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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Jesuit Missions, by Thomas Guthrie Marquis
+#4 in our series Chronicles of Canada
+
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+Title: The Jesuit Missions:
+       A Chronicle of the Cross in the Wilderness
+
+Author: Thomas Guthrie Marquis
+
+Release Date: August, 2003 [Etext# 4388]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on January 20, 2002]
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Jesuit Missions, by Thomas Guthrie Marquis
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+
+CHRONICLES OF CANADA
+Edited by George M. Wrong and H. H. Langton
+In thirty-two volumes
+
+Volume 4
+
+
+THE JESUIT MISSIONS
+A Chronicle of the Cross in the Wilderness
+
+By THOMAS GUTHRIE MARQUIS
+TORONTO, 1916
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE RECOLLET FRIARS
+
+For seven years the colony which Champlain founded at
+the rock of Quebec lived without priests.  [Footnote:
+For the general history of the period covered by the
+first four chapters of the present narrative, see 'The
+Founder of New France' in this Series.] Perhaps the lack
+was not seriously felt, for most of the twoscore inmates
+of the settlement were Huguenot traders. But out in the
+great land, in every direction from the rude dwellings
+that housed the pioneers of Canada, roamed savage tribes,
+living, said Champlain, 'like brute beasts.' It was
+Champlain's ardent desire to reclaim these beings of the
+wilderness. The salvation of one soul was to him 'of more
+value than the conquest of an empire.' Not far from his
+native town of Brouage there was a community of the
+Recollets, and, during one of his periodical sojourns in
+France, he invited them to send missionaries to Canada.
+The Recollets responded to his appeal, and it was arranged
+that several of their number should sail with him to the
+St Lawrence in the following spring. So, in May 1615,
+three Recollet friars--Denis Jamay, Jean d'Olbeau, Joseph
+Le Caron--and a lay brother named Pacificus du Plessis,
+landed at Tadoussac. To these four men is due the honour
+of founding the first permanent mission among the Indians
+of New France. An earlier undertaking of the Jesuits in
+Acadia (1611-13) had been broken up. The Canadian mission
+is usually associated with the Jesuits, and rightly so,
+for to them, as we shall see, belongs its most glorious
+history; but it was the Recollets who pioneered the way.
+
+When the friars reached Quebec they arranged a division
+of labour in this manner: Jamay and Du Plessis were to
+remain at Quebec; D'Olbeau was to return to Tadoussac
+and essay the thorny task of converting the tribes round
+that fishing and trading station; while to Le Caron was
+assigned a more distant field, but one that promised a
+rich harvest. Six or seven hundred miles from Quebec, in
+the region of Lake Simcoe and the Georgian Bay, dwelt
+the Hurons, a sedentary people living in villages and
+practising a rude agriculture. In these respects they
+differed from the Algonquin tribes of the St Lawrence,
+who had no fixed abodes and depended on forest and stream
+for a living. The Hurons, too, were bound to the French
+by both war and trade. Champlain had assisted them and
+the Algonquins in battle against the common foe, the
+Iroquois or Five Nations, and a flotilla of canoes from
+the Huron country, bringing furs to one of the trading-
+posts on the St Lawrence, was an annual event. The
+Recollets, therefore, felt confident of a friendly
+reception among the Hurons; and it was with buoyant hopes
+that Le Caron girded himself for the journey to his
+distant mission-field.
+
+On the 6th or 7th of July, in company with a party of
+Hurons, Le Caron set out from the island of Montreal.
+The Hurons had come down to trade, and to arrange with
+Champlain for another punitive expedition against the
+Iroquois, and were now returning to their own villages.
+It was a laborious and painful journey--up the Ottawa,
+across Lake Nipissing, and down the French River--but at
+length the friar stood on the shores of Lake Huron, the
+first of white men to see its waters. From the mouth of
+the French River the course lay southward for mere than
+a hundred miles along the east shore of Georgian Bay,
+until the party arrived at the peninsula which lies
+between Nottawasaga and Matchedash Bays. Three or four
+miles inland from the west shore of this peninsula stood
+the town of Carhagouha, a triple-palisaded stronghold of
+the Hurons. Here the Indians gave the priest an enthusiastic
+welcome and invited him to share their common lodges;
+but as he desired a retreat 'in which he could meditate
+in silence,' they built him a commodious cabin apart from
+the village. A few days later Champlain himself appeared
+on the scene; and it was on the 12th of August that he
+and his followers attended in Le Caron's cabin the first
+Mass celebrated in what is now the province of Ontario.
+Then, while Le Caron began his efforts for the conversion
+of the benighted Hurons, Champlain went off with the
+warriors on a very different mission--an invasion of the
+Iroquois country. The commencement of religious endeavour
+in Huronia is thus marked by an event that was to intensify
+the hatred of the ferocious Iroquois against both the
+Hurons and the French.
+
+Le Caron spent the remainder of the year 1615 among the
+Hurons, studying the people, learning the language, and
+compiling a dictionary. Champlain, his expedition ended,
+returned to Huronia and remained there until the middle
+of January, when he and Le Caron set out on a visit to
+the Petun or Tobacco Nation, then dwelling on the southern
+shore of Nottawasaga Bay, a two-days' journey south-west
+of Carhagouha. There had been as yet no direct communication
+between the French and the Petuns, and the visitors were
+not kindly received. The Petun sorcerers or medicine-men
+dreaded the influence of the grey-robed friar, regarded
+him as a rival, and caused his teachings to be derided.
+After an uncomfortable month Champlain and Le Caron
+returned to Carhagouha, where they remained until the
+20th of May, and then set out for Quebec.
+
+When Le Caron reached Quebec on the 11th of July (1616)
+he found that his comrades had not been idle. A chapel
+had been built, in what is now the Lower Town, close to
+the habitation, and here Father Jamay ministered to the
+spiritual needs of the colonists and laboured among the
+Indians camped in the vicinity of the trading-post. Father
+d'Olbeau had been busy among the Montagnais, a wandering
+Algonquin tribe between Tadoussac and Seven Islands, his
+reward being chiefly suffering. The filth and smoke of
+the Indian wigwams tortured him, the disgusting food of
+the natives filled him with loathing, and their vice and
+indifference to his teaching weighed on his spirit.
+
+The greatest trial the Recollets had to bear was the
+opposition of the Company of St Malo and Rouen, which
+was composed largely of Huguenots, and had a monopoly of
+the trade of New France. Many of the traders were actively
+antagonistic to the spread of the Catholic religion and
+they all viewed the work of the Recollets with hostility.
+It was the aim of the missionaries to induce the Indians
+to settle near the trading-posts in order that they might
+the more easily be reached with the Gospel message. The
+traders had but one thought--the profits of the fur trade;
+and, desiring to keep the Indians nomadic hunters of
+furs, they opposed bringing them into fixed abodes and
+put every possible obstacle in the way of the friars.
+Trained interpreters in the employ of the company for
+both the Hurons and the various Algonquin tribes were
+ordered not to assist the missionaries in acquiring a
+knowledge of the native languages. The company was pledged
+to support six missionaries, but the support was given
+with an unwilling, niggardly hand.
+
+At length, in 1621, as a result of the complaints of
+Champlain and the Recollets, before the authorities in
+France, the Company of St Malo and Rouen lost its charter,
+and the trading privileges were given to William and
+Emery de Caen, uncle and nephew. But these men also were
+Huguenots, and the unhappy condition of affairs continued
+in an intensified form. Champlain, though the nominal
+head of the colony, was unable to provide a remedy, for
+the real power was in the hands of the Caens, who had in
+their employment practically the entire population.
+
+Yet, in spite of all the obstacles put in their way, the
+Recollets continued their self-sacrificing labours. By
+the beginning of 1621 they had a comfortable residence
+on the bank of the St Charles, on the spot where now
+stands the General Hospital. Here they had been granted
+two hundred acres of land, and they cultivated the soil,
+raising meagre crops of rye, barley, maize, and wheat,
+and tending a few pigs, cows, asses, and fowls. There
+were from time to time accessions to their ranks. Between
+the years 1616 and 1623 the fathers Guillaume Poullain,
+Georges le Baillif, Paul Huet, Jacques de la Foyer,
+Nicolas Viel, and several lay brothers, the most noted
+among whom was Gabriel Sagard-Theodat, laboured in New
+France. They made attempts to christianize the Micmacs
+of Acadia, the Abnaki of the upper St John, the Algonquin
+tribes of the lower St Lawrence, and the Nipissings of
+the upper Ottawa. But the work among these roving bands
+proved most disheartening, and once more the grey-robed
+friars turned to the Hurons.
+
+The end of August 1623 saw Le Caron, Viel, and Sagard in
+Huronia. Until October they seem to have laboured in
+different settlements, Viel at Toanche, a short distance
+from Penetanguishene Bay, Sagard at Ossossane, near
+Dault's Bay, an indentation of Nottawasaga Bay, and Le
+Caron at Carhagouha. It does not appear that they were
+able to make much of an impression on the savages, though
+they had the satisfaction of some baptisms. During the
+winter Sagard studied Indian habits and ideas, and with
+Le Caron's assistance compiled a dictionary of the Huron
+language.  [Footnote: Sagard's observations were afterwards
+given to the world in his 'Histoire du Canada et Voyages
+des Peres Recollects en la Nouvelle-France.'] Then, an
+June 1624, Le Caron and Sagard accompanied the annual
+canoe-fleet to Quebec, and Viel was left alone in Huronia.
+
+The Recollets were discouraged. They saw that the field
+was too large and that the difficulties were too great
+for them. And, after invoking 'the light of the Holy
+Spirit,' they decided, according to Sagard, 'to send one
+of their members to France to lay the proposition before
+the Jesuit fathers, whom they deemed the most suitable
+for the work of establishing and extending the Faith in
+Canada.' So Father Irenaeus Piat and Brother Gabriel
+Sagard were sent to entreat to the rescue of the Canadian
+mission the greatest of all the missionary orders--an
+order which 'had filled the whole world with memorials
+of great things done and suffered for the Faith'--the
+militant and powerful Society of Jesus.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE JESUITS AT QUEBEC
+
+The 15th of June 1625 was a significant day for the colony
+of New France. On that morning a blunt-prowed, high-pooped
+vessel cast anchor before the little trading village that
+clustered about the base of the great cliff at Quebec.
+It was a ship belonging to the Caens, and it came laden
+to the hatches with supplies for the colonists and goods
+for trade with the Indians. But, what was more important,
+it had as passengers the Jesuits who had been sent to
+the aid of the Recollets, the first of the followers of
+Loyola to enter the St Lawrence--Fathers Charles Lalemant,
+Ennemond Masse, Jean de Brebeuf, and two lay brothers of
+the Society. These black-robed priests were the forerunners
+of an army of men who, bearing the Cross instead of the
+sword and labouring at their arduous tasks in humility
+and obedience but with dauntless courage and unflagging
+zeal, were to make their influence felt from Hudson Bay
+to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the sea-girt shores of
+Cape Breton to the wind-swept plains of the Great West.
+They were the vanguard of an army of true soldiers, of
+whom the words
+
+   Theirs not to reason why,
+   Theirs but to do and die,
+
+might fittingly have been written. The Jesuit missionary
+in North America had no thought of worldly profit or
+renown, but, with his mind fixed on eternity, he performed
+his task ad majorem Dei gloriam, for the greater glory
+of God.
+
+The Jesuits had sailed from Dieppe on the 26th of April
+in company with a Recollet friar, La Roche de Daillon,
+of whom we shall presently hear more. The voyage across
+the stormy Atlantic had been long and tedious. On a vessel
+belonging to Huguenots, the priests had been exposed to
+the sneers and gibes of crew and traders. It was the
+viceroy of New France, the Duc de Ventadour, a devout
+Catholic, who had compelled the Huguenot traders to give
+passage to these priests, or they would not have been
+permitted on board the ship. Much better could the
+Huguenots tolerate the humble, mendicant Recollets than
+the Jesuits, aggressive and powerful, uncompromising
+opponents of Calvinism.
+
+As the anchor dropped, the Jesuits made preparations to
+land; but they were to meet with a temporary disappointment.
+Champlain was absent in France, and Emery de Caen said
+that he had received no instructions from the viceroy to
+admit them to the colony. Moreover, they were told that
+there was no room for them in the habitation or the fort.
+To make matters worse, a bitter, slanderous diatribe
+against their order had been distributed among the
+inhabitants, and the doors of Catholics and Huguenots
+alike were closed against them. Prisoners on the ship,
+at the very gate of the promised land, no course seemed
+open to them but to return on the same vessel to France.
+But they were suddenly lifted by kindly hands from the
+depths of despair. A boat rowed by men attached to the
+Recollets approached their vessel. Soon several friars
+dressed in coarse grey robes, with the knotted cord of
+the Recollet order about their waists, peaked hood hanging
+from their shoulders, and coarse wooden sandals on their
+feet, stood before them on the deck, giving them a
+wholehearted welcome and offering them a home, with the
+use of half the buildings and land on the St Charles.
+Right gladly the Jesuits accepted the offer and were
+rowed ashore in the boat of the generous friars. On
+touching the soil of New France they fell on their knees
+and kissed the ground, in spite of the scowling traders
+about them.
+
+The disappointment of these aggressive pioneers of the
+Church must have been great as they viewed Quebec. It
+was now seventeen years since the colony had been founded;
+yet it had fewer than one hundred inhabitants. In the
+whole of Canada there were but seven French families and
+only six white children. Save by Louis Hebert, the first
+to cultivate the soil at Quebec, and the Recollets, no
+attempt had been made at agriculture, and the colony was
+almost wholly dependent on France for its subsistence.
+When not engaged in gathering furs or loading and unloading
+vessels, the men lounged in indolence about the
+trading-posts or wandered to the hunting grounds of the
+Indians, where they lived in squalor and vice. The avarice
+of the traders was bearing its natural fruit, and the
+untiring efforts of Champlain, a devoted, zealous patriot,
+had been unavailing to counteract it. The colony sorely
+needed the self-sacrificing Jesuits, but for whom it
+would soon undoubtedly have been cast off by the mother
+country as a worthless burden. To them Canada, indeed,
+owed its life; for when the king grew weary of spending
+treasure on this unprofitable colony, the stirring appeals
+of the Relations [Footnote: It was a rule of the Society
+of Jesus that each of its missionaries should write a
+report of his work. These reports, known as Relations,
+were generally printed and sold by the booksellers of
+Paris. About forty volumes of the Relations from the
+missions of Canada were published between 1632 and 1672
+and widely read in France.] moved both king and people
+to sustain it until the time arrived when New France was
+valued as a barrier against New England.
+
+Scarcely had the Jesuits made themselves at home in the
+convent of the Recollets when they began planning for
+the mission. It was decided that Lalemant and Masse should
+remain at Quebec; but Brebeuf, believing, like the
+Recollets, that little of permanent value could be done
+among the ever-shifting Algonquins, desired to start at
+once for the populous towns of Huronia. In July, in
+company with the Recollet La Roche de Daillon, Brebeuf
+set out for Three Rivers. The Indians--Hurons, Algonquins,
+and Ottawas--had gathered at Cape Victory, a promontory
+in Lake St Peter near the point where the lake narrows
+again into the St Lawrence. There, too, stood French
+vessels laden with goods for barter; and thither went
+the two missionaries to make friends with the Indians
+and to lay in a store of goods for the voyage to Huronia
+and for use at the mission. The captains of the vessels
+appeared friendly and supplied the priests with coloured
+beads, knives, kettles, and other articles. All was going
+well for the journey, when, on the eve of departure, a
+runner arrived from Montreal bringing evil news.
+
+For a year the Recollet Nicolas Viel had remained in
+Huronia. Early in 1624 he had written to Father Piat
+hoping that he might live and die in his Huron mission
+at Carhagouha. There is no record of his sojourn in
+Huronia during the winter 1624-25. Alone among the savages,
+with a scant knowledge of their language, his spirit must
+have been oppressed with a burden almost too great to be
+borne; he must have longed for the companionship of men
+of his own language and faith. At any rate, in the early
+summer of 1625 he had set out for Quebec with a party of
+trading Hurons for the purpose of spending some time in
+retreat at the residence on the banks of the St Charles.
+He was never to reach his destination. On arriving at
+the Riviere des Prairies, his Indian conductors, instead
+of portaging their canoes past the treacherous rapids in
+this river, had attempted to run them, and a disaster
+had followed. The canoe bearing Father Viel and a young
+Huron convert named Ahaustic (the Little Fish) had been
+overturned and both had been drowned.
+
+[Footnote: This rapid has since been known as Sault au
+Recollet and a village near by bears the name of Ahuntsic,
+a corruption of the young convert's name. Father A. E.
+Jones, S. J., in his 'Old Huronia' (Ontario Archives),
+points out that no such word as Ahuntsic could find a
+place in a Huron vocabulary.]
+
+The story brought to Cape Victory was that the tragedy
+had been due to the treacherous conduct of three
+evil-hearted Hurons who coveted the goods the priest had
+with him. On the advice of the traders, who feared that
+the Hurons were in no spirit to receive the missionaries,
+Brebeuf and Daillon concluded not to attempt the ascent
+of the Ottawa for the present, and returned to Quebec.
+Ten years later, such a report would not have moved
+Brebeuf to turn back, but would have been an added
+incentive to press forward.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+IN HURONIA
+
+The Jesuits, with the exception of Brebeuf, spent the
+winter of 1625-26 at the convent of the Recollets, no
+doubt enduring privation, as at that time there was a
+scarcity of food in the colony. Brebeuf, eager to study
+the Indians in their homes, joined a party of Montagnais
+hunters and journeyed with them to their wintering grounds.
+He suffered much from hunger and cold, and from the
+insanitary conditions under which he was compelled to
+live in the filthy, smoky, vermin-infested abodes of the
+savages. But an iron constitution stood him in good stead,
+and he rejoined his fellow-missionaries none the worse
+for his experience. He had acquired, too, a fair knowledge
+of the Montagnais dialect, and had learned that boldness,
+courage, and fortitude in suffering went far towards
+winning the respect of the savages of North America.
+
+On the 5th of July the eyes of the colonists at Quebec
+were gladdened by the sight of a fleet of vessels coming
+up the river. These were the supply-ships of the company,
+and on the Catherine, a vessel of two hundred and fifty
+tons, was Champlain, on whom the Jesuits could depend as
+a friend and protector. In the previous autumn Lalemant
+had selected a fertile tract of land on the left side of
+the St Charles, between the river Beauport and the stream
+St Michel, as a suitable spot for a permanent home, and
+had sent a request to Champlain to secure this land for
+the Jesuits. Champlain had laid the request before the
+viceroy and he now brought with him the official documents
+granting the land. Nine days later a vessel of eighty
+tons arrived with supplies and reinforcements for the
+mission. On this vessel came Fathers Philibert Noyrot
+and Anne de Noue, with a lay brother and twenty labourers
+and carpenters.
+
+The Jesuits chose a site for the buildings at a bend in
+the St Charles river a mile or so from the fort. Here,
+opposite Pointe-aux-Lievres (Hare Point), on a sloping
+meadow two hundred feet from the river, they cleared the
+ground and erected two buildings--one to serve as a
+storehouse, stable, workshop, and bakery; the other as
+the residence. The residence had four rooms--a chapel,
+a refectory with cells for the fathers, a kitchen, and
+a lodging-room for the workmen. It had, too, a commodious
+cellar, and a garret which served as a dormitory for the
+lay brothers. The buildings were of roughly hewn planks,
+the seams plastered with mud and the roofs thatched with
+grass from the meadow. Such was Notre-Dame-des-Anges. In
+this humble abode men were to be trained to carry the
+Cross in the Canadian wilderness, and from it they were
+to go forth for many years in an unbroken line, blazing
+the way for explorers and traders and settlers.
+
+Almost simultaneously with the arrival of Noyrot and Noue
+a flotilla of canoes laden deep with furs came down from
+the Huron country. Brebeuf had made up his mind to go to
+far Huronia; Noue and the Recollet Daillon had the same
+ambition; and all three besought the Hurons to carry them
+on the return journey. The Indians expressed a readiness
+to give the Recollet Daillon a passage; they knew the
+'grey-robes'; but they did not know the Jesuits, the
+'black-robes,' and they hesitated to take Brebeuf and
+Noue, urging as an excuse that so portly a man as Brebeuf
+would be in danger of upsetting their frail canoes. By
+a liberal distribution of presents, however, the Hurons
+were persuaded to accept Brebeuf and Noue as passengers.
+
+Towards the end of July, just when preparations were
+being made to break ground for the residence of
+Notre-Dame-des-Anges, the three fathers and some French
+assistants set out with the Hurons on the long journey
+to the shores of Georgian Bay. Brebeuf was in a state of
+ecstasy. He longed for the populous towns of the Hurons.
+He had confidence in himself and believed that he would
+be able to make the dwellers in these towns followers of
+Christ and bulwarks of France in the New World. For
+twenty-three years he was to devote his life to this
+task; for twenty-three years, save for the brief interval
+when the English flag waved over Quebec, he was to dominate
+the Huron mission. He was a striking figure. Of noble
+ancestry, almost a giant in stature, and with a soldierly
+bearing that attracted all observers, he would have shone
+at the court of the king or at the head of the army. But
+he had sacrificed a worldly career for the Church. And
+no man of his ancestors, one of whom had battled under
+William the Conqueror at Hastings and others in the
+Crusades, ever bore himself more nobly than did Brebeuf
+in the forests of Canada, or covered himself with a
+greater glory.
+
+The journey was beset with danger, for the Iroquois were
+on the war-path against the Hurons and the French, and
+had attacked settlers even in the vicinity of Quebec.
+The lot of the voyagers was incessant toil. They had to
+paddle against the current, to haul the canoes over
+stretches where the water was too swift for paddling,
+and to portage past turbulent rapids and falls. The
+missionaries were forced to bear their share of the work.
+Noue, no longer young, was frequently faint from toil.
+Brebeuf not only sustained him, but at many of the
+portages, of which there were thirty-five in all, carried
+a double load of baggage. The packs contained not only
+clothing and food, but priestly vestments, requisites
+for the altar, pictures, wine for the Mass, candles,
+books, and writing material. The course lay over the
+route which Le Caron had followed eleven years before,
+up the Ottawa, up the Mattawa, across the portage to Lake
+Nipissing, and then down the French River. Arrived in
+Penetanguishene Bay, they landed at a village called
+Otouacha.  They then journeyed a mile and a half inland,
+through gloomy forests, past cultivated patches of maize,
+beans, pumpkins, squashes, and sunflowers, to Toanche,
+where they found Viel's cabin still standing. For three
+years this was to be Brebeuf's headquarters.
+
+Huronia lay in what is now the county of Simcoe, Ontario,
+comprising the present townships of Tiny, Tay, Flos,
+Medonte, and Oro. On the east and north lay Lakes Simcoe
+and Couchiching, the Severn river, and Matchedash Bay;
+on the west, Nottawasaga Bay. Across the bay, or by land
+a journey of about two days, where now are Bruce and Grey
+counties, lived the Petuns, and about five days to the
+south-west, the Neutrals. The latter tribe occupied both
+the Niagara and Detroit peninsulas, overflowed into the
+states of Michigan and New York, and spread north as far
+as Goderich and Oakville in Ontario. All these nations,
+and the Andastes of the lower Susquehanna, were of the
+same linguistic stock as the Iroquois who dwelt south of
+Lake Ontario. Peoples speaking the Huron-Iroquois tongue
+thus occupied the central part of the eastern half of
+North America, while all around them, north, south, east,
+and west, roamed the tribes speaking dialects of the
+Algonquin.
+
+Most of the Huron [Footnote: The name Huron is of uncertain
+origin. The word HURON was used in France as early as
+1358 to describe the uncouth peasants who revolted against
+the nobility. But according to Father Charles Lalemant,
+a French sailor, on first beholding some Hurons at
+Tadoussac in 1600, was astonished at their fantastic way
+of dressing their hair--in stiff ridges with shaved
+furrows between--and exclaimed 'Quelles hures!'--what
+boar-heads! In their own language they were known as
+Ouendats (dwellers on a peninsula), a name still extant
+in the corrupted form Wyandots.] towns were encircled by
+log palisades. The houses were of various sizes and some
+of them were more than two hundred feet long. They were
+built in the crudest fashion. Two rows of sturdy saplings
+were stuck in the ground about twenty-five feet apart,
+then bent to meet so as to form an arch, and covered with
+bark. An open strip was left in the roof for the escape
+of smoke and for light. Each house sheltered from six to
+a dozen families, according to the number of fires. Two
+families shared each fire, and around the fire in winter
+clustered children, dogs, youths, gaily decorated maidens,
+jabbering squaws, and toothless, smoke-blinded old men.
+Privacy there was none. Along the sides of the cabin,
+about four feet from the ground, extended raised platforms,
+on or under which, according to the season or the
+inclination of the individual, the inmates slept.
+
+The Huron nation was divided into four clans--the Bear,
+the Rock, the Cord, the Deer--with several small dependent
+groups. There was government of a sort, republican in
+form. They had their deliberative assemblies, both village
+and tribal. The village councils met almost daily, but
+the tribal assembly--a sort of states-general--was summoned
+only when some weighty measure demanded consideration.
+Decisions arrived at in the assemblies were proclaimed
+by the chiefs.
+
+Of religion as it is understood by Christians the Hurons
+had none, nothing but superstitions, very like those of
+other barbarous peoples. To everything in nature they
+gave a god; trees, lakes, streams, the celestial bodies,
+the blue expanse, they deified with okies or spirits.
+Among the chief objects of Huron worship were the moon
+and the sun. The oki of the moon had the care of souls
+and the power to cut off life; the oki of the sun presided
+over the living and sustained all created things. The
+great vault of heaven with its myriad stars inspired them
+with awe; it was the abode of the spirit of spirits, the
+Master of Life. Aronhia was the name they gave this
+supreme oki. This would show that they had a vague
+conception of God. To Aronhia they offered sacrifices,
+to Aronhia they appealed in time of danger, and when
+misfortune befell them it was due to the anger of Aronhia.
+But all this had no influence on their conduct; even in
+their worship they were often astoundingly vicious.
+
+To such dens of barbarism had come men fresh from the
+civilization of the Old World--men of learning, culture,
+and gentle birth, in whose veins flowed the proudest
+blood of France. To these savages, indolent, superstitious,
+and vicious, had come Brebeuf, Noue, and Daillon, with
+a message of peace, goodwill, and virtue.
+
+Until the middle of October the three fathers lived
+together at Toanche, save that Daillon went on a brief
+visit to Ossossane, on the shore of Nottawasaga Bay. The
+Recollet, however, had instructions from his superior Le
+Caron to go to the country of the Neutrals, of which
+Champlain's interpreter, Etienne Brule, had reported
+glowingly, but which was as yet untrodden by the feet of
+missionaries. And so on the 18th of October 1626 Daillon
+set out on the trail southward, with two French traders
+as interpreters, and an Indian guide. Arriving among the
+Neutrals, after a journey of five or six days, he was at
+first kindly received in each of the six towns which he
+visited. But this happy situation was not to last. The
+Neutral country, now the richest and most populous part
+of Ontario, boasting such cities as Hamilton and Brantford
+and London, was rich in fur-bearing animals and tobacco;
+and the Hurons were the middlemen in trade between the
+Neutrals and the French. The Hurons, fearing now that
+they were about to lose their business--for it was rumoured
+that Daillon was seeking to have the Neutrals trade
+directly with the French--sent messengers to the Neutrals
+denouncing the grey-robe as a sorcerer who had come to
+destroy them with disease and death. In this the Neutral
+medicine-men agreed, for they were jealous of the priest.
+The plot succeeded. The Indians turned from Daillon,
+closed their doors against him, stole his writing-desk,
+blanket, breviary, and trinkets, and even threatened him
+with death. But Brebeuf learned of his plight, probably
+from one of the Hurons who had raised the Neutrals against
+him, and sent a Frenchman and an Indian runner to escort
+him back to Toanche.
+
+There was a break in the mission in 1627. Noue lacked
+the physical strength and the mental alertness essential
+to a missionary in these wilds. Finding himself totally
+unable to learn even the rudiments of the Huron language,
+he returned to Quebec, since he did not wish to be a
+burden to Brebeuf. For a year longer Brebeuf and the
+Recollet Daillon remained together at Toanche. But in
+the autumn of 1628 Daillon left Huronia. He was the last
+of the Recollets to minister to the Hurons.
+
+Save for his French hired men, or engages, Brebeuf was
+now alone among the savage people. In this awful solitude
+he laboured with indomitable will, ministering to his
+flock, studying the Huron language, compiling a Huron
+dictionary and grammar, and translating the Catechism.
+The Indians soon saw in him a friend; and, when he passed
+through the village ringing his bell, old and young
+followed him to his cabin to hear him tell of God, of
+heaven the reward of the good, and of hell the eternal
+abode of the unrighteous. But he made few converts. The
+Indian idea of the future had nothing in common with the
+Christian idea. The Hurons, it is true, believed in a
+future state, but it was to be only a reflex of the
+present life, with the difference that it would give them
+complete freedom from work and suffering, abundant game,
+and an unfailing supply of tobacco.
+
+Brebeuf's one desire now was to live and die among this
+people. But the colony at Quebec was in a deplorable
+condition, as he knew, and he was not surprised when,
+early in the summer of 1629, he received a message
+requesting his presence there. Gathering his flock about
+him he told them that he must leave them. They had as a
+sign of affection given him the Huron name Echon. Now
+Christian and pagan alike cried out: 'You must not leave
+us, Echon!' He told them that he had to obey the order
+of his superior, but that 'he would, with God's grace,
+return and bring with him whatever was necessary to lead
+them to know God and serve Him.' Then he bade them
+farewell; and, joining a flotilla of twelve canoes about
+to depart for Quebec, he and his engages set out. They
+arrived at Notre-Dame-des-Anges on the 17th of July, to
+find the Jesuits there in consternation at the rumoured
+report of the approach of a strong English fleet.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE ADVENTURERS OF CANADA
+
+Charles Lalemant, superior of the Jesuit mission, had no
+sooner landed on the shores of New France than he became
+convinced that the mission and the colony itself were
+doomed unless there should be a radical change in the
+government. The Caens were thoroughly selfish. While
+discouraging settlement and agriculture, they so
+inadequately provided for the support of the colony that
+the inhabitants often lacked food. But the gravest evil,
+in Lalemant's mind, was the presence of so many Huguenots.
+The differences in belief were puzzling to the Indians,
+who naturally supposed that different sets of white men
+had different gods. True, the Calvinist traders troubled
+little with religion. To them the red man was a mere
+trapper, a gatherer of furs; and whether he shaped his
+course for the happy hunting ground of his fathers or to
+the paradise of the Christian mattered nothing. But they
+were wont to plague the Jesuits and Recollets at every
+opportunity; as when the crews of the ships at Quebec
+would lift up their voices in psalms purposely to annoy
+the priests at their devotions. Lalemant, an alert-minded
+ecclesiastic, came to a swift decision. The trading
+monopoly of the Huguenots must be ended and a new company
+must be created, with power to exclude Calvinists from
+New France. To this end Lalemant sent Father Noyrot to
+France in 1626, to lay the whole matter before the viceroy
+of New France. But from the Duc de Ventadour Noyrot got
+no satisfaction; the viceroy could not interfere. And
+Louis XIII was too busy with other matters to listen to
+the Jesuit's prayer. The king's chief adviser, however,
+Cardinal Richelieu, then at the height of his power, lent
+a sympathetic ear. The Huguenots were then in open
+rebellion in France; Richelieu was having trouble enough
+with them at home; and it was not hard to convince him
+that they should be suppressed in New France. He decided
+to annul the charter of the Caens and to establish instead
+a strong company composed entirely of Catholics. To this
+task he promptly set himself, and soon had enlisted in
+the enterprise over a hundred influential and wealthy
+men of the realm. The Company of New France, or, as it
+is better known, the Company of One Hundred Associates,
+thus came into being on April 29, 1627, with the great
+Richelieu at its head.
+
+The One Hundred Associates were granted in feudal tenure
+a wide domain--stretching, in intention at least, from
+Florida to the Arctic Circle and from Newfoundland to
+the sources of the St Lawrence, with a monopoly of the
+fur trade and other powers practically unlimited. For
+these vast privileges they covenanted to send to Canada
+from two to three hundred colonists in 1628 and four
+thousand within the next fifteen years; to lodge, feed,
+and support the colonists for three years; and then to
+give them cleared land and seed-grain. Most interesting,
+however, to the Jesuits and Recollets were the provisions
+in the charter of the new company to the effect that none
+but Catholics should be allowed to come to the colony,
+and that during fifteen years the company should defray
+the expenses of public worship and support three
+missionaries at each trading-post.
+
+Now began the preparations on a great scale for the
+colonization of New France. By the spring of 1628 a fleet
+of eighteen or twenty ships belonging to the company
+assembled in the harbour of Dieppe, laden deep with food,
+building materials, implements, guns, and ammunition,
+including about one hundred and fifty pieces of ordnance
+for the forts at the trading-posts. Out into the English
+Channel one bright April day this fleet swept, under the
+command of Claude de Roquemont, one of the Associates.
+On the decks of the ships were men and women looking
+hopefully to the New World for fortune and happiness,
+and Recollets and Jesuits going to a field at this time
+deemed broad enough for the energies of both. Lalemant,
+who early in 1627 had followed Noyrot to France, was now
+returning to his mission with his hopes realized. A
+Catholic empire could be built up in the New World, the
+savages could be christianized, and the Iroquois, the
+greatest menace of the colony, if they would not listen
+to reason, could be subdued. The Dutch and the English
+on the Atlantic seaboard could be kept within bounds;
+possibly driven from the continent; then the whole of
+North America would be French and Catholic. Thus, perhaps,
+dreamed Lalemant and his companions, the Jesuit Paul
+Ragueneau and the Recollets Daniel Boursier and Francois
+Girard, as they paced the deck of the vessel that bore
+them westward.
+
+But there was a lion in the path. The revolt of the
+Huguenots of La Rochelle had led to war between France
+and England, and this gave Sir William Alexander (Earl
+of Stirling) the chance he desired. In 1621 Alexander
+had received from James I a grant of Nova Scotia or
+Acadia, and this grant had been renewed later by Charles
+I. And it was Alexander's ambition to drive the French
+not only from their posts in Acadia but from the whole
+of North America. To this end he formed a company under
+the name of the Adventurers of Canada. One of its leading
+members was Gervase Kirke, a wealthy London merchant,
+who had married a Huguenot maiden, Elizabeth Goudon or
+Gowding of Dieppe. Now when war broke out the Adventurers
+equipped three staunch privateers. Captain David Kirke,
+the eldest son of Gervase, commanded the flagship Abigail,
+and his brothers, Lewis and Thomas, the other two ships.
+The fleet, though small, was well suited for the work in
+hand. While making ready for sea the Adventurers learned
+of the much larger fleet of the One Hundred Associates;
+but they learned, too, that the vessels were chiefly
+transports, of little use in a sea-fight. David Kirke
+was, on the other hand, equipped to fight, and he bore
+letters of marque from the king of England authorizing
+him to capture and destroy any French vessels and 'utterly
+to drive away and root out the French settlements in Nova
+Scotia and Canada.' The omens were evil for New France
+when, early in the spring of 1628, the Kirkes weighed
+anchor and shaped their course for her shores.
+
+The English privateersmen arrived in the St Lawrence in
+July and took up their headquarters at Tadoussac. Already
+they had captured several Basque fishing or trading
+vessels. At Tadoussac they learned that at Cap Tourmente,
+thirty miles below Quebec, there was a small farm from
+which the garrison of Quebec drew supplies; and, as a
+first effort to 'root out' the French, David Kirke decided
+to loot and destroy this supply-post. A number of his
+crew went in a fishing-boat, took the place by surprise,
+captured its guard, plundered it, and killed the cattle.
+When his men returned from the raid, Kirke dispatched
+six of his Basque prisoners, with a woman and a little
+girl, to Quebec. By one of them he sent a letter to
+Champlain, demanding the surrender of the place in most
+polite terms. 'By surrendering courteously,' he wrote,
+'you may be assured of all kind of contentment, both for
+your persons and your property, which, on the faith I
+have in Paradise, I will preserve as I would mine own,
+without the least portion in the world being diminished.'
+
+Champlain replied to Kirke's demand with equal courtesy,
+but bluntly refused to surrender. In his letter to the
+English captain he said that the fort was still provided
+with grain, maize, beans, and pease, which his soldiers
+loved as well as the finest corn in the world, and that
+by surrendering the fort in so good a condition, he should
+be unworthy to appear before his sovereign, and should
+deserve chastisement before God and men. As a matter of
+fact this was untrue, for the French at Quebec were
+starving and incapable of resistance. A single well-directed
+broadside would have brought Champlain's ramshackle fort
+tumbling about his ears. His bold front, however, served
+its purpose for the time being; Kirke decided to postpone
+the attack on Quebec and to turn his attention to
+Roquemont's fleet. He burned the captured vessels and
+plundered and destroyed the trading-post at Tadoussac,
+and then sailed seaward in search of the rich prize.
+
+Kirke had three ships; the French had eighteen. Numerically
+Kirke was outclassed, but he knew that the enemy's fleet
+was composed chiefly of small, weakly armed vessels.
+Learning that Roquemont was in the vicinity of Gaspe Bay,
+he steered thither under a favouring west wind. And as
+the Abigail rounded Gaspe Point the English captain saw
+the waters in the distance thickly dotted with sail. Dare
+he attack? Three to eighteen! It was hazarding much; and
+yet victory would bring its reward. Kirke was a cautious
+commander; and, desiring if possible to gain his end
+without loss, he summoned the French captain to surrender.
+In answer Roquemont boldly hoisted sail and beat out into
+the open. But despite this defiant attitude Roquemont
+must have feared the result of a battle. Many of his
+ships could give no assistance; even his largest were in
+no condition to fight. Most of the cannon were in the
+holds of the transports, and only a few of small calibre
+were mounted. His vessels, too, overloaded with supplies,
+would be difficult to manoeuvre in the light summer wind
+of which his foe now had the advantage. The three English
+privateers bore on towards the French merchantmen, and
+when within range opened fire. Far several hours this
+long-range firing continued. When it proved ineffective,
+David Kirke decided to close in on the enemy. The Abigail
+crept up to within pistol-shot of Roquemont's ship, swept
+round her stern, and poured in a raking broadside. While
+the French sailors were still in a state of confusion
+from the iron storm that had beaten on their deck, the
+English vessel rounded to and threw out grappling-irons.
+Over the side of the French ship leaped Kirke's pikemen
+and musketeers. There was a short fight on the crowded
+deck; but after Roquemont had been struck down with a
+wound in his foot and some of his sailors had been killed,
+he surrendered to avert further bloodshed. Meanwhile,
+Lewis and Thomas Kirke had been equally successful in
+capturing the only two other vessels capable of offering
+any serious resistance. The clumsy French merchantmen,
+though armed, were no match for the staunchly built,
+well-manned English privateers, and after a few sweeping
+broadsides they, too, struck their flags. The remaining
+craft, incapable of fight or flight, surrendered. In
+this, the first naval engagement in the waters of North
+America, eighteen sail fell into the hands of the Kirkes,
+with a goodly store of supplies, ammunition, and guns,
+Alas for the high hopes of Father Lalemant and his
+fellow-missionaries!--all were now prisoners and at the
+mercy of the English and the Huguenots. Having more
+vessels than he could man, Kirke unloaded ten of the
+smallest and burned them. He then sailed homeward with
+his prizes, calling on his way at St Pierre Island, where
+he left a number of his prisoners, among them the
+Recollet fathers, and at Newfoundland, where he watered
+and refitted. When the convoy reached England about the
+end of September, great was the rejoicing among the
+Adventurers of Canada. For had they not crippled the
+Romish Company of the One Hundred Associates? And had
+they not gained, at the same time, a tenfold return of
+their money?
+
+Meanwhile Quebec was in grave peril. The colony faced
+starvation. There were no vessels on which Champlain with
+his garrison and the missionaries could leave New France
+even had he so desired, and there were slight means of
+resisting the savage Iroquois. Yet with dogged courage
+Champlain accepted the situation, hoping that relief
+would come before the ice formed in the St Lawrence.
+
+But no relief was there to be this year for the anxious
+watchers at Quebec. On reaching England Lalemant had
+regained his liberty, and had hastened to France. He
+found that Father Noyrot had a vessel fitted out with
+supplies for the Canadian mission, and decided to return
+to Canada with Noyrot on this vessel. But nature as well
+as man seemed to be battling against the Jesuits. As they
+neared the Gulf of St Lawrence a fierce gale arose, and
+the ship was driven out of its course and dashed to pieces
+on the rocky shores of Acadia near the island of Canseau.
+Fourteen of the passengers, including Noyrot and a lay
+brother, Louis Malot, were drowned. Lalemant escaped with
+his life, and took passage on a trading vessel for France.
+This ship, too, was wrecked, near San Sebastian in the
+Bay of Biscay, and again Lalemant narrowly escaped death.
+
+Meanwhile the English Adventurers were full of enthusiasm
+over the achievement of the Kirkes. The work, however,
+was not yet finished. The French trading-posts in Acadia
+and on the St Lawrence must be utterly destroyed. By
+March 1629 a fleet much more powerful than the one of
+the previous year was ready for sea. It consisted of the
+Abigail, Admiral David Kirke, the William, Captain Lewis
+Kirke, the George, Captain Thomas Kirke, the Gervase,
+Captain Brewerton, two other ships, and three pinnaces.
+On the 25th of March it sailed from Gravesend, and on
+the 15th of June reached Gaspe Bay without mishap. All
+save two of the vessels were now sent to destroy the
+trading-posts on the shores of Acadia, while David Kirke,
+with the Abigail and a sister ship, sailed for Tadoussac,
+which was to be his headquarters during the summer. The
+raiders did their work and arrived at Tadoussac early in
+July. Kirke then detached the William and the George and
+sent them to Quebec under the pilotage of French traitors.
+
+At Quebec during the winter the inhabitants had lived on
+pease, Indian corn, and eels which they obtained from
+the natives; and when spring came all who had sufficient
+strength had gone to the forest to gather acorns and
+nourishing roots. The gunpowder was almost exhausted,
+and the dilapidated fort could not be held by its sixteen
+half-starved defenders. Accordingly Champlain sent the
+Recollet Daillon, who had a knowledge of the English
+language, to negotiate with the Kirkes the terms of
+capitulation; and Quebec surrendered without a shot being
+fired. For the time being perished the hopes of the
+indomitable Champlain, who for twenty-one years had
+wrought and fought and prayed that Quebec might become
+the bulwark of French power in America. On the 22nd of
+July the fleur-de-lis was hauled down from Fort St Louis
+to give place to the cross of St George. The officers of
+the garrison were treated with consideration and allowed
+to keep their arms, clothing, and any peltry which they
+possessed. To the missionaries, however, the Calvinistic
+victors were not so generous. The priests were permitted
+to keep only their robes and books.
+
+The terms of surrender were ratified by David Kirke at
+Tadoussac on the 19th of August, and on the following
+day a hundred and fifty English soldiers took possession
+of the town and fort. Such of the inhabitants as did not
+elect to remain in the colony and all the missionaries
+were marched on board the waiting vessels [Footnote:
+There were in all eighty-five persons in the colony,
+thirty of whom remained. The rest were taken prisoners
+to England; these included the Jesuit fathers Ennemond
+Masse, Anne de Noue, and Jean de Brebeuf; the Recollet
+fathers Joseph Le Caron and Joseph de la Roche de Daillon;
+and several lay brothers of both orders.] and taken to
+Tadoussac, where they remained for some weeks while the
+English were making ready for the home voyage.
+
+There were many Huguenots serving under the Kirkes, and
+the Huguenots, as we have seen, were bitterly hostile to
+the Jesuits. On the voyage to England Brebeuf, Noue, and
+Masse had to bear insult and harsh treatment from men of
+their own race, but of another faith. And they bore it
+bravely, confident that God in His good time would restore
+them to their chosen field of labour.
+
+The vessels reached Plymouth on the 20th of November, to
+learn that the capture of Quebec had taken place in time
+of peace. The Convention of Susa had ended the war between
+France and England on April 24, 1629; thus the achievement
+of the Adventurers was wasted. Three years later, by the
+Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye, the Adventurers were forced
+not only to restore the posts captured in North America,
+but to pay a sum to the French for the property seized
+at Quebec.
+
+Towards the end of November the missionaries, both
+Recollets and Jesuits, left the English fleet at Dover
+roads, and proceeded to their various colleges in France,
+patiently to await the time when they should be permitted
+to return to Canada.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE RETURN TO HURONIA
+
+After the Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye, which restored
+to France all the posts in America won by the Adventurers
+of Canada, the French king took steps to repossess Quebec.
+But, by way of compensation to the Caens for their losses
+in the war, Emery de Caen was commissioned to take over
+the post from the Kirkes and hold it for one year, with
+trading rights. Accordingly, in April 1632, Caen sailed
+from Honfleur; and he carried a dispatch under the seal
+of Charles I, king of England, addressed to Lewis Kirke
+at Quebec, commanding him to surrender the captured fort.
+
+On the 5th of July the few French inhabitants at Quebec
+broke out into wild cries of joy as they saw Caen's ship
+approaching under full sail, at its peak the white flag
+sprinkled with golden lilies; and when they learned that
+the vessel brought two Jesuit fathers, their hearts
+swelled with inexpressible rapture. During the three
+years of English possession the Catholics had been without
+priests, and they hungered for their accustomed forms of
+worship. The priests now arriving were Paul Le Jeune,
+the new superior-general, and Anne de Noue, with a lay
+brother, Gilbert Burel. They hastened ashore; and were
+followed by the inhabitants to the home of the widow
+Hebert, the only substantial residence in the colony,
+where, in the ceremony of the Mass, they celebrated the
+renewal of the Canadian mission.
+
+Quebec was in a sad condition. The English, knowing of
+the negotiations for its return to the French, had left
+the ground uncultivated and the buildings in ruins. The
+missionaries found the residence of Notre-Dame-des-Anges
+plundered and partly destroyed; but they went to work
+cheerfully to restore it, and before autumn it was quite
+habitable. Meanwhile Le Jeune had begun his labours
+tentatively as a teacher. His pupils were an Indian lad
+and a little negro, the latter a present from the English
+to Madame Hebert. The class grew larger; during the winter
+a score of children answered the call of Le Jeune's bell,
+and sat at his feet learning the Credo, the Ave, and the
+Paternoster, which he had translated into Algonquin
+rhymes. In order to learn the Indian language Le Jeune
+was himself a pupil, his teacher a Montagnais named
+Pierre, a worthless wretch who had been in France and
+had learned some French. Le Jeune passed the winter of
+1632-33 in teaching, studying, and ministering to the
+inhabitants at the trading-post. Save for a short period,
+he had the companionship of Noue, a devoted missionary,
+eager to play his part in the field, but, as we have
+seen, without the necessary vigour of mind or body. Though
+Noue had failed in Huronia, he thought he might succeed
+on the St Lawrence. And in the autumn, just as the first
+snows were beginning to whiten the ground, when a band
+of friendly Montagnais, encamped near the residence,
+invited him to their wintering grounds, he bade farewell
+to Le Jeune and vanished with the Indians into the northern
+forest. But the rigours of the wigwams were too much for
+him, and after three weeks he returned to Notre-Dame-
+des-Anges in an exhausted condition.
+
+In the meantime the Hundred Associates were getting ready
+to enter into the enjoyment of their Canadian domain,
+but now without the hopeful ardour and exalted purpose
+which had characterized their first ill-fated expedition.
+The guiding hand in the revival of the colony, under the
+feudal suzerainty of Richelieu's company, was Champlain.
+He was appointed on March 1, 1633, lieutenant-general in
+New France, 'with jurisdiction throughout all the extent
+of the St Lawrence and other rivers.' Twenty-three days
+later he sailed from Dieppe with three armed ships, the
+St Pierre, the St Jean, and the Don de Dieu. These ships
+carried two hundred persons, among them the Jesuit fathers
+Jean de Brebeuf and Ennemond Masse. At Cape Breton they
+were joined by two more Jesuits, Antoine Daniel and
+Ambroise Davost, who had gone there the year before.
+
+There were no Recollets in the company, for, greatly to
+their disappointment, the Recollets were now barred from
+the colony. For this the Jesuits have been unjustly
+blamed. It was, however, wholly due to the policy of the
+Hundred Associates. At one of their meetings Jean de
+Lauzon, the president, afterwards a governor of New
+France, formally protested against the return of the
+Recollets. The Associates desired to economize, and did
+not wish to support two religious orders in the colony;
+and so the mendicant Recollets were excluded.
+
+The vessels appeared at Quebec on the 23rd of May, and
+landed their passengers amid shouts of welcome from the
+settlers, soldiers, and Indians. Presently Champlain's
+lieutenant, Duplessis-Bochart, on behalf of the Hundred
+Associates, received the keys of the fort and habitation
+from Emery de Caen; and at that moment ended the regime
+of the Huguenot traders in Canada. Thenceforth, whether
+for good or for evil, New France was to be Catholic.
+
+During the English occupation the Indians had almost
+ceased to visit Quebec. At first the fickle savages had
+welcomed the invaders, for they ever favoured a winner,
+and had thronged about the fort, expecting presents galore
+from the strong people who had ousted the French. But
+instead of presents the English gave them only kicks and
+curses; and so they held aloof. Now, however, on hearing
+that Champlain had returned, the Indian dwellers along
+the Ottawa river and in Huronia flocked to the post.
+Hardly more than two months after his arrival, a fleet
+of a hundred and forty canoes, with about seven hundred
+Indians, swept with the ebb tide to the base of the rock
+that frowned above the habitation and the dilapidated
+warehouses. Drawing their heavily laden craft ashore,
+the chiefs greeted Champlain and proceeded to set up
+their camp-huts on the strand. Among them were many
+warriors, now grown old, who had been with him in the
+attack on the Iroquois in 1615. There were some, too,
+who had listened to the teaching of Brebeuf. For the
+eager missionaries this was an opportunity not to be
+lost; and, resolved to go up with the Hurons, who willingly
+assented, Brebeuf, Daniel, and Davost got ready for the
+journey to Huronia. On the eve of departure the three
+missionaries brought their packs to the strand, and lodged
+for the night in the traders' storehouse, hard by the
+Indian encampment. But they had an enemy abroad. All in
+this party were not Hurons; some were Ottawas from
+Allumette Island, under a one-eyed chief, Le Borgne. This
+wily redskin wished for trouble between the Hurons and
+the French, in order that his tribe might get a monopoly
+of the Ottawa route, and carry all the goods from the
+nations above down to the St Lawrence. At this time an
+Algonquin of La Petite Nation, a tribe living south of
+Allumette Island, was held at Quebec for murdering a
+Frenchman. His friends were seeking his release; but
+Champlain deemed his execution necessary as a lesson to
+the Indians. Le Borgne rose to the occasion. He went
+among the Hurons, urging them to refuse passage to the
+Jesuits, warning them that, since Champlain would not
+pardon the Algonquin, it would be dangerous to take the
+black-robes with them. The angry tribesmen of the murderer
+would surely lay in wait for the canoes, the black-robes
+would be slain or made prisoners, and there would be war
+on the Hurons too. The argument was effective; Champlain
+would not release the prisoner; and the Jesuits were
+forced to return to their abode, while the Indians embarked
+and disappeared.
+
+There were now six fathers at Notre-Dame-des-Anges. They
+kept incessantly active, improving their residence,
+cultivating the soil, studying the Indian languages, and
+ministering to the settlers and to the red men who had
+pitched their wigwams along the St Charles and the St
+Lawrence in the vicinity of Quebec. In spite of Noue's
+failure among the Montagnais, the courageous Le Jeune
+resolved personally to study the Indian problem at first
+hand; and in the autumn of 1633 he joined a company of
+redskins going to their hunting ground on the upper St
+John. During five months among these savages he suffered
+from 'cold, heat, smoke, and dogs,' and bore in silence
+the foul language of a medicine-man who made the
+missionary's person and teachings subjects of mirth. At
+times, too, he was on the verge of death from hunger.
+Early in the spring he returned to Quebec, after having
+narrowly escaped drowning as he Crossed the ice-laden St
+Lawrence in a frail canoe. He had made no converts; but
+he had gained valuable experience. It was now more evident
+than ever that among the roving Algonquins the mission
+could make little progress.
+
+In 1634 the Hurons visited the colony in small numbers,
+for Iroquois scalping parties haunted the trails, and a
+pestilence had played havoc in the Huron villages. Those
+who came to trade this year gathered at Three Rivers;
+and thither went Brebeuf, Daniel, and Davost to seek once
+more a passage to Huronia. The Indians at first stolidly
+refused to take them; but at length, after a liberal
+distribution of presents, the three priests and four
+engages were permitted to embark, each priest in a separate
+canoe. They had the usual rough experiences. Davost and
+Daniel, who had no acquaintance with the Huron language,
+fared worse than Brebeuf. Davost was abandoned among the
+Ottawas of Allumette Island, his baggage plundered and
+his books and papers thrown into the river. Daniel, too,
+was deserted by his savage conductors. Both, however,
+found means to continue the journey. When Brebeuf reached
+Otouacha, on the 5th of August, his Indian guides, in
+haste to get to their villages, suddenly vanished into
+the forest. But he knew the spot well; Toanche, his old
+mission, was but a short distance away. Thither he hurried,
+only to find the village in ruins. Nothing remained of
+the cabin in which he had spent three years but the
+charred poles of the framework. A well-worn path leading
+through the forest told him that a village could not be
+far distant, and he followed this trail till he came to
+a cluster of cabins. This was a new village, Teandeouiata,
+to which the inhabitants of his old Toanche had moved.
+It was twilight as the Indians caught sight of the
+stalwart, black-robed figure emerging from the forest,
+and the shout went up, 'Echon has come again!' Presently
+all the inhabitants were about him shouting and
+gesticulating for joy.
+
+Daniel and Davost arrived during the month, emaciated
+and exhausted, but rejoicing. The missionaries found
+shelter in the spacious cabin of a hospitable Huron,
+Awandoay, where they remained until the 19th of September.
+Meanwhile they had selected the village of Ihonatiria,
+a short distance away near the northern extremity of the
+peninsula, as a centre for the mission. There a cabin
+was quickly erected, the men of the town of Oenrio vying
+with the men of Teandeouiata in the task. This residence,
+called by Brebeuf St Joseph, was thirty-five feet long
+and twenty wide and contained a storehouse, a living-room
+and school, and a chapel.
+
+For three years this humble abode was to be the headquarters
+of the missionaries in Huronia. During the first year of
+the mission all went smoothly. To the Indians the fathers
+were medicine-men of extraordinary powers; moreover, the
+hired men who came with them had arquebuses that would
+be valuable in case of attack in force by the Iroquois.
+Objects which the missionaries possessed inspired awe in
+the savages; a handmill for grinding corn, a clock, a
+magnifying lens, and a picture of the Last Judgment were
+supposed to be okies of the white man. For a time eager
+audiences crowded the little cabin. Few converts were
+made, however; for the present the savages were too firmly
+wedded to their customs and superstitions to accept the
+new okies. Unfortunately, in 1635, a drought smote the
+land, and the medicine-men used this calamity to discredit
+their rivals the black-robes. According to these fakirs,
+it was the red cross on the Jesuit chapel which frightened
+away the bird of thunder and caused the drought. Brebeuf,
+to disarm suspicion, had the cross painted white; yet
+the thunder-bird still held aloof, and the incantations
+and drummings of the sorcerers availed not to bring rain.
+Brebeuf then advised the Indians to try the effect of an
+appeal to his God. In despair they consented. A procession
+was formed and the priests said Masses and prayers. The
+result was dramatic. Almost immediately a sudden refreshing
+rain deluged the ground; the crops were saved and the
+medicine-men humiliated. Still, no perceptible religious
+progress was made. Though children came to the residence
+to be instructed by the black-robes, they were attracted
+more by the 'beads, raisins, and prunes' which they
+received as inducements to come back than by the lessons
+in Christian truth. For the most part the elders listened
+attentively to the missionaries, but to the question of
+laying aside their superstitions and accepting Christianity
+they replied: 'It is good for the French; but we are
+another people, with different customs.'
+
+Winter was the season of greatest trial. The cabins,
+crowded to suffocation, were made the scenes of savage
+mirth and feasting. The Hurons were inveterate gamblers;
+sometimes village would challenge village; and, as the
+game progressed, night would be made hideous with the
+beating of drums and the hilarious shouts of the spectators.
+Feasts were frequent, since any occasion afforded an
+excuse for one, and all feasts were accompanied by gluttony
+and uproar. The Dream Feast was a maniacal performance.
+It was agreed upon in a solemn council of the chiefs and
+was made the occasion of great licence. The guests would
+rush about the village feigning madness, scattering
+fire-brands, shouting, leaping, smiting with impunity
+any they encountered. Each one would seek some object
+which he pretended to have learned about in a dream. Only
+when this object was found would calmness follow; if it
+was not found, there would be deepest despair. Feasts,
+too, were prescribed by the medicine-men as cures for
+sickness; the healthy, not the sick, would take the
+medicine, and would take it till they were gorged. To
+leave a scrap of food on their platters might mean the
+death of the patient.
+
+Only one of the social customs of the Hurons had any real
+religious significance. Every ten or twelve years the
+great Feast of the Dead took place. It was the custom of
+the Hurons either to place the dead in the earth, covering
+them with rude huts, or, more commonly, on elevated
+platforms. The bodies rested till the allotted time for
+final interment came round. Then at some central point
+an immense pit would be dug as a common grave. In 1636
+a Feast of the Dead was held at Ossossane. To this place,
+from the various villages of the Bear clan, Indians came
+trooping, wailing mournful funeral songs as they bore
+the recently dead on litters, or the carefully prepared
+bones of their departed relatives in parcels slung over
+their shoulders. All converged on the village of Ossossane,
+where a pit ten feet deep by thirty feet wide had been
+dug. There on scaffolds about the pit they placed the
+bodies and bones, carefully wrapped in furs and covered
+with bark. The assembled mourners then gave themselves
+up to feasting and games, as a prelude to the final act
+of this drama of death. They lined the pit with costly
+furs and in the centre placed kettles, household goods,
+and weapons for the chase, all these, like the bodies
+and bones, supposed to be indwelt by spirits. They laid
+the dead bodies in rows on the floor of the pit, and
+threw the bundles of bones to Indians stationed within,
+who arranged the remains in their proper places.
+
+The Jesuits were witnesses of this weird ceremony. They
+saw the naked Indians going about their task in the pit
+in the glare of torches, like veritable imps of hell. It
+was a discouraging scene. But a greater trial than the
+Feast of the Dead was in store for them. By a pestilence,
+a severe form of dysentery, Ihonatiria was almost denuded
+of its population. In consequence the priests, who had
+now been reinforced by the arrival of Fathers Francois
+Le Mercier, Pierre Pijart, Pierre Chastelain, Isaac
+Jogues, and Charles Garnier, had to seek a more populous
+centre as headquarters for their mission in Huronia. The
+chiefs of Oenrio invited the Jesuits to their village.
+But Brebeuf's demands were heavy. They should believe in
+God; keep His commandments; abjure their faith in dreams;
+take one wife and be true to her; renounce their assemblies
+of debauchery; eat no human flesh; never give feasts to
+demons; and make a vow that if God would deliver them
+from the pest they would build a chapel to offer Him
+thanksgiving and praise. They were ready to make the vow
+regarding the chapel, but the other conditions were too
+severe--the pest was preferable. And so the Jesuits turned
+to Ossossane, where the people agreed to accept these
+conditions.
+
+Formerly Ossossane had been situated on an elevated piece
+of ground on the shore of Nottawasaga Bay; but the village
+had been moved inland and, under the direction of the
+French, a rectangular wall of posts ten or twelve feet
+high had been built around it. At opposite angles of the
+wall two towers guarded the sides. A platform extended
+round the entire wall, from which the defenders could
+hurl stones on the heads of an attacking party, or could
+pour water to extinguish the blaze if an enemy succeeded
+in setting fire to the palisades.
+
+Here the Jesuits were to live for two years.  Outside
+the walls of the town a commodious cabin seventy feet
+long was built for them; and on June 5, 1637, in the part
+of the cabin consecrated as a chapel, Father Pijart
+celebrated Mass. The residence was named La Conception
+de Notre Dame. For a wilderness church it was a marvel.
+At the entrance were green boughs adorned with tinsel;
+pictures hung on the walls; crucifixes, vessels, and
+ornaments of shining metal ornamented the chapel. From
+far and near Indians flocked to see this wondrous edifice.
+Best of all, a leading chief offered himself for baptism.
+The future looked promising; the Indians showed the
+fathers 'much affection' and a rich harvest of souls
+seemed about to be garnered.
+
+But all this was to be changed. A hunch-backed, ogre-like
+medicine-man who claimed to be of miraculous birth came
+to Ossossane. The pest was still raging, and he laid the
+blame for it at the door of the missionaries. According
+to him their prayers and litanies were charms and
+incantations; their pictures were evil okies. It was, he
+declared, by the influence of these and other agencies
+that they had spread the pestilence among the Hurons.
+Some of the older and most influential Hurons joined with
+the sorcerer in his denunciation of the priests, and soon
+the inhabitants of the whole village turned against them.
+Squaws shut the doors of the cabins at their approach,
+young braves threatened them with death, children followed
+them about hooting and pelting them with sticks and
+stones. At last the priests were summoned to a public
+council and openly accused of being the cause of the
+misfortunes that had recently visited the Huron people.
+Brebeuf replied to the accusations with unflinching
+courage, denying the charges, and showing their absurdity.
+He then boldly addressed his audience on the truths of
+Christianity, held before them the awful future that
+awaited those who refused to obey the words of Christ,
+and declared that the pest was a punishment for their
+evil lives. The council was deeply impressed by his
+courage and evident sincerity, and for the time being
+the lives of the missionaries were in no danger. But they
+knew that at any moment the blow might fall, and none
+ever went abroad without the feeling that a tomahawk
+might descend on his unguarded head.
+
+On October 28, 1637, Brebeuf prepared, as he thought, a
+farewell letter to his friends at Quebec. He and the four
+other missionaries at Ossossane signed it and sent it to
+the superior-general Le Jeune. It opens with the words:
+'We are perhaps on the point of shedding our blood and
+sacrificing our lives in the service of our Lord and
+Saviour, Jesus Christ.' There is no note of fear in this
+letter. 'If,' it runs, 'you should hear that God has
+crowned our labours, or rather our desires, with martyrdom,
+return thanks to Him, for it is for Him we wish to live
+and die.' Such was the spirit of these bearers of the
+Cross. Their humility, courage, and disinterestedness
+kept them for the present from 'the crown of martyrdom.'
+But the hunch-backed sorcerer continued his agitation
+and the storm once more broke over their heads. To show
+the Indians that he knew their hearts, and that he could
+meet death with the stoical courage of one of their own
+chiefs, Brebeuf summoned them to a festin d'adieua farewell
+feast--and while his guests, in ominous silence, ate the
+portions set before them he addressed them in burning
+words. He was about to die, but before he departed this
+life he would warn them of the life to come. Their
+resistance to Christ's message, their abuse and persecution
+of Christ's messengers, would have to be atoned for in
+eternity. His actions and words took effect.
+
+Though the sorcerer still schemed, the Jesuits went about
+their labours unscathed, preaching to the unregenerate,
+visiting and caring for the sick, and baptizing the dying.
+
+For a year after the establishing of the mission of La
+Conception at Ossossane three fathers--Pierre Chastelain,
+Pierre Pijart, and Isaac Jogues--ministered to the remnant
+of the Hurons at Ihonatiria. But the pest was still
+raging, and by the spring of 1638 Ihonatiria was little
+more than a village of empty wigwams. It was useless to
+remain longer at this spot, and the missionaries looked
+about for another field for their energies. The town of
+Teanaostaiae, the largest town of the clan of the Cord,
+about fifteen miles north of the present town of Barrie,
+seemed suitable for a central mission. Brebeuf visited
+the place, talked with the inhabitants, met the council
+of the nation, and won its consent to establish a residence.
+In June the mission of St Joseph was moved to Teanaostaiae.
+Before the end of the summer Jerome Lalemant, who for
+the next eight years was to be the superior of the Huron
+mission, Simon Le Moyne, and Francois du Peron arrived
+in Huronia. There was now a new distribution of the
+mission forces, five priests under Lalemant's immediate
+leadership taking up their abode at Ossossane, while
+three in charge of Brebeuf settled at Teanaostaiae.
+
+So far Brebeuf had been the recognized leader in Huronia.
+He had been nobly supported by his brother priests and
+his hired men. The residences at both Ihonatiria and
+Ossossane had been kept well supplied with food, even
+better than many of the Indian households. Game was scarce
+in Huronia, but the fathers had among their engages an
+expert hunter, Francois Petit-Pre, ever roaming the forest
+and the shores in search of game to give variety to their
+table. Robert Le Coq, a devoted engage, later a donne,
+[Footnote: An unpaid, voluntary assistant whose only
+remuneration was food and clothing, care during illness,
+and support in old age.] was their 'negotiator' or business
+man. It was Le Coq who made the yearly trips to Quebec
+for supplies, and who with infinite labour brought many
+heavy burdens over the difficult trails. Brebeuf had
+proved himself essentially an enthusiast for souls, a
+mystic, a spirit craving the crown of martyrdom, yet
+withal a man of great tact, and a powerful exemplar to
+his fellow-priests. Lalemant, while lacking Brebeuf's
+dominating enthusiasm, was a more practical man, with
+great organizing ability.  After viewing the wide and
+dangerous field to be administered, the new superior
+decided to concentrate the separate missions into one
+stronghold of the faith. The site he chose was remote
+from any of the centres of Indian population. It was on
+the eastern bank of the river Wye between Mud Lake and
+Matchedash Bay. Here the missionaries built a strong
+rectangular fort with walls of stone surmounted by
+palisades and with bastions at each corner. The interior
+buildings--a chapel, a hospital, and dwellings for the
+missionaries and the engages--although of wood, were
+supported on foundations of stone and cement.
+
+The new mission-house they named Ste Marie; and from this
+central station the missionaries went forth in pairs to
+the farthest parts of Huronia and beyond. The missions
+to the Petuns and the Neutrals, however, ended in failure.
+The Petuns hailed Garnier and Jogues as the Famine and
+the Pest and the priests barely escaped with their lives.
+In the following year (1640), when Brebeuf and Chaumonot
+went among the Neutrals, they found Huron emissaries
+there inciting the Neutrals to kill the priests. These
+Hurons, while themselves fearing to murder the powerful
+okies of the French, as they regarded the black-robes,
+desired that the Neutrals should put them to death. But
+no such tragedy found place as yet. After visiting nineteen
+towns, meeting everywhere maledictions and threats,
+Brebeuf and Chaumonot returned to Ste Marie.
+
+The good work went on, notwithstanding trials and reverses.
+The story of the Cross was being carried even to the
+Algonquins and Nipissings of the upper Ottawa and Georgian
+Bay. At Ste Marie neophytes gathered in numbers, and here
+there were no medicine-men, 'satellites of Satan,' to
+seduce them from their vows. But, just at the time when
+the harvest seemed richest in promise, a cloud appeared
+on the horizon--a forerunner of darker clouds, heavy with
+calamity, and of the storm which was to bring destruction
+to the Huron people.
+
+Meanwhile, how fared the mission at Quebec? Champlain
+had died on Christmas Day 1635, and the Jesuits had lost
+a staunch friend and never-failing protector. His successor,
+however, was Charles Huault de Montmagny, a knight of
+Malta, a man of devout character, thoroughly in sympathy
+with the missions. Under Montmagny's rule New France
+became as austere as Puritan New England.
+
+The Relations of the Jesuits, sent yearly to France and
+published and widely read, had roused intense enthusiasm
+among wealthy and pious men and women. Thus Noel Brulart,
+Chevalier de Sillery, was moved to take an interest in
+the Canadian mission and to endow a home for Christian
+Indians. Le Jeune chose a site on the bank of the St
+Lawrence, four miles above Quebec; and in 1637 the Sillery
+establishment was erected there, consisting of a chapel,
+a mission-house, and an infirmary, all within strong
+palisades.
+
+About the same time two wealthy enthusiasts, the Duchesse
+d'Aiguillon, a niece of Cardinal Richelieu, and Madame
+de la Peltrie, were likewise inspired by the Relations
+to undertake charitable work in New France. These ladies
+founded, respectively, the Hotel-Dieu of Quebec and the
+Ursuline Convent. In 1639 Madame de la Peltrie, who had
+given herself as well as her purse to the work, arrived
+in Quebec, accompanied by Mother Marie de I'Incarnation
+and two other Ursulines and three Augustinian nuns. The
+Ursulines at once began their labours as teachers with
+six Indian pupils. But a plague of small-pox was raging
+in the colony, and for the first year or two after their
+arrival these heroic women had to aid the sisters of the
+Hotel-Dieu in fighting the pest.
+
+The Jesuits themselves were busy with the education of
+the Indians and had already established a college and
+seminary for the instruction of young converts. The
+colony, however, was not growing. The Hundred Associates
+had not carried out the terms of their charter. There
+were less than four hundred settlers in the whole of New
+France, and only some three hundred soldiers to guard
+the settlements from attack. Canada as yet was little
+more than a mission; and such it was to remain for another
+twenty and more years.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE MARTYRS
+
+We have observed that the Hurons were at war with the
+Five Nations and that Iroquois scalping parties haunted
+the river routes and the trails to waylay Huron canoemen
+and cut off hunters and stragglers from their villages.
+When or how the feud began, between the Iroquois on the
+one side and the Hurons and Algonquins on the other, no
+man can tell. It antedated Champlain; and, as we have
+seen, he had involved the French in it. There were, no
+doubt, many bloody encounters of which history furnishes
+no record. At first the warriors had fought on equal
+terms, the weapons of all being the bow and arrow, the
+tomahawk, the knife, and the war-club. But now the Iroquois
+had firearms, procured from the Dutch of the Hudson, and
+were skilled in the use of the musket, which gave them
+a great advantage over their Huron and Algonquin foes.
+
+On the south-east frontier of Huronia, about four miles
+from Orillia, stood a town of the clan of the Rock,
+Contarea, a 'main bulwark of the country.' The inhabitants
+were pagans who had resisted the missionaries, and refused
+them permission to build a chapel, not even deigning to
+listen to their appeals. In the early summer of 1642 the
+people of Contarea were living in fancied security; and
+when runners brought word that in the forests to the east
+a large force of Iroquois were encamped, the Contarean
+warriors felt confident that, from behind their strong
+palisades, they could resist any attack. No Iroquois
+appeared; and, believing the rumour false, many of the
+warriors left the town for the accustomed hunting and
+fishing grounds. Suddenly, early on a June morning, the
+sleepy guards were roused by savage yells. The Iroquois
+were upon them. The alarm rang out; the towers were
+manned, and the palisades lined with defenders. But in
+vain. Arrows and bullets swept towers and palisades, and
+through breaches made in the walls in rushed a horde of
+bloodthirsty demons. In a few minutes all was over; the
+town became a shambles; young and old fell beneath the
+tomahawks of the infuriated invaders. Then the torch!
+And the Iroquois hied them back in triumph to their homes
+by the Mohawk, exulting in this first effective blow at
+the enemy in his own country.
+
+When news arrived of the destruction of Contarea, there
+was wild alarm in the mission towns. But it was no part
+of the Iroquois plan to attack at once the other Huron
+strongholds. Huronia could wait until the tribes of the
+St Lawrence and the Ottawa, allies of the Hurons, should
+be destroyed. Then the Five Nations could concentrate
+their forces on the Hurons.
+
+And so six years passed over the Jesuits in the
+mission-fields. Scalping parties occasionally haunted
+the outskirts of the villages where they were stationed.
+The Iroquois frequently attacked the annual fleet of
+canoes on its journey to Quebec, and on several occasions
+captured and carried off priests and their assistants.
+But during these years no large body of Iroquois invaded
+Huronia. The insatiable warriors of the Five Nations were
+busy devastating the St Lawrence and the Ottawa, pressing
+the tribes back and ever back, until scarcely a wigwam
+could be seen between Ville Marie and Lake Nipissing.
+The Algonquins who had not fallen had left their villages
+and had sought safety on the bleak shores and islands of
+Georgian Bay, or among the Hurons.
+
+The mission was prospering under the guidance of Paul
+Ragueneau, who in 1645 succeeded Lalemant as superior,
+when the latter journeyed to Quebec to take over the
+office of superior-general of the Canada mission. Ste
+Marie, a wilderness Mecca of the faith, entertained yearly
+thousands of Indians, many of whom professed Christianity.
+On one occasion seven hundred Indians sought this sanctuary
+within a fortnight, and to each of these the fathers from
+their abundant stores gave two meals. About the walls
+fields of corn, beans, pumpkins, and wheat spread fair
+to the eye. Within the enclosure all was activity. Ambroise
+Brouet was busy in his kitchen; Louis Gauber was at his
+forge; Pierre Masson, when not occupied at his tailor's
+bench, was hard at work in the garden, the pride of the
+mission; Christophe Regnaut and Jacques Levrier were
+mending or fashioning shoes and moccasins; Joseph Molere
+prepared potions for the sick and had charge of the
+laundry; and Charles Boivin, the master-builder,
+superintended the erection of new buildings or the
+strengthening and improving of those already built. The
+appearance of permanency about the place was enhanced by
+the fowls, pigs, and cattle. There were two cows and two
+bulls, which had been brought with incredible toil from
+Quebec.
+
+The teaching and example of the fathers were winning a
+way to the hearts of the Indians. In 1648 eleven or twelve
+mission stations stood throughout Huronia, among the
+Algonquins, and among the Petuns, now settled in the Blue
+Hills south of Nottawasaga Bay. Seven of these stations
+had chapels and in six it had been found necessary to
+establish residences. In some of the villages, such as
+Ossossane, the Christians outnumbered the pagans. The
+Christian Hurons gave active help to the fathers in the
+work of the mission, some among their own people, and
+others among the Petuns and the Neutrals. The chapels
+had bells--on some discarded kettles served this purpose--to
+call the flocks to worship; and crosses studded the land.
+Huronia was in a fair way of being completely won; and
+the missionaries were already looking to the unexplored
+regions round and beyond Lake Superior, and even to the
+land of the Iroquois. Then, with the suddenness of a
+volcanic eruption, their flocks were scattered and their
+dearest hopes crushed.
+
+In 1647 there was no communication between Ste Marie and
+Quebec. Owing to the danger from Iroquois along the route,
+the annual canoe-fleet did not go down, although a small
+party of Hurons, it seems, went as far as Ville Marie.
+The necessities of the mission were, however, urgent,
+and in the spring of the following year Father Bressani
+set out with a strong contingent of two hundred and fifty
+Huron warriors, fully half of whom were Christians. No
+sooner had this expedition begun its descent of the Ottawa
+than an Iroquois war-party, which had wintered near Lake
+Nipissing, stole southward through the forests towards
+Huronia.
+
+Contarea had been destroyed. The dangerous position of
+St Jean-Baptiste, situated near the site of Cahiague on
+Lake Simcoe, whence Champlain had set out against the
+Iroquois in 1615, had led the Jesuits to abandon it. St
+Joseph or Teanaostaiae, with about two thousand inhabitants,
+was therefore the frontier town on the south-east of
+Huronia. Father Daniel, in charge of this station, had
+just returned from his annual eight-day retreat at Ste
+Marie. For four years he had laboured in this mission;
+and, though his flock had been a stiff-necked one, his
+work had brought its reward. On the 4th of July his little
+chapel was crowded for the celebration of early Mass,
+and as he gazed at the congregation of his converts his
+spirit rejoiced within him. He had just finished the
+service, when shrill through the morning air rang the
+cry: 'The Iroquois! The Iroquois!' Rushing out he saw
+the foe already hacking at the palisades and many of the
+defenders falling beneath a storm of arrows and bullets.
+His first thought for his flock, he hurried back into
+the chapel, beseeching them to save themselves. They
+pressed about him, praying for baptism and for absolution;
+and, as they held to him appealing hands, he dipped his
+handkerchief in the font and baptized the crowd by
+aspersion. Then he boldly strode to the door of his chapel
+and faced the enemy. For a moment the savage fiends
+hesitated before the stern-eyed priest standing in his
+vestments, protecting, as it seemed, the flock that
+cowered behind him; but only for a moment. Yelling defiance
+at the white medicine-man, they directed their weapons
+against him; and this dauntless soldier of the Cross
+received the crown of martyrdom which he had prayed might
+be his. His slayers fell upon his body, stripped it of
+clothing, mutilated it, and cast it into the now flaming
+chapel, a fitting funeral pyre for the first martyr of
+the Huron mission. The entire village was given to the
+flames, and the smoke of the burning cabins and palisades
+rolled over the forest. A small village not far away, on
+the trail to Ossossane, shared the same fate. The slaughter
+glutted the ferocity of the Iroquois for the time being;
+and, with some seven hundred prisoners, they stole back
+to their villages south of Lake Ontario.
+
+After this calamity the pall of a great fear hung over
+the Hurons. Paralysed and inert, the warriors took no
+steps to defend the country against the Iroquois peril.
+In spite of the exhortations of the Jesuits, they lay
+idle in their wigwams or hunted in the forest, dejectedly
+awaiting their doom.
+
+An Iroquois war-party twelve hundred strong spent the
+winter of 1648-49 on the upper Ottawa; and as the snows
+began to melt under the thaws of spring these insatiable
+slayers of men directed their steps towards Huronia. The
+frontier village on the east was now St Ignace, on the
+west of the Sturgeon river, about seven miles from Ste
+Marie. It was strongly fortified and formed a part of a
+mission of the same name, under the care of Brebeuf and
+Father Gabriel Lalemant, a nephew of Jerome Lalemant.
+About a league distant, midway to Ste Marie, stood St
+Louis, another town of the mission, where the two fathers
+lived. On the 16th of March the inhabitants of St Ignace
+had no thought of impending disaster. The Iroquois might
+be on the war-path, but they would not come while yet
+ice held the rivers and snow lay in the forests. But that
+morning, just as the horizon began to glow with the first
+colours of the dawn, the sleeping Hurons woke to the
+sound of the dreaded war-whoop. The Iroquois devils had
+breached the walls. Three Hurons escaped, dashed along
+the forest trail to St Louis, roused the village, and
+then fled for Ste Marie, followed by the women and children
+and those too feeble to fight. There were in St Louis
+only about eighty warriors, but, not knowing the strength
+of the invaders, they determined to fight. The Hurons
+begged Brebeuf and Lalemant to fly to Ste Marie; but they
+refused to stir. In the hour of danger and death they
+must remain with their flock, to sustain the warriors in
+the battle and to give the last rites of the Church to
+the wounded and dying.
+
+Having made short work of St Ignace, the Iroquois came
+battering at the walls of St Louis before sunrise. The
+Hurons resisted stubbornly; but the assailants outnumbered
+them ten to one, and soon hacked a way through the
+palisades and captured all the defenders remaining alive,
+among them Brebeuf and Lalemant.
+
+The Iroquois bound Brebeuf and Lalemant and led them back
+to St Ignace, beating them as they went. There they
+stripped the two priests and tied them to stakes. Brebeuf
+knew that his hour had come. Him the savages made the
+special object of their diabolical cruelty. And, standing
+at the stake amid his yelling tormentors, he bequeathed
+to the world an example of fortitude sublime, unsurpassed,
+and unsurpassable. Neither by look nor cry nor movement
+did he give sign of the agony he was suffering. To the
+reviling and abuse of the fiends he replied with words
+warning them of the judgment to come. They poured boiling
+water on his head in derision of baptism; they hung
+red-hot axes about his naked shoulders; they made a belt
+of pitch and resin and placed it about his body and set
+it on fire. By every conceivable means the red devils
+strove to force him to cry for mercy. But not a sound of
+pain could they wring from him. At last, after four hours
+of this torture, a chief cut out his heart, and the noble
+servant of God quitted the scene of his earthly labours.
+
+Lalemant, a man of gentle, refined character, as delicate
+as Brebeuf was robust, also endured the torture. But the
+savages administered it to him with a refinement of
+cruelty, and kept him alive for fourteen hours. Then at
+last he, too, entered into his rest.
+
+Ten years before Brebeuf had made a vow to Christ: 'Never
+to shrink from martyrdom if, in Your mercy, You deem me
+worthy of so great a privilege. Henceforth, I will never
+avoid any opportunity that presents itself of dying for
+You, but will accept martyrdom with delight, provided
+that, by so doing, I can add to Your glory. From this
+day, my Lord Jesus Christ, I cheerfully yield unto You
+my life, with the hope that You will grant me the grace
+to die for You, since You have deigned to die for me.
+Grant me, O Lord, so to live, that You may deem me worthy
+to die a martyr's death Thus my Lord, I take Your chalice,
+and call upon Your name. Jesu! Jesu! Jesu!' How nobly
+this vow was kept.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE DISPERSION OF THE HURONS
+
+Meanwhile at Ste Marie Ragueneau and his companions
+learned from Huron fugitives of the fate of their comrades;
+and waited, hourly expecting to be attacked. The priests
+were attended by about twoscore armed Frenchmen. All day
+and all night the anxious fathers prayed and stood on
+guard. In the morning three hundred Huron warriors came
+to their relief, bringing the welcome news that the Hurons
+were assembling in force to give battle to the invaders.
+These Hurons were just in time to fall in with a party
+of Iroquois, already on the way to Ste Marie. An encounter
+in the woods followed. At first some of the Hurons were
+driven back; but straight-away others of their band rushed
+to the rescue; and the Iroquois in turn ran for shelter
+behind the shattered palisades of St Louis. The Hurons
+followed, and finally put the enemy to rout and remained
+in possession of the place.
+
+Now followed an Indian battle of almost unparalleled
+ferocity. Never did Huron warriors fight better than in
+this conflict at the death-hour of their nation. Against
+the Hurons within the palisades came the Iroquois in
+force from St Ignace. All day long, in and about the
+walls of St Louis, the battle raged; and when night fell
+only twenty wounded and helpless Hurons remained to
+continue the resistance. In the gathering darkness the
+Iroquois rushed in and with tomahawk and knife dispatched
+the remnant of the band.
+
+But the Iroquois had no mind for further fighting, and
+did not attack Ste Marie. They mustered their Huron
+captives--old men, women, and children--tied them to
+stakes in the cabins of St Ignace, and set fire to the
+village. And, after being entertained to their satisfaction
+by the cries of agony which arose from their victims in
+the blazing cabins, they made their way southward through
+the forests of Huronia and disappeared.
+
+Panic reigned throughout Huronia. After burning fifteen
+villages, lest they should serve as a shelter for the
+Iroquois, the Hurons scattered far and wide. Some fled
+to Ste Marie, some toiled through the snows of spring to
+the villages of the Petuns, some fled to the Neutrals
+and Eries, some to the Algonquin tribes of the north and
+west, and some even sought adoption among the Iroquois.
+Ste Marie stood alone, like a shepherd without sheep:
+mission villages, chapels, residences, flocks--all were
+gone. The work of over twenty years was destroyed. Sick
+at heart, Ragueneau looked about him for a new situation,
+a spot that might serve as a centre for his band of
+devoted missionaries as they toiled among the wanderers
+by lake and river and in the depths of the northern
+forest.
+
+He first thought of Isle Ste Marie (Manitoulin Island)
+as the safest place for the headquarters of a new mission,
+but finally decided to go to Isle St Joseph (Christian
+Island), just off Huronia to the north. There, on the
+bay that indents the south-east corner of the island, he
+directed that land should be cleared for the building.
+The work of evacuating Ste Marie began early in May, and
+on the 15th of the month the buildings were set on fire.
+The valuables of the mission were placed in a large boat
+and on rafts; and, with heavy hearts, the fathers and
+their helpers went aboard for the journey to their new
+home twenty miles away.
+
+The new Ste Marie which the Jesuits built on Isle St
+Joseph was in the nature of a strong fort. Its walls were
+of stone and cement, fourteen feet high and loopholed.
+At each corner there was a protecting bastion, and the
+entire structure was surrounded by a deep moat. It was
+practically impregnable against Indian attack, for it
+could not be undermined, set on fire, or taken by assault.
+A handful of men could hold it against a host of Iroquois.
+
+About the sheltering walls of Ste Marie the Indians
+gathered, to the number of seven or eight thousand by
+the autumn of 1649. Here the missionaries continued the
+good work. The only outposts now were among the Algonquins
+along the shore of Georgian Bay, and the Petun missions
+of St Mathias, St Matthieu, and St Jean. But the Petuns
+were presently to share the fate of the Hurons; and
+Garnier and Chabanel, who were stationed at St Jean, were
+to perish as had Daniel, Brebeuf, and Lalemant.
+
+During the autumn Ragueneau learned that a large body of
+Iroquois were working their way westward towards St Jean.
+He sent runners to the threatened town, and ordered
+Chabanel to return to Ste Marie and warned Garnier to be
+on his guard. On the 5th of December Chabanel set out
+for Ste Marie with some Petun Hurons, and Garnier was
+left alone at St Jean. Two days later, while the warriors
+were out searching for their elusive foes, a band of
+Senecas and Mohawks swept upon the town, broke through
+the defences, and proceeded to butcher the inhabitants.
+Garnier fell with his flock. In the thick of the slaughter,
+while baptizing and absolving the dying, he was smitten
+down with three bullet wounds and his cassock torn from
+his body. As he lay in agony the moans of a wounded Petun
+near by drew his attention. Though spent with loss of
+blood, though his brain reeled with the weakness of
+approaching death, he dragged himself to his wounded red
+brother, gave him absolution, and then fell to the ground
+in a faint. On recovering from his swoon he saw another
+dying convert near by and strove to reach his side, but
+an Iroquois rushed upon him and ended his life with a
+tomahawk.
+
+In a sense Chabanel was less fortunate than Garnier. On
+the day following the massacre of St Jean he was hastening
+along the well-beaten trail towards Ste Marie, when the
+sound of Iroquois war-cries in the distance alarmed his
+guides, and all deserted him save one. This one did worse,
+for he slew the priest and cast his body into the
+Nottawasaga river. This murderer, an apostate Huron,
+afterwards confessed the crime, declaring that he had
+committed it because nothing but misfortune had befallen
+him ever since he and his family had embraced Christianity.
+
+For some months after the death of Garnier and Chabanel
+the Jesuits maintained the mission of St Mathias among
+the Petuns in the Blue Hills. Here Father Adrien Greslon
+laboured until January 1650, and Father Leonard Garreau
+until the following spring. Garreau was then recalled,
+leaving not a missionary on the mainland in the Huron or
+the Petun country.
+
+The French and Indians on Isle St Joseph, though safe
+from attack, were really prisoners on the island. Mohawks
+and Senecas remained in the forests near by, ready to
+pounce on any who ventured to the mainland. When winter
+bridged with ice the channel between the island and the
+main shore, it was necessary for the soldiers of the
+mission to stand incessantly on guard. And now another
+enemy than the Iroquois stalked among the fugitives. The
+fathers had abundant food for themselves and their
+assistants; but the Hurons, in their hurried flight, had
+made no provision for the winter. The famishing hordes
+subsisted on acorns and roots, and even greedily devoured
+the dead bodies of dogs and foxes. Disease joined forces
+with famine, and by spring fully half the Hurons at Ste
+Marie had perished. Some fishing and hunting parties left
+the island in search of food, but few returned.
+
+It soon appeared that for the Hurons to remain on the
+island meant extinction. Two of the leading chiefs waited
+on Father Ragueneau and begged him to move the remnant
+of their people to Quebec, where under the sheltering
+walls of the fortress they might keep together as a
+people. It was a bitter draught for the Jesuits; but
+there was no other course. They made ready for the
+migration; and on the 10th of June (1650) the thirteen
+priests and four lay brothers of the mission, with their
+donnes, hired men, and soldiers, in all sixty French,
+and about three hundred Hurons, entered canoes and headed
+for the French River. On their way down the Ottawa they
+met Father Bressani, who had gone to Quebec in the previous
+autumn for supplies, and who now joined the retreating
+party. And on the 28th of July, after a journey of fifty
+days, all arrived safely at the capital of New France.
+
+[Footnote: For a time the Hurons encamped in the vicinity
+of the Hotel-Dieu. In the spring of 1651 they moved to
+the island of Orleans. Five years later their settlement
+was raided by Mohawks and seventy-one were killed or
+taken prisoner. The island was abandoned and shelter
+sought in Quebec under the guns of Fort St Louis, and
+here they remained until 1668, when they removed to
+Beauport. In the following year they were placed at
+Notre-Dame-de-Foy, about four miles from Quebec. In 1673
+a site affording more land was given them on the St
+Charles river about nine miles from the fortress. Here
+at Old Lorette a chapel was built for them and here they
+remained for twenty-four years. In 1697 they moved to
+New Lorette--Jeune Lorette--in the seigneury of St Michel,
+and at this place, by the rapids of the St Charles, four
+or five hundred of this once numerous tribe may still be
+found.]
+
+The war-lust of the Five Nations remained still unsatiated.
+They continued to harass the Petuns, who finally fled in
+terror, most of them to Mackinaw Island. Still in dread
+of the Iroquois, they moved thence to the western end of
+Lake Superior; but here they came into conflict with the
+Sioux, and had to migrate once more. A band of them
+finally moved to Detroit and Sandusky, where, under the
+name of Wyandots, we find them figuring in history at a
+later period. The Iroquois then found occasion for quarrels
+with the Neutrals, the Eries, and the Andastes; and soon
+practically all the Indian tribes from the shores of
+Maine to the Mississippi and as far south as the Carolinas
+were under tribute to the Five Nations. Only the Algonquin
+tribes of Michigan and Wisconsin and the tribes of the
+far north had not suffered from these bloodthirsty
+conquerors.
+
+The Huron mission was ended. For a quarter of a century
+the Jesuits had struggled to build up a spiritual empire
+among the heathen of North America, but, to all appearances,
+they had struggled in vain. In all twenty-five fathers
+had toiled in Huronia. Of these, as we have seen, four
+had been murdered by the Iroquois and one by an apostate
+Huron. Nor was this the whole story of martyrdom. Six
+years after the dispersion Leonard Garreau was to die by
+an Iroquois bullet while journeying up the Lake of Two
+Mountains on his way to the Algonquin missions of the
+west. Another of the fathers, Rene Menard, while following
+a party of Algonquins to the wilds of Wisconsin, lost
+his way in the forest and perished from exposure or
+starvation; and Anne de Noue, Brebeuf's earliest comrade
+in Huronia, in an effort to bring assistance to a party
+of French soldiers storm-bound on Lake St Peter, was
+frozen to death. But misfortune did not cool the zeal of
+the Jesuits.  Into the depths of the forest they went
+with their wandering flocks, and raised the Cross by lake
+and stream as far west as the Mississippi and as far
+north as Hudson Bay. Already they had found their way
+into the Long Houses of the Iroquois.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE IROQUOIS MISSION
+
+While labouring among the Hurons the Jesuits had their
+minds on the Iroquois. It was, they thought, within their
+sphere of duty even to tame these human tigers. They well
+knew that such an attempt would involve dangers vastly
+greater than those encountered in Huronia; but the greater
+the danger and suffering the greater the glory. And yet
+for a time it seemed impossible to make a beginning of
+missionary work among the Iroquois. As we have seen,
+Champlain had made them the uncompromising enemies of
+the French, and since then all Frenchmen stood in constant
+peril of their lives from marauding bands in ambush near
+every settlement and along the highways of travel. Thus
+nearly twenty years passed after the arrival of the
+Jesuits in Canada before an opening came for winning a
+way to the hearts of these ruthless destroyers.
+
+It came at last, fraught with tragedy. From 1636 to 1642
+Father Isaac Jogues had been engaged in missionary work
+in Huronia. He was a man of saintly character, delicate,
+refined, scholarly; yet he had borne hardships among the
+Petuns enough to break the spirit of any man. He had
+toiled, too, among the Algonquin tribes, and at one time
+had preached to a gathering of two thousand at Sault Ste
+Marie. In 1642 he was chosen to bring much-needed supplies
+to Huronia--a dangerous task, as in that year large bodies
+of Iroquois were on the war-path. And in August he was
+ascending Lake St Peter with thirty-six Hurons and three
+Frenchmen in twelve canoes. His French companions were
+a labourer and two donnes--Rene Goupil, who, having had
+some hospital experience, was going to Ste Marie as a
+surgeon, and Guillaume Couture, a man of devotion, energy,
+and courage. The canoes bearing the party were threading
+the clustered islands at the western end of Lake St Peter,
+and had reached a spot where the thickly wooded shores
+were almost hidden from view by tall reeds that swayed
+in the summer wind, when suddenly out of the reeds darted
+a number of Iroquois warriors in canoes. The surprise
+was complete; three of the Hurons were killed on the
+spot, and Jogues, Goupil, and Couture, and twenty-two
+Hurons were taken prisoner. The raiders then plundered
+the canoes and set out southward, up the Richelieu, with
+their prisoners. At every stopping-place on the way Jogues
+and the donnes were brutally tortured; finally, in the
+Mohawk country they were dragged through the three chief
+towns of the nation, held up to ridicule, beaten with
+clubs, their fingers broken or lopped off, and their
+bodies burned with red-hot coals. Couture had slain a
+Mohawk warrior during the attack on Lake St Peter; but
+his courageous bearing so impressed the savages that one
+of them adopted him in place of a dead relative, and he
+thus escaped death. Goupil, after several months among
+the Mohawks, was brutally murdered. But Jogues's life
+was providentially preserved, and during nearly a year,
+a year of intense suffering, he went among his persecutors
+glorying in the opportunity of preaching the Gospel under
+these hard conditions.
+
+At length a fishing and trading party of Mohawks took
+him to the Dutch settlement at Fort Orange (Albany).
+Already the Dutch authorities had tried in vain to gain
+his release. They now took advantage of his presence
+among them, generously braving the wrath of his tyrant
+masters, and aided him to escape. He found shelter on a
+Dutch vessel and finally succeeded in reaching France.
+The story of his capture had arrived before him, and his
+brothers in France welcomed him as a saint and martyr,
+as one miraculously snatched from the jaws of death. But
+he had no thought of remaining to enjoy the cloistered
+quiet and peace of a college in France; back to the
+hardships and dangers of North America his unconquerable
+spirit demanded that he should go. According to the rules
+of the Church he could not administer the sacraments with
+his mutilated hands; but, having obtained a special
+dispensation from the Pope, he once more fearlessly
+crossed the ocean, in search of the crown of martyrdom.
+
+The next missionary to reach the Iroquois country was
+Father Joseph Bressani, an Italian priest who had been
+attracted to the Canadian mission-field through reading
+the Relations of the missionaries to Huronia. On April
+27, 1644, with six Hurons and a French boy twelve years
+old, he set out from Three Rivers. It was thought that
+the Iroquois would not yet have reached the St Lawrence
+at this early time of the year; but this was an error,
+as the sequel proved. A party of twenty-seven warriors
+in ambush surprised Bressani and his fellow-travellers,
+slew several of the Hurons, and carried the rest with
+Bressani and the French boy to the Mohawk towns. Bressani
+they put to torture even more severe than that which
+Jogues had endured; not sparing the young lad, who manfully
+faced his tormentors till death freed him. Bressani
+escaped death only because an old squaw adopted him; but
+so mangled were his hands, so burned and broken was his
+body, that she deemed her slave of little value and sent
+him with her son to Fort Orange to be sold. The Dutch
+acted generously; paid a liberal ransom; and gave Bressani
+passage on a Dutch vessel, which landed him at La Rochelle
+on November 15, 1644. But, like Jogues, his one thought
+was to return to New France; and in the following year
+we find him in Huronia, his mutilated hands, torn and
+broken by the enemies of the Hurons, mute but efficacious
+witnesses of his courage.
+
+For a time the hopes of the Jesuits for a mission among
+the Iroquois were damped by the experiences of Jogues
+and Bressani. But in 1645 an incident took place that
+opened the way for an attempt to carry the Gospel to this
+savage people. A band of Algonquins captured several
+Mohawks and brought them to Sillery. The captives fully
+expected to be tortured and burned; but the Jesuits at
+Quebec and the governor, Montmagny, were desirous of
+winning the goodwill of the Iroquois. They persuaded the
+Algonquins to free the prisoners, then treated them
+kindly, and sent one of them home on the understanding
+that he would try to make peace between his people and
+the French and their allies. On the advice of Guillaume
+Couture, who was still among the Mohawks and was much
+esteemed and trusted by them, the Mohawks sent ambassadors
+to Three Rivers to consult with the governor. The result
+was a temporary peace; the Mohawks agreed to bury the
+hatchet; and early in the following spring (1646) Montmagny
+decided to send to them a special messenger who might
+make the peace permanent and set up among them a mission.
+
+Isaac Jogues, having returned to Canada after his brief
+rest in France, was now stationed at Ville Marie. His
+knowledge of the Mohawk language and character made him
+the most fitting person to send as envoy to the Mohawks,
+in the twofold capacity of diplomat and missionary. At
+first, as his sufferings rose before his mind, he shrank
+from the task, but only for a moment. He would go fearlessly
+to these people, though they lived in his memory only by
+the tortures they had inflicted on him. He set out; and
+on arriving at the Mohawk towns he found the savages
+friendly. Everywhere the Mohawks bade him welcome. They
+listened attentively to the message from the governor,
+and accepted the wampum belts and gifts which he bore.
+Apparently the Mohawks were eager for the amity of the
+French. To both Jogues and Couture it seemed that at last
+the time was ripe for an Iroquois mission--the Mission
+of the Martyrs. Before saying farewell to the Mohawks
+Jogues left with his hosts, as a pledge that he would
+return, a locked box; and by the end of June he was back
+in Quebec to report the success of his journey. He then
+prepared to redeem his pledge to the Mohawks. He left
+Quebec towards the end of August, with a lay brother
+named Lalande and some Hurons. He had forebodings of
+death, for on the eve of the journey he wrote to a friend
+in France: Ibo et non redibo, I shall go and shall not
+return. Arrived at the Richelieu, he was told by some
+friendly Indians that the attitude of the Mohawks had
+changed. They were in arms, and were once more breathing
+vengeance against the French and their allies. At this
+Jogues's Huron companions deserted him, but he and Lalande
+pressed on to their destination. The alarm was only too
+well founded. The Mohawks at once crowded round them,
+scowling and threatening. They stripped Jogues and his
+comrade of their clothing, beat them, and repeated the
+tortures which Jogues had suffered four years before.
+
+The innocent cause of this outbreak of Mohawk fury was
+the box which Jogues had left behind him. From this box,
+as the ignorant savages thought, had come the drought
+and a plague of grasshoppers, which had destroyed the
+crops, and also the pest which was now raging in the
+Mohawk towns. Some Huron captives among the Mohawks, no
+doubt to win favour with their masters, had maligned
+Jogues, proclaiming him a sorcerer who had previously
+brought disaster to the Hurons, and had now come to
+destroy the Mohawks. Undoubtedly, they declared, it was
+from the box that had come all the ills which had befallen
+them. Jogues protested his innocence; but as well might
+he have tried to reason with a pack of wolves. They
+demanded his death, and the inevitable blow soon fell.
+On the 18th of October, as he sat wounded and bruised
+and starving in a wigwam, a chief approached and bade
+him come to a feast. He knew what the invitation meant;
+it was a feast of death; but he calmly rose, his spirit
+steeled for the worst. His guide entered a wigwam and
+ordered him to follow; and, as he bent his head to enter,
+a savage concealed by the door cleft his skull with a
+tomahawk. On the following day Lalande shared a similar
+fate. Their heads were chopped off and placed on the
+palisades of the town, and their bodies thrown into the
+Mohawk river. The Mission of the Martyrs was at an end
+for the time being.
+
+Ten years were to pass before missionary work was renewed
+among the Iroquois--ten years of disaster to the Jesuits
+and to the colony. In these years, as we have already
+seen, the Hurons, Petuns, and Neutrals were destroyed or
+scattered, and the French and Indian settlements along
+the St Lawrence were continually in danger. There was no
+safety outside the fortified posts, and agriculture and
+trade were at a standstill. The year 1653 was particularly
+disastrous; a horde of Mohawks were abroad, hammering at
+the palisades of every settlement and spreading terror
+even in the strongly guarded towns of Ville Marie, Three
+Rivers, and Quebec. But light broke when all seemed
+darkest. The western Iroquois--the Oneidas, Onondagas,
+and Senecas--were at war with the Eries. While thus
+engaged it seemed to them good policy to make peace with
+the French, and they dispatched an embassy to Ville Marie
+to open negotiations. The Mohawks, too, fearing that
+their western kinsmen might gain some advantage over
+them, sent messengers to New France. A grand council was
+held at Quebec. But even while making peace the Iroquois
+were intent on war. They desired nothing short of the
+utter extermination of the Huron nation, and viewed with
+jealousy the Huron settlement under the wing of the French
+on the island of Orleans. Both Onondagas and Mohawks
+plotted to destroy this community. The proposed peace
+was merely a ruse to open a way to attack the Hurons in
+order to kill them or to adopt them into the Five Nations,
+which, on account of losses in war, needed recruits. The
+Mohawks requested that the Hurons be removed to the Mohawk
+villages; the Onondagas stipulated for a French colony
+in their country, in the hope that the Hurons would be
+attracted to such a settlement, and that then both French
+and Hurons would be in their power. The governor of New
+France, now Jean de Lauzon, a weak old man who thought
+more of the profits of the fur trade and of land-grants
+for himself and his family than of the welfare of the
+colony, knew not how to act. A negative answer he dared
+not give; and he equally feared the effect of a definite
+promise. On the one hand was the certainty that war would
+break out again in all its fury; on the other the equal
+certainty that the fate which had befallen the Hurons in
+Huronia would almost inevitably overtake the poor remnant
+of Christian Hurons whom it was his duty to protect.
+
+The Jesuits, however, were anxious to labour among the
+Iroquois, and at their request the governor adopted a
+temporizing policy. Before giving a final reply it was
+deemed wise to send an ambassador to the Five Nations to
+spy out the land and confirm the peace. This dangerous
+task was assigned to the veteran missionary Father Simon
+Le Moyne. In the spring of 1654 Le Moyne visited the
+Onondagas. His diplomacy and eloquence succeeded with
+them, but the Mohawks still continued their raids on the
+settlements. Nevertheless in 1655 the Mohawks again sent
+messengers to Quebec professing friendship. Le Moyne once
+more took up the task of diplomat and journeyed to the
+Mohawk country in the hope of making a binding treaty
+with the fiercest and most inveterate foes of New France.
+In this same year a large deputation of Onondagas arrived
+at Quebec. They wished the French to take immediate action
+and establish a mission and colony in their midst. Once
+more their sincerity seemed doubtful; and Fathers Chaumonot
+and Dablon were dispatched to Onondaga to ascertain the
+temper and disposition of the Indians there. After spending
+the winter of 1655-56 in the country, where they had
+conferences in the great council-house of the Five Nations
+with representatives of all the tribes, the two fathers
+believed that the time was ripe for a mission. A colony,
+too, in their judgment, would be advisable; it would
+serve at once as a centre of civilization for the Iroquois
+and a barrier against the Dutch and English of New York,
+who hitherto had monopolized the trade of the Iroquois.
+In the spring of 1656 Dablon returned to Quebec to advise
+the governor to accept the terms of the Onondagas, while
+Chaumonot remained at Onondaga to watch over his new
+flock both as missionary and as political agent.
+
+An expedition, the entire expense of which fell on the
+Jesuits, was at once fitted out. The town major of Quebec,
+Zachary du Puys, took military command of the party,
+which consisted of ten soldiers, thirty or forty white
+labourers, four Jesuit fathers--Menard, Le Mercier,
+Dablon, and Fremin--two lay brothers, and a number of
+Hurons, Senecas, and Onondagas. On the 17th of May the
+colonists left Quebec in two large boats and twelve
+canoes. They began their journey with forebodings as to
+their fate, for the Mohawks were once more haunting the
+St Lawrence. Scarcely had Du Puys and his men passed out
+of sight of Quebec when they were attacked. The Mohawks,
+however, pretended that they had supposed the party to
+be Hurons, expressed regret for the attack, and allowed
+the expedition to proceed. At Montreal the boats were
+discarded in favour of canoes for the difficult navigation
+of the upper St Lawrence. Save for Le Moyne, Chaumonot,
+and Dablon, these colonists were the first whites to
+ascend the St Lawrence between Montreal and Lake Ontario;
+the first to toil up against the current of those swift
+waters and to portage past the turbulent rapids; the
+first to view the varied beauty of the lordly river, its
+broad stretches of sparkling blue waters, its fairyland
+mazes of islands, and its great forests rising everywhere
+from the shore to the horizon. At length they reached
+Lake Ontario and skirted its southern shore until they
+entered the Oswego river. Ascending this river they were
+met by Chaumonot and an Onondaga delegation. On Lake
+Onondaga the canoes formed four abreast behind the canoe
+of the leader, from which streamed a white silk flag with
+the name Jesus woven on it in letters of gold. Then, with
+measured stroke of paddle and song of praise, the flotilla
+swept ashore to the site which Chaumonot had chosen for
+the headquarters of the colony. Here, from the crest of
+a low hill, commanding a beautiful view of one of the
+most picturesque of inland lakes, they cleared the trees
+and erected a commodious and substantial house, with
+smaller buildings about it, all enclosed in the usual
+palisade.
+
+The Jesuits announced that they had come not as traders
+but as 'messengers of God,' seeking no profit; and they
+began work under most favourable conditions. Owing to
+Chaumonot's exertions the Onondagas seemed genuinely
+friendly. The fathers, too, found in every village many
+adopted Hurons, from their old missions in Huronia, who
+still professed Christianity. Indeed, one whole village
+was composed largely of Hurons and Petuns. The mission
+was not confined to the Onondagas; the Cayugas, Senecas,
+and Oneidas were included; and the new field seemed rich
+in promise.
+
+But it soon became evident that the fickle Iroquois were
+not to be trusted. The Mohawks continued their raids on
+the Hurons at Quebec and carried off captives from under
+the very walls of Fort St Louis. Learning of this, the
+Onondagas sent an expedition to Quebec to demand that
+some Hurons should be given to them also, and the weak
+administrator of the colony, Charles de Lauzon-Charny,
+being too cowardly to resist, complied with this demand.
+On the way back to Onondaga the Indians slew some of the
+captives. On arriving at home they tortured and burned
+others, among them women and helpless children. The
+colonists at Onondaga frequently witnessed such scenes,
+but they were powerless to interfere. Presently they
+learned that it was with evil intentions that they had
+been invited to Onondaga. A statement made to one of the
+missionaries by a dying convert served only to confirm
+the rumour already current, namely, that the death of
+the colonists had been decreed from the first, and that
+the Jesuits were to meet the fate which had befallen
+Jogues and their brothers in Huronia.
+
+Prompt action was necessary. Orders were sent to the
+missionaries in the outlying points to return to
+headquarters, and towards the end of March the colonists,
+fifty-three in all, were behind the palisades of their
+houses on Lake Onondaga. But they had slight chance of
+escape, for they had not canoes enough to carry more than
+half the party. Moreover, they were closely watched:
+Onondaga warriors had pitched their wigwams about the
+palisades and several had stationed themselves immediately
+in front of the gate. The greatest need of the French,
+however, being adequate means of transportation, they
+addressed themselves to this problem. In the principal
+dwelling was a large garret, and here they built two
+strong boats, each capable of bearing fifteen men. But
+the difficulty still remained of getting these boats to
+the lake without the knowledge of the savages.
+
+Among the colonists was a young man, Pierre Esprit
+Radisson, who three years before had been a prisoner
+among the Iroquois and who was afterwards to figure
+prominently in the history of the Canadian wilderness.
+He was unscrupulous but resourceful; and on this occasion
+his talents came into good use. He knew the Indians well
+and he knew that they could not resist a feast, especially
+a feast of a semi-religious character. He persuaded a
+young man of the mission to feign illness and to invite
+the Onondagas to aid in his cure by attending a festin
+a manger tout--a feast where everything must be eaten.
+To sanction this no doubt went much against the grain of
+the Jesuits, who had been upbraiding the Indians for
+their superstition and gluttony; but in this case the
+end seemed assuredly to justify the means. The Onondagas
+attended the banquet. In huge iron pots slung over fires
+outside the gate of the palisades the French boiled an
+immense quantity of venison, game, fish, and corn. They
+had brought with them to the colony a number of hogs,
+and these they slew to add to the feast. The Indians
+squatted about the kettles, from which the soldiers,
+employees, and fathers ladled the food; as fast as a
+warrior's dish was emptied it was refilled; and when a
+reveller signified that he had eaten enough, the pretended
+invalid cried out: 'Would you have me die?' and once more
+the gorged Onondaga fell to. To add to the entertainment,
+some of the Frenchmen, who had brought violins to the
+wilderness, fiddled with might and main. At length the
+gluttony began to take the desired effect: one after
+another the Onondagas dropped to sleep to the soothing
+music of the violins. Then, when brute slumber had sealed
+the eyes of all, the colonists roused themselves for
+flight. Some one, probably Radisson, suggested that they
+were fifty-three wide-awake Frenchmen to one hundred
+sleeping savages, and that it would be easy to brain
+their enemies as they slept; but the Jesuits would not
+sanction such a course. The Frenchmen threw open the
+gate, and carried the boats from the garret to the
+lakeside. They put up effigies of soldiers at conspicuous
+points within the enclosure, barred and locked the gate,
+and launched the vessels. They had swept across the lake
+and were well down the Oswego before day had dawned and
+the Indians had awakened from their heavy slumber.
+
+When the Onondagas recovered consciousness they were
+surprised at the deathlike stillness. They peered through
+the palisades; and, seeing the effigies of the soldiers,
+believed that their intended victims were within. But no
+sounds except the clucking and crowing of some fowls fell
+on their ears. They became suspicious and hammered at
+the gate; and, when there was no answer, broke it down
+in fury, only to find the place deserted. An examination
+of the shore showed that heavy boats had been launched
+a few hours before. Believing that the powerful God of
+the white man was in league with the colonists, and had
+supplied them with these boats, the savages made no
+attempt to follow the fugitives, who, after sustaining
+the loss of three men in the rapids of the St Lawrence,
+reached Quebec on the 23rd of April.
+
+For another decade no further effort was to be made to
+civilize and christianize the Iroquois. During this
+period, however, a radical and much-needed change took
+place in the government of New France. Hitherto chartered
+companies had been in control, and their aim had been
+trade, not colonization. Until 1663 Canada remained a
+trading station and a mission rather than a true colony.
+But in this year the king, Louis XIV, cancelled the
+charter of the Hundred Associates, proclaimed the colony
+under royal government, and sent out strong men from the
+motherland to govern the country.
+
+It was not long before the Iroquois began to feel the
+resistance of new forces in the settlements along the St
+Lawrence; and in 1665, when a strong regiment of veterans,
+the Carignan-Salieres, under the Marquis de Tracy, landed
+in New France, the Iroquois who had been smiting the
+settlements slunk away to their fortified towns. In
+January 1666 Courcelle, the governor, invaded the Mohawk
+country; and though his expedition was a failure, it
+served as a warning to the Five Nations. In May Senecas
+and Mohawks came to Quebec to treat for peace. They
+assumed their ancient haughty air; but Tracy was in no
+mood for this. He sentenced to death a Mohawk who had
+the boldness to boast of having tomahawked a Frenchman,
+and dismissed the ambassadors with angry words. The
+Indians, discomfited, returned to their strongholds. At
+their heels followed Tracy and Courcelle with thirteen
+hundred men.  At the approach of this army the Mohawks
+deserted their villages and escaped death. But the French
+set fire to the villages and desolated the Mohawk country.
+
+In the spring of 1667 the Mohawks came to Quebec humbly
+begging that missionaries, blacksmiths, and surgeons
+should be sent to live among them. The other tribes of
+the Five Nations followed their example. Once more the
+Jesuits went to the Iroquois and established missions
+among the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, and Senecas.
+For twenty years the devoted fathers laboured in this
+hard field. During the administrations of the governors
+Courcelle and Frontenac the Iroquois remained peaceable,
+but they became restless after the removal of Frontenac
+in 1682. The succeeding governors, La Barre and Denonville,
+proved weak rulers, and the Mohawks began once more to
+send war-parties against the settlements. At length, in
+1687, open war broke out. The missionaries, however, had
+been withdrawn from the Iroquois country, just in time
+to escape the fury of the savages.
+
+Not in vain did the Jesuits labour among the Five Nations.
+They made numerous converts, and persuaded many of them
+to move to Canada. Communities of Christian Iroquois and
+Hurons who had been adopted by the Five Nations settled
+near the Bay of Quinte, at La Montagne on the island of
+Montreal, and at Caughnawaga by the rapids of Lachine.
+The large settlements of 'praying Indians' still living
+at Caughnawaga and at St Regis, near Cornwall, are
+descendants of these Indians.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE MISSION OF VILLE MARIE
+
+While the Jesuits carried the Cross to the Hurons, the
+Algonquins, and the Iroquois, other crusaders, equally
+noble and courageous, planted it on the spot where now
+stands the foremost city of the Dominion. The settlement
+of the large and fertile island at the confluence of the
+Ottawa and the St Lawrence had a motive all its own.
+Quebec was founded primarily for trade; and so with
+practically all other settlements which have grown into
+great centres of population. But Montreal was originally
+intended solely for a mission station. Its founders had
+no thought of trade; indeed, they were prohibited from
+dealing in furs, then the chief marketable product of
+the colony.
+
+We have seen that the men and women who founded the
+Sillery mission, and the Hotel-Dieu and the Ursuline
+convent at Quebec, received their inspiration from the
+Relations of the Jesuits. So likewise did the founders
+of the settlement on the island of Montreal. Jerome le
+Royer de la Dauversiere of La Fleche in Anjou, a receiver
+of taxes, and Abbe Jean Jacques Olier of Paris, were the
+prime movers in the undertaking. Each independently of
+the other had conceived the idea of establishing on the
+island of Hochelaga a mission for the conversion of the
+heathen in Canada. Meeting by accident at the Chateau of
+Meudon near Paris, they planned their enterprise, and
+decided to found a colony of devotees, composed of an
+order of priests, an order of sisters to care for the
+sick and infirm, and an order of nuns for the teaching
+of young Indians and the children of settlers at the
+mission. These two enthusiasts went to work in a quite
+practical way to realize their ambition. They succeeded
+in interesting the Baron de Fancamp and three other
+wealthy gentlemen, and soon had a sum--about $75,000--
+ample for the establishment of the colony. While they
+were busy at this work, Mademoiselle Jeanne Mance, a
+courageous and devout woman, was moved by one of Father
+Le Jeune's Relations to devote her life to the care of
+the wounded and suffering in the wilds of New France;
+and the projected colony on the island of Montreal offered
+an opportunity for the fulfilment of her desire. Madame
+de Bullion, a rich and very charitable woman, had agreed
+to aid Olier and Dauversiere by endowing a hospital in
+the colony, and Jeanne Mance offered her services as
+nurse and housekeeper. A leader was needed, a man of
+soldierly training and pious life; and in Paul de Chomedy,
+Sieur de Maisonneuve, a veteran of the wars in Holland,
+the ideal man was found. No attempt was made at this time
+to secure teachers; there would be at first neither white
+nor red children to teach, for there were no Indians
+living on the island of Montreal, and the colonists would
+not at first bring their families to this wilderness
+post. The funds collected and the leader found, the next
+step was to get permission from the Hundred Associates
+to settle on the island; and here was a difficulty. The
+Associates had been liberal in land-grants to their own
+members; and Jean de Lauzon, the president, had received
+for himself large concessions, among them the entire
+island of Montreal. However, he was persuaded, probably
+for a consideration, to part with a grant that brought
+him no return, and which he could visit only at the risk
+of his scalp. Olier and Dauversiere and their associates
+secured the land, and Maisonneuve was appointed governor
+of the new colony.
+
+The Jesuits had played an important part in this
+undertaking. It was their Relations that had given the
+impulse, and the promoters of the colony had the able
+assistance of Father Charles Lalemant, whom we have
+already met as the first superior of the Jesuit order in
+New France. It was he who persuaded Jean de Lauzon to
+consent to surrender his grant, and it was to him that
+Maisonneuve first came to seek advice as to how he could
+best consecrate his sword to the Church in Canada. And
+it was largely on Lalemant's recommendation that
+Maisonneuve received his appointment as leader of the
+colonists and governor of the colony. To Lalemant, too,
+came Jeanne Mance when she first heard the clear call to
+the new mission.
+
+The promoters of the 'Society of Our Lady of Montreal'
+now set to work to collect recruits for the mission,
+provide supplies, and prepare vessels to transport the
+colonists to New France. All was ready about the middle
+of June 1641, and, while Dauversiere, Olier, and Fancamp
+remained in France to look after the interests of the
+colony there, Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance, with three
+other women and about fifty men, set sail and arrived in
+Quebec before the end of August. Here they did not find
+the enthusiastic welcome which they expected. Maisonneuve
+had come with a special commission as governor of Montreal,
+and was coldly received by Montmagny, who was jealous of
+him, and who moreover believed, no doubt rightly, that
+a divided authority would not be in the best interests
+of struggling New France. The Jesuits at Quebec tried to
+persuade Maisonneuve to abandon his enterprise. There
+were, they said, no inhabitants on the island of Montreal,
+it was in the direct route of the Mohawks, who annually
+haunted the Ottawa and St Lawrence, and swift destruction
+would surely be the fate of the colony. But Maisonneuve
+could not be moved from his fixed purpose; he would go
+to Montreal even 'if every tree on that island were to
+be changed to an Iroquois.'
+
+Accompanied by Father Vimont, the superior of the Jesuits,
+and Governor Montmagny, Maisonneuve went up the river,
+and took formal possession of the island on the 15th of
+October in the name of the 'Society of Our Lady of
+Montreal.' The colonists spent the winter at St Michel,
+near Sillery, for there was no room for the Montrealers
+in the buildings at Quebec. On May 8, 1642, Maisonneuve
+led his company--in a pinnace, a barge, and two row-boats
+--to the site of the new colony. Here, too, were Father
+Vimont and Madame de la Peltrie, who for the nonce had
+deserted her Ursulines to accompany Jeanne Mance to a
+field that offered greater excitement and danger. On the
+18th of May, at a spot where tall warehouses now abound
+and where the varied roar of the traffic of a great city
+never ceases, they set up an altar, and Father Vimont
+consecrated the island mission. In the course of his
+sermon he uttered the prophetic words: 'You are a grain
+of mustard seed that shall rise and grow till its branches
+overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the
+work of God. His smile is upon you and your children
+shall fill the land.' The city of Montreal, the throbbing
+heart of the business life of Canada, with its half-million
+and more inhabitants and its magnificent charitable,
+religious, and educational institutions, is the fulfilment
+of his words.
+
+But the beginnings were feeble and disheartening. A few
+houses, flanked by a windmill and fort, and connected by
+a footpath where now runs St Paul Street, represented
+the beginnings of Montreal--or Ville Marie, as the
+settlement had been christened by the Society in Paris.
+
+The Iroquois soon learned of Ville Marie. Within a few
+months a scalping party of Mohawks paid it a visit, and
+killed several workmen and wounded others. The wounded
+became the care of Jeanne Mance, who never henceforth
+lacked patients. Between the labourers injured by accident
+in the forest and the wounded from Iroquois fights, the
+gentle-handed nurse and her assistants were kept always
+busy. Many of her patients were friendly Indians who had
+suffered in the raids; sometimes even a sorely smitten
+Iroquois would be borne to the rude hospital.
+
+But the mission did not grow. The Algonquins and Hurons
+viewed the island of Montreal as too exposed for a
+permanent encampment, for the Iroquois ever hovered about
+it. At no season of the year was Ville Marie immune from
+attack; night and day the inhabitants had to be on the
+alert; and often the cry 'The Iroquois!' sent the entire
+population to the shelter of the fort. For fifteen years
+there was little change in the population, and year after
+year the same dangers and hardships faced the people.
+But Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance hoped on, confident that
+Ville Marie was destined to have a glorious future. In
+1653 Marguerite Bourgeoys, a woman of great force of
+character, arrived in the colony to open a school. Finding
+no white pupils, she gathered about her a few red children,
+and made her school-room in a stable assigned to her by
+Maisonneuve. Presently more pupils came, and among them
+some white children. In 1658 she returned to France to
+secure assistants, and when, in the following year, she
+resumed her labours at Ville Marie, it was as the head
+of the 'Congregation of the Sisters of Notre Dame,' an
+organization that has so greatly developed as to make
+its influence felt, not only in Canada, but in the United
+States as well.
+
+Meanwhile, in 1642, Abbe Olier had founded the Seminary
+of St Sulpice in Paris; and during the intervening years
+had been assiduously training missionaries to take over
+the spiritual control of Ville Marie. Since its founding
+the Jesuits Poncet, Du Peron, Le Moyne, and Pijart, who
+had been trained in the difficult school of the Huron
+mission, and Le Jeune and Druillettes, had ministered to
+the inhabitants. But in August 1657 the Sulpician priests
+Gabriel de Queylus, Gabriel Souart, and Dominic Galinier
+arrived at Ville Marie, and the Jesuits immediately
+surrendered the parish to them. Henceforth Ville Marie
+was to be the peculiar care of the Sulpicians, giving
+them for many years enough of both difficulty and danger.
+The Iroquois peril did not abate. Never a month passed
+but the alarm-bell rang out to warn the settlers that
+the savages were at hand. Even the priests went about
+their duties with sword at side; and two of them, Vignal
+and Le Maitre, fell beneath the tomahawk. Only the courage,
+watchfulness, and foresight of Maisonneuve and of such
+men as Sergeant-Major Lambert Closse, who gave his life
+for the colony, saved Ville Marie from utter destruction.
+And as years went on the Iroquois grew bolder. Having
+scattered the Hurons and the Algonquins, they now threatened
+every trading-post and mission station in Canada.
+
+In 1660 the climax came. Early in the spring of that year
+the harassed mission at Ville Marie learned that several
+hundred Iroquois, who had wintered on the upper Ottawa,
+were coming down, and that another horde, approaching by
+way of the Richelieu, would join forces with them. It
+was the purpose of the savages to destroy Ville Marie
+and Three Rivers and Quebec, and to wipe out the French
+on the St Lawrence for good and all.
+
+There was at this time in Ville Marie a young soldier
+named Adam Daulac, or Dollard, Sieur des Ormeaux,
+twenty-five years old. He believed that the best defence
+was attack, and boldly proposed to ascend the Ottawa,
+with a band of sixteen volunteers, and waylay the Iroquois
+coming from the north-west. And so the gallant young men
+bade farewell to their friends and set out. In two large
+canoes they paddled up the Ottawa, past the swift waters
+at Ste Anne, through the smooth stretch of the Lake of
+the Two Mountains, up the fierce current at Carillon,
+and then on to the rapids of the Long Sault. Here they
+paused; this was a fitting place for battle. The Iroquois
+would never expect to find a handful of Frenchmen here,
+and they could be surprised as they raced down the rapids.
+On a level stretch near the foot of the Sault there was
+a rude fort ready at hand, a palisaded structure which
+had served during the previous autumn as a shelter for
+an Algonquin war-party. The French drew the canoes up on
+the shore, and stored the provisions and ammunition in
+the fort. Then all save the watchful sentinels lay down
+for a much-needed rest. On the following day Daulac's
+band was reinforced by four Algonquins and forty Hurons,
+the Hurons led by the chief Annahotaha, an inveterate
+foe of the Iroquois, who had on more than one occasion
+taken terrible revenge on the enemies of his people.
+Daulac, now in command of sixty men, confidently awaited
+the Iroquois. In the meantime axe and saw and shovel were
+plied to erect a second row of palisades and to fill the
+space between with earth to the height of a man's breast.
+Scouts went out and discovered the encampment of the
+Iroquois, and at last brought the news that two canoes
+were running the rapids. Daulac hurriedly placed several
+of his best marksmen in ambush at a spot where the Iroquois
+were likely to land. The musketeers, however, in their
+excitement, did not kill all the canoemen. Two of the
+Iroquois escaped and sped back through the forest to warn
+their countrymen, and soon a hundred canoes came leaping
+down the turbulent waters. For a moment Daulac and his
+men watched the advancing savages. Then they dashed into
+the fort to prepare for the fight. Against their defences
+rushed the Iroquois. Again and again the defenders drove
+them back with great loss. And for a week the heroic
+band, living on short rations of crushed corn and water
+from a well they had dug within the fort, kept the
+assailants at bay. During this time the Iroquois received
+large reinforcements, but to no avail. At length they
+made shields of split logs heavy enough to resist bullets;
+and presently the bewildered defenders of the fort saw
+a wooden wall advancing against them. They fired rapid,
+despairing volleys; a few of the shield-bearers fell,
+but their places were quickly filled from those in the
+rear. At the foot of the palisades the Iroquois cast
+aside the shields, and, hatchet in hand, hacked an opening.
+The end had come. The Iroquois breached the wall. But
+Daulac and his men stood to the last, brandishing knife
+and axe, while with fierce war-cries the Iroquois bounded
+into the fort; and when the sounds of battle ceased there
+remained only three Frenchmen, living but mortally wounded,
+on whom the savages could glut their vengeance.
+
+[Footnote: The story of the fight was brought to Montreal
+by some Hurons who deserted Daulac's party and escaped.]
+
+The Iroquois had won, but they had no stomach for raiding
+the settlements. If seventeen Frenchmen, assisted by a
+few Indians, could keep their hosts at bay for a week,
+it would be useless to attack strongly fortified posts.
+And so Daulac and his men at this 'Canadian Thermopylae'
+had really turned aside the tide of war from New France.
+The settlements were saved, and for a time traders and
+missionaries journeyed along the St Lawrence and the
+Ottawa unmolested.
+
+In 1663, when Louis XIV took New France under his wing,
+the surviving members of the original Society of Our Lady
+of Montreal made over the island to the Sulpicians, who
+assumed the liabilities of the Society, and took up the
+task of looking after the education of the inhabitants
+and the care of the sick. Four years later the Seminary
+of St Sulpice was given judicial rights in the mission
+of Ville Marie. In 1668 five more Sulpicians came to the
+colony, among them Rene de Galinee and Dollier de Casson,
+who were to win distinction as missionaries and explorers.
+Many Sulpician missions pushed out from Ville Marie,
+along the upper St Lawrence and the north shore of Lake
+Ontario.
+
+At the beginning of the eighteenth century the complexion
+of Ville Marie, then generally called Montreal, had
+somewhat changed. The Jesuits, the Recollets, who had
+returned to New France in 1670, and the Sulpicians all
+laboured there. Moreover, from a mere mission station it
+had become an important trading centre; and as such it
+was to continue. In position it was well adapted for the
+fur trade, and after the British took possession in 1760
+it became the emporium of a great traffic in the fur-fields
+of the north and west. But its glorious days are those
+of its infancy, the days of Maisonneuve and Daulac, of
+Jeanne Mance and Marguerite Bourgeoys, of Rene de Galinee
+and Dollier de Casson.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE MISSIONARY EXPLORERS
+
+The establishment of royal government in 1663 gave new
+life to the missions of Canada, and the missionaries
+pressed forward with unflagging zeal. They penetrated to
+the remotest known tribes and blazed fresh trails for
+traders and settlers in the western and northern
+wildernesses. We have not space here to tell the story
+of these pathfinders, but a few examples may be given.
+In 1665 Father Claude Allouez went to Lake Superior to
+begin a sojourn of twenty-five years among the Indians
+in the region which now forms part of the states of
+Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In 1666 Father Gabriel
+Druillettes, 'the patriarch' of the Abnaki mission, who
+had already borne the Cross to the Crees of the north,
+began his labours among the Algonquins of Georgian Bay
+and Lake Superior. In 1669 and 1670 the Sulpicians Dollier
+de Casson and Rene de Galinee explored and charted Lake
+Erie and the waters between it and Lake Huron. In 1670
+Father Claude Dablon, superior of the western missions,
+joined Father Allouez at the mission of St Francois-Xavier
+on Green Bay; and, among the Winnebagoes of this region
+and the Mascoutens and Miamis between the rivers Fox and
+Wisconsin, he learned of 'the famous river called the
+Mississippi.' In 1672 Father Charles Albanel toiled from
+the Saguenay to Hudson Bay, partly as missionary, but
+chiefly to lay claim to the country for New France, and
+to watch the operations of the newly founded Hudson's
+Bay Company.
+
+It was the 25th of May 1670 when Galinee and Casson
+arrived at Sault Ste Marie, after an arduous canoe journey
+from their wintering camp on Lake Erie, near the site of
+the present town of Port Dover. At the Sault they found
+a thriving mission. It had a capacious chapel and a
+comfortable dwelling-house; it was surrounded by a palisade
+of cedars, and about it were cultivated bits of ground
+planted with wheat, Indian corn, peas, and pumpkins. Near
+by were clusters of bark wigwams, the homes of Ojibwas
+and other Indians, who came here each year to catch the
+whitefish that teemed in the waters of the rapids fronting
+the settlement.
+
+One of the priests in charge of this mission, when the
+Sulpicians halted at it on their circuitous journey back
+to Montreal, was the young Jesuit Jacques Marquette, a
+man of delicate mould, indomitable will, keen intellect,
+and ardent faith. He was not to remain long at Sault Ste
+Marie; for he had heard 'the call of the west'; and in
+the summer of this year he set out for the mission of St
+Esprit, at La Pointe, on the south-west shore of Lake
+Superior. Here there was a motley collection of Indians,
+among them many Hurons and Petuns, who had fled to this
+remote post to be out of reach of the Iroquois. These
+exiles from Huronia still remembered the Jesuits and
+retained 'a little Christianity.' St Esprit was not only
+a mission; it was a centre of the fur trade, and to it
+came Illinois Indians from the Mississippi and Sioux from
+the western prairies. From these Marquette learned of
+the great river, and from their description of it he was
+convinced that it flowed into the Gulf of California. He
+had a burning desire to visit the savage hordes that
+dwelt along this river, and a longing to explore it to
+its mouth. But while he meditated the journey war broke
+out between the Sioux--the Iroquois of the west--and the
+Hurons and Ottawas of St Esprit. The Sioux won, and the
+vanquished Hurons and Ottawas took to flight, the Hurons
+going to Michilimackinac and the Ottawas to Great Manitoulin
+Island. Marquette followed the Hurons, and set up a
+mission at Point St Ignace, on the north shore of the
+strait of Michilimackinac.
+
+Meanwhile 'the great intendant,' Talon, was pushing out
+in all directions for new territory to add to the French
+dominions in America. And just before the end of his
+brilliant administration he commissioned the explorer
+Louis Jolliet to find and explore the Mississippi, of
+which so much had been heard from missionaries, traders,
+and Indians. Like Marquette, Talon believed that this
+river flowed into the Western Sea--the Pacific ocean--and
+that it would open a route to China and the Indies; and
+it was directed that Marquette should accompany Jolliet
+on the journey.
+
+Jolliet left Montreal in the autumn of 1672 and reached
+Michilimackinac, where he was to spend the winter with
+Marquette, just as the ice was forming on lake and river.
+When he drew up his canoe in front of the palisaded
+mission at Point St Ignace, Marquette felt that his
+ambitions were about to be realized.  He was disappointed
+in his flock of Algonquins and the feeble remnant of
+Hurons, and he hoped to gather about him on the Great
+Plains--of whose vegetation and game he had heard
+marvellous accounts--a multitude of Indians who would
+welcome his Gospel message. Dablon and Allouez had already
+touched the outskirts of this country, and their success
+was an earnest of great things in store.
+
+The winter passed slowly for Marquette; but at length,
+on May 17, 1673, the explorer and the missionary with
+five assistants--a feeble band to risk a plunge into the
+unknown--launched their canoes and headed westward.
+
+The explorers first shaped their course along the northern
+shore of Lake Michigan, then steered south-west until
+they reached the mouth of the Menominee river, flowing
+into Green Bay. Here they rested for a brief period among
+friendly Menominees, who tried to persuade them to give
+up their venture. According to the Menominees, the banks
+of the Mississippi were infested by savage tribes who
+tortured and slew all intruders into their domains. As
+this did not seem sufficient to discourage Jolliet and
+Marquette, they added that demons haunted the land
+bordering the river and monsters the river itself, and
+that, even if they escaped savages, demons, and monsters,
+they would perish from the excessive heat of the country
+Both Jolliet and Marquette had heard such stories from
+Indians before. Pressing on to the south end of Green
+Bay, they entered the Fox river and ascended it until
+they reached Lake Winnebago. After crossing this lake
+they continued westward up the extension of the Fox. They
+were now in the land of the Mascoutens and Miamis. The
+country teemed with life; birds filled the air with whirr
+of wing and with song; as the voyagers paddled ever
+westward deer and elk came from their forest lairs to
+gaze with wondering eyes at these unfamiliar intruders
+on their haunts. The Mascoutens were friendly, and supplied
+the travellers with bison flesh and venison, and with
+guides to direct them over the watershed to the Wisconsin.
+They carried the canoes over a forest trail, and launched
+them on this river; and then with exulting hearts swept
+forward on the last stage of their journey to the
+Mississippi. At length, on the 17th of June, they reached
+the great river and landed at the place where now stands
+Prairie du Chien. They had the feeling of conquerors,
+but of conquerors whose greatest battle has yet to be
+fought. Out of the far north came this mysterious river;
+but whither did it go? Did these waters sweep onward till
+they lost themselves in the Pacific, or did they pour
+into some southern bay of the Atlantic? Such were the
+questions that agitated the minds of these first of
+Frenchmen to gaze on the 'Father of Waters,' [Footnote:
+It is thought possible that in 1658-59 Pierre Esprit
+Radisson and Medard Chouart des Groseilliers crossed the
+Mississippi while hunting furs in the country west of
+Lake Superior; but there is an element of doubt as to
+this. Save for the Spaniards, Jolliet and Marquette were
+the first white men on the Mississippi, so far as known.]
+questions that were not to be laid at rest until La Salle,
+nine years later, toiled down the river and from its
+mouth viewed the wide expanse of the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+After a brief rest the party launched their canoes and
+for over a week drifted downward with the current,
+anchoring their canoes in mid-stream at night for fear
+of an attack by hostile Indians. But during this time
+they saw no human beings; the only living things that
+caught their eyes as they sped past forest and plain were
+the deer browsing along the banks, the birds circling
+overhead, and immense herds of buffalo moving like huge
+armies over the grassy slopes. At length they reached a
+village of friendly Illinois, and here they were feasted
+on fish, dog, and buffalo meat, and spent the balmy
+midsummer night in the open, sleeping on buffalo robes.
+While at this village, Marquette, who had a rare gift of
+tongues, addressed the Illinois in Algonquin, and thus
+preached the Gospel for the first time to the Indians of
+the Mississippi. Here their hosts warned them of the
+dangers they were going to--death from savages or demons
+awaited them in the south--and presented them with a
+calumet as a passport to protect them against the tribes
+below.
+
+After leaving this village the explorers came upon a
+'hideous monster,' a huge fish, the appearance of which
+almost made them credit the stories of the Indians.
+According to Marquette: 'His head was like that of a
+tiger, his nose was sharp, and somewhat resembled a
+wildcat; his beard was long, his ears stood upright, the
+colour of his head was grey, and his neck black.' Onward
+swept the explorers past the mouth of the Illinois. A
+few miles above the present city of Alton they paused to
+gaze on some high rocks on which fabulous creatures were
+pictured. 'They are,' wrote Marquette in his narrative,
+'as large as a calf, with head and horns like a goat;
+their eyes red; beard like a tiger's, and a face like a
+man's. Their tails are so long that they pass over their
+heads and between their forelegs, under the belly, and
+ending like a fish's tail. They are painted red, green,
+and black.' The Indians of the Mississippi were certainly
+not without imagination and possessed some artistic skill.
+No doubt it was these pictured rocks that had originated
+among the Menominees and Illinois the stories of the
+demons with which they had regaled Marquette and Jolliet.
+
+While the voyagers were still discussing the pictured
+rocks, their canoes began to toss and heave on rushing
+waters, and they found themselves in the midst of plunging
+logs and tumbling trees. They were at the mouth of the
+Missouri. As they threaded their way past this dangerous
+point, Marquette resolved that he would one day ascend
+this river that he might 'preach the Gospel to all the
+peoples of this New World who have so long grovelled in
+the darkness of infidelity.'
+
+Onward still into the unknown!  At the mouth of the
+Ohio--then called by the Indians the Ouabouskigon [Footnote:
+This word, as well as the word Ohio, or O-he-ho, means
+'The Beautiful.']--they drew up their canoes to rest
+and then advanced a little farther south to an Illinois
+village. The inhabitants of this village wore European
+clothing and had beads, knives, and hatchets, obtained
+no doubt from the Spaniards. The Indians told the explorers
+that the mouth of the river was distant only a ten-days'
+journey, whereas it was in reality a thousand miles away.
+But with increased hope the Frenchmen once more launched
+their canoes and went on until they came to the mouth of
+the Arkansas. Here they met with the first hostile
+demonstration. Indians, with bows bent and war-clubs
+raised, threatened destruction to these unknown whites;
+but Marquette, calm, courageous, and confident, stood up
+in the bow of his canoe and held aloft the calumet the
+Illinois had given him. The passport was respected and
+the elders of the village, which was close at hand,
+invited the voyagers ashore and feasted them with sagamite
+and fish. Leaving this village, they pressed southward
+twenty odd miles to another Arkansas village. The attitude
+of the Indians here alarmed them, and this, with the
+apprehension that the mouth of the Mississippi was much
+farther away than they had been led to believe, decided
+them to return.
+
+Jolliet and Marquette were now satisfied with what they
+had achieved. The southward trend of the river proved
+conclusively that it could not fall into the Gulf of
+California, and, as they were in latitude 33 degrees 41
+minutes, the river could not empty into the Atlantic in
+Virginia. It must therefore join the sea either on the
+coast of Florida or in the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover, to
+proceed farther would but add weary miles to the difficult
+return journey. But the chief reason for turning back is
+best given in Marquette's own words:
+
+   We considered that the advantage of our travels would
+   be altogether lost to our nation if we fell into the
+   hands of the Spaniards, from whom we could expect no
+   other treatment but death or slavery; besides, we saw
+   that we were not prepared to resist the Indians, the
+   allies of the Europeans, who continually infested the
+   lower part of the river.
+
+On the 17th of July, just one month after they first
+sighted the waters of the Mississippi, the explorers
+turned their canoes northward. A little south of the
+Illinois river some friendly Indians told them of a
+shorter way to Lake Michigan than by the Wisconsin and
+Fox river route. These Indians were anxious to have
+Marquette remain with them and establish a mission. He
+was unable to comply with their request, for in the
+miasmal region of the lower Mississippi he had contracted
+a severe malarial fever; but he promised to return to
+them as soon as his health permitted. The explorers were
+now joined by a chief and a band of Indians as guides to
+Lake Michigan, and with these they ascended the Illinois
+and then the river Des Plaines. From the river Des Plaines
+they portaged their canoes to the Chicago river and
+descended it to Lake Michigan. They arrived at Green Bay
+at the end of September, having travelled in all, since
+leaving this spot, over twenty-five hundred miles.
+Marquette was too ill to go farther; and he remained at
+Green Bay to recruit his strength, while Jolliet hastened
+to Quebec to report to Frontenac the results of his
+expedition. Unfortunately, the canoe in which Jolliet
+travelled was upset in the Lachine rapids and the papers
+containing his charts and the account of his journey were
+lost; however, he was able to piece out from memory the
+story of his Ulysses-like wanderings.
+
+By the autumn of 1674 Marquette thought that he had
+completely recovered his health, and, having received
+permission from his superior, he set out for the Illinois
+country on the 25th of October to establish the mission
+of the Immaculate Conception. He was accompanied on this
+journey by two assistants--two true heroes--known to
+history only as Pierre and Jacques, and a band of
+Potawatomis and Illinois. In ten canoes the party paddled
+southward from Green Bay, for nearly a month buffeting
+the tempestuous autumn seas of Lake Michigan. They ascended
+the Chicago river for six miles and encamped. Marquette
+could go no farther; he was once more prostrated with
+illness, and a severe hemorrhage threatened to carry him
+off. But his valiant spirit conquered, and during the
+winter he was able to minister to some Illinois, who were
+encamped a short distance away and who paid him occasional
+visits. By the spring he had so far recovered that he
+decided to undertake the journey to the Mississippi, his
+heart set on founding a mission among the tribes there.
+On the 13th of March he and his two helpers broke camp
+and portaged their canoe to the Des Plaines. Near the
+junction of this river with the Illinois was the Indian
+town of Old Kaskaskia. The Indians of this town gave him
+a welcome worthy of a conqueror, such as indeed he really
+was. He went among them teaching and preaching; but brain
+and body were burning with fever; he felt that he had
+not long to live, and if he would die among his own people
+he must hasten home. He summoned the Indians to a grand
+council. And, in one of God's first temples--a meadow
+decked with spring flowers and roofed by the blue vault
+of heaven--he preached to a congregation of over three
+thousand--chiefs, warriors, women, and children. His
+sermon finished, he blessed his hearers, and, leaving
+his words to sink into their hearts, bade them farewell.
+
+Pierre and Jacques now made ready the canoe, and the
+journey to Michilimackinac began. When they reached Lake
+Michigan Marquette was only half conscious. While he lay
+on the robes piled in the bottom of the canoe, his faithful
+henchmen paddled furiously to reach their destination.
+But their efforts were in vain; Marquette saw that his
+end was approaching and bade them turn the canoe to land.
+And on May 19, 1675, on the bleak shore of Lake Michigan,
+this hero of the Cross, the greatest of the missionary
+explorers, entered into his rest. He was only thirty-eight;
+he had not finished his work; he had not realized his
+ambitions; but his memory lives, a force for good, as
+that of one who dared and endured and passionately followed
+the path of the setting sun.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE LAST PHASE
+
+The priests laboured on in their mission-fields from Cape
+Breton to the Mississippi and north towards Hudson Bay,
+wherever there were Indians. In the Iroquois country
+alone did they fail to establish themselves securely.
+The nearest neighbours of the Iroquois, the English of
+New York and New England, stirred by French and Indian
+raids on their borders and regarding all Frenchmen as
+enemies, did what they could to destroy the influence of
+the French priests and keep them out of the country. Lord
+Bellomont, governor of New York, even threatened to hang
+any priest found in his colony. Yet the Jesuits made
+another attempt in 1702; but it did not succeed, and a
+few years later the Iroquois mission was abandoned.
+
+Among the Algonquin tribes the old dread of the priests
+had vanished and they were everywhere hailed as friends.
+They were no longer in danger of assassination, and,
+apart from the hardships inevitable to wilderness life,
+their lot was not an unpleasant one. Perhaps their worst
+enemy was the brandy traffic carried on by the coureurs
+de bois, which brought in its wake drunkenness, disease,
+licentiousness, and crime. The missionaries fought this
+evil, with the wholehearted support of Laval, the great
+bishop of Quebec, and of his successors. But for their
+opposition it is probable that the Indians in contact
+with the French would have been utterly swept away; as
+it was, brandy thinned their numbers quite as much as
+war. Some of the coureurs de bois, who displayed their
+wares and traded for furs at the mission stations, were
+almost as obnoxious to the priests as the brandy which
+they offered. Among them were many worthy men, like the
+great Du Lhut; but the majority were 'white savages,'
+whose conduct went far to nullify the teaching and example
+of the missionaries.
+
+Thus the missions went on until the British came. For
+more than fifty years the conflict between the two nations
+for mastery continued intermittently; and finally in 1760
+the French struck their flag and departed. The victors
+viewed the religious orders with distrust; they regarded
+the priests as political agents; and they passed an edict
+that such Jesuits and Recollets as were in Canada might
+remain and 'die where they are, but they must not add to
+their number.' Of the Jesuits only twelve remained, and
+the last of these, Father Casot, died in 1800.
+
+In looking back over the work of the missionaries in New
+France, it would seem that their visible harvest was a
+scant one, since the Indian races for whom they toiled
+have disappeared from history and are apparently doomed
+to extinction. This, of course, is due to natural causes
+over which the priests had no control and which they
+would thankfully have had otherwise. It cannot be questioned
+that their work operated for the benefit of the natives.
+But the priceless contribution of the missionaries lies
+in the example which they gave to the world. During the
+greater part of two centuries in the wilds they bore
+themselves manfully and fought a good fight. In all that
+time not one of all the men in that long procession of
+missionaries is known to have disgraced himself or to
+have played the coward in the face of danger or disaster.
+
+The influence of the priests, however, was not confined
+to the Indians. It permeated the whole colony and lives
+to the present day. In no country in the world is there
+a more peaceable and kindly or moral and devout people
+than in the province of Quebec, largely because they have
+kept in their primitive simplicity the lessons taught by
+the clergy of New France. When the Revolution swept away
+religion and morals in Old France, it left untouched the
+French of Canada; and the descendants of the peasants of
+Anjou, Picardy, and Poitou kept alive in the New World
+the beliefs and customs, the simple faith and reverence
+for authority, of their ancestors in the Old World.
+Throughout the length and breadth of New France the
+priests and nuns were the teachers of the people. And
+the seminaries, schools, and colleges which they founded
+continue to shape the morals and character of the French
+Canadians of to-day.
+
+It may be doubted whether the British government acted
+wisely after winning Canada in suppressing the religious
+orders. At any rate, after the unhappy rebellions of 1837
+the government adopted a more generous policy; and the
+Jesuits and the Oblates came to Canada in ever-increasing
+numbers to take up missionary work anew. Like the priests
+of old they went into the wilderness, no difficulty too
+great to be overcome, no peril too hazardous to be risked.
+In the Mackenzie valley, in the far Yukon, and among the
+tumbled hills of British Columbia they planted the Cross,
+establishing missions and schools.
+
+But the great age of the Church in Canada was the heroic
+age of Lalemant and Brebeuf, of Jogues and Bressani, of
+Allouez and Marquette. Their memories are living lights
+illuminating the paths of all workers among those who
+sit in spiritual darkness. The resolution of these first
+missionaries, not to be overcome by hardship, torture,
+or threat of death itself, has served in time of trial
+and danger to brace missionaries of all churches. Brebeuf
+still lives and labours in the wilderness regions of
+Canada; Marquette still toils on into the unknown.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
+
+'The Relations' of the Jesuits are, of course, the prime
+sources of information. Consult the edition edited by R.
+G. Thwaites, 'The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents',
+seventy-three volumes (1896-1901). This gives the original
+French text with an English translation. See also
+Rochemonteix, 'Les Jesuites et la Nouvelle France';
+Parkman, 'Pioneers of France', 'The Old Regime in Canada',
+'The Jesuits in North America', 'La Salle and the Discovery
+of the Great West', 'Frontenac and New France'; Harris,
+'Pioneers of the Cross in Canada'; Jones, 'Old Huronia',
+the fifth report of the Bureau of Archives for the Province
+of Ontario; Marshall, 'Christian Missions'; Campbell,
+'Pioneer Priests of North America'.
+
+The following general histories contain many illuminating
+pages on the missions: Faillon, 'Histoire de la Colonie
+Francaise'; Charlevoix, 'Histoire de la Nouvelle-France';
+Boucher, 'Canada in the Seventeenth Century'; Sagard,
+'Histoire du Canada'; Kingsford, 'History of Canada';
+Shortt and Doughty, 'Canada and its Provinces' (especially
+the chapter in the second volume by the distinguished
+priest, Rev. Lewis Drummond, S.J.); Winsor, 'Narrative
+and Critical History of America.
+
+Reference works with valuable articles on the missions
+and the Indians are: 'The Catholic Encyclopaedia'; Hodge,
+'Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'; White,
+'Handbook of Indians of Canada', adapted from Hodge.
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Jesuit Missions, by Thomas Guthrie Marquis
+
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