+Church Musick intermixed with other Instrumental Performances in order to
+ease the Voices. The whole to conclude with a Martial Psalm, viz. the
+49th. Tate and Brady's Version, accompanied with all the instruments and a
+pair of Drums.
+
+N. B. There will be more than Forty Voices and Instruments in the Chorus.
+
+Tickets to be had of Mr. Tuckey in Pearl Street near the Battery at Four
+Shillings each, who would take it as a great favor of any Gentlemen who
+sing or play on any Instrument to lend him their kind assistance in the
+performance and give him timely notice that there may be a sufficient
+Number of Parts wrote out."
+
+In November, 1766, a call was issued to the merchants announcing that a
+petition to the House of Commons was being prepared, setting forth the
+grievances attending the trade of the colony, requesting redress therein,
+which would be produced at five o'clock on Friday evening, the 28th, at
+Burns' Long Room and publicly read. The merchants and traders of the city
+were requested to attend and subscribed their names, as it was a matter of
+great importance and would probably be productive of good results.[4] We
+can find no further notice of the meeting or the results. The critical
+situation of affairs may have prevented a consummation of the project.
+
+It was about this time that the menacing instructions to the governor in
+regard to compliance with the act for quartering troops arrived. England
+had determined to send troops to America, and required that the expense of
+quartering these troops should be borne by the colonies. The assembly of
+New York, in June, positively refused to comply with the act of parliament
+in this respect, agreeing only to supply barracks, furniture, etc., for
+two batallions of five hundred men each, declaring that they would do no
+more. The governor made his report and new instructions were sent out
+stating that it was the "indispensable duty of his majesty's subjects in
+America to obey the acts of the legislature of Great Britain," and
+requiring cheerful obedience to the act of parliament for quartering the
+King's troops "in the full extent and meaning of the act." The assembly
+did not recede from the stand they had taken at the previous session.
+
+The aspect of affairs grew unpromising and portentious. It seriously
+affected trade. News from England indicated that parliament would take
+measures to enforce the billeting act. When the assembly of New York met
+in the latter part of May, 1767, the house voted a supply for the
+quartering of the King's troops, which came up to the sum which had been
+prescribed by parliament. In the meantime it had been moved and enacted in
+parliament that until New York complied with the billeting act her
+governor should assent to no legislation, and by act of parliament a duty
+was placed on glass, paper, lead, colors and especially on tea. The
+disfranchisement of New York was of no practical effect, but it created
+great uneasiness and alarm in all the colonies.
+
+The position which the Merchants' Coffee House held in the community is
+shown by the fact that when Governor Moore received the news of the result
+of the unprecedented appeal made by Lieutenant-Governor Colden from the
+verdict of a jury in the case of Forsay and Cunningham he transmitted it
+to the people by obligingly sending intelligence to the Coffee House that
+the decision was that there could be no appeal from the verdict of a jury;
+which was very gratifying to the people, who were much stirred up over
+such action on the part of Colden.
+
+The Whitehall Coffee House, opened by Rogers and Humphreys, in 1762, whose
+announcement indicates that they aspired to a prominent place for their
+house, also shows what was the custom of a house of this kind to do for
+its patrons. They gave notice that "a correspondence is settled in London
+and Bristol to remit by every opportunity all the public prints and
+pamphlets as soon as published; and there will be a weekly supply of New
+York, Boston and other American papers." The undertaking was of short
+duration.
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+HAMPDEN HALL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Head]
+
+In May, 1767, Bolton and Sigell moved into the house of Samuel Francis,
+near the Exchange, lately kept by John Jones, known as the Queen's Head
+Tavern, and, as strangers, solicited the favor of the public. This tavern
+shortly after, and for some time, was the scene of much of the excitement
+connected with the period.
+
+In January, 1768, the committee appointed at a meeting of the inhabitants
+of the city on the 29th of December just past to consider the expediency
+of entering into measures to promote frugality and industry and employ the
+poor, gave notice that they would be ready to make their report on the
+matter on Monday evening, the 25th, at five o'clock at Bolton and
+Sigell's, and the people were requested to attend in order to receive the
+report and consider the matter. The proposed meeting was adjourned for a
+week, when, on February 2d, the report was delivered, approved, and
+directions given for carrying it into execution.
+
+[Sidenote: Second Non-Importation Agreement]
+
+On March 31, 1768, a meeting was called at Bolton and Sigell's to answer
+letters from the merchants of Boston. This meeting not being well
+attended, a second was called for April 7. This resulted in the second
+non-importation agreement by the merchants of the city who came to "an
+agreement not to import any goods from Great Britain that shall be shipped
+there after the first of October next, until a certain Act of Parliament
+is repealed, provided the Merchants of Philadelphia and Boston come into
+the same Measures."
+
+[Sidenote: Chamber of Commerce New York]
+
+It is more than likely that the merchants of New York had for some time
+been aware of the necessity or advantage of some sort of organization
+among themselves for the benefit of trade. In March, 1764, we find that a
+call was issued, earnestly requesting the merchants of the city to meet at
+the Queen's Head Tavern, near the Exchange, on business of great
+importance to trade; and on May 5, 1766, the merchants of the city were
+requested to meet at the house of George Burns, the New York Arms, at four
+o'clock in the afternoon on business for the good of this province and
+continent in general. Following the Stamp Act and the non-importation
+agreement there was great political excitement; money was scarce; business
+was depressed; and foreign trade was unsettled and uncertain. In this
+situation the merchants of New York, having seen the success of union in
+the non-importation agreement, met in the Long Room of the Queen's Head
+Tavern, kept by Bolton and Sigell on April 8, 1768, and there formed
+themselves into a society which they styled the New York Chamber of
+Commerce, which has been in existence since that date, the oldest
+mercantile organization in America. The twenty-four members who then
+constituted the society elected John Cruger president, Hugh Wallace vice
+president and Elias Desbrosses treasurer.
+
+A meeting of the New York merchants was called at Bolton and Sigell's on
+August 25, 1768, to further consider the non-importation agreement, which
+had been signed very generally in the city, and in November, in
+consequence of reports in circulation, the principal merchants and traders
+of the city were waited on, and report was made that it appeared that they
+had in general inviolably adhered to the true spirit of their agreement in
+making out their orders. The subscribers to the agreement met at Bolton
+and Sigell's on Monday, March 13, 1769, when a "committee was appointed to
+inquire into and inspect all European importations, in order to a strict
+compliance with the said agreement and also to correspond with the other
+colonies." The assembly in April passed a vote of thanks to the merchants
+for their patriotic conduct, and instructed the speaker to signify the
+same to them at their next monthly meeting. John Cruger, the speaker of
+the house, was also president of the Chamber of Commerce, and this vote of
+thanks was delivered to the merchants at the first meeting of the Chamber
+of Commerce in their new quarters, the large room over the Royal Exchange,
+their previous meetings having been held in the Long Room of the Queen's
+Head Tavern.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary of the Repeal]
+
+The second anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated on
+Friday, the 18th of March, by a numerous company of the principal
+merchants and other respectable inhabitants of the city, "Friends to
+Constitutional Liberty and Trade," at Bardin's tavern opposite the Common
+on Broadway and at Jones's tavern which was said to be nearly adjoining.
+The meeting at Jones's was called by the "Friends of Liberty and Trade,"
+who requested those inclined to celebrate the day to give in their names
+by Wednesday at farthest to John Jones inn-holder in the Fields or to the
+printer, and receive tickets for the occasion. There were many who,
+although zealous in every measure for the repeal of the Stamp Act, now
+leaned to the side of moderation. They styled themselves Friends of
+Liberty and Trade, as distinct from the more orthodox or more radical Sons
+of Liberty. The two factions on this occasion seem to have met in perfect
+harmony, although later there appeared considerable feeling between them.
+Union flags were displayed and an elegant dinner was served at each
+place. A band of music was provided for the occasion and in the evening
+some curious fireworks were played off for the entertainment of the
+company. Among the toasts drunk were: "The Spirited Assembly of Virginia
+in 1765," "The Spirited Assembly of Boston" and "Unanimity to the Sons of
+Liberty in America."
+
+[Sidenote: Effigies Burned]
+
+On Monday, November 14, 1768, a report was current in the city that the
+effigies of Bernard, the obnoxious governor of Massachusetts, and
+Greenleaf, the sheriff of Boston, were to be exhibited in the streets that
+evening. At four o'clock in the afternoon the troops in the city appeared
+under arms at the lower barracks, where they remained until about ten
+o'clock at night, during which time parties of them continually patrolled
+the streets, in order, it is supposed, to intimidate the inhabitants and
+prevent the exposing of the effigies. Notwithstanding this vigilance on
+the part of the soldiers, the Sons of Liberty appeared in the streets with
+the effigies hanging on a gallows, between eight and nine o'clock,
+attended by a vast number of spectators, and were saluted with loud huzzas
+at the corner of every street they passed. After exposing the effigies at
+the Coffee House, they were publicly burned amidst the clamor of the
+people, who testified their approbation and then quietly dispersed to
+their homes. The city magistrates had received notice of what was
+intended, and constables were sent out to prevent it, but either deceived
+or by intention they did not reach the scene of action until all was over.
+This seems strange, as the Coffee House was not far from the City Hall,
+and the lime tree in front of it, the scene of the burning, was in full
+view.
+
+[Sidenote: The Boston Letter]
+
+The letter which the assembly of the Massachusetts colony had sent to her
+sister colonies in the early part of the year 1768, inviting united
+measures to obtain redress of grievances, was denounced by the Earl of
+Hillsborough, then lately appointed secretary of state for America, "as of
+a most dangerous and factious tendency." The colonies were forbidden to
+receive or reply to it, and an effort was made to prevent all
+correspondence between them. This was ineffectual. Committees were
+appointed to petition the King and to correspond with Massachusetts and
+Virginia. Some of the assemblies, for refusing to comply with the demands
+of Hillsborough, were prorogued by the governors. A great public meeting
+was called in New York for Thursday, November 24, at which instructions to
+the city members of the assembly were adopted and signed by many of the
+principal citizens. The instructions called for the reading in the
+assembly of the Boston letter, which had fallen under the censure of
+Hillsborough, and to which he had forbidden the colonies to make reply.
+That these instructions were delivered is more than probable. Whether
+influenced by them or not, the assembly, in committee of the whole on
+December 31, declared for "an exact equality of rights among all his
+Majesty's subjects in the several parts of the empire; the right of
+petition, that of internal legislature, and the undoubted right to
+correspond and consult with any of the neighboring colonies or with any
+other of his Majesty's subjects, outside of this colony, whenever they
+conceived the rights, liberties, interests or privileges of this house or
+its constituents to be affected," and appointed a committee of
+correspondence. These resolutions could not be tolerated by Governor
+Moore. He dissolved the assembly. This caused a new election which was
+attended with considerable excitement. It was called for Monday, January
+23, 1769. The Church of England party put up as candidates, James
+DeLancey, Jacob Walton, John Cruger and James Jauncey. These were the
+former members, with the exception of John Cruger, who took the place of
+Philip Livingston, who declined the office. A meeting in the interest of
+the above candidates was called at the house of George Burns, the New York
+Arms, for Saturday, the 21st, at five o'clock in the evening. They were
+elected and on Friday the 27th, after the closing of the polls, they were
+escorted from the City Hall with music playing and colors flying down
+Broadway and through the main street (now Pearl Street) to the Coffee
+House. The windows along the route were filled with ladies and numbers of
+the principal inhabitants graced the procession. It was "one of the
+finest and most agreeable sights ever seen in the city." The four
+gentlemen elected generously gave two hundred pounds for the benefit of
+the poor.
+
+Saturday, March 18, 1769, being the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act, the Liberty Colors, inscribed with "G. R. III, Liberty and Trade,"
+were hoisted on the ancient Liberty Pole, and at the house of Edward
+Smith, on the corner of Broadway and Murray street, the Genuine Sons of
+Liberty dined and drank toasts appropriate to the occasion, one of which
+was to "The ninety-two members of the Massachusetts assembly who voted the
+famous Boston letter." There was another meeting to celebrate the day at
+the house of Vandewater ("otherwise called Catemut's"), which was
+conducted in much the same manner and where similar toasts were drunk.
+
+By common consent the taverns on Broadway, fronting on the Common or
+Fields, near the Liberty Pole, were the places selected for celebrating
+the anniversaries of the important events connected with the stamp act
+period. It was on Wednesday, November 1, 1769, that a number of the Sons
+of Liberty met at the house of Abraham De La Montagnie to celebrate "the
+day on which the inhabitants of this colony nobly determined not to
+surrender their rights to arbitrary power, however august." De La
+Montagnie had succeeded Bardin, and was now the landlord of the house
+which Edward Bardin had occupied for some years, fronting on the Common.
+Here the entertainment was given and after dinner appropriate toasts were
+drank "in festive glasses." Among the first of these was "May the North
+American Colonies fully enjoy the British Constitution."
+
+[Illustration: CORNER OF BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET, 1816]
+
+[Sidenote: Liberty Pole Destroyed]
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Golden Hill]
+
+On the night of January 13, 1770, an attempt was made by the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole by sawing off the spurs or braces around it and
+by exploding gunpowder in a hole bored in the wood in order to split it.
+They were discovered and the attempt was unsuccessful. Exasperated at
+this, they attacked some citizens near, followed them into the house of De
+La Montagnie with drawn swords and bayonets, insulted the company, beat
+the waiter, assaulted the landlord in one of the passages of the house and
+then proceeded to break everything they could conveniently reach, among
+other things eighty-four panes of glass in the windows. Officers
+appearing, they quickly withdrew to their barracks. Three days after this,
+in the night of January 16, the soldiers succeeded in destroying the pole
+completely, which they sawed into pieces and piled before De La
+Montagnie's door. The next day there was a great meeting in the Fields,
+where the pole had stood, when it was resolved by the people that soldiers
+found out of barracks at night after roll-call should be treated as
+enemies of the peace of the city. In reply to these resolves a scurrilous
+placard was printed, signed "The Sixteenth Regiment of Foot," and posted
+through the city. Attempts to prevent this was the cause of several
+serious affrays, the principal one of which took place a little north of
+the present John street, a locality then called Golden Hill, in which one
+citizen was killed and several severely wounded. Many of the soldiers
+were badly beaten. This affair has been called the Battle of Golden Hill,
+and it has been claimed that here was shed the first blood in the cause of
+American Independence.
+
+At the meeting in the Fields on the 17th, a committee had been appointed
+who, as instructed, petitioned the corporation for permission to erect a
+new pole on the spot where the one destroyed had stood or if preferred,
+opposite Mr. Vandenbergh's, near St. Paul's Church, a small distance from
+where the two roads meet. It was stated in the petition that if the
+corporation should not think proper to grant permission for erecting the
+pole, the people were resolved to procure a place for it on private
+ground. The petition was rejected and purchase was made of a piece of
+ground, eleven feet wide and one hundred feet long, very near to the place
+where the former pole had stood. Here a hole was dug twelve feet deep to
+receive the pole which was being prepared at the shipyards. The lower part
+of the mast was covered to a considerable height with iron bars placed
+lengthwise, over which were fastened strong iron hoops. When finished the
+pole was drawn through the streets by six horses, decorated with ribbons
+and flags. Music was supplied by a band of French horns. The pole was
+strongly secured in the earth by timbers and great stones, so as to defy
+all further attempts to prostrate it. On the top was raised a mast
+twenty-two feet in height with a gilt vane and the word Liberty in large
+letters.
+
+[Sidenote: Hampden Hall]
+
+Abraham De La Montagnie had suffered his house to become the resort of
+many who belonged to the moderate party or the Friends of Liberty and
+Trade, who, early in the year 1770, engaged his house for the celebration
+of the anniversary of the repeal. The Sons of Liberty in the early part of
+February invited those who wished to celebrate the anniversary to join
+them at De La Montagnie's tavern, whereupon De La Montagnie issued a card,
+stating that his house had been engaged by a number of gentlemen for that
+purpose, and that he could entertain no others. The indications are that
+this was then the only tavern near the Liberty Pole that was available,
+Jones and Smith having left the neighborhood, but the more radical Sons of
+Liberty, not to be thus frustrated, purchased the house which had been
+formerly occupied by Edward Smith, and gave notice, inviting all those in
+sympathy with them to join them there in the celebration. They called the
+house they had purchased Hampden Hall, and it remained their headquarters
+for some time. It was managed by Henry Bicker as its landlord.
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversary Dinners]
+
+The 18th of March being Sunday, the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
+Act was celebrated on Monday the 19th. At the tavern of De La Montagnie,
+while the Liberty Colors (ascribed to G. R. III, Liberty and Trade) were
+hoisted on the Liberty Pole, two hundred and thirty citizens, Friends to
+Liberty and Trade, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them.
+Appropriate toasts were drunk, one of which was "Liberty, Unanimity and
+Perseverance to the true Sons of Liberty in America." On the same day "in
+union and friendship" with these a number of gentlemen celebrated the day
+by a dinner at the house of Samuel Waldron, at the ferry on Long Island,
+where, it is said, the toasts drunk were the same as at De La Montagnie's.
+The radical party of the Sons of Liberty celebrated "the repeal of the
+detestable stamp act" at Hampden Hall, on which colors were displayed, as
+well as on the Liberty Pole opposite to it. The company, it is said,
+numbered about three hundred gentlemen, freeholders and freemen of the
+city, who met to celebrate "that memorable deliverance from the chains
+which had been forged for the Americans by a designing and despotic
+Ministry." An elegant dinner had been provided, but before they sat down
+the company "nominated ten of their number to dine with Captain McDougal
+at his chambers in the New-Gaol," where a suitable dinner had also been
+provided. Captain McDougal was being held in jail for libel as the author
+of a paper signed "A Son of Liberty," addressed "to the betrayed
+inhabitants of New York," which reflected the severest criticisms of the
+assembly for voting supplies to the King's troops. This paper was held by
+the assembly to be an infamous and scandalous libel. He was also accused
+of being the author of another paper signed "Legion," describing the
+action of the assembly as "base, inglorious conduct," which the assembly
+resolved was infamous and seditious. After dinner, a committee was
+appointed to send two barrels of beer and what was left of the dinner to
+the poor prisoners in the jail, which were received with great thanks.
+Many appropriate toasts were drunk as usual, and a little before sunset
+the company from Hampden Hall, joined by a number of people in the Fields,
+with music playing and colors flying, marched to the new jail, where they
+saluted Captain McDougal with cheers. He appeared at the grated window of
+the middle story, and in a short address thanked them for this mark of
+their respect. The company then returned to the Liberty Pole and as the
+sun was setting hauled down the flag. They then marched down Chapel Street
+to the Coffee House and back up Broadway to the Liberty Pole and quietly
+dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: A. McDougall]
+
+The celebration of the anniversary of the repeal apparently caused some
+bitterness of feeling between the factions which dined at De La
+Montagnie's and that which dined at Hampden Hall, if it did not previously
+exist. An article appeared in the newspaper declaring that the statement
+that about three hundred persons dined at Hampden Hall was not true, that
+only about one hundred and twenty-six dined there and paid for their
+dinners, including boys, and that the first toast which these _loyal_ Sons
+of Liberty actually drank was not "The King," as reported in the
+newspapers, but "May the American Colonies fully enjoy the British
+Constitution." The writer also took exception to many other statements in
+the account which was given in the papers. A reply was made to this in
+which affidavit was made by Henry Bicker that on the occasion there dined
+at his house, according to the best of his judgment, about three hundred
+persons, and that the assertion that there were no more than about one
+hundred and twenty-six was absolutely false. In the matter of the toasts,
+as showing in a measure how such affairs were conducted, we think it best
+to give the explanation in full as follows: "The truth of the Matter is
+just this. Several Gentlemen drew up a set of Toasts proper for the day,
+and to save the trouble of copying them, got a few printed to serve the
+different tables. When the committee who were appointed to conduct the
+business of the day came to peruse the toasts, they altered the one and
+transposed the one before dinner, and I do assert that they were drank in
+the manner and order they were published in this, Parker's and Gaine's
+papers; for the truth of this I appeal to every gentleman who dined at
+Hampden Hall that day."
+
+The house which Bicker occupied had always been used as a tavern. When the
+lease of the property, having eleven years to run, was offered for sale in
+1761, it was described as "two lots of ground on Trinity Church Farm, on
+which are two tenements fronting Broadway and a small tenement fronting
+Murray Street; the two tenements fronting Broadway may be occupied in one
+for a public house." It was purchased by John Jones, and when he offered
+it for sale in 1765, he stated that there was a very commodious dancing
+room adjoining, forty-five feet long, which was probably in the building
+fronting on Murray Street. Jones moved out of the house in 1766 to the
+Queen's Head, but returned when the Queen's Head was taken by Bolton and
+Sigell, and occupied for a time either a part of the house or the whole.
+It was purchased in 1768 by Roger Morris. When the Sons of Liberty
+purchased the lease, it had only a short time to run, not more than one or
+two years.
+
+[Sidenote: Hampden Hall Attacked by the Soldiers]
+
+About eleven o'clock on Saturday night, the 24th of March, fourteen or
+fifteen soldiers were seen about the Liberty Pole, which one of them had
+ascended in order to take off and carry away the topmast and vane. Finding
+they were discovered they attacked some young men who came up and drove
+them from the green and then retired. Soon after, about forty or fifty of
+them came out armed with cutlasses and attacked a number of people who had
+come up to the pole on the alarm given. A few of these retreated to the
+house of Mr. Bicker, which was soon besieged by the soldiers, who
+endeavored to force an entrance. Bicker, thinking himself and family in
+danger, stood with his bayonet fixed, determined to defend his family and
+his house to the last extremity, declaring that he would shoot the first
+man who should attempt to enter. He succeeded in getting the doors of the
+house closed and barred, when the soldiers tried to break open the front
+windows, one of which they forced open, broke all the glass and hacked
+the sash to pieces. They threatened to burn the house and destroy every
+one in it. Some citizens who had been on the ground, gave the alarm by
+ringing the Chapel bell, upon hearing which, the soldiers retreated
+precipitately. The men of the 16th regiment swore that they would carry
+away with them a part of the pole as a trophy, but a watch was kept by the
+people and they sailed away in a few days for Pensacola, without
+accomplishing their design. This was the last effort of the soldiers to
+destroy the Liberty Pole, which remained standing until prostrated by
+order of the notorious Cunningham, Provost Marshal of the British army in
+New York in 1776.
+
+To encourage the home manufacture of woolen cloth the Sons of Liberty met
+on Tuesday, April 6, 1769, at the Province Arms, and unanimously
+subscribed an agreement not to purchase nor eat any lamb in their families
+before the first of August next.
+
+The Freemasons met at Burns' tavern on May 27, 1769, at five o'clock in
+the afternoon, and from thence marched in procession to the John Street
+Theater, to witness the special performance of The Tender Husband, given
+here for the first time.
+
+In March, 1770, the partnership of Bolton and Sigell was dissolved, Bolton
+alone continuing in the Queen's Head, but only for a short time, for in
+May the place of George Burns, as landlord of the Province Arms, was
+taken by Richard Bolton, who moved in from the Queen's Head. Bolton, in
+his announcement, states that the house has been repaired and greatly
+improved and that the stables with stalls for fifty horses are let to
+James Wilkinson, "whose constant attention will be employed to oblige
+gentlemen in that department." These large stables had probably been built
+by the De Lancey family when they occupied the house. Lieutenant Governor
+James De Lancey, who once owned it, supported a coach and four, with
+outriders in handsome livery, and several members of this family became
+widely known as patrons of the turf.
+
+[Sidenote: Arrival of the Earl of Dunmore]
+
+On Thursday, October 18, 1770, the Earl of Dunmore, who had been appointed
+by the Crown to succeed Sir Henry Moore, who had died very much lamented
+by the people of New York, arrived in his Majesty's ship, The Tweed, and
+was received on landing and escorted to the Fort with the usual salutes,
+and with all the honors due his station. From the Fort, accompanied by Sir
+William Draper, Lord Drummond, the commander of the Tweed, and Captain
+Foy, his lordship's secretary, his excellency proceeded to the New York
+Arms; and there they were entertained at a dinner given by Lieutenant
+Governor Colden, where the usual numerous toasts were drunk. The next day,
+Friday, after the new governor's commission had been read in council, and
+published at the City Hall, as was the custom, his excellency the
+Governor, General Gage, Sir William Draper, Lord Drummond, the members of
+his majesty's council, the city representatives, the gentlemen of the army
+and navy, the judges of the supreme court, the mayor, recorder, attorney
+general and other public officers, and many of the most respectable
+gentlemen of the city were entertained at another elegant dinner given by
+the lieutenant governor at the New York Arms. In the evening his lordship
+was pleased to favor the gentlemen of the army and navy "with his Company
+at a Ball, which consisted of a splendid and brilliant appearance of
+Gentlemen and Ladies."
+
+While Bolton was in possession of the Province Arms the political
+excitement somewhat abated. The long room in the old tavern continued to
+be the favorite dancing hall of the city, and in many of the notices of
+concerts given here for charity or for the benefit of musicians, etc., are
+announcements that they will be followed by balls. The young people of New
+York at that time must have been extremely fond of dancing.
+
+On Tuesday, April 23, 1771, the anniversary of St. George was celebrated
+with unusual ceremony. "A number of English gentlemen, and descendants of
+English parents, amounting in the whole to upwards of one hundred and
+twenty, had an elegant Entertainment at Bolton's in honor of the Day."
+John Tabor Kempe, Esq., his majesty's attorney general, presided, and the
+guests of honor were the Earl of Dunmore, General Gage, the gentlemen of
+his majesty's council, etc. The company parted early and in high good
+humor.
+
+[Sidenote: The New York Society]
+
+When Richard Bolton left the Queen's Head for the New York Arms, Sam
+Francis came back into his own house. In announcing his return, he states
+that when he formerly kept it, the best clubs met there, and the greatest
+entertainments in the city were given there, and that he flatters himself
+that the public are so well satisfied of his ability to serve them that it
+is useless to go into details. Francis was not only successful as a
+tavern-keeper in satisfying the needs of the public, but he was also
+successful financially, for he was the owner of both the Queen's Head and
+Vauxhall. While he was the landlord of the Queen's Head in 1765, the New
+York Society held their meetings there. It was announced that at a stated
+meeting to be held at the house of Mr. Francis on Monday, the first of
+April, at six o'clock in the evening, after some business before the
+society should be dispatched and the letters and proposals received since
+last meeting examined, the consideration of the questions last proposed on
+the paper currency and the bank statements would be resumed. This
+indicates that this was a society or club for the discussion of financial
+and economic subjects.
+
+[Sidenote: The Social Club]
+
+Francis speaks of his house being the resort of several clubs, but we have
+detailed information of only one; this was the Social Club, the membership
+of which indicates that it must have been one of the best, if not the
+best, in the city. In possession of the New York Historical Society is a
+list of the members of the Social Club which was found among the papers of
+John Moore, a member of the club, and presented to the society by his son,
+Thos. W. C. Moore. It contains remarks about the members which are very
+curious and interesting. We give it in full.
+
+"List of Members of the Social Club, which passed Saturday evenings at Sam
+Francis's, corner of Broad and Dock streets, in winter, and in summer at
+Kip's Bay, where they built a neat, large room, for the Club-house. The
+British landed at this spot the day they took the city, 15th September,
+1776.
+
+Members of this club dispersed in December, 1775, and never afterwards
+assembled.
+
+    John Jay (Disaffected)--Became Member of Congress, a Resident Minister
+    to Spain, Com'r to make peace, Chief Justice, Minister to England, and
+    on his return, Gov'r of N. York--a good and amiable man.
+
+    Gouverneur Morris (Disaffected)--Member of Congress, Minister to
+    France, etc.
+
+    Robt. R. Livingston (Disaffected)--Min'r to France, Chancellor of N.
+    York, etc.
+
+    Egbert Benson (Disaffected)--Dis. Judge, N. York, and in the
+    Legislature--Good man.
+
+    Morgan Lewis (Disaffected)--Gov'r of N. York, and a Gen. in the war of
+    1812.
+
+    Gulian Verplanck (Disaffected, but in Europe, till 1783)--Pres't of
+    New York Bank.
+
+    John Livingston and his brother Henry (Disaffected, but of no
+    political importance).
+
+    James Seagrove (Disaffected)--Went to the southward as a merchant.
+
+    Francis Lewis (Disaffected, but of no political importance).
+
+    John Watts (Doubtful)--During the war Recorder of New York.
+
+    Leonard Lispenard and his brother Anthony (Doubtful, but remained
+    quiet at New York).
+
+    Rich'd Harrison (Loyal, but has since been Recorder of N. York).
+
+    John Hay, Loyal, an officer in British Army--killed in West Indies.
+
+    Peter Van Shaack (Loyal)--A Lawyer, remained quiet at Kinderhook.
+
+    Daniel Ludlow, Loyal during the war--since Pres't of Manhattan Bank.
+
+    Dr. S. Bard, Loyal, tho' in 1775 doubtful, remained in N. York--a good
+    man.
+
+    George Ludlow (Loyal)--Remained on Long Island in quiet--A good man.
+
+    William, his brother, Loyal, or supposed so; remained on L.
+    Island--inoffensive man.
+
+    William Imlay, Loyal at first, but doubtful after 1777.
+
+    Edward Gould (Loyal)--At N. York all the war--a Merchant.
+
+    John Reade (Pro and Con)--W'd have proved loyal, no doubt, had not his
+    wife's family been otherwise.
+
+    J. Stevens (Disaffected).
+
+    Henry Kelly (Loyal)--Went to England, and did not return.
+
+    Stephen Rapelye turned out bad--died in N. York Hospital.
+
+    John Moore (Loyal)--In public life all the war, and from year 1765."
+
+[Sidenote: The Moot]
+
+In the fall of the year 1770, a club was formed by the principal lawyers
+of the city of New York, for the discussion of legal questions, which they
+called _The Moot_. The first meeting was held on Friday, the 23d of
+November. According to their journal, the members, "desirous of forming a
+club for social conservation, and the mutual improvement of each other,
+determined to meet on the evening of the first Friday of every month, at
+Bardin's, or such other place as a majority of the members shall from time
+to time appoint," and for the better regulating the said club agreed to
+certain articles of association, one of which was that "No member shall
+presume upon any pretence to introduce any discourse about the party
+politics of the province, and to persist in such discourse after being
+desired by the president to drop it, on pain of expulsion." William
+Livingston was chosen president and William Smith vice-president. This
+first meeting was, no doubt, held at the King's Arms Tavern on the lower
+part of Broadway, now Whitehall Street, which was in 1770 kept by Edward
+Bardin. From the character of the members their discussions were held in
+great respect. It was said that they even influenced the judgment of the
+Supreme Court, and that a question, connected with the taxation of costs,
+was sent to The Moot by the chief justice expressly for their opinion.
+Some of the members of this club were afterwards among the most prominent
+men of the country.
+
+The articles of association were signed by
+
+  Benjamin Kissam,
+  David Mathews,
+  William Wickham,
+  Thomas Smith,
+  Whitehead Hicks,
+  Rudolphus Ritzema,
+  William Livingston,
+  Richard Morris,
+  Samuel Jones,
+  John Jay,
+  William Smith,
+  John Morine Scott,
+  James Duane,
+  John T. Kempe,
+  Robert R. Livingston, Jr.,
+  Egbert Benson,
+  Peten Van Schaack,
+  Stephen De Lancey.
+
+On March 4, 1774, John Watts, Jr., and Gouverneur Morris were admitted to
+the Society. In the exciting times preceding the Revolution the meetings
+became irregular, and the members of the Moot came together for the last
+time on January 6, 1775.
+
+A number of gentlemen were accustomed to meet as a club at the house of
+Walter Brock, afterwards kept by his widow, familiarly called "Mother
+Brock," on Wall Street near the City Hall. It was probably a social and
+not very formal club. One of the most prominent of its members was William
+Livingston.
+
+In May, 1773, Francis offered Vauxhall for sale, when it was described as
+having an extremely pleasant and healthy situation, commanding an
+extensive prospect up and down the North River. The house, "a capital
+mansion in good repair," had four large rooms on each floor, twelve
+fireplaces and most excellent cellars. Adjoining the house was built a
+room fifty-six feet long and twenty-six feet wide, under which was a
+large, commodious kitchen. There were stables, a coach house and several
+out houses, also two large gardens planted with fruit trees, flowers and
+flowering shrubs in great profusion, one of which was plentifully stocked
+with vegetables of all kinds. The premises, containing twenty-seven and a
+half lots of ground, was a leasehold of Trinity Church, with sixty-one
+years to run. The ground rent was forty pounds per annum. It was purchased
+by Erasmus Williams, who, the next year, having changed the name back,
+"with great propriety," to Mount Pleasant, solicited the patronage of the
+public, particularly gentlemen with their families from the West Indies,
+Carolina, etc., and such as are travelling from distant parts, either on
+business or pleasure.
+
+Francis also offered the Queen's Head for sale in 1775. It was then
+described as three stories high, with a tile and lead roof, having
+fourteen fireplaces and a most excellent large kitchen; a corner house
+very open and airy, and in the most complete repair. Although Francis
+desired to sell his house, he stated that "so far from declining his
+present business he is determined to use every the utmost endeavor to
+carry on the same to the pleasure and satisfaction of his friends and the
+public in general." He did not succeed in selling the house and continued
+as landlord of the Queen's Head until he abandoned it when the British
+army entered the city.
+
+[Illustration: MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE AND COFFEE HOUSE SLIP]
+
+[Sidenote: The Merchants' Coffee House Moves]
+
+On May 1, 1772, Mrs. Ferrari, who had been keeping the Merchants' Coffee
+House on the northwest corner of the present Wall and Water Streets, which
+had been located there and been continuously in use as a coffee house
+since it was opened as such about the year 1738 by Daniel Bloom, removed
+to a new house which had recently been built by William Brownjohn on the
+opposite cross corner, that is, diagonally across to the southeast corner.
+Mrs. Ferrari did not move out of the Merchants' Coffee House, but she took
+it with her with all its patronage and trade. On opening the new house
+she prepared a treat for her old customers. The merchants and gentlemen
+of the city assembled in a numerous company and were regaled with arrack,
+punch, wine, cold ham, tongue, etc. The gentlemen of the two insurance
+companies, who likewise moved from the old to the new coffee house, each
+of them, with equal liberality regaled the company. A few days later the
+newspaper stated that the agreeable situation and the elegance of the new
+house had occasioned a great resort of company to it ever since it was
+opened. The old coffee house which had been occupied by Mrs. Ferrari
+before she moved into the new one was still owned by Dr. Charles Arding,
+who purchased it of Luke Roome in 1758. He offered it for sale in July,
+1771, before Mrs. Ferrari moved out of it and again in May, 1772, after
+she had left, when it was occupied by Mrs. Elizabeth Wragg, but did not
+succeed in making a sale. If it was any longer used as a coffee house, its
+use as such was of short duration. It was soon taken by Nesbitt Deane,
+hatter, who occupied it for many years, offering hats to exceed any "in
+fineness, cut, color or cock." John Austin Stevens, who has written very
+pleasantly and entertainingly of the old coffee houses of New York,
+speaking of the early history of the Merchants' Coffee House, says: "Its
+location, however, is beyond question. It stood on the southeast corner of
+Wall and Queen (now Water) Streets, on a site familiar to New Yorkers as
+that for many years occupied by the Journal of Commerce." Although so
+positive on this point, Stevens was, no doubt, mistaken, as can be easily
+proven by records. However, this was the site occupied by the Merchants'
+Coffee House subsequent to May 1, 1772. Stevens says that Mrs. Ferrari
+moved out of this house into a new house on the opposite cross corner,
+whereas she moved into it from the old coffee house on the opposite cross
+corner, and carried the business of the old house with her.
+
+In the early part of 1772, Robert Hull succeeded Richard Bolton and
+continued in possession of the Province Arms some time after the British
+army entered the city. In the fall of 1772, the two companies of the
+Governor's Guards, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Harris
+Cruger and Major William Walton, dressed in their very handsome uniforms,
+paraded in the Fields, where they were reviewed. They were very much
+admired for their handsome appearance, and received much applause from the
+spectators for the regularity and exactness with which they went through
+the exercises and evolutions. After the parade they spent the evening at
+Hull's Tavern, where a suitable entertainment had been provided.
+
+[Sidenote: Ball on the Governors Departure]
+
+On the King's birthday, Friday, June 4, 1773, the governor gave an elegant
+entertainment in the Fort, as was usual on such occasions, and, in the
+evening, the city was illuminated. General Gage, who was about to sail for
+England, celebrated the day by giving a grand dinner to a great number of
+the merchants and military gentlemen of the city at Hull's Tavern. He had
+been in command for ten years in America, and this dinner was made the
+occasion of a flattering address presented to him by the Corporation of
+the Chamber of Commerce of the City of New York. In February, 1774, a
+grand dinner was given at Hull's Tavern by the members of his majesty's
+council to the members of the assembly of the province, and the next month
+the governor gave a dinner to both the gentlemen of the king's council and
+the gentlemen of the general assembly at the same place. Shortly after
+this, on Monday evening, April 4, there was a grand ball given in Hull's
+assembly room at which there was "a most brilliant appearance of Ladies
+and Gentlemen," the occasion being on account of the departure of the
+governor and Mrs. Tryon for England. The different national societies held
+their anniversary celebrations at Hull's Tavern. The Welsh celebrated St.
+David's day, the Scotch St. Andrew's day, the Irish St. Patrick's day and
+the English St. George's day.
+
+By 1770, the obnoxious duties had been abolished on all articles except
+tea, and soon after the non-importation agreements of the merchants of
+Boston, New York and Philadelphia were discontinued, except as to tea, the
+duty on which had been retained. The New York merchants seem to have been
+the first to propose the discontinuance of the agreement. The Sons of
+Liberty met at Hampden Hall to protest against it; the inhabitants of
+Philadelphia presented their compliments to the inhabitants of New York,
+in a card, and sarcastically begged they would send them their Old Liberty
+Pole, as they imagined, by their late conduct, they could have no further
+use for it; and the Connecticut tavern-keepers, it is said, posted the
+names of the New York importers and determined that they would not
+entertain them nor afford them the least aid or assistance in passing
+through that government. Although Boston and Philadelphia were at first
+very strongly opposed to any relaxation in the agreements, they soon
+joined in terminating them; but the merchants and people alike determined
+that no tea should be imported liable to duty. The captains of ships
+sailing from London refused to carry tea as freight to American ports.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tax on Tea]
+
+On Friday morning, October 15, 1773, a printed handbill was distributed
+through the town calling a meeting of the inhabitants at twelve o'clock
+that day at the Coffee House to consult and agree on some manner of
+expressing the thanks of the people to the captains of the London ships
+trading with the port of New York and the merchants to whom they were
+consigned, for their refusal to take from the East India Company, as
+freight, tea on which a duty had been laid by parliament payable in
+America. At this meeting an address was accordingly drawn up which was
+unanimously approved by those present. In this address it was declared
+that "Stamp Officers and Tea Commissioners will ever be held in equal
+estimation."
+
+For two or three years the political situation had been uneventful, but
+early in the year 1773 it became apparent that an effort was about to be
+made to bring the question of taxation to an issue. The East India
+Company, acting as the instrument of the British parliament, arranged to
+send cargoes of tea to the ports of Boston, Newport, New York,
+Philadelphia and Charleston, at which places they appointed commissioners
+for its sale.
+
+[Sidenote: The Sons of Liberty Again Organize]
+
+The times were portentous. The people realized that Great Britain was
+about to test her power to tax the colonies by forcing the importation of
+tea through the East India Company in order to establish a precedent, and
+preparations were made to resist. The Sons of Liberty again organized in
+November, 1773, and prepared for action. They drew up a number of
+resolutions which expressed their sentiments and which they engaged to
+faithfully observe. The first of these was, "that whoever should aid or
+abet or in any manner assist in the introduction of Tea from any place
+whatsoever into this Colony, while it is subject by a British act of
+parliament to the payment of a duty for the purpose of raising a revenue
+in America, he shall be deemed an enemy to the Liberties of America." On
+the back of a printed copy of these resolutions was written a letter of
+appeal, signed by the committee of the association, addressed to the
+Friends of Liberty and Trade, inviting an union of all classes in a
+determined resistance, and urging harmony.
+
+At a meeting held at the City Hall on the 17th of December by the Sons of
+Liberty to which all friends of liberty and trade of America were
+invited, it was firmly resolved that the tea which was expected should not
+be landed.
+
+In Boston the consignee of the tea refusing to return it to England, the
+vessels were boarded by a number of men disguised as Indians, the chests
+of tea broken open and the contents cast overboard in the water. This
+occurred on the 16th of December, 1773.
+
+At a meeting held at the tavern of Captain Doran a committee was appointed
+to wait on the merchants who had been appointed commissioners for the sale
+of the East India Company's tea and ask their intentions. They replied to
+the committee that, finding that the tea will come liable to American
+duty, they have declined to receive it. Thomas Doran had been captain of a
+small but fast sailing privateer, and did good service in the late French
+war. He had since been keeping a tavern on the new dock near the Fly
+Market. His house had been the usual place of meeting of the Marine
+Society for many years. In May, 1774, notice was given that a committee of
+the Chamber of Commerce would meet at the house of Thomas Doran to receive
+claims for bounty on fish brought into the city markets. The assembly, in
+1773, had granted the sum of five hundred pounds per annum for five years,
+"for the encouragement of fishery on this coast for the better supplying
+of the markets of this city with fish," to be paid to the treasurer of the
+Chamber of Commerce, and the awarding of the premiums was entrusted to
+that association. This was the first distribution of premiums.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tea-Ship Arrives]
+
+The tea-ship for New York, long overdue, was anxiously expected. In March,
+1774, the Sons of Liberty were notified to meet every Thursday night at
+seven o'clock at the house of Jasper Drake till the arrival and departure
+of the tea-ship. The ships for the other ports had arrived at their
+destinations and been disposed of. No tea had been allowed to be sold. The
+ship Nancy, Captain Lockyer, with the tea for New York on board, driven
+off the coast by contrary winds, did not reach the port until April 18th,
+and the pilot, advised of the situation, refused to bring her up to the
+city. The people had resolved that the tea should not be landed. The
+captain was allowed to come up on condition that he would not enter his
+vessel at the custom house. He was received by a committee of the Sons of
+Liberty and conducted to the consignee, who, declining to receive his
+cargo, he at once made preparation to return. On Friday, April 22,
+handbills were distributed, stating that although the sense of the people
+had been signified to Captain Lockyer, nevertheless it was the desire of
+many of the citizens that, at his departure, he should see with his own
+eyes their detestation of the measures pursued by the ministry and the
+East India Company to enslave this country. Accordingly, on Saturday
+morning, about eight o'clock, all the bells in the city rang as a notice
+to the people that the tea which had been brought over in the Nancy was
+about to be sent back without allowing it to be landed. About nine o'clock
+the people assembled at the Coffee House in greater numbers than ever
+before known, Captain Lockyer came out of the Coffee House with the
+committee and was received with cheers, while a band provided for the
+occasion played "God Save the King." He was then conducted to Murray's
+Wharf, at the foot of Wall Street, where, amid the shouts of the people
+and the firing of guns, he was put on board the pilot boat and wished a
+safe passage. He joined his ship, the Nancy, at the Narrows, and the next
+morning put to sea.
+
+[Sidenote: Tea Thrown Overboard]
+
+On Friday, amidst all the excitement, Captain Chambers, who from
+information received from different sources was suspected of having tea on
+board his ship, the London, arrived at the Hook. The pilot asked him if he
+had any tea on board and he declared that he had none. Two of the
+committee of observation went on board, to whom he declared that he had no
+tea. When the ship came to the wharf about four o'clock in the afternoon
+she was boarded by a number of citizens and Captain Chambers was told that
+it was in vain for him to deny having tea on board his ship for there was
+good proof to the contrary, whereupon he confessed that he had on board
+eighteen chests. The owners of the vessel and the committee immediately
+met at Francis' Tavern to deliberate over the matter where Captain
+Chambers was ordered to attend. Here he stated that he was the sole owner
+of the tea. The Mohawks were prepared to do their duty but the people
+became impatient and about eight o'clock a number entered the ship, took
+out the tea, broke open the chests and threw their contents into the
+river. The resentment of the people was so great against Captain Chambers,
+whom they had considered a friend of their rights and deserving of their
+confidence, that it was thought that if he could have been found, his life
+would have been in danger. He was, however, concealed and succeeded the
+next day in getting on board the Nancy with Captain Lockyer and sailed
+away to England.
+
+The news of what had been done by the little tea-party in Boston Harbor,
+December 16, 1773, reached England on the 22d of January, 1774, and
+created intense excitement in London. On March 7 the King sent a special
+message to parliament on the American disturbances and soon after a bill
+was prepared providing for the closing of the port of Boston to all
+commerce on June 1, at the King's pleasure, and ordering indemnification
+to be made to the East India Company for the tea destroyed. This bill
+passed both houses of parliament without a dissenting vote. The news of
+its passage came to New York by the ship Samson, Captain Coupar, which
+arrived May 12, twenty-seven days from London. By the same packet came
+news that General Gage, commissioned governor of Massachusetts, had
+engaged with four regiments to reduce Boston to submission and was to sail
+for his government on April 15.
+
+[Sidenote: Committee of Correspondence]
+
+In consequence of the alarming news from England, a notice was posted at
+the Merchants' Coffee House inviting the merchants to meet at the tavern
+of Samuel Francis on Monday evening, the 16th, to consult on measures
+proper to be taken. Accordingly, a large number of merchants and other
+inhabitants appeared at the appointed place. The object was to appoint a
+committee of correspondence. There appeared some differences of opinion as
+to the number and composition of this committee, but the result was that
+fifty names were nominated, fifteen of the number to be sufficient to do
+business. To confirm the choice of this committee or to choose others, it
+was resolved before adjournment that the inhabitants of the city should be
+requested to meet at the Merchants' Coffee House on Thursday, the 19th, at
+one o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Paul Revere, the Post Rider]
+
+In the interim Paul Revere, the famous post-rider and express, arrived on
+the 17th with a message from the people of Boston, urging a cessation of
+all trade with Great Britain and the West Indies until the port bill
+should be repealed. In the evening of the same day there was a large
+meeting of the mechanics at Bardin's Tavern. Bardin had come to the
+neighborhood where he formerly lived and was keeping the house at one time
+kept by John Jones in the Fields, and known after that as Hampden Hall.
+The mechanics sided with the radical party.
+
+At the meeting called at the Merchants' Coffee House the merchants
+prevailed, as they had done at the previous meeting. The name of Francis
+Lewis was added to the committee and it was known as the committee of
+fifty-one. Gouverneur Morris, writing to Penn, said: "I stood on the
+balcony and on my right hand were ranged all the people of property with
+some few poor dependents, and on the other all the tradesmen, etc., who
+thought it worth their while to leave daily labor for the good of the
+country." There was some opposition to the committee named, but after the
+meeting those who had opposed it, for the sake of union, sent in their
+agreement to the choice. The mechanics also sent a letter to the committee
+concurring in the selection.
+
+[Sidenote: Answer to the Boston Letter]
+
+The committee of fifty-one met at the Merchants' Coffee House on Monday
+morning, the 23d, at ten o'clock for business, and after appointing a
+chairman, secretary and doorkeeper, and agreeing upon sundry rules for the
+conduct of business, the letters from Boston and Philadelphia were read.
+A committee composed of Messrs. MacDougal, Low, Duane and Jay was
+appointed to draw up an answer to the first and report at eight o'clock in
+the evening, to which time the meeting adjourned. At the appointed time
+the committee appointed to draw up an answer to the Boston letter made
+report of a draft of such letter, which was unanimously agreed to and
+ordered to be engrossed and forwarded with the utmost dispatch. On Tuesday
+it was delivered to Paul Revere, the express from Boston, who had been as
+far as Philadelphia and was now on his way back to Boston. He immediately
+set out on his return. A copy was ordered to be transmitted to the
+Committee of Correspondence of Philadelphia. "The letter proposed to the
+people of Boston that a Congress of the colonies should be convoked
+without delay to determine and direct the measures to be pursued for
+relief of the town of Boston and the redress of all the American
+grievances," a recommendation which was accepted and resulted in the
+Congress which met at Philadelphia in September.
+
+Monday evening, June 6, the Committee of Correspondence met and read and
+answered the dispatches brought from Boston by the express rider,
+Cornelius Bradford, and on Monday, the 13th, the New York Mercury stated
+that they were to meet again that night, when, it was hoped, their
+proceedings would be made public, saying "the times are critical and big
+with interesting events." On Wednesday, June 15, the day on which the
+harbor of Boston was closed by act of parliament, a great number of the
+friends of American liberty in the city procured effigies of Governor
+Hutchinson, Lord North and Mr. Wedderburn, persons who were considered
+most unfriendly to the rights of America, and after carrying them through
+the principal streets of the city took them to the Coffee House, "where
+they were attended in the evening of that day, it is thought, by the
+greatest concourse of spectators ever seen on a similar occasion, and
+there destroyed by sulphurous Flames."
+
+The Committee of Correspondence held their meetings at the Merchants'
+Coffee House during the summer. It was the center of most of the political
+agitation and unrest which pervaded the community. On the evening of
+Wednesday, July 13, the committee met and drew up a set of resolutions on
+the alarming situation of affairs, which were printed in handbills and
+distributed about the town the next morning, for the approbation of the
+people who were to assemble at the Coffee House at twelve o'clock on the
+19th to approve or disapprove of them. It had been settled that there
+should be a Congress of the colonies, to meet at Philadelphia in
+September, and the people were at the same time to testify their
+approbation of the five gentlemen nominated by the committee to attend as
+delegates. These were James Duane, Philip Livingston, John Alsop, Isaac
+Low and John Jay. There was so much controversy that the men nominated
+declined to accept the trust until confirmed by the people. Accordingly,
+on the 24th an election was ordered in the ordinary manner by a poll in
+the several wards which was held on the 28th, resulting in the unanimous
+choice of the five gentlemen above named as delegates.
+
+[Sidenote: Delegates to Congress]
+
+About the first of September there was much excitement on account of the
+departure of the delegates for Philadelphia and the arrival of delegates
+from the New England colonies, passing through the city. On Monday, the
+29th of August, John Jay quietly set out for Philadelphia to attend the
+congress, and on Thursday, September 1st, the four other delegates left
+the city for the same laudable purpose. Isaac Low, accompanied by his
+wife, who wished to go by way of Paulus Hook, was escorted to the ferry
+stairs at the foot of Cortlandt Street by a large number of citizens, with
+colors flying, and with music. A few accompanied him over the river with
+musicians playing "God Save the King." The people then returned to the
+Coffee House in order to testify the same respect for the other three
+delegates, James Duane, John Alsop and Philip Livingston. The procession
+began about half past nine o'clock. When they arrived at the Royal
+Exchange, near which they embarked, James Duane, in a short speech,
+thanked the people for the honor they had conferred upon them and declared
+for himself and for his fellow delegates "that nothing in their Power
+should be wanting to relieve this once happy but now aggrieved Country."
+As they left the wharf, "they were saluted by several Pieces of Cannon,
+mounted for the occasion, which was answered by a greater Number from St.
+George's Ferry. These Testimonials and three Huzzas bid them go and
+proclaim to all Nations that they, and the virtuous People they represent,
+dare _defend their Rights as Protestant Englishmen_."
+
+The Massachusetts delegates, Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, Robert Treat
+Paine and John Adams, set out on their journey from Boston in one coach on
+the 10th of August and arrived in New York on the 20th. John Adams, in his
+diary, says: "We breakfasted at Day's and arrived in the city of New York
+at ten o'clock, at Hull's, a tavern, the sign of the Bunch of Grapes." The
+arms of the province on the old sign must have been pretty well
+weatherbeaten to have been taken for a bunch of grapes. The best tavern in
+Boston and the best tavern in Hartford each hung out this sign and Adams
+was thus easily led into an error.
+
+[Sidenote: The Congress at Philadelphia]
+
+The congress at Philadelphia passed a non-exportation act to take effect
+on September 15, and a non-importation act to be put in force on December
+1. A committee of observation or inspection was appointed in New York city
+to secure the strict observance of these acts. In the spring of 1775
+deputies were elected in New York to a provincial congress which met on
+April 20, and the next day appointed delegates to represent the province
+in the Continental Congress which was to assemble at Philadelphia in the
+following May. News of the battle of Lexington, forwarded by express
+riders from Watertown, Massachusetts, reached the chambers of the New York
+committee of correspondence at four o'clock in the afternoon of Sunday,
+April 23. It was war. The news reached Williamsburg, Virginia, on April
+28, and on the next day Alexander Purdie published it in an extra of his
+Gazette. In commenting on the situation his closing words were: "The sword
+is now drawn and God knows when it will be sheathed."
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+THE PROVINCE ARMS
+
+
+[Sidenote: Great Excitement in the City]
+
+In the early part of the year 1775 a state of uneasiness and expectancy
+pervaded the community. Trade was prostrate. The merchants met at the
+Exchange or at the Coffee House and nervously talked over the situation,
+for which there seemed to be no remedy; while they looked out on the quiet
+docks, now almost deserted. They were calmly waiting for something to
+happen, and it came in the news of the battle of Lexington. This was the
+crisis which produced a decided change in conditions. The dissatisfied
+people now showed that they had lost all respect for English rule.
+Companies of armed citizens paraded the streets aimlessly, and there was
+great excitement everywhere. The regular soldiers in garrison prudently
+confined themselves to their barracks. The machinery of government was out
+of joint and it was very soon apparent that something should be done to
+maintain order and form some regular plan of government.
+
+A meeting was called at the Merchants' Coffee House when it was agreed
+that the government of the city should be placed in the hands of a
+committee. Isaac Low, chairman of the committee of observation, issued a
+notice stating that the committee were unanimously of opinion that a new
+committee should be elected by the freeholders and freemen for the present
+unhappy exigency of affairs, to consist of one hundred persons,
+thirty-three to be a quorum. It was also recommended that they should at
+the same time choose deputies to represent them in a provincial congress
+which it was considered highly advisable should be summoned. A committee
+such as was recommended was chosen May 1, and, at the same time,
+twenty-one deputies for the city and county of New York, to meet the
+deputies of the other counties in provincial congress May 22.
+
+The excitement had in no wise abated when the eastern delegates to
+congress entered the city, Saturday, May 6, on their way to Philadelphia
+and were received with the greatest enthusiasm. They were met a few miles
+out of town by a great number of the principal gentlemen of the place and
+escorted into the city by near a thousand men under arms. John Adams, in
+his diary, says that from Kingsbridge the number of people continually
+increased, until he thought the whole city had come out to meet them. The
+roads, it is said, were lined with greater numbers of people than were
+known on any occasion before. All the bells of the city rang out a
+welcome. They were conducted to the tavern of Sam Francis, where they
+lodged, and a newspaper states that double sentries were placed at the
+doors of their lodgings, for what special purpose we are not informed,
+probably simply to keep the crowd in check and maintain order.
+
+The British soldiers garrisoned in the city were powerless to maintain the
+authority of the crown and were ordered to join the troops at Boston.
+There were some who advised that they should be made prisoners. The
+committee, however, agreed to let them depart with their arms and
+accoutrements without molestation. They accordingly marched out from the
+barracks to embark about ten o'clock on the morning of June 6, 1775. At
+the time there were at the tavern of Jasper Drake, in Water Street near
+Beekman Slip, a place well known as a rendezvous of the Liberty Boys and
+those opposed to the British measures, about half a dozen men, when word
+came to them that the British soldiers were leaving the barracks to embark
+and were taking with them several carts loaded with chests filled with
+arms.
+
+[Sidenote: Transfer of Arms Stopped]
+
+They immediately decided that these arms should not be taken from the
+city. One of the men was Marinus Willett, and what he did that day has
+become a landmark in the history of the city. They started out on
+different routes to notify their friends and obtain assistance. Willett
+went down Water Street to the Coffee House where he notified those who
+were there of what was to be done and then proceeded down to the Exchange
+at the foot of Broad Street. When he saw the troops and the carts laden
+with arms approaching he went up to meet them, and not hesitating a
+moment, seized the horse drawing the leading cart by the bridle, which
+caused a halt and brought the officer in command to the front. The crowd
+that immediately collected, including the mayor, gave Willett little
+support, but soon John Morin Scott came to his assistance, asserting that
+the committee had given no permission for the removal of the arms. The
+result was that the soldiers made no resistance to the seizure of the arms
+and quietly embarked without them. These arms were used by the first
+troops raised in New York under the orders of Congress.
+
+[Illustration: MARINUS WILLETT STOPPING THE TRANSFER OF ARMS]
+
+[Sidenote: The Coffee House]
+
+Nesbitt Deane, the hatter, whose shop was in the old Coffee House
+building, advertised in 1775, to let the two or three upper stories of the
+house, "being noted for a Notary Public's office these two years past,"
+which he further describes "as being so pleasantly situated that a person
+can see at once the river, shipping, Long Island and all the gentlemen
+resorting to the House on business from the most distant climes." Although
+the Coffee House was generally the resort of strangers as well as
+citizens, yet, in 1775, on account of the stagnation of business caused by
+the cessation of all trade with Great Britain, it was almost deserted.
+This is made plain by an article which appeared in the New York Journal of
+October 19; and as this has some interesting statements about coffee
+houses in general and about the Merchants' Coffee House in particular, we
+have thought it well to reproduce it entirely.
+
+    "TO THE INHABITANTS OF NEW YORK:
+
+    "It gives me concern, in this time of public difficulty and danger, to
+    find we have in this city no place of daily general meeting, where we
+    might hear and communicate intelligence from every quarter and freely
+    confer with one another on every matter that concerns us. Such a place
+    of general meeting is of very great advantage in many respects,
+    especially at such a time as this, besides the satisfaction it affords
+    and the sociable disposition it has a tendency to keep up among us,
+    which was never more wanted than at this time. To answer all these and
+    many other good and useful purposes, Coffee Houses have been
+    universally deemed the most convenient places of resort, because at a
+    small expense of time or money, persons wanted may be found and spoke
+    with, appointments may be made, current news heard, and whatever it
+    most concerns us to know. In all cities, therefore, and large towns
+    that I have seen in the British dominions, sufficient encouragement
+    has been given to support one or more Coffee Houses in a genteel
+    manner. How comes it then that New York, the most central, and one of
+    the largest and most prosperous cities in British America, cannot
+    support one Coffee House? It is a scandal to the city and its
+    inhabitants to be destitute of such a convenience, for want of due
+    encouragement. A coffee house, indeed, here is! a very good and
+    comfortable one, extremely well tended and accommodated, but it is
+    frequented but by an inconsiderable number of people; and I have
+    observed with surprise, that but a small part of those who do frequent
+    it, contribute anything at all to the expense, of it, but come in and
+    go out without calling for or paying anything to the house. In all the
+    Coffee Houses in London, it is customary for every one that comes in,
+    to call for at least a dish of Coffee, or leave the value of one,
+    which is but reasonable, because when the keepers of these houses have
+    been at the expense of setting them up and providing all necessaries
+    for the accommodation of company, every one that comes to receive the
+    benefit of these conveniences ought to contribute something towards
+    the expense of them.
+
+    "To each individual the expense is a trifle quite inconsiderable, but
+    to the keeper of one of these houses it is an article of great
+    importance, and essential to the support and continuance of it. I
+    have, therefore, since I frequented the Coffee House in this city and
+    observed the numbers that come in without spending anything, often
+    wondered how the expense of the house was supported, or what
+    inducement the person who kept it could have to continue it. At the
+    same time I could not help being equally surprised at the disposition
+    of people who acted in this manner; or their thoughtlessness in
+    neglecting to contribute to the support of a house which their
+    business or pleasure induced them to frequent; especially as I have
+    met with no Coffee House in my travels better accommodated with
+    attendance or any liquors that could be expected in a Coffee House.
+
+    "I have of late observed that the house is almost deserted, and don't
+    wonder that fire and candles are not lighted as usual; it is rather
+    surprising they were continued so long. I am convinced the interest of
+    the person who keeps it, must, without a speedy alteration, soon
+    induce her to drop the business and shut up her house; and I cannot
+    help feeling concern that a very useful and worthy person, who has
+    always behaved well in her station, should not be treated with more
+    generosity and kindness by her fellow citizens. I am concerned, too,
+    for my own conveniency and for the honor of the city, to find that it
+    will not support one Coffee House.
+
+    "A FRIEND TO THE CITY."
+
+When the American army came into the city to prepare for its defense Mrs.
+Ferrari was still the landlady of the Merchants' Coffee House, but on May
+1, 1776, it passed into the hands of Cornelius Bradford, who seems to have
+been a man of energy and enterprise. In his announcement in April he
+promised that he would endeavor to give satisfaction, that he would obtain
+all the newspapers for the use of his patrons and render the house as
+useful and convenient as possible. He says: "Interesting intelligence will
+be carefully collected and the greatest attention will be given to the
+arrival of vessels, when trade and navigation shall resume their former
+channels." He evidently was hopeful of better times, although preparations
+for war were being made around him on all sides. Bradford was an ardent
+supporter of the American cause and had been an express rider, carrying
+important confidential messages between New York and Boston and between
+New York and Philadelphia. His tenure of the Merchants' Coffee House at
+this time was of short duration. He abandoned his house and went out of
+the city with the American troops, but returned and took possession of it
+again as its landlord at the close of the war.
+
+[Sidenote: Flight from the City]
+
+The year 1776 was a sad one for New York. Before the first of July great
+numbers of the inhabitants, dreading the impending conflict, had left the
+city to place their families in security. Many loyalists had left to avoid
+military service. A letter written in the city July 30, 1776, says: "You
+would be surprised to see what numbers of empty houses there are in this
+place. Very few of the inhabitants remain in town that are not engaged in
+the service." Another by a physician, under date of August 9, says: "The
+air of the whole city seems infected. In almost every street there is a
+horrid smell--But, duty to my country, and another consideration, require
+that I should not quit my post at this juncture." A British document,
+relating to the commissary department during the war, makes the statement
+that nineteen-twentieths of the inhabitants with their families and
+effects had left the city before the entry of the British troops. Added to
+the calamity of war was a devastating fire which destroyed a large part
+of the city shortly after the British took possession.
+
+After the occupation of the city by the British troops, the Merchants'
+Coffee House evidently soon became a favorite resort of the officers of
+the army. When Captain Alexander Graydon, made prisoner at the battle of
+Fort Washington, was allowed the freedom of the city within certain
+limits, on his parole, he one day saw in the newspaper printed by Hugh
+Gaine something which stirred him with a great desire to write a squib
+addressed "to the officers of the British army," which he and Lieutenant
+Edwards, his fellow prisoner, agreed to endeavor to have placed in some
+conspicuous part of the Coffee House. For the small reward of a quarter of
+a dollar, a black boy succeeded in placing it in one of the boxes. Captain
+Davenport, whom Graydon characterizes as certainly a voluntary captive, if
+not a deserter, called upon them on the following evening and said to
+them: "You are a couple of pretty fellows. You have made a devil of an
+uproar at the Coffee House." Graydon and Edwards admitted nothing, for
+they knew if detected they would get lodgings in the provost prison.
+Captain Davenport was an Irishman who had joined the same regiment as
+Graydon as a lieutenant, afterwards becoming captain. After the retreat
+from Long Island he remained, Graydon says, in New York, sick or
+pretending to be sick, and stayed there until the British look possession
+of it. He called himself a prisoner but there was little doubt that he had
+renounced our cause and made his peace with the enemy. He states that as
+they had no absolute certainty of his baseness they did not think it
+necessary to discard him, for, as he frequented the Coffee House, mixed
+with the British officers and tories, they often received intelligence
+through him that they could get in no other way. Another officer of the
+American army who seemed to have made his peace with the enemy, although
+he called himself a prisoner, was Colonel Houssacker. He claimed that all
+was over, and in his conversation with the officers held as prisoners his
+inference was that they should immediately make their peace. He said to
+some of them: "Why don't you go to the Coffee House and mix with the
+British army as I do? They will use you well;" but he made no proselytes
+to his opinions or principles. Graydon describes him as "a man of no
+country or any country, a citizen of the world, a soldier of fortune and a
+true mercenary."
+
+When Graydon came into possession of his trunk which had been among the
+baggage captured at Fort Washington, stipulated for in its surrender, he
+dressed himself in a good suit of regimentals and hat, and against the
+advice of older officers, sallied forth alone and walked past the Coffee
+House down to the Battery. Finding the gate open, he strolled through it
+from one end to the other, every sentinel, to his great surprise,
+"handling his arms" to him as he passed. Making a considerable circuit in
+another part of the town, he regained his lodgings without the slightest
+molestation. He afterwards learned from Mr. Theophylact Bache that he saw
+him pass the Coffee House, and that he and some other gentlemen had to
+exert themselves to prevent his being insulted.
+
+[Sidenote: The Duel at Hull's]
+
+Hull did not abandon his house as some of the tavern-keepers did who were
+more patriotic, but held his post as keeper of the Province Arms, and his
+tavern soon became the resort of the British officers. It escaped the
+great fire which destroyed a large part of the city, including Trinity
+Church, near by. In September, 1777, a desperate duel took place in one of
+the rooms of Hull's Tavern. This was the encounter between Captain
+Tollemache, of his majesty's ship Zebra, and Captain Pennington, of the
+Guards, who came passenger in the Zebra. They fought with swords. The next
+day the body of Tollemache was placed under the cold sod of Trinity
+Churchyard, and Pennington was struggling for life, having received seven
+wounds. He survived.
+
+The next spring, 1778, Hull gave up the Province Arms and it was rented by
+the attorney of Captain John Peter De Lancey, the owner, to a Mr. Hicks,
+during whose management of the house it was the scene of much activity.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Head Popular]
+
+In March, 1777, the well known tavern on the Dock near the Fly Market,
+which had for many years been kept by Captain Thomas Doran, the usual
+meeting place of the Marine Society, was taken by Loosley and Elms, who
+called it The King's Head. Charles Loosley and Thomas Elms, when the war
+broke out, were paper makers in New York City. Called on to serve in the
+militia, they petitioned the Provincial Congress of New York for relief,
+pleading that they were engaged in a very useful occupation or business,
+which would be ruined if they were called away from its supervision. They
+stated that they had been subjected to several fines, which they had paid,
+and were still, according to the rules and orders, liable to the penalty
+of being advertised and held up as enemies of the country, though they had
+ever been hearty friends to it and were constantly laboring to the utmost
+of their abilities to promote its interests by carrying on and perfecting
+a most useful manufactory to supply the country with an important and
+absolutely necessary article. Another petition was sent in August to the
+convention of representatives of the State of New York, in session at
+Harlem, by Charles Loosley, Thomas Elms and John Holt, the printer,
+praying that an immediate order be issued to prevent the paper-makers from
+being compelled or permitted to go upon military service, as the paper
+they were making was the only supply to every department of business in
+the state, which, without it, would be laid under the most distressing
+difficulties. Loosley and Elms remained in the city, and becoming
+landlords of the King's Head, showed themselves the most pronounced
+loyalists and tried in every way to please the British officers. Their
+house became a favorite and they were very successful in their business.
+The officers of the army and navy and those connected with the service
+were the best customers of the taverns, and the tavern-keepers did
+everything they could to gain their favor. No tavern-keeper could do
+business if not loyal to the crown of England, in appearance, at least.
+
+James Rivington, whose press and type had been destroyed by some of the
+most radical of the Americans in November, 1775, on account of articles
+published in his paper, and the type, it is said, ultimately run into
+bullets, fled to England. Procuring a new outfit, he returned to New York,
+where the loyalists had the pleasure of welcoming him in September, 1777.
+On this occasion the King's Head Tavern of Loosley and Elms "was elegantly
+illuminated, to testify the joy of the true 'Sons of Freedom'." Rivington
+repaid Loosley and Elms for their kindness by a laudatory puff,
+contributed to his paper, which he soon re-established under the name of
+the Royal Gazette. It appeared in the issue of January 24, 1778. It was "a
+description of the grand and elegant illumination of the King's Head
+Tavern in honor of her Majesty's birthday," stating that "it is the desire
+of the public, as Messrs. Loosley and Elms have ever shown their
+attachment to the British Government, and a detestation of the present
+rebellion, that, through the channel of your much-esteemed paper, their
+conduct may be known and approved of in Europe, as well as by the
+loyalists of New York. The tavern was illuminated with upwards of two
+hundred wax-lights." A lengthy description was given of the
+transparencies; the royal arms being in the center, one of these was a
+view of the reduction of Fort Mud; another, the Congress, with the devil
+at the president's elbow telling him to persevere. "The Statue of Mr. Pitt
+without its head was placed near the Congress, as being one of their
+kidney, and gave a hint of what ought, long ago, to have been done. The
+verses over the tavern door were very proper on the occasion, and well
+illuminated. Much is due to Messrs. Loosley and Elms for their patriotic
+spirit, which meets the approbation of every man who is a friend to his
+king and country."
+
+Loosley and Elms gave notice in October, 1779, that the anniversary of
+Saint George's day would be celebrated at their house, the King's Head
+Tavern, on Friday, the 23d of that month, by a dinner, which would be
+served at precisely three o'clock in the afternoon. They promised that a
+good band of music would be provided for the occasion. One of the
+attractions of the house in 1779 was a billiard table.
+
+[Sidenote: The Theatre Royal]
+
+While the British army occupied New York the town, at times, was very gay.
+The John Street Theatre, which had been closed as injuriously affecting
+the morals of the country, was reopened in January, 1777, as the Theatre
+Royal by the Garrison Dramatic Club, composed of some of the brightest men
+in the British army, who managed the theatre and took parts in the
+performances, the proceeds from which were devoted to the care of the
+widows and orphans of soldiers. The orchestra was very good, being
+composed of volunteers from the regimental bands. It is said that the
+gross receipts of the club in one year amounted to nine thousand, five
+hundred pounds.
+
+During the winter of 1777-1778 the British made the staid city of
+Philadelphia also very gay. The grand fete called Meschianza was the
+climax of their efforts and was a great success. When, in the summer of
+1778, they left Philadelphia and came to New York, they added much to the
+gaiety of this city. The unfortunate Major Andre had taken a prominent
+part in the Meschianza and also became very active in New York in
+promoting every kind of social and dramatic entertainment.
+
+Smith's Tavern, in Water Street between the Coffee House and the Fly
+Market, opposite Commissioner Loring's house, was a public house that
+enjoyed much popularity. Ephraim Smith had kept tavern in Philadelphia and
+states that he had been assistant to the managers of the Meschianza, and
+that he had opened his tavern at the desire of many gentlemen of the royal
+army and navy. He had followed the British troops from Philadelphia to New
+York.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ferry House Tavern]
+
+For some years previous to the Battle of Brooklyn, Adolph Waldron had been
+the landlord of the ferry house on the Long Island side of the East River,
+which had been noted as a tavern for many years. The city of New York had
+renewed the lease to him of the ferry-house, the barns and cattle pen on
+May 1, 1776, for two years. The tavern was a large stone building about
+sixty feet square and two stories high and was known as the Corporation
+House from its being owned by the corporation of the city of New York. It
+was the successor of the ferry-house erected in 1746, and which was burned
+down in 1748, supposed by the people of Brooklyn, who were engaged in
+bitter litigation with the corporation of New York concerning ferry
+rights.
+
+Waldron was a staunch Whig, and had in September, 1775, called a meeting
+of citizens at his house for the purpose of forming a military company for
+defense. He was chosen captain of the troop of horse which the assembled
+citizens voted should be organized. He proved to be a good and efficient
+officer and, with his troop of light horse, was employed in guarding the
+eastern coast of Long Island until relieved by Colonel Hand's regiment of
+riflemen. He, of course, was compelled to abandon his tavern, which, in
+1779, appears to have been in the hands of Captain Benson.
+
+[Sidenote: Horse Racing and Fox Hunting]
+
+In May, 1779, Loosley and Elms saw an opportunity for a larger field of
+operation, so, giving up the tavern on Brownjohn's Wharf, near the Fly
+Market, they took down their sign of the King's Head and carried it over
+the river to Brooklyn, where they established themselves in the old ferry
+house, succeeding Captain Benson. Large numbers of British troops were
+encamped in Brooklyn and vicinity and Loosley and Elms endeavored to get
+the patronage of the army officers. They furnished the house in a superior
+manner and kept it in a way that attracted great attention. They succeeded
+so well in pleasing their military friends and patrons that their house
+became a resort for the officers of the army and also for the fashionable
+people of the city as a place of amusement. They got up bull baitings,
+horse races, fox hunts and other amusements. They generally prefaced their
+announcements of these affairs with the motto "Pro Bono Publico," and
+sometimes closed with the warnings that rebels should not approach nearer
+than a specified spot. Cricket matches were gotten up, and the game of
+golf was indulged in. Rivington, the printer, could furnish "clubs for
+playing golf and the veritable Caledonian Balls."
+
+[Sidenote: Bull-Baiting]
+
+Loosley and Elms having brought over their old sign from New York, hung it
+out and the tavern was renamed the King's Head. It was also sometimes
+called Brooklyn Hall. They gave notice that they had purchased chaises,
+chairs, sulkies and able horses and were prepared to furnish carriages and
+horses to go to any part of Long Island. A cricket match was played here
+on Monday, September 27, 1779, between the Brooklyn and Greenwich clubs
+for fifty guineas. On Monday, July 3, 1780, Loosley and Elms gave notice
+that on Thursday next there would be a bull-baiting at Brooklyn ferry.
+They say: "The bull is remarkably strong and active; the best dogs in the
+country expected, and they that afford the best diversion will be rewarded
+with silver collars." The next year Elms having retired from the business,
+Charles Loosley gave notice that, "This day, being Wednesday, the 20th of
+June, will be exhibited at Brooklyn Ferry a Bull-Baiting after the true
+English manner. Taurus will be brought to the ring at half-past three
+o'clock; some good dogs are already provided, but every assistance of that
+sort will be esteemed a favor. A dinner exactly British will be upon
+Loosley's table at eleven o'clock, after which there is no doubt but that
+the song, 'Oh! the Roast Beef of Old England!' will be sung with harmony
+and glee." On September 20, 1780, notice was given that the "anniversary
+of the Coronation of our ever good and gracious King will be celebrated at
+Loosley's 22 inst. It is expected that no rebels will approach nearer than
+Flatbush wood."
+
+While the British occupied Brooklyn horse-races were more or less
+regularly held on the old course around Beaver Pond near Jamaica, at New
+Lots and at Flatlands, not far from the ferry. They were largely attended
+by the army officers and the people of New York, who crossed the ferry
+and, no doubt, added greatly to the profits of the King's Head.
+Bull-baiting was a cruel sport, but there were others that would hardly be
+tolerated at the present day, the principal object being, no doubt, to
+amuse and entertain the army officers. The Royal Gazette of November 4,
+1780, announced three days' sport at Ascot Heath, formerly Flatlands
+Plains. On the second day the first event was a ladies' subscription purse
+of L50; the second a race by women--quarter-mile heats--best two in three;
+the first to get a Holland smock and chintz gown, full-trimmed, of four
+guineas value, the second a guinea and the third a half-guinea. "If
+stormy, posponed--when notice will be given by Mr. Loosley's Union Flag
+being displayed by 7 o'clock in the morning. Gentlemen fond of fox-hunting
+will meet at Loosley's King's Head Tavern at day-break during the races.
+
+"God Save the King played every hour."
+
+The Royal Gazette of August 8, 1781, contains the following advertisement:
+"Pro Bono Publico,--Gentlemen that are fond of fox-hunting are requested
+to meet at Loosley's Tavern, on Ascot Heath, on Friday morning next,
+between the hours of five and six, as a pack of hounds will be there
+purposely for a trial of their abilities. Breakfasting and Relishes until
+the Races commence. At eleven o'clock will be run for, an elegant saddle,
+etc., value at least twenty pounds, for which upwards of twelve gentlemen
+will ride their own horses. At twelve a match will be rode by two
+gentlemen. Horse for Horse. At one, a match for thirty guineas, by two
+gentlemen, who will also ride their own horses. Dinner will be ready at
+two o'clock, after which and suitable regalements, racing and other
+diversions will be calculated to conclude the day with pleasure and
+harmony. Brooklyn Hall 6th August, 1781."
+
+Again in November: "Brooklyn Hunt.--The hounds will throw off at Denyse
+Ferry at 9, Thursday morning. A guinea or more will be given for a good
+strong bag fox by Charles Loosley." In April, 1782, "A sweepstakes of 300
+guineas was won by Jacob Jackson's mare, Slow and Easy, over Mercury and
+Goldfinder, on Ascot Heath."
+
+Loosley was evidently making it very lively and entertaining for his
+patrons, who seem to have been interested in such sports as were popular
+in England. Lieutenant Anbury, writing to a friend in England under date
+of October 30, 1781, refers thus to Loosley's King's Head Tavern: "On
+crossing the East River from New York, you land at Brooklyn, which is a
+scattered village, consisting of a few houses. At this place is an
+excellent tavern, where parties are made to go and eat fish; the landlord
+of which has saved an immense fortune during this war." Although Loosley
+was supposed to be doing a profitable business, it seems that such was not
+the case, for, in the latter part of the year 1782, notice was given that
+the furniture, etc., of Brooklyn Hall would be offered at public auction
+for the _benefit of the creditors_ of Charles Loosley. Among the articles
+mentioned, which indicate that the house was pretty nicely furnished, are
+mahogany bedsteads; chintz and other curtains; mahogany drawers; dining,
+tea and card tables; an elegant clock in mahogany case; _a curious
+collection of well chosen paintings and pictures_; large pier and other
+looking-glasses, in gilt and plain frames; table and tea sets of china,
+plate, etc.; _a capital well-toned organ_, made by one of the best hands
+in London; _a billiard table_ in thorough repair; wagons, horses, cows,
+etc.; "and several hundred transparent and tin lamps, _fit for
+illuminations_." Loosley had been a great illuminator, but his days for
+illuminations were now over. He went out with other loyalists to Nova
+Scotia, where a few years later he was keeping a tavern.
+
+[Sidenote: Activity at the Merchants' Coffee House]
+
+In 1779 sales of prizes and merchandise were quite numerous at the
+Merchants' Coffee House, indicating that it was a place of great activity.
+Its importance is further indicated by a notice in the newspaper by a
+person who wishes to hire a small dwelling, _not too far from the Coffee
+House_. In a proclamation issued March 6, 1779, Governor Tryon states that
+since September 18th last, the value of prizes brought into the port of
+New York amounted to above six hundred thousand (600,000) pounds. The New
+York Mercury states that in about this period one hundred and sixty-five
+(165) prizes were brought in, and a great deal of this was sold at the
+Coffee House. This same year, encouraged by the governor and the military
+commandant, the members of the Chamber of Commerce, who were in the city,
+met in the upper long room of the Merchants' Coffee House, and resumed
+their sessions, which had been suspended since 1775. They hired the room
+from Mrs. Smith, the landlady, at the rate of fifty pounds per annum and
+continued to meet here until the close of the war.
+
+In the spring of 1781 William Brownjohn, the owner of the Merchants'
+Coffee House, offered it to let, asking for written proposals. It was
+taken by John Strachan, who had succeeded Loosley and Elms in the old
+tavern on Brownjohn's Wharf, which he had kept for two years as the
+Queen's Head. He had opened in it an ordinary and gave turtle dinners and
+in a measure maintained its popularity. The Marine Society met here while
+he was its landlord, as it had done before the war. When Strachan went
+into the Coffee House he promised "to pay attention not only as a Coffee
+House but as a Tavern in the truest sense; and to distinguish the same as
+the City Tavern and Coffee House, with constant and best attendance.
+Breakfast from seven to eleven. Soups and relishes from eleven to
+half-past one. Tea, coffee, etc., in the afternoon as in England." He hung
+up letter-bags for letters to go out to England by the men-of-war,
+charging sixpence for each letter. This raised such a storm of protest
+that he was compelled to apologize in the public prints and to refund what
+he had received, which is said to have amounted to nineteen pounds (L19).
+He continued in the Coffee House until the return of peace. It seems to
+have been the meeting place of fraternal societies, but the cessasion of
+hostilities during the year 1783, the preparations for evacuating the city
+and the uncertainties of the future made times dull and Strachan issued an
+earnest appeal to those in his debt to come forward and settle their
+accounts.
+
+[Sidenote: Refugee Club]
+
+Besides the army, the population of New York had increased in numbers by
+returning loyalists and by refugees from all parts, who had come in
+through the lines. There was a Refugee Club, the members of which had a
+dinner at Hicks' Tavern, the Province Arms, on June 1, 1779, at which
+William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, and the last royal governor of
+New Jersey, presided. The refugees of the province of New York met, in
+August, 1779, at the tavern of John Amory, in the Fields, formerly the
+house of Abraham De La Montagnie and kept just before the war by his
+widow. This place seemed to be their headquarters. There was an
+organization known as the Board of Refugees, which issued a notice under
+date of November 27, 1779, signed by Anthony G. Stewart, President, and J.
+Hepburn, Secretary, stating that "the Representatives of the Loyal
+Refugees from the several Provinces now in rebellion are earnestly
+requested to give their attendance at the Coffee House on Tuesday evening
+at 5 o'clock." The New York refugees had doubtless appointed men to
+represent them in this board, for, on October 18, 1779, notice was given
+that "those gentlemen that were appointed to represent the Loyal Refugees
+of the Province of New York are requested to meet on Wednesday Morning
+next at 10 o'clock at the House commonly called La Montague's, now Mr.
+Amory's." The refugees from the province of Massachusetts Bay were
+requested to meet at Strachan's Tavern, the Queen's Head, on Friday,
+December 24, 1779, at six o'clock, when, it was promised, their committee
+would lay before them sundry matters of importance for their
+consideration. Many of the refugees were destitute and lotteries were
+gotten up for their benefit.
+
+[Sidenote: Gaiety at the Province Arms]
+
+The center of the gaiety of the city and the great resort of the army
+officers was the Province Arms Tavern. In 1779 the walk by the ruins of
+Trinity Church and the churchyard was railed in and the railing painted
+green. Lamps were affixed to the trees, and benches were placed in
+convenient places, so that ladies and gentlemen could walk and sit there
+in the evening. When the commander was present, a band played, and a
+sentry was placed there, so that the common people might not intrude. On
+the opposite side of Broadway was a house for the accommodation of ladies
+and wives of officers, "while," it was said, "many honest people, both of
+the inhabitants and refugees, cannot get a house or lodging to live in, or
+get their living."
+
+[Sidenote: A Grand Ball]
+
+On Tuesday, January 18, 1780, the anniversary of the Queen's birthday was
+celebrated "with uncommon splendor and magnificance." Governor Tryon gave
+a public dinner to General Knyphausen, Major General Phillips, Baron
+Riedesel, commander of the troops of his Serene Highness the Duke of
+Brunswick, Major General Pattison, commandant of the city and the other
+general officers of the garrison. At noon a royal salute was fired from
+Fort George and repeated by his Majesty's ships of war at one o'clock. In
+the evening the Generals were present at the most elegant ball and
+entertainment ever known on this side of the Atlantic, given at the
+Province Arms by the general, field and staff officers of the army, to the
+garrison and principal ladies and gentlemen of the city. The Royal Gazette
+stated that "the Public Rooms were on this occasion entirely newpainted
+and decorated in a Stile which reflects Honor on the Taste of the
+Managers. A Doric pediment was erected near the principal Entrance
+enclosing a transparent Painting of their Majesties at full length, in
+their Royal Robes, over which was an emblematical Piece, encircled with
+the motto of
+
+Britons, Strike Home.
+
+The whole illuminated with a beautiful variety of different colored Lamps.
+The Ball was opened at Eight o'clock by the Baroness De Riedesel and Major
+General Pattison, Commandant of the City and Garrison. Country dances
+commenced at half past Nine, and at Twelve the Company adjourned to
+Supper, prepared in the two Long Rooms. The Tables exhibited a most
+delightful appearance, being ornamented with Parterres and Arbours,
+displaying an elegant Assemblage of natural and artificial Flowers, China
+Images, etc. The Company retired about three in the Morning, highly
+satisfied with the Evening's Entertainment." The ball is said to have cost
+over two thousand (2,000) guineas, and the supper "consisted of three
+hundred and eighty dishes besides the ornamental appendages." Some of the
+wealthiest families of New York had remained loyal to the crown, and there
+was, no doubt, a sufficient number of ladies of these families in the city
+to make a ballroom very gay. The officers of the army, arrayed in all the
+splendor of gold lace and brilliant uniform, added their share to the
+magnificent scene.
+
+[Illustration: de Riedesel nee de Masjeur]
+
+In the spring of 1780 General Pattison, the commandant of the city, in the
+most arbitrary and cruel manner and without consulting the owner, at the
+request of Mr. Commissioner Loring, turned Hicks out of the Province Arms,
+and substituted in his place one Roubalet, a dependent and servant of the
+commissioner. According to Jones, Loring obtained his influence through
+his wife, who was playing the part of Cleopatra to Sir Henry Clinton's
+Antony. Hicks applied to General Clinton and to Governor Robertson for
+redress and received fair words, but nothing more. When Pattison sailed
+for England he followed him, with the intention of bringing suit in an
+English court, but died on the passage.
+
+[Sidenote: The King's Birthday]
+
+The King's birthday, the 4th of June, was celebrated on Monday, June 5,
+1780. At night there were fireworks on Long Island, and in the city there
+were great festivities. Previous to this the walk by the church yard had
+been widened so that the posts had to be sunk into the graves. The
+orchestra from the play house were seated against the walls of the church,
+and opposite this was erected another place for musicians, probably for
+the military band.
+
+The Dancing Assembly held their meetings at the Province Arms; those
+during the winter of 1779-80 were held on Wednesdays. There was also a
+Card Assembly which met at the Province Arms where they had their Card
+Rooms. It was the temporary home of many of the British officers. Here
+Benedict Arnold lived for a time, and it was from this place that Sergeant
+Champe planned to abduct him.
+
+[Sidenote: Attempt to Capture Arnold]
+
+After the treason of Benedict Arnold and the capture of Major Andre,
+General Washington was anxious to gain positive information as to whether
+there was any other officers involved, as was by some suspected, and also
+if possible, to get possession of the person of Arnold. To carry out this
+delicate and dangerous enterprise he needed the services of a man who
+would be willing to enter the British lines as a deserter and do the work
+desired. Major Lee, who was to have charge of the undertaking, picked out
+among the men of his command, Sergeant Major Champe, of Loudoun County,
+Virginia, full of courage and perseverance, who was, at first, very
+reluctant to undertake the task, but this reluctance being overcome,
+entered into the project with the greatest enthusiasm. Major Lee and his
+men were in the neighborhood of Tappan and it was not easy to get beyond
+the American lines, for patrols were numerous, and the whole neighborhood
+to the south was covered by scouts.
+
+[Illustration: ESCAPE OF SERGEANT CHAMPE]
+
+To make this desertion appear genuine, Champe could receive no noticeable
+assistance, Major Lee only promising, in case his departure should be soon
+discovered, to delay pursuit as long as possible. This he did, but pursuit
+was made after Champe had been on his way about an hour, a few minutes
+after twelve o'clock. A little after break of day, the pursuing party
+caught sight of Champe in the distance. Once or twice they lost track of
+him. Champe, finding himself hard pressed, resolved to flee to the
+British galleys lying in Newark Bay, and as he dashed along prepared
+himself for the final act. He lashed his valise to his shoulders, divested
+himself of all unnecessary burdens, and when he got abreast of the
+galleys, quickly dismounted and plunged into the water, swimming for the
+boats and calling for help, which was readily given. His pursuers were
+only about two hundred yards behind him. All were convinced that he was a
+genuine deserter. Champe enlisted under Arnold. He soon discovered that
+the suspicion of any other officers being connected with the treason of
+Arnold was groundless; but the plans for the abduction of the arch-traitor
+miscarried. Champe, after suffering many hardships, finally escaped while
+serving under Cornwallis at Petersburg, Virginia. We give his own account
+of the affair, as related after the war to the British officer in whose
+company he served.
+
+"If I were to attempt to make you feel any portion of the excitement under
+which I labored during the period of my sojourn in New York, I should
+utterly waste my labor. My communications with spies were necessarily
+frequent; yet they were carried on with a degree of secrecy and caution
+which not only prevented your people from obtaining any suspicion of them,
+but kept each man from coming to the knowledge that the other was in my
+confidence. Of the political information which I forwarded to Gen.
+Washington, it is needless to say much. It was so complete, that there
+scarcely occurred a conversation over Clinton's dining table there never
+was formed a plan, nor a plan abandoned, of which I did not contrive to
+obtain an accurate report, and to transmit it to headquarters. But it was
+the project for seizing Arnold which most deeply engaged my attention.
+Several schemes were brought forward and rejected for that purpose; till
+at last the following, which but for an accident, must have succeeded, was
+matured.
+
+"The house in which Arnold dwelt, was situated, as you doubtless
+recollect, in one of the principal streets of the city, while its garden
+extended on one side along an obscure lane, from which it was separated by
+a close wooden rail fence. I found that every night, before going to bed,
+Arnold was in the habit of visiting that garden, and I immediately
+resolved what to do. Working after dark, I undid a portion of the fence,
+and placing it up again so nicely, that no cursory examination would have
+sufficed to detect the spot where the breach had been made, I warned my
+associate that he should provide a boat in the Hudson, manned by rowers in
+whom he could trust. I then furnished myself with a gag, and appointed a
+night when my confederate should be admitted within the garden, so that we
+might together seize and secure our prey. Everything was done as I wished.
+Maj. Lee was informed of the state of our preparations, and directed to
+come down with spare horses, and an escort, to a spot on the river which
+I named. How often have I regretted since, that I should set thus
+deliberately about the business! By Heavens! there occurred twenty
+opportunities, of which, had I been less anxious to accomplish my purpose,
+I might have availed myself. But I permitted them to pass, or rather, I
+felt myself unable to take advantage of them, because I had judged it
+imprudent to keep less trusty agents too often on the alert. So, however,
+it was to be.
+
+"Time passed, and now a few hours only intervened between the final
+adjustment of the details of our project and its accomplishment. Lee was
+on the stir--was willing to hazard all--the boat's crew was provided, and
+their station pointed out.
+
+"It was our purpose to seize Arnold unaware, to thrust the gag in his
+mouth, and placing each of us an arm within that of our prisoner, to hurry
+him through the least frequented of the streets towards the quary. We were
+to represent him as a drunken soldier, whom we were conveying to his
+quarters, should any person meet or question us,--and by G--, the deed was
+done, but the traitor's star prevailed. That very morning, an order was
+issued for the immediate embarkation of the legion, and I was hurried on
+board the ship without having had time so much as to warn Maj. Lee that
+the whole arrangement was blown up."
+
+The present Thames Street was undoubtedly the "obscure lane," down which
+Champe intended that he and his assistant should carry Arnold to the boat;
+there is no other that would so well fit into the story told by Champe.
+
+Roubalet retained possession of the Province Arms until near the time of
+the departure of the British troops, and it was at his house that many
+meetings were held by the refugees and loyalists in reference to
+provisions being made for them by grants of land in Nova Scotia.
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+FRAUNCES' TAVERN
+
+
+[Sidenote: Return of The Exiles]
+
+News of the signing of the provisional treaty reached this country in
+March, 1783, and the return of peace was celebrated throughout the land in
+April, but the British army remained in possession of New York City until
+the latter part of the following November. During this time they were very
+busy caring for those who had remained loyal to the crown, and now sought
+and claimed its protection. Thousands came into the city, and it is said
+that more than twenty-nine thousand loyalists and refugees (including
+three thousand negroes), left the State of New York for Canada, Nova
+Scotia and other British possessions, during the year. After the news of
+peace, there was little restraint on going in or out of New York, and many
+who had abandoned their homes when the British entered the place, or
+before, now prepared to return, but found when they came into the city
+that they could not obtain possession of their own property. While those
+who had thus abandoned their property in the cause of independence were
+anxious to return, many of those who had remained loyal to the crown were
+preparing to leave the city for new homes to be made on land provided by
+the government; and between these two classes there was no friendly
+feeling. Few, therefore, ventured to bring in their families, or even
+remain themselves, until they could obtain the protection of the American
+army.
+
+General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton met near Tappan in May to arrange
+matters relative to the withdrawals of British troops in the vicinity of
+New York. On this occasion Sam Francis came up from the city to provide
+for the American officers and their British guests, whose bill, says a
+Philadelphia newspaper, amounted to the modest sum of five hundred pounds.
+Francis, after serving in the army, had gone back to New York on the news
+of peace to reclaim his abandoned property. When a dinner was to be served
+to do honor to the cause of liberty, there was no one among all the
+Americans who could so well do it as Sam Francis. He was well known to
+Washington, but whether his aid was sought on this occasion or whether he
+proffered his services we have no means of knowing. At any rate, we are
+confident that the thing was well and properly done. It is said that it
+was through the instrumentality of Francis's daughter, who was housekeeper
+at Richmond Hill, the headquarters of General Washington, that the attempt
+on his life and that of General Putnam, called the Hickey plot, was
+discovered and frustrated. The house of Francis was one of those which
+suffered when H. B. M. S. Asia fired on the city in August, 1775.
+
+Freneau thus speaks of it:
+
+  "Scarce a broadside was ended 'till another began again--
+  By Jove! It was nothing but fire away Flannagan!
+  Some thought him saluting his Sallys and Nancys
+  'Till he drove a round-shot thro' the roof of Sam Francis."
+
+On Tuesday, June 18, 1776, an elegant entertainment was given by the
+provincial congress to General Washington and his suite, the general and
+staff officers and the commanding officers of the different regiments in
+and near the city. The newspapers do not state where this dinner was
+served, but all the circumstances indicate that it was at the house of
+Samuel Francis. At this dinner many toasts were drunk, but instead of
+commencing with a toast to the King, as had formerly been customary, the
+first was Congress, the second, The American Army, the third, The American
+Navy, etc. Independence had not yet been declared. Francis had gone out
+with the defeated army of Washington, and was now returned and making
+preparations to receive the Americans when they should enter the city. He
+was the harbinger of Washington and the returning patriots.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner at Orangetown]
+
+On Saturday, the 3d of May, 1783, General Washington and Governor
+Clinton, accompanied by General John Morin Scott, and Lieutenant Colonels
+Trumbull, Cobb, Humphreys and Varick, went down the river from
+headquarters in a large barge, dined with General Knox, in command at West
+Point, lodged at Peekskill and arrived at Tappan Sloat on Sunday morning,
+about ten o'clock. After partaking of a small repast provided by Francis
+they went up to Orangetown, where a dinner was provided for them. Sir Guy
+Carleton came up the river in the Perseverence Frigate, accompanied by
+Lieutenant Governor Andrew Elliot, Chief Justice William Smith, and
+others, but did not arrive till Monday evening. On Tuesday, General
+Washington, attended by two aides-de-camp only (Humphreys and Cobb), went
+down to Onderdonck's in Tappan Bay, met Sir Guy at landing and received
+him in his four horse carriage, which carried them up to Orangetown,
+followed by the other members of the party. Here, after a conference and
+much general conversation on the subject of the treaty and matters
+incident thereto, about four o'clock in the afternoon, a most sumptuous
+dinner was served by Sam Francis to about thirty, who ate and drank "in
+the Peace and good fellowship without drinking any Toasts." On Wednesday
+the Commander in Chief, the Governor, General Scott, Lieutenant Colonels
+Humphreys, Cobb, Trumbull, Smith and Varick, Major Fish, and Messrs. Duer
+and Parker went to dine on the Perseverence. They were received with a
+salute of seventeen guns. "An Elegant Dinner (tho' not equal to the
+American) was prepared," to which they "sat down in perfect Harmony and
+conviviality." Then, after a short conference between the two generals,
+the Americans left the ship, when they were again saluted with seventeen
+guns. "Thus," it is said, "ended that great formal Business." The British
+troops were drawn in from Westchester County on the 14th.
+
+It was about this time that Sam Francis seems to have assumed the name of
+Fraunces. Before the war we do not find other than Francis, and in the
+deed of the De Lancey house to him in 1765, the name is Francis. This
+celebrated old house is known to-day as Fraunces' Tavern.
+
+The celebration of the return of peace was held at Trenton, New Jersey, on
+April 15, 1783. After the governor's proclamation declaring a cessation of
+hostilities had been publicly read in the court house, a dinner was given
+at the house of John Cape, who was then landlord of the French Arms, a
+tavern at this place, and had been a lieutenant in the Continental line.
+Before the evacuation of New York by the British troops, Cape entered the
+city and secured control of the old Province Arms, and was here to welcome
+the army of Washington when they marched in. He took down the old sign
+which had swung in front of the house since 1754, and in its place hung
+out the sign of the Arms of the State of New York. From this time the
+house was known as the State Arms, or more generally as the City Tavern.
+
+A large number of the inhabitants of New York, _lately returned from a
+seven years' exile_, met at Cape's Tavern, Broadway, on Tuesday evening,
+November 18th. At this meeting it was requested that every person present,
+who had remained in the city during the late contest, should leave the
+room forthwith; and it was resolved that no one who had remained or
+returned within the British lines during the war, be admitted to any
+future meetings. They pledged themselves to prevent, to the utmost of
+their power, all disorder and confusion that might follow the evacuation
+of the city by the British troops, and a committee of thirteen was
+appointed to meet at Simmons' Tavern in Wall Street to settle on a badge
+of distinction to be worn on evacuation day, select the place of meeting,
+and agree as to the manner in which they should receive his Excellency,
+the Governor, on that day. This committee was directed to report at the
+next meeting at Cape's on Thursday. At the meeting on Thursday evening,
+Colonel Frederick Weissenfels in the chair, it was agreed that the badge
+of distinction to be worn at the reception of the Governor in the city
+should be "a Union Cockade of black and white ribband on the left breast
+and a Laurel in the Hat." The manner in which Governor Clinton, and
+General Washington, should he accompany him, should be received was
+arranged and a committee of thirteen was appointed to conduct the
+procession, who were directed to meet the next morning at the Coffee
+House. It was resolved that Daniel Green be requested to carry the Colors
+of the United States on this occasion. No loyalist or neutral was to be
+allowed any part or share in the reception.
+
+[Sidenote: The Evacuation]
+
+Tuesday, November 25, 1783, the time appointed for the evacuation of the
+city by the British troops, was a great day for New York. General
+Washington and Governor Clinton were at Day's Tavern on the Kingsbridge
+road, where they had been for three or four days. General Knox, in command
+of the American troops, marched down from McGown's Pass in the morning to
+the upper end of the Bowery, where he held a friendly parley with the
+British officer whose men were resting a little below. It was then about
+one o'clock in the afternoon. The programme of procedure which had been
+arranged was carried out nearly as agreed upon. As the British passed down
+the Bowery and Pearl Street to the river for embarkation, they were
+followed by the American troops, who passed through Chatham Street and
+Broadway to Cape's Tavern, where they formed in line. General Knox, with
+the Main Guard, passed on down to the Fort to take formal possession of
+the city; after which, joined by the citizens who had assembled at the
+Bowling Green, on horseback, each man wearing the Cockade and Laurel, he
+returned to the Bull's Head Tavern in the Bowery, where Washington and
+Clinton were waiting to make their formal entry. Here a civic procession
+was formed which marched down Pearl Street to Wall Street and then up to
+Broadway to Cape's Tavern. General Knox with his men had left the line of
+march, and going through Chatham Street and Broadway was here to receive
+them.
+
+At Cape's they dismounted and an address was presented to General
+Washington from "the Citizens of New York, who have returned from exile,
+in behalf of themselves and their suffering brethren." In it they said:
+"In this place, and at this moment of exultation and triumph, while the
+Ensigns of Slavery still linger in our sight, we look up to you, our
+deliverer, with unusual transports of Gratitude and Joy. Permit us to
+Welcome you to this city, long torn from us by the hand of oppression, but
+now, by your wisdom and energy, under the guidance of Providence, once
+more the seat of Peace and freedom; we forbear to speak our gratitude or
+your Praise--we should but echo the voice of applauding millions." A reply
+was made to this address by Washington. An address was also presented to
+Governor Clinton, which was replied to by him.
+
+After the formalities attending the reception Governor Clinton gave a
+public dinner at Fraunces' Tavern, at which the Commander-in-Chief and
+other general officers were present. After the dinner thirteen toasts were
+drunk; the twelfth was: "May a close Union of the States guard the Temple
+they have erected to Liberty."
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the French Ambassador]
+
+At Cape's Tavern on Friday, November 28th, an elegant entertainment was
+given by the citizens lately returned from exile to the Governor and
+Council for governing the city, to which Washington and the officers of
+the army were invited. On the following Tuesday, December 2d, at the same
+place, another such entertainment was given by Governor Clinton to the
+French Ambassador, Luzerne, to which invitations were also extended to
+Washington and his officers. For this Cape rendered a bill to the State,
+in which he made charge for 120 dinners, 135 bottles of Madeira, 36
+bottles of Port, 60 bottles of English Beer and 30 Bowls of Punch. In
+putting away this liberal supply of drink, they must have had a jolly
+time, and that some of them became very unsteady is indicated by a
+significant charge made by Cape for 60 broken wine glasses and 8 cut glass
+decanters. In the evening there was a grand display of fire works in
+celebration of the Definite Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the
+United States of North America, at the Bowling Green, in Broadway. These,
+it is said, infinitely exceeded every former exhibition of the kind in
+the United States. On the next day, December 3d, Washington wrote to Major
+General Knox, expressing his satisfaction and requesting him to present to
+Captain Price, under whose direction they were prepared, and to the
+officers who assisted him, his thanks for the great skill and attention
+shown on this occasion.
+
+Washington had issued, under date of November 2d, from Rocky Hill, near
+Princeton, New Jersey, his farewell address to the army of the United
+States, and he was now about to bid farewell to his officers. The place
+appointed for this formality was the Long Room of Fraunces' Tavern. It has
+given a celebrity to this house which can never be effaced. The Long Room
+of Fraunces' Tavern had recently been used for the dinner given by
+Governor Clinton on the day the American army entered the city. It was
+thirty-eight feet long and nineteen feet wide, its length extending along
+Broad Street, probably just as it exists to-day in the restored house. On
+the morning of December 4, 1783, Washington and his officers met here for
+the last time as soldiers of the Revolutionary Army. No exact record
+exists as to who were present on this memorable occasion, but it has been
+stated, that there were forty-four. Among these were Generals Greene,
+Knox, Wayne, Steuben, Carroll, Lincoln, Kosciusko, Moultrie, Gates, Lee,
+Putnam, Stark, Hamilton, Governor Clinton, and Colonels Tallmadge,
+Humphreys and Fish.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington's Farewell to his Officers]
+
+They had been assembled but a few minutes, when Washington entered the
+room. His emotion was too strong to be concealed, and was evidently
+reciprocated by all present. Alter partaking of a slight refreshment, and
+after a few moments of silence, the General filled his glass with wine,
+and turning to his officers said: "With a heart full of love and
+gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter
+days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious
+and honorable." After the officers had responded in a glass of wine, he
+requested that each one of them should come and take him by the hand.
+General Knox, who was nearest him, turned and grasped his hand and they
+embraced each other in silence. In the same affectionate manner every
+officer parted from the Commander-in-Chief, who then left the room without
+a word, and passing through lines of infantry drawn up to receive him,
+walked silently to Whitehall, where a barge was waiting to carry him to
+Paulus Hook. He was on his way to Annapolis, to surrender his commission
+to the Continental Congress, and then to his beloved Mount Vernon.
+
+These were the closing scenes of the war. The first act in the drama of A
+Nation's Growth was ended. After a seven years' struggle of blood and
+suffering a new nation had been born. The curtain drops. _Vivat
+Republica._
+
+[Illustration: IN THE COFFEE HOUSE]
+
+Cornelius Bradford, who had abandoned the Merchants' Coffee House, when
+the British entered the city, and had since been living at Rhinebeck, came
+back in October, and again took possession of it. In his announcement he
+calls it the New York Coffee House, but the name of the Merchants' Coffee
+House clung to it, and it is so spoken of in the public prints. He
+prepared a book in which he proposed to enter the names of vessels on
+their arrival, the ports from which they came and any particular
+occurrences of their voyages, so that merchants and travelers might obtain
+the earliest intelligence. Bradford's Marine List appears in the
+newspapers of that period. He also opened a register of merchants and
+others on which they were requested to enter their names and residences,
+the nearest approach to a city directory that had yet been made. Bradford,
+by his energy and intelligence, revived the good name of the house, and it
+became again the rendezvous of merchants and traders, and the daily scene
+of sales of merchandise of all kinds. The neighborhood again became a
+place of great importance and trade. Near the Coffee House, both sides of
+Wall Street were occupied by auction stores, and received the name of the
+Merchants' Promenade or the Auctioneers' Row.
+
+[Sidenote: A Bank Organized]
+
+New York had hardly been relieved of British control, when a project was
+set on foot to organize a bank. On the 24th of February, 1784, and again
+on the 26th the principal merchants and citizens of New York met at the
+Merchants' Coffee House, in response to a call, for the purpose of
+establishing a bank on liberal principles, the stock to consist of specie
+only. Proposals were made for the establishment of a bank with a capital
+of five hundred thousand dollars in gold or silver, which were
+unanimously agreed to, and a committee was appointed to receive
+subscriptions. When one-half of the stock had been taken, a meeting of the
+stockholders was held at the Coffee House at ten o'clock on the morning of
+Monday, March 15, 1784, when General Alexander McDougal was elected
+president, twelve directors, and William Seton cashier of the bank. Thus
+was organized the Bank of New York, the first bank of deposit in the
+State.
+
+[Sidenote: Chamber of Commerce Reorganized]
+
+The Chamber of Commerce and the Marine Society met regularly at the Coffee
+House. After the war it was held that the Chamber of Commerce had
+forfeited its charter and the State legislature then sitting in New York,
+in response to a petition, granted a new charter, April 13, 1784. The
+signers of the petition met at the Merchants' Coffee House April 20th and
+reorganized under the name of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
+York. By resolution of Congress, New York became the seat of government in
+December, 1784, and shortly after, on January 19, 1785, the Marine
+Society, to animate its members and promote the object of the society,
+provided an elegant dinner at the Merchants' Coffee House, and were
+honored with the company of the President and members of Congress, the
+mayor of the city, Major General McDougal, and a number of other
+gentlemen. In the early part of February the Chamber of Commerce had the
+honor of entertaining the same distinguished guests at a dinner, also
+given at the Merchants' Coffee House.
+
+The society for the promotion of manumission of slaves held its meetings
+at the Coffee House, also the society for promoting useful knowledge. Here
+the Masons had their Grand Lodge Room and here they gathered on the
+anniversary day of St. John the Baptist, in 1784, and marched in
+procession to St. Paul's Church, where a sermon was preached to them by
+the Rev. Samuel Provost. These formalities seem to have been of yearly
+occurrence.
+
+In 1785 the Governor of the State, the Chancellor, the Hon. John Jay and
+other distinguished citizens dined with the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick
+at the Coffee House on the anniversary day of their saint, and on November
+30th the St. Andrew's Society of the State held its anniversary meeting
+here. At sunrise the Scottish flag was raised on the Coffee House and at
+twelve o'clock an election of officers was held, when the Hon. Robert R.
+Livingston, Chancellor of the State, was chosen president and Robert
+Lenox, secretary. The society, honored with the company of the Governor of
+the State and the Mayor and Recorder of the city, then sat down to dinner.
+The toasts were truly Scotch; among them a few that need be interpreted to
+us by some antiquarian Scot.
+
+On the 9th of November, 1786, Cornelius Bradford died, much regretted by
+his many friends, at the age of fifty-seven, and his funeral was held at
+four o'clock on the afternoon of the 17th at the Coffee House. He seems to
+have been a man much respected in the community. The New York Packet, in
+an obituary notice, says of him that not only "was he distinguished as a
+steady patriot during the arduous contest for American liberty, but that
+he always discovered a charitable disposition toward those who differed
+from him in sentiment," and adds that "the Coffee House under his
+management, was kept with great dignity, both before and since the war,
+and he revived its credit from the contempt into which it had fallen
+during the war." His widow kept the house after his death until 1792, and
+continued to enjoy the patronage of Bradford's old friends.
+
+Although Sam Fraunces came back to the city after the war and took up his
+old business in the house which had been known as the Queen's Head, he did
+not remain there long, but retired to a country life in New Jersey. He
+sold the house in 1785. The deed is dated April 23d of this year and
+states that "Samuel Fraunces, late of the City of New York, innkeeper, but
+at present of the County of Monmouth, New Jersey, farmer, and Elizabeth,
+his wife," sell to "George Powers, butcher, of Brooklyn," all his dwelling
+house and lot, bounded, etc. The price was L1,950.
+
+[Sidenote: The Assembly Balls Revived]
+
+The dancing assemblies which had been regularly held before the war at
+the Province Arms for many years, were renewed, the first one after the
+close of the Revolution being held at Cape's, or the City Tavern, on the
+evening of Thursday, December 19, 1783. James Rivington, the loyalist, in
+announcing the ball in his paper, added that he had "for sale a supply of
+white dancing gloves for gentlemen, with stockings, dress swords, and
+elegant London cocked hats," which were, no doubt, a part of the stock he
+was carrying during the war to supply the British officers. Mr. Pickens
+and Mr. Griffiths, dancing masters, both gave balls in the assembly room
+of Cape's Tavern. Mr. Griffiths was using the room for his dancing school
+in 1786, and announced that he would give a ball once a fortnight during
+the season. Tickets were six shillings each. A grand ball at the assembly
+rooms in Broadway was announced by Mr. Griffiths, to be held on February
+20, 1786. To insure an attendance of desirable persons it was stated that
+no person would be admitted whose appearance might give umbrage to the
+company. Such balls as those given by the dancing masters were continued
+for many years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cincinnati]
+
+A meeting of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati was called to
+meet at Cape's Tavern on the 2d of February, 1784, in order to frame
+By-Laws for the society and for other important purposes. Benjamin
+Walker, secretary of the society, gave notice "that such persons as are
+entitled to become members of the society and have not yet signed the
+institution, may have an opportunity of doing it by applying to him at
+Cape's Tavern." Major General Alexander McDougal had been elected
+president of the New York society in July, at Fishkill. John Cape, the
+landlord of the City Tavern, was a member of the Cincinnati, and he also
+appears to have been a Mason, for, although the rooms of the Grand Lodge
+were at the Coffee House, notice was given that the members of the Grand
+Lodge were desired to meet "at Brother Cape's Tavern" on Broadway on
+Wednesday evening, March 3, at six o'clock to install the Right Worshipful
+the Hon. Robert Livingston, Grand Master.
+
+In February, 1786, Cape suddenly disappeared, leaving his creditors in the
+lurch. The furniture and all the stock in the tavern were sold out under
+execution by the sheriff, and the house was taken in March by Joseph
+Corre, who opened it as a traveler's house. Having been a professed cook
+he gave notice that "any person wishing to have their servants taught the
+art of cookery may apply to him for terms." Travelers, coming into the
+city from the north and east, put up at the City Tavern, and, on their way
+to the south, crossed the Paulus Hook Ferry from the foot of Cortlandt
+Street, and took the stage coach or wagon on the Jersey side for their
+destination. A line of stages had been established between New York and
+Albany and another between New York and Boston, and announcement was made
+in 1780 that the stage would leave the old City Tavern, kept by Joseph
+Corre, during the six winter months on Monday and Thursday of each week,
+at precisely five o'clock in the morning, for Albany and Boston, and in
+summer on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
+
+Extensive preparations were made to celebrate the anniversary of the
+Independence of the United States on July 4, 1786. The opening of the day
+was announced at sunrise by a salute of thirteen guns and the ringing of
+all the bells in the city. At twelve o'clock a procession started from the
+City Hall, going through Broad Street and down Queen Street to the
+residence of the governor, who, joined by the lieutenant governor, the
+chancellor, the judges of the Supreme Court, and the other state officers,
+with the mayor and aldermen, the Marine Society, and the Chamber of
+Commerce, proceeded to the residence of the President of the United States
+Congress, where they presented to his excellency, the compliments of the
+day. They then proceeded to the City Tavern, attended by numerous
+citizens, and partook of a collation which had been provided by the
+corporation. As the procession moved from the City Hall, all the bells in
+the city commenced to ring, and continued to ring for two hours. As they
+arrived at the City Tavern thirteen guns were discharged, and at sunset
+another discharge of thirteen guns closed the day. Fireworks having been
+prohibited in the city by the common council, some brilliant pieces were
+exhibited on Governor's Island, which entertained a large concourse of
+citizens assembled on the Battery. The anniversary meeting of the Society
+of the Cincinnati, of the State of New York, in commemoration of the day,
+was held at the City Tavern, when the Hon. Baron de Steuben was elected
+president of the Society.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cincinnati]
+
+This year and for many years subsequent the annual meetings of the
+Cincinnati were attended with considerable ceremony. At a meeting of the
+Society held at the Merchants' Coffee House on January 21, 1786, a
+committee, composed of Baron Steuben, Colonel Samuel B. Webb, and David
+Brooks, Assistant Clothier, was appointed to draw up a plan of proper
+ceremonials to be observed in the delivery of diplomas to members of the
+Society, especially to the elected members. The report of this committee,
+made on June 21st, was that the ceremony should be performed in the
+Assembly Room of the City Tavern, and that the outside of the house should
+be decorated with laurel crowns and festoons. Explicit directions were
+given as to how the room for the ceremony should be arranged. The floor
+should be covered with carpet. The Chair of State for the President
+should be placed opposite the door of entrance. Places for the other
+officers and members were designated. The gallery above the door of
+entrance should be decorated and therein stationed kettle-drums and
+trumpets. That there should be,
+
+First. A Chair of State covered with light blue satin with white fringe,
+the carvings on the arms and feet painted white; on the top of the back a
+staff supported by two hands united holding up a Cap of Liberty, grasped
+by a bald eagle (as the order of the Society); below a white fillet with
+the motto
+
+"We Will Defend It."
+
+This chair to be elevated on two semi-circular steps covered on the top
+with light blue cloth and painted with white paint in front.
+
+Second. The Standard of the Society of silk (described).
+
+Third. A small square table covered with blue satin fringed with blue silk
+fringe and tassels.
+
+Fourth. Two Cushions of white satin fringed with blue silk fringe and
+tassels, on one of which the eagles and on the other the diplomas of the
+elected members will be displayed.
+
+The following form of ceremonies was presented and adopted and was first
+used at the annual meeting of the New York Society July 4, 1786. The
+foreign members and members belonging to other State societies, the
+spectators, kettle-drums and trumpets having occupied their places;
+Captain Isaac Guion, the Standard Bearer, escorted by four members, all in
+full uniform, wearing the Order of the Society, carried the Standard into
+the Hall and planted it in front, to the right of the steps of the Chair
+of State. The escort returning, the Society marched in procession into the
+Hall in the following order:
+
+    The Masters of Ceremony (Col. Webb and Maj. Giles).
+
+    The members, by twos.
+
+    The Secretary, carrying the original Institution of the Society, bound
+    in light blue satin, fringed with white (Capt. Robert Pemberton).
+
+    The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer, bearing the cushions containing
+    the eagles and diplomas (Col. Pierre Van Cortlandt and Maj. Richard
+    Platt).
+
+    The Vice-President (Gen. Philip Schuyler).
+
+    The President (Baron Steuben).
+
+On entering the Hall the members filed off to the right and left, and were
+placed by the Masters of Ceremony, and remained standing before their
+seats. The Secretary took his place behind the small table, placed to the
+left in front of the steps of the Chair of State. The Treasurer with the
+gold eagles, took position on the steps, on the right of the President,
+and the Deputy Treasurer, with the diplomas, on the steps to the left of
+the President. The Masters of Ceremony took their places, one on the
+right of the Standard and the other on the left of the Secretary. At the
+entrance of the President the Standard saluted, and the kettle-drums and
+trumpets gave a flourish, until he had taken his seat, then the Standard
+was raised and the members took their seats.
+
+The President then announced he was ready to receive candidates for
+membership and ordered the Masters of Ceremony to introduce the newly
+elected members, who were placed on seats opposite the Chair of State. The
+ceremony of Initiation was opened by an oration delivered by Colonel
+Alexander Hamilton. The Secretary read the Institution. The President,
+seated, addressed the newly elected members.
+
+The President, rising from his seat, put on his hat, when all the members
+of the Society arose at the same time. A Master of Ceremony conducted a
+candidate to the first step before the President, who asked him first
+whether he desired to be received into the Society and if so, to promise a
+strict observance of the Rules and Statutes just read. Upon answering in
+the affirmative, with one hand taking the Standard, he signed the
+Institution with the other.
+
+The President then taking one of the gold eagles from the cushion held by
+the Treasurer, pinned it on the left breast of the candidate, saying:
+"Receive this mark as a recompense for your merit and in remembrance of
+our glorious Independence." The drums and trumpets then gave a flourish.
+
+The President then taking a diploma, with the recipient's name inscribed,
+presented it to him, saying: "This will show your title as a member of our
+Society. Imitate the illustrious hero, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, whom we
+have chosen for our patron. Like him, be the defender of your country and
+a good citizen." Another flourish of drums and trumpets.
+
+The President then grasped the hand of the candidate and congratulated
+him. He was then presented by a Master of Ceremony to the officers of the
+Society and the members who rose and saluted him. He was then assigned to
+a seat provided for him at the upper end of the Hall, taking rank above
+the members of the Society for the day only.
+
+After the Initiation the President removed his hat, and the Society
+proceeded to the Banquet Hall, observing the following order of
+precedence.
+
+    The Masters of Ceremony.
+
+    The members of the Society, two by two.
+
+    The newly elected members.
+
+    The members of other State societies.
+
+    The foreign members.
+
+    The honorary members.
+
+    The Standard Bearer with Standard.
+
+    The Secretary.
+
+    The Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer.
+
+    The Vice-President.
+
+    The President.
+
+The President and other officers passed to their places at the banquet
+table between the open lines of members. The President presided at the
+head of the table, surrounded by the foreign and newly elected members.
+After the cloth was removed thirteen toasts were drunk accompanied by a
+salute of thirteen cannon.
+
+On the first day of December the St. Andrew's Society gave a dinner at
+Corre's Tavern, at which his excellency the governor was present. They sat
+down to dinner at four o'clock and after dinner drank thirteen toasts
+which had become the customary number.
+
+The presence in the city of men who had remained loyal to England during
+the war was distasteful to many who had been ardent in the cause of
+Independence. A Whig Society was organized, whose avowed object was to
+obtain the removal of certain influential and offensive Tories from the
+state. Members of the society were men of prominence. Lewis Morris was
+president and John Pintard secretary. Public meetings were held and
+petitions sent to the legislature, but the status of the Tories was not
+materially disturbed. In such circumstances it is not to be wondered at
+that a company of Englishmen, spending the evening in one of the upper
+rooms of the Coffee House in the latter part of the month of June, 1786,
+and "in the height of their mirth and loyalty," breaking out with "Rule
+Britania," should give offense. A newspaper remarks that "if there are
+Englishmen, whose attachment to the laws of Bachus obliges them to make
+frequent meetings over old London porter and Madeira, they should always
+carry with them the reflection that in a republican government there are
+songs which may please their palates and be grating to the ears of
+freemen," and that "Rule Britania" was "a song very rediculous in a
+country like this, where their armies were conquered and their nation
+defeated."
+
+[Sidenote: The New Constitution]
+
+After the formation of the Federal Constitution at Philadelphia in
+September, 1787, there was much discussion in New York over its
+ratification. Although there were in the city some bitter opponents to its
+adoption, the prevailing sentiment was in its favor. When the state of
+Massachusetts ratified the new constitution on the 8th of February, 1788,
+the event was celebrated with much enthusiasm in New York on Saturday,
+February 16th. The flag of the United States was "joined on the Coffee
+House" at sunrise, on which was inscribed "The Constitution, September 17,
+1787," and at noon the old pine tree flag of Massachusetts was hung out,
+with the date of her adhesion. There was a numerous gathering of citizens.
+Several members of Congress and the mayor of the city honored them "by
+partaking of their repast, which (in true republican style), consisted of
+only two dishes--beef and salt fish." After dinner toasts were drunk under
+the fire of six guns to each toast, in honor of those states which had
+adopted the Constitution--Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut,
+Georgia, Massachusetts. The eleventh toast was, "New York, may it soon
+become an additional pillar to the new roof." It was confidently felt that
+the discussion and adoption of the new Constitution by their eastern
+neighbors would exert a strong influence in its favor, and that the
+conduct of Massachusetts would insure its ratification, not only in this
+state but in every other state of the Union.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grand Procession]
+
+As an expression of the intense interest felt in the fate of the new
+constitution, there were processions in different places, notably
+Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston and New York. The New York procession was
+the last and grandest, surpassing anything of its kind ever seen before in
+the country. It was held on July 23d, in honor of the adoption of the
+constitution by ten states, New York not having yet given in her adhesion.
+There were over six thousand in the line. What added greatly to the beauty
+and novelty of the parade was the ship Hamilton, a full-rigged man-of-war,
+carrying thirty guns with a crew of thirty men, complete in all its
+appointments, drawn by twelve horses and under the command of Commodore
+Nicholson. It was in the center of the procession and attracted great
+attention sailing down Broadway, the canvas waves dashing against its
+sides, the wheels of the car being concealed. At ten o'clock in the
+morning, a salute of thirteen guns was fired from the ship, and the
+procession passed down Broadway from the Fields, and then through the
+principal streets into the Bowery to Bayard's grounds, where two oxen
+roasted whole and other viands had been prepared. Tables were set for five
+thousand persons. The entire day was given up to festivities.
+
+[Sidenote: The Eleventh Pillar]
+
+While New York was in intense excitement, produced by these extensive
+demonstrations, news reached the city on Saturday evening about nine
+o'clock that the constitution had been adopted at Poughkeepsie on Friday,
+July 25th. New York was called the "Eleventh Pillar." "The bells in the
+city were immediately set to ringing, and from the Fort and the Federal
+Ship Hamilton were fired several salutes." The merchants at the Coffee
+House testified their joy and satisfaction by repeated cheers. The
+newspapers state that "a general joy ran through the whole city, and
+several of those who were of different sentiments drank freely of the
+Federal Bowl, and declared that they were now perfectly reconciled to the
+new constitution."
+
+[Sidenote: Anniversaries of Two Great Victories]
+
+The surrender of Earl Cornwallis and the army under his command at
+Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781, which marked the close of active
+hostilities, was a notable event in the history of the country, as was
+also the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. The
+anniversaries of these two great victories for the American cause were not
+far apart, and there were many in the city who had taken part in one or
+both of them and were quite willing and anxious for a reunion of their
+companions-in-arms. Accordingly on Monday, October 20, 1788, "a number of
+officers of the late American army and several gentlemen of distinction"
+dined together at the Coffee House in commemoration of these two great
+events. The following are the toasts drunk at this dinner, as reported in
+the newspapers:
+
+    1. The memorable 5th of September, 1774. Meeting of the First
+    Congress.
+
+    2. The memorable 17th of June, 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+    3. The memorable 4th of July, 1776. Declaration of Independence.
+
+    4. The memorable 26th of December, 1776. Battle of Trenton.
+
+    5. The memorable 17th of October, 1777. Capture of Burgoyne.
+
+    6. The memorable 6th of February, 1778. Alliance with France.
+
+    7. The memorable 16th of July, 1779. Stony Point taken by General
+    Wayne.
+
+    8. The memorable 17th of January, 1781. General Morgan defeats
+    Tarleton at Cowpens.
+
+    9. The memorable 19th of October, 1781. Capture of Lord Cornwallis.
+
+    10. The memorable 3d of September, 1783. Definite treaty of peace.
+
+    11. The memorable 25th of November, 1783. Final evacuation of the
+    United States by the British.
+
+    12. The memorable 17th of September, 1787. New Constitution.
+
+    13. General Washington.
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of Washington]
+
+The constitution had been adopted by eleven states. George Washington had
+been elected the first president of the United States and great
+preparations had been made to receive him in New York, then the capital of
+the Nation. On April 23, 1789, a Federal salute announced that he had
+arrived and was coming up the East River in the splendid barge which had
+been built especially for the occasion, accompanied by a large escort of
+boats, to Murray's Wharf, where an ornamented and carpeted stairway had
+been constructed to make his landing easy, safe and comfortable. At the
+City Coffee House, as it is termed in the newspapers, with a salute of
+thirteen guns, he was received by the governor and the officers of the
+state and corporation. The procession then formed and proceeded, with a
+military escort, from the Coffee House into Queen Street and then to the
+house which had been prepared for him. The Daily Advertiser, the next day,
+stated that: "On this great occasion the hand of industry was suspended
+and the various pleasures of the capital were concentrated to a single
+enjoyment." The illumination of the city in the evening was brilliant and
+remarkable. On Saturday, the 25th, the Chamber of Commerce met at the
+Coffee House, and headed by John Broome, Theophylact Bache and John Murray
+proceeded in form to the house of the president-elect to present their
+congratulations.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington at the Ball]
+
+The next regular assembly after the inauguration of the President was held
+at the City Tavern, then under the management of Edward Bardin, on
+Thursday, May 7th, which Washington was requested to honor with his
+presence. He accepted the invitation and was present as was also the
+Vice-President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, most of the
+members of both Houses of Congress, the Governor of New York, the
+Chancellor, the Chief Justice of the State, the Honorable John Jay, the
+Mayor of the city, the French and Spanish Ministers, Baron Steuben, the
+Count de Moustier, Colonel Duer and many other distinguished guests. A
+newspaper account states that "a numerous and brilliant collection of
+ladies graced the room with their appearance." Mrs. Washington had not yet
+arrived in the city. Among those present were Mrs. Jay, Mrs. Hamilton,
+Lady Stirling, Mrs. Watts, Mrs. Duer, Mrs. Peter Van Brugh Livingston,
+Mrs. Clinton, Mrs. Duane, Mrs. James Beekman, Lady Temple, Lady Christina
+Griffin, Mrs. Livingston, wife of the Chancellor, Mrs. Richard Montgomery,
+Mrs. John Langdon, Mrs. Elbridge Gerry, Mrs. Livingston of Clermont, the
+Misses Livingston, Mrs. William S. Smith, daughter of the Vice-President,
+Mrs. Maxwell, Mrs. Edgar, Mrs. McComb, Mrs. Dalton, the Misses Bayard,
+Madame de Brehan, Madame de la Forest and Mrs. Bishop Provost. It was a
+notable gathering of the men and women of the period, then in New York.
+The company numbered about three hundred. Washington was the guest of
+honor. The festivities closed about two o'clock in the morning.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1789, General Malcolm's brigade, under command of
+Colonel Chrystie, paraded on the race-ground early in the morning and on
+their way back to the city passed the house of the President. Washington,
+though ill, appeared at the door in full regimentals. At noon a salute was
+fired from the Fort and at four o'clock the officers dined at the tavern
+of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street. After dinner, at the third toast, to
+the President of the United States, the company rose and gave three cheers
+and the band played General Washington's March. The Society of the
+Cincinnati met at the City Tavern. After the election of officers, a
+committee was appointed to present its congratulations to the President,
+Vice-President and Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Society
+then went in procession, escorted by Bauman's Artillery to St. Paul's
+Chapel, where an eulogium upon General Nathaniel Greene was pronounced by
+Alexander Hamilton. A dinner at the City Tavern and the drinking of
+thirteen toasts closed the Society's celebration of the day.
+
+[Illustration: "GAMBLING WITH CARDS WAS PRETTY GENERAL"]
+
+During the year preceding March 1, 1789, three hundred and thirty tavern
+licenses were granted in the city and gambling with cards and dice was
+pretty general. A game of cards called Pharoah seems to have been one of
+the most popular for that purpose. Other games with cards were whist, loo
+and quadrille. It seems to have been thought necessary to place some
+restraint on gambling, for a law passed in 1788 prescribed the forfeiture
+of five times the amount won for the winner of more than L10 at a sitting.
+Tavern-keepers were subject to fine and imprisonment if they should allow
+cock-fighting, gaming, card-playing, dice, billiard-tables or shuffle
+boards in their houses; but the law was not completely effective.
+Drunkenness was unlawful, but a popular failing.
+
+[Sidenote: Simmons' Tavern]
+
+In Wall Street, on the corner of Nassau Street, was the tavern of John
+Simmons. In this tavern were witnessed the formalities which gave birth to
+the new American city of New York. Here, on the 9th of February, 1784,
+James Duane, at a special meeting of the City Council, having been
+appointed by the governor and board of appointment, was formally installed
+mayor of New York City and took the oath of office in the presence of that
+body and of the governor and lieutenant-governor of the State,
+representing the State Provisional Council, whose duties now ceased, the
+city corporation being now restored in all its forms and offices. The
+Regents of the University of the State met at Simmons' Tavern, at seven
+o'clock in the evening on Monday, August 2, 1790. It is said that Simmons
+was a man of such bulk that at the time of his funeral, the doorway of the
+house had to be enlarged to admit the passage of his coffin. His widow
+continued the business, and was still keeping the house in 1796.
+
+[Illustration: SIMMONS' TAVERN]
+
+[Sidenote: Sam Fraunces the Steward of Washington]
+
+When the new constitution had been adopted by eleven states and the
+prospect was that New York would, at least for a time, be the seat of
+government with Washington at its head, Sam Fraunces could no longer
+remain in retirement on his Jersey farm. He came to the city and became
+steward in the house of the President. He also opened a tavern in
+Cortlandt Street, which was managed by his wife. This tavern at No. 49
+Cortlandt Street had been kept, some years before, by Talmadge Hall, one
+of the proprietors of the Albany Stages, who was succeeded in 1787 by
+Christopher Beekman from Princeton, New Jersey. Beekman stated that the
+house had been commonly known as the Boston, Albany and Philadelphia Stage
+Office, and that he had agreed with the proprietors of the Albany and
+Boston stages to make his house the public stage house. The Society of
+Mechanics and Tradesmen held its anniversary meeting on the 6th of
+January, 1789, at the tavern of Sam Fraunces in Cortlandt Street, and
+indulged in a dinner at which one of the patriotic toasts was: "A cobweb
+pair of breeches, a porcupine saddle, a trotting horse and a long journey
+to all the enemies of freedom." The election of governor of New York in
+1789 was energetically contested, but George Clinton, who was at the head
+of the party yet strongly opposed to the new constitution, was elected,
+although the vote in New York City was overwhelmingly against him. On the
+5th of June he and his friends held a grand jubilee at Fraunces' Tavern to
+celebrate their success. Sam Fraunces kept the Cortlandt Street house
+until November, 1790, when, as he says, "through the advice of some of his
+particular friends," he removed to a house in Broad Street near the
+Exchange, formerly occupied by the Widow Blaaw, and solicited the
+patronage of his brethren of the Tammany Society, and of the respective
+Lodges of the city. This, as far as we know, was the last place kept by
+Sam Fraunces in New York. He soon bid us a final farewell and left the
+city.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the Judges]
+
+John Francis, who, we have supposed, was a son of Sam Francis, in August,
+1785, opened the True American at No. 3 Great Dock, now Pearl Street. In
+May, 1789, he removed to the historic building now known as Fraunces'
+Tavern, on the corner of Broad and Pearl Streets. On February 2, 1790, the
+Supreme Court of the United States was opened in the city by James Duane,
+Judge of the district of New York, "in the presence of national and city
+dignitaries, of many gentlemen of the bar, members of Congress and a
+number of leading citizens. In the evening the Grand Jury of the United
+States for the district gave a very elegant entertainment in honor of the
+Court at Fraunces' Tavern on Broad Street." Among those present were John
+Jay, of New York, Chief Justice of the United States, William Cushing, of
+Massachusetts, John Rutledge, of South Carolina, James Wilson, of
+Pennsylvania, Robert Harrison, of Maryland, and John Blair, of Virginia,
+Associate Justices, also Edmond Randolph, of Virginia, Attorney-General of
+the United States. It was the first Grand Jury assembled in this state
+under the authority of the United States. In the list of jurors are the
+names of many prominent men.
+
+The promoters of the New York Manufacturing Society, for the encouragement
+of American manufacturers, met at Rawson's Tavern, 82 Water Street, on the
+7th of January, 1789, and chose the officers of the society. Melancthon
+Smith was chosen president. Subscriptions were received for the
+establishment of a woolen factory which was considered a very patriotic
+undertaking. At a meeting held at the Coffee House on the 24th of
+February, Alexander Robertson in the chair, a committee was appointed to
+prepare the draft of a constitution and to report on a plan of operation.
+The society was incorporated on the 16th of March, 1790, and appears to
+have been the owner of a factory and bleaching ground at Second River, New
+Jersey, but the business was not successful. The investment proved a total
+loss.
+
+On the corner of Nassau and George (now Spruce) Streets, was a tavern kept
+by Captain Aaron Aorson, who had seen service during the war and was
+present at the death of General Montgomery at Quebec. He was a member of
+the Society of the Cincinnati. In his house was a long room suitable for
+public gatherings. Notice was given that a lecture would be delivered here
+for charitable purposes October 6, 1789, by a man more than thirty years
+an atheist. Some years later this Long Room became the Wigwam and the
+house the headquarters of the Tammany Society.
+
+There was a tavern on Broadway just above Murray Street which, before the
+Revolution, had played a conspicuous part in the conflicts with the
+British soldiers over the liberty pole. During the latter part of the war
+John Amory had been its landlord. In June, 1785, Henry Kennedy announced
+that he had taken the well known house lately "occupied by Mrs. Montanye,
+the sign of the Two Friendly Brothers," but in 1786 or soon after it again
+passed into the hands of a member of the De La Montagnie family, after
+which we find it at times kept by Mrs. De La Montagnie, Mrs. Amory or
+Jacob De La Montagnie. In the Directory of 1795, Mary Amory and Jacob De
+La Montagnie are both set down as tavern-keepers at 253 Broadway.
+
+In December, 1791, the members of the Mechanics' and Traders' Society were
+notified that the anniversary of the society would be held on the first
+Tuesday of January next at the house of Mrs. De La Montagnie, and that
+members who wished to dine should apply for tickets, and were further
+requested to attend at 9 o'clock in the morning for election. In 1792, the
+house appears to have been kept by Mrs. Amory and known as Mechanics'
+Hall. The Mechanics celebrated Independence Day here that year, and it was
+probably their headquarters. In June, 1793, Mrs. Amory, heading her
+announcement--"Vauxhall, Rural Felicity"--gave notice that on the 25th,
+beginning at five o'clock in the afternoon, would be given a concert of
+instrumental music, consisting of the most favorite overtures and pieces
+from the compositions of Fisher and Handell. The notice states that, "At
+eight o'clock in the evening the garden will be beautifully illuminated,
+in the Chinese style, with upwards of 500 glass lamps," and that "the
+orchestra will be placed in the middle of a large tree elegantly
+illuminated." There was to be tight rope dancing by Mr. Miller, and
+fireworks on the tight rope, to be concluded with an exhibition of
+equilibriums on the slack rope. Tickets for admission were four shillings
+each. The triangular piece of open ground in front of the tavern, called
+the Fields or Common, had been, since the war, enclosed by a post and rail
+fence and had assumed the dignity of a park. The neighborhood was rapidly
+improving.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bull's Head Tavern]
+
+On the post road, in Bowery Lane, stood the Bull's Head Tavern, where the
+Boston and Albany stages picked up passengers as they left the city. This
+had been a well known tavern from a period long before the Revolution,
+much frequented by drovers and butchers as well as travelers. It was a
+market for live stock and stood not far from the slaughter house. Previous
+to 1763, it was kept by Caleb Hyatt, who was succeeded in that year by
+Thomas Bayeaux. From 1770 until the war of the Revolution, Richard Varian
+was its landlord, and also superintendent of the public slaughter house.
+In a petition to the common council after the evacuation, he states that
+he had been engaged in privateering until captured near the end of the
+war, after which, he returned to the city and found his wife in prosperous
+possession of the old tavern. He was the landlord of the house the year of
+Washington's inauguration and we find that in 1796 he was still the tenant
+of the property, then belonging to Henry Ashdor, a well-to-do butcher of
+the Fly Market, who resided a little north of the tavern. As appears by
+petitions to the common council, Henry Ashdor, or Astor, as the name
+sometimes appears, was accustomed to ride out on the post road to meet the
+incoming drovers and purchase their stock, thus securing the best, and
+obliging the other butchers to buy of him at a profit, which was
+characterized by the butchers in their petitions as "pernicious
+practices." The Bull's Head Tavern remained the meeting place of the
+butchers and drovers until 1826, when Henry Astor, associating himself
+with others, pulled it down and erected on its site the New York Theatre,
+since called the Bowery Theatre, the mayor of the city laying the corner
+stone.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOWERY THEATRE]
+
+
+
+
+XI
+
+THE TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Tammany Society]
+
+Long before the Revolution, there had been various societies in New York
+under such names as St. Andrew, St. George, St. David and St. John, all of
+which professed the most fervent loyalty to the King of Great Britain.
+This induced the projectors of a new society, composed of many who had
+belonged to the Sons of Liberty, of Stamp Act and Revolutionary times, to
+select for their patron saint a genuine American guardian, and thus was
+originated the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, in May, 1789. At
+first, it was strictly a national and patriotic society, "to connect in
+indisoluable bonds of friendship American brethren of known attachment to
+the political rights of human nature and the liberties of the country,"
+and it remained so for many years.
+
+Tammany, the celebrated chief of the Delawares, who has been described as
+a chief of great virtue, benevolence and love of country, to whose actual
+history has been added a great deal of legendary and mythical lore, was
+cannonized as a saint and adopted as their guardian spirit. The members
+of the society styled themselves the Sons of St. Tammany, and adopted
+aboriginal forms and customs as well as dress. This was not the first
+society that had claimed the patronage and adopted the name of that famous
+Indian saint, but the new organization proposed a wider scope and added to
+its title also that of "Columbian Order." It was organized also as a
+contrast or offset to the aristocratic and anti-republican principles
+attributed to the Society of the Cincinnati, the membership of which was
+hereditary.
+
+The birth of the new organization is set down as on May 12, 1789, which
+was spent in tents erected on the banks of the Hudson River, about two
+miles from the city, where a large number of members partook of an elegant
+entertainment, "served precisely at three o'clock; after which there was
+singing and smoking and universal expressions of brotherly love." During
+the year 1789 its meetings were held at the tavern of Sam Fraunces.
+
+In the year 1790, the 4th of July falling on Sunday, the anniversary of
+Independence was celebrated on the 5th. The Society of St. Tammany
+assembled early in the day, and, after a short address from the Grand
+Sachem, the Declaration of Independence was read. There was a grand
+military review. Colonel Bauman's regiment of Artillery appeared in their
+usual style as veterans of the war. At one o'clock they fired a federal
+salute and a feu-de-joie on the Battery, after which they escorted the
+Society of the Cincinnati to St. Paul's Church, where an elegant oration
+was delivered by Brockholst Livingston to a large audience, including the
+President and Vice-President of the United States, members of both Houses
+of Congress, and a brilliant assembly of ladies and gentlemen. The Society
+of the Cincinnati dined at Bardin's, the City Tavern, and the Grand Sachem
+and Fathers of the Council of the Society of St. Tammany were honored with
+an invitation to dine with them. After dinner the usual thirteen toasts
+were drunk with all the hilarity and good humor customary on such
+occasions.
+
+[Sidenote: Reception of the Indians by the Tammany Society]
+
+Shortly after this, a most interesting event occurred, which created
+considerable excitement among the people of New York and gave to the
+Tammany Society an opportunity to make an impression on the public mind
+not often presented, and which could not be neglected. Efforts had been
+made by the government of the United States to pacify the Creek Indians of
+the South and to make with them a treaty of peace and friendship. In
+March, 1790, Colonel Marinus Willett was sent out on this mission, and
+early in July news came that he was on his way to New York, accompanied by
+Colonel Alexander McGillivray, their half-breed chief, and about thirty
+warriors of the tribe, traveling northward at public expense and greeted
+at every stage of their journey by vast crowds of people. They arrived on
+the 21st of July. A boat was sent to Elizabethtown Point, under the
+direction of Major Stagg, to convey them to New York and the Tammany
+Society met in their Wigwam to make their preparations. This Wigwam, which
+they used as their headquarters for many years, was the old Exchange
+building at the foot of Broad Street. As the boat passed the Battery about
+two o'clock a Federal salute was fired and when the Indians landed at the
+Coffee House it was repeated. Here they were met by the Tammany Society,
+dressed in full Indian costume, which very much pleased McGillivray and
+his Indian warriors, and by General Malcolm with a military escort. They
+were conducted in procession to the house of General Knox, the Secretary
+of War, after which they had an audience with the President, who received
+them in a very handsome manner. They were also introduced to the Governor
+of the State, who gave them a friendly reception. They were then taken to
+the City Tavern where they dined in company with General Knox, the
+Senators and Representatives of Georgia, General Malcolm, the militia
+officers on duty, and the officers of the Saint Tammany Society. The
+Indians seemed greatly pleased with their friendly reception and a
+newspaper states that "the pleasure was considerably heightened by the
+conviviality and good humor which prevailed at the festive board." The
+usual number of toasts were drunk after the dinner.
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Banquet at the Wigwam]
+
+On the 2d of August the Indians were entertained by the Tammany Society
+with a grand banquet at their Great Wigwam in Broad Street, at which were
+present, the Governor of the State, the Chief Justice of the United
+States, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Mayor of the
+City and Colonel Willett. The richly ornamented Calumet of Peace was
+passed around and wine flowed freely. Colonel Willett had delivered his
+big talk and partaken of their _black drink_ on his visit to them, and the
+Indians were now receiving a return of hospitality. Patriotic songs were
+sung by members of the society and the Indians danced. The Indian chief
+conferred on the grand sachem of Tammany the title of "Toliva Mico"--Chief
+of the White Town. The President of the United States was toasted as "The
+Beloved Chieftain of the Thirteen Fires." The President's last visit to
+Federal Hall was to sign a treaty with these Indians, which was attended
+with great ceremony. Tammany had taken the lead in all this Indian
+business and Tammany had made its mark.
+
+[Illustration: TONTINE COFFEE HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: The Tontine Coffee House]
+
+In the year 1791 an association of merchants was organized for the purpose
+of constructing a more commodious Coffee House than the Merchants' Coffee
+House, and to provide a business centre for the mercantile community. The
+company was formed on the Tontine principle of benefit to survivors, and
+the building they erected was called the Tontine Coffee House. Among the
+merchants who were interested in this enterprise were John Broome, John
+Watts, Gulian Verplanck, John Delafield and William Laight. On the 31st of
+January, 1792, these five merchants, as the first board of directors of
+the Tontine Association, purchased from Doctor Charles Arding and
+Abigail, his wife, the house and lot on the northwest corner of Wall and
+Water Streets, for L1,970. This was the house which had been known as the
+Merchants' Coffee House from about 1740, when it was first opened by
+Daniel Bloom until 1772, when its business was carried by Mrs. Ferrari
+diagonally across the street, where it had since remained. It was sold in
+1759, as related in a previous chapter, by Luke Roome, owner and landlord
+of the house, to Doctor Charles Arding, who had ever since been its owner.
+They had already purchased, December 1, 1791, for L2,510, the adjoining
+lot on Wall Street, and shortly after, for L1,000, they purchased the
+adjoining lot on Water Street. On the ground of these three lots the
+Tontine Coffee House was built. Thus the business originated on this spot
+was coming back to its old home.
+
+In January, 1792, "the committee to superintend the business of the
+Tontine Coffee House Institution," gave notice that they would pay a
+premium of ten guineas to the person who should hand in before the 20th of
+February next, the best plan for the proposed building, and a premium of
+five guineas for the second best plan. The objects to be considered in the
+plans were, "Solidity, Neatness and Useful Accommodation"; the building to
+be four stories high and to occupy a space of fifty feet by seventy. The
+plans in competition were to be sent to Mr. David Grim. A petition for the
+privilege of adding to the Tontine Coffee House a piazza to extend over
+the sidewalk, presented by John Watts and others in March, 1792, was
+refused, but, on May 11 permission was given for a piazza to extend six
+feet over the Wall Street sidewalk. The corner-stone of the building was
+laid with considerable ceremony on the 5th of June. The first landlord of
+the house, when completed, was John Hyde.
+
+Just a year later, on Wednesday, June 5, 1793, one hundred and twenty
+gentlemen sat down to a dinner provided by Mr. Hyde at the Tontine Coffee
+House to celebrate the anniversary of the laying of the corner-stone of
+that building. After dinner when fifteen toasts had been drunk, the
+chairman offered an additional toast, which was: "Success to the Tontine
+Coffee House and may it long continue to reflect credit on the
+subscribers."
+
+[Sidenote: The Cap of Liberty]
+
+During the French revolution the sympathies of the people of the United
+States were greatly excited, but many of those who wished success to
+France were filled with disgust and indignation at the behavior of the
+French Minister Genet, and of Bompard, the commander of the French ship,
+L'Ambuscade, who, after landing Genet at Charleston, South Carolina, made
+his way north to Philadelphia, boarding American ships on his way and
+seizing British merchantmen near the coast and even in the very bays of
+the United States. Bompard and his officers were received at Philadelphia
+with great enthusiasm. On the 12th of June, 1793, they arrived in New
+York. Instantly there was great excitement. Those friendly to them carried
+things to extremes. Opposed to them were the supporters of government and
+good order, joined to the strong English faction that had long prevailed.
+Two days after their arrival, the Cap of Liberty was set up in the Tontine
+Coffee House, according to one account, by "the friends of Liberty,
+Equality, and the Rights of Man, amid the acclamations of their fellow
+citizens, in defiance of all despotic tyrants. It was a beautiful crimson
+adorned with a white torsel and supported by a staff." The cap, "Sacred to
+Liberty," was declared to be under the protection of the old Whigs, and
+the aristocrats, as the opposite party was tauntingly called, were defied
+to take it down. This defiance brought forth a threat that it would be
+done, and, in expectation that its removal would be attempted, for several
+days, hundreds of people gathered in front of the house. No attempt, at
+that time, seems to have been made to remove the cap, and the excitement
+gradually subsided.
+
+The Cap of Liberty remained undisturbed in its place for almost two years.
+A newspaper of May 19, 1795, states that "the Liberty Cap having been
+removed from the Barr of the Tontine Coffee House by some unknown person,
+the ceremony of its re-establishment in the Coffee House took place
+yesterday afternoon. A well designed, carved Liberty Cap, suspended on
+the point of an American Tomahawk, and the flags of the Republics of
+America and France, attached on each side, formed a handsome figure." A
+large gathering of people attended "the consecration of the emblem of
+Liberty," and the meeting was highly entertained by numerous patriotic
+songs. Voluntary detachments from several of the Uniform Companies joined
+in the celebration.
+
+On the 22d of May, only four days after being placed in the Coffee House,
+the French flag was removed. An attempt was made to recover it and arrest
+the person who took it down. A boat was dispatched in pursuit of the
+person who was supposed to have taken it, but it returned without success.
+Colonel Walter Bicker, in behalf of a number of citizens of New York,
+offered a reward of one hundred and fifty dollars for the capture of the
+thief who stole the French flag from the Coffee House, with what result is
+unknown.
+
+[Sidenote: New York Stock Exchange]
+
+An English traveler, who visited New York in 1794, writes that: "The
+Tontine Tavern and Coffee House is a handsome, large brick building; you
+ascend six or eight steps under a portico, into a large public room, which
+is the Stock Exchange of New York, where all bargains are made. Here are
+two books kept, as at Lloyd's, of every ship's arrival and clearing out.
+This house was built for the accommodation of the merchants, by Tontine
+shares of two hundred pounds each. It is kept by Mr. Hyde, formerly a
+woolen draper in London. You can lodge and board there at a common table,
+and you pay ten shillings currency a day, whether you dine out or not."
+
+As stated above, the Tontine Coffee House had become the Stock Exchange of
+New York. In the first directory of the city, published in 1786, there is
+only one stock-broker, Archibald Blair. On January 9, 1786, Archibald
+Blair announced that he "has a Broker's Office and Commission Store at 16
+Little Queen Street, where he buys and sells all kinds of public and state
+securities, also old continental money. He has for sale Jamaica rum, loaf
+sugar, bar iron, lumber and dry goods." A few years later several
+announcements of such brokers are found in the newspapers, among others
+the following which appeared in the Daily Advertiser of December 9, 1790.
+
+    "Sworn Stock Broker's Office.
+
+    No. 57 King Street.
+
+    The Subscriber, having opened an office for negociating the funds of
+    the United States of America, has been duly qualified before the Mayor
+    of the City, that he will truly and faithfully execute the duties of a
+
+    Stock Broker,
+
+    and that he will not directly or indirectly interest himself in any
+    purchase or sale of the funds of the United States of America, on his
+    own private account, for the term of six months from the date hereof.
+
+    The opinion of many respectable characters has confirmed his own ideas
+    of the utility of establishing an office in this city upon the
+    principles of a sworn Broker of Europe. The advantages of negociating
+    through the medium of an agent no ways interested in purchases or
+    sales on his own account, is too evident to every person of
+    discernment to need any comment.
+
+    Every business committed to his care shall be executed by the
+    subscriber with diligence, faithfulness and secrecy, and he trusts
+    that his conduct will confirm the confidence, and secure the patronage
+    of his friends and fellow citizens.
+
+    John Pintard."
+
+The first evidence of an approach to anything like organization was an
+announcement made in the early part of March, 1792, that "The Stock
+Exchange Office" would be open at No. 22 Wall Street for the accommodation
+of dealers in stocks, in which public sales would be daily held at noon,
+as usual, in rotation. Soon after this, on Wednesday, March 21st, a
+meeting of merchants and dealers in stocks was held at Corre's Hotel, when
+they came to a resolution that after the 21st of April next, they would
+not attend any sales of stocks at public auction. They appointed a
+committee "to provide a proper room for them to assemble in, and to
+report such regulations relative to the mode of transacting business as in
+their opinion may be proper." This resulted in the first agreement of the
+dealers in securities, the oldest record in the archives of the New York
+Stock Exchange, dated May 17, 1792, fixing the rate of brokerage. It was
+signed by twenty-four brokers for the sale of public stocks. For some time
+the brokers do not appear to have had a settled place of meeting. Their
+favorite place was in the open air in the shadow of a large buttonwood
+tree, which stood on the north side of Wall Street, opposite the division
+line of Nos. 68 and 70. Here they met and transacted business something
+like our curb brokers of to-day, but in a much more leisurely way. When
+the Tontine Coffee House was completed in 1793, it became the Stock
+Exchange of New York and remained so for a great many years.
+
+[Sidenote: The Roger Morris House]
+
+A stage coach line was opened to Boston in 1784 and to Albany the next
+year, when the Roger Morris House on the Kingsbridge road was opened by
+Talmadge Hall as a tavern for the accommodation of the stage coach
+passengers, and was probably the first stopping place going out. It
+continued to be kept as a tavern for many years after this and is said to
+have been a favorite place of resort for pleasure parties from the city.
+It became known as Calumet Hall. Its landlord in 1789 was Captain William
+Marriner. In October, 1789, President Washington visited, by appointment,
+the fruit gardens of Mr. Prince at Flushing, Long Island. He was taken
+over in his barge, accompanied by the Vice-President, the Governor of the
+State, Mr. Izard, Colonel Smith and Major Jackson. On their way back they
+visited the seat of Gouverneur Morris at Morrisania, and then went to
+Harlem, where they met Mrs. Washington, Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Smith,
+daughter of the Vice-President, dined at Marriner's and came home in the
+evening. In July following a large party was formed to visit Fort
+Washington. Washington, in his diary, does not state that Mrs. Washington
+was of the party, but it is to be presumed that she was; the others,
+beside himself, were "the Vice-President, his Lady, Son and Mrs. Smith;
+the Secretaries of State, Treasury and War and the ladies of the two
+latter; with all the Gentlemen of my family, Mrs. Lear, and the two
+children." This was a notable party. They dined at Marriner's, who, no
+doubt, felt the importance of the occasion and exerted himself
+accordingly.
+
+[Illustration: OLD SLEIGH]
+
+Marriner's Tavern, the Roger Morris house, was situated at such a distance
+from the city, on the only road of any length on the island, as to make it
+a good objective point for pleasure parties. An English traveler who
+visited New York in 1796, writes: "The amusement of which they seem most
+passionately fond is that of riding on the snow in what _you_ would call a
+sledge, drawn by two horses. It is astonishing to see how anxiously
+persons of all ages and both sexes look out for a good fall of snow, that
+they may enjoy their favorite amusement; and when the happy time comes, to
+see how eager they are to engage every sleigh that is to be had. Parties
+of twenty or thirty will sometimes go out of town in these vehicles
+towards evening, about six or eight miles, when, having sent for a
+fiddler, and danced till they are tired, they will return home again by
+moonlight or perhaps more often by daylight. Whilst the snow is on the
+ground no other carriages are made use of, either for pleasure or
+service." Marriner's house was well suited for just such parties of
+pleasure and we can easily imagine that the large octagonal room was about
+this time, of crisp winter nights, the scene of many a merry dance. The
+English traveler is supported in what he says by the announcement of
+Christopher Colles in a New York newspaper in January, 1789, that so long
+as the sleighing lasted he would continue his electrical experiments and
+exhibition of curiosities, at Halsey's celebrated tavern in Harlem. It
+would seem from this that his lectures needed the incentive of a sleigh
+ride to make them more popular.
+
+Captain Marriner was still keeping the house in the summer of 1794 when it
+was visited by an Englishman who thus writes about his visit to the place:
+"Whoever has a vacant day and fine weather, while at New York, let him go
+to Haarlem, eleven miles distant. There is _a pleasant tavern_ on an
+eminence near the church; a branch of the sea, or Eastern River, runs
+close beneath you, where you may have excellent fishing. On the opposite
+side are two pleasant houses, belonging to Colonel Morris, and a Captain
+Lambert, an English gentleman, who retired hither after the war. Mr.
+Marriner, the landlord, is a very intelligent, well educated man; I fished
+with him for an hour and received a great deal of pleasure from his
+conversation." * * * "He pressed me very much to stay at his house for a
+week, and I should pay what I pleased. On our return Mr. L---- and myself
+drank tea and coffee at Brannon's Tea Garden. Here was a good greenhouse,
+with orange and lemon trees, a great quantity of geraniums, aloes and
+other curious shrubs and plants. Iced creams and iced liquors are much
+drank here during the hot weather by parties from New York." Brannon's Tea
+Garden was on the road leading to the village of Greenwich at the present
+junction of Hudson and Spring Streets, and had been there since previous
+to the Revolution.
+
+Captain Marriner is said to have been eccentric, but whether this be so or
+not, he was undoubtedly a brave man and was engaged during the war in
+several daring adventures. He presented a picturesque character in the
+history of that period.
+
+[Sidenote: Capt. Marriner's Raid]
+
+When Captain Marriner was held as a prisoner in the early part of the war,
+on his parole, quartered with Rem Van Pelt, of New Utrecht, Long Island,
+one day at Dr. Van Buren's Tavern in Flatbush, his sarcastic wit brought
+on him abusive language from Major Sherbrook of the British army. When
+Marriner was exchanged, he determined to capture the Major and some
+others. For this purpose he repaired to New Jersey and procured a
+whale-boat, which he manned with a crew of twenty-two well armed
+volunteers, with whom he proceeded to New Utrecht, landing on the beach
+about half-past nine o'clock in the evening. Leaving two men in charge of
+the boat, with the rest he marched unmolested to Flatbush Church, where he
+divided his men into four squads, assigning a house to each party, who,
+provided with a heavy post, were to break in the door when they should
+hear Marriner strike. General Jeremiah Johnson, in his account of the
+affair states that Marriner captured the Major, whom he found hidden
+behind a large chimney in the garret, but the New York newspapers state
+that he carried back with him to New Jersey Major Montcrieffe and Mr.
+Theophylact Bache. On another visit to Long Island, Captain Marriner
+carried off Simon Cortelyou, of New Utrecht, in return for his uncivil
+conduct to the American prisoners. On a large rock in the North River, not
+far from the shore, stood a bath house surmounted by a flagstaff. Noting
+this, Marriner determined to give the English fresh cause for chagrin. He
+accordingly procured the new American flag which had just been adopted,
+and taking with him a few men, boldly rowed into the river one night and
+nailed it to the pole, where it was discovered early next morning.
+Sailors, sent to remove it, were obliged to cut away the pole, amid the
+jeers and protests of the boys gathered on the beach.
+
+Marriner was keeping a tavern in New York City before the war. An
+important meeting was held at Marriner's Tavern at the time of the
+election of delegates to the first Continental Congress, in 1774. After
+the war he returned to the same business, and in 1786 was the landlord of
+a house on the corner of John and Nassau Streets, where he offered to
+serve his customers "in the neatest and most elegant manner," with
+oysters, cooked in a variety of ways, beef steaks, etc., with the very
+best of liquors. He, at one time kept the Ferry House at Harlem, and ran
+the ferry to Morrisania. In the early part of the nineteenth century
+Captain Benson built a large tavern at the junction of the Kingsbridge
+road with the road from Harlem, which was for some years conducted by
+Captain Marriner, who gained great celebrity for the excellent table he
+set, and for the stories of whale-boat exploits during the war, which he
+was never tired of relating.
+
+When the St. Andrew's Society celebrated their anniversary on November 30,
+1790, at the City Tavern, they had as guests at their dinner, Governor
+Clinton, the Mayor of the City, General Horatio Gates and the principal
+officers of the other humane national societies of the city. In an account
+given of the dinner, it is stated that, "A few hours passed happily away,
+divided between the animating tale, the cheerful glass and the heart
+enlivening song."
+
+The annual election of officers of the Society of the Cincinnati was held
+on the 4th of July each year, after which there was a dinner, followed by
+toasts. For several year its meeting place was at Corre's Hotel in
+Broadway. Joseph Corre, at one time landlord of the City Tavern, opened,
+in 1790, a house at No. 24 Broadway, which was for some years one of the
+best and most popular taverns or hotels in the city. Meetings of
+societies, concerts, balls and political meetings were held here.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinners on Evacuation Day]
+
+On Monday, November 25, 1793, the tenth anniversary of the evacuation of
+New York by the British troops, was celebrated in the city with great
+enthusiasm. At sunrise a salute was fired from the Battery followed
+immediately by the ringing of all the bells in the city. This was repeated
+at noon, when the corporation, the officers of the militia, the French
+officers in town and many citizens waited on the Governor to congratulate
+him on the occasion. The militia officers then waited on the mayor of the
+city, the chief justice of the United States and the minister of the
+French Republic. The Ambuscade Frigate was elegantly decorated and at one
+o'clock fired a salute of twenty-one guns. The militia officers, honored
+with the company of the Governor, General Gates and a number of French
+officers, sat down to an elegant dinner prepared for them at the City
+Tavern, "where they spent the remainder of the day in great spirits and
+good fellowship." Toasts were drunk under the discharge of artillery. The
+gentlemen of the corporation celebrated the day at the Tontine Coffee
+House, where an elegant dinner was served up by Mr. Hyde and patriotic
+toasts were drunk. The Society of Tammany also celebrated the day. At the
+tavern of Robert Hunter, in Wall Street, a dinner was served up to a
+number of citizens in celebration of the day, and the same was done in
+several other of the principal taverns of the city. The dinner on
+Evacuation Day at Bardin's was one of the last notable dinners given in
+the old City Tavern. Preparations were being made to take it down and
+build on its site a fine hotel.
+
+In 1793 the City Tavern was still owned by John Peter De Lancey, son of
+Lieutenant-Governor James De Lancey, who sold it to the Tontine
+Association, who, taking down the old house, built upon its site the City
+Hotel. In the deed of transfer, dated March 3, 1793, John Peter De Lancey
+and Elizabeth, his wife, for the consideration of six thousand pounds
+(L6,000), lawful money of the State of New York, convey the property to
+Philip Livingston, John Watts, Thomas Buchanan, Gulian Verplanck, James
+Watson, Moses Rogers, James Farquhar, Richard Harrison and Daniel Ludlow,
+all of the city and state of New York, in trust for all the subscribers to
+the New York Tontine Hotel and Assembly Room and their heirs, upon such
+terms, conditions and restrictions, and with such right of survivorship as
+may be hereafter agreed upon and settled by the majority of the said
+subscribers or their representatives.
+
+In November, 1793, Nicholas Cruger, chairman of the committee having the
+business in charge, gave notice that they would pay a premium of twenty
+guineas for the best plan of the building about to be erected, to be
+handed in before the first day of January next, requesting that the plans
+may not be signed, but designated by a private mark, accompanied by a
+letter to the chairman, with the same mark on the outside.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel]
+
+The new house which was erected in the early part of the year 1794 was
+called the Tontine Hotel, but it soon came to be more generally spoken of
+as the City Hotel. Robert Hunter, who had been keeping a tavern in Wall
+Street, became its first landlord. He was in possession of it and meetings
+were being held there in the early part of June, 1794. It was considered
+the largest and finest hotel then in the United States. It became the
+meeting place of societies and associations and of the City Assembly which
+continued to flourish as it had done for many years. On Friday, October 7,
+1796, there was great rejoicing in the city over the French victories,
+news of which had just been received. The church bells were rung from
+twelve to one o'clock, "and in the evening, as it were by patriotic
+sympathy, a hall full of old Whigs and friends to the liberty of Man,
+assembled at Hunter's Hotel, where a number of patriotic songs were sung,
+a cold collation was served up and sixteen toasts were given apropos of
+the news of the day." The nineteenth anniversary of the signing of the
+treaty of alliance between France and the United States was celebrated on
+Monday, February 6, 1797, at Hunter's Hotel by a numerous assembly of
+patriotic citizens. Hunter remained landlord of the City Hotel until 1799,
+when he was succeeded by John Lovett, under whose management the house
+became quite popular.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HOTEL]
+
+Saturday, the 4th of July, 1795, the anniversary of our independence was
+celebrated in the city with more than usual attention, induced probably by
+the political excitement which then prevailed. The ringing of all the
+bells of the city with a Federal Salute from the Battery ushered in the
+day, which was repeated at noon and in the evening. There was a large
+procession, which about eleven o'clock moved from the Battery to the new
+Presbyterian Church where the Declaration of Independence was read by
+Edward Livingston and an elegant and patriotic discourse was delivered by
+the Rev. Mr. Miller. On returning to the Battery, where a feu-de-joie was
+fired the different societies that had taken part separated and at three
+o'clock sat down to entertainments prepared for them at different places
+in the city. After dinner, the Corporation, the Society of the Cincinnati,
+the Militia Officers, the Society of Tammany, the Mechanic and Democratic
+Societies and the Merchants at the Tontine Coffee House sent deputations
+to each other with congratulations upon the return of the day. The
+festivities closed with a beautiful display of fireworks under the
+direction of Colonel Bauman. The merchants, who celebrated the day by a
+dinner at the Tontine Coffee House were honored by the company of Governor
+Jay, Major-General Morris, Judge Iredell, Mr. Reed, Senator in Congress
+from South Carolina, Judge Hobart, Judge Lawrence, Colonel Hamilton, Mr.
+King, the Mayor of the City, Doctor Johnson, the Secretary of the State,
+the Attorney-General of the District, the Treasurer of the State, Captain
+Dennis, Captain Talbot, Captain Thomson. After the dinner toasts were
+drunk as usual.
+
+[Sidenote: The Tammany Wigwam]
+
+For some years the Tammany Society had their anniversary dinners and their
+Fourth of July dinners at Bardin's, the City Tavern. The Great Wigwam of
+the society was in the old Exchange in Broad Street, where it continued to
+be until the building was taken down in 1799. After this the Long Room of
+Abraham B. Martling's Tavern on the corner of Nassau and George (now
+Spruce) Streets, where the American Tract Society Building now stands,
+became the wigwam of the society. During the period of political
+excitement, from 1793 to 1795 and later, the Tammany Society is said to
+have been opposed to radical measures, which might have involved us in
+European difficulties. A toast drunk at one of their festivals was, "The
+hawks of war--may they be harmless." In 1795, during the excitement about
+the Jay treaty, the minority of the United States Senate who voted against
+it were toasted, thus showing that there was then in the society a strong
+anti-federal sentiment. On July 4, 1798, the Tammany Society met in their
+Great Wigwam in the evening, where a newspaper states "they partook of a
+collation and drank toasts which were in unison with their political
+opinions." This was about the beginning of Tammany's political career. The
+principles of Jefferson were in the ascendant; it had become a republican
+society. Martling's Tavern was a low, wooden building, with a very rough
+exterior devoid of paint, having an entrance on Nassau Street. The Long
+Room was in the rear of the house, and its somewhat dilapidated appearance
+caused it to be called the "Pig Pen," by those not friendly to Tammany.
+All the leading republicans of the day attended the meetings held here,
+and although the party was threatened by divisions of the Burrites, the
+Lewisites and the Clintonians, it was held together.
+
+[Illustration: MARTLING'S TAVERN]
+
+During the French Revolution there were many Frenchmen who had been driven
+from France and had taken refuge in New York City. One of these was the
+famous gastronome, Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, author of La Physiologie du
+Gout, who tells us something of the way they enjoyed themselves while
+here. He says: "I sometimes passed the evening in a sort of cafe-taverne,
+kept by a Mr. Little, where he served in the morning turtle soup, and in
+the evening all the refreshments customary in the United States. I
+generally took with me Vicomte de la Massue and Jean Rodolphe Fehr,
+formerly a mercantile broker at Marseilles, both _emigres_ like myself. I
+treated them to welch-rabbit, which was washed down with ale or cider, and
+here we passed the evening talking over our misfortunes, our pleasures,
+and our hopes."
+
+[Sidenote: A Drinking Bout]
+
+Michael Little's Tavern, or Porter House, as it was called, was at 56 Pine
+Street, a little below William Street, and it speaks well for the house
+that it should have been selected by Brillat-Savarin and his friends as a
+place for their suppers. Brillat-Savarin spent two years in New York,
+1794-96, supporting himself by giving lessons in the French language and
+playing in the orchestra of the theater. He gives a very amusing account
+of a dinner party at Little's place, of which he and his two friends
+formed a part. He had met there Mr. Wilkinson, an Englishman from Jamaica
+and his friend, whose name he never knew, whom he described as a very
+taciturn man, with a square face, keen eyes, and features as
+expressionless as those of a blind man, who appeared to notice everything
+but never spoke; only, when he heard a witty remark or merry joke, his
+face would expand, his eyes close, and opening a mouth as large as the
+bell of a trumpet, he would send forth a sound between a laugh and a howl
+called by the English, horse laugh; after which he would relapse into his
+habitual taciturnity. Mr. Wilkinson appeared to be about fifty years of
+age, with the manners and all the bearing of a gentleman (_un homme comme
+il faut_).
+
+These two Englishmen, pleased with the society of Brillat-Savarin and his
+friends, had many times partaken of the frugal collation which was offered
+them, when, one evening, Wilkinson took Brillat-Savarin to one side and
+declared his intention of engaging all three of them to dine with him. The
+invitation was accepted and fixed for three o'clock in the afternoon of
+the third day after. As they were about to leave the waiter quietly told
+Brillat-Savarin that the Jamaicans had ordered a good dinner and had given
+directions that the wine and liquor be carefully prepared, because they
+regarded the invitation as a challenge or test of drinking powers, and
+that the man with the big mouth had said that he hoped to put the
+Frenchmen under the table.
+
+For such a drinking bout Brillat-Savarin had no relish, but the Frenchmen
+could not now very well avoid it without being accused of being
+frightened by the Englishmen. Although aware of the danger, following the
+maxim of Marshal de Saxe, "As the wine was drawn they prepared to drink
+it." ("_Le vin etait tire, nous nous preparames a le boire._")
+
+Brillat-Savarin had no fear for himself, but he did not wish to see his
+two friends go down with the others; he wished to make it a national
+victory, and not an individual one. He, therefore, sent for his friends
+and gave them a lecture. He instructed them to restrain their appetites at
+the beginning so as to eat moderately with the wine throughout the whole
+dinner, to drink small draughts and even contrive to get rid of the wine
+sometimes without drinking it. They divided among them a quantity of
+bitter almonds, recommended for such an occasion.
+
+At the appointed time they all met at Little's Tavern, and soon after the
+dinner was served. It consisted of an enormous piece of roast beef, a
+turkey (_dindon cuit dans son jus_), vegetables, a salad and a tart
+(_tarte aux comfitures_). They drank after the French fashion, that is to
+say, the wine was served from the commencement. It was very good claret.
+Mr. Wilkinson did the honors of the table admirably. His friend appeared
+absorbed in his plate and said nothing.
+
+Brillat-Savarin was charmed with his two friends. La Massue, although
+endowed with a sufficiently good appetite, was mincing his food like a
+delicate young lady, and Fehr was adroitly succeeding in passing glasses
+of wine into a beer pot at the end of the table. He himself was holding up
+well against the two Englishmen, and the more the dinner advanced the more
+confident he felt.
+
+After the claret came Port, after Port, Madeira, at which they stuck for a
+long time. On the arrival of the dessert, composed of butter, cheese and
+nuts, was the time for toasts. They drank to the power of kings, the
+liberty of the people and the beauty of women; particularly to the health
+of Mr. Wilkinson's daughter, Mariah, who, he assured his guests, was the
+most beautiful person in all the island of Jamaica.
+
+After the wine came spirits--rum, brandy and whiskey--and with the
+spirits, songs. Brillat-Savarin avoided the spirits and called for punch.
+Little himself brought in a bowl of it, without doubt prepared in advance,
+sufficient for forty persons. No such vessel for drink was ever seen in
+France.
+
+Brillat-Savarin says that he ate five or six slices of buttered toast
+(_roties d'un beurre extremement frais_) and felt his forces revived. He
+then took a survey of the situation, for he was becoming much concerned as
+to how it would all end. His two friends appeared quite fresh and drank as
+they picked the nuts. Wilkinson's face was scarlet, his eyes were troubled
+and he appeared to be giving way. His friend said nothing, but his head
+smoked like a boiling caldron. The catastrophe was approaching.
+
+Suddenly Mr. Wilkinson started to his feet and began to sing Rule
+Britannia, but he could get no farther than these words; his strength
+failed him; he felt himself drop into his chair and from there rolled
+under the table (_coula sous le table_). His friend seeing him in this
+state, emitted one of his noisiest laughs, and stooping to assist him fell
+by his side.
+
+Brillat-Savarin, viewing the scene with considerable satisfaction and
+relief, rang the bell, and when Little came up, after addressing him the
+conventional phrase, "See to it that these gentlemen are properly cared
+for," with his friends drank with him their health in a parting glass of
+punch. The waiter, with his assistants, soon came in and bore away the
+vanquished, whom they carried out, according to the rule, _feet foremost_,
+which expression is used in English to designate those _dead or drunk_,
+Mr. Wilkinson still trying to sing Rule Britannia, his friend remaining
+absolutely motionless.
+
+Next day seeing in the newspapers an account of what had happened, with
+the remark that the Englishmen were ill, Brillat-Savarin went to see them.
+He found the friend suffering from a severe attack of indigestion. Mr.
+Wilkinson was confined to his chair by the gout, brought on probably by
+his late dissipation. He seemed sensible to the attention and said to
+Brillat-Savarin, among other things: "Oh! dear sir, you are very good
+company, indeed, but too hard a drinker for us."
+
+[Illustration: ANTHELME BRILLAT-SAVARIN]
+
+Brillat-Savarin was a convivial soul, a lover of good cheer and openhanded
+hospitality. The time passed so pleasantly and he was so comfortable while
+in New York City, that on taking his departure for France, in 1796, he
+declared that all he asked of Heaven was, never to know greater sorrow in
+the Old World that he had known in the New. He settled in Paris, and after
+holding several offices under the Directory, became a judge in the Cour de
+Cassation, the French court of last resort, where he remained until his
+death, in 1826. While without special reputation as a jurist, as a judge
+and expounder of gastronomic excellence, his name has become immortalized.
+
+On the 16th of December, 1796, "the young men of the city who were willing
+to contribute to the preservation of the Public Safety, at that critical
+juncture," were invited to attend a meeting "at Mr. Little's Porter House
+in Pine Street that evening at seven o'clock in order to form an
+association for that laudable purpose." Soon after this Little moved to
+No. 42 Broad Street, the old Fraunces' Tavern. At this place, on
+Wednesday, July 28, 1802, the two friends of De Witt Clinton and Colonel
+John Swartwout met to make arrangements for the duel which took place at
+Hoboken on Saturday, July 31st. A meeting of the gentlemen of the bar of
+the City of New York was held here February 11, 1802.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XII
+
+THE CITY HOTEL
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Black Friars]
+
+The social ties that had existed before the Revolution were all broken up,
+and new connections had to be formed. Societies, like the St. Andrew and
+St. George, were revived, and patriotic societies, such as the Cincinnati
+and the Tammany were formed. The first purely social club after the war,
+of which we have any knowledge, was the Black Friars, founded November 10,
+1784, the officers of which were a Father, Chancellor, Cardinals and
+Priors. On May 9, 1789, the society held a festival at the Friary, dinner
+being served at half-past four, and on November 10th of the same year
+celebrated its anniversary, an oration being delivered by Dr. Tillery.
+After dinner, eleven toasts were drunk, only eleven states having then
+come into the union. One of these toasts was: "The Fair Daughters of
+Columbia, may they ever find a friend in a Friar." The society was
+charitable as well as social, and met twice a month at the Friary, No. 56
+Pine Street. Among its members at this time were Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+Benjamin Graves, John Stagg, Dr. James Tillery, Bernard Hart, Dr. Benjamin
+Kissam, Richard Harwood, John Fisher and Oliver Glean. In 1802 the Friary
+was at the hotel of John Adams, Jr., 68 William Street. Its meetings were
+also held at the Merchants' Coffee House; by order of the Father.
+
+[Sidenote: The Drone Club]
+
+The Friendly Club, under the presidency of General Laight, existed for
+some years about this period, and included among its members many
+prominent men of the city. It met at the houses of its members in rotation
+every Tuesday evening. It was the duty of the host to direct the
+conversation and at the close of the discussion light refreshments were
+served. The Drone Club, a select and literary circle, was instituted about
+the year 1792. Its aim was intellectual advancement and the cultivation of
+letters rather than social or festive enjoyment. Its members were
+recognized by proofs of authorship, and in its ranks was the best talent
+of the city. It seems to be a fact that social clubs that met at taverns
+had more vitality than those that held their meeting at the houses of
+members.
+
+[Sidenote: The Belvedere Club]
+
+The Belvedere House was built in the year 1792 by thirty-three gentlemen
+composing the Belvedere Club. It was situated near the East River, about a
+quarter of a mile beyond the paved streets of the east side of the city,
+its site being now about the center of the block bounded by Montgomery,
+Cherry, Clinton and Monroe Streets. The original intention was to build
+merely a couple of rooms for the use of the club, but the beauty of the
+situation induced them to extend their plan and they erected a building to
+answer the purposes of a public hotel or tavern as well as for their own
+accommodation. The ball-room, which included the whole of the second story
+of the east front of the house was octagon, forty-five feet long,
+twenty-four feet wide and seventeen feet high, with a music gallery. This
+room, finished and decorated in admirable style, was retained by the Club
+for their Saturday evening meetings, during the summer season, the only
+exclusive privilege which the proprietors held. Its windows opened to the
+floor, communicating with a balcony twelve feet wide which surrounded the
+eastern part of the house and afforded a most agreeable promenade. The
+room under this on the ground floor, of the same shape and size in length
+and breadth as the ball-room, was used as a dinner and supper room for
+large companies and public entertainments. On the west side of the house
+were two dining parlors, a bar-room, two card-rooms and a number of bed
+chambers. To the west of the house was a small courtyard with stables,
+coach house and other offices; to the east, although the grounds were
+small, was a bowling green, and there were graveled walks and some
+shrubbery. From the balcony of the house could be seen a great part of the
+city, the bay of New York, Long Island, the East River as far as Hell
+Gate, and the bold and magnificent Pallisades bordering the North River on
+the Jersey side.
+
+[Illustration: BELVEDERE CLUB HOUSE]
+
+The house when completed, was taken by John Avery, who in December, 1793,
+was prepared to supply ladies and gentlemen with dinners and suppers, and
+made it known that the use of the ball-room could be obtained on
+seasonable notice, for public or private parties, balls or concerts. In
+1798, the Society of the Cincinnati, after transacting at Federal Hall,
+the usual business of their anniversary meeting, on July 4th, adjourned to
+the Belvedere for the dinner which was served up to them in the usual
+style. The Belvedere was an hilarious association, the main object of
+which was social enjoyment. Its members were doubtless much interested in
+the pleasures of riding and driving and probably supported to some extent
+the races which are said to have been regularly held on the Bowery Lane,
+about the opening of the nineteenth century.
+
+[Sidenote: Improvement in the City Hotel]
+
+John Lovett was landlord of the City Hotel until 1807, when he was
+succeeded by Chenelette Dusseaussoir, who had been a confectioner, with a
+store at No. 102, on the opposite side of Broadway, below the hotel. He
+continued as landlord for two years, when in 1809, Solomon D. Gibson took
+charge of the house, and two years later, after making some alterations,
+informs the public that, "The Ordinary of the Hotel is always supplied
+with every variety and delicacy which the season will permit, while the
+Bar can boast an ample stock of superior wines calculated to tempt the
+taste of the epicure. A new and elegant Bar-Room and Coffee-Room, fronting
+on Broadway, have lately been added; which, unrivalled in point of pure
+air and salubrity, and commanding a delightful view of a street
+embellished with all the facinations of beauty and by all the graces of
+fashion, present irresistable attractions to gentlemen of taste."
+
+The City Hotel afforded better accommodations for balls and concerts than
+any other place in the city, and the most important affairs of such a
+nature were held here. What was called the Old Assembly Room in William
+Street was also used for such purposes. In February, 1802, announcement
+was made that the second Juvenile Assembly would be held on the 18th at
+this place. This was probably a rival of the City Assembly. In the
+announcement their rules are given out, which appear to have been very
+strict.
+
+[Sidenote: City Assembly]
+
+An English traveler who visited New York in 1807 states that the City
+Hotel nearly resembles in size and architecture the London Tavern in
+Bishopgate Street. He also says: "Dancing is an amusement that the New
+York ladies are passionately fond of, and they are said to excel those of
+every other city in the Union. I visited the City Assembly, which is held
+at the City Hotel in the Broadway, and considered as the best in New York.
+It was the first night of the season, and there was not more than one
+hundred and fifty persons present. I did not perceive anything different
+from an English assembly, except the cotillions, which were danced in an
+admirable manner, alternately with the country dances. Several French
+gentlemen were present, and figured away in the cotillions with
+considerable taste and agility. The subscription is two dollars and a half
+for each night, and includes tea, coffee, and cold collation. None but the
+first class of society can become subscribers to this assembly. Another
+has, however, been recently established, in which the genteel part of the
+second class are admitted, who were shut out from the City Assembly. A
+spirit of jealousy and pride has caused the subscribers of the new
+assembly to make their subscriptions three dollars, and to have their
+balls also at the City Hotel. It was so well conducted, that many of the
+subscribers of the City Assembly seceded, and joined the opposition one,
+or subscribed to both."
+
+[Sidenote: Musical Societies]
+
+About the opening of the nineteenth century there were several musical
+societies in New York. Some of these were short-lived, but others arose to
+take their places. The Euterpean was of this period. It lasted until the
+middle of the century and exercised a considerable influence on the
+musical taste of the time. There was also a Philharmonic Society. On the
+16th of February, 1802, the Columbian Anacreontic Society gave their
+annual Ladies' Concert at the Tontine Assembly Rooms, in the City Hotel,
+Broadway. It must have been considered a very fine affair, for the account
+of it in the Evening Post next day fills more than a column of the paper.
+The article states that the concert was "given in a style of superior
+elegance. The whole suite of apartments occupied by the City Assemblies
+were thrown open on this occasion. No pains or expense had been spared to
+provide suitable entertainment. * * * The company assembled at an early
+hour and were numerous beyond any former occasion." Between the acts
+refreshments were served from the tea-room, which part of the
+entertainment was received by the company with marks of appreciation. The
+newspaper article concludes: "We beg permission to express our hope that
+an institution so honorable to the taste and manners of our city, may
+continue to receive the electric applause of Beauty and Fashion."
+
+[Sidenote: Second Hudson Centennial]
+
+New York celebrated the second centennial anniversary of the discovery of
+the Hudson River on Monday, the 4th of September, 1809, under the auspices
+of the New York Historical Society. It was not so grand and elaborate an
+affair as that of the third centennial celebration, gotten up by the city
+two years ago, yet, nevertheless, it was an appropriate celebration. At
+the request of the society the Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller delivered a learned
+and interesting address concerning this event, before a large and
+respectable audience of ladies and gentlemen at the City Hall, among whom
+were the governor, the mayor and the corporation of the city. At four
+o'clock the members of the society with the invited guests sat down to an
+elegant dinner prepared for them by Messrs. Fay and Gibson at the City
+Hotel. Shell fish and other fish, with which our waters abound, were
+served, with wild pigeon and corn and beans or succotash, the old Dutch
+or Indian dish, the favorite dish of the season, and the different meats
+introduced into the country by the early settlers. Such dishes were served
+as were common in the early history of the city. One of the toasts, which
+was offered by Simeon DeWitt, was: "May our successors a century hence
+celebrate the same event which we this day commemorate." The spirit of
+Simeon DeWitt may have been the guardian angel of our recent celebration.
+
+[Sidenote: St. Andrew's Society Dinners]
+
+The dinners of the St. Andrew's Society seem to have surpassed all others.
+The St. Andrew's Society of the State of New York celebrated its
+anniversary on Monday, November 30, 1801, at the Tontine Coffee House.
+Here, after disposing of the usual business of the society, they sat down
+to a dinner prepared by James Rathwell, the landlord of the house, which,
+it is said "was never exceeded in this city for elegance and variety, and
+spent the evening to a pretty late hour with much conviviality and
+friendship." They were honored with the company of the mayor, his
+predecessor in that office, and that of the British consul. One account of
+the dinner states: "We have never heard so many original and appropriate
+songs as were sung on this occasion, and never witnessed more genuine
+satisfaction beam in every eye." In 1802, and in 1803, the society
+celebrated their anniversary at the same place and the dinner each year
+was prepared by Mr. Rathwell in the same superior style as in 1801.
+
+In 1804 the society celebrated their anniversary at the Tontine Coffee
+House, and at four o'clock sat down to a dinner prepared in the best style
+by Mr. Hyde, who was again the landlord of the house, "and spent their
+convivial hour with the dignified festivity of men attached to each other
+by personal respect, by love to their native and adopted country, and by a
+generous concurrance in extending a generous proportion of their own
+comforts to their suffering brethren." The mayor of the city, the British
+consul general, Captain Beresford, of the navy, and other gentlemen of
+distinction honored the society with their company. On the wall of the
+room hung a full length portrait of General Hamilton, the property of the
+Chamber of Commerce. Pointing to this, a member of the society gave the
+toast: "Our Silent Monitor--May we ever emulate his virtues."
+
+When the society celebrated their anniversary, November 30, 1805, the
+landlord of the Tontine Coffee House was Thomas Vaughan, who prepared for
+them a dinner "unusually sumptuous and elegant." The guests were the mayor
+of the city, the British consul general, the Hon. Robert R. Livingston and
+Captain Porteous. At this meeting the society passed a resolution, offered
+by Dr. Tillery "to erect a plain, neat Monument in memory of that great
+and good man, Major General Hamilton, on the spot where he received the
+wound which terminated in his death and which deprived America of her
+greatest pride and ornament." The next year Mr. Vaughan again prepared the
+anniversary dinner for the society at the Tontine Coffee House, when "they
+allowed themselves to indulge in that degree of innocent mirth and decent
+conviviality, which comports with the character of those whose flow of
+soul must not extend beyond the feast of reason." After dinner toasts were
+drunk interspersed with Scottish songs and "tales of other times."
+
+In 1810, honored by the company of several distinguished guests, the St.
+Andrew's Society celebrated their anniversary at the City Hotel, then kept
+by Solomon D. Gibson. A newspaper states: "It would be a want of justice
+in us towards Mr. Gibson not to state that the style in which the dinner
+was gotten up and the quality of his wines were such as gave entire
+satisfaction to the company and did himself much credit." "After the cloth
+was removed a number of appropriate toasts were given and the social
+glass, the cheerful song and 'Weel timed Daffin,' kept a considerable
+party together till 'Some wee short hour ayont the T'wai' hinted to each
+to 'Tak the way that pleased himsel,' highly gratified with the agreeable
+manner in which the day had been spent."
+
+[Sidenote: A Supper at Dyde's Hotel]
+
+For more than ten years the Long Room of Martling's Tavern was the wigwam
+of the Tammany Society. Immediately after the election of Jefferson, when
+the Tammany Society had become thoroughly Republican, a division arose
+between the friends of De Witt Clinton, Chancellor Livingston and Colonel
+Burr. Each accused the other of faithlessness, dishonesty and duplicity.
+Clinton became involved with Colonel John Swartwout, a friend of Burr,
+which led to a duel between them at Hoboken, in which Swartwout was
+wounded. Bitterness between these factions was intense until 1806, when a
+coalition was entered into between the Clintonians and Burrites, which was
+kept secret until the 20th of February, 1806, when they assembled at
+Dyde's Hotel to celebrate the union by a supper. The coalition was a
+surprise to all and was denounced in the strongest terms as an unnatural
+union, a public outrage, etc. One paper states that "verily a supper was
+very appropriate; for such deeds of dark and terrible infamy ought to be
+enacted in the night only," and calls it a political rascality. The
+factions had accused each other of all sorts of political crimes and now
+they had joined forces.
+
+  "Come let us chant our joys,
+    We now are foes no more;
+  Now we are _honest_ boys,
+    However so before."
+
+Dyde's house was next door to the Park Theatre, facing the Park. He called
+it the London Hotel and proposed to keep it "in the true Old English
+Style, the principles of which are cleanliness, civility, comfort and good
+cheer." In March, 1806, the Park Theatre announced the play of Macbeth, to
+be followed by the comedy of the Farm House, the curtain to rise at
+half-past six o'clock. The announcement was followed by a card stating
+that there could be obtained "an excellent supper at Dyde's Hotel between
+the play and farce at 50 cents each; the same every other night at
+half-past 9 o'clock." Verily our ancestors took their pleasures in large
+and heavy doses. For a time Dyde's Hotel was quite popular. On Sunday,
+January 11, 1807, Mr. Foster preached a sermon here, and a meeting of the
+Philharmonic Society was held at Dyde's Hotel, next to the Theater, on
+Thursday, January 29, 1807. The Philharmonic Society met here again in
+December of the same year for the election of officers of the society when
+it was called the Washington Hotel. When a public ball was given here in
+February, 1808, by Mr. Armour, a teacher of dancing, it was still known as
+the Washington Hotel. In the early part of the year 1809, it appears to
+have been called the Mercantile Coffee House, and also the Commercial
+Coffee House, but neither of these names clung to it very long.
+
+[Illustration: WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: Tea Gardens]
+
+The so-called gardens, where ice cream, tea and other beverages were
+served to the sound of music, were, about the beginning of the century,
+and had been for some time, popular with the people of New York. During
+the war, while the city was occupied by the British, near the present
+corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, there was a public house called the
+White Conduit House, so called from a popular tavern of that name in
+London. On the 24th of June, 1779, the Freemasons, in remembrance of St.
+John, their patron saint, went in procession to St. Paul's Church, where
+an excellent sermon was preached by Dr. Seabury; "from thence they
+proceeded, accompanied by the clergy and band of music to the White
+Conduit House, where there was an elegant dinner prepared, and the day was
+celebrated with great harmony and brotherly love." At the close of the war
+the place became a public garden and pleasure resort. In 1796 it was under
+the control of William Byram. Soon after, when the street was cut through,
+it came into the possession of Joseph Corre, who some years before, had
+been the landlord of the City Tavern, and was at the time keeper of an ice
+cream and tea garden on State Street, called the Columbian Garden. Under
+his management it was known as the Mt. Vernon Garden. The cutting through
+of the street left the house high above the level, and it was reached by a
+flight of steps. Flying horses and other like amusements were the
+attractions of the place. Corre opened here a Summer Theater, in which
+members of the Park Theater company played during the time their own
+theater was closed.
+
+[Sidenote: Second Vauxhall]
+
+Bayard's Mount, or Bunker Hill, as it was sometimes called, at the present
+junction of Grand and Mulberry Streets, the highest point on the island
+near the city, was a well known landmark in its time, overlooking the city
+and a wide extent of country including the North and East Rivers. There is
+no sign to-day that such an elevation ever existed at that place. Nearby
+was the Bayard homestead which had been the residence of the Bayard family
+for fifty years. In 1798, this, with the surrounding premises, was
+converted by Joseph Delacroix, a Frenchman, into a popular resort, known
+as Vauxhall Garden. It was the second of the name, the first, at the
+corner of Warren and Greenwich Streets, which, before the war, flourished
+under the management of Sam Francis, having been converted, some years
+previous, into a pottery.
+
+On Independence Day, 1802, particular exertions were made by the summer
+gardens to attract visitors. It was announced that the open air theatre at
+the Mount Vernon Garden, under the management of John Hodgkinson, of the
+Park Theatre, would open the season on Monday, July 5th, in celebration of
+Independence Day, with the play of "All the World's a Stage," after which
+would be recitations and songs, followed by "The Sailor's Landlady or Jack
+in Distress"; concluding with a grand display of fireworks. Tickets to
+Box, six shillings, Pit and Gallery, four shillings. Refreshments as
+usual. Joseph Delacroix informed his friends and the public in general
+that on Monday, July 5th, the anniversary of American Independence would
+be celebrated at Vauxhall with great splendor, surpassing everything ever
+yet exhibited in America. A beautiful drawing of the Triumphal Car which
+was to take part in the spectacular scene could be seen at the Tontine
+Coffee House. Doors open at four o'clock. Tickets, four shillings. Grand
+illuminations and transparencies were promised at the Columbian Garden, in
+State Street, opposite the Battery. Open from six o'clock in the morning
+until ten o'clock at night. Tickets, two shillings.
+
+[Sidenote: Third Vauxhall]
+
+Another place of great notoriety for many years was situated south of the
+present Astor Place, between the Bowery and Broadway, the narrower end of
+the property on Broadway, the entrance being on the Bowery. Jacob Sperry,
+a native of Switzerland, although he had studied physic, purchased the
+property and for many years devoted himself to the raising of fruits and
+flowers. In 1803 he sold the garden to John Jacob Astor for nine thousand
+pounds (L9,000), then considered a good sale. Astor leased it to Joseph
+Delacroix, who was then conducting the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard
+estate, at Grand and Mulberry Streets, and who, when he moved to it,
+carried with him the name. Under his management it became a noted resort.
+Vauxhall Garden was an inclosure said to contain three acres of ground,
+handsomely laid out with gravel walks and grass plots, and adorned with
+shrubs, trees, flowers, busts, statues, and arbors. In the center was a
+large equestrian statue of General Washington. There were summer houses,
+and tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and boxes or rather
+stalls around the inside, close up to the high board fence which inclosed
+the garden, where visitors were served with light refreshments. In the
+front of the grounds was a building where a theatrical company performed
+during the summer season. The price of admission was fifty cents to Box,
+Pit or Gallery, for they were all one and the same thing, the spectators
+sitting in the open air. The orchestra was among the trees. A resident of
+Philadelphia relates how on a visit to New York, in 1806, he was carried
+out to the garden in a hackney coach with three other passengers for
+twenty-five cents each, and there, for fifty cents, saw performed "The
+Agreeable Surprise," in which Twaits played the principal part. Delacroix
+succeeded in making the garden a very popular resort. All the town flocked
+to it. It was to the New York of that day something like what Coney Island
+is to the New York of to-day. With its numerous lamps among the trees and
+shrubbery and arbors, its artistic adornments, its fireworks and balloons,
+its music and its theatrical performances and singing, the people of New
+York considered it about as gay a place of recreation as could be found
+anywhere. Lafayette Place was cut through the property in 1826, but the
+garden continued to flourish for more than twenty years after. During the
+later years of its existence it became a favorite place for public
+meetings.
+
+[Sidenote: The Old Coffee House]
+
+About the time that the Tontine Coffee House was built, in 1793, Mrs.
+Bradford, who had kept the Merchants' Coffee House since the death of her
+husband, in 1786, retired. She lived in Cortlandt until her death, in May,
+1822. She was succeeded in the old house by John Byrne, who opened it as
+the New York Hotel, but it was generally called "The Old Coffee House."
+Byrne remained there until 1798, when he crossed over to the Tontine and
+was succeeded by Edward Bardin, who had been a well known tavern-keeper in
+New York since 1764. Many of the old societies continued to patronize the
+house. The Free Masons clung to it. The Sons of St. Patrick celebrated
+here their anniversaries, and the Black Friars--a social club--met here by
+order of the "Fathers." The Marine Society continued here their regular
+meetings. Bardin was in possession of it when it was burned down in the
+fire of 1804. The building, which was of brick, was valued at $7,500. When
+the house was rebuilt, Bardin returned to it and opened it as the Phoenix
+Coffee House, and continued in it until he, too, like his predecessor,
+went over to the Tontine, in 1812.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Robert R. Livingston]
+
+A grand dinner was given to the Honorable Robert R. Livingston at the
+Tontine Coffee House, December 7, 1805. Although circumstances prevented
+many from attending, yet the room was crowded, and it is said that on no
+similar occasion was there ever witnessed a more elegant entertainment or
+a more respectable company. John Watts presided. Among those who attended
+were: The Reverend Doctor Rodgers, the Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor, the
+Foreign Consuls, Mr. Morris, Mr. King and Mr. Van Rensselear. After
+dinner, Mr. Livingston being called on by the president, gave the toast,
+"New York--Its ports fortified--its commerce prosperous--its mechanics
+encouraged and its citizens united and happy." Mr. Livingston having
+retired amidst the applause of the company the president gave: "Robert B.
+Livingston--the successful negociator--the friend of agriculture and the
+patron of fine arts," which was received with cheers.
+
+[Illustration: Robert R. Livingston]
+
+[Sidenote: The Embargo]
+
+The embargo of 1807 prostrated the business of the city. In the spring of
+1808, the streets, wharfs and quays along the East River appeared almost
+deserted; the bustle and activity of former days no longer prevailed.
+There were many ships at the wharfs, but they were dismantled and laid up;
+their decks were cleared, their hatches were fastened down and hardly a
+sailor was to be seen. Not a box, barrel, bale or package was on the
+wharfs and many of the counting houses were closed. A few merchants,
+clerks, porters and laborers could be seen aimlessly strolling about with
+their hands in their pockets. Where there used to be sixty to a hundred
+carts standing in the street for hire there were scarcely a dozen, and
+they were unemployed. A few coasting sloops and schooners, clearing out
+for the ports of the United States, were all that remained of that immense
+business which was carried on only a few months before. The Tontine Coffee
+House was almost empty, the few to be seen, appearing to be there merely
+to pass away the time, which hung heavy on their hands. There appeared to
+be little or no business doing there except perhaps a few transactions in
+securities or stocks. Grass had begun to grow upon the wharfs, and the
+people seemed to have taken leave of all their former gaiety and
+cheerfulness. The embargo did not accomplish the results desired. It was
+lifted in the early part of the year 1809, and the activities of business
+were again resumed.
+
+[Sidenote: Mechanics' Hall]
+
+The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, founded November 17, 1785,
+incorporated March 14, 1792, erected a hall of their own on the corner of
+Broadway and Robinson Street (now Park Place), in 1802. They held their
+annual celebration in it for the first time on the 6th of January, 1803.
+After the election of officers and other business before the society, the
+two hundred and fifteen members in attendance sat down to a dinner
+prepared for them by Mr. Borowsen, who was then in charge of the house.
+The day was spent with the utmost hilarity and good humor, enlivened by
+appropriate toasts and songs. The mayor of the city was a guest of the
+society. Mechanics' Hall is described as a building eighty by twenty-seven
+and a half feet. In the basement was a spacious kitchen, etc.; on the
+first floor a large coffee room, bar, dining room and landlady's room; on
+the second floor, ceiling sixteen feel high, a large hall fifty-two by
+twenty-five feet, with a handsome orchestra and a drawing room twenty feet
+square. On the third floor were five spacious rooms for the use of clubs
+and meetings of any kind and on the fourth twelve bedrooms. In the spring
+of 1803, the house was taken by Michael Little, and soon became a popular
+place for balls and concerts. It was for some years one of the prominent
+hotels of the city. The twelfth anniversary of the society was celebrated
+here in 1804, when Mr. Little was the landlord of the house.
+
+[Sidenote: New England Society]
+
+New York, as headquarters of the British forces in the Revolutionary war,
+had attracted much attention to her advantageous situation, and when peace
+returned men of energy flocked to it, as offering a good field for
+enterprise. Among these were many from New England, and it is claimed that
+the city owes much to this element, endowed with intelligence, vitality
+and perseverance. Soon after the opening of the nineteenth century the New
+England Society was formed. Their first dinner was given December 21,
+1805. For some years their meetings were held at the Tontine Coffee House
+and at other prominent public houses, but about 1812 the society settled
+on Niblo's Bank Coffee House as the regular place for their annual
+dinners. On December 22, 1807, the society held a grand celebration of
+their anniversary at the City Hotel, where at three o'clock in the
+afternoon, four hundred gentlemen sat down to an elegant dinner prepared
+by Mr. Dusseaussoir. The Reverend Doctor Rodgers and several of the
+venerable clergy from New England sat at the head of the table on the
+right of the president. It seems to have been a very merry dinner. An
+account of it, with the songs and toasts, fills over a column of the
+Evening Post. To honor the day, the proprietors and masters of all vessels
+in the port of New York, belonging to New England, were requested to hoist
+their colors on the 22d.
+
+[Sidenote: Washington Hall]
+
+The Washington Benevolent Society was organized on the 12th of July, 1808.
+On Washington's birthday, February 22, 1809, after electing officers of
+the society, they repaired to Zion Church, where an oration was delivered.
+In the evening, about one thousand members of the society sat down to
+suppers provided for them at five different houses. On the next Fourth of
+July the society celebrated the day with more than usual enthusiasm,
+taking a leading part. They had a grand parade and laid the corner stone
+of Washington Hall on the corner of Broadway and Reade Streets. The
+president of the society, Isaac Sebring, after going through the
+formalities of the occasion, turned to the society and thus impressively
+addressed them: "While I congratulate the society on this occasion, I
+cannot but express the hope that the Hall, to be erected on this spot, may
+be sacredly devoted to the cultivation of Friendship, of Charity, of
+correct principles and of ardent Patriotism. Built by the friends of
+Washington, may it never be polluted by the enemies of that illustrious
+and revered statesman. * * * Designed as the seat of rational republican
+sentiments, may it be forever preserved from the infuriated footsteps of
+Monarchy, Aristocracy, Anarchy and Jacobinism. And may our descendants in
+the latest generation, meet at this spot to commemorate the virtues of
+their revolutionary ancestors."
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON HALL]
+
+Although the Washington Benevolent Society was not organized as a
+political association there is no doubt that its members were mostly of
+the Federal party. The Hamilton Society, whose headquarters were at the
+Hamilton Hotel in Cherry Street, was very friendly. This, too, no doubt,
+was strongly Federal, and Washington Hall, where the two societies joined
+in celebrating Washington's birthday, became, soon after its completion,
+the headquarters of the Federal party, in opposition to Tammany Hall,
+completed about the same time, as that of the Republicans or Democrats.
+Washington Hall, at the time of its erection, was considered one of the
+handsomest structures in the city. Although intended to be used as a
+public hall for meetings, assemblies, etc., it was also kept as a hotel.
+Its first landlord was Daniel W. Crocker.
+
+[Sidenote: Tammany Hall]
+
+The corner-stone of Tammany Hall, corner of the present Park Place and
+Frankfort Street, was laid on Monday, May 13, 1811, the twenty-second
+anniversary of Tammany Society. Abraham M. Valentine was the grand marshal
+of the day. The members of the society appeared in aboriginal costume,
+wore the buck-tail as usual and marched in Indian file. Clarkson Crolius,
+grand sachem, laid the corner-stone and made a short and spirited address.
+Alpheus Sherman delivered the oration. Joseph Delacroix, proprietor of
+Vauxhall Garden and a good Tammanyite, celebrated the twenty-second
+anniversary of the Tammany Society and the laying of the corner-stone of
+the Great Wigwam by an unusual exhibition and a grand feu-de-joie at the
+garden at half-past eight o'clock in the evening. When the hall was
+completed, besides being used as the Great Wigwam of the Tammany Society,
+it was taken by Abraham B. Martling, and with his nephew, William B.
+Cozzens, conducted as a hotel.
+
+[Illustration: TAMMANY HALL]
+
+The Fraunces Tavern in Broad Street during the first decade of the
+nineteenth century continued to be one of the prominent taverns or hotels
+of the city. The Society of the Cincinnati had their annual dinner here
+on the Fourth of July, 1804, after a meeting at Federal Hall. It was then
+kept by David Ross, who had succeeded Michael Little as its landlord when
+he went to Mechanics' Hall. Shortly after this, and for some years, it was
+known as Washington Hotel. In 1813, on the celebration of the thirtieth
+anniversary of the Evacuation, the Independent Veteran Corps of Artillery,
+after performing the duties of the day, partook of a dinner at this old
+historic tavern, which seems to have been their headquarters. It was then
+kept by Rudolphus Kent. This was repeated the next year on Evacuation Day.
+
+[Illustration: FRAUNCES' TAVERN ABOUT 1830]
+
+[Sidenote: The Battery]
+
+Between State Street and the hay was the Battery, a beautifully situated
+open space of ground, where military parades were frequently held. On the
+Fourth of July and other anniversary days, there were brilliant
+exhibitions here of the artillery and other uniform troops. It was a
+public ground, where the citizens could enjoy the fresh breezes from the
+bay and the cool shade of the trees on hot summer days. The prospect
+afforded of the Jersey Shore, Staten Island, Long Island and the other
+small islands, of the ships at anchor and of others passing and repassing,
+made a scene at once variegated and delightful. For those who desired it,
+music, ice cream and other delicacies could be had at Corre's public
+garden on State Street, not far away.
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Ranelagh]
+
+We have described Vauxhall Garden, but there was also a Ranelagh, a
+suburban resort, situated about at the junction of Grand and Division
+Streets, near Corlear's Hook. It had been formerly known by the name of
+Mount Pitt. The adjoining grounds were shady and agreeable and from in
+front of the house was an extensive view of the city and of the eastern
+and southern parts of the harbor. At a short distance were the ruins of a
+battery erected during the Revolutionary War, behind Belvedere, and on
+these mouldering ramparts was a pleasant walk and prospect. Behind
+Ranelagh were considerable remains of the line of entrenchments, made by
+the British in 1781, across the island from Corlear's Hook to Lispenard's
+Brewery, to defend the city against the American army.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ugly Club]
+
+On the 4th of July, 1807, the Society of the Cincinnati partook of their
+annual dinner at the house of Joseph Baker, No. 4 Wall Street, corner of
+New, which for many years after this was a well known and popular house.
+About 1815, a select little circle, composed of the handsomest and most
+companionable young men of that day to be found in New York City, made
+this little tavern their rendezvous, where they held frequent convivial
+meetings. This was the Ugly Club and Baker's Tavern, or porter house, was
+styled Ugly Hall. Fitz-Greene Halleck was a member of this club and was
+honored by the appointment of "Poet Laureate to the Ugly Club."
+
+Baker's Tavern was for a time the starting place, or terminus of the
+route, of the stages which ran to Greenwich village. On the road to
+Greenwich a little beyond Canal Street was Tyler's, a popular suburban
+resort, some years before known as Brannon's Tea Garden. Many of the old
+graduates of Columbia College, who were living not so many years ago,
+cherished pleasant memories of Commencement suppers indulged in at this
+place.
+
+The sportsman could find not far from the city, on Manhattan Island,
+abundance of game; and it was no unusual thing in the gaming season to see
+well known men with guns on their shoulders and followed by their dogs,
+making their way up Broadway or Greenwich Street to the open country. In
+the Bowery Lane, at the second mile stone, was the Dog and Duck Tavern,
+which was frequented by those who chose to visit the salt meadows which
+were covered in the autumn with water-fowl. Further up the island, near
+the five mile stone, was the Dove Tavern, where those had their quarters
+who sought the woodcock and quail in the fields and glades, or the wild
+pigeon in the woods which covered a large part of the land.
+
+
+
+
+XIII
+
+THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN
+
+
+[Sidenote: War]
+
+On June 19, 1812, President Madison issued his formal proclamation of war
+with Great Britain. The news reached New York at nine o'clock on the
+morning of Saturday, June 20th. On the same day orders came to Commodore
+Rodgers to sail on a cruise against the enemy. He was in entire readiness
+and put to sea within an hour after receiving his instructions. He passed
+Sandy Hook on the afternoon of June 21st, with his squadron consisting of
+the President, 44; the United States, 44; the Congress, 38; the Hornet,
+18; and the Argus, 16--in all, five vessels, carrying 160 guns. The
+British force cruising off the coast consisted of eight men-of-war,
+carrying 312 guns, with a number of corvettes and sloops. In a few months
+the victories of the American ships thrilled the country with satisfaction
+and delight and fairly stunned the English who had regarded the American
+navy as beneath contempt.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT NAVAL DINNER AT THE CITY HOTEL]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Naval Heroes]
+
+On Tuesday, December 29, 1812, a magnificent banquet was given by the
+corporation and citizens of New York at the City Hotel, then kept by
+Gibson, in honor of Captain Decatur, Captain Hull and Captain Jones, to
+celebrate their recent victories. The dinner was served at five o'clock in
+the afternoon and five hundred gentlemen sat down to table. It was a naval
+dinner and marine decorations prevailed. The large dining-room "was
+colonaded round with the masts of ships entwined with laurels and bearing
+the flags of all the world." Each table had on it a ship in miniature
+flying the American flag. At the head of the room, at a long table raised
+about three feet above the others, sat the mayor of the city, DeWitt
+Clinton, the president of the feast, with Decatur upon his right and Hull
+upon his left. In front of this, in a space covered with green grass was
+a lake of real water, on which floated a miniature frigate. Across the end
+of the room, back of all, hung on the wall the large main sail of a ship.
+At the toast, "To our Navy," the main-sail was furled, exposing to view
+two large transparent paintings, one representing the battles between the
+Constitution and the Guerriere, the United States and the Macedonian and
+the Wasp and the Frolic, and the other representing the American Eagle
+holding in his beak three civic crowns, on which were the following
+inscriptions: "Hull and the Guerriere"--"Jones and the Frolic"--"Decatur
+and the Macedonian," which produced great enthusiasm among the guests. The
+dinner was a great success. At the very time it was being served,
+Commodore Bainbridge, in the Constitution, was engaged with the British
+frigate, Java, in a hot action, lasting nearly two hours, in which he
+silenced all her guns and made of her a riddled and dismantled hulk, not
+worth bringing to port. In this same banquet room, the decorations having
+been retained, the crew of the United States were entertained on Thursday,
+January 7, 1813, by the corporation. Alderman Vanderbilt delivered the
+address of welcome to the sailors, of whom there were about four hundred
+present. After dinner, by invitation, they attended the Park Theatre,
+where the drop-curtain had on it a painting representing the fight of the
+United States and the Macedonian.
+
+[Illustration: Stephen Decatur]
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Captain Lawrence]
+
+On the 13th of May, 1813, by a vote of the common council, a dinner was
+given to Captain Lawrence, of the Hornet, and his gallant crew at
+Washington Hall. The seamen landed at Whitehall Slip about half-past two
+o'clock in the afternoon, attended by the band of the Eleventh Regiment
+and marched through Pearl Street, Wall Street and Broadway to Washington
+Hall. At half-past three o'clock the petty officers, seamen and marines
+sat down to a bountiful repast. Paintings representing the victories of
+Hull, Decatur, Jones and Bainbridge decorated the walls of the room, and
+over the chair of the boatswain of the Hornet, who was the presiding
+officer, was an elegant view by Holland of the action of the Hornet with
+the Peacock. The table was decorated with a great variety of flags and
+with emblems appropriate to the occasion. After the meats were removed a
+visit to the room was made by the common council, accompanied by Captain
+Lawrence. At the sight of their commander the sailors rose from their
+seats and heartily cheered him with three times three. Perfect order and
+decorum were preserved and the bottle, the toast and the song went round
+with hilarity and glee.
+
+[Illustration: Isaac Hull]
+
+[Illustration: J. Lawrence]
+
+In another room a dinner was served to the corporation and its guests,
+among whom were Captain Lawrence and all his officers, the commanders of
+all the ships of war on the New York Station, many of the judges of the
+courts and Colonel Joseph G. Swift, the commander of the corps of
+engineers. This room was decorated by many emblematic paintings by Mr.
+Holland, descriptive of our naval victories; some of them had been used at
+the great naval dinner given to Decatur, Hull and Jones at the City Hotel
+in the previous December.
+
+The crew were invited to attend the performance at the theater that
+evening, the front of the theater being illuminated and the pit set apart
+for their accommodation. They marched in a body from the dinner table to
+the theater at six o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to General Harrison]
+
+A dinner was given to General Harrison in the afternoon of December 1,
+1813, at Tammany Hall under the direction of the State Republican
+(Democratic) general committee of New York. Besides the distinguished
+guest, there were Governor Tompkins, Major-Generals Dearborn and Hampton,
+Judge Brockholst Livingston, of the United States Supreme Court, and a
+great number of officers of the army and navy and of the volunteer corps
+of the city. The dining hall was handsomely decorated under the direction
+of Mr. Holland. There were five tables, containing sixty covers each,
+ornamented by representations of castles, pyramids, etc., provided by
+Martling and Cozzens, the proprietors, in their usual elegant and liberal
+manner.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Commodore Bainbridge]
+
+The Federalists, in their turn, on the 8th of the same month, in the
+afternoon, gave a splendid dinner to Commodore Bainbridge at Washington
+Hall, at which John B. Coles presided. Notwithstanding the unpleasant
+weather there were nearly three hundred persons present. Among the number
+were Governor Tompkins, Mayor Clinton, Major-Generals Dearborn and
+Stevens, Judges Brockholst Livingston, Van Ness and Benson and the
+officers of the navy on the New York Station. The room was handsomely
+decorated and the dinner was provided by Captain Crocker and served up in
+a very correct and elegant style.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to Commodore Perry]
+
+The next public dinner during the winter season was given to Commodore
+Perry on the afternoon of the 11th of January, 1814, at Tammany Hall, at
+which about three hundred and fifty persons were present. Major James
+Fairlie presided. There were seven tables; one of these, on an elevated
+platform, at which the honored guests were seated, crossed the eastern end
+of the room, the others led from it to the lower end, and all were
+beautifully embellished with numerous ornaments. The pillars of the hall
+were surrounded with clusters of American flags, and the decorations of
+the hall were arranged under the gratuitous direction of Mr. Holland. Five
+transparent paintings from his pencil adorned the walls. One of these,
+covering about one hundred and fifty square feet, represented a large
+eagle bearing in his beak and talons a scroll inscribed in large capitals:
+"We have Met the Enemy and they are Ours." In the evening Commodore Perry
+attended a ball at Washington Hall which followed a concert given at that
+place.
+
+[Sidenote: Patriotic Demonstrations by the Two Parties]
+
+As before the war, the people were divided into two great parties, one for
+war, the other for peace, but both claiming to be acting for the good of
+the general government and the welfare of the people, while the fear of
+disunion of the states hung heavily over the country. At the anniversary
+dinner at Washington Hall on the 4th of July, 1813, one of the volunteer
+toasts was: "Our Country--Disgraced by the folly of democracy, may its
+character soon be retrieved by the virtue and talents of federalism." The
+war made the celebration of the Fourth of July particularly important, and
+the two parties vied with each other in patriotic demonstrations. The
+celebration of Independence Day, 1814, was made by two grand processions;
+one was led by the Tammany Society, which was joined and followed by
+several other societies; the other was led by the Washington Benevolent
+Society, joined by the Hamilton Society. The military parade, headed by
+the governor, was made entirely independent of any procession. After the
+procession the members of the Tammany Society sat down to a repast
+prepared by Martling and Cozzens, proprietors of Tammany Hall Hotel, and
+the members of the Washington Benevolent Society and of the Hamilton
+Society dined in the afternoon at Washington Hall, but in separate rooms.
+The State Society of the Cincinnati held their annual meeting at the City
+Hall, after which they retired to the Tontine Coffee House where a dinner
+was served to them at four o'clock. Commodore Decatur, lately elected an
+honorary member, dined with the Society. After dinner, eighteen toasts
+were drunk, each followed by an appropriate piece of music by Moffit's
+military band. At Vauxhall the celebration in the evening surpassed in
+display and grandeur any previous exhibitions of the kind.
+
+[Sidenote: News of Peace]
+
+At the close of the war of 1812 the news of peace was received in New York
+with the greatest joy. Mr. Carroll, the bearer of the treaty, on his
+arrival in the British sloop-of-war Favorite, about eight o'clock in the
+evening of Saturday, February 15, 1815, went directly to the City Hotel,
+which he made his quarters; and in less than twenty minutes after he
+entered the house most of the windows in the lower part of Broadway and
+the adjoining streets were illuminated, and the streets were densely
+filled with people who came forth to see and to hear and to rejoice.
+Samuel G. Goodrich, who was at a concert in the City Hotel, writes: "While
+listening to the music the door of the concert-room was thrown open and in
+rushed a man breathless with excitement. He mounted on a table and,
+swinging a white handkerchief aloft, cried out: "Peace! Peace! Peace!" The
+music ceased, the hall was speedily vacated, I rushed into the street, and
+oh, what a scene! In a few minutes thousands and tens of thousands of
+people were marching about with candles, lamps, torches, making the
+jubilant street appear like a gay and gorgeous procession. The whole night
+Broadway sang its song of peace." Swift expresses were sent out to
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Boston, Providence and Albany, and
+when the news was received from Washington of the ratification, which, by
+a combination of four newspapers was brought to New York in twenty-three
+hours, extensive preparations were made for a grand celebration and
+illumination on February 22, which on account of unfavorable weather was
+deferred and took place on the 27th. Fire works were gotten up and
+exhibited on a stage in front of the Government House under the
+superintendence of Joseph Delacroix, of Vauxhall Garden, which is said to
+have exceeded any former exhibition. The descriptions of the illuminations
+filled column after column of the newspapers. Among many others, lengthy
+descriptions were given of the illuminations of Tammany Hall, Washington
+Hall and the City Hotel.
+
+[Sidenote: The Grand Ball]
+
+Great preparations were soon made for a "superb ball" in honor of the
+joyful peace, which was given on March 16 at Washington Hall. The company
+consisted of upwards of six hundred ladies and gentlemen. The dancing
+room, eighty feet by sixty, was arranged to present the appearance of a
+beautiful elliptical pavilion, formed by eighteen pillars, on each of
+which was inscribed the name of a state, connected with the center of the
+lofty ceiling by garlands or festoons of laurel, and between the garlands,
+suspended from the ceiling, chandeliers composed of verdant and flowery
+wreaths. The garlands extending from the pillars were attached to a light
+central canopy, beneath which was a golden sun made to revolve rapidly, by
+means of machinery above the ceiling, so as to diffuse from its dazzling
+surface the reflected radiance of eight hundred lights. This was styled
+the Temple of Concord. On one side of the room, on a raised platform under
+a canopy of flags and surrounded with orange and lemon trees loaded with
+fruit, was the Bower of Peace, furnished with seats from which a good view
+of the cotillion parties could be had. The seats in each end of the room
+were also shaded with a profusion of orange trees and various rarer plants
+brought from the gardens and greenhouses of the vicinity. "The supper
+tables at which all the ladies were accommodated with seats at one time,
+though in two different apartments, were arranged and decorated in the
+most brilliant style; being lighted from above by illuminated arches
+entwined with flowers and supported by grouped columns from the center of
+the tables, and forming a line of arches from one extremity to the other.
+In short, the whole scene was one of the most splendid ever exhibited in
+this city; reflecting the highest credit on the managers and displaying a
+picture of female beauty, fashion and elegance not to be surpassed in any
+city of the union."[5] The landlord of Washington Hall at this time was
+Peter McIntyre, who had in February succeeded Daniel W. Crocker. He had
+formerly kept a porter house at 33 Nassau Street.
+
+[Sidenote: The Shakespeare Tavern]
+
+In the description of the grand illumination on the evening of February
+27, the decorations of the Shakespeare Tavern are particularly mentioned
+by the newspapers. This tavern had been for some years and continued to be
+for many years after, the resort of actors, poets and critics, as well as
+the rendezvous of the wits and literary men of the period. It stood on the
+southwest corner of Fulton and Nassau Streets, a low, old-fashioned, solid
+structure of small, yellow brick, two stories high, with dormer windows
+in the roof. Thomas Hodgkinson, brother of John Hodgkinson of the Park
+Theatre, became its landlord in 1808, and continued in it for sixteen
+years. He had formerly been the proprietor of a porter house at 17 Fair
+(Fulton) Street. In its early days the entrance to the house was by a
+green baize-covered door on Nassau Street, opening into a small hall with
+rooms on either side, the tap-room being the south front room on Nassau
+Street, in which was a circular bar of the old English pattern. It had
+been built many years before the Revolution, and in 1822 a modern
+extension was added on Fulton Street, three stories high. On the second
+floor was a large room for public meetings and military drills, and on the
+third floor another large room with arched ceiling for concerts and balls
+and for the accommodation of the political, literary and musical patrons
+of the house. The Euterpian Society met here once a month and once a year
+gave a public concert at the City Hotel, followed by a ball; while the
+older members of the society had a supper below. This was one of the
+events of the season, and the Assembly Room was crowded.
+
+[Illustration: THE SHAKESPEARE TAVERN]
+
+For many years the Shakespeare Tavern was closely connected with the
+military history of the city. The Veteran Corps of Artillery usually had
+their dinners here. A dinner was served here to Captain Swain's Company of
+the Third Regiment of Artillery on Evacuation Day, 1813. A few years ago a
+bronze tablet might have been seen on the corner of Fulton and Nassau
+Streets on which was the following inscription:
+
+  On this site in the
+  Old Shakespeare Tavern
+    Was organized
+  The Seventh Regiment
+  National Guards S. N. Y.
+  August 25, 1824.
+
+[Illustration: "AS CHOICE SPIRITS AS EVER SUPPED AT THE TURK'S HEAD"]
+
+The Old Shakespeare Tavern has been compared to the "Mermaid" of London in
+the days of Johnson and Shakespeare and to the "Turk's Head" in the time
+of Reynolds, Garrick and Goldsmith. To what degree this comparison may
+extend is left to individual opinion, but there is no doubt that the best
+talent of the city in many departments were at times to be found within
+its walls. Fitz-Greene Halleck and Robert C. Sands, James G. Percival,
+James K. Paulding and Willis Gaylord Clark were frequent visitors and
+passed here in each other's company many a merry evening. Here Sands first
+recited to his friends, William L. Stone, Gulian C. Verplanck and John
+Inman, his last and most remarkable poem, "The Dead of 1832." Here DeWitt
+Clinton discussed with his friends his pet project, the Erie Canal, and
+demonstrated the feasibility of that great undertaking. Here some of the
+liveliest of the "Croakers" were conceived and brought forth. William L.
+Stone, a frequent visitor, says: "The Old Shakespeare has entertained
+coteries composed of as choice spirits as ever supped at the Turk's Head."
+
+[Sidenote: The Krout Club]
+
+Under the management of Hodgkinson the Shakespeare became noted for the
+excellence of its wines and for the quaint style and quiet comfort of its
+suppers. About 1825 he was succeeded by James C. Stoneall, his son-in-law,
+who was an exceedingly courteous man and an attentive and obliging
+landlord. Before and after Stoneall became proprietor of the house it was
+the meeting place of the Krout Club, a social institution of the period,
+most of the members of which were supposed to be descendants of the early
+Dutch settlers. When the Grand Krout, as the presiding officer of the
+society was called, each year nodded his assent to a meeting and dinner,
+the announcement was made by piercing a cabbage and displaying it on the
+end of a long pole projected from an upper window of the place of meeting.
+It was customary, immediately after his election to his exalted position,
+to crown the newly-elected King of the Krouts with a cabbage head nicely
+hollowed out to fit his head and, at the same time, to throw over his
+shoulders a mantle of cabbage leaves. While thus arrayed as master of the
+feast, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill delivered a very amusing address on the
+cabbage, the closing words of which were: "Thy name has been abused as if
+'to cabbage' were to pilfer or steal. I repel with indignation the attempt
+to sully thy fame."
+
+The annual meeting of the Krouts was opened at nine o'clock in the morning
+and the fun and frolic was kept up until late at night. Just before the
+dinner the secretary read his annual report, which consisted of a humorous
+relation of some things that had occurred, but more especially of many
+things that had not occurred. At dinner were served smoked geese, ringlets
+(sausages), sauerkraut and cabbage in a great variety of dishes.
+
+Pleasant memories of the old vine-clad tavern were cherished by many who
+only a few years ago passed over to the Great Beyond.
+
+[Sidenote: Dinner to the Peace Commissioners]
+
+Two of the five American Commissioners who had negociated the Treaty of
+Peace at Ghent and the Commercial Treaty at London, Messrs. Albert
+Gallatin and Henry Clay, arrived in New York on September 1, 1815, and on
+the afternoon of the 5th a complimentary dinner was given them at Tammany
+Hall. Judge Brockholst Livingston presided. William Bayard, James
+Fairlie, John Hone, Thomas Farmer and Gilbert Aspinwall were
+vice-presidents and among the distinguished guests were the Hon. Rufus
+King, the Hon. A. J. Dallas, the Mayor, General Macomb, General Swift,
+etc. The Evening Post, a Federal paper, expressed surprise and regret that
+the dinner, instead of appearing to be given as it ought to have been, by
+the respectable citizens of New York without distinction of party, should
+have been "made to wear an invidious complexion by being brought forward
+in the public papers as having been gotten up by 17 gentlemen, all of
+whom, with a single exception are considered to be of the Democratic
+party."
+
+[Sidenote: President Monroe's Visit]
+
+From the time of Washington no President of the United States, while in
+office, had visited New York city until President James Monroe, in June,
+1817, made his tour of inspection. On the morning of June 11th he came up
+from Staten Island, where he had been the guest of Vice President
+Tompkins, in the steamboat Richmond, escorted by the sloop of war Saranac,
+Captain Elton, and the Revenue Cutter, Captain Cahoone. He landed on the
+Battery about twelve o'clock from Commodore Evans' elegant barge,
+accompanied by the Vice President, General Swift and secretary, Captains
+Evans and Biddle of the United States navy, Major-General Morton and
+suite, Major-General Mapes and suite and the Committee of the
+Corporation, who had gone to Staten Island for that purpose, and was
+welcomed by a salute from a division of General Morton's artillery, under
+the command of Brigadier-General Scott, of the United States army.
+
+The President, after reviewing the line of troops, was escorted up
+Broadway to the City Hall, where, in the audience chamber, the Mayor, in
+the presence of the Governor and other prominent officials, presented him
+with an address. The State Society of the Cincinnati, headed by their
+Vice-President, General Stevens, also presented him a short address. After
+these ceremonies were concluded the President was escorted by a squadron
+of cavalry to the quarters provided for him at Gibson's elegant
+establishment, the Merchants' Hotel in Wall Street. After visiting the
+United States Arsenal, the President returned to the hotel at five o'clock
+and sat down to a sumptuous dinner prepared for the occasion. Among the
+guests were the Vice President of the United States, Governor Clinton,
+Hon. Rufus King, General Swift, General Scott, Mr. Mason, secretary to the
+President, General Stevens, General Morton, Col. Willett, Col. Platt,
+Major Fairlie, the President of the United States Bank and the Committee
+of the Corporation. The Merchants' Hotel at 41 and 43 Wall Street had been
+established there some years, and when Solomon D. Gibson, a landlord of
+experience and reputation, had taken charge of it and it had been selected
+as a proper place to lodge and entertain the President of the United
+States, there is hardly a doubt that it was considered second to none in
+the city. In the evening the City Hall and other public buildings were
+illuminated.
+
+[Sidenote: General Jackson at the Ball]
+
+There was a grand military ball at the City Hotel in celebration of
+Washington's birthday, on the 22d of February, 1819, and at the same time
+the opportunity was embraced to honor General Jackson, who was a visitor
+to the city at that time. "Everything was in great style. Seven hundred
+persons were present. When the General entered, he was saluted by a
+discharge of artillery from a miniature fort raised on the orchestra." The
+supper room was thrown open at twelve o'clock. Over the table was a
+transparency with the motto: "In the midst of festivity, forget not the
+services and sacrifices of those who have enabled you to enjoy it." After
+supper there was a flagging in the dancing from exhaustion, when suddenly,
+to the surprise of all, was displayed a flag with the revivifying motto:
+"Don't give up the ship." "The effect was electric--the band struck up
+'Washington's March,' and the ball seemed but beginning! The diffusion of
+light upon an assemblage, the most brilliant we ever beheld, the taste
+with which the room was decorated with nearly two hundred flags, including
+those of almost all the nations of the world, combined with the military
+glitter of about two hundred gentlemen in uniform, interspersed in the
+dance with the female beauty and elegance of the city, produced an effect
+of the most pleasing nature."
+
+[Sidenote: General Jackson's Toast]
+
+Jackson's visit was the occasion of much merriment by the wits of the town
+on account of the toast offered by the General, not at the City Hotel, as
+has been related by some, but at a dinner given in his honor at Tammany
+Hall, by the Tammany Society or Columbian Order, on the 23d. At this
+dinner, General Jackson being called on for his toast, his honor the
+Mayor, who presided, rose, and to the consternation and dismay of Sachem
+William Mooney and other prominent members, announced the toast: "DeWitt
+Clinton, the governor of the great and patriotic state of New York," after
+which the General left the room, according to one account, "amidst
+reiterated applause," but according to another, "there was a dead silence
+for the space of three minutes at least." A certain alderman, recovering
+his astonished senses a little, said, loud enough to be heard by all, that
+what he had just witnessed put him in mind of what Sir Peter Teazle says:
+"This is a damn'd wicked world we live in, Sir Oliver, and the fewer we
+praise the better." The Republicans, or Democrats as they were afterwards
+called, were at this time divided into two factions. Jackson was an
+admirer of Clinton, but the "Bucktails" of Tammany Hall considered him as
+their bitterest foe. The dinner was a grand affair, the tickets to it
+being sold at five dollars each.
+
+[Illustration: DeWitt Clinton]
+
+[Sidenote: The Erie Canal]
+
+There was a memorable meeting held at the City Hotel in the fall of 1815.
+Its purpose was to advance the project for building a canal to connect
+Lake Erie and the Hudson River, which had been before the public for some
+years and which was considered by some as abandoned. Judge Jonas Platt,
+Thomas Eddy and DeWitt Clinton, all earnestly interested in the
+enterprise, discussed the matter and agreed to make an effort to revive
+interest in it. It was proposed to send out invitations to the most
+prominent and influential citizens of New York to meet at the City Hotel.
+This was done. William Bayard was made chairman of the meeting and John
+Pintard secretary. Jonas Platt and DeWitt Clinton delivered addresses, and
+although there was some opposition, a resolution was nevertheless passed
+by a large majority in favor of the object, and a committee consisting of
+DeWitt Clinton, Thomas Eddy, Cadwallader D. Colden and John Swartwout was
+chosen to prepare and circulate a memorial to the legislature. This
+celebrated paper was written by DeWitt Clinton and attracted great
+attention. It gave new life to the enterprise, which was ultimately
+successful.
+
+[Sidenote: The First Savings Bank]
+
+In the autumn of 1816, at a meeting in the City Hotel, the first savings
+bank in New York was organized. The necessary capital was not raised until
+1819, when it went into operation with William Bayard as its first
+president.
+
+[Sidenote: What Englishmen Said About the City Hotel]
+
+H. B. Fearon, an English traveller, writes in 1817: "There are in New York
+many hotels, some of which are on an extensive scale. The City Hotel is as
+large as the London Tavern. The dining room and some of the apartments
+seem to have been fitted up regardless of expense." Quite different is the
+description given by Lieutenant Fred. Fitzgerald De Roos of the Royal
+Navy, who visited New York in May, 1826. He says: "We lodged at the City
+Hotel, which is the principal inn at New York. The house is immense and
+was full of company; but what a wretched place! The floors were without
+carpets, the beds without curtains; there was neither glass, mug nor cup,
+and a miserable little rag was dignified with the name of towel. The
+entrance to the house is constantly obstructed by crowds of people passing
+to and from the bar-room, where a person presides at a buffet formed upon
+the plan of a cage. This individual is engaged, 'from morn to dewy eve,'
+in preparing and issuing forth punch and spirits to strange-looking men,
+who come to the house to read the newspapers and talk politics. In this
+place may be seen in turn most of the respectable inhabitants of the town.
+There is a public breakfast at half-past seven o'clock, and a dinner at
+two o'clock, but to get anything in one's own room is impossible." Let us
+digress and note the happy return of this man to _English soil_. On his
+way back to Halifax to join his command, he crossed from Maine to Nova
+Scotia, stopping in the little town of Windsor. He writes: "Never in my
+whole life did I more fully appreciate the benefits of our good English
+customs, or feel in better humor with my country in general, than when I
+sat down in a clean parlor by myself, to the snug dinner prepared for me
+by the widow Wilcocks, landlady of a comfortable inn in the good town of
+Windsor. How different from an American _table d'hote_! where you are
+deafened by the clamor, and disgusted by the selfish gluttony of your
+companions; where you must either bolt your victuals, or starve, from the
+ravenous rapidity with which everything is dispatched; and where the
+inattention of the servants is only equalled by their insolence and
+familiarity."
+
+Englishmen never forgot that the United States was a brilliant gem plucked
+from the British crown, and the vein of sarcasm and resentment running
+through books of travel written by them about this time is apparent; so
+that their descriptions and opinions should be taken with some allowance
+for this feeling. Nevertheless, there was a foundation of truth in many of
+the disagreeable things they said, which made them, on that account, the
+more irritating to the people of the United States.
+
+[Sidenote: The Price-Wilson Duel]
+
+About the year 1818 or 1820, there was living for a time at the Washington
+Hotel, or as it was more generally called Washington Hall, Captain Wilson,
+of the British army, who, in conversation one day at dinner, remarked that
+he had been mainly instrumental in bringing about the duel between Major
+Green and Benjamin Price, and detailed the circumstances leading to it. A
+few years before this, Benjamin Price, a brother of Stephen Price, lessee
+and manager of the Park Theater, was at the theatre one evening in the
+company of a very handsome woman. In the adjoining box was Major Green, a
+British officer, who took the liberty of turning and staring the lady full
+in the face, which annoyed her and of which she complained to Price, who,
+on a repetition of the offense, reached over, caught the officer by the
+nose and gave it a vigorous twist. The officer soon after knocked at the
+door of Price's box, and when he opened it asked him with charming
+simplicity what he meant by such behavior, at the same time declaring that
+he had intended no offense, that he had not meant to insult the lady by
+what he had done. "Oh, very well," replied Price, "neither did I mean to
+insult you by what I did." Upon this they shook hands and it was supposed
+that the matter was settled and ended. When Major Green returned to his
+command in Canada the story of this affair followed him or had preceded
+him and was soon the subject of discussion among his comrades. It was
+brought to the attention of his brother officers, one of whom, Captain
+Wilson, insisted that Green should be sent to Coventry unless he returned
+to New York and challenged Price. This he did after practising with a
+pistol for five hours a day until he considered himself sufficiently
+expert. They fought at Weehawken on Sunday, May 12, 1816. Price was killed
+at the first fire. Spectators viewed the transaction from the neighboring
+rocks, and a more horrible sight could not have been imagined. The
+seconds ran off, and Green look a small boat, crossed the river and
+boarded a vessel about to sail for England.
+
+When the news that Captain Wilson was at the Washington Hotel and a
+statement of what he had said were carried to Stephen Price, who was lying
+ill of the gout at his home, his friends say that he obeyed implicitly the
+instructions of his physician and thereby obtained a short cessation of
+the gout so that he was able to hobble out of doors, his lower extremities
+swaddled in flannel. As soon as possible he made his way to the Washington
+Hotel, where he inquired for Captain Wilson. Ascertaining that he was in,
+he requested to be shown to his room. With a stout hickory cane in his
+hand he hobbled upstairs, cursing with equal vehemence the captain and the
+gout. Arriving at the room, as the captain rose to receive him he said:
+"Are you Captain Wilson?" "That is my name," replied the captain. "Sir,"
+said he, "my name is Stephen Price. You see, sir, that I can scarcely put
+one foot before the other. I am afflicted with the gout, but sir, I have
+come here with the deliberate intention of insulting you. Shall I have to
+knock you down or will you consider what I have said a sufficient insult
+for the purpose?" "Sir," replied the captain, smiling, "I shall consider
+what you have said quite sufficient and shall act accordingly. You shall
+hear from me." In due time there came a message from Captain Wilson to
+Stephen Price; time, place and weapons were appointed. Early one morning,
+a few days later, a barge left the city in which were seated Stephen
+Price, Captain Wilson and two friends. They all landed on Bedlow's Island.
+Captain Wilson never returned. He fell dead at the first fire. His body
+was buried on the island and many of his friends thought that he had been
+lost or died suddenly at sea.
+
+
+
+
+XIV
+
+ROAD HOUSES
+
+
+[Sidenote: Prejudice Against Dancing]
+
+We have the evidence of persons who lived in the early part of the
+nineteenth century that among the old Dutch and Puritan families there was
+a strong prejudice against dancing, especially by young ladies in public
+places, and there is hardly a doubt that this was much increased by the
+introduction of the waltz, quite different from the dancing of old
+colonial days. Notwithstanding this, we find that in the accounts of the
+balls given on important occasions there does not seem to have been any
+disinclination to indulge in this pleasing diversion. There were dancing
+masters, and shortly after the erection of Washington Hall and Tammany
+Hall they were both being used by the instructors of dancing, and they
+held in them their "publics," which appear to have been well attended.
+Concerts, as formerly, were generally followed by balls.
+
+[Sidenote: Bachelors' Ball]
+
+Like the old Province Arms of colonial days, the City Hotel was used for a
+great many years for the assembly balls. These continued to be held here
+until after the close of the war of 1812, but a few years later seem to
+have ceased. It was about this time that, as related by Abram C. Dayton,
+the old ladies defeated the young men in a contest over dancing. The young
+men gave a series of sociables at the City Hotel, at which none but
+subscribers were admitted. Although very select, the old ladies, backed by
+the minister, denounced them. "The battle for supremacy was bravely waged
+on both sides, but the old ladies beat Young America and the City Hotel
+sociables were discontinued." But it was only a lull. Some years later the
+social feature was the annual ball given by the young men known as the
+Bachelors' Ball. It was the social event of each winter and exceeded
+anything of the kind ever previously attempted, being very select and
+gotten up with great care. All the managers wore knee breeches, silk
+stockings and pumps. The most noted of these was the Bachelors' Grand
+Fancy Ball given at the City Hotel on the 18th of March, 1831, which had
+long been the theme of conversation and the subject of preparation. Philip
+Hone, in his diary, says that "no expectations had been formed which were
+not realized by the results. My daughter Mary went as Sweet Anne Page and
+looked lovely in the part of Leslie's inimitable picture." Later the
+Bachelors' Balls were given on the evening of St. Valentine's Day. The
+tickets, printed on cardboard from elaborately engraved plates, were sold
+at ten dollars each.
+
+[Sidenote: The Forum]
+
+For the entertainment of those opposed to dancing there were meetings of
+the Forum, which were in 1817 at Mechanics' Hall, corner of Broadway and
+Park Place, and later at the City Hotel on Friday evenings. The exercises
+consisted of debates and addresses and the tickets of admission were sold
+at two shillings each, the debate commencing promptly at seven o'clock.
+Prominent members of the Forum were J. P. C. Sampson, Orville L. Holley,
+Thomas G. Fessenden, Hiram Ketchum, Rev. Richard Varick Dey, William
+Paxton Hallet and Charles G. Haines. At a meeting in the first part of
+January, 1817, the question discussed was: "Ought Legislative or other aid
+to be afforded in order to render the United States a Manufacturing
+nation?" About these meetings Fitz-Greene Halleck has given us a few
+descriptive lines:
+
+  "Resort of fashion, beauty, taste--
+  The Forum Hall was nightly grac'd
+  With all who blush'd their hours to waste
+    At balls--and such ungodly places;
+  And Quaker girls were there allow'd
+  To show, among the motley crowd
+    Their sweet blue eyes and pretty faces."
+
+[Sidenote: A British Veteran]
+
+John Batten, the garrulous friend of "Felix Oldboy," who considered him a
+valuable repository of reminiscences, was a veteran soldier who had come
+out with the British troops in the early part of the Revolutionary War.
+Better educated than the most of his companions in arms, he is said to
+have taught school in the old Dutch Church while the British occupied New
+York. He used sometimes to say in a pleasant, joking way: "I fought hard
+for this country," and after enjoying the effect produced on his young
+auditors, who were ready to admire his patriotic devotion, would slowly
+add, after looking around and winking at some elderly person who knew his
+history, "but we didn't get it."
+
+On one occasion Batten was present at a grand Fourth of July dinner and
+was taken to be a Revolutionary soldier, as of course, he verily was. The
+company drank his health in patriotic toasts and at last called upon him
+to respond. This he did and spoke so touchingly of the events of the war
+that his audience was very much affected, especially the feminine part of
+it. Then he said: "Yes, I did fight all through the old Revolution. I
+fought as bravely as the others. I liked this country and decided to stay
+here; so, when my regiment was preparing to embark, I slipped over to Long
+Island and stayed there until they had sailed for England." The astonished
+company realized that they had been cheering a British soldier and that
+Johnny Batten was not the sort of veteran they were accustomed to admire.
+Batten thought it a good joke.
+
+[Sidenote: The Blue Bell]
+
+After the war Batten opened a tavern at Jamaica, Long Island, and a few
+years after he came to New York City, where, in 1786, we find him the
+landlord of the Blue Bell in Slote Lane. After several changes he settled
+down at No. 37 Nassau Street, which he kept as a first-class tavern for
+several years. After this he became a merchant and opened a hosiery store
+on the west side of Broadway, between Dey and Cortlandt Streets. He was
+here in 1817. Batten lived to be a very old man. He was one of those they
+called "Battery Walkers" or "Peep o' Day Boys," who used to go down to the
+Battery at daybreak and walk about until breakfast time.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel]
+
+When, in 1816, Gibson became landlord of the Merchants' Hotel in Wall
+Street, he was succeeded in the City Hotel by Chester Jennings, who was
+the landlord of the house for more than twenty years. Under his management
+it acquired a high reputation, and in 1836 he retired with a competency.
+The very next year his fortune, which had been invested in United States
+Bank and other stocks, was swept away by the great revulsion of 1837.
+Samuel G. Mather was landlord of the City Hotel in 1838, but John Jacob
+Astor, the owner of the house, induced Jennings to again undertake its
+management with Willard, his former assistant, and together they assumed
+control of it and succeeded so well that in the course of a few years
+Jennings had placed himself in a position to retire again in comfort.
+
+During nearly the whole of the first half of the nineteenth century the
+City Hotel was not only the most celebrated house of entertainment in the
+city, but travellers declared that it had no equal in the United States.
+On its register were found the names of the most distinguished men of the
+nation as well as prominent citizens from every section of the land. It
+was a plain structure of four stories with no architectural pretensions,
+and the interior fittings and the furniture were also plain, but good and
+durable. The dining room was spacious, light, well ventilated, neat and
+scrupulously clean. The service was good and the table furnished with an
+abundant supply, selected with the greatest care. Chester Jennings was the
+unseen partner who provided supplies and superintended the details of the
+running of the house in all departments except the office. Willard's
+duties were in the office, where he was clerk, book-keeper, cashier,
+bar-keeper and anything necessary. He attended closely to business and was
+a well known man, though never seen outside of the hotel. Other hotels
+were built with greater pretensions but the old City Hotel maintained its
+prestige through all. It had become a general rendezvous for merchants and
+friends on their return from business to their homes, and there was about
+it a social atmosphere which could not be transferred. The National Hotel,
+on the corner of Broadway and Cedar Street, nearly opposite the City
+Hotel, erected by Joseph Delacroix of Vauxhall Garden, was opened for
+business in March, 1826, and the Adelphi Hotel, a building six stories
+high, on the corner of Broadway and Beaver Street, was erected in 1827.
+
+[Sidenote: Club at the City Hotel]
+
+In the palmy days of the City Hotel there were a number of men who made it
+their home, or dining place, and, brought together by similarity of tastes
+or for social enjoyment, had formed a coterie or sort of club. They were
+all men of some leisure who could afford to sit long after dinner and sip
+their wine and crack their jokes and discuss the gossip of the town. "This
+band of jolly good fellows, who lingered day after day for long years over
+their wine and nuts, were well known characters in the city and were
+especially familiar to such as visited the City Hotel, where they lived
+and died."[6] Colonel Nick Saltus, a retired merchant of wealth and a
+confirmed old bachelor, was the acknowledged chairman and spokesman of
+this peculiar group.
+
+In those days the captains of the packet-ships which sailed twice each
+month for European ports, were men of much importance. Many of them made
+the City Hotel their headquarters when in port and became boon-companions
+of the select coterie of the house, who often, when an arrival was
+announced at Sandy Hook, would proceed to the Battery to meet their friend
+who had been commissioned to procure some new gastronomical luxury for
+the company.
+
+When Billy Niblo had resolved to abandon his Pine Street Coffee House and
+open a suburban place for refreshment and entertainment on what was then
+upper Broadway, he invited many of his old customers and friends to the
+opening of his new garden, among whom were some who were residents of the
+City Hotel. They accepted the invitation of Niblo and determined that
+Willard should be one of the company. When the time arrived and he was
+duly notified he was noticed to be desperately in search of something that
+he could not find. At last he confessed that he had not been the owner of
+a hat for many years, and that he had been in search of one which had been
+long lying around without an owner, but had now disappeared. A hat was
+procured from a hatter directly opposite and everyone in the neighborhood
+was quite interested in the fact that Willard was going out.
+
+The cellar of the old hotel is said to have been stocked with wines of the
+finest brands, selected with the greatest care, which were pronounced by
+connoisseurs as unsurpassed in purity and flavor, and it was the delight
+of Chester Jennings to carefully uncork in person some choice variety for
+a favorite or important guest.
+
+With New Yorkers of an earlier date the dinner hour was at noon, but those
+returning from abroad and those who wished to imitate the customs of
+European cities were urgent for a change, and to fall into the line of
+modern ways the dinner hour of the hotel was gradually moved to three
+o'clock, although a mid-day meal was served to those who would not conform
+to the innovation.
+
+[Sidenote: Contoit's Garden]
+
+A well known public place of resort in the early part of the nineteenth
+century was John H. Contoit's Garden, in 1801 at 39 Greenwich Street, in
+1802 at 253 Broadway and in 1806 and for many years after at 355 Broadway,
+on the west side between Leonard and Franklin Streets, when it was known
+as the New York Garden. This was a long, narrow plot of ground densely
+shaded with trees; on either side were ranged boxes or compartments,
+brightened with whitewash and green paint, in each of which was a plain,
+bare table with seats to accommodate four persons. It appears to have been
+an eminently proper place for ladies of a summer afternoon and in the
+evening, lighted by many globes filled with oil and suspended from the
+lower branches of the trees, in each of which floated a lighted wick or
+paper, was well patronized by the ladies and gentlemen of the period.
+Colored waiters with white jackets and aprons supplied customers with
+vanilla and lemon ice cream, pound cake and lemonade, which made up the
+bill of fare. The inexpensive fittings of the place enabled Contoit to
+serve for a shilling an allowance of ice cream sufficient to satisfy any
+ordinary appetite and his place became very popular. Although the garden
+was supposed to be conducted on the temperance plan, it is said that wine
+or even cognac could be obtained without difficulty by those who knew how.
+
+[Illustration: CONTOIT'S GARDEN]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bank Coffee House]
+
+In 1814 William Niblo, an enterprising young man, who afterwards became
+well known as a landlord, opened the Bank Coffee House in the house
+formerly occupied by Frederick Phillips, a retired British officer, on the
+corner of Pine and William Streets, in the rear of the Bank of New York.
+He was the son-in-law of David King, a well known tavern-keeper, who for
+many years kept a tavern in the little frame house at No. 9 Wall Street
+and some years later at No. 6 Slote Lane. Niblo's house soon became very
+popular. A group of prominent merchants met here regularly, forming
+themselves into a sort of club, with a president and other officers. It
+was a famous place for dinners and dinner parties. On the news of peace at
+the close of the war of 1812, Niblo issued a card under date of February
+20, 1815, from the Bank Coffee House, stating that "William Niblo, in
+unison with the universal joy at the return of Peace, invites his friends
+to regale themselves at his Collation on Tuesday at 11 o'clock, in
+celebration of this happy event." In the great cholera epidemic of 1822 he
+removed his coffee house to the village of Greenwich and it was there the
+office of the Union Line to Philadelphia, the Boston Mail Coach and the
+New Haven Steamboat Line, where passengers were notified to apply for
+seats.
+
+[Sidenote: The Great Horse Race]
+
+When the great horse-race of May, 1823, between the northern horse Eclipse
+and the southern horse Henry took place on the Union Course, Long Island,
+Niblo rented the building on the grounds belonging to the "Association for
+the Promotion of the Breed of Horses," where he offered to serve
+refreshments of all kinds, especially Green Turtle, at all hours during
+the races. He also announced that at the termination of the match race he
+would dispatch a rider on a fleet horse with the result, which would be
+made known by displaying a white flag from the top of the Bank Coffee
+House if Eclipse should be victorious. If his opponent should win the race
+a red flag would be raised. By this arrangement the result, he stated,
+would be known in the city in about forty minutes after the race. Should
+the race not take place the United States flag would be displayed. This
+great horse-race attracted to New York City people from all parts of the
+country; the hotels and boarding houses were full to overflowing and the
+demand for vehicles of all or any kind was away beyond what could be
+supplied. It was estimated that there were as many as fifty thousand
+people at the race-course. The wager was twenty thousand dollars a side
+and excitement was very great.
+
+[Sidenote: Niblo's Garden]
+
+William Niblo opened a restaurant and pleasure garden or rural resort in
+1828 at the corner of Prince Street and Broadway which he called Sans
+Souci. In the middle of the block, north of Prince Street on Broadway,
+were two brick houses, one of which had been occupied for some time by
+James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. In the rear of these was a large
+building which had been used by a circus called The Stadium. Niblo
+occupied all these premises. The interior of the garden was spacious and
+adorned with shrubs and flowers; cages with singing birds were here and
+there suspended from the branches of trees, beneath which were placed
+seats with small tables where were served ice cream, wine negus and
+cooling lemonade; it was lighted in the evening by numerous clusters of
+many-colored glass lamps.
+
+[Illustration: NIBLO'S GARDEN]
+
+Shortly after Niblo had established himself in this place the new Bowery
+Theatre burned down and Charles Gilfert, the manager, opened a summer
+theater in the old circus building, then still standing in the middle of
+Niblo's Garden, where he gave theatrical performances, while his own
+theatre was being rebuilt, which was done in ninety days. Niblo continued
+to give here theatrical performances of a gay and attractive character
+which became so popular that he was induced to erect a new building with a
+blank wall on Broadway, the entrance being made from the garden. The
+garden was entered from Broadway. Some years later, this was destroyed by
+fire, but it was succeeded by another theatre, one of the finest in the
+city, with entrance from Broadway, and known for a great many years as
+Niblo's Garden, although there was no garden attached to it.
+
+About the year 1820 there stood on the corner of Thames and Temple Streets
+an ale house kept by William Reynolds, which became a favorite place for
+Englishmen in the city and the resort of many prominent merchants and
+politicians on account of the quality of the steaks and chops served up in
+this small and unpretentious looking place. Fitz-Greene Halleck frequented
+the place and formed a friendship for the gruff Englishman and his family
+which lasted for life. When Reynolds gave up the business and retired to
+Fort Lee, New Jersey, Halleck was there a frequent and welcome visitor.
+The old chop-house maintained a reputation for many years under the
+management of Reynolds' successors.
+
+[Illustration: REYNOLDS' BEER HOUSE]
+
+[Sidenote: Road Houses]
+
+On or near the old Boston Post Road, of which Bowery Lane and the
+Kingsbridge Road formed a part, there were taverns that gradually became
+rendezvous for those who drove out on the road for pleasure or diversion.
+While the old-fashioned chaise and gig were in use, the driver's seat in a
+box directly over the axle, there was little desire or demand for a fast
+road horse. The great popularity of the trotter began with the
+introduction of the light wagon or buggy with elliptic steel springs.
+Before this period practically the only fast trotting was done under the
+saddle.
+
+As early as 1818, the first trotting match against time of which we have
+any knowledge, took place on the Jamaica turnpike and was won by Boston
+Blue, or, as some say, by the Boston Pony, on a wager of one thousand
+dollars that no horse could be produced that could trot a mile in three
+minutes. The first race between trotters of which we have definite record
+took place in 1823 between Topgallant, owned by M. D. Green, and Dragon,
+owned by T. Carter. The course was from Brooklyn to Jamaica, a distance of
+twelve miles, and the race was won by Topgallant in thirty-nine minutes.
+The next year Topgallant, fourteen years old, won a three-mile race for
+stakes of two thousand dollars on the turnpike against Washington Costar's
+Betsy Baker, doing the distance in eight minutes and forty-two seconds.
+
+The advent of the light wagon created a great desire in those who drove
+out on the road to own a fast trotting horse. There was great rivalry and
+excitement and many of the wayside inns, formerly very quiet places,
+blossomed into profitable notoriety. The meeting of congenial spirits at
+these places, the gossiping of groups where the talk was all of the horse,
+the stories of the speed and stamina of the rival trotters produced much
+entertainment; matches were made at these places and decided on the road
+nearby.
+
+[Illustration: CATO'S HOUSE]
+
+For nearly half a century Cato Alexander kept a house of entertainment on
+the old Boston Post Road about four miles from the city. Cato had a great
+reputation for his "incomparable" dinners and suppers which brought to his
+house everybody who owned a rig or could occasionally hire one to drive
+out to his place. After Third Avenue was laid out and macadamized a bend
+in the old Post Road extending from Forty-fifth Street to Sixty-fifth
+Street was for some time kept open and in use. On this bend of the old
+road Cato's house was situated and it became known as Cato's Lane. It was
+about a mile long and was a great spurting place for drivers of fast
+horses. Among the reminiscences of those who used to go to Cato's in these
+days is the fact that Cato sold cigars--real cigars and good ones, too--at
+the rate of five for a shilling (12-1/2 cents) and pure brandy, such as
+can not now be obtained on the road at any price, at six pence (6-1/4
+cents) per glass. When the trotting horse became popular Cato's became one
+of the noted halting places. Cato was black, but his modest, unpretending
+dignity of manner "secured for his humble house such a widespread
+reputation that for years it was one of the prominent resorts of our
+citizens and attracted many of the prominent sightseers who made
+pilgrimages to the island of Manhattan."[7]
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD HAZZARD HOUSE]
+
+On Yorkville Hill at Eighty-second Street was the Hazzard House, famous in
+its day as being the resort of those who delighted in speed and loved to
+indulge in the talk of the horse to be heard at such places. Its stables
+were generally filled with horses awaiting purchasers, whose merits and
+good points were told of in a manner so truthful, so confidential, so
+convincing that purchases were numerous. In 1835, and until a much later
+period, Third Avenue was a magnificent drive, being macadamized from
+Twenty-eighth Street to the Harlem River, and was much used by our
+sporting citizens of that period. Races were of almost daily occurrence
+and the Hazzard House was the center of much activity in that line.
+
+About a mile further up, at One Hundred and Fifth Street, a lane on the
+east side of the avenue led down to the celebrated Red House, located on a
+plot of many acres. The main building was the old McGown house of colonial
+days, roomy and well adapted to a road house. On the place was a well kept
+half-mile trotting course, which offered extraordinary inducements to
+horse owners and consequently made it a popular resort. One of its
+earliest proprietors was Lewis Rogers, who is described by Abram C. Dayton
+as a dapper little man, always dressed in the tip of fashion and as neat
+and trim in the appointments of his house as in his personal attire.
+
+One mile beyond the Red House was Bradshaw's, on the corner of Third
+Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, not far from Harlem
+Bridge, and for most the turning point of their drive. A long rest was
+taken here by many who made it the only stopping place on the road,
+consequently, on a favorable day for driving it was crowded. Widow
+Bradshaw was noted for her chicken fricassee, universally acknowledged to
+be a marvel of excellence.
+
+On the Bloomingdale Road, a more quiet drive and more used by those who
+took with them their families or ladies, was Burnham's Mansion House, at
+first, as early as 1825, at Seventieth Street, and at a later period the
+fine Vanderheuval mansion and grounds at Seventy-eighth Street. This was
+fitly styled the family house on the drive and on fine summer afternoons
+the spacious grounds were filled with ladies and children who sauntered
+about at their leisure and convenience, having no fear of annoyance.
+
+[Illustration: BURNHAM'S MANSION HOUSE]
+
+Across the river on Long Island the Jamaica Turnpike was the great drive
+for horsemen. On this road were many notable public houses, frequented by
+horsemen. At Jamaica, nearly opposite the Union Course, was John R.
+Snedeker's tavern, a large three-story white frame house with a piaza
+along its whole front. For more than a quarter of a century this was the
+accepted rendezvous of the trotting-horse fraternity. The first authentic
+record made by a trotting horse on a track in the presence of judges was
+made in May, 1826, on the new track of the New York Trotting Club at
+Jamaica and a New York newspaper of May 16 states that "the owner and
+friends of the winning horse gave a splendid dinner and champagne at
+Snedecor's tavern." Snedeker's dinners became celebrated far and wide and
+horsemen from every section came to feast on his game, fish and asparagus
+which no one else could surpass or equal.
+
+[Sidenote: Visit of Lafayette]
+
+The year 1824 is notable for the visit to this country of General
+Lafayette, who, accompanied by his son, George Washington Lafayette,
+arrived at New York in the ship Cadmus on the 16th of August. Besides the
+committee of the corporation, members of the Society of the Cincinnati,
+Revolutionary officers and soldiers, a deputation from West Point and
+distinguished guests and official personages, more than six thousand
+persons went down the bay to meet him, and his welcome to our shores was
+such as no man had ever received before. The day was delightful, and the
+surface of the bay was dotted with every conceivable kind of craft. The
+ships and vessels were liberally decorated with all kinds of flags and
+signals. As the grand flotilla with the _guest of the nation_ approached
+the city, continual salutes rolled out their signs of welcome above the
+shouts of the people, while on shore hundreds of bells were ringing. The
+military, three thousand in number, formed in line, and on landing,
+Lafayette was received with a salute of twenty-one guns. After a review of
+the troops commanded by General James Benedict, he was conducted to the
+City Hall in a barouche drawn by four horses, escorted by a troop of horse
+and followed by a long line of citizen soldiery. Here a public reception
+was held till five o'clock, when the General was escorted to his quarters
+at the City Hotel, where a dinner was given in his honor by the civil and
+military authorities. In the evening the town was illuminated and
+fireworks and transparencies were displayed in honor of the occasion.
+
+At the City Hotel Lafayette was waited on by the clergy of the city, by
+the officers of the militia, by social societies, by the French Society,
+by delegations from Baltimore, from Philadelphia, from New England and
+from up the Hudson; and when on Friday morning the General prepared to
+leave the city, the military paraded at seven o'clock and repaired to the
+City Hotel, whence at eight o'clock Lafayette, the committee appointed to
+accompany him to Boston and the military escort, commanded by General
+Prosper M. Wetmore, moved up Broadway to Bond Street and thence up Third
+Avenue.
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Banquet at Washington Hall]
+
+On Lafayette's return from New England he arrived by steamboat about noon
+on the 4th of September amid salutes from the men-of-war, and on his
+landing was given the same hearty welcome he had received on his first
+arrival, and was escorted to his old lodgings at the City Hotel. He was
+informed that the Society of the Cincinnati intended to celebrate the
+anniversary of his birth on the 6th of September and was invited to dine
+with them at Washington Hall. "About 4 o'clock in the afternoon of that
+day a long line of venerable gentlemen, members of the Society of the
+Cincinnati, arrived at the hotel, preceded by a military band. The general
+was received into their ranks and an insignia of the Society, which had
+been worn by Washington, was attached to his coat. The old soldiers then
+marched to the hall where they were to dine. Crowds filled the streets
+through which they passed slowly and many feebly." The banquet hall was
+decorated with trophies of arms and banners bearing the names of
+Revolutionary heroes. At the top of the room, directly over the seat of
+Lafayette at the upper end of the table, was erected a rich triumphal arch
+of laurel, roses, etc., reaching to the ceiling. Directly in front, at the
+center of the arch, was a large spread eagle with a scroll in its beak on
+which was inscribed "Sept. 6, 1757" (the birthday of the "Nation's
+Guest"), and grasping in its talons a ribbon or scroll, one end passing to
+the right on which was "Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777," the other to the left
+bearing the words "Yorktown, Oct. 19, 1781." Behind the General's chair
+was planted the grand standard of the Society entwined with the thirteen
+stripes of the flag of the nation. On the right was a shield bearing a
+rising sun and on the left a shield with the New York State arms. In the
+center of the room was a splendid star surrounded by others of less
+magnitude. From this star two broad pennants from the Franklin 74, were
+crossed and carried to the four corners of the room. At the lower end of
+the room was the transparency by Childs. A number of trophies of the navy
+were loaned by Captain Rogers and Lieutenant Goldsborough. Towards the
+close of the festival a grand transparency showing Washington and
+Lafayette holding each others' hands standing before the altar of Liberty,
+receiving a civic wreath from the hands of America, caused great applause,
+which was followed by the reading of the order of the day at Yorktown by
+General Swartwout. Then, amidst cheering, the gallant veteran, General
+Lamb, sang a ballad composed in 1792, while Lafayette was in the Austrian
+dungeon. The night was far spent when the old gentlemen reached their
+several homes. In the evening of September 11, Lafayette attended a dinner
+given by the French residents of New York at Washington Hall in
+celebration of the forty-seventh anniversary of the battle of Brandywine.
+A novel and remarkable decoration of the table on this occasion was a
+miniature of the new canal which traversed the state. It was sixty feet
+long and several inches deep, filled with water and the banks sodded. The
+bridges, locks and towns were properly indicated.
+
+[Sidenote: Ball at Castle Garden]
+
+The honor and respect shown to Lafayette culminated in the great ball
+given at Castle Garden on Wednesday, September 14, which, it is said, for
+splendor and magnificence surpassed anything of the kind ever seen in
+America. Six thousand persons attended, which included all the beauty and
+fashion of New York and vicinity. The castle, which was a circle, was
+enclosed with an awning to the height of seventy-five feet, the dome being
+supported in the center by a column, dressed with the colors of the
+Cincinnati. It was a magnificent affair, long remembered in the city.
+Lafayette and a large party went from the ball on board the steamboat,
+James Kent, chartered by the committee to take the nation's guest up the
+Hudson.
+
+[Illustration: Fitz-Greene Halleck]
+
+[Sidenote: Clubs]
+
+There were several social clubs in the city holding their meetings at
+hotels, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, a man whose society was sought
+and desired, appears to have been a member of every club in the city,
+great or small. He was one of a small circle who met occasionally at the
+City Hotel. Tuckerman says: "There was a select club many years ago in New
+York, the members of which dined together at stated intervals at the old
+City Hotel on Broadway; the utmost freedom of intercourse and good faith
+marked their prandial converse, and one day when a sudden silence followed
+the entrance of the host, it was proposed to elect him to the fraternity,
+that they might talk freely in his presence, which was frequent and
+indispensable. He kept a hotel after the old _regime_, was a gentleman in
+his feelings, an honest and intelligent fellow, who prided himself upon
+his method of serving up roast pig--in which viand his superiority was
+such that the gentle Elia, had he ever dined with the club, would have
+mentioned him with honor in the essay on that crispy and succulent dish.
+The proposition was opposed by only one individual, a clever man, who had
+made his fortune by buying up all the bristles at Odessa, thus securing a
+monopoly which enabled him to vend the article to the brushmakers at an
+enormous profit. His objection to Boniface was that he was famous for
+nothing but roasting a pig, and no fit associate for gentlemen. 'Your
+aristocratic standard is untenable,' said Halleck, 'for what essential
+difference is there between spurs won from roasting a porker or by selling
+his bristles?' and amid the laugh of his confreres, mine host was
+elected."
+
+The Bread and Cheese Club was organized in 1824 by James Fenimore Cooper.
+It included among its members conspicuous professional men in science,
+law, letters and philosophy, of whom were Fitz-Greene Halleck, William A.
+and John Duer, Professor Renwick, Philip Hone, James De Kay, the great
+naturalist, Charles Augustus Davis, Dr. John W. Francis, Charles King,
+Verplanck, Bryant and Sands. The selections for nomination rested
+entirely with Cooper; bread and cheese were used in balloting and one of
+cheese barred the way to membership. The club met at Washington Hall
+fortnightly and for fifteen years, either here or at the houses of its
+members were entertained nearly every distinguished person who visited New
+York during that period. Meetings of the club, often a large assembly,
+were attended by members of Congress and distinguished strangers, among
+whom were often found Daniel Webster, Henry R. Storrs, William Beach
+Lawrence and the French minister, Hyde De Neuville.
+
+[Illustration: J. Fenimore Cooper]
+
+A little later was the Book Club. Although said to have been founded by
+the Rev. Dr. Wainwright, and in spite of its name, it was rather convivial
+than literary. Philip Hone describes it as a club which met every other
+Thursday at Washington Hall, "where they sup, drink champagne and whisky
+punch, talk as well as they know how and run each other good humoredly."
+He did not understand why it should be called a Book Club, for the book of
+subscriptions to expenses was the only one it possessed. He declares that
+they were a very pleasant set of fellows, and sat late. The first time he
+met with them after being made a member of the club was in March, 1835,
+and when he came away at one o'clock he left them at the supper table. The
+party that evening consisted of about twenty, viz.: Davis, President Duer,
+Charles King, Wilkins, William Kent, Harvey, Arthur Barclay, Isaac Hone,
+Halleck, Ogden Hoffman, Patterson, Blunt, Dr. Francis, Baron Behr, Mr.
+Trelauney, author of "The Younger Son," Beverly Robinson, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: Semi-Centennial of Washington's Inauguration]
+
+The semi-centennial anniversary of the inauguration of Washington as the
+first President of the United States was celebrated in the city of New
+York by the Historical Society on the 30th of April, 1839. At twelve
+o'clock an oration was delivered in the Middle Dutch Church by John Quincy
+Adams, the venerable ex-President of the United States, to a numerous and
+appreciative audience. At four o'clock the members of the society and
+their invited guests dined at the City Hotel. The president of the
+society, Peter G. Stuyvesant, sat at the head of the table, with two
+venerable contemporaries of the American Revolution, General Morgan Lewis,
+once governor of New York, and Colonel John Trumbull, the one at his right
+hand and the other at his left. Among the guests were William Pennington,
+governor of New Jersey, General Winfield Scott, Commodore Claxton, Samuel
+Southard and other distinguished individuals, together with delegates from
+other historical societies. Mr. Adams was toasted, and replied in a speech
+in which he claimed for the era of the American Revolution the title of
+the heroic age of America, and that it deserved this title with more
+justice than the title of heroic age bestowed upon the early history of
+Greece. In the course of the evening speeches were made by General Scott,
+Commodore Claxton of the American Navy, Mr. Southard and others, and an
+original ode was sung.
+
+In 1842, John Jacob Astor was the owner of the City Hotel, and by deed
+dated March 9th of that year conveyed to his granddaughter Sarah, wife of
+Robert Boreel, and daughter of Dorothea Langdon, a life interest in the
+property after his death, which after her death is to be divided among
+her children. The deed states: "Whereas I am desirous of providing by deed
+for my granddaughter Sarah, wife of Robert Boreel, and of disposing in the
+manner in these presents expressed, of the property which in my will I had
+designated for her," etc., "and whereas her husband is an alien, and
+although one of her sons is born in the state of New York, other children
+may be born to her without the United States, who will be aliens," etc.
+"Now these presents," etc. The property is described as "all the lands and
+buildings in the city of New York now known as the City Hotel." The deed
+allows her, in case the buildings are destroyed by fire to mortgage the
+land for the purpose of rebuilding and under certain conditions she may
+sell the property and place the proceeds in trust. The deed seems to be
+confirmatory or supplementary to the will.
+
+[Sidenote: The City Hotel Ends Its Career]
+
+Chester Jennings was still the landlord of the City Hotel in 1847, and it
+was in the following year or soon after that it terminated its career as a
+house of entertainment, which, including the City Tavern on the same site,
+had lasted for very close to one hundred years, an eventful period in the
+city's history. The building was taken down and on its site was erected an
+office building seven stories high which was called the Boreel Building.
+It was the largest and for a long time was considered the finest building
+devoted to office purposes in the city. It was a conspicuous structure
+and well known to the citizens of New York. Sarah Boreel died in 1897. Her
+heirs sold the property in 1901.
+
+Plans had been made to acquire this and contiguous properties in order to
+erect an immense building. This, in the course of three or four years, was
+accomplished, and under the same control, the United States Realty
+Building and the Trinity Building, the two sometimes called the Twin
+Trinity Buildings, were erected.
+
+On April 6, 1906, the Board of Estimates and Apportionment passed a
+resolution by which an exchange of land was made by the city and the
+owners of this property. Temple Street, between Thames and Cedar Streets,
+and Thames Street, between Broadway and Trinity Place, were vacated, and
+in return Cedar Street was widened on the south side between Broadway and
+Trinity Place or Church Street, and a new Thames Street was laid out
+between Broadway and Trinity Place, with lines somewhat different from
+those of the former street, but covering nearly the same ground. This
+exchange of land allowed the United States Realty Building to be
+constructed so as to cover what had been formerly two blocks, extending
+from Broadway to Trinity Place.
+
+The large double brick house No. 39 Broadway, built in 1786 by General
+Alexander Macomb, and occupied by Washington when President of the United
+States, with the houses adjoining it on either side, was opened in the
+year 1821 by William I. Bunker and was known as Bunker's Mansion House. It
+became quite famous, being considered, in its most prosperous days, as a
+very large and commodious house. Kept with the utmost neatness and
+attention and usually filled with the best of people, being largely
+patronized by southern families, it possessed much of the comfort and
+quiet refinement of a private residence. Bunker, who was a very courteous
+and affable man, succeeded so well that in the course of a few years he
+sold out and retired from business.
+
+[Illustration: BUNKER'S MANSION HOUSE]
+
+In the year 1833 Stephen Holt erected on Fulton Street, from Pearl to
+Water, an hotel, which was the largest and most magnificent building for
+hotel purposes, up to that time, in the country. It was at first called
+Holt's Hotel, afterwards the United States Hotel, and its rate of one
+dollar and a half a day was thought to be exorbitant. Here steam was used
+probably for the first time in an hotel to save labor. Passenger elevators
+had not yet been thought of, but baggage was carried to the upper floors
+by steam power, and it was also used in turning spits, grinding and
+cleaning knives, etc., but the main purpose of the engine was the digging
+of an artesian well, which was sunk to the depth of over five hundred
+feet, and subsequently put down much further. Holt's experiment proved to
+him disastrous. The expenses exceeded the receipts. He failed and the
+hotel passed into other hands. The next large hotel to be erected in the
+city was the Astor House, three years later.
+
+The advent of the railroad and the great increase of travel created a
+decided change in the taverns or, as they had come to be called, hotels.
+It was no longer the custom of the landlord to meet the traveller at the
+door and welcome him as a friend or attend in person to his comfort. It
+was the beginning of a new era, in which the old tavern and the old-style
+landlord is unknown. With the opening of this era the story which I have
+undertaken to tell about the _Old Taverns of New York_ comes to an end.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Ackland, James, 130.
+
+  Adams, John, 269, 272.
+
+  Adams, John Quincy, 474.
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 269.
+
+  Adelphi Hotel, 451.
+
+  Admiral Warner, Sign of, 191.
+
+  Agar, Edward, 189.
+
+  Alexander, Cato, 461.
+
+  Alexander, James, 101, 103.
+
+  Alexander, William, 192.
+
+  Alsop, John, 209, 267, 268.
+
+  Amory, John, 295, 346.
+
+  Anbury, Lieutenant, 292.
+
+  Andre, Major, 286, 300.
+
+  Anne, Queen, 76, 77, 84.
+
+  Andros, Governor, 81.
+
+  Aorson, Aaron, 395.
+
+  Arding, Charles, 154, 255, 357.
+
+  Arnold, Benedict, 300, 302, 303, 304.
+
+  Aspinwall, Gilbert, 434.
+
+  Assembly Balls, 148.
+
+  Astor Henry, 348, 349.
+
+  Astor House, 478.
+
+  Astor, John Jacob, 449, 474.
+
+  Atwood, Judge, 75.
+
+  Avery, John, 388.
+
+  Ayscough, Doctor, 133.
+
+
+  Bache, Theohylact, 282, 337, 368.
+
+  Bainbridge, Commodore, 419, 421, 423.
+
+  Baker, Joseph, 414.
+
+  Baker, Roger, 69, 71, 74, 76, 83.
+
+  Baker's Tavern, 414.
+
+  Bank Coffee House, 455, 456.
+
+  Barclay, Arthur, 473.
+
+  Bard, S., 249.
+
+  Bardin, Edwin, 195, 196, 216, 217, 221, 230, 234, 250, 251, 337, 403.
+
+  Bardin's Tavern, 265.
+
+  Batten, John, 447, 448, 449.
+
+  Bauman, Colonel, 352, 374.
+
+  Baxter, Captain, 10, 44, 45.
+
+  Bayard, Nicholas, 60, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75.
+
+  Bayard, Samuel, 112, 119.
+
+  Bayard, William, 433, 439.
+
+  Bayeaux, Thomas, 342, 347.
+
+  Beaulieu, Captain, 28.
+
+  Beekman, Christopher, 341.
+
+  Bell & Brookman, 199.
+
+  Bellomont, Earl of, 55, 60, 70, 72, 73, 82, 134.
+
+  Belvedere, 413.
+
+  Belvedere Club, 386.
+
+  Belvedere House, 386, 387, 388, 389.
+
+  Benedict, James, 466.
+
+  Benson, Captain, 288, 369.
+
+  Benson, Egbert, 249, 251.
+
+  Benson, Judge, 423.
+
+  Beresford, Captain, 394.
+
+  Bevan, Captain, 122.
+
+  Bicker, Henry, 238, 241, 242, 243.
+
+  Bicker, Walter, 360.
+
+  Blaaw, Widow, 343.
+
+  Black, Friars, 385, 403.
+
+  Black Horse Tavern, 91, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112, 156, 157,
+      158.
+
+  "Black John," 20.
+
+  Black Sam's, 164.
+
+  Blair, Archibald, 259.
+
+  Blair, John, 344.
+
+  Bloom, Daniel, 128, 129, 130, 253, 357.
+
+  Blue Bell, 161, 449.
+
+  Boelin, Jacob, 67.
+
+  Bogardus, Dominie, 10.
+
+  Bolton, Richard, 245, 246, 247, 255.
+
+  Bolton & Sigell, 227, 229, 243, 244.
+
+  Bompard, Captain, 358.
+
+  Book Club, 473.
+
+  Boreel, Robert, 474, 475.
+
+  Boreel, Sarah, 474, 475, 476.
+
+  Boston Letter, The, 232, 234.
+
+  Bowery Lane, 48.
+
+  Bowling, 185, 187.
+
+  Bowling Green, 14, 16, 187, 218.
+
+  Bowling Green, New, 188.
+
+  Bowling Green, Old, 187, 188.
+
+  Bowling Green Garden, 186.
+
+  Bradford, Cornelius, 266, 278, 318, 319, 321, 322.
+
+  Bradford, Widow, 322, 397, 402, 403.
+
+  Bradford, William, 97.
+
+  Bradshaw's, 463.
+
+  Bradshaw, Widow, 457, 463.
+
+  Brannon's Tea Garden, 366, 367, 414.
+
+  Bread and Cheese Club, 471.
+
+  Brewitson, George, 157.
+
+  Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382.
+
+  Brock, Walter, 252.
+
+  Brooklyn Hall, 289, 292.
+
+  Brooks, David, 326.
+
+  Broome, John, 333, 356.
+
+  Brownjohn, William, 253, 293.
+
+  Buchanan, Thomas, 371.
+
+  Buckley, John, 62.
+
+  Bull Baiting, 184, 289, 290.
+
+  Bull's Head Tavern, 157, 314, 347, 349.
+
+  Bunch of Grapes, 269.
+
+  Bunker's Mansion House, 277.
+
+  Bunker, William I., 477.
+
+  Burke, Edmund, 168.
+
+  Burns', 164.
+
+  Burns' Coffee House, 193, 197.
+
+  Burns, George, 115, 117, 130, 140, 141, 191, 193, 195, 196, 202, 203,
+      205, 208, 213, 222, 223, 228, 233.
+
+  Burns' Long Room, 195.
+
+  Burnham's Mansion House, 160.
+
+  Burr, Aaron, 396.
+
+  Byram, William, 399.
+
+  Byrne, John, 403.
+
+
+  Cape, John, 311, 315, 324.
+
+  Cape's Tavern, 312, 315, 323, 324.
+
+  Carleton, Sir Guy, 308, 310.
+
+  Carroll, Mr., 419, 425.
+
+  Carroll, General, 316.
+
+  Cato's House, 461.
+
+  Carter, T., 460.
+
+  Charles II, 68.
+
+  Chamber of Commerce, 228, 229, 230, 256, 260, 293, 320, 337.
+
+  Chambers, Captain, 262, 263.
+
+  Chambers, John, 103, 187.
+
+  Champe, Sergeant, 300, 301, 302, 305.
+
+  Cherry Garden, 185.
+
+  Child, Francis, 128, 178.
+
+  Chrystie, Colonel, 338.
+
+  Cincinnati, Society of the, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328.
+
+  City Arms Tavern, 208.
+
+  City Coffee House, 336.
+
+  City Hotel, 141, 372, 373, 389, 392, 395, 407, 417, 425, 427, 429, 430,
+      436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 466,
+      467, 470, 474, 475.
+
+  City Tavern, 312, 323, 324, 325, 326, 337, 339, 353, 354, 369, 370, 371,
+      375, 475.
+
+  City, Tavern, Dutch, 6, 7, 8.
+
+  Clapp, John, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53.
+
+  Clark, Willis Gaylord, 431.
+
+  Clarke, George, 113.
+
+  Claxton, Commodore, 474.
+
+  Clay, Henry, 433.
+
+  Clinton, DeWitt, 383, 396, 418, 423, 432, 435, 437, 438, 439.
+
+  Clinton, George, 137, 138, 310, 313, 314, 315, 316, 343, 369.
+
+  Clinton, Sir Henry, 299, 303.
+
+  Clubs, 60, 62, 131, 134, 135, 247, 248, 282, 469, 473.
+
+  Coach and Horse, 118.
+
+  Coats, Edward, 54.
+
+  Cobb, Colonel, 310.
+
+  Cock, Annetje, 25.
+
+  Cock, Peter, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 25.
+
+  Coffee House, 65, 67, 73, 75, 77, 112, 114, 120, 121, 152, 154, 155,
+      162, 177, 208, 231, 233, 240, 254, 262, 267, 268, 271, 273, 275,
+      276, 277, 278, 281, 291, 313, 318, 324, 331, 332, 334, 335, 337,
+      345, 354.
+
+  Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, 206, 207, 225, 245.
+
+  Colden, Cadwallader D., 439.
+
+  Coles, John B., 423.
+
+  Colles, Christopher, 366.
+
+  Columbian Garden, 399, 401.
+
+  Comforts of an Inn, 167.
+
+  Commercial Coffee House, 397.
+
+  Compton, Captain, 106.
+
+  Compton, General, 108.
+
+  Contoit's Garden, 453, 454.
+
+  Contoit, John H., 453.
+
+  Cooke, Richard Clarke, 115.
+
+  Cooper, James Fenimore, 456, 471, 472.
+
+  Corbett, Abraham, 44.
+
+  Cornbury, Lord, 72, 74, 77, 78, 81.
+
+  Cornell, John, 184.
+
+  Cornell, Timothy, 182.
+
+  Cornelissen, Adrien, 48, 49.
+
+  Cornwallis, General, 158.
+
+  Corporation House, 287.
+
+  Corre, Joseph, 324, 325, 331, 369, 370, 399, 413.
+
+  Cortelyou, Simon, 368.
+
+  Cosby, Governor, 93, 94, 96, 105, 106, 112, 113.
+
+  Coupar, Captain, 263.
+
+  Cox, David, 114.
+
+  Cozzens, William B., 411.
+
+  Crawford, Hugh, 124.
+
+  Crawley, John, 202.
+
+  Creiger, John, 158.
+
+  Crigier, Martin, 13, 15, 16, 17, 28.
+
+  Crocker, Daniel W., 410, 423, 428.
+
+  Croker, Thomas, 123.
+
+  Crolius, Clarkson, 410.
+
+  Crown and Thistle, 155, 191.
+
+  Cruger, Henry, 209.
+
+  Cruger, John, 229, 230, 233.
+
+  Cruger, John Harris, 256.
+
+  Cruger, Nicholas, 366, 372.
+
+  Cushing, Thomas, 269.
+
+  Cushing, William, 344.
+
+
+  Dallas, A. J., 434.
+
+  Damen, Jan, 19, 20.
+
+  Davenport, Captain, 280.
+
+  Davis, Charles Augustus, 411.
+
+  Dawson, Roper, 156, 182.
+
+  Day's Tavern, 161, 269, 313.
+
+  Dayton, Abram C., 446, 463.
+
+  Deane, Nesbitt, 255, 275.
+
+  Dearborn, General, 422, 423.
+
+  Decatur, Stephen, 417, 418, 419, 421, 425.
+
+  De Honeur, John, 90, 92, 106.
+
+  De Kay, James, 471.
+
+  Delacroix, Joseph, 400, 401, 410, 426, 450.
+
+  Delafield, John, 356.
+
+  De La Montagnie, Abraham, 234, 236, 238, 239, 240, 295.
+
+  De La Montagnie, Jacob, 346.
+
+  De Lancy Arms, 184.
+
+  De Lancy, James, 95, 96, 98, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 151, 183, 209,
+      233, 245, 371.
+
+  De Lancy, John Peter, 282, 371.
+
+  De Lancy, Oliver, 136, 140, 182, 202.
+
+  De Lancy, Peter, 179.
+
+  De Lancy, Robinson & Co., 202.
+
+  De Lancy, Stephen, 142, 200, 251.
+
+  Delanoy, Abraham, 7.
+
+  Delaval, Captain, 185.
+
+  De Neuville, Hyde, 472.
+
+  Dennis, Captain, 375.
+
+  De Peyster, Abraham, 71.
+
+  De Peyster, Johannes, 70.
+
+  De Reidesel, Baroness, 297, 298.
+
+  De Ross, Fred. Fitzgerald, 440.
+
+  Desbrosses, Elias, 225, 229.
+
+  De Witt, Simeon, 393.
+
+  Dey, Richard Varick, 447.
+
+  Dickinson, Jonathan, 172.
+
+  Dirks, Annetje, 25.
+
+  Dog and Duck Tavern, 415.
+
+  Dog's Head in the Porridge Pot, 176.
+
+  Dongan, Governor, 68.
+
+  Doran, Thomas, 151, 260, 283.
+
+  Dove Tavern, 168, 415.
+
+  Drake, Jasper, 261, 273.
+
+  Draper, Sir William, 245, 246.
+
+  Drone Club, 386.
+
+  Drover's Tavern, 179.
+
+  Drummond, Lord, 245, 246, 247.
+
+  Duane, James, 251, 267, 268, 340, 344.
+
+  Duer, Colonel, 338.
+
+  Duer, John, 471.
+
+  Duer, William A., 471.
+
+  Duke of Cumberland, 130, 131.
+
+  Dunks, John, 127, 129.
+
+  Dunmore, Earl of, 245.
+
+  Dusseaussoir, Chenelette, 389, 407.
+
+  Dutch Festivities, 82.
+
+  Dutch Houses, 4.
+
+  Dutch Tavern, 26.
+
+  Dyckman, Jacob, 158, 159, 163.
+
+  Dyde's Hotel, 396, 397.
+
+
+  Eastham, Edward, 123.
+
+  Eddy, Thomas, 438, 439.
+
+  Edmonds, George, 118.
+
+  Edwards, Lieutenant, 280.
+
+  Elkin, John, 165.
+
+  Elliott, Andrew, 310.
+
+  Ellis, John, 76.
+
+  Elms, Thomas, 283, 289.
+
+  Ernest, Matthias, 188.
+
+  Exchange Coffee House, 112, 114, 115, 129, 136, 141, 194.
+
+
+  Fairlie, James, 423, 434, 435.
+
+  Farmer, Thomas, 434.
+
+  Farquhar, James, 371.
+
+  Farrell's, 164.
+
+  Fearon, H. B., 439.
+
+  Fehr, Jean Rodolphe, 377, 379.
+
+  "Felix Oldboy," 447.
+
+  Ferrari, Mrs., 253, 254, 255, 278.
+
+  Ferry House Tavern, 175, 287, 369.
+
+  Ferry Tavern, 27, 28.
+
+  Fessenden, Thomas G., 447.
+
+  Fighting Cocks, 115, 123, 124, 176.
+
+  Fish, Colonel, 311, 317.
+
+  Fisher, John, 385.
+
+  Fletcher, Benjamin, 54, 55, 62, 66, 75, 82, 134, 162.
+
+  Flypsen, Frederick, 162.
+
+  Forster, William, 95, 96, 98.
+
+  Forum, The, 447.
+
+  Fowler, Joseph, 98.
+
+  Fountain Inn, 136, 164.
+
+  Fox Hunting, 288, 290, 291.
+
+  Foy, Captain, 245.
+
+  Francis, John, 344.
+
+  Francis, John W., 104, 471.
+
+  Francis, Samuel, 198, 202, 209, 218, 219, 227, 247, 248, 252, 253, 308,
+      309, 310, 311, 344, 400.
+
+  Francis' Tavern, 263, 264.
+
+  Franklin, William, 295.
+
+  Fraunces, Samuel, 311, 322, 338, 341, 343, 352.
+
+  Fraunces' Tavern, 310, 311, 315, 316, 344, 411.
+
+  Frederick, Kryn, 4.
+
+  Freeman, Thomas, 106.
+
+  French Arms, 311.
+
+  Friendly Club, 386.
+
+
+  Gabbet, Colonel, 196.
+
+  Gage, General, 246, 247, 256, 264.
+
+  Gallatin, Albert, 433.
+
+  Galloway, Samuel, 183.
+
+  Gates, Horatio, 316, 369, 370.
+
+  Genet, Minister, 358.
+
+  Gentlemen's Coffee House, 115, 194.
+
+  Gerard, Philip, 17, 18, 19, 20.
+
+  Gerritsen, Adriaen, 7.
+
+  Gerritsen, Philip, 7, 10.
+
+  Gibson, Solomon D., 389, 395, 417, 435, 449.
+
+  Giles, Major, 328.
+
+  Gilfert, Charles, 458.
+
+  Glass House, 164, 182, 183.
+
+  Glean, Oliver, 385.
+
+  Golden Hill, Battle of, 236, 237.
+
+  Golden Hill Inn, 118.
+
+  Goldsborough, Lieutenant, 468.
+
+  Goldsmith, Oliver, 168.
+
+  Gould, Edward, 250.
+
+  "Governor's Garden," 68.
+
+  Graham, James, 45, 46.
+
+  Graves, Benjamin, 385.
+
+  Graydon, Alexander, 280, 282.
+
+  Green, Daniel, 313.
+
+  Green, Jacob G., 171.
+
+  Green, M. D., 460.
+
+  Green, Major, 441, 442.
+
+  Greene, Nathaniel, 316, 317.
+
+  Grim, David, 357.
+
+  Guion, Isaac, 328.
+
+
+  Haines, Charles G., 418.
+
+  Half Way House, 163.
+
+  Hall, Talmadge, 341, 363.
+
+  Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 414, 431, 447, 458, 459, 469, 470, 471.
+
+  Hallet, William Paxton, 447.
+
+  Halsey's Tavern, 366.
+
+  Halstead, John, 156.
+
+  Hamilton, Alexander, 316, 329, 339, 375, 394.
+
+  Hamilton, Andrew, 100, 102, 105.
+
+  Hamilton, Governor, 121.
+
+  Hamilton Hotel, 409.
+
+  Hampden Hall, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 257, 265.
+
+  Hampton, General, 422.
+
+  Hand, Colonel, 288.
+
+  Hard Drinking, 170, 176.
+
+  Hardenbrook, Bernard, 87.
+
+  Hardy, Charles, 146, 147, 148.
+
+  Harris, Richard, 83, 84, 85.
+
+  Harrison, Richard, 249, 371.
+
+  Harrison, Robert, 344.
+
+  Harrison, William Henry, 422.
+
+  Hart, Bernard, 384.
+
+  Harwood, Richard, 384.
+
+  Hay, John, 249.
+
+  Hayes, Hetty, 197.
+
+  Hazzard House, 462, 463.
+
+  Hepburn, J., 295.
+
+  Hicks, Whitehead, 209, 251.
+
+  Hicks, Mr., 282, 299.
+
+  Hick's Tavern, 295.
+
+  Hillsborough, Earl of, 232.
+
+  Hobart, Judge, 375.
+
+  Hodgkinson, John, 400, 429.
+
+  Hodgkinson, Thomas, 429, 426.
+
+  Hoffman, Josiah Ogden, 385, 473.
+
+  Holley, Orville L., 447.
+
+  Holt, Henry, 200.
+
+  Holt's Hotel, 478.
+
+  Holt, John, 283.
+
+  Holt's Long Room, 200.
+
+  Holt, Stephen, 478.
+
+  Hone, Isaac, 473.
+
+  Hone, Philip, 446, 471, 473.
+
+  Hone, John, 434.
+
+  Home, John, 54.
+
+  Horse and Cart, 116, 117, 118, 142.
+
+  Horse-Racing, 177, 183, 288, 290.
+
+  Houssacker, Colonel, 281.
+
+  Howard, William, 209, 211.
+
+  Hudson, Hendrick, 1.
+
+  Hull, Isaac, 417, 418, 419, 421.
+
+  Hull, Robert, 255.
+
+  Hull's Tavern, 256, 257, 269, 282.
+
+  Hum Drum Club, 134.
+
+  Humphreys, Colonel, 310, 317.
+
+  Hunt, Obadiah, 88, 89.
+
+  Hunter, Governor, 81.
+
+  Hunter, Robert, 371, 372.
+
+  Hunter's Hotel, 372, 373.
+
+  Hutchins, John, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, 267.
+
+  Hyatt, Caleb, 347.
+
+  Hyde, John, 357, 361, 371, 394.
+
+
+  Imlay, William, 250.
+
+  Inman, John, 432.
+
+  Iredell, Judge, 374.
+
+  Irving, Washington, 33.
+
+  Izard, Ralph, 364.
+
+
+  Jamaica Arms, 120.
+
+  Jamaica Pilot Boat, 127, 129.
+
+  James, Major, 206, 218.
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 436, 437.
+
+  Jackson, Jacob, 291.
+
+  Jackson, Major, 364.
+
+  Jauncey, James, 209, 233.
+
+  Jay, John, 248, 251, 259, 267, 268, 321, 337, 344, 374.
+
+  Jennings, Chester, 449, 450, 452, 475.
+
+  Jochemsen, Andries, 23.
+
+  Johnson, Doctor, 374.
+
+  Johnson, Jeremiah, 368.
+
+  Johnson, Samuel, 165, 166, 167.
+
+  Jones, Captain, 417, 419, 421.
+
+  Jones, John, 209, 219, 221, 227, 230, 242, 243, 265.
+
+  Jones, Samuel, 251.
+
+  Jourdain, Elizabeth, 87.
+
+  Jourdain, Henry, 87.
+
+
+  Kearney, Michael, 182.
+
+  Keen & Lightfoot, 136.
+
+  Kelly, Henry, 250.
+
+  Kempe, John Tabor, 246, 247.
+
+  Kennedy, Henry, 346.
+
+  Kent, Rudolphus, 412.
+
+  Kent, William, 473.
+
+  Ketchum, Hiram, 447.
+
+  Kidd, Captain, 116.
+
+  Kieft, Governor, 6, 12.
+
+  Kiersted, Hans, 10.
+
+  Kierstede, Benjamin, 120.
+
+  King, Charles, 471, 473.
+
+  King, David, 455.
+
+  King George, 85.
+
+  King, Rufus, 434, 435.
+
+  King William, 108.
+
+  King of Prussia (Sign of the), 165.
+
+  King's Arms, 65, 67, 69, 77, 114, 115, 116, 141, 149, 164, 191, 193,
+      194, 196, 197, 198, 216, 217, 221, 251.
+
+  King's Birthday, 124.
+
+  King's College, 144.
+
+  King's Head, 69, 70, 71, 75, 84, 192, 193, 195, 202, 284, 285, 289, 290,
+      292.
+
+  King's Head, London, 210.
+
+  Kissam, Benjamin, 251, 385.
+
+  Knight, Sarah, 51, 162.
+
+  Knox, General, 310, 313, 314, 316, 317, 354.
+
+  Knyphausen, General, 398.
+
+  Kosciusko, General, 316.
+
+  Kray, Teunis, 29, 30.
+
+  Krout Club, 432, 433.
+
+
+  La Chair, Solomon Petersen, 29, 30.
+
+  Laight, General, 386.
+
+  Laight, William, 356.
+
+  Lafayette, George Washington, 465.
+
+  Lafayette, General, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469.
+
+  Lamb, General, 468.
+
+  Lambert, Captain, 366.
+
+  La Montagne, Doctor, 12.
+
+  Landlord, The, 169.
+
+  Langdon, Dorothea, 474.
+
+  Lawrence, Captain, 420, 421, 422.
+
+  Lawrence, Judge, 375.
+
+  Lawrence, Susannah, 122, 130.
+
+  Lawrence, William Beach, 472.
+
+  Leary, John, 182.
+
+  Le Count, William, 97.
+
+  Lee, General, 316.
+
+  Lee, Major, 300, 301, 303, 304.
+
+  Leendersen, Sander, 37.
+
+  Leete, Samuel, 44.
+
+  Leisler, Jacob, 49, 51, 53, 58, 66.
+
+  Lenox, Robert, 321.
+
+  Leppers, Thomas, 130, 131, 133, 188.
+
+  Lewis, Francis, 249, 265.
+
+  Lewis, Morgan, 249, 272.
+
+  Liberty Cap, 359, 360.
+
+  Liberty Pole, 215, 216, 217, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244,
+      257, 346.
+
+  Lincoln, General, 316.
+
+  Lispenard, Leonard, 249.
+
+  Little, Michael, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 407, 412.
+
+  Little's Tavern, 377, 383.
+
+  Litschoe, Annetje, 23.
+
+  Litschoe, Daniel, 22, 23, 28.
+
+  Livingston, Brockholst, 353, 422, 423, 433.
+
+  Livingston, Chancellor, 396.
+
+  Livingston, Edward, 374.
+
+  Livingston, Henry, 249.
+
+  Livingston, John, 249.
+
+  Livingston, Philip, 172, 233, 267, 268, 371.
+
+  Livingston, Robert, 324.
+
+  Livingston, Robert R., 205, 248, 321, 394, 403, 407.
+
+  Livingston, Robert R., Jr., 247.
+
+  Livingston, William, 209, 251, 252.
+
+  Lockyer, Captain, 261, 263.
+
+  "Locust Trees," 45.
+
+  London Hotel, 397.
+
+  London Tavern, 390, 439.
+
+  Loosley, Charles, 283, 289, 292.
+
+  Loosley & Elms, 283, 285, 288, 289, 293.
+
+  Loring, Commissioner, 299.
+
+  Lorelace, Governor, 40, 43, 81, 134.
+
+  Lovett, John, 373, 374, 389.
+
+  Low, Isaac, 267, 268, 271.
+
+  Ludlow, Daniel, 249, 371.
+
+  Ludlow, George, 249.
+
+  Ludlow, William, 249.
+
+
+  Macomb, Alexander, 476.
+
+  Mackraby, Alexander, 176.
+
+  Madison, James, 417.
+
+  Malcolm, General, 354.
+
+  Mapes, General, 434.
+
+  Marriner's Tavern, 364, 365, 368.
+
+  Marriner, William, 364, 366, 369.
+
+  Marshall, John, 187.
+
+  Martling, Abraham B., 375, 411.
+
+  Martling & Cozzens, 423, 425.
+
+  Martling's Tavern, 375, 376, 395.
+
+  Mason's Arms, 199.
+
+  Mason William, 54.
+
+  Massue, Viscombe de la, 377, 379.
+
+  Mather, Samuel G., 449.
+
+  Matthews, David, 251.
+
+  Matthews, James, 43.
+
+  Matthews, Peter, 62, 75, 134.
+
+  McComb, General, 434.
+
+  McDougal, Alexander, 151, 239, 241, 320, 324.
+
+  McGillivray, Alexander, 353, 354.
+
+  McGown, Andrew, 158.
+
+  McGown's Pass Tavern, 158.
+
+  McGown, widow, 158.
+
+  McIntyre, Peter, 428.
+
+  Meal Market, 127, 128.
+
+  Mechanics' Hall, 406, 447.
+
+  Melyen, Samuel, 172.
+
+  Mercantile Coffee House, 397.
+
+  Merchants' Coffee House, 117, 128, 131, 133, 136, 137, 141, 154, 155,
+      168, 201, 206, 207, 215, 225, 253, 255, 264, 265, 267, 271, 275,
+      278, 279, 280, 293, 294, 318, 321, 326, 356, 357, 386, 403.
+
+  Merchants' Exchange, 43, 135.
+
+  Merchants' Hotel, 435, 454.
+
+  Meschianza, The, 286, 287.
+
+  Miller, John, 186.
+
+  Minhorne, Jacob, 53, 58, 66.
+
+  Minuit, Peter, 2, 3.
+
+  Minvielle, Gabriel, 60, 69.
+
+  Mitchill, Samuel L., 433.
+
+  Monckton, General, 182.
+
+  Monroe, James, 434, 435.
+
+  Montagu, William, 179.
+
+  Montcrieffe, Major, 368.
+
+  Montgomerie, Governor, 91, 114.
+
+  Moody, Sir Henry, 23.
+
+  Mooney, William, 437.
+
+  Moore, Sir Henry, 207, 208, 225, 233, 245.
+
+  Moore, John, 248, 250.
+
+  Moore, Thomas W. C., 248.
+
+  Moot, The, 250, 251, 252.
+
+  Morris, General, 314.
+
+  Morris, Gouveneur, 101, 248, 251, 265, 364, 366.
+
+  Morris, Lewis, 95, 99, 101, 104, 108, 181, 331.
+
+  Morris, Lewis, Jr., 180, 181, 183.
+
+  Morris, Richard, 251.
+
+  Morris, Robert Hunter, 143.
+
+  Morris, Roger, 243.
+
+  Morris, William, 70.
+
+  Mortier, Paymaster General, 163, 189.
+
+  Morton, General, 434, 435.
+
+  Moultrie, General, 316.
+
+  Mount Pleasant, 187, 218, 252.
+
+  Mount Vernon Garden, 399, 400.
+
+  Murray, John, 337.
+
+
+  Nanfan, Lieutenant Governor, 72, 73.
+
+  National Hotel, 450.
+
+  New England Society, The, 407.
+
+  Negro Plot, 123, 318.
+
+  New York Coffee House, 318.
+
+  New York Arms, 142, 143, 144, 148, 202, 213, 222, 228, 233, 245, 246,
+      247.
+
+  New York Garden, 453, 454.
+
+  New York Hotel, 403.
+
+  New York Society, The, 247.
+
+  New York Stock Exchange, 360, 363.
+
+  Niblo's Coffee House, 407.
+
+  Niblo's Garden, 458.
+
+  Niblo, William, 452, 458, 459, 460, 462.
+
+  Nicolls, Governor, 37, 39, 178, 198, 199.
+
+  Noel, Garrat, 155.
+
+  Noel, Thomas, 65.
+
+  Non-Importation Agreement, 205.
+
+  Non-Importation Agreement, Second, 228.
+
+  Norris, Sir John, 108.
+
+  Norris, Matthias, 103, 106, 118.
+
+  Norris, Mrs., 108.
+
+  North, Lord, 267.
+
+
+  O'Brien, 155.
+
+  Ogden, Jonathan, 156.
+
+  Old Coffee House, 403.
+
+  Opdyck, Gysbert, 10.
+
+  Osborne, Sir Danvers, 139, 140.
+
+
+  Pain, Benjamin, 115, 120.
+
+  Paine, Robert Treat, 269.
+
+  Palmer, Benjamin, 163.
+
+  Parker, James, 202.
+
+  Parmyter, John, 85, 86.
+
+  Parmyter, Susannah, 86.
+
+  Pattison, General, 296, 297, 299.
+
+  Paulding, James K., 431.
+
+  Pelow, Vincent, 88.
+
+  Pemberton, Robert, 328.
+
+  Pennington, Captain, 282.
+
+  Pennington, William, 474.
+
+  Percival, James G., 431.
+
+  Perry, Commodore, 423, 424.
+
+  Phillips, Frederick, 455.
+
+  Phillips, General, 296.
+
+  Phillipse, Adolph, 92.
+
+  Phillipse, Frederick, 56, 95, 96, 98, 163, 187.
+
+  Phoenix Coffee House, 403.
+
+  Pine Apple, The, 120.
+
+  Pintard, John, 331, 362, 439.
+
+  Pirates, 57, 59.
+
+  Pitt, William, 215.
+
+  Platt, Jonas, 438, 439.
+
+  Platt, Richard, 328, 435.
+
+  Porteous, Captain, 394.
+
+  Porterfield, James, 131, 132, 133.
+
+  Post, Widow, 87, 88.
+
+  Powers, George, 322.
+
+  Price, Benjamin, 441, 442.
+
+  Price, Captain, 316.
+
+  Price, Stephen, 441, 443, 444.
+
+  Privateers, 119, 120, 121.
+
+  Province Arms, 142, 147, 203, 205, 244, 246, 255, 282, 295, 297, 299,
+      300, 305, 311, 323, 445.
+
+  Purdie, Alexander, 270.
+
+  Putnam, General, 207, 316.
+
+
+  Queen's Head, 168, 202, 227, 230, 243, 245, 247, 253, 294, 295, 317.
+
+
+  Radel, Margaret, 37.
+
+  Ramsay, Andrew, 114, 125, 129.
+
+  Randolph, Edmund, 344.
+
+  Ranelagh, 218, 221, 413.
+
+  Rapelye, Stephen, 250.
+
+  Rathwell, James, 393, 394.
+
+  Rawson's Tavern, 345.
+
+  Reade, John, 250.
+
+  Red House, 463.
+
+  Red Lion, 130.
+
+  Refugee Club, 295.
+
+  Regulation of Taverns, 20, 21.
+
+  Renwick, Professor, 471.
+
+  Revere, Paul, 260, 266.
+
+  Reynolds' Beer House, 459.
+
+  Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 168.
+
+  Reynolds, William, 458.
+
+  Riedesel, Baron, 296.
+
+  Ritzema, Rudolphus, 251.
+
+  Rivington, James, 284, 288, 323.
+
+  Road Houses, 459.
+
+  Robertson, Alexander, 299, 345.
+
+  Robin, Isaac, 86.
+
+  Robinson, Beverly, 202, 473.
+
+  Robinson, Joseph, 201.
+
+  Rodgers, Commodore, 417.
+
+  Rodgers, Doctor, 401.
+
+  Rogers, Captain, 468.
+
+  Rogers & Humphrey, 225.
+
+  Rogers, Lewis, 463.
+
+  Roger Morris House, 159, 363, 364.
+
+  Rogers, Moses, 371.
+
+  Roome, Luke, 154, 255, 357.
+
+  Roosevelt, John, 187.
+
+  Ross, David, 412.
+
+  Roubalet, 299, 305.
+
+  Royal Bowling Green, 188.
+
+  Royal Oak, 44.
+
+  Rutgers, Anthony, 182, 199, 219.
+
+  Rutherford, Walter, 209.
+
+  Rutledge, John, 344.
+
+
+  Sacket, Richard, 185.
+
+  Saint George and the Dragon, 37, 130.
+
+  Saltus, Nick, 451.
+
+  Sampson, J. P. C., 447.
+
+  Sands, Robert C., 431.
+
+  Sans, Souci, 455.
+
+  Santen, Lucas, 52.
+
+  Schuyler, Arent, 81.
+
+  Schuyler, Peter, 148, 149.
+
+  Schuyler, Philip, 328.
+
+  Scotch Johnny, 191, 195.
+
+  Scotch Johnny's, 164.
+
+  Scott, John Morin, 209, 251, 275, 310.
+
+  Scott, Winfield, 435, 474.
+
+  Scurlock, Thomas, 165.
+
+  Seabury, Doctor, 399.
+
+  Seagrave, James, 249.
+
+  Sears, Isaac, 151, 215.
+
+  Sebring, Isaac, 408.
+
+  Seton, William, 320.
+
+  Shakespeare Tavern, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432.
+
+  Shank, Matthew, 62.
+
+  Sherbrook, Major, 367.
+
+  Sherman, Alpheus, 410.
+
+  Shirley, William, 143.
+
+  Shoemakers' Pasture, 116.
+
+  Simmons, John, 340, 341.
+
+  Simmons' Tavern, 340, 341, 342.
+
+  Slave Market, 127.
+
+  Sloughter, Governor, 66.
+
+  Smith, Colonel, 310, 364.
+
+  Smith, Edward, 234, 238.
+
+  Smith, Ephraim, 287.
+
+  Smith, Melancthon, 345.
+
+  Smith, Mrs., 293.
+
+  Smith's Tavern, 286.
+
+  Smith, Thomas, 251.
+
+  Smith, William, 103, 251, 310.
+
+  Smith, William, Jr., 209.
+
+  Snedeker, John R., 465.
+
+  Social Club, The, 248.
+
+  Sons of Liberty, 208, 212, 214, 230, 231, 234, 236, 238, 239, 243, 244,
+      257, 259, 261, 273, 351.
+
+  Southard, Samuel, 474.
+
+  Sperry, Jacob, 401.
+
+  Sports and Amusements, 174.
+
+  Spring Garden, 116, 122, 165.
+
+  Spring Garden House, 165, 199.
+
+  Stagg, John, 354, 385.
+
+  Stamp Act, 204, 205, 202.
+
+  Stark, General, 316.
+
+  State Arms, 307.
+
+  Steel, Sarah, 194, 195, 196.
+
+  Steenwyck, Cornelis, 39, 198.
+
+  Steuben, General, 316, 326, 328, 337.
+
+  Stevens, Ebenezer, 423, 435.
+
+  Stevens, J., 250.
+
+  Stevens, John Austin, 255.
+
+  Stewart, Anthony G., 295.
+
+  Stirling, Lord, 182.
+
+  Stockton, Anne, 115.
+
+  Stone, William L., 431, 432.
+
+  Stoneall, James C., 432.
+
+  Storrs, Henry R., 472.
+
+  Strachan, John, 293, 294.
+
+  Strachan's Tavern, 295.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, 13, 20, 22, 34, 35, 47.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter G., 474.
+
+  Swain, Captain, 430.
+
+  Swartwout, John, 383, 396, 439, 468.
+
+  Swift, General, 434, 435.
+
+  Swift, Henry, 81.
+
+  Swift, Joseph G., 422.
+
+
+  Talbot, Captain, 375.
+
+  Talmadge, Colonel, 317.
+
+  Tammany Hall, 410, 422, 423, 427, 433, 437, 445.
+
+  Tammany Hall Hotel, 425.
+
+  Tammany Society, 351, 375, 395.
+
+  Tavern Life, 78, 79.
+
+  Tavern Regulations, 41.
+
+  Tavern Signs, 167.
+
+  Taylor, John, 189.
+
+  Tew, Thomas, 54, 58, 59.
+
+  Thomas, Widow, 122.
+
+  Thompson, Gabriel, 69, 70.
+
+  Thompson, John, 155, 156.
+
+  Thomson, Captain, 375.
+
+  Thurman, John, Jr., 209.
+
+  Tillery, James, 385, 394.
+
+  Todd, Robert, 105, 110, 112, 114, 121, 200.
+
+  Tollemache, Captain, 282.
+
+  Tompkins, Daniel D., 422, 423, 434, 435.
+
+  Tontine Coffee House, 154, 356, 361, 371, 374, 393, 395, 400, 403, 404,
+      407, 425.
+
+  Tontine Hotel, 371, 372.
+
+  Trumbull, John, 310, 474.
+
+  Tryon, Governor, 293, 296.
+
+  Turk's Head, The, 168, 431.
+
+  Two-Mile Tavern, 48.
+
+  Tyler's, 414.
+
+
+  Ugly Club, 414.
+
+  Ugly Hall, 414.
+
+  Underhill, John, 11, 12.
+
+  Union Flag, The, 158, 176.
+
+  United States Hotel, 478.
+
+  Ury, John, 123.
+
+
+  Valentine, Abraham M., 410.
+
+  Van Borsum, Annetje, 28, 29.
+
+  Van Borsum, Egbert, 27, 28, 29, 185.
+
+  Van Borsum, Hermanus, 29.
+
+  Van Buren's Tavern, Dr., 367.
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 328.
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Stephen, 200.
+
+  Van Dam, Rip, 92, 93, 94, 95, 101, 104, 110, 112, 113.
+
+  Vandenberg, Adam, 179.
+
+  Vandenberg's, 189.
+
+  Vanderbilt, John, 419.
+
+  Vandercliff, Dirck, 45, 46.
+
+  Vandercliff's Orchard, 45.
+
+  Vanderspiegel, John, 209.
+
+  Van Dyck, Hendrick, 20.
+
+  Van Horne, Cornelius, 92.
+
+  Van Horne, David, 205.
+
+  Van Ness, Judge, 423.
+
+  Van Pelt, Rem, 367.
+
+  Van Purmerendt, Claes Jansen, 25.
+
+  Van Shaack, Peter, 249, 251.
+
+  Van Tienhoven, Cornelis, 13.
+
+  Van Twiller, Wouter, 11.
+
+  Van Vorst, Annetje Cornelissen, 25.
+
+  Varian, Richard, 347.
+
+  Varick, Colonel, 310.
+
+  Vaughan, Thomas, 394, 395.
+
+  Vauxhall, 187, 206, 218, 247, 252, 425.
+
+  Vauxhall Garden, 218, 400, 401, 402.
+
+  Vermilye, Thomas, 163.
+
+  Verplanck, Gulian, 219, 356, 371.
+
+  Verplanck, Gulian C., 432.
+
+  Vineyard, The, 68, 185.
+
+
+  Wainwright, Doctor, 473.
+
+  Waldron, Adolph, 287.
+
+  Waldron, Samuel, 239.
+
+  Wales, Prince of, 108.
+
+  Walker, Benjamin, 324.
+
+  Wallace, Hugh, 229.
+
+  Walters, Robert, 66.
+
+  Walton, Jacob, 233.
+
+  Walton, William, 256.
+
+  Warren, Sir Peter, 182.
+
+  Washington, George, 159, 300, 302, 308, 309, 310, 313, 317, 336, 339,
+      341, 364, 367, 368, 473, 476.
+
+  Washington Hall, 408, 409, 410, 420, 423, 424, 425, 427, 441, 443, 445,
+      467, 469, 472.
+
+  Washington Hotel, 397, 412, 435.
+
+  Waters, A. W., 183.
+
+  Watson, James, 371.
+
+  Watson, John, 175.
+
+  Watts, John, 182, 249, 356, 358, 371, 404.
+
+  Watts, John, Jr., 247.
+
+  Wayne, General, 316.
+
+  Webb, James, 37.
+
+  Webb, Samuel B., 326, 328.
+
+  Webber, Wolfert, 46, 47.
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 472.
+
+  Weissenfels, Frederick, 312.
+
+  Welch, Thomas, 118.
+
+  Wessels, Metje, 28, 30, 32, 33.
+
+  Wetmore, Prosper W., 467.
+
+  White Conduit House, 398, 399.
+
+  Whitehall Coffee House, 225.
+
+  White Horse Tavern, 18.
+
+  White Lion, 70, 71.
+
+  Wickham, William, 251.
+
+  Wilcocks, Widow, 440.
+
+  Wilkinson, James, 245.
+
+  Willard, Mr., 449, 450, 452.
+
+  Willett, Edward, 118, 141, 143, 144, 148, 202.
+
+  Willett, Marinus, 273, 274, 275, 353, 435.
+
+  Williams, Erasmus, 252.
+
+  Wilson, Captain, 441, 444.
+
+  Wilson, James, 344.
+
+  Wragg, Elizabeth, 255.
+
+
+  Zenger, John Peter, 101, 102, 104.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.
+
+[2] New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy.
+
+[3] New York Mercury.
+
+[4] New York Gazette.
+
+[5] New York Evening Post.
+
+[6] Dayton.
+
+[7] Dayton.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD TAVERNS OF NEW YORK***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 44240.txt or 44240.zip *******
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