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diff --git a/43750-h/43750-h.htm b/43750-h/43750-h.htm index cd0164b..9e7bb70 100644 --- a/43750-h/43750-h.htm +++ b/43750-h/43750-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ancient Man in Britain, by Donald A. (Donald Alexander) Mackenzie</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> <style type="text/css"> @@ -233,26 +233,10 @@ hr.c30 </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43750 ***</div> <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Ancient Man in Britain, by Donald A. (Donald Alexander) Mackenzie</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Ancient Man in Britain</p> -<p>Author: Donald A. (Donald Alexander) Mackenzie</p> -<p>Release Date: September 16, 2013 [eBook #43750]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT MAN IN BRITAIN***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Mary Akers,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -286,7 +270,7 @@ href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> <img class="mw" src="images/i_005.jpg" alt="" /> <div class="caption"> <p class="right"><span class="small">Copyright, 1915, by Charles Scribner's Sons</span></p> -<p class="center">HEAD OF A CRÔ-MAGNON MAN</p> +<p class="center">HEAD OF A CRÔ-MAGNON MAN</p> <p class="center">After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor. Reproduced by permission<br /> from <cite>Men of the Old Stone Age</cite> by Henry Fairfield Osborn.</p> </div></div> @@ -398,7 +382,7 @@ civilization as it affects Britain.</p> <p>This volume deals with the history of man in Britain from the Ice Age till the Roman period. The evidence is gleaned from the various sciences which are usually -studied apart, including geology, archæology, philology, +studied apart, including geology, archæology, philology, ethnology or anthropology, &c., and the writer has set himself to tell the story of Ancient Man in a manner which will interest a wider circle of readers than is usually @@ -406,7 +390,7 @@ reached by purely technical books. It has not been assumed that the representatives of Modern Man who first settled in Europe were simple-minded savages. The evidence afforded by the craftsmanship, the burial -customs, and the art of the Crô-Magnon races, those +customs, and the art of the Crô-Magnon races, those contemporaries of the reindeer and the hairy mammoth in South-western France, suggests that they had been influenced by a centre of civilization in which considerable @@ -419,7 +403,7 @@ and mentally superior to the average present-day inhabitants of Europe. Nor were they entirely isolated from the ancient culture area by which they had been originally influenced. As is shown, the evidence -afforded by an Indian Ocean sea-shell, found in a Crô-Magnon +afforded by an Indian Ocean sea-shell, found in a Crô-Magnon <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span> burial cavern near Mentone, indicates that much has yet to be discovered regarding the activities @@ -434,7 +418,7 @@ by British finds is but a part of a larger story; and if this larger story is to be reconstructed, our investigations must extend even beyond the continent of Europe. The data afforded by the "Red Man of Paviland", who -was buried with Crô-Magnon rites in a Welsh cave, +was buried with Crô-Magnon rites in a Welsh cave, not only emphasize that Continental and North African cultural influences reached Britain when the ice-cap was retreating in Northern Europe, but that from its very @@ -474,7 +458,7 @@ be yet wholly obliterated. We are the heirs of the Ages in a profounder sense than has hitherto been supposed.</p> <p>Considered from this point of view, the orthodox -scheme of Archæological Ages, which is of comparatively +scheme of Archæological Ages, which is of comparatively recent origin, leaves much to be desired. If anthropological data have insisted upon one thing more than another, it is that modes of thought, which govern @@ -488,14 +472,14 @@ life, and the beliefs, social customs, &c., connected with it, than could possibly have been effected by the introduction of edged implements of stone, bone, or metal.</p> -<p>As a substitute for the Archæological Ages, the writer +<p>As a substitute for the Archæological Ages, the writer suggests in this volume a new system, based on habits of life, which may be found useful for historical purposes. -In this system the terms "Palæolithic", "Neolithic", +In this system the terms "Palæolithic", "Neolithic", &c., are confined to industries. "Neolithic man", "Bronze Age man", "Iron Age man", and other terms of like character may be favoured by some -archæologists, but they mean little or nothing to most +archæologists, but they mean little or nothing to most anatomists, who detect different racial types in a single "Age". A history of ancient man cannot ignore one set of scientists to pleasure another.</p> @@ -504,12 +488,12 @@ set of scientists to pleasure another.</p> Several chapters are devoted to the religious beliefs and customs of our ancestors, and it is shown that there is available for study in this connection a mass of -evidence which the archæological agnostics are too prone +evidence which the archæological agnostics are too prone to ignore. The problem of the megalithic monuments must evidently be reconsidered in the light of the fuller anthropological data now available. Indeed, it would appear that a firmer basis than that afforded by "crude -evolutionary ideas" must be found for British archæology +evolutionary ideas" must be found for British archæology as a whole. The evidence of surviving beliefs and customs, of Celtic philology and literature, of early Christian writings, and of recent discoveries in Spain, Mesopotamia, @@ -648,12 +632,12 @@ civilized.</p> <td class="tdr">Page</td> </tr> <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Head of a Crô-Magnon Man</span></td> + <td><span class="smcap">Head of a Crô-Magnon Man</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_ii"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Examples of Lower Palæolithic Industries found in</span><br /> + <td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Examples of Lower Palæolithic Industries found in</span><br /> <span class="smcap i2">England</span></td> <td class="tdr2"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> </tr> @@ -662,7 +646,7 @@ civilized.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Examples of Palæolithic Art</span></td> + <td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Examples of Palæolithic Art</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -733,11 +717,11 @@ civilized.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="smcap">Upper Palæolithic Implements</td> + <td class="smcap">Upper Palæolithic Implements</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="smcap">Skull of a Crô-Magnon Man: front and side views</td> + <td class="smcap">Skull of a Crô-Magnon Man: front and side views</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -979,7 +963,7 @@ clay inside baskets of reeds, and that the decorations of the early pots were suggested by the markings impressed <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> by these. It is of interest to note in this connection that -some Roman wares were called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bascaudæ</i>, or "baskets", +some Roman wares were called <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">bascaudæ</i>, or "baskets", and that the Welsh <i lang="lcy" xml:lang="cy">basged</i>—<i lang="cy" xml:lang="cy">basg</i>, from which our word "basket" is derived, signify "network" and "plaiting". The decoration of some pots certainly suggests @@ -1036,9 +1020,9 @@ settlers in Britain.</p> <h2>CHAPTER II<br /> <small>Earliest Traces of Modern Man</small></h2> -<p class="blockquote">The Culture Ages—Ancient Races—The Neanderthals—Crô-Magnon -Man—The Evolution Theory—Palæolithic Ages—The Transition Period—Neanderthal -Artifacts—Birth of Crô-Magnon Art—Occupations of Flint-yielding +<p class="blockquote">The Culture Ages—Ancient Races—The Neanderthals—Crô-Magnon +Man—The Evolution Theory—Palæolithic Ages—The Transition Period—Neanderthal +Artifacts—Birth of Crô-Magnon Art—Occupations of Flint-yielding Stations—Ravages of Disease—Duration of Glacial and Inter-glacial Periods.</p> @@ -1046,11 +1030,11 @@ Periods.</p> writing in the <cite>Prehistoric Times</cite>, suggested that the Stone Age artifacts found in Western Europe should be classified into two main periods, to which he applied -the terms Palæolithic (Old Stone) and Neolithic (New +the terms Palæolithic (Old Stone) and Neolithic (New Stone). The foundations of the classification had previously been laid by the French antiquaries M. Boucher de Perthes and Edouard Lartet. It was intended that -Palæolithic should refer to rough stone implements, and +Palæolithic should refer to rough stone implements, and Neolithic to those of the period when certain artifacts were polished.</p> @@ -1082,7 +1066,7 @@ have been made during the present century, which have thrown a flood of light on the problem. In 1908 a skeleton was discovered in a grotto near La Chapelle-aux-Saints in France, which definitely established the fact -that during the earlier or lower period of the Palæolithic +that during the earlier or lower period of the Palæolithic Age a Neanderthal race existed on the Continent, and, as other remains testify, in England as well. This race became extinct. Some hold that there are no living @@ -1094,13 +1078,13 @@ more closely related to Modern Man (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Homo sapiens</i>) There were pre-Neanderthal peoples, including Piltdown man and Heidelberg man.</p> -<p>During the Palæolithic Age the ancestors of modern +<p>During the Palæolithic Age the ancestors of modern man appeared in Western Europe. These are now -known as the Crô-Magnon races.</p> +known as the Crô-Magnon races.</p> -<p>In dealing with the Palæolithic Age, therefore, it has +<p>In dealing with the Palæolithic Age, therefore, it has to be borne in mind that the artifacts classified by the -archæologists represent the activities, not only of different +archæologists represent the activities, not only of different races, but of representatives of different species of humanity. Neanderthal man, who differed greatly from Modern man, is described as follows by Professor Elliot @@ -1138,18 +1122,18 @@ joint is saddle-shaped, that is concave from within backward, and convex from without inward". The Neanderthal fingers were "relatively short and robust".<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> -<p>The Crô-Magnons present a sharp contrast to the +<p>The Crô-Magnons present a sharp contrast to the Neanderthals. In all essential features they were of modern type. They would, dressed in modern attire, pass through the streets of a modern city without particular notice being taken of them. One branch of the -Crô-Magnons was particularly tall and handsome, with +Crô-Magnons was particularly tall and handsome, with an average height for the males of 6 feet 1-1/2 inches, with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> chests very broad in the upper part, and remarkably long shin-bones that indicate swiftness of foot. The Neanderthals had short shins and bent knees, and their -gait must have been slow and awkward. The Crô-Magnon +gait must have been slow and awkward. The Crô-Magnon hand was quite like that of the most civilized men of to-day.</p> @@ -1157,7 +1141,7 @@ men of to-day.</p> with the study of the development of early civilization in our native land, because of the prevalence of the theory that in collections of stone implements, -dating from remote Palæolithic times till the Neolithic +dating from remote Palæolithic times till the Neolithic Age, a complete and orderly series of evolutionary stages can be traced. "As like needs", says one writer in this connection, "produce like means of satisfaction, the @@ -1200,16 +1184,16 @@ needs and constructive powers of the Neanderthals, whose big clumsy hands lacked "the delicate play between the thumb and fingers characteristic of modern races", could not have been the same as those of the -Crô-Magnons, and that the finely shaped implements of -the Crô-Magnons could not have been evolved from the +Crô-Magnons, and that the finely shaped implements of +the Crô-Magnons could not have been evolved from the rough implements of the Neanderthals. The craftsmen of one race may, however, have imitated, or attempted to imitate, the technique of those of another.</p> <p>There was a distinct break in the continuity of culture -during the Palæolithic Age, caused by the arrival in +during the Palæolithic Age, caused by the arrival in Western Europe of the ancestors of Modern Man. The -advent of the Crô-Magnons in Europe "represents on +advent of the Crô-Magnons in Europe "represents on the cultural side", as Professor Elliot Smith says in <cite>Primitive Man</cite>, "the most momentous event in its history".</p> @@ -1220,25 +1204,25 @@ history".</p> <p class="right"><span class="small">Photo. Mansell</span></p> -<p>EXAMPLES OF LOWER PALÆOLITHIC INDUSTRIES<br /> +<p>EXAMPLES OF LOWER PALÆOLITHIC INDUSTRIES<br /> FOUND IN ENGLAND<br /> (British Museum)</p> </div></div> -<p>Some urge that the term "Palæolithic" should now +<p>Some urge that the term "Palæolithic" should now be discarded altogether, but its use has become so firmly -established that archæologists are loth to dispense with +established that archæologists are loth to dispense with it. The first period of human culture has, however, -had to be divided into "Lower" and "Upper Palæolithic"—Lower +had to be divided into "Lower" and "Upper Palæolithic"—Lower <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> closing with the disappearance of the Neanderthals, and Upper beginning with the arrival of -the Crô-Magnons. These periods embrace the sub-divisions +the Crô-Magnons. These periods embrace the sub-divisions detected during the latter half of last century -by the French archæologists, and are now classified as +by the French archæologists, and are now classified as follows:</p> -<p>Lower Palæolithic—</p> +<p>Lower Palæolithic—</p> <p class="hanging">1. Pre-Chellean.</p> @@ -1249,21 +1233,21 @@ of Paris).</p> valley).</p> <p class="hanging">4. Mousterian (named after the caves of Le Moustier -in the valley of the River Vézère).</p> +in the valley of the River Vézère).</p> -<p>Upper Palæolithic—</p> +<p>Upper Palæolithic—</p> <p class="hanging">1. Aurignacian (named after Aurignac, Haute Garonne).</p> -<p class="hanging">2. Solutrean (named after Solutré, Saône-et-Loire).</p> +<p class="hanging">2. Solutrean (named after Solutré, Saône-et-Loire).</p> <p class="hanging">3. Magdalenian (named after La Madeleine in the -valley of the River Vézère).</p> +valley of the River Vézère).</p> <p>Then follows, in France, the Azilian stage (named after Mas d'Azil, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees) -which is regarded as the link between Upper Palæolithic +which is regarded as the link between Upper Palæolithic and Neolithic. But in Western Europe, including Britain, there were really three distinct cultures during the so-called "Transition Period". These are the @@ -1295,7 +1279,7 @@ Right-hand view shows sinuous cutting edge.</p> when the Aurignacian stage of culture was inaugurated by the -intruding Crô-Magnons. +intruding Crô-Magnons. Skilled workers chipped flint in a new way, and, like the contemporary inhabitants @@ -1306,14 +1290,14 @@ horn, and the ivory tusks of mammoths. The birth of pictorial art took place in Europe after the -Crô-Magnons arrived.</p> +Crô-Magnons arrived.</p> <p>It would appear that the remnants of the Neanderthals in the late Mousterian stage of culture were stimulated by the arrival of the -Crô-Magnons to imitate new flint forms and adopt the +Crô-Magnons to imitate new flint forms and adopt the new methods of workmanship. There is no other evidence -to indicate that the Crô-Magnons came into contact +to indicate that the Crô-Magnons came into contact with communities of the Neanderthals. In these far-off days Europe was thinly peopled by hunters who dwelt in caves. The climate was cold, and the hairy @@ -1330,7 +1314,7 @@ the climate was much milder than it is in our own time. He crossed over from Africa by the Italian land-bridge, and he found African fauna, including species of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, lion, and the -hyæna, jackal, and sabre-tooth tiger in Spain, France, +hyæna, jackal, and sabre-tooth tiger in Spain, France, Germany. Thousands of years elapsed and the summers became shorter, and the winters longer and more severe, until the northern fauna began to migrate southward, @@ -1338,7 +1322,7 @@ and the African fauna deserted the plains and decaying forests of Europe. Then followed the Fourth Glacial phase, and when it was passing away the Neanderthals, who had long been in the Mousterian phase of culture, -saw bands of Crô-Magnons prospecting and hunting in +saw bands of Crô-Magnons prospecting and hunting in southern Europe. The new-comers had migrated from some centre of culture in North Africa, and appear to have crossed over the Italian land-bridge. It is unlikely @@ -1350,7 +1334,7 @@ Minor.</p> <p>A great contrast was presented by the two types of mankind. The short, powerfully built, but slouching and slow-footed Neanderthals were, in a conflict, no -match for the tall, active, and swift-footed Crô-Magnons, +match for the tall, active, and swift-footed Crô-Magnons, before whom they retreated, yielding up their flint-working stations, and their caves and grottoes. It may be, as some suggest, that fierce battles were fought, but @@ -1371,7 +1355,7 @@ Modern Man.</p> <p>At this point, before we deal with the arrival in Britain of the representatives of the early races, it should be noted that differences of opinion exist among -scientists regarding the geological horizons of the Palæolithic +scientists regarding the geological horizons of the Palæolithic culture stages. In the Pleistocene Age there appear to have been four great glacial epochs and two minor ones. Geological opinion is, however, divided @@ -1383,7 +1367,7 @@ in this connection.</p> <p>WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE THIRD<br /> INTER-GLACIAL EPOCH</p> -<p><span class="small">(According to the Abbé Breuil the Strait of Gibraltar was open and the<br /> +<p><span class="small">(According to the Abbé Breuil the Strait of Gibraltar was open and the<br /> Balearic group a great island.)</span></p> </div></div> @@ -1413,7 +1397,7 @@ the survivors in Europe of the Second Interglacial fauna. The Fourth Glacial epoch, which is believed to have lasted for about 25,000 years, was very severe. All the African or Asiatic mammals either migrated or became -extinct with the exception of lions and hyænas, and the +extinct with the exception of lions and hyænas, and the reindeer found the western plains of Europe as congenial as it does the northern plains at the present time.</p> @@ -1421,7 +1405,7 @@ time.</p> <p>During the Fourth Post-glacial epoch there were for a period of about 25,000 years<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> partial glaciations and milder intervals, until during the Neolithic Age of the -archæologists the climate of Europe reached the phase +archæologists the climate of Europe reached the phase that at present prevails.</p> <p>When, then, did man first appear in Europe? According @@ -1429,17 +1413,17 @@ to some geologists, and especially Penck and James Geikie, the Chellean phase of culture originated in the Second Interglacial epoch and the Mousterian endured until the Third Interglacial stage, when the -Neanderthals witnessed the arrival of the Crô-Magnon +Neanderthals witnessed the arrival of the Crô-Magnon peoples. Boule, Breuil, and others, however, place the pre-Chellean, Chellean, Acheulian, and early Mousterian -stages of Lower (or Early) Palæolithic culture in the +stages of Lower (or Early) Palæolithic culture in the Third Interglacial epoch, and fix the extermination of Neanderthal man, in his late Mousterian culture stage, at the close of the Fourth Glacial epoch. This view is now being generally accepted. It finds favour with the -archæologists, and seems to accord with the evidence -they have accumulated. The Upper Palæolithic culture -of Crô-Magnon man, according to some, began in its +archæologists, and seems to accord with the evidence +they have accumulated. The Upper Palæolithic culture +of Crô-Magnon man, according to some, began in its Aurignacian phase about 25,000 years ago; others consider, however, that it began about five or six thousand years ago, and was contemporaneous with the long pre-Dynastic @@ -1460,15 +1444,15 @@ last land movement in Britain did not begin until about of Wales</small></h2> <p class="blockquote">An Ancient Welshman—Aurignacian Culture in Britain—Coloured -Bones and Luck Charms—The Cave of Aurignac—Discovery at Crô-Magnon -Village—An Ancient Tragedy—Significant Burial Customs—Crô-Magnon +Bones and Luck Charms—The Cave of Aurignac—Discovery at Crô-Magnon +Village—An Ancient Tragedy—Significant Burial Customs—Crô-Magnon Characters—New Race Types in Central Europe—Galley Hill Man—The Piltdown Skull—Ancient Religious Beliefs—Life Principle in Blood—Why Body-painting was practised—"Sleepers" in Caves—Red Symbolism in different Countries—The Heart as the Seat of Life—The Green Stone Talisman—"Soul Substance".</p> -<p>The earliest discovery of a representative of the Crô-Magnons +<p>The earliest discovery of a representative of the Crô-Magnons was made in 1823, when Dr. Buckland explored the ancient cave-dwelling of Paviland in the vicinity of Rhossilly, Gower Peninsula, South Wales. @@ -1482,7 +1466,7 @@ ancestors the land was on a much lower level than it is now, and it could be easily reached from the sea-shore. Professor Sollas has shown that the Paviland cave-dwellers were in the Aurignacian stage of culture, -and that they had affinities with the tall Crô-Magnon +and that they had affinities with the tall Crô-Magnon peoples on the Continent.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> @@ -1531,7 +1515,7 @@ and both sexes. Only two skulls were intact.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <img class="mw" src="images/i_044.jpg" alt="" /> <div class="caption"> -<p>Upper Palæolithic Implements</p> +<p>Upper Palæolithic Implements</p> <p>1, Aurignacian (Chatelperron point). 2, 3, Aurignacian (keeled scrapers). 4, Aurignacian<br /> point. 5, Magdalenian ("parrot-beak" graving tool). 6, Solutrean (laurel-leaf<br /> @@ -1551,7 +1535,7 @@ town gave instructions that the bones should be interred in the parish cemetery.</p> <p>Eight years elapsed before the grotto was visited by -M. Louis Lartet, the great French archæologist. Outside +M. Louis Lartet, the great French archæologist. Outside the stone slab he found the remains of an ancient hearth, and a stone implement which had been used for chipping flints. In the outer debris were discovered, @@ -1561,7 +1545,7 @@ and sling-stones, besides bone arrows, tools shaped from reindeer horns, and an implement like a bodkin of roe-deer horn. It transpired that the broken bones of animals included those of the cave-lion, -the cave-bear, the hyæna, the elk, the mammoth, +the cave-bear, the hyæna, the elk, the mammoth, and the woolly-haired rhinoceros—all of which had been extinct in that part of the world for thousands of years.</p> @@ -1586,14 +1570,14 @@ men they represented.</p> was thrown on the Aurignacian racial problem. A gang of workmen were engaged in the construction of a railway embankment in the vicinity of the village of -Crô-Magnon, near Les Eyzies, in the valley of the River -Vézère, when they laid bare another grotto. Intimation +Crô-Magnon, near Les Eyzies, in the valley of the River +Vézère, when they laid bare another grotto. Intimation was at once made to the authorities, and the Minister of Public Instruction caused an investigation to be made under the direction of M. Louis Lartet. The remains of five human skeletons were found. At the back of the grotto was the skull of an old man—now known as "the -old man of Crô-Magnon"—and its antiquity was at once +old man of Crô-Magnon"—and its antiquity was at once emphasized by the fact that some parts of it were coated by stalagmite caused by a calcareous drip from the roof of rock. Near "the old man" was found the skeleton @@ -1605,7 +1589,7 @@ her lay the skeleton of a baby which had been prematurely born. The skeletons of two young men were found not far from those of the others. Apparently a tragic happening had occurred in ancient days in the -vicinity of the Crô-Magnon grotto. The victims had +vicinity of the Crô-Magnon grotto. The victims had been interred with ceremony, and in accordance with the religious rites prevailing at the time. Above three hundred pierced marine shells, chiefly of the periwinkle @@ -1629,21 +1613,21 @@ dwelling-place before the interments had taken place.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <img class="mw" src="images/i_047.jpg" alt="" /> <div class="caption"> -<p>Skull of a Crô-Magnon Man: front and side views<br /> +<p>Skull of a Crô-Magnon Man: front and side views<br /> From the Grotte des Enfants, Mentone. (After Verneau.)</p> </div></div> -<p>The human remains of the Crô-Magnon grotto were +<p>The human remains of the Crô-Magnon grotto were those of a tall and handsome race of which the "Red Man" of Paviland was a representative. Other finds have shown that this race was widely distributed in Europe. The stature of the men varied from 5 feet 10-1/2 inches to 6 feet 4-1/2 inches on the Riviera, that of the women -being slightly less. That the Crô-Magnons were people +being slightly less. That the Crô-Magnons were people of high intelligence is suggested by the fact that the skulls of the men and women were large, and remarkably well developed in the frontal region. According to a prominent -anatomist the Crô-Magnon women had bigger brains +anatomist the Crô-Magnon women had bigger brains than has the average male European of to-day. All these ancient skulls are of the dolichocephalic (long-headed) type. The faces, however, were comparatively @@ -1657,8 +1641,8 @@ because a broad face is usually a characteristic of a broad skull, and a long face of a long skull—has been found to be fairly common among the modern inhabitants of the Dordogne valley. These French descendants -of the Crô-Magnons are, however, short and "stocky", -and most of them have dark hair and eyes. Crô-Magnon +of the Crô-Magnons are, however, short and "stocky", +and most of them have dark hair and eyes. Crô-Magnon types have likewise been identified among the Berbers of North Africa, and the extinct fair-haired Guanches of the Canary Islands, in Brittany, on the islands of @@ -1681,21 +1665,21 @@ flints of early Aurignacian type also lay beside the body.</p> <p>Reference may also be made here to the finds in -Moravia. Fragmentary skull caps from Brüx and Brünn +Moravia. Fragmentary skull caps from Brüx and Brünn are regarded as evidence of a race which differed from -the tall Crô-Magnons, and had closer affinities with +the tall Crô-Magnons, and had closer affinities with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> -Combe-Capelle man. Some incline to connect the Brünn +Combe-Capelle man. Some incline to connect the Brünn type with England, the link being provided by a skeleton called the "Galley Hill" after the place of its discovery below Gravesend and near Northfleet in Kent. Scientists regard him as a contemporary of the Aurignacian -flint-workers of Combe-Capelle and Brünn. -"Both the Brüx and Brünn skulls", writes Professor +flint-workers of Combe-Capelle and Brünn. +"Both the Brüx and Brünn skulls", writes Professor Osborn, "are harmonic; they do not present the very -broad, high cheek-bones characteristic of the Crô-Magnon +broad, high cheek-bones characteristic of the Crô-Magnon race,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> the face being of a narrow modern type, but -not very long. There is a possibility that the Brünn +not very long. There is a possibility that the Brünn race was ancestral to several later dolichocephalic groups which are found in the region of the Danube and of middle and southern Germany."<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> @@ -1708,7 +1692,7 @@ tooth" indicates that he was a "fully-grown adult, though probably not an aged individual". Those who think he was not as old as the flints and the bones of extinct animals found in the gravels, regard him as a -pioneer of the Brünn branch of the Aurignacians.</p> +pioneer of the Brünn branch of the Aurignacians.</p> <p>The Piltdown skull appears to date back to a period vastly more ancient than Neanderthal times.</p> @@ -1718,10 +1702,10 @@ Britain is with the "Red Man" of Paviland and Galley Hill man, because these were representatives of the species to which we ourselves belong. The Neanderthals and pre-Neanderthals, who have left their -Eoliths and Palæoliths in our gravels, vanished like the +Eoliths and Palæoliths in our gravels, vanished like the glaciers and the icebergs, and have left, as has been indicated, no descendants in our midst. Our history -begins with the arrival of the Crô-Magnon races, who +begins with the arrival of the Crô-Magnon races, who <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> were followed in time by other peoples to whom Europe offered attractions during the period of the great thaw, @@ -1736,7 +1720,7 @@ the medium-sized hunters who entered Europe from the east, during the Aurignacian stage of culture. It is otherwise with the "Red Man" of Wales. We know definitely what particular family he belonged to; he was -a representative of the tall variety of Crô-Magnons. We +a representative of the tall variety of Crô-Magnons. We know too that those who loved him, and laid his lifeless body in the Paviland Cave, had introduced into Europe the germs of a culture that had been radiated @@ -1745,14 +1729,14 @@ the east of the Nile, along the North African coast at a time when it jutted far out into the Mediterranean and the Sahara was a grassy plain.</p> -<p>The Crô-Magnons were no mere savages who lived +<p>The Crô-Magnons were no mere savages who lived the life of animals and concerned themselves merely with their material needs. They appear to have been a people of active, inventive, and inquiring minds, with a social organization and a body of definite beliefs, which found expression in their art and in their burial customs. The "Red Man" was so called by the -archæologists because his bones and the earth beside +archæologists because his bones and the earth beside them were stained, as has been noted, by "red micaceous oxide of iron". Here we meet with an ancient custom of high significance. It was not the case, as @@ -1766,12 +1750,12 @@ coloration affords clear proof that the corpse had been smeared over with red earth which, after the flesh had decayed, fell on the skeleton and the earth and gravel beside it. But why, it will be asked, was the corpse so -treated? Did the Crô-Magnons paint their bodies during +treated? Did the Crô-Magnons paint their bodies during life, as do the Australians, the Red Indians, and others, to provide "a substitute for clothing"? That cannot be the reason. They could not have concerned themselves about a "substitute" for something they did -not possess. In France, the Crô-Magnons have left +not possess. In France, the Crô-Magnons have left pictorial records of their activities and interests in their caves and other shelters. Bas reliefs on boulders within a shelter at Laussel show that they did not wear clothing @@ -1784,14 +1768,14 @@ food-getting, and other ceremonies. The ancient Egyptians painted their gods to "make them healthy". Prolonged good health was immortality.</p> -<p>The evidence afforded by the Paviland and other Crô-Magnon +<p>The evidence afforded by the Paviland and other Crô-Magnon burials indicates that the red colour was freshly applied before the dead was laid in the sepulchre. No doubt it was intended to serve a definite purpose, that it was an expression of a system of beliefs regarding life and the hereafter.</p> -<p>Apparently among the Crô-Magnons the belief was +<p>Apparently among the Crô-Magnons the belief was already prevalent that the "blood is the life". The loss of life appeared to them to be due to the loss of the red vitalizing fluid which flowed in the veins. Strong @@ -1886,7 +1870,7 @@ heroes call after him: "Alas! you have left us worse than you found us." As whistles are sometimes found in Magdalenian shelters in Western and Central Europe, it may be that these were at an early period connected -with the beliefs about the calling back of the Crô-Magnon +with the beliefs about the calling back of the Crô-Magnon dead. The ancient whistles were made of hare—and reindeer-foot bone. The clay whistle dates from the introduction of the Neolithic industry in Hungary.</p> @@ -1945,7 +1929,7 @@ with red substances. In Irish Gaelic, Professor W. J. Watson tells me, "ruadh" means both "red" and "strong".</p> -<p>The Crô-Magnons regarded the heart as the seat of +<p>The Crô-Magnons regarded the heart as the seat of life, having apparently discovered that it controls the distribution of blood. In the cavern of Pindal, in south-western France, is the outline of a hairy mammoth @@ -1962,7 +1946,7 @@ as the seat of life. The germ of this belief can apparently be found in the pictorial art and burial customs of the Aurignacian -Crô-Magnons.</p> +Crô-Magnons.</p> <div class="image-right"> <img class="mw" src="images/i_056.jpg" alt="" /> @@ -1987,7 +1971,7 @@ amulets. Their colour suggests that green symbolism has not necessarily a connection with agricultural religion, as some -have supposed. The Crô-Magnons do not appear to +have supposed. The Crô-Magnons do not appear to have paid much attention to vegetation. In ancient Egypt the green stone (Khepera) amulet "typified the germ of life". A text says, "A scarab of green stone ... shall @@ -2022,7 +2006,7 @@ only smeared with red earth, but "charmed" or protected by shell amulets. In the next chapter it will be shown that this custom not only affords us a glimpse of Aurignacian religious beliefs, but indicates the area -from which the Crô-Magnons came.</p> +from which the Crô-Magnons came.</p> <p>Professor G. Elliot Smith was the first to emphasize the importance attached in ancient times to the beliefs @@ -2040,10 +2024,10 @@ Ornaments—Importance of Shell Lore—Links between Far East and Europe—Shell Deities—A Hebridean Shell Goddess—"Milk of Wisdom"—Ancient Goddesses as Providers of Food—Gaelic "Spirit Shell" and Japanese "God Body"—Influence of Deities in Jewels, &c.—A Shakespearean -Reference—Shells in Crô-Magnon Graves—Early Sacrifices—Hand -Colours in Palæolithic Caves—Finger Lore and "Hand Spells".</p> +Reference—Shells in Crô-Magnon Graves—Early Sacrifices—Hand +Colours in Palæolithic Caves—Finger Lore and "Hand Spells".</p> -<p>When the question is asked, "Whence came the Crô-Magnon +<p>When the question is asked, "Whence came the Crô-Magnon people of the Aurignacian phase of culture?" the answer usually given is, "Somewhere in the East". The distribution of the Aurignacian sites indicates that @@ -2051,7 +2035,7 @@ the new-comers entered south-western France by way of Italy—that is, across the Italian land-bridge from North Africa. Of special significance in this connection is the fact that Aurignacian culture persisted for -the longest period of time in Italy. The tallest Crô-Magnons +the longest period of time in Italy. The tallest Crô-Magnons appear to have inhabited south-eastern France and the western shores of Italy. "It is probable", says Osborn, referring to the men six feet four @@ -2090,7 +2074,7 @@ absence of direct evidence, this possibility might be admitted. But an important discovery has been made at Grimaldi in La Grotte des Enfants (the "grotto of infants"—so called because of the discovery there of the -skeletons of young Crô-Magnon children). Among the +skeletons of young Crô-Magnon children). Among the shells used as amulets by those who used the grotto as a sepulchre was one (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cassis rufa</i>) that had been carried either by a migrating folk, or by traders, along the @@ -2121,7 +2105,7 @@ perhaps Tahiti. The fragments discovered at Mentone have therefore been brought from a great distance at a very ancient epoch by prehistoric man."</p> -<p>After the Crô-Magnon peoples had spread into Western +<p>After the Crô-Magnon peoples had spread into Western and Central Europe they imported shells from the Mediterranean. At Laugerie Basse in the Dordogne, for instance, a necklace of pierced shells from the Mediterranean @@ -2135,7 +2119,7 @@ had acquired some experience as a trader even during the "hunting period", and he had formulated definite religious beliefs.</p> -<p>It has been the habit of some archæologists to refer to +<p>It has been the habit of some archæologists to refer to shell and other necklaces, &c., as "personal ornaments". The late Dr. Robert Munro wrote in this connection:</p> @@ -2151,7 +2135,7 @@ parallel with the Neolithic people of Europe.... Teeth are often perforated and used as pendants, especially the canines of carnivorous animals, but such ornaments are not peculiar to Neolithic times, as they were equally prevalent -among the later Palæolithic races of Europe."<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> +among the later Palæolithic races of Europe."<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> <p>Modern savages have very definite reasons for wearing the so-called "ornaments", and for painting and tattooing @@ -2200,11 +2184,11 @@ are thus protected is still quite widespread.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <img class="mw" src="images/i_062.jpg" alt="" /> <div class="caption"> -<p>Necklace of Sea Shells, from the cave of Crô-Magnon. (After E. Lartet.)</p> +<p>Necklace of Sea Shells, from the cave of Crô-Magnon. (After E. Lartet.)</p> </div></div> <p>It cannot have been merely for love of personal ornaments -that the Crô-Magnons of southern France imported +that the Crô-Magnons of southern France imported Indian Ocean shells, and those of Central and Western Europe created a trade in Mediterranean shells. Like the ancient inhabitants of the Nile Valley who in @@ -2214,7 +2198,7 @@ a long and dangerous desert trade-route, they evidently had imparted to shells a definite religious significance. The "luck-girdle" of snail-shells worn by the "Red Man of Paviland" has, therefore, an interesting history. -When the Crô-Magnons reached Britain they brought +When the Crô-Magnons reached Britain they brought with them not only implements invented and developed elsewhere, but a heritage of religious beliefs connected with shell ornaments and with the red earth with which @@ -2241,7 +2225,7 @@ North America shells of <i>Unio</i> were placed in the graves of Red Indians "as food for the dead during the journey to the land of spirits". The pearls were used in India as medicines. "The burnt powder of the gems, if taken -with water, cures hæmorrhages, prevents evil spirits +with water, cures hæmorrhages, prevents evil spirits working mischief in men's minds, cures lunacy and all mental diseases, jaundice, &c.... Rubbed over the body with other medicines it cures leprosy and all skin @@ -2293,7 +2277,7 @@ queen" was attired in emerald green, silver, and mother-of-pearl.</p> a specific purpose. She imparts knowledge by providing a magic drink referred to as "milk". The question arises, however, if a deity of this kind was known in -early times. Did the Crô-Magnons of the Aurignacian +early times. Did the Crô-Magnons of the Aurignacian stage of culture conceive of a god or goddess in human form who nourished her human children and instructed them as do human mothers? The figure of a woman, @@ -2326,7 +2310,7 @@ goddess of Egypt is found to have been identified with the cowrie—indeed to have been the spirit or personification of the shell—the connection between shells and milk may have obtained even in Aurignacian times in south-western -Europe. That the mother goddess of Crô-Magnons +Europe. That the mother goddess of Crô-Magnons had a human form is suggested by the representations of mothers which have been brought to light. An Aurignacian statuette of limestone found @@ -2362,8 +2346,8 @@ a supernatural being is called <i lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">mi-tama—mi</i> b a honorific prefix, but originally signifying a water serpent (dragon god). The shells, of which ancient deities were personifications, may well have been to -the Crô-Magnons pretty much what a <i lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">tama</i> is to the -Japanese, and what magic crystals were to mediæval +the Crô-Magnons pretty much what a <i lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">tama</i> is to the +Japanese, and what magic crystals were to mediæval Europeans who used them for magical purposes. It may have been believed that in the shells, green stones, and crystals remained the influence of deities as the @@ -2413,7 +2397,7 @@ in <cite>Hamlet</cite>, therefore, says of Ophelia:</p> </div></div></div> <p>There are no shards (fragments of pottery) in the -Crô-Magnon graves, but flints and pebbles mingle with +Crô-Magnon graves, but flints and pebbles mingle with shells, teeth, and other charms and amulets. Vast numbers of perforated shells have been found in the burial caves near Mentone. In one case the shells are @@ -2437,11 +2421,11 @@ Combe-Capelle man "was decorated with a necklace of perforated shells and surrounded with a great number of fine Aurignacian flints. It appears", adds Osborn, "that in all the numerous burials of these grottos of -Aurignacian age and industry of the Crô-Magnon race +Aurignacian age and industry of the Crô-Magnon race we have the burial standards which prevailed in western Europe at this time."<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> -<p>It has been suggested by one of the British archæologists +<p>It has been suggested by one of the British archæologists that the necklaces of perforated cowrie shells and the red pigment found among the remains of early man in Britain were used by children. This theory does not @@ -2464,7 +2448,7 @@ rings. Two dozen perforated oyster-shells were found in a single Orkney cist. Many other examples of this kind could be referred to.<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> -<p>In the Crô-Magnon caverns are imprints of human +<p>In the Crô-Magnon caverns are imprints of human hands which had been laid on rock and then dusted round with coloured earth. In a number of cases it is shown that one or more finger joints of the left hand had @@ -2485,8 +2469,8 @@ fierce enemies. Heroines awake them by cutting off a finger joint, a part of the ear, or a portion of skin from the scalp.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> -<p>The colours used in drawings of hands in Palæolithic -caves are black, white, red, and yellow, as the Abbé +<p>The colours used in drawings of hands in Palæolithic +caves are black, white, red, and yellow, as the Abbé Breuil has noted. In Spain and India, the hand prints are supposed to protect dwellings from evil influences. Horse-shoes, holly with berries, various plants, shells, @@ -2519,7 +2503,7 @@ no doubt originally a magical significance.</p> <p class="blockquote">The Solutrean Industry—A Racial and Cultural Intrusion—Decline of Aurignacian Art—A God-cult—The Solutrean Thor—Open-air Life—Magdalenian Culture—Decline of Flint Working—Horn and Bone -Weapons and Implements—Revival of Crô-Magnon Art—The Lamps +Weapons and Implements—Revival of Crô-Magnon Art—The Lamps and Palettes of Cave Artists—The Domesticated Horse—Eskimos in Europe—Magdalenian Culture in England—The Vanishing Ice—Reindeer migrate Northward—New Industries—Tardenoisian and Azilian @@ -2550,7 +2534,7 @@ referred to as "proto-Solutrean".</p> Solutrean is well represented in Hungary where no trace of Aurignacian culture has yet been found. Apparently that part of Europe had offered no attractions -for the Crô-Magnons.</p> +for the Crô-Magnons.</p> <p>Who the carriers of this new culture were it is as yet impossible to say with confidence. They may have @@ -2559,8 +2543,8 @@ introduced Aurignacian culture into Europe, and they may have been representative of a different race. Some ethnologists incline to connect the Solutrean culture with a new people whose presence is indicated by the -skulls found at Brünn and Brüx in Bohemia. These -intruders had lower foreheads than the Crô-Magnons, +skulls found at Brünn and Brüx in Bohemia. These +intruders had lower foreheads than the Crô-Magnons, narrower and longer faces, and low cheek-bones. It may be that they represented a variety of the Mediterranean race. Whoever they were, they did not make @@ -2575,7 +2559,7 @@ flints are the so-called laurel-leaf (broad) and willow-leaf chase. There is no evidence that they were used in battle. Withal, their weapons had a religious significance. Fourteen laurel-leaf spear-heads of Solutrean -type which were found together at Volgu, Saône-et-Loire, +type which were found together at Volgu, Saône-et-Loire, are believed to have been a votive offering to a deity. At any rate, these were too finely worked and too fragile, like some of the peculiar Shetland and @@ -2616,7 +2600,7 @@ is itself the god".</p> <p>During Solutrean times the climate of Europe, although still cold, was drier that in Aurignacian times. It may be that the intruders seized the flint quarries of -the Crô-Magnons, and also disputed with them the +the Crô-Magnons, and also disputed with them the possession of hunting-grounds. The cave art declined or was suspended during what may have been a military regime and perhaps, too, under the influence of a new @@ -2664,7 +2648,7 @@ harpoons of reindeer-horn had been invented, and no doubt many salmon, &c., were caught at river-side stations.</p> -<p>The Crô-Magnons, as has been found, were again in +<p>The Crô-Magnons, as has been found, were again in the ascendant, and their artistic genius was given full play as in Aurignacian times, and, no doubt, as a result of the revival of religious beliefs that fostered art as a @@ -2675,21 +2659,21 @@ taste. The artists had palettes on which to mix their colours, and used stone lamps, specimens of which have been found, to light up their "studios" in deep cave recesses. During this Magdalenian stage of culture the -art of the Crô-Magnons reached its highest standard of +art of the Crô-Magnons reached its highest standard of excellence, and grew so extraordinarily rich and varied that it compares well with the later religious arts of ancient Egypt and Babylonia.</p> <p>The horse appears to have been domesticated. There is at Saint Michel d'Arudy a "Celtic" horse depicted -with a bridle, while at La Madeleine was found a "bâton +with a bridle, while at La Madeleine was found a "bâton de commandement" on which a human figure, with a stave in his right hand, walks past two horses which betray no signs of alarm.</p> <p>Our knowledge is scanty regarding the races that occupied Europe during Magdalenian times. In addition -to the Crô-Magnons there were other distinctive +to the Crô-Magnons there were other distinctive types. One of these is represented by the Chancelade skeleton found at Raymonden shelter. Some think it betrays Eskimo affinities and represents a racial "drift" @@ -2722,7 +2706,7 @@ invasion of new races from Asia and Africa.</p> <p>Three distinct movements of peoples in Europe can be traced in post-Magdalenian times, and during what has been called the "Transition Period", between the -Upper Palæolithic and Lower Neolithic Ages or stages. +Upper Palæolithic and Lower Neolithic Ages or stages. The ice-cap retreated finally from the mountains of Scotland and Sweden, and the reindeer migrated northward. Magdalenian civilization was gradually broken up, and @@ -2775,7 +2759,7 @@ led by the halter. Wild animal "drives" were organized, and many victims fell to archer and spearman. Arrows were feathered; bows were large and strong. Symbolic signs indicate that a script similar to those of -the Ægean area, the northern African coast, and pre-dynastic +the Ægean area, the northern African coast, and pre-dynastic Egypt was freely used. Drawings became conventional, and ultimately animals and human beings were represented by signs. This culture lasted after the @@ -2807,12 +2791,12 @@ blonds of Holland, Denmark, and Belgium.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <img class="mw" src="images/i_080.jpg" alt="" /> <div class="caption"> -<p>EXAMPLES OF PALÆOLITHIC ART</p> +<p>EXAMPLES OF PALÆOLITHIC ART</p> <p>The objects include: handles of knives and daggers carved in ivory and bone, line drawings of wild animals, faces of masked men, of animal-headed deity or masked man with arms uplifted (compare Egyptian "Ka" attitude of adoration), of wild horses on -perforated <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bâton de commandement</i>, of man stalking a bison, of seal, cow, reindeer, +perforated <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bâton de commandement</i>, of man stalking a bison, of seal, cow, reindeer, cave-bear, &c., and perforated amulets.</p> </div></div> @@ -2909,7 +2893,7 @@ culture, and the dark Iberians, the carriers of Azilian culture, met and mingled in Scotland and England long before the Neolithic industry was introduced. There were also, it would appear, communities in Britain -of Crô-Magnons, and perhaps of other racial types that +of Crô-Magnons, and perhaps of other racial types that existed on the Continent and in late Magdalenian times. The fair peoples of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland are not therefore all necessarily descendants of @@ -2926,8 +2910,8 @@ aristocrats being Celts.<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_4 <h2>CHAPTER VI<br /> <small>The Faithful Dog</small></h2> -<p class="blockquote">Transition Period between Palæolithic and Neolithic Ages—Theory -of the Neolithic Edge—Crô-Magnon Civilization was broken up by Users +<p class="blockquote">Transition Period between Palæolithic and Neolithic Ages—Theory +of the Neolithic Edge—Crô-Magnon Civilization was broken up by Users of Bow and Arrow—Domesticated Dog of Fair Northerners—Dogs as Guides and Protectors of Man—The Dog in Early Religion—Dog Guides of Souls—The Dog of Hades—Dogs and Death—The Scape-dog in Scotland—Souls @@ -2935,7 +2919,7 @@ in Dog Form—Traces of Early Domesticated Dogs—Romans imported British Dogs.</p> <p>The period we have now reached is regarded by some -as that of transition between the Palæolithic and Neolithic +as that of transition between the Palæolithic and Neolithic Ages, and by others as the Early Neolithic period. It is necessary, therefore, that we should keep in mind that these terms have been to a great extent divested of @@ -2973,7 +2957,7 @@ of time, to invent the art of shipbuilding."<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_4 the evidence that of late years has come to light. Much progress had been achieved before the easy method of polishing supplanted that of secondary working. The -so-called Palæolithic implements were not devoid of +so-called Palæolithic implements were not devoid of edges. What really happened was that flint-working was greatly simplified. The discovery was an important one, but it was not due to it alone that great changes @@ -2981,7 +2965,7 @@ in habits of life were introduced. Long before the introduction of the Neolithic industry, the earliest traces of which in Western Europe have been obtained at Campigny near the village of Blangy on the River -Bresle, the Magdalenian civilization of the Crô-Magnons +Bresle, the Magdalenian civilization of the Crô-Magnons had been broken up by the Azilian-Tardenoisian intruders in Central and Western Europe and by the Maglemosians in the Baltic area.</p> @@ -2994,7 +2978,7 @@ Their animal "drives" suggest as much. It may be that they were better equipped for organized warfare—if there was warfare—and for hunting by organizing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> -drives than the taller and stronger Crô-Magnons. +drives than the taller and stronger Crô-Magnons. When they reached the Magdalenian stations they adopted the barbed harpoon, imitating reindeer-horn forms in red-deer horn.</p> @@ -3021,7 +3005,7 @@ it may be that there were fires and sentinels at cave entrances.</p> <p>The introduction of the domesticated dog may have -influenced the development of religious beliefs. Crô-Magnon +influenced the development of religious beliefs. Crô-Magnon hunters appear to have performed ceremonies in the depths of caverns where they painted and carved wild animals, with purpose to obtain power over them. @@ -3053,11 +3037,11 @@ guide and protector of souls. Apuatua, an early form of Osiris, was a dog god. Yama, the Hindu god of death, as Dharma, god of justice, assumed his dog form to guide the Panadava brothers to Paradise, as is related -in the Sanskrit epic the <i lang="sa" xml:lang="sa">Mahá-bhárata</i><a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>. The god Indra, +in the Sanskrit epic the <i lang="sa" xml:lang="sa">Mahá-bhárata</i><a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>. The god Indra, the Hindu Jupiter, was the "big dog", and the custom still prevails among primitive Indian peoples of torturing a dog by pouring hot oil into its ears so that the "big -dog" may hear and send rain. In the <i lang="sa" xml:lang="sa">Mahá-bhárata</i> +dog" may hear and send rain. In the <i lang="sa" xml:lang="sa">Mahá-bhárata</i> there is a story about Indra appearing as a hunter followed by a pack of dogs. As the "Wild Huntsman" the Scandinavian god Odin rides through the air followed @@ -3082,7 +3066,7 @@ with death is echoed by Theocritus. "Hark!" cries Simaetha, "the dogs are barking through the town. Hecate is at the crossways. Haste, clash the brazen cymbals." The dog-god of Scotland is remembered as -<i>an cù sìth</i> ("the supernatural dog"); it is as big as +<i>an cù sìth</i> ("the supernatural dog"); it is as big as a calf, and by night passes rapidly over land and sea. A black demon-dog—the "Moddey Dhoo"—referred to by Scott in <cite>Peveril of the Peak</cite> was supposed to haunt Peel @@ -3155,7 +3139,7 @@ land-bridge that connected England and France. No doubt they came at first in small bands, wandering along the river banks and founding fishing communities, following the herds of red deer and wild cows that had -moved northward, and seeking flints, &c. The Crô-Magnons, +moved northward, and seeking flints, &c. The Crô-Magnons, whose civilization the new intruders had broken up on the Continent, were already in Britain, where the reindeer lingered for many centuries after @@ -3165,7 +3149,7 @@ of the reindeer have been found in this area in association with human remains as late as of the Roman period. In the twelfth century the Norsemen hunted reindeer in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> -Caithness.<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Cæsar refers to the reindeer in the Hercynian +Caithness.<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Cæsar refers to the reindeer in the Hercynian forest of Germany (<cite>Gallic War</cite>, VI, 26).</p> <p>The early colonists of fair Northerners who introduced @@ -3191,7 +3175,7 @@ has been stated, sometimes lift from its surface in their trawl nets lumps of peat, which they call "moor-log", and also the bones of wild animals, including the wild ox, the wild horse, red deer, reindeer, the elk, the bear, -the wolf, the hyæna, the beaver, the walrus, the woolly +the wolf, the hyæna, the beaver, the walrus, the woolly rhinoceros, and the hairy mammoth. In the peat have been found the remains of the white birch, the hazel, sallow, and willow, seeds of bog-bean, fragments of fern, @@ -3270,7 +3254,7 @@ were descendants of refugees from sea-invaded areas.</p> <p>The gradual sinking of the land and the process of coast erosion has greatly altered the geography of England. -The beach on which Julius Cæsar landed has +The beach on which Julius Cæsar landed has long since vanished, the dwellings of the ancient Azilian and Maglemosian colonists, who reached England in post-Glacial times, have been sunk below the English @@ -3454,7 +3438,7 @@ drift of culture from the Mediterranean area towards Northern Europe is obtained from some of the rock paintings and carvings of Sweden. Among the canoes depicted are some with distinct Mediterranean characteristics. -One at Tegneby in Bohuslän bears a striking +One at Tegneby in Bohuslän bears a striking resemblance to a boat seen by Sir Henry Stanley on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> Lake Victoria Nyanza. It seems undoubted that the @@ -3543,7 +3527,7 @@ had names not only for the North Sea and the English Channel but also for the Mediterranean Sea. They cultivated what is known as the "sea sense", and developed shipbuilding and the art of navigation in accordance -with local needs. When Julius Cæsar came into +with local needs. When Julius Cæsar came into conflict with the Veneti of Brittany he tells that their vessels were greatly superior to those of the Romans. "The bodies of the ships", he says, "were built entirely @@ -3589,8 +3573,8 @@ were for the Roman invasion. "Britain contains to reward the conqueror", Tacitus wrote,<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> "mines of gold and silver and other metals. The sea produces pearls." According to Suetonius, who at the end of the first -century of our era wrote the <cite>Lives of the Cæsars</cite>, Julius -Cæsar invaded Britain with the desire to enrich himself +century of our era wrote the <cite>Lives of the Cæsars</cite>, Julius +Cæsar invaded Britain with the desire to enrich himself with the pearls found on different parts of the coast. On his return to Rome he presented a corselet of British pearls to the goddess Venus. He was in need of money @@ -3708,7 +3692,7 @@ were made of jet, a hydrocarbon compound allied to cannel coal, which takes on a fine polish, Kimeridge shale and ivory. Withal, like the Aurignacians and Magdalenians, the Neolithic-industry people used body -paint, which was made with pigments of ochre, hæmatite, +paint, which was made with pigments of ochre, hæmatite, an ore of iron, and ruddle, an earthy variety of iron ore.</p> @@ -3717,7 +3701,7 @@ implements, ornaments, and body paint were found, traces survive of the activities of the Neolithic peoples. Their graves of long-barrow type are found not only in the chalk areas but on the margins of the lias formations. -Hæmatite is found in large quantities in West Cumberland +Hæmatite is found in large quantities in West Cumberland and north Lancashire and in south-western England, while the chief source of jet is Whitby in Yorkshire, where it occurs in large quantities in beds of the Upper @@ -3742,12 +3726,12 @@ iron field extending as far as the Clevelands. According to the memoir of the geological survey, there are traces of ancient surface iron-workings in the Middle Lias formation of Oxfordshire, where red and brown -hæmatite were found. Mr. Perry notes that there are +hæmatite were found. Mr. Perry notes that there are megalithic monuments in the vicinity of all these surface workings, as at Fawler, Adderbury, Hook Norton, Woodstock, Steeple Aston, and Hanbury. Apparently the Neolithic peoples were attracted to the lias formation -because it contains hæmatite, ochre, shale, &c. There +because it contains hæmatite, ochre, shale, &c. There are significant megaliths in the Whitby region where the jet is so plentiful. Amber was obtained from the east coast of England and from the Baltic.</p> @@ -3791,7 +3775,7 @@ since the Neolithic industry was introduced.</p> <p>Neolithic remains are widely distributed over Scotland, but these have not received the intensive study devoted to similar relics in England. Mr. Ludovic -Mann, the Glasgow archæologist, has, however, compiled +Mann, the Glasgow archæologist, has, however, compiled interesting data regarding one of the local industries that bring out the resource and activities of early man. On the island of Arran is a workable variety of @@ -3989,7 +3973,7 @@ goldfields, especially in the Eastern Desert, where about times that "only the merest traces of gold remain".<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> Gold, as has been stated, was formerly found in south-western England, North Wales, and, as historical records, -archæological data, and place names indicate, in various +archæological data, and place names indicate, in various parts of Scotland and Ireland. During the period of the "Great Thaw" a great deal of alluvial gold must have distributed throughout the country. Silver was found @@ -4151,13 +4135,13 @@ not necessarily come to settle permanently in Britain, but rather to exploit its natural riches.</p> <p>This conclusion is no mere hypothesis. Siret,<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> the -Belgian archæologist, has discovered in southern Spain +Belgian archæologist, has discovered in southern Spain and Portugal traces of numerous settlements of Easterners who searched for minerals, &c., long before the introduction of bronze working in Western Europe. They came -during the archæological "Stone Age"; they even +during the archæological "Stone Age"; they even introduced some of the flint implements classed as -Neolithic by the archæologists of a past generation.</p> +Neolithic by the archæologists of a past generation.</p> <p>These Eastern colonists do not appear to have been an organized people. Siret considers that they were merely @@ -4185,7 +4169,7 @@ and made use of bronze weapons. These bronze carriers and workers came from Central Europe, where colonies of peoples skilled in the arts of mining and metal working had been established. In the Central European -colonies Ægean and Danubian influences have been +colonies Ægean and Danubian influences have been detected.</p> <div class="figcenter"> @@ -4196,7 +4180,7 @@ detected.</p> <p>THE RING OF STENNIS, ORKNEY <span class="small">(see page <a href="#Page_94">94</a>)</span></p> </div></div> -<p>Among the archæological finds, which prove that the +<p>Among the archæological finds, which prove that the Easterners settled in Iberia before bronze working was introduced among the natives, are idol-like objects made of hippopotamus ivory from Egypt, a shell (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dentalium @@ -4209,11 +4193,11 @@ with decorations in red, black, blue, and green,<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanch paintings on layers of plaster, feminine statuettes in alabaster which Siret considers to be of Babylonian type, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> -for they differ from Ægean and Egyptian statuettes, a +for they differ from Ægean and Egyptian statuettes, a cult object (found in graves) resembling the Egyptian <i lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">ded</i> amulet, &c. The Iberian burial places of these Eastern colonists have arched cupolas and entrance -corridors of Egyptian-Mycenæan character.</p> +corridors of Egyptian-Mycenæan character.</p> <p>Of special interest are the beautifully worked flints associated with these Eastern remains in Spain and @@ -4398,7 +4382,7 @@ before bronze was practically known in Britain."<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanch Gowland has shown that in Europe and Asia the system of working mines and melting metals was identical in ancient times. Summarizing Professor Gowland's -articles in <cite>Archæologia</cite> and the <cite>Journal of the +articles in <cite>Archæologia</cite> and the <cite>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</cite>, Mr. W. J. Perry writes in this connection:<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> "The furnaces employed were similar; the crucibles were of the same material, and @@ -4643,7 +4627,7 @@ People in Hebrides and Orkney—Celtic Art—Homeric Civilization in Britain and Ireland—Why Romans were Conquerors.</p> <p>The beginnings of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Britain -are, according to the chronology favoured by archæologists, +are, according to the chronology favoured by archæologists, separated by about a thousand years. During this long period only two or three invasions appear to have taken place, but it is uncertain, as has been indicated, @@ -4697,7 +4681,7 @@ souls to Paradise; they cremated their dead and combined <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> with it the practice of <i lang="hi" xml:lang="hi">suttee</i>, that is, of burning the widows of the dead. In Gaul, however, as we -gather from Julius Cæsar, only those widows suspected of +gather from Julius Cæsar, only those widows suspected of being concerned in the death of their husbands were burned. The Norsemen, however, were acquainted with <i lang="hi" xml:lang="hi">suttee</i>. In one of the Volsung lays Brynhild rides @@ -4730,7 +4714,7 @@ means of sustenance from the land.</p> into Britain from Gaul. They appear to have come originally from the Danube area as conquerors who imposed their rule on the people they subjected. Like -the Achæans who overran Greece they seem to have +the Achæans who overran Greece they seem to have originally been a vigorous pastoral people who had herds of pigs, were "horse-tamers", used chariots, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> @@ -4743,12 +4727,12 @@ into Asia Minor they secured a footing in the area subsequently known as Galatia, and their descendants there were addressed in an epistle by St. Paul.</p> -<p>Like the Achæans, the Celts appear to have absorbed -the culture of the Ægean area and that of the Ægean +<p>Like the Achæans, the Celts appear to have absorbed +the culture of the Ægean area and that of the Ægean colony at Hallstatt in Austria. They were withal the -"carriers" of the La Tène Iron Age culture to Britain +"carriers" of the La Tène Iron Age culture to Britain and Ireland. The potter's wheel was introduced by -them into Britain during the archæological early Iron +them into Britain during the archæological early Iron Age. It is possible that the cremating people of the Bronze Age were a Celtic people. But later "waves" of the fighting charioteers did not cremate their dead.</p> @@ -4859,7 +4843,7 @@ presiding deity identified with Minerva, in whose temple when the fire has got dull it turns into round lumps like stones". Apparently coal was in use at a temple situated <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> -at Bath. Timæus, a contemporary of Pytheas, quoting +at Bath. Timæus, a contemporary of Pytheas, quoting from the lost diary of the explorer, states that tin was found on an island called Mictis, lying inwards (northward) at a distance of six days' sail from Britain. The @@ -4977,9 +4961,9 @@ Eastern and non-Celtic, non-Teutonic prejudice against pork as food into Scotland. In Ireland the Celtic people apparently obliterated the "taboo" at an early period.</p> -<p>It was during the Archæological Late Bronze and +<p>It was during the Archæological Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages that the Celtic artistic patterns reached -England. These betray affinities with Ægean motifs, +England. These betray affinities with Ægean motifs, and they were afterwards developed in Ireland and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> Scotland. In both countries they were fused with symbols @@ -4996,12 +4980,12 @@ as did the Greeks, and as did the Highlanders in historic times, must not be taken as proof that they could not manufacture cloth. According to Rhys, Briton means a "cloth clad"<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> person. The bronze -fibulæ found at Bronze Age sites could not have been +fibulæ found at Bronze Age sites could not have been used to fasten heavy skins.</p> <p>When the Romans reached Britain, the natives, like the heroes of Homer, used chariots, and had weapons -of bronze and iron. The archæology of the ancient +of bronze and iron. The archæology of the ancient Irish stories is of similar character.</p> <p>In the Bronze Age the swords were pointed and @@ -5036,7 +5020,7 @@ in certain parts of England.</p> <p class="blockquote">Colours of Ancient Races and Mythical Ages—Caucasian Race Theory—The Aryan or Indo-European Theory—Races and Languages—Celts -and Teutons—Fair and Dark Palæolithic Peoples in Modern +and Teutons—Fair and Dark Palæolithic Peoples in Modern Britain—Mediterranean Man—The Armenoid or Alpine Broad-heads—Ancient British Tribes—Cruithne and Picts—The Picts of the "Brochs" as Pirates and Traders—Picts and Fairies—Scottish Types—Racial @@ -5072,7 +5056,7 @@ the habit of dividing mankind and their history into four sections, according to colours and the metals chiefly used by them, is not yet extinct. We still speak of the "Black man", the "Yellow man", the "Red -man", and the "White man". Archæologists have +man", and the "White man". Archæologists have divided what they call the "pre-history of mankind" into the two "Stone Ages", the "Bronze Age" and the "Iron Age". The belief that certain races have become @@ -5096,7 +5080,7 @@ supposed to have perished, it is found that they have been absorbed by intruders. In some cases the chief change has been one of racial designation and nationality.</p> -<p>Crô-Magnon man, who entered Europe when the +<p>Crô-Magnon man, who entered Europe when the Neanderthals were hunting the reindeer and other animals, is still represented in our midst. Dr. Collignon, the French ethnologist, who has found many @@ -5136,7 +5120,7 @@ is there a single native tribe making use of a purely inflectional or Aryan language."</p> <p>The term "Aryan" is similarly a misleading one. -It was invented by Professor Max Müller and applied +It was invented by Professor Max Müller and applied by him chiefly to a group of languages at a time when races were being identified by the languages they spoke. These peoples—with as different physical @@ -5180,7 +5164,7 @@ the world.</p> <div class="caption"> <p>EUROPEAN TYPES</p> -<p>I, Mediterranean. II, Crô-Magnon. III, Armenoid (Alpine). +<p>I, Mediterranean. II, Crô-Magnon. III, Armenoid (Alpine). IV, Northern.</p> </div></div> @@ -5217,13 +5201,13 @@ Age".</p> <p>As modern-day ethnologists have found that the masses of the population in Great Britain and Ireland -are of the early types known to archæologists as Palæolithic, +are of the early types known to archæologists as Palæolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age men, the race history of our people may be formulated as follows:</p> <p>The earliest inhabitants of our islands whose physical characteristics can be traced among the living population -were the Crô-Magnon peoples. These were followed +were the Crô-Magnon peoples. These were followed by the fair Northerners, the "carriers" of Maglemosian culture, and the dark, medium-sized Iberians, who were the "carriers" of Azilian-Tardenoisian culture. There @@ -5238,7 +5222,7 @@ have been continuously flowing. The carriers of Neolithic culture were in the main Iberians of Mediterranean racial type—the descendants of the Azilian-Tardenoisian peoples who used bows and arrows, -and broke up the Magdalenian civilization of Crô-Magnon +and broke up the Magdalenian civilization of Crô-Magnon man in western and central Europe. This race appears to have been characterized in north and north-east Africa. "So striking", writes Professor @@ -5279,7 +5263,7 @@ the Asiatics were a medium-sized, heavily-built people, capable, as the large bosses on their bones indicate, of considerable muscular development.</p> -<p>During the archæological Bronze Age these Armenoids +<p>During the archæological Bronze Age these Armenoids reached Britain in considerable numbers, and introduced the round-barrow method of burial. They do not appear, however, as has been indicated, to have @@ -5340,9 +5324,9 @@ possession of Devon and Cornwall, as well as of a large area in the south-western and central lowlands of Scotland. Near them were the Durotriges, who were also in Ireland. Sussex was occupied by the Regni and Kent -by the Cantion. The Atrebates, the Belgæ, and the +by the Cantion. The Atrebates, the Belgæ, and the Parisii were invaders from Gaul during the century that -followed Cæsar's invasion. The Belgæ lay across the +followed Cæsar's invasion. The Belgæ lay across the neck of the land between the Bristol Channel and the Isle of Wight; the Atrebates clung to the River Thames, while the Parisii, who gave their name to Paris, occupied @@ -5364,22 +5348,22 @@ south Wales the chief tribe was the Silures, whose racial name is believed to cling to the Scilly (Silura) Islands. They were evidently like the Dumnonii a metal-working people. South-western Wales was -occupied by the Demetæ (the "firm folk"). In south-western -Scotland, the Selgovæ ("hunters") occupied -Galloway, their nearest neighbours being the Novantæ -of Wigtownshire. The Selgovæ may have been those +occupied by the Demetæ (the "firm folk"). In south-western +Scotland, the Selgovæ ("hunters") occupied +Galloway, their nearest neighbours being the Novantæ +of Wigtownshire. The Selgovæ may have been those peoples known later as the Atecotti. From Fife to southern Aberdeenshire the predominant people on the east were the Vernicones. In north-east Aberdeenshire -were the Tæxali. To the west of these were the Vacomagi. +were the Tæxali. To the west of these were the Vacomagi. The Caledonians occupied the Central Highlands from Inverness southward to Loch Lomond. -In Ross-shire were the Decantæ, a name resembling -Novantæ and Setantii. The Lugi and Smertæ (smeared +In Ross-shire were the Decantæ, a name resembling +Novantæ and Setantii. The Lugi and Smertæ (smeared people) were farther north. The Cornavii of Caithness and North Wales were those who occupied the "horns" or "capes". Along the west of Scotland were peoples -called the Cerones, Creones, and Carnonacæ, or Carini, +called the Cerones, Creones, and Carnonacæ, or Carini, perhaps a sheep-rearing people. The Epidii were an Argyll tribe, whose name is connected with that of the horse—perhaps a horse-god.<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> Orkney enshrines the @@ -5401,14 +5385,14 @@ A flood of light has been thrown on the Pictish problem by Professor W. J. Watson, Edinburgh.<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> He shows that when Agricola invaded Scotland (<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 85) the predominant people were the Caledonians. Early in the -third century the Caledonians and Mæatæ—names +third century the Caledonians and Mæatæ—names which included all the tribes north of Hadrian's Wall—were so aggressive that Emperor Septimus Severus organized a great expedition against them. He pressed northward as far as the southern shore of the Moray Firth, and, although he fought no battle, lost 50,000 men in skirmishes, &c. The Caledonians and -Mæatæ rose again, and Severus was preparing a second +Mæatæ rose again, and Severus was preparing a second expedition when he died at York in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 211. His son, Caracalla, withdrew from Scotland altogether. The Emperor Constantius, who died at York in <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 306, @@ -5461,7 +5445,7 @@ Nennius (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">c.</i> <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 800) the north of Scotland. Nennius says they occupied Orkney first. The legends which connect the Picts with Scythia and Hercules were based on Virgil's mention -of "picti Agathyrsi" and "picti Geloni" (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æneid</i> +of "picti Agathyrsi" and "picti Geloni" (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æneid</i> IV, 146, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Georgics</i>, II, 115) combined with the account by Herodotus (IV, 10) of the descent of Gelonus and Agathyrsus from Hercules. Of late origin therefore was @@ -5489,7 +5473,7 @@ of Ireland, but Cruithne means Britons not Picts.</p> Ireland was in Greek "Ierne", and in Latin "Iubernia" (later "Hibernia"). The racial name was applied by Pliny to Albion and Hibernia when he referred to the -island group as "Britanniæ". Ptolemy says that Albion +island group as "Britanniæ". Ptolemy says that Albion is "a Britannic isle" and further that Albion (England and Scotland) was an island "belonging to the Britannic Isles". Ireland was also a Britannic isle. It is @@ -5571,7 +5555,7 @@ gates."</p> "resemble rather closely", in Peet's opinion, the <i>nuraghi</i> of Sardinia. The architecture of the <i>talayots</i>, the <i>nuraghi</i>, and the brochs resembles that of the bee-hive tombs of -Mycenæ (pre-Hellenic Greece). There are no brochs in +Mycenæ (pre-Hellenic Greece). There are no brochs in Ireland. The "round towers" are of Christian origin (between ninth and thirteenth centuries <span class="smcap">a.d.</span>). A tomb at Labbamologa, County Cork, however, resembles the @@ -5585,10 +5569,10 @@ Poitiers (Poictiers) and the province of Poitou in France. These Pictones were anciently rivals of the Veneti, the chief sea-traders in Western and Northern Europe during the pre-Roman period. We gather -from Cæsar that the Pictones espoused the cause of the +from Cæsar that the Pictones espoused the cause of the Romans when the Veneti and their allies revolted. They and their near neighbours, the Santoni, supplied -Cæsar with ships.<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> These were apparently skiffs which +Cæsar with ships.<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> These were apparently skiffs which were much lighter and smaller than the imposing vessels of the Veneti. As the big vessels of the Armada were no match for the smaller English vessels, so were the @@ -5625,14 +5609,14 @@ Roman poet, refers to "the fading steel-wrought figures on the dying Pict". Like the sea-faring Scots of northern Ireland who harried the Welsh coast between the second and fifth centuries of our era, the Picts of -Scotland had skiffs (scaphæ) with sails and twenty oars +Scotland had skiffs (scaphæ) with sails and twenty oars a side. Vessels, masts, ropes, and sails were painted a neutral tint, and the crews were attired in the same colour. Thus "camouflaged", the Picts and Scots were able to harry the coasts of Romanized Britain. They appear to have turned Hadrian's wall from the sea. The Pictish sea-faring tribes, the Keiths or Cats and the -Mæatæ, have left their names in Caithness, Inchkeith, +Mæatæ, have left their names in Caithness, Inchkeith, Dalkeith, &c., and in the Isle of May, &c.<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p> <p>A glimpse of piratical operations in the first century @@ -5704,7 +5688,7 @@ than that of Scotland. A distinctive feature of the Scottish face is the high cheek-bone. The Norse cheek-bone is distinctly flatter. It may be that the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span> -tall Crô-Magnons, who had high cheek-bones, have +tall Crô-Magnons, who had high cheek-bones, have contributed to Scottish physical traits. That all the fair peoples of Britain and Ireland are, as has been indicated, not necessarily descendants of the fair Celts @@ -5714,7 +5698,7 @@ the proto-Scandinavians, who introduced the Maglemosian culture long before the introduction of the Neolithic industry. Modern ethnologists lean to the view that the masses of the present-day population of -Europe betray Palæolithic racial affinities. In no +Europe betray Palæolithic racial affinities. In no country in Europe, other than our own, have there been fewer ethnic changes. As we have seen, there were only two or three intrusions from the Continent between @@ -5744,8 +5728,8 @@ as has been indicated, to be descendants of the sailors of the Spanish Armada. They resemble, however, the Fir-bolgs of Ireland and the Silures of Wales. Hertfordshire has a dark, short people too. Galloway, the -country of the ancient Selgovæ (hunters), is noted for -its tall people. It may be that there is a Crô-Magnon +country of the ancient Selgovæ (hunters), is noted for +its tall people. It may be that there is a Crô-Magnon strain in Galloway, and that among the short, dark peoples are descendants of the ancient metal workers, including the Easterners who settled in Spain. (See @@ -5820,19 +5804,19 @@ Seers, and Bards in the Celtic priesthood. In his book on divination, Cicero indicates that the Druids had embraced the doctrines of Pythagoras, the Greek philosopher, who was born about 586 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, including -that of the transmigration of souls.<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> Julius Cæsar tells +that of the transmigration of souls.<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> Julius Cæsar tells that the special province of the Druids in Gaulish society was religion in all its aspects; they read oracles, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> and instructed large numbers of the nation's youth. Pomponius Mela<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> says the instruction was given in -caves and in secluded groves. Cæsar records that once +caves and in secluded groves. Cæsar records that once a year the Druids presided over a general assembly of the Gauls at a sacred spot in the country of the Carnutes, which was supposed to be the centre of Gaul. It is not known whether this holy place was marked by a mound, a grove, a stone circle, or a dolmen. The -Archdruid was chief of the priesthood. Cæsar notes +Archdruid was chief of the priesthood. Cæsar notes that the Germans had no Druids and paid no attention to sacrifices.</p> @@ -5867,7 +5851,7 @@ forms, while other heroes were incarnations of deities. The most persistent British belief, however, was that after death the soul passed to an Otherworld.</p> -<p>Julius Cæsar says that Druidism was believed to have +<p>Julius Cæsar says that Druidism was believed to have originated in Britain.<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> This cannot apply, however, to the belief in transmigration of souls, which was shared in common by Celts, Greeks, and Indians. According @@ -6103,7 +6087,7 @@ the science and religious beliefs and practices associated with Druidism. Commercial relations were established between the Etruscans, the peoples of Gaul and the south of Spain, and with the Phœnicians of Tyre and Carthage -during the archæological Early Iron Age. Some of the +during the archæological Early Iron Age. Some of the megalithic monuments of North Africa were connected with this later drift.</p> @@ -6142,7 +6126,7 @@ the modern word is "Call". "Calltuinn" (Englished "Calton") is a "hazel grove". There are Caltons in Edinburgh and Glasgow and well-worn forms of the ancient name elsewhere. In the legends associated with -the Irish Saint Maedóg is one regarding a dried-up +the Irish Saint Maedóg is one regarding a dried-up stick of hazel which "sprouted into leaf and blossom and good fruit". It is added that this hazel "endures yet (<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 624), a fresh tree, undecayed, unwithered, nut-laden @@ -6170,7 +6154,7 @@ figs and dates of the Easterners, largely used for food.<a name="FNanchor_122" i <p>Important evidence regarding the milk elixir and the associated myths and doctrines is preserved in the ancient religious literature of India and especially in -the <i lang="hi" xml:lang="hi">Mahá-bhárata</i>. The Indian Hathor is the cow-mother +the <i lang="hi" xml:lang="hi">Mahá-bhárata</i>. The Indian Hathor is the cow-mother Surabhi, who sprang from Amrita (Soma) in the mouth of the Grandfather (Brahma). A single jet of her milk gave origin to "Milky Ocean". The milk @@ -6310,7 +6294,7 @@ The testimony of tradition associates the stone circles, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> &c., with the Druids. "We are now obliged", he -writes<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>, "to go back to the theory of the archæologists +writes<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>, "to go back to the theory of the archæologists of a hundred years ago who attributed the megalithic monuments to the Druids. The instinct of our predecessors has been more penetrating than the scientific @@ -6382,7 +6366,7 @@ one of these grave urns, which a medical man identified as part of the skeleton of a bird.</p> <p>Necklaces of shells, of wild animals' teeth, and ornaments -of ivory found in Palæolithic graves or burial +of ivory found in Palæolithic graves or burial caves were connected with the belief that they contained the animating influence or "life substance" of the mother goddess. In later times the pearl found in @@ -6418,7 +6402,7 @@ The root <i>nem</i> is in the Latin word <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nemus</i> (a It was apparently because the goddess of the grove was the goddess of the sky and of the pearl, and the goddess of battle as well as the goddess of love, that -Julius Cæsar made a thanksgiving offering to Venus +Julius Cæsar made a thanksgiving offering to Venus in her temple at Rome of a corslet of British pearls.</p> <p>The Irish goddess Nemon was the spouse of the war @@ -6505,7 +6489,7 @@ supposed to be concentrated in it. The connection between the precious or sacred amber and the goddess and her cult animal is brought out in a reference made by Tacitus to the amber collectors and traders on the -southern shore of the Baltic. These are the Æstyans, +southern shore of the Baltic. These are the Æstyans, who, according to Tacitus, were costumed like the Swedes, but spoke a language resembling the dialect of the Britons. "They worship", the historian records, @@ -6566,7 +6550,7 @@ protection as did those who had the boar symbol on their armour. For the same reason Cuchullin, the Irish Achilles, wore pearls in his hair, and the Roman Emperor Caligula had a pearl collar on his favourite -horse. Ice being a form of water is in French <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">glacé</i>, +horse. Ice being a form of water is in French <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">glacé</i>, which also means "glass". When glass beads were first manufactured they were regarded, like amber, as depositories of "life substance" from the water goddess @@ -6580,7 +6564,7 @@ Droedh</i> and in Gaelic <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">Glaine nan Druidhe</i>).</p> <p>A special peculiarity about amber is that when rubbed vigorously it attracts or lifts light articles. That is why it is called in Persian Kahruba (<i>Kah</i>, straw; <i>ruba</i>, to -lift). This name appears in modern French as <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">carabé</i> +lift). This name appears in modern French as <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">carabé</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span> (yellow amber). In Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese it is <i>carabe</i>. No doubt the early peoples, who gathered @@ -7101,7 +7085,7 @@ existence in ancient Britain of the "primitive belief" in spirits. This stage of religious culture is called Animism (Spiritism). The discovery, however, that a goddess was worshipped in Aurignacian times by the -Crô-Magnon peoples in Western Europe suggests that +Crô-Magnon peoples in Western Europe suggests that Animistic beliefs were not necessarily as ancient as has been assumed. It may be that what we know as Animism was a product of a later period when there arose somewhat @@ -7270,10 +7254,10 @@ Druid, kept playing his harp until a lake sprang up. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> This lake was visited by a goddess and her attendants, who had assumed the forms of beautiful birds. It was -called Loch Bél Seád ("lake of the jewel mouth") because +called Loch Bél Seád ("lake of the jewel mouth") because pearls were found in it, and Loch Crotto Cliach ("lake of Cliach's harps"). Another name was Loch -Bél Dragain ("dragon-mouth lake"), because Ternog's +Bél Dragain ("dragon-mouth lake"), because Ternog's nurse caught "a fiery dragon in the shape of a salmon" and she was induced to throw this salmon into the loch. The early Christian addition to the legend runs: @@ -7448,7 +7432,7 @@ of St. Brigit of Ireland.</p> Her birds were the wood linnet, which in Gaelic is called "Bird of Bride", and the oyster catcher called "Page of Bride", while her plant was the dandelion (<i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">am bearnan -brìde</i>), the "milk" of which was the salvation of the +brìde</i>), the "milk" of which was the salvation of the early lamb. On Bride's Day the serpent awoke from its winter sleep and crept from its hole. This serpent is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> @@ -7507,9 +7491,9 @@ referring to the dragons:</p> <p>The serpent, known in Scotland as <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">nathair challtuinn</i> ("snake of the hazel grove"), had evidently a mythological significance. Leviathan is represented by the -Gaelic <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">cirein cròin</i> (sea-serpent), also called <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">mial mhòr +Gaelic <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">cirein cròin</i> (sea-serpent), also called <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">mial mhòr a chuain</i> ("the great beast of the sea") and <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">cuairtag -mhòr a chuain</i> ("the great whirlpool of the sea"); a +mhòr a chuain</i> ("the great whirlpool of the sea"); a sea-snake was supposed to be located in Corryvreckan whirlpool. Kelpies and water horses and water bulls are forms assumed by the Scottish dragon. There are @@ -7522,8 +7506,8 @@ were concealed in every farm-house. When one crept out from its hiding-place and died, the farmer or his wife died soon afterwards. Lizards were supposed to be forms assumed by women after death.<a name="FNanchor_176" id="FNanchor_176" href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> The otter, -called in Scottish Gaelic <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">Dobhar-chù</i> ("water dog") and -<i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">Righ nàn Dobhran</i> ("king of the water" or "river"), +called in Scottish Gaelic <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">Dobhar-chù</i> ("water dog") and +<i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">Righ nà n Dobhran</i> ("king of the water" or "river"), appears to have been a soul form. When one was killed a man or a woman died. The king otter was supposed to have a jewel in its head like the Indian @@ -7586,18 +7570,18 @@ insane, and fought horses.</p> <p>In Scotland butterflies and bees were not only soul-forms but deities, and there are traces of similar beliefs in England, Wales, and Ireland. Scottish Gaelic names -of the butterfly include <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealbhan-dé</i> ("image" or "form +of the butterfly include <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealbhan-dé</i> ("image" or "form of God"), <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealbh</i> signifying "image", "form", "picture", -"idol", or "statue"; <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dearbadan-dé</i> ("manifestation of -God"); <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">eunan-dé</i> ("small bird of God"); <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">teine-dé</i> ("fire -of God"); and <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> ("brightness of God"). The +"idol", or "statue"; <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dearbadan-dé</i> ("manifestation of +God"); <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">eunan-dé</i> ("small bird of God"); <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">teine-dé</i> ("fire +of God"); and <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> ("brightness of God"). The word <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan</i> refers to (1) lightning, (2) the brightness of the starry sky, (3) burning coal, (4) the wooden bar of a door, and (5) to a wooden peg fastening a cow-halter round the neck. The bar and peg, which gave security, were evidently connected with the deity.</p> -<p>In addition to meaning butterfly, <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> ("the +<p>In addition to meaning butterfly, <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> ("the <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan</i> of God") refers to a burning stick which is shaken to and fro or whirled round about. When "need fires" (new fires) were lit at Beltain festival @@ -7611,9 +7595,9 @@ protection, &c. Until recently Highland boys who perpetuated the custom of lighting bon-fires to celebrate old Celtic festivals were wont to snatch burning sticks from them and run homewards, whirling the -<i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> round about so as to keep it burning.</p> +<i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> round about so as to keep it burning.</p> -<p>Souls took the form of a <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> (butterfly). Lady +<p>Souls took the form of a <i lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">dealan-dé</i> (butterfly). Lady Wilde relates in <cite>Ancient Legends</cite> (Vol. I, pp. 66-7) the Irish story of a child who saw the butterfly form of the soul—"a beautiful living creature with four @@ -7898,7 +7882,7 @@ exported their pigs.<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190 <p>Traces of ancient food taboos, which were connected evidently with religious beliefs, have been obtained -by archæologists in England. In some districts pork +by archæologists in England. In some districts pork appears to have been more favoured than the beef or mutton or goat flesh preferred in other districts. Evidence has been forthcoming that horse flesh was eaten @@ -7917,7 +7901,7 @@ with Hallowe'en is of special interest.</p> eaten freely in England. The reason may be that an <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> ancient goddess, remembered longest in Scotland, had -an eel form. Julius Cæsar tells that the ancient Britons +an eel form. Julius Cæsar tells that the ancient Britons with whom he came into contact did not regard it lawful to eat the hare, the domestic fowl, or the goose. In Scotland and England the goose was, until recently, @@ -7981,12 +7965,12 @@ grandson Lugh (pronounced <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">loo</i>) has been called th "Gaelic Apollo". Goibniu was a Gaelic Vulcan.</p> <p>Neit, whose wife was Nemon,<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193" href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> was a Fomorian god -of battle. The sea god was Manannán mac Lir. He +of battle. The sea god was Manannán mac Lir. He was known to the Welsh as Manawydan ab Llyr, who was not only a sea god but "lord of headlands" and a patron of traders. Llyr has come down as the legendary King Lear, and his name survives in -Leicester, originally Llyr-cestre of Cær-Llyr (walled +Leicester, originally Llyr-cestre of Cær-Llyr (walled city of Llyr). His famous and gigantic son Bran <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> became, in the process of time, the "Blessed Bran" @@ -8017,7 +8001,7 @@ of Nudd".</p> <p>There were three groups of Welsh deities, the others being "the children of Lyr" and "the children of Don". Professor Rhys has identified Nudd with Lud, the god -whose name survives in London (originally Cær Lud) +whose name survives in London (originally Cær Lud) and in Ludgate, which may, as has been suggested, have originally been "the way of Lud", leading to his holy place now occupied by St. Paul's Cathedral. Lud @@ -8166,8 +8150,8 @@ famous French river, and in the Welsh <i lang="cy" xml:lang="cy">Y Mamau</i>, on of the names of the "fairies".</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> -Other names of goddess groups include Proximæ -(kinswoman), Niskai (water spirits), and Dervonnæ (oak +Other names of goddess groups include Proximæ +(kinswoman), Niskai (water spirits), and Dervonnæ (oak spirits). The Romans took over these and other groups of ancient deities and the beliefs about their origin in the mythical sea they were supposed to cross or rise @@ -8184,7 +8168,7 @@ milk, it links with the symbolic pot.</p> <p>Most of the ancient deities had local names, and consequently a number of Gaulish gods were identified by the Romans with Apollo, including Borvo, whose name -lingers in Bourbon, Grannos of Aquæ Granni (Aix la +lingers in Bourbon, Grannos of Aquæ Granni (Aix la Chapelle), Mogounus, whose name has been shortened to Mainz, &c. The gods Taranucus (thunderer), Uxellĭmus (the highest), &c., were identified with Jupiter; Dunatis @@ -8243,7 +8227,7 @@ invasion and settlement which followed on the withdrawal of the Roman army of occupation, yet historians, as a rule, regard it as "pre-historic" and outside their sphere of interest. As there are no inscriptions and no -documents to render articulate the archæological Ages +documents to render articulate the archæological Ages of Stone and Bronze, they find it impossible to draw any definite conclusions.</p> @@ -8279,7 +8263,7 @@ of early trade and of early shipping. The history of art goes back for thousands of years before the Classic Age dawned in Greece; the history of trade can be traced to that remote period when Red Sea shells were imported -into Italy by Crô-Magnon man; and the history of British +into Italy by Crô-Magnon man; and the history of British shipping can be shown to be as old as those dug-outs that foundered in ancient Scottish river beds before the last land movement had ceased.</p> @@ -8287,7 +8271,7 @@ last land movement had ceased.</p> <p>The history of man really begins when and where we find the first clear traces of his activities, and as it is possible to write not only regarding the movements of the -Crô-Magnon races, but of their beliefs as revealed by +Crô-Magnon races, but of their beliefs as revealed by burial customs, their use of body paint, the importance attached to shell and other talismans, and their wonderful and high attainments in the arts and crafts, the European @@ -8297,7 +8281,7 @@ Western Europe and Italy was connected with the North African coast.</p> <p>In the case of ancient Egypt, historical data have -been gleaned from archæological remains as well as +been gleaned from archæological remains as well as from religious texts and brief records of historical events. The history of Egyptian agriculture has been traced back beyond the dawn of the Dynastic Age and to that @@ -8323,7 +8307,7 @@ unmistakable evidence of Egyptian and Babylonian cultural influence, trade, and colonization are, therefore, to be welcomed. The comparative evidence in this connection provides a more reliable basis than has hitherto -been available for Western European archæology. It +been available for Western European archæology. It is possible for the historian to date approximately the beginning of the export trade in jet from England—apparently from Whitby in Yorkshire—and of the export @@ -8340,9 +8324,9 @@ and the Egyptian beads found in England till about <p>The dating of these and other relics raises the question whether historians should accept, without qualification, -or at all, the system of "Ages" adopted by archæologists. +or at all, the system of "Ages" adopted by archæologists. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span> -Terms like "Palæolithic" (Old Stone) and "Neolithic" +Terms like "Palæolithic" (Old Stone) and "Neolithic" (New Stone) are, in most areas, without precise chronological significance. As applied in the historical sense, they tend to obscure the fact that the former applies @@ -8353,7 +8337,7 @@ of skill never surpassed in the "New Stone Age", as Aurignacian and Solutrean artifacts testify; it was also sometimes badly worked from poorly selected material, as in Magdalenian times, when bone and horn were -utilized to such an extent that archæologists would be +utilized to such an extent that archæologists would be justified in referring to a "Bone and Horn Age".</p> <p>Before the Neolithic industry was introduced into @@ -8414,7 +8398,7 @@ into Hungary, where the first stage of Modern Man's activities was the Solutrean. The three stages, however, existed during the post-Glacial period, when man hunted the reindeer and other animals favouring similar climatic -conditions. The French archæologists have named this +conditions. The French archæologists have named this the "Reindeer Age". Three later industries were introduced into Europe during the Pre-Agricultural Age. These are known as (1) Azilian, (2) Tardenoisian, and @@ -8428,7 +8412,7 @@ times as the "Early Red Deer Age".</p> <p>There is Continental evidence to show that the Neolithic industry was practised prior to the introduction of the agricultural mode of life. The "Early Agricultural -Age", therefore, cuts into the archæological "Neolithic +Age", therefore, cuts into the archæological "Neolithic Age" in France. Whether or not it does so in Britain is uncertain.</p> @@ -8451,7 +8435,7 @@ the fact that they settled on the granite in Devon and Cornwall, while yet they were using flints of Neolithic form which had been made elsewhere. Iron working was ultimately introduced. The Bronze and Iron -"Ages" of the archæologists can be included in the +"Ages" of the archæologists can be included in the historian's "Early Agricultural Age", because agriculture continued to be the most important factor in the economic life of Britain. It was the basis of its civilization; @@ -8461,7 +8445,7 @@ by land and sea. In time the Celtic peoples—that is, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span> peoples who spoke Celtic dialects—arrived in Britain. The Celtic movement was in progress at 500 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and -had not ended after Julius Cæsar invaded southern England. +had not ended after Julius Cæsar invaded southern England. It was finally arrested by the Roman occupation, but continued in Ireland. When it really commenced is uncertain; the earliest Celts may have used bronze only.</p> @@ -8503,7 +8487,7 @@ subjected to racial and cultural "drifts" from the Continent, and that the latter outnumbered the former.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> -In the Pre-Agricultural Age Crô-Magnon colonists +In the Pre-Agricultural Age Crô-Magnon colonists reached England and Wales while yet in the Aurignacian stage of civilization. As much is indicated by the evidence of the Paviland cave in South Wales. At a @@ -8526,17 +8510,17 @@ and myths regarding the "sleeping heroes" in burial caverns.</p> <p>The so-called "Transition Period" between the Upper -Palæolithic and Neolithic Ages is well represented, +Palæolithic and Neolithic Ages is well represented, especially in Scotland, where the land rose after early man's arrival, and even after the introduction of shipping. As England was sinking when Scotland was rising, English traces of the period are difficult to find. This "Transition Period" was of greater duration than the -archæological "Neolithic Age".</p> +archæological "Neolithic Age".</p> <p>Of special interest is the light thrown by relics of the "Transition Period" on the race problem. Apparently -the Crô-Magnons and other peoples of the Magdalenian +the Crô-Magnons and other peoples of the Magdalenian Age were settled in Britain when the intruders, who had broken up Magdalenian civilization on the Continent, began to arrive. These were (1) the Azilians of Iberian @@ -8569,9 +8553,9 @@ whose movements depended entirely on those of the wild animals he hunted, as well as the further theory that stone implements and weapons were not used after the introduction of metals. There were, as can be -gathered from the evidence afforded by archæological +gathered from the evidence afforded by archæological remains, settled village communities, and centres of industry -in the Age referred to by archæologists as "Neolithic". +in the Age referred to by archæologists as "Neolithic". The Early Agricultural Age had dawned. Sections of the population engaged in agriculture, sections were miners and workers of flint, sections were @@ -8703,7 +8687,7 @@ a tree, and was connected with the sky and "the waters above the firmament". Coral was supposed to be her sea tree, and jet, amber, silver, and gold were supposed to grow from her fertilizing tears. Beliefs about "grown -gold" were quite rife in mediæval Britain.<a name="FNanchor_200" id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a></p> +gold" were quite rife in mediæval Britain.<a name="FNanchor_200" id="FNanchor_200" href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a></p> <p>It should not surprise us, therefore, to find traces of Oriental religious conceptions in ancient Britain and @@ -8732,11 +8716,11 @@ traders of Spain were displaced. Some appear to have <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span> migrated into Gaul and North Italy; others may have found refuge in Ireland and Britain. The sea-routes -were not, however, closed. Ægean culture filtered into +were not, however, closed. Ægean culture filtered into Western Europe from Crete, and through the Hallstatt culture centre from the Danubian area. The culture of the tribes who spoke Celtic dialects was veined with -Ægean and Asiatic influences. In time Continental +Ægean and Asiatic influences. In time Continental Druidism imbibed ideas regarding the Transmigration of Souls and the custom of cremation from an area in the East which had influenced the Aryan invaders of @@ -8776,7 +8760,7 @@ remained. In Scotland the pig-taboo, with its history rooted in ancient Egypt, has had tardy survival until our own times. It has no connection with Celtic culture, for the Continental Celts were a pig-rearing -and pork-eating people, like the Ægæan invaders of +and pork-eating people, like the Ægæan invaders of Greece. The pig-taboo is still as prevalent in Northern Arcadia as in the Scottish Highlands, where the descendants not only of the ancient Iberians but of @@ -8798,7 +8782,7 @@ that the Irish manners and customs were similar to those prevailing in Britain, and he makes reference to Irish sea-trade and the fact that Irish sea-ports were well known to merchants. England suffered more from -invasions before and after the arrival of Julius Cæsar +invasions before and after the arrival of Julius Cæsar than did Scotland or Ireland. It was consequently incapable of united action against the Romans, as Tacitus states clearly. The indigenous tribes refused @@ -8826,7 +8810,7 @@ Most Irish saints were of this stock.</p> <p>The pre-Roman Britons had ships of superior quality, as is made evident by the fact that a British squadron -was included in the great Veneti fleet which Cæsar +was included in the great Veneti fleet which Cæsar attacked and defeated with the aid of Pictones and other hereditary rivals of the Veneti and their allies. In early Roman times Britain thus took an active part @@ -8885,7 +8869,7 @@ in return for what they received. Craftsmen and traders had to be protected by laws, and the laws had to be enforced.</p> -<p>The evidence accumulated by archæologists is sufficient +<p>The evidence accumulated by archæologists is sufficient to prove that Britain had inherited from seats of ancient civilization a high degree of culture and technical skill in metal-working, &c., many centuries @@ -8908,7 +8892,7 @@ removed from a state of savagery.</p> <p>Many writers, who have accepted without question the statements of certain Roman writers regarding the early -Britons and ignored the evidence that archæological +Britons and ignored the evidence that archæological relics provide regarding the arts and crafts and social conditions of pre-Roman times, have in the past written in depreciatory vein regarding the ancestors of the vast @@ -9042,21 +9026,21 @@ of the British pre-Roman period.</p> <ul> -<li>Achæans, Celts and, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Achæans, Celts and, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> <li>Acheulian culture, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> <li>Adonis, killed by boar, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> -<li>Ægean culture, Celts absorbed, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>Ægean culture, Celts absorbed, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> <li>— — in Central Europe, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> -<li>Æstyans, the, amber traders, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>Æstyans, the, amber traders, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> <li>— worship of mother goddess and boar god, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> -<li>Africa, Crô-Magnon peoples entered Europe from, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +<li>Africa, Crô-Magnon peoples entered Europe from, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> <li>— ostrich eggs, ivory, &c., from, found in Spain, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> @@ -9072,12 +9056,12 @@ of the British pre-Roman period.</p> <li>— the Reindeer, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> -<li>Ages, Archæological, new system of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> +<li>Ages, Archæological, new system of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> <li>— — problem of Scottish copper axe, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> <li>— the Mythical, colours and metals of, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>. - See also <cite>Geological</cite> and <cite>Archæological Ages</cite>.</li> + See also <cite>Geological</cite> and <cite>Archæological Ages</cite>.</li> <li>Agriculture, beginning of, in Britain, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> @@ -9125,7 +9109,7 @@ Akkad, Sargon of, his knowledge of Western Europe, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a <li>— Persian, &c., names of, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> -<li>— Tacitus on the Baltic Æstyans, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +<li>— Tacitus on the Baltic Æstyans, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> <li>— connection of, with boar god and mother goddess, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> @@ -9168,7 +9152,7 @@ Angus, the Irish god of love, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> <li>— connection of, with pearl and moon, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> -<li>— Julius Cæsar's pearl offering to, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> +<li>— Julius Cæsar's pearl offering to, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> <li>— myth of origin of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> @@ -9206,11 +9190,11 @@ Angus, the Irish god of love, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> <li>Apple tree, God of, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> -<li>Archæological Ages, 1400 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, a date in British history, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> +<li>Archæological Ages, 1400 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, a date in British history, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> <li>— — "Broad-heads" in Britain and "Long-heads" in Ireland use bronze, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> -<li>— — climate in Upper Palæolithic, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>— — climate in Upper Palæolithic, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> <li>— — Egyptian and Babylonian relics in Neolithic Spain, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> @@ -9223,7 +9207,7 @@ Angus, the Irish god of love, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> <li>— — "Stone Age" man not necessarily a savage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span> -Archæological Ages, influences of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +Archæological Ages, influences of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> <li>— — Irish sagas and, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> @@ -9233,14 +9217,14 @@ Archæological Ages, influences of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Pa <li>— — Neolithic industry introduced by metal workers in Spain, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> -<li>— — relations of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>— — relations of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> <li>— — "Transition Period" longer than "Neolithic Age", <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> <li>— — Western European metals reached Mesopotamia between 3000 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> and 2000 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. - See also <i>Palæolithic</i> and <i>Neolithic</i>.</li> + See also <i>Palæolithic</i> and <i>Neolithic</i>.</li> -<li>Archæology, stratification theory, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Archæology, stratification theory, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> <li>Argentocoxus, the Caledonian, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> @@ -9289,7 +9273,7 @@ Archæological Ages, influences of Neanderthal and Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Pa <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span> Augustonemeton (shrine of Augustus), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> -<li>Aurignac, Crô-Magnon cave-tomb of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Aurignac, Crô-Magnon cave-tomb of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> <li>Aurignacian, African source of culture called, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> @@ -9305,11 +9289,11 @@ Augustonemeton (shrine of Augustus), <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> <li>— "Combe-Capelle" man, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> -<li>— Brüx and Brünn race, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>— Brüx and Brünn race, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> -<li>— Crô-Magnons and, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>— Crô-Magnons and, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> -<li>— culture of Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> +<li>— culture of Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> <li>— heart as seat of life, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> @@ -9422,7 +9406,7 @@ Azilian culture, Iberian carriers of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li> <li>Belatucadros, a Gaulish Mars, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> -<li>Belgæ, The, in Britain, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Belgæ, The, in Britain, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> <li>Belisama, goddess of Mersey, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> @@ -9651,7 +9635,7 @@ Bran, the god and saint, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> <li>— Spanish Easterners displaced by carriers of, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> -<li>Bronze Age, The Archæological, British "broad-heads" and Irish "long-heads" as bronze users, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> +<li>Bronze Age, The Archæological, British "broad-heads" and Irish "long-heads" as bronze users, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> <li>— — French forms in Britain and Spanish in Ireland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> @@ -9677,9 +9661,9 @@ settlers in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> <li>— — relics of <a href="#Page_113">113</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> -<li>Bronze industry, fibulæ and clothing, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Bronze industry, fibulæ and clothing, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> -<li>Brünn and Brüx races, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +<li>Brünn and Brüx races, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> <li>— — skull caps, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> @@ -9699,7 +9683,7 @@ settlers in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> <li>— — British Pagan survivals, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> -<li>— — Crô-Magnon Aurignacian, in Wales, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>— — Crô-Magnon Aurignacian, in Wales, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> <li>— — doctrine of Cardinal Points and, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> @@ -9709,7 +9693,7 @@ settlers in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> <li>— — urns in graves, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> -<li>— — green stones in mouths of Crô-Magnon dead, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> +<li>— — green stones in mouths of Crô-Magnon dead, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> <li>— — Egyptian and American use of green stones, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> @@ -9719,13 +9703,13 @@ settlers in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> <li>— — in Neolithic Britain, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> -<li>— — Palæolithic, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> +<li>— — Palæolithic, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> <li>— — "Round Barrow" folk, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> <li>— — Shakespeare's reference to Pagan, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> -<li>— — Crô-Magnon rites, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> +<li>— — Crô-Magnon rites, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> <li>— — shell and other ornaments, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> @@ -9811,7 +9795,7 @@ Butterfly, connection of, with jade and soul in China, <a href="#Page_193">193</ <li>— — "sunwise" and "withershins", <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, and also note <a href="#FNanchor_159">159</a>.</li> -<li>Carnonacæ Carini, the, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Carnonacæ Carini, the, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>Carthage, Britain and, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> @@ -9868,9 +9852,9 @@ Carthage, trade of, with Britain, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> <li>— myth of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> -<li>Celts, Achæans and, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Celts, Achæans and, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> -<li>— as carriers of La Tène culture, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>— as carriers of La Tène culture, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> <li>— confederacies formed by, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> @@ -9942,7 +9926,7 @@ Celts, Maglemosians and, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> <li>— westward movement of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> -<li>Celtic art, Ægean affinities, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> +<li>Celtic art, Ægean affinities, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> <li>— cauldron, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> @@ -10021,7 +10005,7 @@ Coinage, ancient British, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> <li>— — Gaelic colours of winds and of Cardinal Points, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> -<li>— — green stones used by Crô-Magnon, Ancient Egyptian, and pre-Columbian American peoples, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +<li>— — green stones used by Crô-Magnon, Ancient Egyptian, and pre-Columbian American peoples, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> <li>— — how prospectors located metals by rock colours, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> @@ -10086,7 +10070,7 @@ Colour symbolism, red and blue supernaturals in Wales, <a href="#Page_158">158</ <li>— — white serpent, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> -<li>— — why Crô-Magnon bodies were smeared with red earth, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>— — why Crô-Magnon bodies were smeared with red earth, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> <li>— — Woad dye, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> @@ -10159,27 +10143,27 @@ Cow, The Sacred, in Britain and Ireland, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="# <li>— — as maggot god, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> -<li>Crô-Magnon, animism, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Crô-Magnon, animism, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> -<li>Crô-Magnon Grotto, discovery of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Crô-Magnon Grotto, discovery of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> <li>— — skeletons in, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> -<li>Crô-Magnon Races, advent of, in Europe, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> +<li>Crô-Magnon Races, advent of, in Europe, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> <li>— — ancestors of "modern man", <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> -<li>— — archæological horizon of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +<li>— — archæological horizon of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> <li>— — Aurignacian culture of the, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> -<li>— — Brüx and Brünn types different from, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>— — Brüx and Brünn types different from, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> <li>— — burial customs of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> <li>— — cultural influence of, on Neanderthals, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> -<li>— — discovery of Crô-Magnon grotto skeletons, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>— — discovery of Crô-Magnon grotto skeletons, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> <li>— — first discovery of traces of, in France, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> @@ -10198,7 +10182,7 @@ Cow, The Sacred, in Britain and Ireland, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="# <li>— — modern representatives of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span> -Crô-Magnon Races, Mother-goddess of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +Crô-Magnon Races, Mother-goddess of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> <li>— — "Tama" belief, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> @@ -10224,9 +10208,9 @@ Crô-Magnon Races, Mother-goddess of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> <li>— — tallest types in Riviera, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> -<li>Crô-Magnon skulls <a href="#Page_24">24</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> +<li>Crô-Magnon skulls <a href="#Page_24">24</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> -<li>Crô-Magnons, Azilian intruders and, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> +<li>Crô-Magnons, Azilian intruders and, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> <li>— heart as seat of life, among, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> @@ -10238,7 +10222,7 @@ Crô-Magnon Races, Mother-goddess of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> <li>— modern Scots and, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> -<li>— Selgovæ and, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +<li>— Selgovæ and, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> <li>Crow, and goddess of grove and sky, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> @@ -10309,11 +10293,11 @@ Danann deities, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> <li>— — Celts as carriers of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> -<li>Decantæ, The, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Decantæ, The, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>Deer, as goddess, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> -<li>Demetæ, The, in Wales, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Demetæ, The, in Wales, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>Demeter, The black, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> @@ -10582,7 +10566,7 @@ Egypt, alabaster flasks, &c., from, in Neolithic Spain, <a href="#Page_96">9 <li>— invention of boats in, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> -<li>— ivory from, found in Spain, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>·</li> +<li>— ivory from, found in Spain, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>·</li> <li>— Ka and serpent, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> @@ -10783,7 +10767,7 @@ Flint, as god, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> <li>— working, ancient English flint factories, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> -<li>— — Aurignacian, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>. See <i>Palæolithic</i>.</li> +<li>— — Aurignacian, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>. See <i>Palæolithic</i>.</li> <li>— — Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian implements <a href="#Page_21">21</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> @@ -10805,7 +10789,7 @@ Flint, as god, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> <li>— — Neolithic saws or sickles, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> -<li>— — Palæolithic and Neolithic, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>— — Palæolithic and Neolithic, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> <li>— — Tardenoisian microliths or "pygmy flints", <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> @@ -10876,13 +10860,13 @@ Gaelic Calendar, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> <li>— — last land movement, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> -<li>— — horizon of Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +<li>— — horizon of Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> <li>— — Pleistocene fauna in Europe, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> -<li>— — Archæological Ages and, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>— — Archæological Ages and, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> -<li>— — Post-Glacial and the early Archæological, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> +<li>— — Post-Glacial and the early Archæological, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> <li>— — theories of durations of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> @@ -10973,7 +10957,7 @@ God-cult, stone as god, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.< <li>— — connection of, with law and trade, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> -<li>— — Crô-Magnon form of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> +<li>— — Crô-Magnon form of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> <li>— — jasper as blood of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> @@ -11048,7 +11032,7 @@ Goddess, pearl, &c., offerings to, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> <li>— Gaelic god and, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> -<li>— Gauls offered, to water deity, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>·</li> +<li>— Gauls offered, to water deity, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>·</li> <li>— how miners worked, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> @@ -11099,7 +11083,7 @@ Gold, knowledge and skill of searchers for, in Britain, <a href="#Page_95">95</a <li>Grimaldi, Indian Ocean shell in Aurignacian cave at, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> -<li>Grove, The sacred, Celtic names of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>·</li> +<li>Grove, The sacred, Celtic names of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>·</li> <li>— — Latin "nemus", <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> @@ -11113,13 +11097,13 @@ Gold, knowledge and skill of searchers for, in Britain, <a href="#Page_95">95</a <li>Hallstatt culture, Celts influenced by, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> -<li>Hand-prints, in Aurignacian caves, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>·</li> +<li>Hand-prints, in Aurignacian caves, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>·</li> <li>— four colours used, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> <li>— dwellings protected by, in India and Spain, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> -<li>— Arabian, Turkish, &c., customs, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>·</li> +<li>— Arabian, Turkish, &c., customs, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>·</li> <li>Hare, taboo in ancient Britain, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> @@ -11162,7 +11146,7 @@ Hazel, as sacred tree, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> <li>Heart, as seat of life, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> -<li>— as seat of life to Crô-Magnons and Ancient Egyptians, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> +<li>— as seat of life to Crô-Magnons and Ancient Egyptians, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> <li>Heaven as South, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> @@ -11220,7 +11204,7 @@ Hazel, as sacred tree, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> <li>— domesticated by Azilians, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> -<li>— domesticated by Crô-Magnons, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> +<li>— domesticated by Crô-Magnons, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> <li>— eaten in Scotland, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> @@ -11281,7 +11265,7 @@ Horse, The Sacred, <a href="#Page_155">155</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> <li>Ivory, associated with bronze, jet, and Egyptian beads in England, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> -<li>— in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>— in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> <li>— Egyptian, in Neolithic Spain, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> @@ -11312,7 +11296,7 @@ Jet, early trade in, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> <li>— early working of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> -<li>— megalithic people searched for, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>·</li> +<li>— megalithic people searched for, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>·</li> <li>— pearls and amber and, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> @@ -11332,7 +11316,7 @@ Jet, early trade in, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> <li>— — in salmon and ring legend, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> -<li>Kent's Cavern, Magdalenian art in, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>·</li> +<li>Kent's Cavern, Magdalenian art in, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>·</li> <li>Kerridiwen, the goddess, cauldron of, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> @@ -11362,7 +11346,7 @@ Jet, early trade in, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> <li>Language of birds. See <i>Birds</i>.</li> -<li>La Tène culture, Celts as carriers of, to Britain, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> +<li>La Tène culture, Celts as carriers of, to Britain, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> <li>Leicestershire, Black Annis, a hag deity of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> @@ -11419,7 +11403,7 @@ Luck, belief in, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> <li> </li> -<li>Mæatæ, The, Picts and Caledonians and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Mæatæ, The, Picts and Caledonians and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> <li>Magdalenian culture, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> @@ -11673,7 +11657,7 @@ Milk, "soma" and "mead" and, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li> <li>— trees on which it grows in Britain, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, and also note <a href="#FNanchor_115">115</a>.</li> <li>Modern man, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. - See <i>Crô-Magnon Races</i>.</li> + See <i>Crô-Magnon Races</i>.</li> <li>Mogounus, a Gaulish Apollo, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> @@ -11736,13 +11720,13 @@ Morrigan, associated with north-west, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> <li>Navigation. See <i>Boats</i></li> -<li>Neanderthal man, Crô-Magnon influence on, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>Neanderthal man, Crô-Magnon influence on, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> <li>— — disappearance of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> <li>— — European climates experienced by, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> -<li>— — relations of, with Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> +<li>— — relations of, with Crô-Magnon races, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> <li>— — first discovery of bones of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> @@ -11758,9 +11742,9 @@ Morrigan, associated with north-west, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> <li>— — Piltdown man and, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> -<li>Necklaces in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Necklaces in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> -<li>— Crô-Magnon sea shells, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> +<li>— Crô-Magnon sea shells, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> <li>— Egyptian blue beads in British "Bronze Age" necklace, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a> (<i>ill.</i>), <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> @@ -11835,7 +11819,7 @@ Morrigan, associated with north-west, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> <li>Northerners, Armenoids and, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> -<li>Novantæ, The, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Novantæ, The, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>Nudd, the god, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> @@ -11907,7 +11891,7 @@ Oak, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> <li>— jet charms, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> -<li>— in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>— in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> <li>— as gods or god-cases, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> @@ -11935,12 +11919,12 @@ Oak, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> <li> </li> -<li>Palæolithic, chronological problem, </li> +<li>Palæolithic, chronological problem, </li> -<li>— implements of Upper Palæolithic, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> +<li>— implements of Upper Palæolithic, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span> -Palæolithic Age, why ornaments were worn, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> +Palæolithic Age, why ornaments were worn, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> <li>— — break in culture of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li> @@ -11971,7 +11955,7 @@ Palæolithic Age, why ornaments were worn, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#P <li>Patrick, St., Pagan myth attached to, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> -<li>Paviland cave, Crô-Magnon burial in Welsh, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>Paviland cave, Crô-Magnon burial in Welsh, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> <li>Pearl, Aphrodite (Venus) as pearl, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> @@ -11983,11 +11967,11 @@ Palæolithic Age, why ornaments were worn, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#P <li>— nocturnal luminosity of, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> -<li>Pearls, British, attracted Romans, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>·</li> +<li>Pearls, British, attracted Romans, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>·</li> <li>— and sacred grove, &c., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> -<li>— Cæsar's pearl offering to Venus, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> +<li>— Cæsar's pearl offering to Venus, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> <li>— in Cuchullin's hair, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> @@ -12090,7 +12074,7 @@ Pearls, why offered to goddess, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> <li>— the Sow goddess, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> -<li>Pigs, Achæans and Celts as rearers of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Pigs, Achæans and Celts as rearers of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> <li>— Adonis and Diarmid and, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> @@ -12164,7 +12148,7 @@ Pigs, salmon as, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>. <li>Ptolemy, evidence of, regarding British tribes, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> -<li>Purple-yielding shells, in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>Purple-yielding shells, in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> <li>— — searched for by megalithic people, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> @@ -12209,7 +12193,7 @@ Races, animal names of Scoto-Celtic tribes, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>— bronze users as earliest settlers in Aberdeenshire, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> -<li>— Brünn and Brüx, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +<li>— Brünn and Brüx, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> <li>— Celts and Armenoids, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> @@ -12217,7 +12201,7 @@ Races, animal names of Scoto-Celtic tribes, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>— Celts as conquerors of early settlers in Britain, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> -<li>— colours of the mythical, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>·</li> +<li>— colours of the mythical, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>·</li> <li>— extermination theory, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> @@ -12229,9 +12213,9 @@ Races, animal names of Scoto-Celtic tribes, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>— Chancelade skull and Eskimos, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> -<li>— Crô-Magnons in Wales, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>— Crô-Magnons in Wales, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> -<li>— first discovery of Crô-Magnons in France, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> +<li>— first discovery of Crô-Magnons in France, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> <li>— Cuchullin and Scotland, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li> @@ -12286,18 +12270,18 @@ settlers in Post-Glacial Britain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> <li>— mixed peoples among Easterners in Western Europe, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> -<li>— modern Crô-Magnons in Africa, British Isles, and France, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +<li>— modern Crô-Magnons in Africa, British Isles, and France, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> <li>— "Combe-Capelle" man, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> -<li>— Brüx and Brünn skulls, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +<li>— Brüx and Brünn skulls, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> <li>— "Galley Hill" man, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> <li>— modern man, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> -<li>— Crô-Magnon, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. - See <i>Crô-Magnon Races</i>.</li> +<li>— Crô-Magnon, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. + See <i>Crô-Magnon Races</i>.</li> <li>— Piltdown man, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> @@ -12448,7 +12432,7 @@ settlers in Post-Glacial Britain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> <li>Scape-dog, the, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> -<li>Scots, The, Crô-Magnons and, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> +<li>Scots, The, Crô-Magnons and, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> <li>— Picts and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> @@ -12462,7 +12446,7 @@ settlers in Post-Glacial Britain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> <li>Seasons, Gaelic colours of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> -<li>Selgovæ, The, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +<li>Selgovæ, The, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> <li>— in Galloway, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> @@ -12513,9 +12497,9 @@ Setantii, The, in England and Ireland, 128.</li> <li>— Combe-Capelle man wore, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> -<li>— in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> +<li>— in Crô-Magnon grotto, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> -<li>— Crô-Magnon trade in, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>— Crô-Magnon trade in, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> <li>— Japanese and Scottish "shell-milk" elixirs, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> @@ -12533,7 +12517,7 @@ Setantii, The, in England and Ireland, 128.</li> <li>— "Evil Eye" charms, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> -<li>— Crô-Magnon necklace, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> +<li>— Crô-Magnon necklace, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> (<i>ill.</i>).</li> <li>— as food for dead, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> @@ -12615,7 +12599,7 @@ Shells, Red Sea shell at Mentone, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> <li>— the Seven, antiquity of myth of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> -<li>Smertæ, The, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Smertæ, The, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> <li>Smertullis, the god, Ro-smerta and, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> @@ -12828,7 +12812,7 @@ Swine, Maglemosian hunters of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> <li> </li> -<li>Tæxali, The, </li> +<li>Tæxali, The, </li> <li>Talismans, Irish and Japanese, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> @@ -13066,7 +13050,7 @@ Underworld, Egyptian paradise of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> <li>— the British, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> -<li>— Cæsar offered British pearls to, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>— Cæsar offered British pearls to, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> <li>— origin of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> @@ -13237,7 +13221,7 @@ W. Z. Ripley, pp. 172 <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</i>, and <cite>The Anthropological History of Europe</cite>, John Beddoe (Rhind lectures for 1891; revised edition, 1912), p. 47.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> That is, the tall representatives of the Crô-Magnon races.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> That is, the tall representatives of the Crô-Magnon races.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> <cite>Men of the Old Stone Age</cite>, pp. 335-6.</p> @@ -13252,7 +13236,7 @@ pp. 216-7.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ibid.</i>, Book I, pp. 28 and 332.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> I am indebted to the Abbé Breuil for this information which he +<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> I am indebted to the Abbé Breuil for this information which he gave me during the course of a conversation.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> Budge, <cite>Gods of the Egyptians</cite>, Vol. I, p. 358. These @@ -13271,7 +13255,7 @@ seq.</i> (Chicago, 1912).</p> Vol. VII).</p> <p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> <cite>Les Grottes de Grimaldi (Baousse-Rousse)</cite>, Tome I, -fasc. II—<cite>Géologie et Paléontologie</cite> (Monaco, 1906), +fasc. II—<cite>Géologie et Paléontologie</cite> (Monaco, 1906), p. 123.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> <cite>Prehistoric Britain</cite>, pp. 142-3.</p> @@ -13314,7 +13298,7 @@ protecting the dead.</p> minor</i>) found on the site of Hurstbourne station (L. & S. W. Railway, main line) in Hampshire, was associated with "Early Iron Age" artifacts. (Paper read by J. R. le B. Tomlin at meeting of -Linnæan Society, June 14, 1921.)</p> +Linnæan Society, June 14, 1921.)</p> <p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> For references see my <cite>Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe</cite>, pp.30-31.</p> @@ -13324,14 +13308,14 @@ Europe</cite>, pp.30-31.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> <cite>Henry V</cite>, V, iii, 6.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> For other examples see Mr. Legge's article in <cite>Proceedings -of the Society of Biblical Archæology</cite>, 1899. p. 310.</p> +of the Society of Biblical Archæology</cite>, 1899. p. 310.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> The Abbé Breuil, having examined the artifacts associated with +<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> The Abbé Breuil, having examined the artifacts associated with the Western Scottish harpoons, inclines to refer to the culture as "Azilian-Tardenoisian". At the same time he considers the view that Maglemosian influence was operating is worthy of consideration. He notes that traces of Maglemosian culture have been reported from -England. The Abbé has detected Magdalenian influence in artifacts +England. The Abbé has detected Magdalenian influence in artifacts from Campbeltown, Argyllshire (<cite>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries in Scotland</cite>, 1921-2).</p> @@ -13373,7 +13357,7 @@ lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</i></p> <p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> Lyell, <cite>Antiquity of Man</cite>, p. 48.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> Cæsar's <cite>Gallic War</cite>, Book III, c. 13-15.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> Cæsar's <cite>Gallic War</cite>, Book III, c. 13-15.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> <cite>Agricola</cite>, Chap. XII.</p> @@ -13423,7 +13407,7 @@ his discoveries.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> The colours blue and green were obtained from copper.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> <cite>Nat. Hist.</cite>, VII, 56 (57), § 197.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> <cite>Nat. Hist.</cite>, VII, 56 (57), § 197.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Timagenes (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">c.</i> 85-5 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), an Alexandrian historian, wrote a history @@ -13444,7 +13428,7 @@ origin to a new Phœnix.—<i>Herodotus</i>, II, 73.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> <cite>Annals of Tacitus</cite>, Book XIV, Chapter 29-30.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> The <cite>Journal of Egyptian Archæology</cite>, Vol. I, part I, +<p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> The <cite>Journal of Egyptian Archæology</cite>, Vol. I, part I, pp. 18-19.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> It may be that Celtic chronology will have to be readjusted in @@ -13548,7 +13532,7 @@ anthropological type is never wholly dispossessed or extirpated".</p> <p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> <cite>The Anthropological History of Europe</cite> (new edition, Paisley, 1912), p. 50.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> Cæsar (<cite>De Bello Gallico</cite>, VI, XIV, 4) says the +<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> Cæsar (<cite>De Bello Gallico</cite>, VI, XIV, 4) says the Druids believed the soul passed from one individual to another.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> A Spaniard of the first century <span class="smcap">a.d.</span></p> @@ -13574,7 +13558,7 @@ summer, and beareth a white glistening berry; and it is a plant utterly differing from the plant on which it groweth."</p> <p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> <cite>The Annals of Tacitus</cite>, XIV, 30. The theory -that mediæval witches were the priestesses of a secret cult that +that mediæval witches were the priestesses of a secret cult that perpetuated pre-Roman British religion is not supported by Gaelic evidence. The Gaelic "witches" had no meetings with the devil, and never rode on broomsticks. The Gaelic name for witchcraft is derived @@ -13590,7 +13574,7 @@ a ceremony in connection with the hollowed stone.</p> lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</i></p> <p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> "Comb of the honey and milk of the nut" (in Gaelic <i lang="ga" -xml:lang="ga">cir na meala 'is bainne nan cnò</i>) was given as a +xml:lang="ga">cir na meala 'is bainne nan cnò</i>) was given as a tonic to weakly children, and is still remembered, the Rev. Kenneth MacLeod, Colonsay, informs me.</p> @@ -13603,7 +13587,7 @@ MacLeod, Colonsay, informs me.</p> <i>Madhu</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> Joyce, <cite>Irish Names of Places</cite>, Vol. I, pp. -507-9, Vol. II, pp. 206-7 and 345· Marsh mallows (<i lang="ga" +507-9, Vol. II, pp. 206-7 and 345· Marsh mallows (<i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">leamh</i>) appear to have been included among the herbals of the milk-cult as the soma-plant was in India.</p> @@ -13617,7 +13601,7 @@ p. 67.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> Rowan-berry wine was greatly favoured. There are Gaelic references to "the wine of the apple (cider)".</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> George Nicholson, <cite>Encyclopædia of Horticulture</cite>, +<p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> George Nicholson, <cite>Encyclopædia of Horticulture</cite>, under "Oak".</p> <p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> Curragh is connected with the Latin <i lang="la" @@ -13628,7 +13612,7 @@ xml:lang="la">corium</i>, a hide.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> <cite>Journal of Hellenic Studies</cite>, Vol. XXI, p. 129.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a> It was because Zeus had been suckled by a sow that the Cretans, -as Athenæus records, "will not taste its flesh" (Farnell, <cite>Cults +as Athenæus records, "will not taste its flesh" (Farnell, <cite>Cults of the Greek States</cite>, Vol. I, p. 37). In Ireland the dog was taboo to Cuchullin. There is a good deal of Gaelic lore about the sacred cow.</p> @@ -13707,10 +13691,10 @@ II. p. 63.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">[158]</a> Stone circle.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">[159]</a> In Gaelic <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">deis-iùil</i> means +<p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">[159]</a> In Gaelic <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">deis-iùil</i> means a turning sunwise (by the right or south) from east to west, and <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">tual</i>, i.e. <i lang="ga" -xml:lang="ga">tuath-iùil</i>, a turning by the north or left from east +xml:lang="ga">tuath-iùil</i>, a turning by the north or left from east to west. <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">Deis</i> is the genitive of <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">Deas</i> (south, right hand), and <i lang="ga" xml:lang="ga">Tuath</i> is north or left hand.</p> @@ -13780,7 +13764,7 @@ the bowel" in children, &c.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173" class="label">[173]</a> In a Roman representation of her at Birrens, in Perthshire, she is shown as a winged figure holding a spear in her right hand and a -globe in her left. An altar in Chester is dedicated to "De Nymphæ +globe in her left. An altar in Chester is dedicated to "De Nymphæ Brig". Her name is enshrined in Bregentz (anciently Brigantium), a town in Switzerland.</p> @@ -13909,360 +13893,6 @@ to which it refers.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANCIENT MAN IN BRITAIN***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 43750-h.txt or 43750-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/3/7/5/43750">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/7/5/43750</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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